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36,165 | 1,107,865,039 | 2007 | [
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"plaintext": " January 1 Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union, while Slovenia joins the Eurozone.",
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"plaintext": " January 8 Russian oil supplies to Poland, Germany, and Ukraine are cut as the Russia–Belarus energy dispute escalates; they are restored three days later.",
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"plaintext": " January 9 – Apple CEO Steve Jobs introduces the original iPhone at a Macworld keynote in San Francisco, beginning a new era of smartphones with this invention.",
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"plaintext": "February 2 The IPCC publishes its fourth assessment report, having concluded that global climate change is \"very likely\" to have a predominantly human cause.",
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"plaintext": " February 3 A truck bomb explodes in Baghdad, Iraq, killing at least 135 people and injures 339 others.",
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"plaintext": " February 13 North Korea agrees to shut down its nuclear facilities in Yongbyon by April 14 as a first step towards complete denuclearization, receiving in return energy aid equivalent to 50,000 tons of heavy fuel oil.",
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"plaintext": " February 19 Microblogging social network Tumblr is launched to the public.",
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"plaintext": " February 26 The International Court of Justice finds Serbia guilty of failing to prevent genocide in the Srebrenica massacre, but clears it of direct responsibility and complicity in the case.",
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"plaintext": " March 3 A total lunar eclipse occurs and is visible in the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia. It is the 52nd lunar eclipse of Lunar Saros series 123 occurring at the moon's descending node. The moon is just 3.2 days before apogee, making it fairly small.",
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"plaintext": " March 11 According to an accusation by Georgia, three Russian helicopters fire on the Georgian-controlled Kodori Gorge in a break-away autonomous republic of Abkhazia in north-western Georgia.",
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"plaintext": " March 13 April 28 The 2007 Cricket World Cup is held in the West Indies and is won by Australia.",
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"plaintext": " March 19 The first solar eclipse of the year 2007 is a partial solar eclipse occurring just 0.7 days before perigee, making it very large. The Moon covers 87.558% of the Sun. In this partial solar eclipse, the best visibility occurs at 61º02'55\" N, 55º28'04\" E. It is the 20th solar eclipse of Solar Saros series 149, at ascending node. The Sun is its zenith just 83km south of the Equator, so the Northern Hemisphere was in winter and the Southern Hemisphere was in summer on March 19, 2007.",
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"plaintext": " March 27 Latvian Prime Minister Aigars Kalvītis and Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov sign a border treaty between Latvia and Russia, officially demarcating the border between the two.",
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"plaintext": " April 18 18 April 2007 Baghdad bombings: A series of attacks take place across Baghdad, Iraq, killing nearly 200 people.",
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"plaintext": " April 24 Gliese 581c, a potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet habitable for life, is discovered in the constellation Libra.",
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"plaintext": " April 26–27 \"Bronze Night\": Ethnic Russian riot in Tallinn and other cities in Estonia against the moving of the Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, a Soviet World War II memorial statue. 2007 cyberattacks on Estonia begin.",
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"plaintext": " May 10–12 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2007 takes place in Helsinki, Finland, and is won by Serbian entrant Marija Šerifović with the song \"Molitva\".",
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"plaintext": " May 17 The Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate re-unite after 80 years of schism.",
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"plaintext": " May 20 Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum of Dubai makes the largest single charitable donation in modern history, committing €7.41billion to an educational foundation in the Middle East.",
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"plaintext": " June 5 NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its second fly-by of Venus en route to Mercury.",
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"plaintext": " June 28 2007 European heat wave: in the aftermath of Greece's worst heat wave in a century, at least 11 people are reported dead from heatstroke, approximately 200 wildfires break out nationwide, and the country's electricity grid nearly collapses due to record breaking demand.",
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"plaintext": " June 29 The iPhone, the first modern smartphone, is released in the United States. It was later released in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland and Austria in November 2007.",
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"plaintext": " July 4 The International Olympic Committee awards Sochi the right to host the 2014 Winter Olympics.",
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"plaintext": " July 7 Live Earth Concerts are held in nine major cities around the world to raise environmental awareness.",
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"plaintext": " July 17 TAM Airlines Flight 3054 an Airbus A320-233 overruns the runway of São Paulo–Congonhas Airport runway 35L flies over Avenida Washington Luís and crashes into TAM Express building and a shell gas station adjacent to the TAM Express building. All 187 passengers and crew are killed instantly. 12 people inside the TAM Express and the Shell gas station are also killed.",
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"plaintext": " July 24 Five Bulgarian nurses are released from Libyan prison after eight and a half years spent behind bars in Benghazi and Tripoli, marking the end of the so-called \"HIV trial in Libya\".",
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"plaintext": " August 4 The Phoenix spacecraft is launched toward Mars to study its north pole.",
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"plaintext": " August 9 The French global bank BNP Paribas in the United Kingdom blocks withdrawals from three hedge funds heavily committed in sub-prime mortgages, signaling the financial crisis of 2007–2008.",
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"plaintext": " August 14 Multiple suicide bombings kill 572 people in Qahtaniya, northern Iraq.",
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"plaintext": " September 6 – Israeli Air Force airplanes attack a suspected nuclear reactor in Syria in an airstrike.",
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"plaintext": " September 14 – The SELENE spacecraft launches, with its objective being to study the Moon.",
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"plaintext": " December 20 – The Pablo Picasso painting Portrait of Suzanne Bloch, together with Candido Portinari's O Lavrador de Café, is stolen from the São Paulo Museum of Art.",
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"plaintext": " Former Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto is assassinated, along with 20 other people, at an election rally in Rawalpindi.",
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"plaintext": " Riots erupt in Mombasa, Kenya, after Mwai Kibaki is declared the winner of the general election, triggering a political, economic, and humanitarian crisis that killed over 1,000 people.",
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"plaintext": " April 10 Princess Ariane of the Netherlands, daughter of King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima",
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"plaintext": " April 21 Princess Isabella of Denmark, daughter of Crown Prince Frederick and Crown Princess Mary of Denmark",
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"plaintext": " April 29 Infanta Sofía of Spain, daughter of Felipe, Prince of Asturias (now King Felipe VI) and Letizia, Princess of Asturias.",
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"plaintext": " January 10 – Carlo Ponti, Italian film producer (b. 1912)",
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57
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11
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14,
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85
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"plaintext": " January 12 – Alice Coltrane, American jazz musician (b. 1937)",
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28
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61
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{
"plaintext": " January 13 – Michael Brecker, American jazz musician (b. 1949)",
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34604
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1,
11
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[
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29
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62
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"plaintext": " January 15",
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1,
11
]
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},
{
"plaintext": " Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti, Iraqi politician (b. 1951)",
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1,
26
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53
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},
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"plaintext": " Bo Yibo, Chinese politician (b. 1908)",
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1,
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37
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"plaintext": " January 17 – Art Buchwald, American humorist (b. 1925)",
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1,
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[
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26
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54
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"plaintext": " January 19",
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16011
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1,
11
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},
{
"plaintext": " Hrant Dink, Turkish-Armenian journalist (b. 1954)",
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11
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49
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},
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"plaintext": " Denny Doherty, Canadian musician (b. 1940)",
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1,
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42
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1,
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},
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"plaintext": " Ngô Quang Trưởng, South Vietnamese Army general (b. 1929) ",
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57
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},
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"plaintext": " Abbé Pierre, French priest and founder of Emmaus (b. 1912)",
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33
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1,
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14,
28
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67,
71
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1,
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14,
32
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79
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"plaintext": " February 6 – Frankie Laine, American singer (b. 1913)",
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1,
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27
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53
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},
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1,
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14,
29
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52,
63
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[
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81
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 8 – Anna Nicole Smith, American model and television personality (b. 1967)",
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14,
31
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83
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 9 – Ian Richardson, Scottish actor (b. 1934)",
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1,
11
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14,
28
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49,
53
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]
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"plaintext": " February 13 – Johanna Sällström, Swedish actress (b. 1974)",
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1,
12
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15,
32
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54,
58
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"plaintext": " February 15 – Robert Adler, Austrian-born inventor (b. 1913)",
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1,
12
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15,
27
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56,
60
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 22",
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1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lothar-Günther Buchheim, German author, painter, and art collector (b. 1918)",
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1,
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76
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},
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"plaintext": " Fons Rademakers, Dutch actor, film director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1920)",
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1,
16
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"plaintext": " February 23 – Pascal Yoadimnadji, Chadian politician, 12th Prime Minister of Chad (b. 1950)",
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1,
12
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15,
33
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[
60,
82
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[
87,
91
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},
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"plaintext": " February 28 ",
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11311
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1,
12
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},
{
"plaintext": " Princess Marie Adelaide of Luxembourg, Princess of Luxembourg (b. 1924)",
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1,
38
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71
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},
{
"plaintext": " Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., American historian and political commentator (b. 1917)",
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1,
26
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81
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"plaintext": " March 1 – Manuel Bento, Portuguese professional footballer (b. 1948)",
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1,
8
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11,
23
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68
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"plaintext": " March 2 – Henri Troyat, French writer and historian (b. 1911)",
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1,
8
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[
11,
23
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[
57,
61
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"plaintext": " March 6 – Jean Baudrillard, French philosopher and sociologist (b. 1929)",
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1,
8
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11,
27
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72
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{
"plaintext": " March 9 – Brad Delp, American musician (Boston) (b. 1951)",
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1,
8
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11,
20
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[
41,
47
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[
53,
57
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"plaintext": " March 11 – Betty Hutton, American actress (b. 1921)",
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34724
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1,
9
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[
12,
24
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[
47,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 14 – Lucie Aubrac, French World War II Resistance fighter (b. 1912)",
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1144365,
34616
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1,
9
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[
12,
24
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73
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"plaintext": " March 17 – Freddie Francis, English cinematographer and film director (b. 1917)",
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1866259,
34595
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1,
9
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[
12,
27
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75,
79
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},
{
"plaintext": " March 20 – Taha Yassin Ramadan, Vice President of Iraq (b. 1938)",
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1,
9
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[
12,
31
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60,
64
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]
},
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"plaintext": " March 25 – Andranik Margaryan, 14th Prime Minister of Armenia (b. 1951)",
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34602
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1,
9
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12,
30
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67,
71
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},
{
"plaintext": " March 30 – Chrisye, Indonesian pop singer and songwriter (b. 1949)",
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19849,
10446380,
34604
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1,
9
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[
12,
19
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62,
66
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"plaintext": " April 6 – Luigi Comencini, Italian film director (b. 1916)",
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1,
8
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[
11,
26
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[
54,
58
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{
"plaintext": " April 7 – Barry Nelson, American actor (b. 1917)",
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617029,
34595
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[
1,
8
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[
11,
23
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[
44,
48
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"plaintext": " April 11 – Kurt Vonnegut, American novelist and playwright (b. 1922)",
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2395,
16861,
34866
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1,
9
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[
12,
25
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[
64,
68
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},
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"plaintext": " April 16 – Seung-Hui Cho, South Korean terrorist (b. 1984)",
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10733176,
34578
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[
1,
9
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[
12,
25
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[
54,
58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 17 – Kitty Carlisle, American singer, actress & talk show panelist (b. 1910)",
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701743,
34690
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[
1,
9
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[
12,
26
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78,
82
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{
"plaintext": " April 19 – Jean-Pierre Cassel, French actor (b. 1932)",
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3211634,
34775
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[
1,
9
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[
12,
30
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[
49,
53
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{
"plaintext": " April 23",
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1827
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[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " David Halberstam, American journalist and historian (b. 1934)",
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34981
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[
1,
17
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[
57,
61
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"plaintext": " Boris Yeltsin, 1st President of the Russian Federation (b. 1931)",
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1,
14
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20,
55
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60,
64
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{
"plaintext": " April 25 – Alan Ball Jr., English footballer and manager (b. 1945)",
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2733,
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34624
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[
1,
9
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[
12,
25
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[
62,
66
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{
"plaintext": " April 27 – Mstislav Rostropovich, Russian cellist and conductor (b. 1927)",
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2326,
155166,
34939
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1,
9
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[
12,
33
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[
69,
73
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{
"plaintext": " April 28 – Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, German physicist and philosopher (b. 1912)",
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1639,
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34616
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1,
9
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[
12,
41
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[
80,
84
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{
"plaintext": " April 29 – Ivica Račan, 7th Prime Minister of Croatia (b. 1944)",
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1416,
393795,
34622
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1,
9
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12,
23
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[
59,
63
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},
{
"plaintext": " April 30 – Gordon Scott, American actor (b. 1926)",
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2189862,
34609
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[
1,
9
],
[
12,
24
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[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 3 – Wally Schirra, American astronaut (b. 1923)",
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19350,
331463,
34863
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[
1,
6
],
[
9,
22
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 5 – Theodore Maiman, American physicist (b. 1927)",
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19352,
275419,
34939
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[
1,
6
],
[
9,
24
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 7 – Diego Corrales, American professional boxer (b. 1977)",
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19582,
2269411,
34549
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[
1,
6
],
[
9,
23
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 11 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan head of state (b. 1913)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19452,
393596,
34617
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[
1,
7
],
[
10,
32
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[
59,
63
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 12 – Mullah Dadullah Akhund, Afghan Taliban military leader (b. 1966)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19497,
5497609,
34691
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[
1,
7
],
[
10,
32
],
[
69,
73
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 16 – Mary Douglas, British anthropologist (b. 1921)",
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19659,
1171924,
34724
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[
1,
7
],
[
10,
22
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 17 – Lloyd Alexander, American author (b. 1924)",
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"target_page_ids": [
19631,
53209,
34675
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[
1,
7
],
[
10,
25
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 18 – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, French physicist and Nobel Prize for Physics laureate (b. 1932)",
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"target_page_ids": [
19389,
575754,
52497,
34775
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[
1,
7
],
[
10,
33
],
[
56,
79
],
[
93,
97
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 20 – Stanley Miller, American chemist and biologist (b. 1930)",
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19677,
92419,
34911
],
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[
1,
7
],
[
10,
24
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 27 – Izumi Sakai, Japanese singer (Zard) (b. 1967)",
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19624,
3928508,
990391,
34749
],
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[
1,
7
],
[
10,
21
],
[
40,
44
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 30 – Jean-Claude Brialy, French actor and director (b. 1933)",
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19654,
5323673,
34864
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[
1,
7
],
[
10,
28
],
[
60,
64
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 2 – Huang Ju, Chinese politician (b. 1938)",
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"target_page_ids": [
15855,
259068,
19283852
],
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[
1,
7
],
[
10,
18
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 8 – Aden Abdullah Osman Daar, first President of Somalia (b. 1908)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15864,
632894,
450112,
34600
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[
1,
7
],
[
10,
34
],
[
42,
62
],
[
67,
71
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 14 – Kurt Waldheim, Austrian politician and diplomat, former United Nations Secretary-General (b. 1918)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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15797,
17103,
34594
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[
1,
8
],
[
11,
24
],
[
104,
108
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 17 – Gianfranco Ferré, Italian designer (b. 1944)",
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"target_page_ids": [
15798,
5967865,
34622
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[
1,
8
],
[
11,
27
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 18 – Vilma Espín, Cuban revolutionary, feminist, and chemical engineer (b. 1930)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15815,
6224402,
34911
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
11,
22
],
[
81,
85
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 19 – Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer and actor (b. 1919)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15817,
2187871,
34665
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
11,
26
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 24 ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15812
],
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[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Chris Benoit, Canadian professional wrestler (b. 1967)",
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403293,
34749
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Derek Dougan, Northern Irish footballer (b. 1938)",
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3567983,
19283852
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[
1,
13
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 26 – Jupp Derwall, German footballer and coach (b. 1927)",
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15800,
3225538,
34939
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[
1,
8
],
[
11,
23
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 28 – Kiichi Miyazawa, 78th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1919)",
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200250,
24833,
34665
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
11,
26
],
[
33,
56
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 3",
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"target_page_ids": [
15848
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Claude Pompidou, French philanthropist (b. 1912)",
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"target_page_ids": [
12075515,
34616
],
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[
1,
16
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Boots Randolph, American saxophonist (b. 1927)",
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"target_page_ids": [
1461428,
34939
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[
1,
15
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 5 – Régine Crespin, French soprano (b. 1927)",
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"target_page_ids": [
15861,
2878369,
34939
],
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[
1,
7
],
[
10,
24
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 8 – Chandra Shekhar, Indian politician and eighth Prime Minister (b. 1927)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15874,
23965866,
24452,
34939
],
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[
1,
7
],
[
10,
25
],
[
56,
70
],
[
75,
79
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 11",
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15873
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lady Bird Johnson, former First Lady of the United States (b. 1912)",
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216416,
10847,
34616
],
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[
1,
18
],
[
27,
58
],
[
63,
67
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Alfonso López Michelsen, 32nd Colombian President (b. 1913)",
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1341530,
34617
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[
1,
24
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 20 – Kai Siegbahn, Swedish physicist (b. 1918)",
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"target_page_ids": [
15803,
396741,
34594
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[
1,
8
],
[
11,
23
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 22",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15996
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " László Kovács, Hungarian-American cinematographer (b. 1933)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1281604,
34864
],
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[
1,
14
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ulrich Mühe, German actor (b. 1953)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4806928,
34865
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
31,
35
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Jean Stablinski, French cyclist of Polish origin (b. 1932)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3630553,
34775
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 23",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16181
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ernst Otto Fischer, German chemist (b. 1918)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1248731,
34594
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Mohammed Zahir Shah, last King of Afghanistan (b. 1914)",
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"target_page_ids": [
20886,
737,
19283920
],
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[
1,
20
],
[
35,
46
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 24 – Albert Ellis, American psychologist (b. 1913)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15888,
243597,
34617
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
11,
23
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 28 – Isidore Isou, French poet, film critic and artist (b. 1925)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16040,
2142453,
34867
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
11,
23
],
[
65,
69
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 30",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15911
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian film director (b. 1912)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
38939,
34616
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Teoctist Arăpaşu, Ex-Romanian Orthodox Church Patriarch (b. 1915)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3218503,
34689
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ingmar Bergman, Swedish film director (b. 1918)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
14626,
34594
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 1 – Ryan Cox, South African professional road racing cyclist (b. 1979)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1254,
12562417,
34754
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
12,
20
],
[
73,
77
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 4 – Lee Hazlewood, American country and pop singer, songwriter, and record producer (b. 1929)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2418,
1621134,
34656
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
12,
25
],
[
96,
100
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 5 – Jean-Marie Lustiger, French Cardinal Archbishop of Paris (b. 1926)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1990,
433557,
34609
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
12,
31
],
[
73,
77
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 10 – Tony Wilson, English broadcaster, nightclub manager, and record label owner (b. 1950)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2315,
298546,
19283873
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
24
],
[
93,
97
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 12 – Merv Griffin, American television personality (b. 1925)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1491,
599212,
34867
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
25
],
[
63,
67
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 16 – Max Roach, American percussionist, drummer, and composer (b. 1924)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1448,
155963,
34675
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
22
],
[
74,
78
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 20 – Leona Helmsley, American hotel operator and real estate investor (b. 1920)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
18933271,
1135860,
34676
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
27
],
[
82,
86
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 24 – Abdul Rahman Arif, 3rd President of Iraq (b. 1916)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1629,
339175,
209174,
34677
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
30
],
[
36,
53
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 25 – Raymond Barre, French politician and economist (b. 1924)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1519,
585148,
34675
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
26
],
[
64,
68
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 26 – Gaston Thorn, Luxembourger politician, 19th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (b. 1928)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
6048708,
456707,
203515,
34674
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
25
],
[
57,
85
],
[
90,
94
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 28 – Miyoshi Umeki, Japanese actress (b. 1929)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1781,
766070,
34656
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
26
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 29 – Pierre Messmer, French politician (b. 1916)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1793,
231087,
34677
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
27
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 3 – Steve Fossett, American businessman, aviator, sailor, and adventurer (b. 1944)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27989,
186642,
34622
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
15,
28
],
[
88,
92
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 6 ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27948
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Madeleine L'Engle, American writer (b. 1918)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
284325,
34594
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Luciano Pavarotti, Italian tenor (b. 1935)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
227696,
34980
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
38,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 7 – John Compton, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (b. 1925)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27949,
891713,
34867
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
15,
27
],
[
63,
67
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 10",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28020
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Anita Roddick, English entrepreneur (b. 1942)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
603286,
34629
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
41,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Jane Wyman, American actress (b. 1917)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
183753,
34595
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
34,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 11 – Joe Zawinul, Austrian musician (b. 1932)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27935,
307425,
34775
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
16,
27
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 15 – Colin McRae, Scottish world rally champion (b. 1968)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28145,
1109927,
34655
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
16,
27
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1,
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51,
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1,
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16,
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57,
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103,
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"plaintext": " September 22 ",
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27889
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1,
13
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " André Gorz, Austrian-born French social philosopher (b. 1923)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Marcel Marceau, French mime artist (b. 1923)",
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176846,
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[
1,
15
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40,
44
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 29 – Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress (b. 1927)",
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[
1,
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16,
28
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51,
55
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},
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[
1,
10
],
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13,
22
],
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45,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 7 – Norifumi Abe, Japanese motorcycle road racer (b. 1975)",
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1,
10
],
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13,
25
],
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62,
66
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1,
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],
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13,
24
],
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58,
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]
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{
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[
1,
11
],
[
14,
25
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
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22530
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[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Soe Win, Burmese politician, 10th Prime Minister of Myanmar (b. 1947)",
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[
1,
8
],
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35,
60
],
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65,
69
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Kisho Kurokawa, Japanese architect (b. 1934)",
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615202,
34981
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[
1,
15
],
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40,
44
]
]
},
{
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22556
],
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[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Deborah Kerr, Scottish actress (b. 1921)",
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63105,
34724
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[
1,
13
],
[
36,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Toše Proeski, Macedonian singer (b. 1981)",
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1,
13
],
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37,
41
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[
1,
11
],
[
14,
25
],
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52,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 19 – Jan Wolkers, Dutch author, sculptor and painter (b. 1925)",
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[
1,
11
],
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14,
25
],
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66,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 22 – Ève Curie, French author, daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie (b. 1904)",
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22571,
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20408,
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[
1,
11
],
[
14,
23
],
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52,
58
],
[
63,
74
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79,
83
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]
},
{
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22403
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[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nicolae Dobrin, Romanian footballer (b. 1947)",
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2546030,
34584
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[
1,
15
],
[
41,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Arthur Kornberg, American biochemist and Nobel laureate (b. 1918)",
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[
1,
16
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61,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Khun Sa, Burmese warlord (b. 1934)",
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34981
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[
1,
8
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30,
34
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]
},
{
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[
1,
11
],
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14,
27
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50,
54
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]
},
{
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1,
11
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[
14,
26
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50,
59
],
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64,
68
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},
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1,
11
],
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14,
29
],
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51,
55
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]
},
{
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1,
11
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14,
27
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62,
66
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]
},
{
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34911
],
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1,
11
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[
14,
33
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61
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]
},
{
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1,
11
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14,
34
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[
41,
63
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68,
72
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]
},
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21760
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1,
12
]
]
},
{
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1,
12
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35,
39
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]
},
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1,
14
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36,
40
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},
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1,
12
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15,
27
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[
1,
12
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15,
24
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48,
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1,
12
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15,
30
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65,
69
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]
},
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1,
12
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15,
26
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49,
53
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34665
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1,
12
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[
15,
24
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[
26,
52
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[
57,
61
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]
},
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34724
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[
1,
12
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[
15,
36
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82,
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]
},
{
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21526,
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34939
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[
1,
12
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[
15,
29
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88,
92
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]
},
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34675
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1,
12
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15,
33
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79,
83
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]
},
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21581,
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34866
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1,
12
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15,
28
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51,
55
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21579,
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1,
12
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15,
28
],
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58,
62
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]
},
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21577,
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1,
12
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15,
27
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63,
67
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]
},
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1,
11
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[
14,
26
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[
57,
61
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]
},
{
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1,
11
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14,
35
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57,
61
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]
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34608
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1,
12
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15,
25
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94,
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1,
12
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15,
28
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65,
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1,
12
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15,
27
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47,
51
]
]
},
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22519,
34867
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1,
12
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15,
29
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70,
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8452
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1,
12
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1,
15
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1,
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15,
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1,
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13,
26
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"plaintext": " 2007 Calendar at Internet Accuracy Project.",
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}
]
| [
"2007"
]
| 2,024 | 10,310 | 1,019 | 730 | 0 | 0 | 2007 | year | [
"MMVII"
]
|
36,168 | 1,105,129,905 | 3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer | [
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"plaintext": "The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, also referred to as the 3DO System or simply 3DO, is a home video game console developed by The 3DO Company. Conceived by entrepreneur and Electronic Arts founder Trip Hawkins, the 3DO was not a console manufactured by the company itself, but a series of specifications, originally designed by Dave Needle and R. J. Mical of New Technologies Group, that could be licensed by third parties. Panasonic produced the first models in 1993, and further renditions of the hardware were released in 1994 by GoldStar (now LG Electronics), and in 1995 by Sanyo.",
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"plaintext": "Despite having a highly promoted launch (including being named Time magazine's \"1993 Product of the Year\") and being a host of cutting-edge technologies, an oversaturated console market prevented the system from achieving success comparable to competing consoles from Sega and Sony. By 1996 3DO saw no market in places like NA and the EU. Then by mid 1997 the 3DO Opera hardware was sold to Samsung and 3DO M2 was in the works of being sold to Panasonic. Samsung would continue to sell the 3DO hardware until late 1998/early 1999 as South Korean exclusive hardware. ",
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"plaintext": "The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer was originally conceived by The 3DO Company, founded in 1991 by Electronic Arts founder Trip Hawkins. The company's objective was to create a next-generation, CD-based video game/entertainment standard which would be manufactured by various partners and licensees; 3DO would collect a royalty on each console sold and on each game manufactured. To game publishers, the low royalty rate per game was a better deal than the higher royalties paid to Nintendo and Sega when making games for their consoles. The 3DO hardware itself was designed by Dave Needle and R. J. Mical (designers of the Amiga and Atari Lynx), starting from an outline on a restaurant napkin in 1989. Trip Hawkins was a long-time acquaintance of Needle and Mical and found that their design very closely fit his philosophy for architecture and approach, so he decided that: \"Rather than me start a brand new team and starting from scratch it just made a lot of sense to ... join forces with them and shape what they were doing into what I wanted it to be.\"",
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"plaintext": "The 3DO Company lacked the resources to manufacture consoles, and instead licensed the hardware to other companies for manufacturing. Trip Hawkins recounted that they approached every electronics manufacturer, but that their chief targets were Sony and Panasonic, the two largest consumer electronics companies in the world. However, Sony had already begun development on their own console, the PlayStation, and ultimately decided to continue work on it rather than sign with 3DO. According to former Sega CEO Tom Kalinske The 3DO Company was engaged in very serious talks for Sega to become involved with the 3DO. However, it was passed on by Sega due to concerns over cost. Panasonic launched the 3DO with its FZ-1 model in 1993, though Goldstar and Sanyo would later manufacture the 3DO as well. Companies who obtained the hardware license but never actually sold 3DO units include Samsung, Toshiba, and AT&T, who went so far as to build prototype AT&T 3DO units and display them at the January 1994 Consumer Electronics Show.",
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"plaintext": "Licensing to independent manufacturers made the system extremely expensive. The manufacturers had to make a profit on the hardware itself, whereas most major game console manufacturers, such as Sega and Sony, sold their systems at a loss, with expectations of making up for the loss with software sales. The 3DO was priced at , far above competing game systems and aimed at high-end users and early adopters. Hawkins has argued that 3DO was launched at , and not \"higher myths that are often reported\". In a later interview, Hawkins clarified that while the suggested retail price was , not all retailers sold the system at that price. Goldstar, Sanyo, and Panasonic's later models were less expensive to manufacture than the FZ-1 and were sold for considerably lower prices. For example, the Goldstar model launched at . In addition, after six months on the market, the price of the FZ-1 had dropped to , leading some to contend that the 3DO's cost was not as big a factor in its market failure as is usually claimed.",
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"plaintext": "Hawkins' belief was that the 3DO system could become a dominant standard in a similar way to that achieved by the VHS video cassette format, with several companies being able to promote the standard effectively against individual competitors with their own technologies, such as Sony and Betamax, in the context of VHS. It was also believed that companies would be able to more effectively compete by being able to leverage a common standard, as opposed to having to attract developers to individual formats, with Hawkins noting that this would be \"tough for Atari and Sony\". Meanwhile, other products were not regarded as competitive threats: the Atari Jaguar was perceived as \"primitive\" and \"slightly better than a 16-bit system\", and the Philips CD-i was regarded as \"really obsolete by today's standards\". Both 3DO and Philips, seeking to pioneer the broader concept of interactive entertainment, aimed to sell in the order of one million units during 1994 and into 1995.",
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"plaintext": "Hawkins claimed that the console was HDTV-capable, and that the company could use its technology for a set-top box. It was believed the platform would appeal to cable companies seeking to provide digital interactive services, with broadcasts being accompanied by digital information, eventually leading to the development of video-on-demand services on what was described as a \"client-server interactive network\", with an interactive networking trial having been announced in collaboration with US West in Omaha, Nebraska for the autumn of 1994. Computer Gaming World reported in January 1994 that 3DO \"is poised for an avalanche of software support to appear in the next 12 months\", unlike the Atari Jaguar and Pioneer LaserActive. The magazine predicted that \"If 3DO's licensees can get enough machines and software out in the market, this could very well become the interactive gamer's entry level machine\" and possibly \"the ideal plug and play solution for those of us who are tired of playing circuit board roulette with our personal computers\". Electronic Arts promoted the console in two-page advertisements, describing it as a \"technological leap\" and promising \"twenty new titles ... over the next twelve months\".",
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"plaintext": "The launch of the platform in October 1993 received a great deal of attention in the press as part of the \"multimedia wave\" in the computer world at the time. Return Fire, Road Rash, FIFA International Soccer, and Jurassic Park Interactive had been slated for launch releases but were pushed to mid-1994 due to the developers' struggles with the then-cutting-edge hardware. Moreover, the 3DO Company made continued updates to the console hardware almost up to the system's release, which resulted in a number of third-party titles missing the launch date, in some cases by less than a month, because the developers weren't left enough time to fully test them on the finalized hardware. The only 3DO software available at launch was the third-party game Crash 'n Burn. Panasonic also failed to manufacture an ample supply of the console in time for launch day, and as a result most retail stores only received one or two units. By mid-November, the 3DO had sold 30,000 units.",
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"plaintext": "The system was released in Japan in March 1994 with an initial lineup of six games. The Japanese launch was moderately successful, with 70,000 units shipping to 10,000 stores. However, sales soon dropped and by 1995 the system was known in Japan as a host for pornographic releases.",
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"plaintext": "The 3DO's claim to the title of most advanced console on the market was lost with the 1995 (1994 in Japan) launches of the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn. The 3DO Company responded by emphasizing their console's large existing software library, lower price (both the Panasonic and Goldstar models were by this time), and promised successor: the M2. To assure consumers that the 3DO would still be supported, the M2 was initially announced as an add-on for the 3DO. It was later revealed that the M2 would be an entirely separate console, albeit one with 3DO backward compatibility. Eventually the M2 project was cancelled.",
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"plaintext": "Unlike Panasonic, Goldstar initially produced only 3DO hardware, not software. This made it difficult to manage competitive price drops, and when the price of the Goldstar 3DO dropped to in December 1995, the company took a loss of more than on each sale. Goldstar tried switching to the usual industry model of selling hardware at a loss and profiting on software, but though a handful of Goldstar games were published for the 3DO, Goldstar's software development operation arrived too late to allow them to turn a profit on the 3DO. This lack of a profitable business model, combined with Panasonic acquiring exclusive rights to the M2 technology, were cited as the two chief reasons for Goldstar dropping support for the 3DO in early 1996. During the second quarter of 1996 several of the 3DO's most loyal software supporters, including the software division of The 3DO Company themselves, announced they were no longer making games for the system, leaving Panasonic as the only company supporting active software development for the 3DO.",
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"plaintext": "The 3DO system was eventually discontinued at the end of 1996, with a complete shutdown of all internal hardware development and divestment of the M2 technology. The 3DO Company restructured themselves around this same time, selling off their hardware division to become a multi-platform company focused on software development and online gaming.",
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"plaintext": "The initial high price is considered to be one of the many issues that led to the 3DO's failure, along with lack of significant funding that larger companies such as Sony took advantage of. In an interview shortly after The 3DO Company dropped support for the system, Trip Hawkins attributed its failure to the model of licensing all hardware manufacturing and software to third parties. He reasoned that for a console to be a success, it needed a single strong company to take the lead in marketing, hardware, and software, and pointed out that it was essentially a lack of coordination between The 3DO Company, Panasonic, and the 3DO's software developers which had led to the console launching with only one game ready.",
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"plaintext": "A number of different manufacturers produced the 3DO system. The Panasonic versions are the best known and most common.",
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"plaintext": " Panasonic FZ-1 R·E·A·L 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (Japan, Asia, North America and Europe) The first 3DO system, which was initially priced at in the U.S. and in Japan. The price was reduced to $399.99 in the fall of 1994.",
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"plaintext": " Panasonic FZ-10 R·E·A·L 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (Japan, North America and Europe) Released on November 11, 1994 (a year after the FZ-1), it is a less expensive, slimmer and lighter model and replaced the FZ-1 in Panasonic's portfolio. The FZ-10 featured a top loading CD tray, an internal memory manager and repositioned the LEDs and controller port. The controller is also smaller and lighter than the one included with the FZ-1, but lacks a headphones output.",
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"plaintext": " Panasonic N-1005 3DO CD Changer \"ROBO\" (Japan only) An FZ-1 custom console, fitted with a five disc CD drive.",
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"plaintext": " Sanyo IMP-21J TRY 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (Japan only) Released in March 1995, this model has the pickup head on the tray (resembling a laptop optical drive). It was made in moderate quantities before it was discontinued.",
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"plaintext": " GoldStar GDO-101 Alive 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (South Korea) Released in 1994, this model is similar in physical appearance to the Panasonic model.",
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"plaintext": " GoldStar GDO-101M 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (North America and Europe) A version of the GDO-101 for foreign markets.",
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"plaintext": " GoldStar GDO-203P 3DO Alive II (South Korea only) The rarest of all of the systems, resembling a very rounded PlayStation.",
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"plaintext": " Creative 3DO Blaster A PC ISA expansion card with a double-speed CD-ROM drive and a controller that enables compatible Windows-based PCs to play 3DO games. Produced by Creative Labs.",
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"plaintext": "Arcade American Laser Games utilized 3DO-based hardware for a number of arcade titles.",
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"plaintext": "The original edition of the console, the FZ-1, was referred to in full as the 3DO REAL Interactive Multiplayer. The console had advanced hardware features at the time: an ARM60 32-bit RISC CPU, a custom graphics processor with a math co-processor, and a custom DSP at 16 bits with a 20bit ACU . It also featured 2megabytes (MB) of DRAM, 1MB of VRAM, and a double speed CD-ROM drive for main CD+Gs or Photo CDs (and Video CDs with an add-on MPEG video module). The 3DO included the first light synthesizer in a game console, converting CD music to a mesmerizing color pattern.",
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"plaintext": "The 3DO is one of few CD-based units that feature neither regional lockout nor copy protection, making it easy to use illegal copies or homebrew software. Although there is no regional lockout present in any 3DO machine, a few Japanese games cannot be played on non-Japanese 3DO consoles due to a special kanji font which was not present in the English language console firmware. Games that have compatibility issues include Sword and Sorcery (which was released in English under the title Lucienne's Quest), the adult video game Twinkle Knights and a demo version of Alone in the Dark. Due to a lack of regional lockout the system also became a popular platform for adult film companies like Vivid Interactive to release abridged, erotic VCDs on.",
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"plaintext": "Processor",
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"plaintext": " 32-bit RISC CPU @ 12.5MHz (ARM60) using VY86C060-20FC / VY86C06020FC-2 (native stock speed of 20FC chips is @ 20MHz.)",
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"plaintext": "Display",
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"plaintext": " Resolution 640×480 (interpolated), 320×240 (actual) 60Hz for NTSC version, and 768×576 (interpolated), 384×288 (actual) 50Hz for PAL version with either 16-bit palettized color (from 24-bit) or 24-bit truecolor.",
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"plaintext": " Dual pixel engine (CEL engine) capable of producing 9–16 million pixels per second (36–64 megapix/s interpolated), distorted, scaled, rotated and texture mapped.",
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"plaintext": " Custom math co-processor (physically located inside MADAM)",
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"plaintext": "System board",
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"plaintext": " 50MB/s bus speed (synchronous 32-bit @20MHz bus)",
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"plaintext": " 36 DMA channels",
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"plaintext": " 2MB of main RAM",
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"plaintext": " 1MB of VRAM",
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"plaintext": " 2 expansion ports",
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"plaintext": " 32KB SRAM",
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"plaintext": "Sound ",
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"plaintext": " 16-bit stereo sound",
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"plaintext": " Stereo CDDA playback.",
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"plaintext": " 44.1kHz sound sampling rate",
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"plaintext": " Supports 4-Channel Dolby Surround sound",
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"plaintext": " Custom 20-bit digital signal processor (DSP) 20-bit accumulator with 16-bit parameter registers for extended precision, embedded in the CLIO chip.",
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"plaintext": " 13 DMA channels of digital input, to be sampled, and distorted by the DSP.",
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"plaintext": "Media",
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"plaintext": " Double-speed (depending on manufacturer) 300kB/s data transfer CD-ROM drive with 32KB RAM buffer",
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"plaintext": " Multitasking 32-bit operating system",
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"plaintext": " RF switch An RF connector can be used with older TVs that lack direct video inputs. The 3DO output is compatible with most existing video console switches, including those made for the NES/SNES, Sega Master System/Genesis, & NEC Turbo Grafix RF. This provides a relatively low quality but universally compatible video signal.",
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"plaintext": " Composite RCA The 3DO features standard composite video and audio ports (yellow/red/white RCA connectors) that are compatible with off the shelf cables also used on VHS players and certain other video devices and games consoles, as well as older computer video monitors.",
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"plaintext": " S-Video The 3DO also offers an S-Video connector for enhanced picture quality on more advanced televisions.",
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"plaintext": "Most 3DO systems shipped with a standard controller, as well as A/V and power cables. The 3DO controllers were unusual in that the system base unit contained only one controller port and the controllers could be physically daisy chained together via a port on the back of each controller. Up to eight controllers could be linked together in this fashion. All controllers for each 3DO console are compatible with one another.",
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"plaintext": "In addition, standard 3DO controllers released with the Panasonic FZ-1 also contained a headphone jack and volume control for silent play. The GoldStar (LG) model also included a controller with this feature.",
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"plaintext": "Third party controllers were produced by a number of companies including Logitech. World International Trading Corporation also released an adapter that allows Super NES controllers to be used with the 3DO.",
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"plaintext": "The Panasonic FZ-EM256 is a 256KB Expandable Memory Unit that plugs into the 3DO expansion port on the back of the console. It was released in 1994 and sold in Japan only.",
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"plaintext": "The Panasonic 3DO Karaoke Mixer allows 3DO owners to play a standard music CD, turn the vocals down, plug in one or two microphones and sing over the music. This unit was not released in all markets.",
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"plaintext": "Some of the best-received titles were ports of arcade or PC games that other systems of the time were not capable of playing, such as Alone in the Dark, Myst and Star Control II. Other popular titles included Total Eclipse, Jurassic Park Interactive, Gex, Crash 'n Burn, Slayer, Killing Time, The Need for Speed, Road Rash, and Immercenary. The 3DO version of arcade title Samurai Shodown was the only port with faithful graphics for some time, and the 3DO Super Street Fighter II Turbo was the first port with its CD-quality audio.",
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"plaintext": "Since its release coincided with the arrival of the modern first-person shooter, the 3DO also had some of the earliest members of the genre as exclusives, such as Escape from Monster Manor, the previously mentioned Killing Time, and PO'ed, as well as ports of Wolfenstein 3D and Doom.",
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"plaintext": "However, the 3DO library also exhibited less successful traits of home consoles at the time. The 3DO was one of the first CD-ROM consoles, and some early titles on the 3DO frequently attempted to use interactive movie-style gameplay. Such titles rendered all or nearly all of their graphics in full motion video, which necessitated that any interactive influence from the player be limited to a greater extent than other games of the time. Some games followed a single unfolding of events simply by correctly timed prompts executed by the player. Night Trap, D, Mad Dog McCree, and The Daedalus Encounter are among the more famous examples of full motion video driven games.",
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"plaintext": "Reviewing the 3DO, GamePro gave it a \"thumbs sideways\". They commented that \"The 3DO is the first CD-ROM system to make a real jump forward in graphics, sound, and game design.\" However, they questioned whether it would soon be rendered obsolete by the upcoming Jaguar CD and \"Project Reality\" (later released as the Nintendo 64) and felt there were not yet enough games to justify a purchase, recommending that gamers wait several months to see if the system would get a worthwhile library of games. The 3DO was awarded Worst Console Launch of 1993 by Electronic Gaming Monthly. In a special Game Machine Cross Review in May 1995, Famicom Tsūshin would score the 3DO Real console a 26 out of 40. Next Generation reviewed the 3DO in late 1995. They noted that due chiefly to its early launch, it had a larger installed base and more high quality games than the newly launched Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation, making it a viable alternative to those systems. However, they debated whether it could remain a serious contender in the long run, in light of the successor M2's imminent release and the Saturn and PlayStation's superior hardware. They deemed the 3DO hardware overhyped but still very good for its time, especially praising the DMA engine. They gave it 2 out of 5 stars, concluding that it \"has settled out as a solid system with some good titles in its library and more on the way. The question that must be answered though is this: Is having a 'good system' enough?\"",
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"plaintext": "Citing a lack of decent exclusives and an \"astronomical asking price\", in 2009 video game website IGN chose the 3DO as its 22nd greatest video game console of all time, slightly higher than the Atari Jaguar but lower than its four other major competitors: the SNES (4th best), the Sega Genesis (5th), the PlayStation (7th), and the Sega Saturn (18th). On Yahoo! Games the 3DO was placed among the top five worst console launches due to its one-game launch lineup and high launch price.",
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"plaintext": "Gaming retrospectives have also accused the 3DO of having an abundance of poor quality interactive movies. Trip Hawkins' business model for selling the 3DO was widely derided by industry figures.",
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"plaintext": "The 3DO Company designed a next-generation console that was never released due to various business and technological issues. The M2 project, which began as an accelerator add-on for the 3DO, was to use dual PowerPC 602 processors in addition to newer 3D and video rendering technologies. Late during development, the company abandoned the console hardware business and sold the M2 technology to Matsushita.",
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"plaintext": " PhoenixEmuProject 100% compatible 3DO emulator developed by one of the FreeDO authors (Russian language).",
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"plaintext": " 4DO is a defunct stand-alone 3DO emulator based on the FreeDO source code. Most games are playable though with minor issues.",
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"plaintext": " Opera on RetroArch is the current fork of 4DO/FreeDO with all major issues from previous versions of the emulator issues being solved.",
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"plaintext": " 1993 in video games",
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"plaintext": " 3DO Rating System",
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"plaintext": " List of commercial failures in video games",
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"plaintext": " List of 3DO Interactive Multiplayer games",
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"plaintext": " Panasonic Jungle",
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"plaintext": " 3DO modding",
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"plaintext": " PARM60 CPU datasheet",
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| [
"3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer",
"1990s_toys",
"CD-ROM-based_consoles",
"Fifth-generation_video_game_consoles",
"Home_video_game_consoles",
"LG_Electronics_products",
"Panasonic_consoles",
"Products_introduced_in_1993",
"Products_and_services_discontinued_in_1996",
"Sanyo_products",
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| 229,429 | 14,296 | 442 | 166 | 0 | 0 | 3DO Interactive Multiplayer | home video game console | [
"3DO"
]
|
36,169 | 1,057,331,528 | 1519 | [
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[
13,
31
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53,
57
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{
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Janet Beaton, Scottish noblewoman (d. 1569)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Nicholas Grimald, English poet (d. 1562)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Edwin Sandys, English archbishop (d. 1588)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Imagawa Yoshimoto, Japanese warlord (d. 1560)",
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1,
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},
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"plaintext": " Paula Vicente, Portuguese artist, musician and writer (d. 1576)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Stanisław Zamoyski, Polish nobleman (d. 1572)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " probable",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Thomas Gresham, English merchant and financier (d. 1579)",
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[
1,
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],
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56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1583)",
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},
{
"plaintext": "possible",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Catherine Howard, fifth Queen of Henry VIII of England (born between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 12",
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[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1459)",
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1,
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38,
42
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Vasco Núñez de Balboa, Spanish explorer (b. 1475)",
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[
1,
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]
},
{
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0,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 29 Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (b. 1466)",
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1,
9
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11,
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[
56,
60
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 15 Henry, Count of Württemberg-Montbéliard (1473–1482) (b. 1448)",
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1,
9
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11,
38
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71
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 18 Sibylle of Bavaria, Electress Palatine consort (b. 1489)",
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
29
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[
62,
66
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 2 Leonardo da Vinci, Italian inventor and artist (b. 1452)",
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1,
6
],
[
8,
25
],
[
59,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 4 Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino (b. 1492)",
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[
1,
6
],
[
8,
42
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 13 Artus Gouffier, Lord of Boissy, French nobleman and politician (b. 1475)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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],
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
39
],
[
76,
80
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 2 Philippe de Luxembourg, French Catholic cardinal (b. 1445)",
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
31
],
[
62,
66
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 24 Lucrezia Borgia, Duchess of Ferrara (b. 1480)",
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
25
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 13 Zhu Youyuan, Ming dynasty politician (b. 1476)",
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1,
8
],
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10,
21
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[
51,
55
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 27 Zanobi Acciaioli, librarian of the Vatican (b. 1461)",
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
26
],
[
57,
61
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 11 Johann Tetzel, German opponent of the Reformation (b. 1465)",
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16407,
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1,
10
],
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12,
25
],
[
66,
70
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 23 Philibert Berthelier, Swiss patriot (b. c. 1465)",
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
32
],
[
55,
59
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September John Colet, English churchman and educator (b. 1467)",
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163670,
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],
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[
12,
22
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59,
63
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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},
{
"plaintext": " William Grocyn, English scholar (b. 1446)",
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163665,
39930
],
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[
1,
15
],
[
37,
41
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ambrosius Holbein, German painter (b. 1494)",
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1,
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43
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]
}
]
| [
"1519"
]
| 6,278 | 593 | 101 | 152 | 0 | 0 | 1519 | year | []
|
36,170 | 1,107,055,600 | 995 | [
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"plaintext": "Year 995 (CMXCV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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},
{
"plaintext": " 17 May - Death of Fujiwara no Michitaka (imperial regent)",
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"plaintext": " 3 June: Fujiwara no Michikane gains power and becomes Regent",
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},
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"plaintext": " 10 June: Death of Fujiwara no Michikane",
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},
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"plaintext": " 30 August - Retainers of Takaie clash with retainers of Michinaga on the main street of Kyoto",
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},
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"plaintext": " 15 October - Michinaga is the Chief of the Fujiwara Clan",
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{
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[
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[
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[
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[
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[
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[
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},
{
"plaintext": " King Eric VI (the Victorious) dies at Uppsala, after a 25-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Olof Skötkonung, as the first baptized Christian ruler of Sweden.",
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 28 Boleslaus II (the Pious), duke of Bohemia, storms Libice Castle and massacres the members of the Slavník Dynasty.",
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},
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},
{
"plaintext": " Malachy captures Dublin for the third time.",
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},
{
"plaintext": " King Kenneth II is murdered at a banquet by Lady Finella in Fettercairn. He is succeeded by his nephew Constantine III (a son of the late King Cuilén) as ruler of Alba (Scotland).",
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119
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[
144,
150
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[
164,
168
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[
170,
178
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Uhtred (the Bold), a son of Ealdorman Waltheof I of Northumbria, establishes an episcopal see at Durham and moves the monastic community of Chester-le-Street there.",
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},
{
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[
135,
144
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[
192,
200
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[
218,
230
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[
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238
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]
},
{
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0,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi, Persian historian and writer (d. 1077)",
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},
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1,
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34
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36,
42
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[
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54
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[
59,
63
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Dominic Loricatus, Italian priest and hermit (d. 1060)",
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1,
18
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39,
45
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50,
54
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},
{
"plaintext": " Frederick II, duke of Upper Lorraine (approximate date)",
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49149
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[
1,
13
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},
{
"plaintext": " Herman II, archbishop of Cologne (approximate date)",
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7044647,
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1,
10
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26,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Hemma of Gurk, German noblewoman (d. 1045)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Olaf II Haraldsson (St. Olaf), king of Norway (d. 1030)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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150695
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[
1,
19
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Reginar V, French nobleman (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
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],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Shaykh Tusi, Persian Shia scholar (d. 1067)",
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1,
12
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22,
26
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39,
43
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},
{
"plaintext": " William I, Norman nobleman (approximate date)",
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"target_page_ids": [
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 30 Sahib ibn Abbad, Persian statesman ",
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[
1,
9
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11,
26
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 10 Baldwin I (or Boudewijn), bishop of Utrecht",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
18
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[
45,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 16 Fujiwara no Michitaka, Japanese nobleman (b. 953)",
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},
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{
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1,
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49
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},
{
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},
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},
{
"plaintext": " Lady Finella, Scottish noblewoman and assassin",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Michitsuna no Haha, Japanese female poet",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Mstivoj, Obodrite prince (approximate date)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Song, empress of the Song Dynasty (b. 952)",
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]
| [
"995"
]
| 23,794 | 317 | 17 | 138 | 0 | 0 | 995 | year | []
|
36,171 | 958,208,454 | 1360 | [
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{
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68
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},
{
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},
{
"plaintext": " June 24 Nuno Álvares Pereira, Portuguese general (d. 1431)",
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15812,
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1,
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10,
30
],
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55,
59
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},
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"plaintext": " August 10 Francesco Zabarella, Italian jurist (d. 1417)",
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1,
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[
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy (d. 1391)",
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39550
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1,
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37
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire (d. 1403)",
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici, Italian banker, founder of the Medici dynasty of Florence (d. 1429)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Yi Jong Mu, Korean general (d. 1425)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Andrei Rublev, Russian painter (d. 1430)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Stanislaw of Skarbimierz, Polish religious writer (d. 1431)",
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]
},
{
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65
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},
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15,
35
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69
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 4 Elizabeth de Clare, English noblewoman (b. 1295)",
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
31
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[
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},
{
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},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
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},
{
"plaintext": " David IX of Georgia, King of Georgia",
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2635839
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1,
20
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Geoffrey the Baker, English chronicler",
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19
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]
},
{
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1944206
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[
1,
30
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},
{
"plaintext": " Nicephorus Gregoras, Byzantine historian (b. 1295)",
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39978
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1,
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46,
50
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| [
"1360"
]
| 6,150 | 278 | 32 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 1360 | year | []
|
36,172 | 1,092,152,823 | 1477 | [
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25657,
319725,
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107,
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},
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"plaintext": " Ivan III of Russia marches against the Novgorod Republic, marking the beginning of Russian Colonialism.",
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"plaintext": " Giovanni Pico della Mirandola starts to study canon law, at the University of Bologna.",
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Thomas Norton (alchemist) writes Ordinall of Alchemy.",
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1,
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},
{
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},
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"plaintext": " January 13 Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland (d. 1527)",
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16191,
2863112,
38685
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1,
11
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13,
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57,
61
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},
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"plaintext": " January 14 Hermann of Wied, German Catholic archbishop (d. 1552)",
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16192,
1472551,
38668
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1,
11
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13,
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},
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"plaintext": " January 16 Johannes Schöner, German astronomer and cartographer (d. 1547)",
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16022,
2012511,
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1,
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13,
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"plaintext": " January 25 Anne of Brittany, sovereign duchess of Brittany, queen of Charles VIII of France (d. 1514)",
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1,
11
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},
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"plaintext": " March 20 Jerome Emser, German theologian (d. 1527)",
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14563107,
2561093,
38685
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1,
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11,
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47,
51
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},
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"plaintext": " June 22 Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset, English noble (d. 1530)",
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15857,
14414518,
38683
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1,
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10,
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[
65,
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},
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15849,
1350923,
36116
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1,
7
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9,
27
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68,
72
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},
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15971,
2321290,
38671
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1,
8
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10,
25
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48,
52
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},
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"plaintext": " September 1 Bartolomeo Fanfulla, Italian mercenary (d. 1525)",
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27530,
39454539,
38687
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1,
12
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14,
33
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57,
61
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"plaintext": " September 19 Ferrante d'Este, Ferrarese nobleman and condottiero (d. 1540)",
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28147,
48245999,
35144
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1,
13
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15,
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71,
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 21 Matthäus Zell, German Lutheran pastor (d. 1548)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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27532,
18950069,
38672
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1,
13
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[
15,
28
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[
57,
61
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown István Báthory, Hungarian nobleman (d. 1534)",
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36116
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[
15,
29
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58
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},
{
"plaintext": " probable",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " Giorgione, painter in Italian High Renaissance (d. 1510)",
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[
1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Girolamo del Pacchia, Italian painter (d. 1533)",
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38681
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1,
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47
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},
{
"plaintext": " Lambert Simnel, pretender to the throne of England (d. c. 1534)",
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50368,
36116
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Il Sodoma, Italian painter (d. 1549)",
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1,
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{
"plaintext": " Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English diplomat (d. 1539)",
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72165,
38680
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[
1,
37
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{
"plaintext": " January 2",
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15788
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[
1,
10
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Franzone, Italian assassin (executed)",
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[
1,
9
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},
{
"plaintext": " Gerolamo Olgiati, Italian assassin (executed)",
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"target_page_ids": [
5438942
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[
1,
17
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Carlo Visconti, Italian assassin (executed)",
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5438381
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[
1,
15
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 5 Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (in battle) (b. 1433)",
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357292,
39917
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1,
10
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[
12,
28
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[
30,
46
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[
63,
67
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 6 Jean VIII, Count of Vendôme",
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15986,
5451346
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1,
10
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12,
39
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},
{
"plaintext": " June 27 Adolf, Duke of Guelders and Count of Zutphen (1465–1471) (b. 1438)",
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1,
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10,
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71,
75
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 4 Jacques d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours",
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2418,
1824915
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1,
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11,
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 11 Latino Orsini, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1411)",
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10036293,
39895
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1,
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12,
25
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61
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 19 Maria of Mangup, Princess-consort of Moldavia",
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8848,
46794022
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
29
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},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown Charlotte de Brézé, French countess (b. 1446)",
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43043834,
39930
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15,
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56,
60
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]
| [
"1477"
]
| 6,614 | 295 | 37 | 82 | 0 | 0 | 1477 | year | []
|
36,173 | 1,098,025,572 | 1495 | [
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"plaintext": "Year 1495 (MCDXCV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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11,
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 26 Emperor Go-Nara of Japan (d. 1557)",
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{
"plaintext": " February 4",
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11
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},
{
"plaintext": " Francesco II Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1535)",
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1,
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40,
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},
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"plaintext": " Jean Parisot de Valette, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller (d. 1568)",
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39844035,
34960
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1,
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70,
74
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},
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"plaintext": " February 13 Giacomo Puteo, Spanish cardinal (d. 1563)",
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36735094,
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1,
12
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14,
27
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50,
54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 6 Luigi Alamanni, Italian poet and statesman (d. 1556)",
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18026,
38666
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1,
8
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10,
24
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57,
61
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},
{
"plaintext": " March 8 John of God, Portuguese friar and saint (d. 1550)",
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20053,
774170,
35099
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1,
8
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10,
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54,
58
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},
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20427,
9017652,
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[
1,
9
],
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11,
47
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52,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 29 Leonhard Päminger, Austrian composer (d. 1567)",
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31444782,
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1,
9
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11,
28
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},
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"plaintext": " April 16 Petrus Apianus, German humanist (d. 1552)",
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494745,
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1,
9
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11,
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51
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 1 Jan van Scorel, Dutch painter (d. 1562)",
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1,
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11,
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49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 24 Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg, Prince of Lüneburg and Baron of Harburg (d. 1549)",
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
45
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[
91,
95
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 18 Louis X, Duke of Bavaria, German noble (d. 1545)",
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28146,
3577781,
38675
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
39
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[
58,
62
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 20 Gian Matteo Giberti, Catholic bishop (d. 1543)",
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28148,
11914440,
34943
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
34
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 23 Bagrat III of Imereti, King of Imereti (d. 1565)",
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27651,
12135567,
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
36
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[
58,
62
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 24 Barbara of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, Landgravine of Leuchtenberg (d. 1552)",
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1,
13
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[
15,
54
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[
88,
92
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 1 Erhard Schnepf, German theologian (d. 1558)",
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21460,
26571180,
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1,
11
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[
13,
27
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51,
55
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 21 John Bale, English churchman (d. 1563)",
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144952,
38661
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
23
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[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 5 Nicolas Cleynaerts, Flemish grammarian (d. 1542)",
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1,
11
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13,
31
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[
56,
60
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
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"section_name": "Births",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Robert Barnes, English reformer and martyr (d. 1540)",
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159957,
35144
],
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[
1,
14
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[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Cuauhtémoc, 11th Tlatoani (emperor) of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City), 1520-1521 (d. 1525)",
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1,
11
],
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18,
26
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40,
52
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[
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93
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton (d. 1568)",
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"target_page_ids": [
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34960
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1,
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39,
43
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " probable",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish conquistador (d. 1541)",
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74834,
38677
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1,
18
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45,
49
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},
{
"plaintext": " Marie Dentière, Genevan Protestant reformer and theologian (d. 1561)",
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"target_page_ids": [
5120741,
35101
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[
1,
15
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[
64,
68
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Costanzo Festa, Italian composer (d. 1545)",
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631259,
38675
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[
1,
15
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38,
42
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},
{
"plaintext": " Nicolas Gombert, Flemish composer (d. 1560)",
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632215,
35145
],
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[
1,
16
],
[
39,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 11 Pedro González de Mendoza, Spanish cardinal and statesman (b. 1428)",
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"target_page_ids": [
15847,
318236,
39912
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
38
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[
75,
79
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 21 Magdalena of France, French princess and regent of Navarre (b. 1443)",
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5602577,
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
32
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[
76,
80
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 25 Sultan Cem, pretender to the Ottoman throne (b. 1459)",
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"target_page_ids": [
10930,
530892,
36190
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
24
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[
62,
66
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 31 Cecily Neville, English duchess, mother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (b. 1415)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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153791,
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26284,
36126
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[
1,
7
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[
9,
23
],
[
52,
72
],
[
77,
99
],
[
104,
108
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September Vlad Călugărul, Wallachian half-brother of Vlad III (The Impaler)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27529,
1111591,
716868
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[
1,
10
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[
12,
26
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[
55,
63
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 14 Elizabeth Tudor, English princess, daughter of Henry VII of England (b. 1492)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27947,
1390810,
14186,
34599
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
30
],
[
62,
82
],
[
87,
91
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 25 King John II of Portugal (b. 1455)",
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"target_page_ids": [
22333,
147145,
39508
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[
1,
11
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[
18,
37
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[
42,
46
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 30 Francis, Count of Vendome (b. 1470)",
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"target_page_ids": [
22436,
5450615,
39500
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
38
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[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 16 Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France, French noble (b. 1492)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8219,
10078110,
34599
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
48
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[
67,
71
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 18 King Alphonso II of Naples (b. 1448)",
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"target_page_ids": [
8334,
1520970,
39932
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[
1,
12
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[
19,
40
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[
45,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 21 Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford (b. c. 1431)",
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"target_page_ids": [
8850,
113541,
36127
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
47
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[
55,
59
]
]
}
]
| [
"1495"
]
| 6,695 | 384 | 48 | 108 | 0 | 0 | 1495 | year | []
|
36,174 | 1,094,470,319 | 1530s | [
{
"plaintext": "The 1530s decade ran from January 1, 1530, to December 31, 1539.",
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"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 1530 (MDXXX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
321295,
15651
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[
11,
16
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24,
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[
102,
117
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]
| [
"1530s"
]
| 192,500 | 507 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1530s | decade | []
|
36,175 | 1,100,083,488 | 1555 | [
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"plaintext": "Year 1555 (MDLV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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"target_page_ids": [
25657,
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 26 Charles II, Lord of Monaco (d. 1589)",
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16017687,
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44,
48
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},
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"plaintext": " February 25 Alonso Lobo, Spanish musician (d. 1617)",
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10930,
995039,
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25
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52
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},
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"plaintext": " March 18 François, Duke of Anjou, youngest son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici (d. 1584)",
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9
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11,
34
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[
75,
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[
100,
104
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},
{
"plaintext": " March 21 John Leveson, English politician (d. 1615)",
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1,
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11,
23
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48,
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},
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"plaintext": " March 31 Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox, English countess (d. 1582)",
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20587,
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34868
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1,
9
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11,
47
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70,
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},
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"plaintext": " April 21 Ludovico Carracci, Italian painter (d. 1619)",
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9
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11,
28
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54
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"plaintext": " April 28 Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, heir apparent of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (d. 1575)",
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11,
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},
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"plaintext": " May 5 Queen Uiin, Korean royal consort (d. 1600)",
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19352,
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1,
6
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18
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49
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 9 Jerónima de la Asunción, founder of the first Catholic monastery in Manila, the Monastery of Santa Clara (d. 1630)",
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1,
6
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[
8,
31
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[
117,
121
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 29 George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes, English earl, general and administrator (d. 1629)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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19355,
3362819,
35143
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[
1,
7
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[
9,
41
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[
87,
91
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 11 Lodovico Zacconi, Italian composer and music theorist (d. 1627)",
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
26
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[
68,
72
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},
{
"plaintext": " June 13 Giovanni Antonio Magini, Italian mathematician, cartographer and astronomer (d. 1617)",
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"target_page_ids": [
15816,
2648626,
34892
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
33
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[
90,
94
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},
{
"plaintext": " June 16 Duke Otto Henry of Brunswick-Harburg, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg (d. 1591)",
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
46
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[
100,
104
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},
{
"plaintext": " July Henry Garnet, English Jesuit (d. 1606)",
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"target_page_ids": [
738628,
35086
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[
7,
19
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[
40,
44
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 6 Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, French Catholic cardinal (d. 1588)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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35147
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"anchor_spans": [
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1,
7
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[
9,
36
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[
67,
71
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 17 Richard Carew, English scholar (d. 1620)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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16089,
996687,
35109
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
23
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 1 Edward Kelley, English spirit medium (d. 1597)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1254,
210019,
34718
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
24
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 3 Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński, Polish nobleman (d. 1628)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
27989,
1264079,
35142
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
37
],
[
59,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 21 John Thynne, English landowner and politician (d. 1604)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
27532,
36587990,
35084
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
26
],
[
65,
69
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 23 Louise de Coligny, princess consort of Orange (d. 1620)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
27651,
9727462,
35109
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
32
],
[
65,
69
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 28 Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, duc de Bouillon, Marshal of France (d. 1623)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
27533,
1481661,
34687
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
79
],
[
103,
107
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 6 Ferenc Nádasdy, Hungarian noble (d. 1604)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
22542,
35616211,
35084
],
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
26
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 12 Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, English baron (d. 1601)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
22530,
2733759,
35080
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
62
],
[
82,
86
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 8 Nyaungyan Min, king of Burma (d. 1605)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
21759,
24927246,
35085
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
26
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 4 Heinrich Meibom, German historian and poet (d. 1625)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
8354,
1218769,
35140
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
28
],
[
60,
64
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 27 Johann Arndt, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1621)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
8452,
181220,
35110
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
26
],
[
59,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " Lancelot Andrewes, English clergyman and scholar (d. 1626)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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18043,
34586
],
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[
1,
18
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Adam Sędziwój Czarnkowski, Polish nobleman (d. 1628)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1846601,
35142
],
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[
1,
26
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Samuel Eidels, Polish Jewish rabbi and Talmudist (d. 1631)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1262405,
35161
],
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[
1,
14
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Joshua Falk, Polish Jewish rabbi and commentator (d. 1614)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1276354,
35102
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Elijah Loans, German Jewish rabbi and kabbalist (d. 1636)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
14745891,
34935
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " François de Malherbe, French poet (d. 1628)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
165166,
35142
],
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[
1,
21
],
[
39,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Okudaira Sadamasa, Japanese nobleman (d. 1615)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
356205,
35105
],
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[
1,
18
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Konishi Yukinaga, Japanese Christian daimyō (d. 1600)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1580612,
35017
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Moderata Fonte, Italian poet, writer and philosopher (d. 1592)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
19669921,
35529
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Maria van Schooten, Dutch war heroine (d. 1573)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
38368734,
34757
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Naresuan, King of Ayutthaya (d. 1605)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
735804,
35085
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
33,
37
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 14 Jacques Dubois, French anatomist (b. 1478)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16192,
233114,
36213
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
27
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 4 John Rogers, English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. c. 1505)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11359,
159686,
38701
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
24
],
[
73,
77
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 8 Laurence Saunders, English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. 1519)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11360,
250305,
36169
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
30
],
[
76,
80
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 9",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11361
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Christian Egenolff, German printer (b. 1502)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
18499827,
38705
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " John Hooper, English churchman (burned at the stake) (b. c. 1497)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
314820,
39485
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Rowland Taylor, English Protestant martyr (burned at the stake) (b. 1510)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1002958,
38697
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
69,
73
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 17 Giuliano Bugiardini, Italian painter (b. 1475)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11164,
9278499,
39497
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
33
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 14 John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford (b. 1485)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20199,
259087,
39493
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
44
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 23 Pope Julius III (b. 1487)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20210,
24685,
36137
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
26
],
[
31,
35
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 27 Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din, Imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen (b. 1473)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20585,
30225882,
35077
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
44
],
[
83,
87
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 12 Queen Joanna of Castile, long under confinement (b. 1479)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1009,
151276,
39496
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
17,
34
],
[
63,
67
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 18 Polydore Vergil, English historian (b. 1470)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1826,
335170,
39500
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
26
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 1 Pope Marcellus II (b. 1501)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19348,
23959,
38706
],
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[
1,
6
],
[
8,
25
],
[
30,
34
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 21 George III, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg (b. 1502)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19684,
34230063,
38705
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
46
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 25",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19354
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gemma Frisius, Dutch mathematician and cartographer (b. 1508)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1127316,
38699
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Henry II of Navarre (b. 1503)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
149460,
34971
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
25,
29
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 10 Elizabeth of Denmark, Electress of Brandenburg (1502–1535) (b. 1485)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15805,
18665986,
39493
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
56
],
[
73,
77
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 8 Thomas of Villanova, Spanish Roman Catholic bishop and saint (b. 1488)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28488,
4437136,
606848,
39490
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
33
],
[
43,
57
],
[
79,
83
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 5 Edward Wotton, English zoologist (b. 1492)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22536,
1089764,
34599
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
25
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 9 Justus Jonas, German Protestant reformer (b. 1493)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22549,
1657603,
36887
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
24
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 16",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22556
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hugh Latimer, English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. c. 1487)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
196778,
36137
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
62,
66
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nicholas Ridley, English clergyman (burned at the stake)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
250276
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sue Harukata, Japanese retainer under the Ouchi clan (b. 1521)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2006879,
2880619,
35225
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
43,
53
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 26 Olympia Fulvia Morata, Italian classical scholar (b. 1526)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22403,
2340914,
38686
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
34
],
[
66,
70
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 4 Agnes of Hesse, German nobleman, by marriage, Princess of Saxony (b. 1527)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21805,
32062339,
38685
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
27
],
[
82,
86
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 12",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21631
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Stephen Gardiner, English bishop and Lord Chancellor (b. 1493)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
262155,
36887
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yang Jisheng, Ming Chinese statesman (beheaded) (b. 1516) ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
55388180,
38692
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Zhang Jing, Ming Chinese general (beheaded)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
52167737
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 21 Georgius Agricola, German scientist (b. 1490)",
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"target_page_ids": [
21576,
12475,
39489
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
31
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December Stanisław Kostka, Polish noble (b. 1487)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8143,
1426789,
36137
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
27
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 9 Elisabeth of Culemborg, German noble (b. 1475)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8589,
22629483,
39497
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
35
],
[
54,
58
]
]
}
]
| [
"1555"
]
| 6,579 | 588 | 115 | 190 | 0 | 0 | 1555 | year | []
|
36,176 | 1,100,060,164 | 1649 | [
{
"plaintext": " January 12 Jacques Carrey, French painter (d. 1726)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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16112,
27867243,
35855
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
27
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 18",
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16202
],
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[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1679–1691) (d. 1691)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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35982063,
34895
],
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[
1,
41
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " John Waddon, English politician (d. 1695)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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29402321,
34896
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
37,
41
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 22 Pascal Collasse, French composer (d. 1709)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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15940,
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38635
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
28
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 30 Lionel Tollemache, 3rd Earl of Dysart, British politician and nobleman (d. 1727)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15813,
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],
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
50
],
[
88,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 6",
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11021
],
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[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " John Benedict, Connecticut politician and deacon (d. 1729)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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42843445,
35853
],
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[
1,
14
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Augusta Marie of Holstein-Gottorp, Consort of Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (d. 1728)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
29965990,
34766
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
34
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[
92,
96
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 8 Gabriel Daniel, French Jesuit historian (d. 1728)",
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"target_page_ids": [
11360,
1997237,
34766
],
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1,
11
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13,
27
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[
57,
61
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 11 William Carstares, Scottish minister (d. 1715)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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11184,
598907,
38627
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31
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55,
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},
{
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1,
12
],
[
14,
27
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61
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]
},
{
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[
1,
12
],
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14,
26
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[
61,
65
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 22 Bon Boullogne, French painter (d. 1717)",
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
27
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 25 Johann Philipp Krieger, German Baroque composer (d. 1725)",
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10930,
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[
1,
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],
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14,
36
],
[
66,
70
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 2 Andreas Gottlieb von Bernstorff, German politician (d. 1726)",
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19516,
24026499,
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],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
41
],
[
65,
69
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 3 John Floyer, English physician and author (d. 1734)",
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19633,
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35850
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
21
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 12 Govert Bidloo, Dutch physician, anatomist, poet and playwright (d. 1713)",
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],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
24
],
[
78,
82
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]
},
{
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
38
],
[
63,
67
]
]
},
{
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20316,
48754804,
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],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
22
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
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19849,
1789751,
34896
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
25
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 5 Elihu Yale, American benefactor of Yale University (d. 1721)",
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2194,
10204,
35859
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
20
],
[
65,
69
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 8 Charles Berkeley, 2nd Earl of Berkeley, English diplomat (d. 1710)",
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],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
48
],
[
71,
75
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 9 James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, claimant to the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland (d. 1685)",
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],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
43
],
[
106,
110
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 11 Princess Frederica Amalia of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark (d. 1704)",
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4137614,
38640
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
47
],
[
95,
99
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 16 Jan Luyken, Dutch engraver (d. 1712)",
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1334,
3605778,
38633
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
21
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 17 Charles Henri, Prince of Commercy (d. 1723)",
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1974,
8284751,
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],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
44
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 23 Andreas Kneller, German organist and composer (d. 1724)",
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1827,
11648998,
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],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
26
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 2 Engel de Ruyter, Dutch admiral (d. 1683)",
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19349,
21310480,
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],
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[
1,
6
],
[
8,
23
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 3 Johann Valentin Meder, German composer (d. 1719)",
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38631
],
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[
1,
6
],
[
8,
29
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 4",
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19351
],
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[
1,
6
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Chhatrasal, Maharaja of Madhya Pradesh (d. 1731)",
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3888019,
35852
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Augustinus Terwesten, Northern Netherlandish painter (d. 1711)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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24059516,
35542
],
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[
1,
21
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 15 Vincent Bigot, Superior general of the Jesuit mission in Canada (d. 1720)",
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],
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
22
],
[
77,
81
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 13 Adrien Baillet, French scholar and critic (d. 1706)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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15816,
143085,
38636
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
24
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 1 Johann Wilhelm Petersen, German theologian (d. 1727)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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35854
],
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
32
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 4",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15849
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sophie Amalie Lindenov, Danish noblewoman and landowner (d. 1688)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
25573843,
34733
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William Lodge, English engraver and printmaker (d. 1689)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
12054108,
36185
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 19 Charles, Landgrave of Hesse-Wanfried since 1676 (d. 1711)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
16091,
33934804,
35542
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
46
],
[
62,
66
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 20 William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland (d. 1709)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15803,
1820890,
38635
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
48
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 23 Pope Clement XI (d. 1721)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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16181,
24124,
35859
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
25
],
[
30,
34
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 3 Diego de Salinas, Governor of Gibraltar (d. 1720)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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1259,
36903840,
34945
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
27
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 7 Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1664)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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1332,
12273963,
38622
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
45
],
[
73,
77
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 16 Barent van Kalraet, Dutch painter (d. 1737)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1448,
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35848
],
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
30
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 27 Ferdinando d'Adda, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1719)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1013,
1721233,
38631
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
29
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 5 Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth, French-born mistress of Charles II of England (d. 1734)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
27990,
632016,
35850
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
57
],
[
109,
113
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 7 Charles Lambart, 3rd Earl of Cavan, Irish peer (d. 1702)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
27949,
25614276,
38639
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
48
],
[
65,
69
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 10 Bernhard I, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen since 1675 (d. 1706)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
28020,
6161661,
38636
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
49
],
[
65,
69
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 12",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
28021
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sir Thomas Blount, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1687)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
25915848,
34894
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
31
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Dionysius Andreas Freher, German mystic (d. 1728)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
22747280,
34766
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
25
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Giuseppe Maria Tomasi, Sicilian saint (d. 1713)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
16974487,
38632
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 14 Magdalena Stenbock, Swedish salon hostess (d. 1727)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
27947,
27578930,
35854
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
33
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 15 Titus Oates, English clergyman and plotter (d. 1705)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
28145,
298582,
38638
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
26
],
[
62,
66
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 20 Carr Scrope, English poet (d. 1680)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
28148,
28078427,
34927
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
26
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 25 Edward Montagu, British politician (d. 1690)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
28203,
27745430,
34719
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
29
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 26 Katharyne Lescailje, Dutch writer (d. 1711)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
28178,
27294843,
35542
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
34
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 27 Jonas Danilssønn Ramus, Norwegian priest and historian (d. 1718)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
27934,
1967119,
38630
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
37
],
[
74,
78
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 3 Franz Mozart, German mason, great-grandfather of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (d. 1693)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
22347,
15150781,
38647
],
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
24
],
[
89,
93
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 6 Juana Rangel de Cuéllar, Spanish founder of Colombian city (d. 1736)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
22542,
7613455,
35849
],
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
35
],
[
75,
79
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 12 Sir Thomas Felton, 4th Baronet, English politician (d. 1709)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
22530,
27693193,
38635
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
43
],
[
68,
72
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 19 Samuel Rodigast, German poet, hymnwriter (d. 1708)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
22568,
36996705,
38634
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
28
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 25 Sir Edward Blackett, 2nd Baronet, English politician (d. 1718)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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22333,
8083897,
38630
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
45
],
[
70,
74
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 2",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
21461
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Johann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, German duke (d. 1697)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
13438699,
36178
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
41
],
[
59,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Esmé Stewart, 2nd Duke of Richmond, son of James Stewart (d. 1660)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2295803,
38618
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
35
],
[
62,
66
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 4 Samuel Carpenter, Deputy Governor of colonial Pennsylvania (d. 1714)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
21805,
23566375,
38550
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
29
],
[
76,
80
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 24 John Holwell, English mathematician, astrologer (d. 1680)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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21522,
19195230,
34927
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
26
],
[
66,
70
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 2 Jean-Baptiste Corneille, French historical painter, etcher and engraver (d. 1695)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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8356,
14321876,
34896
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
36
],
[
89,
93
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 9 Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Baronet, of Ridley (d. 1701)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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8589,
8238218,
38641
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
58
],
[
63,
67
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Esther Liebmann, German banker (d. 1714)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
39840049,
38550
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
36,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 6 Nicolaus Vernulaeus, professor at the University of Leuven and an important Neo-Latin playwright (b. 1583)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15986,
44962194,
38595
],
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
31
],
[
113,
117
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 21 García de Toledo Osorio, 6th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and politician (b. 1579)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
23751607,
37520976,
38598
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
64
],
[
99,
103
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 22",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15940
],
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[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Pace Giordano, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Trogir (b. 1586)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
52818270,
38593
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{
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1,
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81
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]
},
{
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 18 Cristóbal Pérez Lazarraga y Maneli Viana, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Cartagena in Colombia and of Chiapas (b. 1599)",
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1,
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14,
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]
},
{
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14,
46
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71
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]
},
{
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[
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]
},
{
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]
]
},
{
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]
},
{
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},
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},
{
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61
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 17 Gabriel Lalemant, Jesuit missionary in New France, beginning in 1646 (b. 1610)",
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1,
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],
[
11,
27
],
[
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88
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 19 Gerhard Johann Vossius, German classical scholar and theologian (b. 1577)",
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20316,
311678,
38600
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9
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[
11,
33
],
[
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]
]
},
{
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1,
9
],
[
11,
25
],
[
74,
78
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 22 Agostinho Barbosa, Portuguese bishop in Italy and writer on canon law (d. 1589)",
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9
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[
11,
28
],
[
51,
56
],
[
71,
80
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[
85,
89
]
]
},
{
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9
],
[
11,
24
],
[
44,
68
],
[
76,
80
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 5 George Hakewill, English clergyman and author (b. 1578)",
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],
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8
],
[
10,
25
],
[
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64
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 11 Ambrose Corbie, English Jesuit teacher (b. 1604)",
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],
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[
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9
],
[
11,
25
],
[
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58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 22 Marcos de Torres y Rueda, interim viceroy of New Spain (b. 1591)",
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1,
9
],
[
11,
35
],
[
56,
65
],
[
70,
74
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 24",
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2734
],
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[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Francesco Ingoli, Italian priest (b. 1578)",
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],
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[
1,
17
],
[
38,
42
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gaston Jean Baptiste de Renty, French aristocrat and philanthropist (b. 1611)",
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],
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 29 Dodo, Prince Yu (b. 1614)",
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
26
],
[
31,
35
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 8 Gian Giacomo Cristoforo, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Lacedonia (b. 1588)",
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],
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[
1,
6
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[
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31
],
[
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 14 ",
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[
1,
7
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Friedrich Spanheim, Dutch theologian (b. 1600)",
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2334318,
35017
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[
1,
19
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[
42,
46
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " William Chappell, Irish bishop (b. 1582)",
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[
1,
17
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[
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40
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 28 Empress Xiaoduanwen of the Qing Dynasty (b. 1600)",
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1715855,
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
28
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 3 Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet (b. 1590)",
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38590
],
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
32
],
[
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72
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 6 Vincenzo Carafa, Italian Jesuit priest and spiritual writer (b. 1585)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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4003511,
35837
],
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
24
],
[
73,
77
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 17 Injo of Joseon, sixteenth king of the Joseon dynasty in Korea (b. 1595)",
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15798,
2251878,
34890
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
24
],
[
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 18 Juan Martínez Montañés, Spanish sculptor (b. 1568)",
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"target_page_ids": [
15815,
2295653,
34960
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
32
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 20 Maria Tesselschade Visscher, Dutch poet and engraver (b. 1594)",
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"target_page_ids": [
15818,
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],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
37
],
[
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71
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 30 Simon Vouet, French painter (b. 1590)",
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38590
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
21
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 27 Chikurin-in, Japanese woman of the late Azuchi-Momoyama through early Edo period (b. 1579)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15801,
54935419,
38598
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
21
],
[
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 11 Susanna Hall, oldest child of William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway (b. 1582)",
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34868
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
22
],
[
82,
86
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 20 Padovanino, Italian painter (b. 1588)",
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
20
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[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 22 Alessandro Castracani, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Fano (b. 1580)",
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15996,
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38597
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
31
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[
76,
80
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 23 Anne Arundell (b. c. 1615)",
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35105
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
23
],
[
31,
35
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 25 Orazio Giustiniani, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1580)",
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15804,
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38597
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
28
],
[
60,
64
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 7 Maria Leopoldine of Austria, Holy Roman Empress (b. 1632)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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34990
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
38
],
[
63,
67
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 10 Vittoria Farnese d'Este, Duchess of Modena and Reggio (b. 1618)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2315,
31323336,
34909
],
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
35
],
[
70,
74
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 15 Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Spouse of Charles I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (b. 1570)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
42
],
[
110,
114
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 21 Richard Crashaw, English poet (b. c. 1613)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1499,
334448,
35100
],
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
27
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 25 Thomas Shepard, American Puritan minister (b. 1605)",
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"target_page_ids": [
1519,
613624,
35085
],
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
26
],
[
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62
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 27 Catherine of Brandenburg, Princess of Transylvania (1629–1630) (b. 1604)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1013,
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35084
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
36
],
[
79,
83
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 28 John Guthrie, Scottish prelate (b. 1580)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1781,
11039329,
38597
],
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
24
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 30 Robert Heath, English judge and politician (b. 1575)",
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"target_page_ids": [
1794,
1603787,
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[
1,
10
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[
12,
24
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[
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63
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 6 Robert Dudley, styled Earl of Warwick, English explorer and geographer (b. 1574)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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27948,
594265,
34759
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
51
],
[
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93
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 15 John Floyd, English Jesuit preacher (b. 1572)",
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28145,
1209703,
34686
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[
1,
13
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15,
25
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[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 3 Giovanni Diodati, Swiss Protestant clergyman (b. 1576)",
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22347,
1095178,
38601
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
28
],
[
61,
65
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 16 Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter (b. 1621)",
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"target_page_ids": [
22556,
854297,
35110
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
29
],
[
49,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 28",
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22341
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[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lady Blanche Arundell, English defender of Wardour Castle (b. 1583)",
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14987862,
38595
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
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[
63,
67
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ludovico Ridolfi, Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Patti (1649) (b. 1587)",
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38592
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[
1,
17
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[
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 30 Honoré d'Albert (b. 1581)",
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38596
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1,
11
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[
13,
28
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[
33,
37
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 6 Owen Roe O'Neill (b. c. 1585)",
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21758,
194343,
35837
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1,
11
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[
13,
29
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[
37,
41
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 11 Ellen Marsvin, Danish noble, landowner and county administrator (b. 1572)",
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21447,
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34686
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1,
12
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[
14,
27
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[
82,
86
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 19 Caspar Schoppe, German scholar (b. 1576)",
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21574,
308115,
38601
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
28
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[
49,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 21 Jaroslav Borzita of Martinice, Bohemian noble (b. 1582)",
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21576,
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34868
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
43
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[
64,
68
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 2 Theodorus Schrevelius, Dutch writer and poet (b. 1572)",
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8356,
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34686
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1,
11
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[
13,
34
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[
62,
66
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 4 William Drummond of Hawthornden, Scottish poet (b. 1585)",
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8354,
334644,
35837
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1,
11
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[
13,
44
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[
64,
68
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 7 Charles Garnier, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1606)",
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8144,
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35086
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
28
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[
59,
63
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 8 ",
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8194
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[
1,
11
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},
{
"plaintext": " Noël Chabanel, French Jesuit missionary (b. 1613)",
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| [
"1649"
]
| 6,945 | 753 | 172 | 379 | 0 | 0 | 1649 | year | []
|
36,177 | 1,098,207,308 | 1655 | [
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1,
12
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37
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64
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 15 August, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg-Zörbig, German prince (d. 1715)",
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 16 Charles, Electoral Prince of Brandenburg, German prince (d. 1674)",
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1,
12
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14,
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},
{
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1,
12
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14,
27
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51
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 28 Johann Beer, Austrian composer (d. 1700)",
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1,
12
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14,
25
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53
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},
{
"plaintext": " March 4 Fra Galgario, Italian painter (d. 1743)",
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8
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},
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9
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},
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54
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{
"plaintext": " Sir Richard Myddelton, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1716)",
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},
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"plaintext": " April 8 Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden, Germany (d. 1707)",
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66
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},
{
"plaintext": " April 19 George St Lo, Royal Navy officer and administrator (d. 1718)",
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9
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},
{
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1,
9
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11,
46
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75
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 26 ",
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1261
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[
1,
9
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Rinaldo d'Este (1655–1737), Duke of Modena (d. 1737)",
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27
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52
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},
{
"plaintext": " Ofspring Blackall, Bishop of Exeter (d. 1716)",
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35059
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1,
18
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45
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 4 Bartolomeo Cristofori, Italian maker of musical instruments, invented the piano (d. 1731)",
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6
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29
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 13 Pope Innocent XIII (d. 1724)",
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1,
7
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27
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36
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 31 Jacques Eléonor Rouxel de Grancey, Marshal of France (d. 1725)",
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1,
7
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42
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70
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 4 Thomas of Cori, Italian Friar Minor and preacher (d. 1729)",
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1,
7
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[
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23
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66
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 11 Antonio Cifrondi, Italian painter (d. 1730)",
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8
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26
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52
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},
{
"plaintext": " June 12 Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (d. 1715)",
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8
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10,
45
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54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 7 Christoph Dientzenhofer, German architect (d. 1722)",
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1,
7
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59
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 20 Ford Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville, England (d. 1701)",
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1,
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10,
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62
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 2 Sir John Hotham, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1691)",
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1,
9
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68
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 13 Johann Christoph Denner, German musical instrument maker, invented the clarinet (d. 1707)",
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1,
10
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12,
35
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 16 Frederick Christian, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe (d. 1728)",
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1,
10
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12,
58
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 18 James Collett, English-born merchant who settled in Norway (d. 1727)",
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35854
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1,
10
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12,
25
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 22 Joseph Robineau de Villebon, governor of Acadia (d. 1700)",
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39
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68
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 2 Andries Pels, Dutch banker (d. 1731)",
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1,
12
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14,
26
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49
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 9 James Johnston (Secretary of State), diplomat, Secretary of State for Scotland (d. 1737)",
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17565174,
35848
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1,
12
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14,
49
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101
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 12 Sébastien de Brossard, French composer and music theorist (d. 1730)",
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1,
13
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36
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 14 Éléonor Marie du Maine du Bourg, French nobleman and general (d. 1739)",
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},
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15,
25
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54
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},
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"plaintext": " September 29 Johann Ferdinand of Auersperg, Duke of Münsterberg (d. 1705)",
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44
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"plaintext": " September 30 Charles III, Prince of Guéméné, French nobleman (d. 1727)",
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35854
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1,
13
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"plaintext": " October 4 Lothar Franz von Schönborn, Archbishop of Mainz (d. 1729)",
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10
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68
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{
"plaintext": " October 12 Richard Neville (the younger), English politician (d. 1717)",
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11
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"plaintext": " October 25 Fabio Brulart de Sillery, French churchman (d. 1714)",
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11
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13,
37
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64
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72
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1,
11
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13,
41
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{
"plaintext": " November 12 ",
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21631
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12
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{
"plaintext": " Eustache Restout, French painter (d. 1743)",
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34596
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1,
17
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},
{
"plaintext": " Francis Nicholson, British Army general, colonial administrator (d. 1727)",
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38650
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54,
58
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14,
47
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{
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},
{
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1,
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
"plaintext": " date unknown Zumbi, runaway slave in Brazil (d. 1695)",
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15,
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{
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1,
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36
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},
{
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1,
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67
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 21 John X of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck (1634–1655) (b. 1606)",
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1,
12
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14,
50
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96
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 25 Daniel Heinsius, Flemish scholar (b. 1580)",
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1,
12
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14,
29
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55
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 27 Francesco Molin, Doge of Venice (b. 1575)",
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[
1,
12
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14,
29
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50,
54
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},
{
"plaintext": " March 28 Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg, German princess and queen consort of Sweden (b. 1599)",
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20158,
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1,
9
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11,
40
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94
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},
{
"plaintext": " March 30 James Stewart, 1st Duke of Richmond (b. 1612)",
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[
1,
9
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11,
46
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51,
55
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 6 David Blondel, French Protestant clergyman (b. 1591)",
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1,
8
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23
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61
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 14 Johann Erasmus Kindermann, German composer and organist (b. 1616)",
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75
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},
{
"plaintext": " April 29 Cornelis Schut, Flemish painter, draughtsman and engraver (b. 1597)",
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1,
9
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25
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77
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{
"plaintext": " April 30 Eustache Le Sueur, French painter (b. 1617)",
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9
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28
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53
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 5 Richard Harrison, English politician (b. 1583)",
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1,
6
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24
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53
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 8 Edward Winslow, American Pilgrim leader (b. 1596)",
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1,
6
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22
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56
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 30 Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (b. 1581)",
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1,
7
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57,
61
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},
{
"plaintext": " June 26 Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal (b. 1589)",
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1,
8
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10,
50
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59
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 27 Eleonora Gonzaga, Holy Roman Empress, married to Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1598)",
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1,
8
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[
10,
26
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[
59,
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[
96,
100
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},
{
"plaintext": " June 30 Jacobus Boonen, Dutch Catholic archbishop (b. 1573)",
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1,
8
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10,
24
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[
56,
60
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 15 Girolamo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1570)",
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1,
8
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[
10,
27
],
[
51,
55
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 28",
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16040
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[
1,
8
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Cyrano de Bergerac, French soldier and writer (b. 1619)",
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70369,
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[
1,
19
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[
51,
55
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Suzuki Shōsan, Japanese samurai (b. 1579)",
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1,
14
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41
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 30 Sigmund Theophil Staden, important early German composer (b. 1607)",
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1,
8
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10,
33
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75
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 10 Alfonso de la Cueva, 1st Marquis of Bedmar, Spanish cardinal and diplomat (b. 1572)",
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1,
10
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12,
54
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94
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 7 François Tristan l'Hermite, French dramatist (b. 1601)",
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27949,
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1,
12
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14,
40
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 24 Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Eschwege (b. 1617)",
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1,
13
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53
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58,
62
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 13 Tobie Matthew, English Member of Parliament (b. 1577)",
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22554,
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1,
11
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13,
26
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65
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 14 Arnold Möller, German calligrapher (b. 1581)",
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38596
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1,
11
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13,
26
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[
52,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 16 Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Italian physician, mathematician and music theorist (b. 1591)",
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22556,
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1,
11
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13,
37
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99
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 18 Joachim Lütkemann, German theologian (b. 1608)",
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22545,
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1,
11
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13,
30
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54,
58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 24 Pierre Gassendi, French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist (b. 1592)",
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35529
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1,
11
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[
13,
28
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87
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 6 Maximilian, Prince of Dietrichstein, German prince (b. 1596)",
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21758,
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35058
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1,
11
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13,
48
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[
68,
72
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 16 Giuseppe Marcinò, Italian priest, member of the Order of Friars Minor (b. 1589)",
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21726,
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1,
12
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14,
30
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88,
92
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},
{
"plaintext": " November 23 Elizabeth Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton (b. 1572)",
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21806,
14929258,
34686
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[
1,
12
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14,
60
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69
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},
{
"plaintext": " November 28 John Oglander, English politicians (b. 1585)",
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1,
12
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14,
27
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[
53,
57
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 17 Ukita Hideie, Japanese daimyō (b. 1573)",
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8322,
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34757
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1,
12
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14,
26
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[
37,
43
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[
48,
52
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 20 Gregers Krabbe, Danish noble (b. 1594)",
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12
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14,
28
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 22 Tsugaru Nobuyoshi, Japanese daimyō (b. 1619)",
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8728,
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35108
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1,
12
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14,
31
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57
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 31 Sir John Wray, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1586)",
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38593
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1,
12
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14,
40
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69
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown Kocc Barma Fall, Senegambian philosopher (b. 1586)",
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15,
30
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]
| [
"1655"
]
| 6,975 | 404 | 127 | 314 | 0 | 0 | 1655 | year | []
|
36,178 | 1,064,452,742 | 1697 | [
{
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26
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},
{
"plaintext": " Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97).",
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},
{
"plaintext": " \"Seven ill years\" of famine in Scotland.</onlyinclude>",
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 30 Johann Joachim Quantz, German flautist and composer (d. 1773)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 24 Bernhard Siegfried Albinus, German anatomist (d. 1770) ",
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},
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"plaintext": " March 8? Anne Bonny, Irish-born pirate (d. after 1721)",
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},
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"plaintext": " March 9 Friederike Caroline Neuber, German actress (d. 1760)",
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},
{
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{
"plaintext": " August 6 Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1745)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 7 Canaletto, Italian artist (d. 1768)",
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10
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12,
21
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 22 Catharina von Schlegel, German hymn writer (d. after 1768)",
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1,
11
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13,
35
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 26 John Peter Zenger, German American newspaper printer (d. 1746)",
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{
"plaintext": " November 10 William Hogarth, English artist (d. 1764)",
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34720
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12
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14,
29
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50,
54
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 8 Thomas Aikenhead, Scottish student (hanged) (b. c. 1678)",
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15988,
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{
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"plaintext": " June 18 Gregorio Barbarigo, Italian Catholic saint (b. 1625)",
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{
"plaintext": " June 19 Henry Mordaunt, 2nd Earl of Peterborough, English diplomat (b. 1621)",
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"plaintext": " July 18 ",
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"plaintext": " December 17 Eleanor of Austria, Queen of Poland (b. 1653)",
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},
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"plaintext": " date unknown Karin Thomasdotter, Finnish official (b. 1610)",
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]
| [
"1697"
]
| 7,702 | 462 | 109 | 140 | 0 | 0 | 1697 | calendar year | []
|
36,180 | 1,094,470,298 | 1550s | [
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| [
"1550s"
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| 193,242 | 563 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1550s | decade | []
|
36,181 | 1,097,672,917 | 40_BC | [
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"plaintext": "Year 40 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Thursday or Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Calvinus and Pollio (or, less frequently, year 714 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 40 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
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"plaintext": " Cleopatra Selene (d. AD 6) and Alexander Helios (d. between 29 and 25 BC), twins of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony",
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[
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{
"plaintext": " Fulvia, wife of Publius Clodius Pulcher and Mark Antony (b. 77 BC)",
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"plaintext": " Lucius Decidius Saxa, Roman general and governor",
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"plaintext": " Phasael, prince of the Herodian Dynasty of Judea",
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{
"plaintext": " Quintus Salvidienus Rufus, Roman general and advisor",
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{
"plaintext": " Simeon ben Shetach, Pharisee scholar and prince (Nasi)",
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"plaintext": " Tigellius, Sardinian lyric poet (close friend of Julius Caesar)",
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| [
"40_BC"
]
| 4,067 | 220 | 8 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 40 BC | year | [
"40BC",
"40 BCE",
"714 AUC"
]
|
36,185 | 1,097,533,732 | 1689 | [
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"plaintext": " February 3 Blas de Lezo, admiral of the Spanish Empire (d. 1741)",
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"plaintext": " c. February 23 Samuel Bellamy, English pirate captain (d. 1717)",
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"plaintext": " May 26 Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, English writer (d. 1762)",
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},
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"plaintext": " June 26 Edward Holyoke, American President of Harvard University (d. 1769)",
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"plaintext": " July 9 Alexis Piron, French writer (d. 1773)",
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"plaintext": " August 19 Samuel Richardson, English writer (d. 1761)",
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"plaintext": " October 22 King John V of Portugal (d. 1750)",
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},
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"plaintext": " December 23 Joseph Bodin de Boismortier, French composer (d. 1755)",
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41
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63,
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 6 Bishop Seth Ward, English mathematician and astronomer (b. 1617)",
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| [
"1689"
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| 7,674 | 788 | 144 | 174 | 0 | 0 | 1689 | year | []
|
36,187 | 1,103,387,946 | 610 | [
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| 30,326 | 604 | 8 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 610 | year | []
|
36,188 | 1,090,473,053 | 61_Cygni | [
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"plaintext": "61 Cygni first attracted the attention of astronomers when its large proper motion was first demonstrated by Giuseppe Piazzi in 1804. In 1838, Friedrich Bessel measured its distance from Earth at about 10.4light-years, very close to the actual value of about 11.4light-years; this was the first distance estimate for any star other than the Sun, and first star to have its stellar parallax measured. Among all stars or stellar systems listed in the modern Hipparcos Catalogue, 61 Cygni has the seventh-highest proper motion, and the highest among all visible stars or systems.",
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"plaintext": "Over the course of the twentieth century, several different astronomers reported evidence of a massive planet orbiting one of the two stars, but recent high-precision radial velocity observations have shown that all such claims were unfounded. No planets have been confirmed in this stellar system to date.",
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"plaintext": "61 Cygni is relatively dim, so it does not appear on ancient star maps, nor is it given a name in western or Chinese systems.",
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"plaintext": "The name \"61 Cygni\" is part of the Flamsteed designation assigned to stars. According to this designation scheme, devised by John Flamsteed to catalog his observations, stars of a particular constellation are numbered in the order of their right ascension, not in Greek letters as the Bayer designation does. The star does not appear under that name in Flamsteed's Historia Coelestis Britannica, although it has been stated by him that 61 Cygni actually corresponds to what he referred to as 85 Cygni in the 1712 edition. It has also been called \"Bessel's Star\" or \"Piazzi's Flying Star\".",
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"plaintext": "The first well recorded observation of the star system using optical instruments was made by James Bradley on 25 September 1753, when he noticed that it was a double star. William Herschel began systematic observations of 61 Cygni as part of a wider study of binary stars. His observations led to the conclusion that binary stars were separated enough that they would show different movements in parallax over the year, and hoped to use this as a way to measure the distance to the stars.",
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"plaintext": "In 1792, Giuseppe Piazzi noticed the high proper motion when he compared his own observations of 61 Cygni with those of Bradley, made 40 years earlier. This led to considerable interest in 61 Cygni by contemporary astronomers, and its continual observation since that date. Piazzi's repeated measurements led to a definitive value of its motion, which he published in 1804. It was in this record he christened the system as the \"Flying Star\".",
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"plaintext": "Piazzi noted that this motion meant that it was probably one of the closest stars, and suggested it would be a prime candidate for an attempt to determine its distance through parallax measurements, along with two other possibilities, Delta Eridani and Mu Cassiopeiae.",
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"plaintext": "A number of astronomers soon took up the task, including attempts by François Arago and Claude-Louis Mathieu in 1812, who recorded the parallax at 500milliarcseconds (mas), and Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters used Arago's data to calculate a value of 550mas. Peters calculated a better value based on observations made by Bernhard von Lindenau at Seeburg between 1812 and 1814; he calculated it to be 470 ±510mas. Von Lindenau had already noted that he had seen no parallax, and as Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve pointed out after his own test series between 1818 and 1821, all of these numbers are more accurate than the accuracy of the instrument used.",
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"plaintext": "Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel made a notable contribution in 1812 when he used a different method to measure distance. Assuming the orbital period of the two stars in the binary to be 400 years, he estimated the distance between the two this would require, and then measured the angular distance between the stars. This led to a value of 460mas. He then followed this up with direct parallax measurements in a series of observations between 1815 and 1816, comparing it with six other stars. The two sets of measurements produced values of 760 and 1320mas. All of these estimates, like earlier attempts by others, retained inaccuracies greater than the measurements.",
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"plaintext": "When Joseph von Fraunhofer invented a new type of heliometer, Bessel carried out another set of measurements using this device in 1837 and 1838 at Königsberg. He published his findings in 1838 with a value of 369.0±19.1mas to A and 260.5±18.8 to B, and estimated the center point to be at 313.6±13.6. This corresponds to a distance of about 600,000 astronomical units, or about 10.4 light-years. This was the first direct and reliable measurement of the distance to a star other than the Sun. His measurement was published only shortly before similar parallax measurements of Vega by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve and Alpha Centauri by Thomas Henderson that same year. Bessel continued to make additional measurements at Königsberg, publishing a total of four complete observational runs, the last in 1868. The best of these placed the center point at 360.2 ±12.1mas, made during observations in 1849. This is close to the currently accepted value of 287.18mas (yielding 11.36light-years).",
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"plaintext": "Only a few years after Bessel's measurement, in 1842 Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander noted that Groombridge 1830 had an even larger proper motion, and 61 Cygni became the second highest known. It was later moved further down the list by Kapteyn's Star and Barnard's Star. 61 Cygni has the seventh highest proper motion of all stellar systems listed in the modern Hipparcos Catalogue, but retains the title of highest proper motion among stars visible to the naked eye.",
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"plaintext": "Due to the wide angular separation between 61 Cygni A and B, and the correspondingly slow orbital motion, it was initially unclear whether the two stars in the 61 Cygni system were a gravitationally bound system or simply a juxtaposition of stars. von Struve first argued for its status as a binary in 1830, but the matter remained open.",
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"plaintext": "However, by 1917 refined measured parallax differences demonstrated that the separation was significantly less. The binary nature of this system was clear by 1934, and orbital elements were published.",
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"plaintext": "In 1911, Benjamin Boss published data indicating that the 61 Cygni system was a member of a comoving group of stars. This group containing 61 Cygni was later expanded to include 26 potential members. Possible members include Beta Columbae, Pi Mensae, 14 Tauri and 68 Virginis. The space velocities of this group of stars range from 105 to 114km/s relative to the Sun.",
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"plaintext": "Observations taken by planet search programs show that both components have strong linear trends in the radial velocity measurements.",
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"plaintext": "An observer using 7×50 binoculars can find 61 Cygni two binocular fields southeast of the bright star Deneb. The angular separation of the two stars is slightly greater than the angular size of Saturn (16–20″). So, under ideal viewing conditions, the binary system can be resolved by a telescope with a 7mm aperture. This is",
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"plaintext": "well within the capability for aperture of typical binoculars, though to resolve the binary these need a steady mount and some 10x magnification. With a separation of 28 arc-seconds between the component stars, 10× magnification would give an apparent separation of 280 arc-seconds, above the generally regarded eye resolution limit of 4 arc-minutes or 240 arc-seconds.",
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"plaintext": "Although it appears to be a single star to the naked eye, 61 Cygni is a widely-separated binary star system, composed of two K class (orange) main sequence stars, the brighter 61 Cygni A and fainter 61 Cygni B, which have apparent magnitudes of 5.2 and 6.1, respectively. Both appear to be old-disk stars, with an estimated age that is older than the Sun. At a distance of just over 11 light-years, it is the 15th-nearest-known star system to the Earth (not including the Sun). 61 Cygni A is the fourth-nearest star that is visible to the naked eye for mid-latitude northern observers, after Sirius, Epsilon Eridani, and Procyon A. This system will make its closest approach at about 20,000 CE, when the separation from the Sun will be about 9 light-years. Smaller and dimmer than the Sun, 61 Cygni A has about 70 percent of a solar mass, 72 percent of its diameter and about 8.5 percent of its luminosity and 61 Cygni B has about 63 percent of a solar mass, 67 percent of its diameter, and 3.9 percent of its luminosity.",
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"plaintext": "61 Cygni A's long-term stability led to it being selected as an \"anchor star\" in the Morgan–Keenan (MK) classification system in 1943, serving as the K5 V \"anchor point\" since that time. Starting in 1953, 61 Cygni B has been considered a K7 V standard star (Johnson & Morgan 1953, Keenan & McNeil 1989).",
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"plaintext": "61 Cygni A is a typical BY Draconis variable star designated as V1803 Cyg while 61 Cygni B is a flare type variable star named HD 201092 with their magnitudes varying 5.21 V and 6.03, respectively. The two stars orbit their common barycenter in a period of 659 years, with a mean separation of about 84AU—84 times the separation between the Earth and the Sun. The relatively large orbital eccentricity of 0.48 means that the two stars are separated by about 44AU at periapsis and 124 AU at apoapsis. The leisurely orbit of the pair has made it difficult to pin down their respective masses, and the accuracy of these values remain somewhat controversial. In the future this issue may be resolved through the use of asteroseismology. 61 Cygni A has about 11% more mass than 61 Cygni B.",
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"plaintext": "The system has an activity cycle that is much more pronounced than the solar sunspot cycle. This is a complex activity cycle that varies with a period of about 7.5±1.7years. The starspot activity combined with rotation and chromospheric activity is a characteristic of a BY Draconis variable. Because of differential rotation, this star's surface rotation period varies by latitude from 27 to 45 days, with an average period of 35 days.",
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"plaintext": "The outflow of the stellar wind from component A produces a bubble within the local interstellar cloud. Along the direction of the star's motion within the Milky Way, this extends out to a distance of 30AU, or roughly the orbital distance of Neptune from the Sun. This is lower than the separation between the two components of 61 Cygni, and so the two most likely do not share a common atmosphere. The compactness of the astrosphere is likely due to the low mass outflow and the relatively high velocity through the local interstellar medium.",
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"plaintext": "61 Cygni B displays a more chaotic pattern of variability than A, with significant short-term flares. There is an 11.7-year periodicity to the overall activity cycle of B. Both stars exhibit stellar flare activity, but the chromosphere of B is 25% more active than for 61 Cygni A. As a result of differential rotation, the period of rotation varies by latitude from 32 to 47 days, with an average period of 38 days.",
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"plaintext": "There is some disagreement over the evolutionary age of this system. Kinematic data gives an age estimate of about 10Gyr. Gyrochronology, or the age determination of a star based on its rotation and color, results in an average age of . The ages based on chromospheric activity for A and B are 2.36Gyr and 3.75Gyr, respectively. Finally the age estimates using the isochrone method, which involve fitting the stars to evolutionary models, yield upper limits of 0.44Gyr and 0.68Gyr. However, a 2008 evolutionary model using the CESAM2k code from the Côte d'Azur Observatory gives an age estimate of for the pair.",
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"plaintext": "On different occasions, it has been claimed that 61 Cygni might have unseen low-mass companions, planets or a brown dwarf. Kaj Strand of the Sproul Observatory, under the direction of Peter van de Kamp, made the first such claim in 1942 using observations to detect tiny but systematic variations in the orbital motions of 61 Cygni A and B. These perturbations suggested that a third body of about 16 Jupiter masses must be orbiting 61 Cygni A. Reports of this third body served as inspiration for Hal Clement's 1953 science fiction novel Mission of Gravity. In 1957, van de Kamp narrowed his uncertainties, claiming that the object had a mass of eight times that of Jupiter, a calculated orbital period of 4.8years, and a semi-major axis of 2.4AU, where 1AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun. In 1977, Soviet astronomers at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg suggested that the system included three planets: two giant planets with six and twelve Jupiter masses around 61 Cyg A, and one giant planet with seven Jupiter masses around 61 Cygni B.",
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"plaintext": "In 1978, Wulff-Dieter Heintz of the Sproul Observatory proved that these claims were spurious, as they were unable to detect any evidence of such motion down to six percent of the Sun's mass—equivalent to about 60 times the mass of Jupiter.",
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"plaintext": "In 2018, analysis of the Gaia (spacecraft) second data release (DR2) revealed significant proper motion anomalies in the orbits of the binary stars around each other; the stars were not quite orbiting around their centre of mass with 61 Cygni B also orbiting too slowly for its assumed mass. These anomalies taken together are indicative of the possible presence of a perturbing third object in orbit around 61 Cygni B.",
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"plaintext": "The habitable zone for 61 Cygni A, defined as the locations where liquid water could be present on an Earth-like planet, is 0.26–0.58AU. For 61 Cygni B, the habitable zone is 0.24–0.50 AU.",
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"plaintext": "Since no certain planetary object has been detected around either star so far, McDonald Observatory team has set limits to the presence of one or more planets around 61 Cygni A and 61 Cygni B with masses between 0.07 and 2.1Jupiter masses and average separations spanning between 0.05 and 5.2AU.",
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"plaintext": "Because of the proximity of this system to the Sun, it is a frequent target of interest for astronomers. Both stars were selected by NASA as \"Tier 1\" targets for the proposed optical Space Interferometry Mission. This mission is potentially capable of detecting planets with as little as 3times the mass of the Earth at an orbital distance of 2AU from the star.",
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"plaintext": "Measurements of this system appeared to have detected an excess of far infrared radiation, beyond what is emitted by the stars. Such an excess is sometimes associated with a disk of dust, but in this case it lies sufficiently close to one or both of the stars that it has not been resolved with a telescope. A 2011 study using the Keck Interferometer Nuller failed to detect any exozodiacal dust around 61 Cygni A.",
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"plaintext": "The two stars are among five (all nearby star) paradigms listed among those K-type stars of a type in a 'sweet spot' between Sun-analog stars and M stars for the likelihood of evolved life, per analysis of Giada Arney from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.",
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"plaintext": " List of nearest stars",
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"plaintext": " Barnard's Star",
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| [
"Cygnus_(constellation)",
"Binary_stars",
"Durchmusterung_objects",
"K-type_main-sequence_stars",
"Flamsteed_objects",
"Gliese_and_GJ_objects",
"Henry_Draper_Catalogue_objects",
"High-proper-motion_stars",
"Hipparcos_objects",
"Bright_Star_Catalogue_objects",
"Objects_with_variable_star_designations",
"BY_Draconis_variables",
"Discoveries_by_Giuseppe_Piazzi"
]
| 249,302 | 2,858 | 64 | 119 | 1 | 0 | 61 Cygni | binary star in the Cygnus constellation | [
"Bessel's star",
"Piazzi's Flying Star",
"Struve 2758"
]
|
36,189 | 1,086,653,745 | 1221 | [
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"plaintext": " June Sultan Al-Kamil again offers peace terms to Cardinal Pelagius with the cession of Jerusalem and all Palestine apart from Oultrejordain, together with a 30 years' truce and money compensation for the dismantling of Jerusalem. Meanwhile, a German contingent under Louis I of Bavaria arrives at Damietta, with orders from Frederick II not to launch an attack on Cairo until the emperor's arrival. Louis and Pelagius decide to advance into Egypt towards Mansoura, where Al-Kamil has built a fortress to protect Cairo. The Crusaders assemble their armies and tents are set up just up the Nile, on June 29.",
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"plaintext": " July 4 Pelagius orders a three-days fast in preparation for the advance. King John I of Jerusalem arrives at Damietta, to rejoin the Crusade at the command of Honorius III. The Crusader force moves towards Sheremsah, halfway between Faraskur and Mansoura on the east bank of the Nile, occupying the city on July 12. Sources tell of 630 ships of various sizes, 5,000 knights, 4,000 archers, and 40,000 men. A horde of pilgrims march with the army. They are ordered to keep close to the river, to supply the Crusaders with water. Pelagius plans a new offensive and leaves a large garrison at Damietta.",
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"plaintext": " July 24 Pelagius moves the Crusader forces near Ashmun al-Rumman, on the opposite bank from Mansoura. Queen-Regent Alice of Cyprus and leaders of the military orders warn Pelagius of a large Muslim army being formed in Syria. Meanwhile, the Egyptian army under Al-Kamil crosses the Nile near Lake Manzaleh and establishes themselves between the Crusader camp and Damietta. In the Ushmum canal at Sheremsah, Al-Kamil's ships sail down the Nile and block the Crusaders' line of communications to Damietta. In August, Pelagius orders a retreat, but the route is cut off by Egyptians.",
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"plaintext": " Battle of Mansoura: The Crusader army led by Pelagius and John I of Jerusalem is defeated by the Egyptian forces, at Mansoura. John and the military orders fight a last stand on the river banks of the Nile. He beats off a Nubian assault (supported by elite Turkish cavalry) and drives them back, but only after thousands of soldiers have perished. The remaining Crusaders are surrounded by Al-Kamil's forces and begin a desperate retreat to Damietta. The city is well-garrisoned and supplied with arms, a naval squadron under Henry (or Enrico Pescatore) defends the harbour against the Egyptians.",
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"plaintext": " August 26 The Crusaders retreat under cover of darkness. Many of the soldiers can not bear to abandon their stores of wine, and drink them all rather than leave them. The Teutonic Knights set fire to the stores that they can not carry, thus informing the Egyptians that they are abandoning their positions. In the meantime, Al-Kamil orders to open the sluices along the right bank of the Nile, flooding the area. Pelagius on his ship is carried by the floodwaters past the blockading Egyptian fleet. Other ships, carrying the medical supplies of the army and much of its food, escape. But many are captured.",
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"plaintext": " August 28 Pelagius sues for peace and sends an envoy to Al-Kamil. The terms of surrender are accepted, which includes the retreat from Damietta – leaving Egypt with the remnants of the Crusader army and an 8-year truce. After the prisoners are exchanged on both sides, Al-Kamil enters Damietta on September 8. The Fifth Crusade ends with nothing gained for the West, with much lost, men, resources and reputations. The Crusaders blame Frederick II for not being there. Pelagius is accused of ineffectual leadership and a misguided view, which has led to reject the sultan's peace offerings.",
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"plaintext": " Spring Genghis Khan orders an armed reconnaissance expedition into the Caucasus (consisted of Georgia and Armenia) under the command of Subutai and Jebe (the Arrow). The Mongols defeat two Georgian armies around Tbilisi, but lack the will or equipment to siege the capital city. During the fighting, King George IV himself is severely wounded and his elite knights are massacred. The Mongols then return to Azerbaijan and Persia, and burn and pillage a few more cities. In October, the Mongol army raids Georgia for the second time, and Subutai and Jebe allow their forces to pass through the Caucasus Mountains.",
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"plaintext": " Battle of Parwan: Sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni recruits an army of Turkic and Afghan warriors numbering some 60,000 men. As soon as news of this reaches Genghis Khan he sends a Mongol army of 30,000 men, led by his stepbrother Shikhikhutug. Meanwhile, Jalal al-Din moves to Parwan (modern Afghanistan), where the two armies meet in a narrow valley. Jalal al-Din takes the initiative, ordering his right-wing of Turks to dismount and engage in a skirmish. On the third day, the Mongols are finally defeated by the Khwarezmian forces and are forced to retreat. Shikhikhutug is driven off in defeat, losing over half his army.",
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"plaintext": " February The cities of Merv, Herat and Nishapur who have peacefully surrendered rise up in arms. Genghis Khan sends his son Tolui to spend an extra month to subdue the revolts. Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in a genocide. Meanwhile, left with some 20,000 men Jalal al-Din Mangburni heads for the Indus River to find refuge in India. During autumn, Genghis makes his way to Parwan and catches up to Jalal al-Din at the Indus River. In a desperate battle on November 24 the Khwarezmain forces are destroyed, while Jalal al-Din flees across the river and escapes into India.",
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"plaintext": " June 16 In Germany, the Jewish population is massacred at Erfurt, after a ritual murder libel. A crowd storms the synagogue where the Jews have gathered. The threat is baptism or death. The Jewish quarter, including the synagogue, is razed: many Jews are tortured and killed. ",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Siege of Tallinn: A Estonian Crusader army tries to conquer the Danish stronghold of Tallinn with the help of Revalians, Harrians and Vironians. They besiege the stronghold for 14 days but finally retreat their forces.",
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{
"plaintext": " June 21 The 10-year-old Joan of England, eldest daughter of the late King John (Lackland), marries the 21-year-old King Alexander II of Scotland, at York Minster.<ref>Agnes Mure MacKenzie (1957). The Foundations of Scotland, p. 251.</ref>",
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 13 Emperor Juntoku is forced to abdicate, and is briefly succeeded by his 2-year-old son Chūkyō, on the throne of Japan. Ex-Emperor Go-Toba leads the unsuccessful Jōkyū War against the Kamakura shogunate.",
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{
"plaintext": " July 29 The 9-year-old Go-Horikawa ascends to the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Kyoto Imperial Palace in Japan. He is a grandson of the late Emperor Takakura and a nephew of the exiled Go-Toba.",
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},
{
"plaintext": " The Maya of the Yucatán revolt against the rulers of Chichen Itza.",
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},
{
"plaintext": "</onlyinclude>",
"section_idx": 1,
"section_name": "Events",
"target_page_ids": [],
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 13 Alexander Nevsky, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1263)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
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19675,
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 4 Przemysł I, Polish nobleman and knight (d. 1257)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
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1,
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9,
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28,
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52,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 9 Salimbene di Adam, Italian chronicler (d. 1290)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
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1,
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12,
29
],
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54,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 2 Saif al-Din Qutuz, Egyptian military leader (d. 1260)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
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1,
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13,
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61,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 23 Alfonso X (the Wise), king of Castile (d. 1284)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
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1,
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14,
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],
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56,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Barisone III, Sardinian judge of Logudoro (or Torres) (d. 1236)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
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1,
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59,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bonaventure, Italian theologian and philosopher (d. 1274)",
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"anchor_spans": [
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1,
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],
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53,
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]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hugh XI of Lusignan, French nobleman and knight (d. 1250)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
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"anchor_spans": [
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Margaret of Provence, queen consort of France (d. 1295)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
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1,
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],
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40,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nisshō, Japanese Buddhist priest and teacher (d. 1323)",
"section_idx": 2,
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1,
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18,
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50,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Theobald II of Bar, French nobleman and knight (d. 1291)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
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18949220,
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"anchor_spans": [
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Walter Devereux, Norman nobleman and knight (d. 1292)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
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"anchor_spans": [
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1,
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],
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49,
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]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William Mauduit, English nobleman and knight (d. 1268)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
3299801,
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"anchor_spans": [
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1,
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],
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 17 Walter de Clifford, English nobleman (b. 1160)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15920,
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"anchor_spans": [
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1,
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],
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13,
31
],
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54,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 18 Theodoric I, margrave of Meissen (b. 1162)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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1,
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],
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14,
25
],
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39,
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],
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51,
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]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 26 Raoul de Neuville, French bishop and diplomat",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20427,
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
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11,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 27 Berengaria of Portugal, queen of Denmark (b. 1198)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
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1,
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11,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 25 Baruch ben Samuel (or of Mainz), German rabbi",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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},
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"plaintext": " July 7 Peter of Cornwall, English priest and writer (b. 1140)",
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},
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"plaintext": " August 6 Dominic, founder of the Dominican Order (b. 1170)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 15 Geoffrey of Rohan, French nobleman (b. 1190)",
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1,
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15,
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 4 William IV (Talvas), Norman nobleman (b. 1179)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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1,
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12,
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 21 Alix (or Alis'''), Breton noblewoman (b. 1200)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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1,
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13,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 31 Ulrich II, German abbot and prince-bishop",
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1,
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31,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Adam of Perseigne, French Cistercian abbot (b. 1145)",
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Albertet de Sestaro, French jongleur and troubadour",
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Asukai Masatsune, Japanese waka poet and writer",
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gebre Meskel, ruler of the Ethiopian Empire (b. 1162)",
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gruffydd Fychan ap Iorwerth, Welsh knight (b. 1150)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hassan III, ruler of the Nizari Ismaili State (b. 1187)",
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Henry I of Rodez, French nobleman and troubadour",
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " John of Tynemouth, English priest and archdeacon",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Najmuddin Kubra, Khwarezmian philosopher (b. 1145)",
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"plaintext": " Roger Bigod, English nobleman and knight (b. 1144)",
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261082,
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"plaintext": " Roger of San Severino, archbishop of Benevento",
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31546933,
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{
"plaintext": " Theodore I (Laskaris'''), emperor of Nicaea (b. 1175)",
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1,
11
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38,
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49,
53
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{
"plaintext": " Walter de Lindsay, Scottish nobleman and knight",
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[
1,
18
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| [
"1221"
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| 5,393 | 445 | 26 | 193 | 0 | 0 | 1221 | year | []
|
36,190 | 1,100,083,447 | 1459 | [
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"plaintext": " January 25 Paul Hofhaimer, Austrian organist and composer (d. 1537)",
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"plaintext": " March 6 Jakob Fugger, German banker (d. 1525)",
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"plaintext": " March 22 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1519)",
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{
"plaintext": " May 15 John I, Count Palatine of Simmern (1480–1509) (d. 1509)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " July Mingyi Nyo, founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (d. 1530)",
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},
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"plaintext": " July 11 Kaspar, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, German nobleman (d. 1527)",
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10,
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"plaintext": " October 6 Martin Behaim, German explorer and cartographer (d. 1507)",
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[
1,
10
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12,
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 22 Sultan Cem, pretender to the Ottoman throne (d. 1495)",
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1,
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14,
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 27 King John I Albert of Poland (d. 1501)",
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1,
12
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47,
51
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},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown Edward Poynings, Lord Deputy to King Henry VII of England (d. 1521)",
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350932,
35225
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[
15,
30
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},
{
"plaintext": " Christina Brask, Swedish writer and translator (d. 1520)",
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[
1,
16
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56
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},
{
"plaintext": " probable Lorenzo di Credi, Florentine painter and sculptor (d. 1537)",
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1221585,
35528
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11,
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},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown Jheronimus de Clibano, Dutch composer (d. 1503)",
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12095360,
34971
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[
15,
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61
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown Jean Mouton, French composer (d. 1522)",
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"plaintext": " February 14 Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken (b. 1385)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " March 3 Ausiàs March, Catalan poet from Valencia (b. 1397)",
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10,
22
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59
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 2 Antoninus of Florence, Italian archbishop (b. 1389)",
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"plaintext": " August 27 James of Portugal, Portuguese cardinal (b. 1433)",
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},
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"plaintext": " September 6 Katharina of Nassau-Beilstein, German regent ",
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1,
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14,
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},
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"plaintext": " September 17 Isabella of Urgell, Duchess of Coimbra, Portuguese Duchess (b. 1409)",
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17988630,
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[
1,
13
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[
15,
53
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[
78,
82
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 23 (killed at the Battle of Blore Heath):",
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27651,
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1,
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29,
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},
{
"plaintext": " James Tuchet, 5th Baron Audley (b. 1400)",
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683278,
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[
1,
31
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40
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},
{
"plaintext": " Thomas Dutton, English knight (b. 1421)",
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"plaintext": " September 24 Eric of Pomerania, King of Norway, Denmark and Sweden (b. 1382)",
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15,
32
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{
"plaintext": " October 30 Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini, Italian humanist (b. 1380)",
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[
1,
11
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13,
46
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69,
73
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},
{
"plaintext": " November 5 John Fastolf, English soldier",
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21565,
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1,
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"plaintext": " December 4 Adolf VIII, Duke of Southern Jutland (b. 1401)",
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1794274,
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13,
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54,
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| [
"1459"
]
| 6,524 | 282 | 45 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 1459 | year | []
|
36,191 | 705,072,418 | 491_BC | [
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},
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"plaintext": "Year 491 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augurinus and Atratinus (or, less frequently, year 263 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 491 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
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"plaintext": " Hippocrates, tyrant of Gela",
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| [
"491_BC"
]
| 237,524 | 90 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 491 BC | year | [
"491 BCE"
]
|
36,192 | 1,100,083,439 | 1454 | [
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"plaintext": " The Drought of One Rabbit is recorded in Aztec history.",
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"plaintext": " date unknown",
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"plaintext": " Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, Italian astronomer (d. 1504)",
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"plaintext": " July 20 King John II of Castile (b. 1405)",
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"plaintext": " December 10 Ignatius Behnam Hadloyo, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.",
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"plaintext": " date unknown",
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"plaintext": " Chiara Zorzi, regent of Athens",
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"plaintext": " William Turnbull, Bishop of Glasgow",
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"plaintext": " Robert Wingfield, English politician (b. 1403)",
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| [
"1454"
]
| 6,476 | 288 | 29 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 1454 | year | []
|
36,194 | 1,094,470,060 | 1660s | [
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| [
"1660s"
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| 196,549 | 556 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1660s | decade | []
|
36,197 | 1,106,148,443 | 1948_Arab–Israeli_War | [
{
"plaintext": "The 1948 (or First) Arab–Israeli War was the second and final stage of the 1947–1949 Palestine war. It formally began following the end of the British Mandate for Palestine at midnight on 14 May 1948; the Israeli Declaration of Independence had been issued earlier that day, and a military coalition of Arab states entered the territory of British Palestine in the morning of 15 May.",
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"plaintext": "The first deaths of the 1947–1949 Palestine war occurred on 30 November 1947 during an ambush of two buses carrying Jews. There had been tension and conflict between the Arabs and the Jews, and between each of them and the British forces since the 1917 Balfour Declaration and the 1920 creation of the British Mandate of Palestine. British policies dissatisfied both Arabs and Jews. Arab opposition developed into the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, while the Jewish opposition developed into the 1944–1947 Jewish insurgency in Palestine. In 1947, these ongoing tensions erupted into civil war following the 29 November 1947 adoption of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which planned to divide Palestine into an Arab state, a Jewish state, and the Special International Regime encompassing the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem.",
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"plaintext": "On 15 May 1948, the civil war transformed into a conflict between Israel and the Arab states following the Israeli Declaration of Independence the previous day. Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, and expeditionary forces from Iraq entered Palestine. The invading forces took control of the Arab areas and immediately attacked Israeli forces and several Jewish settlements. The 10 months of fighting took place mostly on the territory of the British Mandate and in the Sinai Peninsula and southern Lebanon, interrupted by several truce periods.",
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"plaintext": "As a result of the war, the State of Israel controlled the area that the UN had proposed for the Jewish state, as well as almost 60% of the area proposed for the Arab state, including the Jaffa, Lydda and Ramle area, Upper Galilee, some parts of the Negev and a wide strip along the Tel Aviv–Jerusalem road. Israel also took control of West Jerusalem, which was meant to be part of an international zone for Jerusalem and its environs. Transjordan took control of East Jerusalem and what became known as the West Bank, annexing it the following year, and the Egyptian military took control of the Gaza Strip. At the Jericho Conference on 1 December 1948, 2,000 Palestinian delegates called for unification of Palestine and Transjordan as a step toward full Arab unity. The conflict triggered significant demographic change throughout the Middle East. Around 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes in the area that became Israel, and they became Palestinian refugees in what they refer to as the Nakba (\"the catastrophe\"). A similar number of Jews moved to Israel during the three years following the war, including 260,000 from the surrounding Arab states.",
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"plaintext": "On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending the adoption and implementation of a plan to partition the British Mandate of Palestine into two states, one Arab and one Jewish, and the City of Jerusalem.",
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"plaintext": "The General Assembly resolution on Partition was greeted with overwhelming joy in Jewish communities and widespread outrage in the Arab world. In Palestine, violence erupted almost immediately, feeding into a spiral of reprisals and counter-reprisals. The British refrained from intervening as tensions boiled over into a low-level conflict that quickly escalated into a full-scale civil war.",
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"plaintext": "From January onwards, operations became increasingly militarised, with the intervention of a number of Arab Liberation Army regiments inside Palestine, each active in a variety of distinct sectors around the different coastal towns. They consolidated their presence in Galilee and Samaria. Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni came from Egypt with several hundred men of the Army of the Holy War. Having recruited a few thousand volunteers, al-Husayni organised the blockade of the 100,000 Jewish residents of Jerusalem. To counter this, the Yishuv authorities tried to supply the city with convoys of up to 100 armoured vehicles, but the operation became more and more impractical as the number of casualties in the relief convoys surged. By March, Al-Hussayni's tactic had paid off. Almost all of Haganah's armoured vehicles had been destroyed, the blockade was in full operation, and hundreds of Haganah members who had tried to bring supplies into the city were killed. The situation for those who dwelt in the Jewish settlements in the highly isolated Negev and north of Galilee was even more critical.",
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"plaintext": "While the Jewish population had received strict orders requiring them to hold their ground everywhere at all costs, the Arab population was more affected by the general conditions of insecurity to which the country was exposed. Up to 100,000 Arabs, from the urban upper and middle classes in Haifa, Jaffa and Jerusalem, or Jewish-dominated areas, evacuated abroad or to Arab centres eastwards.",
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"plaintext": "This situation caused the United States to withdraw its support for the Partition Plan, thus encouraging the Arab League to believe that the Palestinian Arabs, reinforced by the Arab Liberation Army, could put an end to the plan. The British, on the other hand, decided on 7 February 1948 to support the annexation of the Arab part of Palestine by Transjordan.",
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"plaintext": "Although a certain level of doubt took hold among Yishuv supporters, their apparent defeats were due more to their wait-and-see policy than to weakness. David Ben-Gurion reorganised Haganah and made conscription obligatory. Every Jewish man and woman in the country had to receive military training. Thanks to funds raised by Golda Meir from sympathisers in the United States, and Stalin's decision to support the Zionist cause, the Jewish representatives of Palestine were able to sign very important armament contracts in the East. Other Haganah agents recuperated stockpiles from the Second World War, which helped improve the army's equipment and logistics. Operation Balak allowed arms and other equipment to be transported for the first time by the end of March.",
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"plaintext": "Ben-Gurion invested Yigael Yadin with the responsibility to come up with a plan of offence whose timing was related to the foreseeable evacuation of British forces. This strategy, called Plan Dalet, was readied by March and implemented towards the end of April. A separate plan, Operation Nachshon, was devised to lift the siege of Jerusalem. 1500 men from Haganah's Givati brigade and Palmach's Harel brigade conducted sorties to free up the route to the city between 5 and 20 April. Both sides acted offensively in defiance of the Partition Plan, which foresaw Jerusalem as a corpus separatum, under neither Jewish nor Arab jurisdiction. The Arabs did not accept the Plan, while the Jews were determined to oppose the internationalisation of the city, and secure it as part of the Jewish state. The operation was successful, and enough foodstuffs to last two months were trucked into Jerusalem for distribution to the Jewish population. The success of the operation was assisted by the death of al-Husayni in combat. During this time, and independently of Haganah or the framework of Plan Dalet, irregular fighters from Irgun and Lehi formations massacred a substantial number of Arabs at Deir Yassin, an event that, though publicly deplored and criticised by the principal Jewish authorities, had a deep impact on the morale of the Arab population and contributed to generate the exodus of the Arab population.",
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"plaintext": "At the same time, the Arab Liberation Army was roundly defeated at Mishmar HaEmek in its first large-scale operation, coinciding with the loss of their Druze allies through defection.",
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"plaintext": "Within the framework of the establishment of Jewish territorial continuity foreseen by Plan Dalet, the Haganah, Palmach and Irgun forces intended to conquer mixed zones. The Palestinian Arab society was shaken. Tiberias, Haifa, Safed, Beisan, Jaffa and Acre fell, resulting in the flight of more than 250,000 Palestinian Arabs.",
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"plaintext": "The British had, at that time, essentially withdrawn their troops. The situation pushed the leaders of the neighbouring Arab states to intervene, but their preparation was not finalised, and they could not assemble sufficient forces to turn the tide of the war. The majority of Palestinian Arab hopes lay with the Arab Legion of Transjordan's monarch, King Abdullah I, but he had no intention of creating a Palestinian Arab-run state, since he hoped to annex as much of the territory of the British Mandate for Palestine as he could. He was playing a double game, being just as much in contact with the Jewish authorities as with the Arab League.",
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"plaintext": "In preparation for the offensive, Haganah successfully launched Operations Yiftah and Ben-'Ami to secure the Jewish settlements of Galilee, and Operation Kilshon, which created a united front around Jerusalem. The inconclusive meeting between Golda Meir and Abdullah I, followed by the Kfar Etzion massacre on 13 May by the Arab Legion led to predictions that the battle for Jerusalem would be merciless.",
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"plaintext": "On 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion declared the establishment of the State of Israel and the 1948 Palestine war entered its second phase with the intervention of the Arab state armies and the beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.",
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"plaintext": "By September 1947, the Haganah had \"10,489 rifles, 702 light machine-guns, 2,666 submachine guns, 186 medium machine-guns, 672 two-inch mortars and 92 three-inch (76mm) mortars\".",
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"plaintext": "In 1946, Ben-Gurion decided that the Yishuv would probably have to defend itself against both the Palestinian Arabs and neighbouring Arab states and accordingly began a \"massive, covert arms acquisition campaign in the West\", and acquired many more during the first few months of hostilities. ",
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"plaintext": "The Yishuv managed to clandestinely amass arms and military equipment abroad for transfer to Palestine once the British blockade was lifted. In the United States, Yishuv agents purchased three Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, one of which bombed Cairo in July 1948, some Curtiss C-46 Commando transport planes, and dozens of half-tracks, which were repainted and defined as \"agricultural equipment\". In Western Europe, Haganah agents amassed fifty 65mm French mountain guns, twelve 120mm mortars, ten H-35 light tanks, and a large number of half-tracks. By mid-May or thereabouts the Yishuv had purchased from Czechoslovakia 25 Avia S-199 fighters (an inferior version of the Messerschmitt Bf 109), 200 heavy machine guns, 5,021 light machine guns, 24,500 rifles, and 52million rounds of ammunition, enough to equip all units, but short of heavy arms. The airborne arms smuggling missions from Czechoslovakia were codenamed Operation Balak.",
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"plaintext": "The airborne smuggling missions were carried out by mostly American aviators – Jews and non-Jews – led by ex-U.S. Air Transport Command flight engineer Al Schwimmer. Schwimmer's operation also included recruiting and training fighter pilots such as Lou Lenart, commander of the first Israeli air assault against the Arabs.",
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"plaintext": "The Yishuv also had \"a relatively advanced arms producing capacity\", that between October 1947 and July 1948\" produced 3million 9mm bullets, 150,000 Mills grenades, 16,000 submachine guns (Sten Guns) and 210 three-inch (76mm) mortars\", along with a few \"Davidka\" mortars, which had been indigenously designed and produced. They were inaccurate but had a spectacularly loud explosion that demoralised the enemy. A large amount of the munitions used by the Israelis came from the Ayalon Institute, a clandestine bullet factory underneath kibbutz Ayalon, which produced about 2.5million bullets for Sten guns. The munitions produced by the Ayalon Institute were said to have been the only supply that was not in shortage during the war. Locally produced explosives were also plentiful. After Israel's independence, these clandestine arms manufacturing operations no longer had to be concealed, and were moved above ground. All of the Haganah's weapons-manufacturing was centralised and later became Israel Military Industries.",
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"plaintext": "In November 1947, the Haganah was an underground paramilitary force that had existed as a highly organised, national force, since the Arab riots of 1920–21, and throughout the riots of 1929, Great Uprising of 1936–39, and World War II. It had a mobile force, the HISH, which had 2,000 full-time fighters (men and women) and 10,000 reservists (all aged between 18 and 25) and an elite unit, the Palmach composed of 2,100 fighters and 1,000 reservists. The reservists trained three or four days a month and went back to civilian life the rest of the time. These mobile forces could rely on a garrison force, the HIM (Heil Mishmar, lit. Guard Corps), composed of people aged over 25. The Yishuv's total strength was around 35,000 with 15,000 to 18,000 fighters and a garrison force of roughly 20,000.",
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"plaintext": "There were also several thousand men and women who had served in the British Army in World War II who did not serve in any of the underground militias but would provide valuable military experience during the war. Walid Khalidi says the Yishuv had the additional forces of the Jewish Settlement Police, numbering some 12,000, the Gadna Youth Battalions, and the armed settlers. Few of the units had been trained by December 1947. On 5 December 1947, conscription was instituted for all men and women aged between 17 and 25 and by the end of March, 21,000 had been conscripted. On 30 March, the call-up was extended to men and single women aged between 26 and 35. Five days later, a General Mobilization order was issued for all men under 40.",
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"plaintext": "The Irgun, whose activities were considered by MI5 to be terrorism, was monitored by the British.",
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"plaintext": "By March 1948, the Yishuv had a numerical superiority, with 35,780 mobilised and deployed fighters for the Haganah, 3,000 of Stern and Irgun, and a few thousand armed settlers.",
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"plaintext": "The effective number of Arab combatants is listed at 12,000 by some historians while others calculate a total Arab strength of approximately 23,500 troops, and with this being more of less or roughly equal to that of the Yishuv. However, as Israel mobilised most of its most able citizens during the war while the Arab troops were only a small percentage of its far greater population, the strength of the Yishuv grew steadily and dramatically during the war.",
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"plaintext": "According to Benny Morris, by the end of 1947, the Palestinians \"had a healthy and demoralising respect for the Yishuv's military power\" and if it came to battle, the Palestinians expected to lose.",
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"plaintext": "Yishuv's aims evolved during the war. Mobilization for a total war was organised. Initially, the aim was \"simple and modest\": to survive the assaults of the Palestinian Arabs and the Arab states. \"The Zionist leaders deeply, genuinely, feared a Middle Eastern reenactment of the Holocaust, which had just ended; the Arabs' public rhetoric reinforced these fears\". As the war progressed, the aim of expanding the Jewish state beyond the UN partition borders appeared: first to incorporate clusters of isolated Jewish settlements and later to add more territories to the state and give it defensible borders. A third and further aim that emerged among the political and military leaders after four or five months was to \"reduce the size of Israel's prospective large and hostile Arab minority, seen as a potential powerful fifth column, by belligerency and expulsion\". Shay Hazkani's research concludes that Ben-Gurion and segments of the religious Zionist leadership drew parallels between the war and the biblical wars of extermination, and states this was not a fringe position. IDF indoctrination pamphlets were distributed to recruits instructing them that God “demands a revenge of extermination without mercy to whoever tries to hurt us for no reason.”.",
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"plaintext": "Plan Dalet, or Plan D, (, Tokhnit dalet) was a plan worked out by the Haganah, a Jewish paramilitary group and the forerunner of the Israel Defense Forces, in autumn 1947 to spring 1948, which was sent to Haganah units in early March 1948. The intent of Plan Dalet is subject to much controversy, with historians on the one extreme asserting that it was entirely defensive, and historians on the other extreme asserting that the plan aimed at maximum conquest and expulsion of the Palestinians. According to Ilan Pappé, its purpose was to conquer as much of Palestine and to expel as many Palestinians as possible, though according to Benny Morris there was no such intent. In his book The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Pappé asserts that Plan Dalet was a \"blueprint for ethnic cleansing\" with the aim of reducing both rural and urban areas of Palestine. According to Gelber, the plan specified that in case of resistance, the population of conquered villages was to be expelled outside the borders of the Jewish state. If no resistance was met, the residents could stay put, under military rule. According to Morris, Plan D called for occupying the areas within the U.N. sponsored Jewish state, several concentrations of Jewish population outside those areas (West Jerusalem and Western Galilee), and areas along the roads where the invading Arab armies were expected to attack.",
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"plaintext": "The Yishuv perceived the peril of an Arab invasion as threatening its very existence. Having no real knowledge of the Arabs' true military capabilities, the Jews took Arab propaganda literally, preparing for the worst and reacting accordingly.",
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"plaintext": "The Arab League had unanimously rejected the UN partition plan and were bitterly opposed to the establishment of a Jewish state alongside an Arab one.",
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"plaintext": "The Arab League before partition affirmed the right to the independence of Palestine, while blocking the creation of a Palestinian government. Towards the end of 1947, the League established a military committee commanded by the retired Iraqi general Isma'il Safwat whose mission was to analyse the chance of victory of the Palestinians against the Jews. His conclusions were that they had no chance of victory and that an invasion of the Arab regular armies was mandatory. The political committee nevertheless rejected these conclusions and decided to support an armed opposition to the Partition Plan excluding the participation of their regular armed forces.",
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"plaintext": "In April with the Palestinian defeat, the refugees coming from Palestine and the pressure of their public opinion, the Arab leaders decided to invade Palestine.",
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"plaintext": "The Arab League gave reasons for its invasion in Palestine in the cablegram:",
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"plaintext": " the Arab states find themselves compelled to intervene in order to restore law and order and to check further bloodshed.",
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"plaintext": " the Mandate over Palestine has come to an end, leaving no legally constituted authority.",
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"plaintext": " the only solution of the Palestine problem is the establishment of a unitary Palestinian state.",
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"plaintext": "British diplomat Alec Kirkbride wrote in his 1976 memoirs about a conversation with the Arab League's Secretary-General Azzam Pasha a week before the armies marched: \"...when I asked him for his estimate of the size of the Jewish forces, [he] waved his hands and said: 'It does not matter how many there are. We will sweep them into the sea.'\" Approximately six months previously, according to an interview in an 11 October 1947 article of Akhbar al-Yom, Azzam said: \"I personally wish that the Jews do not drive us to this war, as this will be a war of extermination and a momentous massacre which will be spoken of like the Mongolian massacres and the Crusades\".",
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"plaintext": "According to Yoav Gelber, the Arab countries were \"drawn into the war by the collapse of the Palestinian Arabs and the Arab Liberation Army [and] the Arab governments' primary goal was preventing the Palestinian Arabs' total ruin and the flooding of their own countries by more refugees. According to their own perception, had the invasion not taken place, there was no Arab force in Palestine capable of checking the Haganah's offensive\".",
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"plaintext": "King Abdullah was the commander of the Arab Legion, the strongest Arab army involved in the war according to Rogan and Shlaim in 2007. However, Morris wrote in 2008 that the Egyptian army was the most powerful and threatening army. The Arab Legion had about 10,000 soldiers, trained and commanded by British officers.",
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"plaintext": "In 1946–47, Abdullah said that he had no intention to \"resist or impede the partition of Palestine and creation of a Jewish state.\" Ideally, Abdullah would have liked to annexe all of Palestine, but he was prepared to compromise. He supported the partition, intending that the West Bank area of the British Mandate allocated for the Arab state be annexed to Jordan. Abdullah had secret meetings with the Jewish Agency (at which the future Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir was among the delegates) that reached an agreement of Jewish non-interference with Jordanian annexation of the West Bank (although Abdullah failed in his goal of acquiring an outlet to the Mediterranean Sea through the Negev desert) and of Jordanian agreement not to attack the area of the Jewish state contained in the United Nations partition resolution (in which Jerusalem was given neither to the Arab nor the Jewish state, but was to be an internationally administered area). In order to keep their support to his plan of annexation of the Arab State, Abdullah promised to the British he would not attack the Jewish State.",
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"plaintext": "The neighbouring Arab states pressured Abdullah into joining them in an \"all-Arab military invasion\" against the newly created State of Israel, that he used to restore his prestige in the Arab world, which had grown suspicious of his relatively good relationship with Western and Jewish leaders. Jordan's undertakings not to cross partition lines were not taken at face value. While repeating assurances that Jordan would only take areas allocated to a future Arab state, on the eve of war Tawfik Abu al-Huda told the British that were other Arab armies to advance against Israel, Jordan would follow suit. On 23 May Abdullah told the French consul in Amman that he \"was determined to fight Zionism and prevent the establishment of an Israeli state on the border of his kingdom\".",
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"plaintext": "Abdullah's role in this war became substantial. He saw himself as the \"supreme commander of the Arab forces\" and \"persuaded the Arab League to appoint him\" to this position. Through his leadership, the Arabs fought the 1948 war to meet Abdullah's political goals.",
"section_idx": 2,
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"plaintext": "King Farouk of Egypt was anxious to prevent Abdullah from being seen as the main champion of the Arab world in Palestine, which he feared might damage his own leadership aspirations of the Arab world. In addition, Farouk wished to annexe all of southern Palestine to Egypt. According to Gamal Abdel Nasser the Egyptian army first communique described the Palestine operations as a merely punitive expedition against the Zionist \"gangs\", using a term frequent in Haganah reports of Palestinian fighters. According to a 2019 study, \"senior British intelligence, military officers and diplomats in Cairo were deeply involved in a covert scheme to drive the King to participate in the Arab states' war coalition against Israel.\" These intelligence officers acted without the approval or knowledge of the British government.",
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"plaintext": "Nuri as-Said, the strongman of Iraq, had ambitions for bringing the entire Fertile Crescent under Iraqi leadership. Both Syria and Lebanon wished to take certain areas of northern Palestine.",
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"plaintext": "One result of the ambitions of the various Arab leaders was a distrust of all the Palestinian leaders who wished to set up a Palestinian state, and a mutual distrust of each other. Co-operation was to be very poor during the war between the various Palestinian factions and the Arab armies.",
"section_idx": 2,
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},
{
"plaintext": "Following rumours that King Abdullah was re-opening the bilateral negotiations with Israel that he had previously conducted in secret with the Jewish Agency, the Arab League, led by Egypt, decided to set up the All-Palestine Government in Gaza on 8 September under the nominal leadership of the Mufti. Abdullah regarded the attempt to revive al-Husayni's Holy War Army as a challenge to his authority and all armed bodies operating in the areas controlled by the Arab Legion were disbanded. Glubb Pasha carried out the order ruthlessly and efficiently.",
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{
"plaintext": "Though the State of Israel faced the formidable armies of neighbouring Arab countries, yet due to previous battles by the middle of May the Palestinians themselves hardly existed as a military force. The British Intelligence and Arab League military reached similar conclusions.",
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{
"plaintext": "The British Foreign Ministry and the C.I.A believed that the Arab states would finally win in case of war. Martin Van Creveld says that in terms of manpower, the sides were fairly evenly matched.",
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{
"plaintext": "In May, Egyptian generals told their government that the invasion would be \"A parade without any risks\" and Tel Aviv would be taken \"in two weeks.\" Egypt, Iraq, and Syria all possessed air forces, Egypt and Syria had tanks, and all had some modern artillery. Initially, the Haganah had no heavy machine guns, artillery, armoured vehicles, anti-tank or anti-aircraft weapons, nor military aircraft or tanks. The four Arab armies that invaded on 15 May were far stronger than the Haganah formations they initially encountered.",
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{
"plaintext": "On 12 May, three days before the invasion, David Ben-Gurion was told by his chief military advisers (who over-estimated the size of the Arab armies and the numbers and efficiency of the troops who would be committed– much as the Arab generals tended to exaggerate Jewish fighters' strength) that Israel's chances of winning a war against the Arab states were only about even.",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Initial line-up of forces",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Jewish forces at the invasion: Sources disagree about the amount of arms at the Yishuv's disposal at the end of the Mandate. According to Karsh before the arrival of arms shipments from Czechoslovakia as part of Operation Balak, there was roughly one weapon for every three fighters, and even the Palmach could arm only two out of every three of its active members. According to Collins and LaPierre, by April 1948, the Haganah had managed to accumulate only about 20,000 rifles and Sten guns for the 35,000 soldiers who existed on paper. According to Walid Khalidi \"the arms at the disposal of these forces were plentiful\". France authorised Air France to transport cargo to Tel Aviv on 13 May.",
"section_idx": 3,
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{
"plaintext": "Yishuv forces were organised in 9 brigades, and their numbers grew following Israeli independence, eventually expanding to 12 brigades. Although both sides increased their manpower over the first few months of the war, the Israeli forces grew steadily as a result of the progressive mobilisation of Israeli society and the influx of an average of 10,300 immigrants each month. By the end of 1948, the Israel Defense Forces had 88,033 soldiers, including 60,000 combat soldiers.",
"section_idx": 3,
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"anchor_spans": [
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{
"plaintext": "After the invasion: France allowed aircraft carrying arms from Czechoslovakia to land on French territory in transit to Israel, and permitted two arms shipments to ‘Nicaragua’, which were actually intended for Israel.",
"section_idx": 3,
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{
"plaintext": "Czechoslovakia supplied vast quantities of arms to Israel during the war, including thousands of vz. 24 rifles and MG 34 and ZB 37 machine guns, and millions of rounds of ammunition. Czechoslovakia supplied fighter aircraft, including at first ten Avia S-199 fighter planes.",
"section_idx": 3,
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},
{
"plaintext": "The Haganah readied twelve cargo ships throughout European ports to transfer the accumulated equipment, which would set sail as soon as the British blockade was lifted with the expiration of the Mandate.",
"section_idx": 3,
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},
{
"plaintext": "Following Israeli independence, the Israelis managed to build three Sherman tanks from scrap-heap material found in abandoned British ordnance depots.",
"section_idx": 3,
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{
"plaintext": "The Haganah also managed to obtain stocks of British weapons due to the logistical complexity of the British withdrawal, and the corruption of a number of officials.",
"section_idx": 3,
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"target_page_ids": [],
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},
{
"plaintext": "After the first truce: By July 1948, the Israelis had established an air force, a navy, and a tank battalion.",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Initial line-up of forces",
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},
{
"plaintext": "On 29 June 1948, the day before the last British troops left Haifa, two British soldiers sympathetic to the Israelis stole two Cromwell tanks from an arms depot in the Haifa port area, smashing them through the unguarded gates, and joined the IDF with the tanks. These two tanks would form the basis of the Israeli Armored Corps.",
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{
"plaintext": "After the second truce: Czechoslovakia supplied Supermarine Spitfire fighter planes, which were smuggled to Israel via an abandoned Luftwaffe runway in Yugoslavia, with the agreement of the Yugoslav government. The airborne arms smuggling missions from Czechoslovakia were codenamed Operation Balak.",
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{
"plaintext": "At the invasion: In addition to the local irregular Palestinian militia groups, the five Arab states that joined the war were Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq sending expeditionary forces of their regular armies. Additional contingents came from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. On the eve of the war, the available number of Arab troops likely to be committed to war was between 23,500 and 26,500 (10,000 Egyptians, 4,500 Jordanians, 3,000 Iraqis, 3,000–6,000 Syrians, 2,000 ALA volunteers, 1,000 Lebanese, and several hundred Saudis), in addition to the irregular Palestinians already present. Prior to the war, Arab forces had been trained by British and French instructors. This was particularly true of Jordan's Arab Legion under command of Lt Gen Sir John Glubb.",
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{
"plaintext": "Syria bought a quantity of small arms for the Arab Liberation Army from Czechoslovakia, but the shipment never arrived due to Haganah force intervention.",
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"plaintext": "Jordan's Arab Legion was considered the most effective Arab force. Armed, trained and commanded by British officers, this 8,000–12,000 strong force was organised in four infantry/mechanised regiments supported by some 40 artillery pieces and 75 armoured cars. Until January 1948, it was reinforced by the 3,000-strong Transjordan Frontier Force. As many as 48 British officers served in the Arab Legion. Glubb Pasha, the commander of the Legion, organised his forces into four brigades as follows:",
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{
"plaintext": "The Arab Legion joined the war in May 1948, but fought only in the area that King Abdullah wanted to secure for Jordan: the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Initial line-up of forces",
"target_page_ids": [],
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},
{
"plaintext": "France prevented a large sale of arms by a Swiss company to Ethiopia, brokered by the U.K foreign office, which was actually destined for Egypt and Jordan, denied a British request at the end of April to permit the landing of a squadron of British aircraft on their way to Transjordan, and applied diplomatic pressure on Belgium to suspend arms sales to the Arab states.",
"section_idx": 3,
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{
"plaintext": "The Jordanian forces were probably the best trained of all combatants. Other combatant forces lacked the ability to make strategic decisions and tactical manoeuvres, as evidenced by positioning the fourth regiment at Latrun, which was abandoned by ALA combatants before the arrival of the Jordanian forces and the importance of which was not fully understood by the Haganah general-staff. In the later stages of the war, Latrun proved to be of extreme importance, and a decisive factor in Jerusalem's fate.",
"section_idx": 3,
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{
"plaintext": "In 1948, Iraq's army had 21,000 men in 12 brigades and the Iraqi Air Force had 100 planes, mostly British. Initially the Iraqis committed around 3,000 men to the war effort, including four infantry brigades, one armoured battalion and support personnel. These forces were to operate under Jordanian guidance The first Iraqi forces to be deployed reached Jordan in April 1948 under the command of Gen. Nur ad-Din Mahmud.",
"section_idx": 3,
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{
"plaintext": "In 1948, Egypt's army was able to put a maximum of around 40,000 men into the field, 80% of its military-age male population being unfit for military service and its embryonic logistics system being limited in its ability to support ground forces deployed beyond its borders. Initially, an expeditionary force of 10,000 men was sent to Palestine under the command of Maj. Gen. Ahmed Ali al-Mwawi. This force consisted of five infantry battalions, one armoured battalion equipped with British Light Tank Mk VI and Matilda tanks, one battalion of sixteen 25-pounder guns, a battalion of eight 6-pounder guns and one medium-machine-gun battalion with supporting troops.",
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{
"plaintext": "The Egyptian Air Force had over 30 Spitfires, 4 Hawker Hurricanes and 20 C47s modified into crude bombers.",
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{
"plaintext": "Syria had 12,000 soldiers at the beginning of the 1948 War, grouped into three infantry brigades and an armoured force of approximately battalion size. The Syrian Air Force had fifty planes, the 10 newest of which were World War II–generation models.",
"section_idx": 3,
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{
"plaintext": "France suspended arms sales to Syria, notwithstanding signed contracts.",
"section_idx": 3,
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"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Lebanon's army was the smallest of the Arab armies, consisting of only 3,500 soldiers. According to Gelber, in June 1947, Ben-Gurion \"arrived at an agreement with the Maronite religious leadership in Lebanon that cost a few thousand pounds and kept Lebanon's army out of the War of Independence and the military Arab coalition.\" A token force of 436 soldiers crossed into northern Galilee, seized two villages after a small skirmish, and withdrew. Israel then invaded and occupied southern Lebanon until the end of the war.",
"section_idx": 3,
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{
"plaintext": "Arab forces after the first truce: By the time of the second truce, the Egyptians had 20,000 men in the field in thirteen battalions equipped with 135 tanks and 90 artillery pieces.",
"section_idx": 3,
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{
"plaintext": "During the first truce, the Iraqis increased their force to about 10,000. Ultimately, the Iraqi expeditionary force numbered around 18,000 men.",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Initial line-up of forces",
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},
{
"plaintext": "Saudi Arabia sent hundreds of volunteers to join the Arab forces. In February 1948, around 800 tribesmen had gathered near Aqaba so as to invade the Negev, but crossed to Egypt after Saudi rival King Abdallah officially denied them permission to pass through Jordanian territory. The Saudi troops were attached to the Egyptian command throughout the war, and estimates of their total strength ranged up to 1,200. By July 1948, the Saudis comprised three brigades within the Egyptian expeditionary force, and were stationed as guards between Gaza city and Rafah. This area came under heavy aerial bombardment during Operation Yoav in October, and faced a land assault beginning in late December which culminated in the Battle of Rafah in early January of the new year. With the subsequent armistice of 24 February 1949 and evacuation of almost 4,000 Arab soldiers and civilians from Gaza, the Saudi contingent withdrew through Arish and returned to Saudi Arabia.",
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{
"plaintext": "During the first truce, Sudan sent six companies of regular troops to fight alongside the Egyptians. Yemen also committed a small expeditionary force to the war effort, and contingents from Morocco joined the Arab armies as well.",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Initial line-up of forces",
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"anchor_spans": []
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{
"plaintext": "At the last moment, several Arab leaders, to avert catastrophe – secretly appealed to the British to hold on in Palestine for at least another year.",
"section_idx": 4,
"section_name": "Course of the war",
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{
"plaintext": "On 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel to be known as the State of Israel, a few hours before the termination of the Mandate. At midnight on 15 May 1948, the British Mandate was officially terminated, and the State of Israel came into being. Several hours later, Iraq and the neighbouring Arab states, Egypt, Transjordan and Syria, invaded the newborn state, and immediately attacked Jewish settlements. What was now Israel had already, from 1 April down to 14 May, conducted 8 of its 13 full-scale military operations outside of the area allotted to a Jewish state by partition, and the operational commander Yigal Allon later stated that had it not been for the Arab invasion, Haganah's forces would have reached 'the natural borders of western Israel.' Although the Arab invasion was denounced by the United States, the Soviet Union, and UN secretary-general Trygve Lie, it found support from the Republic of China and other UN member states.",
"section_idx": 4,
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{
"plaintext": "The initial Arab plans called for Syrian and Lebanese forces to invade from north while Jordanian and Iraqi forces were to invade from east in order to meet at Nazareth and then to push forward together to Haifa. In the south, the Egyptians were to advance and take Tel Aviv. At the Arab League meeting in Damascus on 11–13 May, Abdullah rejected the plan, which served Syrian interests, using the fact his allies were afraid to go to war without his army. He proposed that the Iraqis attack the Jezreel valley and the Arab Legion enter Ramallah and Nablus and link with the Egyptian army at Hebron, which was more in compliance with his political objective to occupy the territory allocated to the Arab State by the partition plan and promises not to invade the territory allocated to the Jewish State by the partition plan. In addition, Lebanon decided not to take part in the war at the last minute, due to the still-influential Christians' opposition and due to Jewish bribes.",
"section_idx": 4,
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{
"plaintext": "Intelligence provided by the French consulate in Jerusalem on 12 May 1948 on the Arab armies' invading forces and their revised plan to invade the new state contributed to Israel's success in withstanding the Arab invasion.",
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{
"plaintext": "The first mission of the Jewish forces was to hold on against the Arab armies and stop them, although the Arabs had enjoyed major advantages (the initiative, vastly superior firepower). As the British stopped blocking the incoming Jewish immigrants and arms supply, the Israeli forces grew steadily with large numbers of immigrants and weapons, that allowed the Haganah to transform itself from a paramilitary force into a real army. Initially, the fighting was handled mainly by the Haganah, along with the smaller Jewish militant groups Irgun and Lehi. On 26 May 1948, Israel established the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), incorporating these forces into one military under a central command.",
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"plaintext": "The Egyptian force, the largest among the Arab armies, invaded from the south.",
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{
"plaintext": "On 15 May 1948, the Egyptians attacked two settlements: Nirim, using artillery, armoured cars carrying cannons, and Bren carriers; and Kfar Darom using artillery, tanks and aircraft. The Egyptians' attacks met fierce resistance from the few and lightly armed defenders of both settlements, and failed. On 19 May the Egyptians attacked Yad Mordechai, where an inferior force of 100 Israelis armed with nothing more than rifles, a medium machinegun and a PIAT anti-tank weapon, held up a column of 2,500 Egyptians, well-supported by armour, artillery and air units, for five days. The Egyptians took heavy losses, while the losses sustained by the defenders were comparatively light.",
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"plaintext": "One of the Egyptian force's two main columns made its way northwards along the shoreline, through what is today the Gaza Strip and the other column advanced eastwards toward Beersheba. To secure their flanks, the Egyptians attacked and laid siege to a number of kibbutzim in the Negev, among those Kfar Darom, Nirim, Yad Mordechai, and Negba. The Israeli defenders held out fiercely for days against vastly superior forces, and managed to buy valuable time for the IDF's Givati Brigade to prepare to stop the Egyptian drive on Tel Aviv.",
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"plaintext": "On 28 May the Egyptians renewed their northern advance, and stopped at a destroyed bridge north to Isdud. The Givati Brigade reported this advance but no fighters were sent to confront the Egyptians. Had the Egyptians wished to continue their advance northward, towards Tel Aviv, there would have been no Israeli force to block them.",
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"plaintext": "From 29 May to 3 June, Israeli forces stopped the Egyptian drive north in Operation Pleshet. In the first combat mission performed by Israel's fledgling air force, four Avia S-199s attacked an Egyptian armoured column of 500 vehicles on its way to Isdud. The Israeli planes dropped 70 kilogram bombs and strafed the column, although their machine guns jammed quickly. Two of the planes crashed, killing a pilot. The attack caused the Egyptians to scatter, and they had lost the initiative by the time they had regrouped. Following the air attack, Israeli forces constantly bombarded Egyptian forces in Isdud with Napoleonchik cannons, and IDF patrols engaged in small-scale harassment of Egyptian lines. Following another air attack, the Givati Brigade launched a counterattack. Although the counterattack was repulsed, the Egyptian offensive was halted as Egypt changed its strategy from offensive to defensive, and the initiative shifted to Israel.",
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"plaintext": "On 6 June, in the Battle of Nitzanim, Egyptian forces attacked the kibbutz of Nitzanim, located between Majdal (now Ashkelon) and Isdud, and the Israeli defenders surrendered after resisting for five days.",
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"plaintext": "The heaviest fighting occurred in Jerusalem and on the Jerusalem – Tel Aviv road, between Jordan's Arab Legion and Israeli forces. As part of the redeployment to deal with the Egyptian advance, the Israelis abandoned the Latrun fortress overlooking the main highway to Jerusalem, which the Arab Legion immediately seized. The Arab Legion also occupied the Latrun Monastery. From these positions, the Jordanians were able to cut off supplies to Israeli fighters and civilians in Jerusalem.",
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"plaintext": "The Israelis attempted to take the Latrun fortress in a series of battles lasting from 24 May to 18 July. The Arab Legion held Latrun and managed to repulse the attacks. During the attempts to take Latrun, Israeli forces suffered some 586 casualties, among them Mickey Marcus, Israel's first general, who was killed by friendly fire. The Arab Legion also took losses, losing 90 dead and some 200 wounded up to 29 May.",
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"plaintext": "The besieged Israeli Jerusalem was only saved via the opening of the so-called \"Burma Road\", a makeshift bypass road built by Israeli forces that allowed Israeli supply convoys to pass into Jerusalem. Parts of the area where the road was built were cleared of Jordanian snipers in May and the road was completed on 14 June. Supplies had already begun passing through before the road was completed, with the first convoy passing through on the night of 1–2 June. The Jordanians spotted the activity and attempted to shell the road, but were ineffective, as it could not be seen. However, Jordanian sharpshooters killed several road workers, and an attack on 9 June left eight Israelis dead. On 18 July, elements of the Harel Brigade took about 10 villages to the south of Latrun to enlarge and secure the area of the Burma Road.",
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"plaintext": "The Arab Legion was able to repel an Israeli attack on Latrun. The Jordanians launched two counterattacks, temporarily taking Beit Susin before being forced back, and capturing Gezer after a fierce battle, which was retaken by two Palmach squads the same evening.",
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"plaintext": "The Jordanians in Latrun cut off supplies to western Jerusalem. Though some supplies, mostly munitions, were airdropped into the city, the shortage of food, water, fuel and medicine was acute. The Israeli forces were seriously short of food, water and ammunition.",
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"plaintext": "King Abdullah ordered Glubb Pasha, the commander of the Arab Legion, to enter Jerusalem on 17 May. The Arab Legion fired 10,000 artillery and mortar shells a day, and also attacked West Jerusalem with sniper fire.",
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"plaintext": "Heavy house-to-house fighting occurred between 19 and 28 May, with the Arab Legion eventually succeeding in pushing Israeli forces from the Arab neighbourhoods of Jerusalem as well as the Jewish Quarter of the Old City. The 1,500 Jewish inhabitants of the Old City's Jewish Quarter were expelled, and several hundred were detained. The Jews had to be escorted out by the Arab Legion to protect them against Palestinian Arab mobs that intended to massacre them. On 22 May, Arab forces attacked kibbutz Ramat Rachel south of Jerusalem. After a fierce battle in which 31 Jordanians and 13 Israelis were killed, the defenders of Ramat Rachel withdrew, only to partially retake the kibbutz the following day. Fighting continued until 26 May, until the entire kibbutz was recaptured. Radar Hill was also taken from the Arab Legion, and held until 26 May, when the Jordanians retook it in a battle that left 19 Israelis and 2 Jordanians dead. A total of 23 attempts by the Harel Brigade to capture Radar Hill in the war failed.",
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"plaintext": "The same day, Thomas C. Wasson, the US Consul-General in Jerusalem and a member of the UN Truce Commission was shot dead in West Jerusalem. It was disputed whether Wasson was killed by the Arabs or Israelis.",
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"plaintext": "In mid to late October 1948, the Harel Brigade began its offensive in what was known as Operation Ha-Har, to secure the Jerusalem Corridor.",
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"plaintext": "An Iraqi force consisting of two infantry and one armoured brigade crossed the Jordan River from northern Jordan, attacking the Israeli settlement of Gesher with little success. Following this defeat, Iraqi forces moved into the strategic triangle bounded by the Arab towns Nablus, Jenin and Tulkarm. On 25 May, they were making their way towards Netanya, when they were stopped. On 29 May, an Israeli attack against the Iraqis led to three days of heavy fighting over Jenin, but Iraqi forces managed to hold their positions. After these battles, the Iraqi forces became stationary and their involvement in the war effectively ended.",
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"plaintext": "Iraqi forces failed in their attacks on Israeli settlements with the most notable battle taking place at Gesher, and instead took defensive positions around Jenin, Nablus, and Tulkarm, from where they could put pressure on the Israeli center. On 25 May, Iraqi forces advanced from Tulkarm, taking Geulim and reaching Kfar Yona and Ein Vered on the Tulkarm-Netanya road. The Alexandroni Brigade then stopped the Iraqi advance and retook Geulim. The IDF Carmeli and Golani Brigades attempted to capture Jenin during an offensive launched on 31 May, but were defeated in course of the subsequent battle by an Iraqi counterattack.",
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"plaintext": "On 14 May Syria invaded Palestine with the 1st Infantry Brigade supported by a battalion of armoured cars, a company of French R 35 and R 37 tanks, an artillery battalion and other units. The Syrian president, Shukri al-Quwwatli instructed his troops in the front, \"to destroy the Zionists\". \"The situation was very grave. There aren't enough rifles. There are no heavy weapons,\" Ben-Gurion told the Israeli Cabinet. On 15 May, the Syrian forces turned to the eastern and southern Sea of Galilee shores, and attacked Samakh the neighbouring Tegart fort and the settlements of Sha'ar HaGolan, Ein Gev, but they were bogged down by resistance. Later, they attacked Samakh using tanks and aircraft, and on 18 May they succeeded in conquering Samakh and occupied the abandoned Sha'ar HaGolan.",
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"plaintext": "On 21 May, the Syrian army was stopped at kibbutz Degania Alef in the north, where local militia reinforced by elements of the Carmeli Brigade halted Syrian armoured forces with Molotov cocktails, hand grenades and a single PIAT. One tank that was disabled by Molotov cocktails and hand grenades still remains at the kibbutz. The remaining Syrian forces were driven off the next day by four Napoleonchik mountain guns – Israel's first use of artillery during the war. Following the Syrian forces' defeat at the Deganias a few days later, they abandoned the Samakh village. The Syrians were forced to besiege the kibbutz rather than advance. One author claims that the main reason for the Syrian defeat was the Syrian soldiers' low regard for the Israelis who they believed would not stand and fight against the Arab army.",
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"plaintext": "On 6 June, the 3rd battalion of the Lebanese Army took Al-Malkiyya and Qadas in what became the only intervention of the Lebanese army during the war, handing the towns over to the Arab Liberation Army and withdrawing on 8 July.",
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"plaintext": "On 6 June, Syrian forces attacked Mishmar HaYarden, but they were repulsed. On 10 June, the Syrians overran Mishmar HaYarden and advanced to the main road, where they were stopped by units of the Oded Brigade. Subsequently, the Syrians reverted to a defensive posture, conducting only a few minor attacks on small, exposed Israeli settlements.",
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"plaintext": "In the continuity of the civil war between Jewish and Arab forces that had begun in 1947, battles between Israeli forces and Palestinian Arab militias took place, particularly in the Lydda, al-Ramla, Jerusalem, and Haifa areas. On 23 May, the Alexandroni Brigade captured Tantura, south of Haifa, from Arab forces. On 2 June, Holy War Army commander Hasan Salama was killed in a battle with Haganah at Ras al-Ein.",
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"plaintext": "All Jewish aviation assets were placed under the control of the Sherut Avir (Air Service, known as the SA) in November 1947 and flying operations began in the following month from a small civil airport on the outskirts of Tel Aviv called Sde Dov, with the first ground support operation (in an RWD-13) taking place on 17 December. The Galilee Squadron was formed at Yavne'el in March 1948, and the Negev Squadron was formed at Nir-Am in April. By 10 May, when the SA suffered its first combat loss, there were three flying units, an air staff, maintenance facilities and logistics support. At the outbreak of the war on 15 May, the SA became the Israeli Air Force. With its fleet of light planes it was no match for Arab forces during the first few weeks of the war with their T-6s, Spitfires, C-47s, and Avro Ansons.",
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"plaintext": "On 15 May, with the beginning of the war, four Royal Egyptian Air Force (REAF) Spitfires attacked Tel Aviv, bombing Sde Dov Airfield, where the bulk of Sherut Avir's aircraft were concentrated, as well as the Reading Power Station. Several aircraft were destroyed, some others were damaged, and five Israelis were killed. Throughout the following hours, additional waves of Egyptian aircraft bombed and strafed targets around Tel Aviv, although these raids had little effect. One Spitfire was shot down by anti-aircraft fire, and its pilot was taken prisoner. Throughout the next six days, the REAF would continue to attack Tel Aviv, causing civilian casualties. On 18 May, Egyptian warplanes attacked the Tel Aviv Central Bus Station, killing 42 people and wounding 100. In addition to their attacks on Tel Aviv, the Egyptians also bombed rural settlements and airfields, though few casualties were caused in these raids.",
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"plaintext": "At the outset of the war, the REAF was able to attack Israel with near impunity, due to the lack of Israeli fighter aircraft to intercept them, and met only ground fire.",
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"plaintext": "As more effective air defences were transferred to Tel Aviv, the Egyptians began taking significant aircraft losses. As a result of these losses, as well as the loss of five Spitfires downed by the British when the Egyptians mistakenly attacked RAF Ramat David, the Egyptian air attacks became less frequent. By the end of May 1948, almost the entire REAF Spitfire squadron based in El Arish had been lost, including many of its best pilots.",
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"plaintext": "Although lacking fighter or bomber aircraft, in the first few days of the war, Israel's embryonic air force still attacked Arab targets, with light aircraft being utilised as makeshift bombers, striking Arab encampments and columns. The raids were mostly carried out at night to avoid interception by Arab fighter aircraft. These attacks usually had little effect, except on morale.",
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"plaintext": "The balance of air power soon began to swing in favour of the Israeli Air Force following the arrival of 25 Avia S-199s from Czechoslovakia, the first of which arrived in Israel on 20 May. Ironically, Israel was using the Avia S-199, an inferior derivative of the Bf 109 designed in Nazi Germany to counter British-designed Spitfires flown by Egypt. Throughout the rest of the war, Israel would acquire more Avia fighters, as well as 62 Spitfires from Czechoslovakia. On 28 May 1948, Sherut Avir became the Israeli Air Force.",
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"plaintext": "Many of the pilots who fought for the Israeli Air Force were foreign volunteers or mercenaries, including many World War II veterans.",
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"plaintext": "On 3 June, Israel scored its first victory in aerial combat when Israeli pilot Modi Alon shot down a pair of Egyptian DC-3s that had just bombed Tel Aviv. Although Tel Aviv would see additional raids by fighter aircraft, there would be no more raids by bombers for the rest of the war. From then on, the Israeli Air Force began engaging the Arab air forces in air-to-air combat. The first dogfight took place on 8 June, when an Israeli fighter plane flown by Gideon Lichtman shot down an Egyptian Spitfire. By the fall of 1948, the IAF had achieved air superiority and had superior firepower and more knowledgeable personnel, many of whom had seen action in World War II. Israeli planes then began intercepting and engaging Arab aircraft on bombing missions.",
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"plaintext": "Following Israeli air attacks on Egyptian and Iraqi columns, the Egyptians repeatedly bombed Ekron Airfield, where IAF fighters were based. During a 30 May raid, bombs aimed for Ekron hit central Rehovot, killing 7 civilians and wounding 30. In response to this, and probably to the Jordanian victories at Latrun, Israel began bombing targets in Arab cities. On the night of 31 May/1 June, the first Israeli raid on an Arab capital took place when three IAF planes flew to Amman and dropped several dozen 55 and 110-pound bombs, hitting the King's Palace and an adjacent British airfield. Some 12 people were killed and 30 wounded. During the attack, an RAF hangar was damaged, as were some British aircraft. The British threatened that in the event of another such attack, they would shoot down the attacking aircraft and bomb Israeli airfields, and as a result, Israeli aircraft did not attack Amman again for the rest of the war. Israel also bombed Arish, Gaza, Damascus, and Cairo. Israeli Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers coming to Israel from Czechoslovakia bombed Egypt on their way to Israel. According to Alan Dershowitz, Israeli planes focused on bombing military targets in these attacks, though Benny Morris wrote that an 11 June air raid on Damascus was indiscriminate.",
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"plaintext": "At the outset of the war, the Israeli Navy consisted of three former Aliyah Bet ships that had been seized by the British and impounded in Haifa harbour, where they were tied up at the breakwater. Work on establishing a navy had begun shortly before Israeli independence, and the three ships were selected due to them having a military background – one, the INS Eilat, was an ex-US Coast Guard icebreaker, and the other two, the INS Haganah and INS Wedgwood, had been Royal Canadian Navy corvettes. The ships were put into minimum running condition by contractors dressed as stevedores and port personnel, who were able to work in the engine rooms and below deck. The work had to be clandestine to avoid arousing British suspicion. On 21 May 1948, the three ships set sail for Tel Aviv, and were made to look like ships that had been purchased by foreign owners for commercial use. In Tel Aviv, the ships were fitted with small field guns dating to the late 19th century and anti-aircraft guns. After the British left Haifa port on 30 June, Haifa became the main base of the Israeli Navy. In October 1948, a submarine chaser was purchased from the United States. The warships were manned by former merchant seamen, former crewmembers of Aliyah Bet ships, Israelis who had served in the Royal Navy during World War II, and foreign volunteers. The newly refurbished and crewed warships served on coastal patrol duties and bombarded Egyptian coastal installations in and around the Gaza area all the way to Port Said.",
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"plaintext": "Throughout the following days, the Arabs were only able to make limited gains due to fierce Israeli resistance, and were quickly driven off their new holdings by Israeli counterattacks.",
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"plaintext": "As the war progressed, the IDF managed to field more troops than the Arab forces. In July 1948, the IDF had 63,000 troops; by early spring 1949, they had 115,000. The Arab armies had an estimated 40,000 troops in July 1948, rising to 55,000 in October 1948, and slightly more by the spring of 1949.",
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"plaintext": "Upon the implementation of the truce, the IDF had control over nine Arab cities and towns or mixed cities and towns: New Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa, Acre, Safed, Tiberias, Baysan (Beit She'an), Samakh and Yibna (Yavne). Another city, Jenin, was not occupied but its residents fled. The combined Arab forces captured 14 Jewish settlement points, but only one of them, Mishmar HaYarden, was in the territory of the proposed Jewish State according to Resolution 181. Within the boundaries of the proposed Jewish state, there were twelve Arab villages which opposed Jewish control or were captured by the invading Arab armies, and in addition to them, the Lod Airport and pumping station near Antipatris, which were within the boundaries of the proposed Jewish state, were under the control of the Arabs. The IDF captured about 50 large Arab villages outside of the boundaries of the proposed Jewish State and a larger number of hamlets and Bedouin encampments. 350 square kilometres of the proposed Jewish State were under the control of the Arab forces, while 700 square kilometres of the proposed Arab State were under the control of the IDF. This figure ignores the Negev desert which was not under any absolute control of either side.",
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"plaintext": "In the period between the invasion and the first truce the Syrian army had 315 of its men killed and 400–500 injured; the Iraqi expeditionary force had 200 of its men killed and 500 injured; the Jordanian Arab Legion had 300 of its men killed and 400–500 (including irregulars and Palesinian volunteers fighting under the Jordanians); the Egyptian army had 600 of its men killed and 1,400 injured (including irregulars from the Muslim Brotherhood); the ALA, which returned to fight in early June, had 100 of its men killed or injured. 800 Jews were taken hostage by the Arabs and 1,300 Arabs were taken hostage by the Jews, mostly Palestinians.",
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"plaintext": "The UN declared a truce on 29 May, which came into effect on 11 June and lasted 28 days.",
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"plaintext": "The truce was designed to last 28 days and an arms embargo was declared with the intention that neither side would make any gains from the truce. Neither side respected the truce; both found ways around the restrictions placed on them. Both the Israelis and the Arabs used this time to improve their positions, a direct violation of the terms of the ceasefire.",
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"plaintext": "At the time of the truce, the British view was that \"the Jews are too weak in armament to achieve spectacular success\". As the truce commenced, a British officer stationed in Haifa stated that the four-week-long truce \"would certainly be exploited by the Jews to continue military training and reorganization while the Arabs would waste [them] feuding over the future divisions of the spoils\". During the truce, the Israelis sought to bolster their forces by massive import of arms. The IDF was able to acquire weapons from Czechoslovakia as well as improve training of forces and reorganisation of the army during this time. Yitzhak Rabin, an IDF commander at the time of the war and later Israel's fifth Prime Minister, stated \"[w]ithout the arms from Czechoslovakia... it is very doubtful whether we would have been able to conduct the war\".",
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"plaintext": "The Israeli army increased its manpower from approximately 30,000–35,000 men to almost 65,000 during the truce due to mobilisation and the constant immigration into Israel. It was also able to increase its arms supply to more than 25,000 rifles, 5,000 machine guns, and fifty million bullets. As well as violating the arms and personnel embargo, they also sent fresh units to the front lines, much as their Arab enemies did.",
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"plaintext": "During the truce, Irgun attempted to bring in a private arms shipment aboard a ship called Altalena. Fearing a coup by the Irgun (at the time the IDF was in the process of integrating various pre-independence political factions), Ben-Gurion ordered that the arms be confiscated by force. After some miscommunication, the army was ordered by Ben-Gurion to sink the ship. Several Irgun members and IDF soldiers were killed in the fighting.",
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"plaintext": "The ceasefire was overseen by UN mediator Folke Bernadotte and a team of UN Observers made up of army officers from Belgium, United States, Sweden and France.",
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"plaintext": "Bernadotte was voted in by the General Assembly to \"assure the safety of the holy places, to safeguard the well being of the population, and to promote 'a peaceful adjustment of the future situation of Palestine'\". Folke Bernadotte reported:",
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"plaintext": " During the period of the truce, three violations occurred ... of such a serious nature:",
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"plaintext": " the attempt by ...the Irgun Zvai Leumi to bring war materials and immigrants, including men of military age, into Palestine aboard the ship Altalena on 21 June...",
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"plaintext": " Another truce violation occurred through the refusal of Egyptian forces to permit the passage of relief convoys to Jewish settlements in the Negeb...",
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"plaintext": " The third violation of the truce arose as a result of the failure of the Transjordan and Iraqi forces to permit the flow of water to Jerusalem.",
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"plaintext": "After the truce was in place, Bernadotte began to address the issue of achieving a political settlement. The main obstacles in his opinion were \"the Arab world's continued rejection of the existence of a Jewish state, whatever its borders; Israel's new 'philosophy', based on its increasing military strength, of ignoring the partition boundaries and conquering what additional territory it could; and the emerging Palestinian Arab refugee problem\".",
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"plaintext": "Taking all the issues into account, Bernadotte presented a new partition plan. He proposed there be a Palestinian Arab state alongside Israel and that a \"Union\" \"be established between the two sovereign states of Israel and Jordan (which now included the West Bank); that the Negev, or part of it, be included in the Arab state and that Western Galilee, or part of it, be included in Israel; that the whole of Jerusalem be part of the Arab state, with the Jewish areas enjoying municipal autonomy and that Lydda Airport and Haifa be 'free ports' – presumably free of Israeli or Arab sovereignty\". Israel rejected the proposal, in particular the aspect of losing control of Jerusalem, but they did agree to extend the truce for another month. The Arabs rejected both the extension of the truce and the proposal.",
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"plaintext": "On 8 July, the day before the expiration of the truce, Egyptian forces under General Muhammad Naguib renewed the war by attacking Negba. The following day, Israeli air forces launched a simultaneous offensive on all three fronts, ranging from Quneitra to Arish and the Egyptian air force bombed the city of Tel Aviv. During the fighting, the Israelis were able to open a lifeline to a number of besieged kibbutzim.",
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"plaintext": "The fighting continued for ten days until the UN Security Council issued the Second Truce on 18 July. During those 10 days, the fighting was dominated by large-scale Israeli offensives and a defensive posture from the Arab side.",
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"plaintext": "In the south, the IDF carried out several offensives, including Operation An-Far and Operation Death to the Invader. The task of the 11th Brigades's 1st Battalion on the southern flank was to capture villages, and its operation ran smoothly, with but little resistance from local irregulars. According to Amnon Neumann, a Palmach veteran of the Southern front, hardly any Arab villages in the south fought back, due to the miserable poverty of their means and lack of weapons, and suffered expulsion. What slight resistance was offered was quelled by an artillery barrage, followed by the storming of the village, whose residents were expelled and houses destroyed.",
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"plaintext": "On 12 July, the Egyptians launched an offensive action, and again attacked Negba, which they had previously failed to capture, using three infantry battalions, an armoured battalion, and an artillery regiment. In the battle that followed, the Egyptians were repulsed, suffering 200–300 casualties, while the Israelis lost 5 dead and 16 wounded.",
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"plaintext": "After failing to take Negba, the Egyptians turned their attention to more isolated settlements and positions. On 14 July, an Egyptian attack on Gal On was driven off by a minefield and by resistance from Gal On's residents.",
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"plaintext": "The Egyptians then assaulted the lightly defended village of Be'erot Yitzhak. The Egyptians managed to penetrate the village perimeter, but the defenders concentrated in an inner position in the village and fought off the Egyptian advance until IDF reinforcements arrived and drove out the attackers. The Egyptians suffered an estimated 200 casualties, while the Israelis had 17 dead and 15 wounded. The battle was one of Egypt's last offensive actions during the war, and the Egyptians did not attack any Israeli villages following this battle.",
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"plaintext": "On 10 July, Glubb Pasha ordered the defending Arab Legion troops to \"make arrangements...for a phony war\". Israeli Operation Danny was the most important Israeli offensive, aimed at securing and enlarging the corridor between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv by capturing the roadside cities Lod (Lydda) and Ramle. In a second planned stage of the operation the fortified positions of Latrun – overlooking the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem highway – and the city of Ramallah were also to be captured. Hadita, near Latrun, was captured by the Israelis at a cost of 9 dead.",
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"plaintext": "The objectives of Operation Danny were to capture territory east of Tel Aviv and then to push inland and relieve the Jewish population and forces in Jerusalem. Lydda had become an important military center in the region, lending support to Arab military activities elsewhere, and Ramle was one of the main obstacles blocking Jewish transportation. Lydda was defended by a local militia of around 1,000 residents, with an Arab Legion contingent of 125–300.",
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"plaintext": "The IDF forces gathered to attack the city numbered around 8,000. It was the first operation where several brigades were involved. The city was attacked from the north via Majdal al-Sadiq and al-Muzayri'a, and from the east via Khulda, al-Qubab, Jimzu and Daniyal. Bombers were also used for the first time in the conflict to bombard the city. The IDF captured the city on 11 July.",
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"plaintext": "Up to 450 Arabs and 9–10 Israeli soldiers were killed. The next day, Ramle fell. The civilian populations of Lydda and Ramle fled or were expelled to the Arab front lines, and following resistance in Lydda, the population there was expelled without provision of transport vehicles; some of the evictees died on the long walk under the hot July sun.",
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"plaintext": "On 15–16 July, an attack on Latrun took place but did not manage to occupy the fort. A desperate second attempt occurred on 18 July by units from the Yiftach Brigade equipped with armoured vehicles, including two Cromwell tanks, but that attack also failed. Despite the second truce, which began on 18 July, the Israeli efforts to conquer Latrun continued until 20 July.",
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"plaintext": "Operation Kedem's aim was to secure the Old City of Jerusalem, but fewer resources were allocated. The operation failed. Originally the operation was to begin on 8 July, immediately after the first truce, by Irgun and Lehi forces. However, it was delayed by David Shaltiel, possibly because he did not trust their ability after their failure to capture Deir Yassin without Haganah assistance.",
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"plaintext": "Irgun forces commanded by Yehuda Lapidot were to break through at the New Gate, Lehi was to break through the wall stretching from the New Gate to the Jaffa Gate, and the Beit Horon Battalion was to strike from Mount Zion.",
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"plaintext": "The battle was planned to begin on the Shabbat, at 20:00 on 16 July, two days before the second ceasefire of the war. The plan went wrong from the beginning and was postponed first to 23:00 and then to midnight. It was not until 02:30 that the battle actually began. The Irgun managed to break through at the New Gate, but the other forces failed in their missions. At 05:45 on 17 July, Shaltiel ordered a retreat and to cease hostilities.",
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"plaintext": "On 14 July 1948, Irgun occupied the Arab village of Malha after a fierce battle. Several hours later, the Arabs launched a counterattack, but Israeli reinforcements arrived, and the village was retaken at a cost of 17 dead.",
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"plaintext": "The second plan was Operation Dekel, which was aimed at capturing the Lower Galilee including Nazareth. Nazareth was captured on 16 July, and by the time the second truce took effect at 19:00 18 July, the whole Lower Galilee from Haifa Bay to the Sea of Galilee was captured by Israel.",
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"plaintext": "Operation Brosh was launched in a failed attempt to dislodge Syrian forces from the Eastern Galilee and the Benot Yaakov Bridge. During the operation, 200 Syrians and 100 Israelis were killed.",
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"plaintext": "At 19:00 on 18 July, the second truce of the conflict went into effect after intense diplomatic efforts by the UN.",
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"plaintext": "On 16 September, Count Folke Bernadotte proposed a new partition for Palestine in which the Negev would be divided between Jordan and Egypt, and Jordan would annexe Lydda and Ramla. There would be a Jewish state in the whole of Galilee, with the frontier running from Faluja northeast towards Ramla and Lydda. Jerusalem would be internationalised, with municipal autonomy for the city's Jewish and Arab inhabitants, the Port of Haifa would be a free port, and Lydda Airport would be a free airport. All Palestinian refugees would be granted the right of return, and those who chose not to return would be compensated for lost property. The UN would control and regulate Jewish immigration.",
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"plaintext": "The plan was once again rejected by both sides. On the next day, 17 September, Bernadotte was assassinated in Jerusalem by the militant Zionist group Lehi. A four-man team ambushed Bernadotte's motorcade in Jerusalem, killing him and a French UN observer sitting next to him. Lehi saw Bernadotte as a British and Arab puppet, and thus a serious threat to the emerging State of Israel, and feared that the provisional Israeli government would accept the plan, which it considered disastrous. Unbeknownst to Lehi, the government had already decided to reject it and resume combat in a month. Bernadotte's deputy, American Ralph Bunche, replaced him.",
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"plaintext": "On 22 September 1948, the Provisional State Council of Israel passed the Area of Jurisdiction and Powers Ordnance, 5708–1948. The law officially added to Israel's size by annexing all land it had captured since the war began. It also declared that from then on, any part of Palestine captured by the Israeli army would automatically become part of Israel.",
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"plaintext": "The Arab villagers of the area known as the \"Little Triangle\" south of Haifa, repeatedly fired at Israeli traffic along the main road from Tel Aviv to Haifa and were supplied by the Iraqis from northern Samaria. The sniping at traffic continued during the Second Truce. The poorly planned assaults on 18 June and 8 July had failed to dislodge Arab militia from their superior positions. The Israelis launched Operation Shoter on 24 July in order to gain control of the main road to Haifa and to destroy all the enemy in the area. Israeli assaults on 24 and 25 July were beaten back by stiff resistance. The Israelis then broke the Arab defences with an infantry and armour assault backed by heavy artillery shelling and aerial bombing. Three Arab villages surrendered, and most of the inhabitants fled before and during the attack. The Israeli soldiers and aircraft struck at one of the Arab retreat routes, killing 60 Arab soldiers.. Most of the inhabitants fled before and during the attack, reaching northern Samaria; hundreds were forcibly expelled during the following days. At least a hundred militiamen and civilians were killed.",
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"plaintext": "The Arabs claimed that the Israelis had massacred Arab civilians, but the Israelis rejected the claims. A United Nations investigation found no evidence of a massacre. Following the operation, the Tel Aviv-Haifa road was open to Israeli military and civilian traffic, and Arab roadblocks along the route were removed. Traffic along the Haifa-Hadera coastal railway was also restored.",
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"plaintext": "Israel launched a series of military operations to drive out the Arab armies and secure the northern and southern borders of Israel.",
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"plaintext": "On 22 October, the third truce went into effect. Irregular Arab forces refused to recognise the truce, and continued to harass Israeli forces and settlements in the north. On the same day that the truce came into effect, the Arab Liberation Army violated the truce by attacking Manara, capturing the strongpoint of Sheikh Abed, repulsing counterattacks by local Israeli units, and ambushed Israeli forces attempting to relieve Manara. The IDF's Carmeli Brigade lost 33 dead and 40 wounded. Manara and Misgav Am were totally cut off, and Israel's protests at the UN failed to change the situation.",
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"plaintext": "On 24 October, the IDF launched Operation Hiram and captured the entire upper Galilee area, driving the ALA back to Lebanon, and ambushing and destroying an entire Syrian battalion. The Israeli force of four infantry brigades was commanded by Moshe Carmel. The entire operation lasted just 60 hours, during which numerous villages were captured, often after locals or Arab forces put up resistance. Arab losses were estimated at 400 dead and 550 taken prisoner, with low Israeli casualties.",
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"plaintext": "Some prisoners were reportedly executed by the Israeli forces. An estimated 50,000 Palestinian refugees fled into Lebanon, some of them fleeing ahead of the advancing forces, and some expelled from villages which had resisted, while the Arab inhabitants of those villages which had remained at peace were allowed to remain and became Israeli citizens. The villagers of Iqrit and Birim were persuaded to leave their homes by Israeli authorities, who promised them that they would be allowed to return. Israel eventually decided not to allow them to return, and offered them financial compensation, which they refused to accept.",
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"plaintext": "At the end of the month, the IDF had captured the whole of Galilee, driven all ALA forces out of Israel, and had advanced into Lebanon to the Litani River, occupying thirteen Lebanese villages. In the village of Hula, two Israeli officers killed between 35 and 58 prisoners as retaliation for the Haifa Oil Refinery massacre. Both officers were later put on trial for their actions.",
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"plaintext": "Israel launched a series of military operations to drive out the Arab armies and secure the borders of Israel. However, invading the West Bank might have brought into the borders of the expanding State of Israel a massive Arab population it could not absorb. The Negev desert was an empty space for expansion, so the main war effort shifted to Negev from early October. Israel decided to destroy or at least drive out the Egyptian expeditionary force since the Egyptian front lines were too vulnerable as permanent borders.",
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"plaintext": "On 15 October, the IDF launched Operation Yoav in the northern Negev. Its goal was to drive a wedge between the Egyptian forces along the coast and the Beersheba-Hebron-Jerusalem road and ultimately to conquer the whole Negev. This was a special concern on the Israeli part because of a British diplomatic campaign to have the entire Negev handed over to Egypt and Jordan, and which thus made Ben-Gurion anxious to have Israeli forces in control of the Negev as soon as possible.",
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"plaintext": "Operation Yoav was headed by the Southern Front commander Yigal Allon. Committed to Yoav were three infantry and one armoured brigades, who were given the task of breaking through the Egyptian lines. The Egyptian positions were badly weakened by the lack of a defence in depth, which meant that once the IDF had broken through the Egyptian lines, there was little to stop them. The operation was a huge success, shattering the Egyptian ranks and forcing the Egyptian Army from the northern Negev, Beersheba and Ashdod.",
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"plaintext": "In the so-called \"Faluja Pocket\", an encircled Egyptian force was able to hold out for four months until the 1949 Armistice Agreements, when the village was peacefully transferred to Israel and the Egyptian troops left. Four warships of the Israeli Navy provided support by bombarding Egyptian shore installations in the Ashkelon area, and preventing the Egyptian Navy from evacuating retreating Egyptian troops by sea.",
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"plaintext": "On 19 October, Operation Ha-Har commenced in the Jerusalem Corridor, while a naval battle also took place near Majdal (now Ashkelon), with three Israeli corvettes facing an Egyptian corvette with air support. An Israeli sailor was killed and four wounded, and two of the ships were damaged. One Egyptian plane was shot down, but the corvette escaped. Israeli naval vessels also shelled Majdal on 17 October, and Gaza on 21 October, with air support from the Israeli Air Force. The same day, the IDF captured Beersheba, and took 120 Egyptian soldiers prisoner. On 22 October, Israeli naval commandos using explosive boats sank the Egyptian flagship Emir Farouk, and damaged an Egyptian minesweeper.",
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"plaintext": "On 9 November 1948, the IDF launched Operation Shmone to capture the Tegart fort in the village of Iraq Suwaydan. The fort's Egyptian defenders had previously repulsed eight attempts to take it, including two during Operation Yoav. Israeli forces bombarded the fort before an assault with artillery and airstrikes by B-17 bombers. After breaching the outlying fences without resistance, the Israelis blew a hole in the fort's outer wall, prompting the 180 Egyptian soldiers manning the fort to surrender without a fight. The defeat prompted the Egyptians to evacuate several nearby positions, including hills the IDF had failed to take by force. Meanwhile, IDF forces took Iraq Suwaydan itself after a fierce battle, losing 6 dead and 14 wounded.",
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"plaintext": "From 5 to 7 December, the IDF conducted Operation Assaf to take control of the Western Negev. The main assaults were spearheaded by mechanised forces, while Golani Brigade infantry covered the rear. An Egyptian counterattack was repulsed. The Egyptians planned another counterattack, but it failed after Israeli aerial reconnaissance revealed Egyptian preparations, and the Israelis launched a preemptive strike. About 100 Egyptians were killed, and 5 tanks were destroyed, with the Israelis losing 5 killed and 30 wounded.",
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"plaintext": "On 22 December, the IDF launched Operation Horev (also called Operation Ayin). The goal of the operation was to drive all remaining Egyptian forces from the Negev, destroying the Egyptian threat on Israel's southern communities and forcing the Egyptians into a ceasefire. During five days of fighting, the Israelis secured the Western Negev, expelling all Egyptian forces from the area.",
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"plaintext": "Israeli forces subsequently launched raids into the Nitzana area, and entered the Sinai Peninsula on 28 December. The IDF captured Umm Katef and Abu Ageila, and advanced north towards Al Arish, with the goal of encircling the entire Egyptian expeditionary force. Israeli forces pulled out of the Sinai on 2 January 1949 following joint British-American pressure and a British threat of military action. IDF forces regrouped at the border with the Gaza Strip. Israeli forces attacked Rafah the following day, and after several days of fighting, Egyptian forces in the Gaza Strip were surrounded. The Egyptians agreed to negotiate a ceasefire on 7 January, and the IDF subsequently pulled out of Gaza. According to Morris, \"the inequitable and unfair rules of engagement: the Arabs could launch offensives with impunity, but international interventions always hampered and restrained Israel's counterattacks.\"",
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"plaintext": "On 28 December, the Alexandroni Brigade failed to take the Falluja Pocket, but managed to seize Iraq el-Manshiyeh and temporarily hold it. The Egyptians counterattacked, but were mistaken for a friendly force and allowed to advance, trapping a large number of men. The Israelis lost 87 soldiers.",
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"plaintext": "On 5 March, Operation Uvda was launched following nearly a month of reconnaissance, with the goal of securing the Southern Negev from Jordan. The IDF entered and secured the territory, but did not meet significant resistance along the way, as the area was already designated to be part of the Jewish state in the UN Partition Plan, and the operation meant to establish Israeli sovereignty over the territory rather than actually conquer it. The Golani, Negev, and Alexandroni brigades participated in the operation, together with some smaller units and with naval support.",
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"plaintext": "On 10 March, Israeli forces secured the Southern Negev, reaching the southern tip of Palestine: Umm Rashrash on the Red Sea (where Eilat was built later) and taking it without a battle. Israeli soldiers raised a hand-made Israeli flag (\"The Ink Flag\") at 16:00 on 10 March, claiming Umm Rashrash for Israel. The raising of the Ink Flag is considered to be the end of the war.",
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"plaintext": "As the fighting progressed and Israel mounted an incursion into the Sinai, the Royal Air Force began conducting almost daily reconnaissance missions over Israel and the Sinai. RAF reconnaissance aircraft took off from Egyptian airbases and sometimes flew alongside Royal Egyptian Air Force planes. High-flying British aircraft frequently flew over Haifa and Ramat David Airbase, and became known to the Israelis as the \"shuftykeit.\"",
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"plaintext": "On 20 November 1948, an unarmed RAF photo-reconnaissance De Havilland Mosquito of No. 13 Squadron RAF was shot down by an Israeli Air Force P-51 Mustang flown by American volunteer Wayne Peake as it flew over the Galilee towards Hatzor Airbase. Peake opened fire with his cannons, causing a fire to break out in the port engine. The aircraft turned to sea and lowered its altitude, then exploded and crashed off Ashdod. The pilot and navigator were both killed.",
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"plaintext": "Just before noon on 7 January 1949, four Spitfire FR18s from No. 208 Squadron RAF on a reconnaissance mission in the Deir al-Balah area flew over an Israeli convoy that had been attacked by five Egyptian Spitfires fifteen minutes earlier. The pilots had spotted smoking vehicles and were drawn to the scene out of curiosity. Two planes dived to below 500feet altitude to take pictures of the convoy, while the remaining two covered them from 1,500feet.",
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"plaintext": "Israeli soldiers on the ground, alerted by the sound of the approaching Spitfires and fearing another Egyptian air attack, opened fire with machine guns. One Spitfire was shot down by a tank-mounted machine gun, while the other was lightly damaged and rapidly pulled up. The remaining three Spitfires were then attacked by patrolling IAF Spitfires flown by Chalmers Goodlin and John McElroy, volunteers from the United States and Canada respectively. All three Spitfires were shot down, and one pilot was killed.",
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"plaintext": "Two pilots were captured by Israeli soldiers and taken to Tel Aviv for interrogation, and were later released. Another was rescued by Bedouins and handed over to the Egyptian Army, which turned him over to the RAF. Later that day, four RAF Spitfires from the same squadron escorted by seven Hawker Tempests from No. 213 Squadron RAF and eight from No. 6 Squadron RAF went searching for the lost planes, and were attacked by four IAF Spitfires. The Israeli formation was led by Ezer Weizman. The remaining three were manned by Weizman's wingman Alex Jacobs and American volunteers Bill Schroeder and Caesar Dangott. The Tempests found they could not jettison their external fuel tanks, and some had non-operational guns. Schroeder shot down a British Tempest, killing pilot David Tattersfield, and Weizman severely damaged a British plane flown by Douglas Liquorish. Weizman's plane and two other British aircraft also suffered light damage during the engagement. During the battle, British Tempest pilots treated British Spitfires as potential Israeli aircraft until the British Spitfire pilots were told by radio to wiggle their wings to be more clearly identifiable. The engagement ended when the Israelis realised the danger of their situation and disengaged, returning to Hatzor Airbase.",
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"plaintext": "Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion personally ordered the wrecks of the RAF fighters that had been shot down to be dragged into Israeli territory. Israeli troops subsequently visited the crash sites, removed various parts, and buried the other aircraft. However, the Israelis did not manage to conceal the wrecks in time to prevent British reconnaissance planes from photographing them. An RAF salvage team was deployed to recover the wrecks, entering Israeli territory during their search. Two were discovered inside Egypt, while Tattersfield's Tempest was found north of Nirim, inside Israel. Interviews with local Arabs confirmed that the Israelis had visited the crash sites to remove and bury the wrecks. Tattersfield was initially buried near the wreckage, but his body was later removed and reburied at the British War Cemetery in Ramla.",
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"plaintext": "In response, the RAF readied all Tempests and Spitfires to attack any IAF aircraft they encountered and bomb IAF airfields. British troops in the Middle East were placed on high alert with all leave cancelled, and British citizens were advised to leave Israel. The Royal Navy was also placed on high alert. At Hatzor Airbase, the general consensus among the pilots, most of whom had flown with or alongside the RAF during World War II, was that the RAF would not allow the loss of five aircraft and two pilots to go without retaliation, and would probably attack the base at dawn the next day. That night, in anticipation of an impending British attack, some pilots decided not to offer any resistance and left the base, while others prepared their Spitfires and were strapped into the cockpits at dawn, preparing to repel a retaliatory airstrike. However, despite pressure from the squadrons involved in the incidents, British commanders refused to authorise any retaliatory strikes.",
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"plaintext": "The day following the incident, British pilots were issued a directive to regard any Israeli aircraft infiltrating Egyptian or Jordanian airspace as hostile and to shoot them down, but were also ordered to avoid activity close to Israel's borders. Later in January 1949, the British managed to prevent the delivery of aviation spirit and other essential fuels to Israel in retaliation for the incident. The British Foreign Office presented the Israeli government with a demand for compensation over the loss of personnel and equipment.",
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"plaintext": "In December 1948, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 194. It called to establish a UN Conciliation Commission to facilitate peace between Israel and Arab states. However, many of the resolution's articles were not fulfilled, since these were opposed by Israel, rejected by the Arab states, or were overshadowed by war as the 1948 conflict continued.",
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"plaintext": "Largely leftover World War II era weapons were used by both sides. Egypt had some British equipment; the Syrian army had some French. German, Czechoslovak and British equipment was used by Israel.",
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"plaintext": "In 1949, Israel signed separate armistices with Egypt on 24 February, Lebanon on 23 March, Transjordan on 3 April, and Syria on 20 July. The Armistice Demarcation Lines, as set by the agreements, saw the territory under Israeli control encompassing approximately three-quarters of the prior British administered Mandate as it stood after Transjordan's independence in 1946. Israel controlled territories of about one-third more than was allocated to the Jewish State under the UN partition proposal. After the armistices, Israel had control over 78% of the territory comprising former Mandatory Palestine or some , including the entire Galilee and Jezreel Valley in the north, the whole Negev in south, West Jerusalem and the coastal plain in the center.",
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"plaintext": "The armistice lines were known afterwards as the \"Green Line\". The Gaza Strip and the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) were occupied by Egypt and Transjordan respectively. The United Nations Truce Supervision Organization and Mixed Armistice Commissions were set up to monitor ceasefires, supervise the armistice agreements, to prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist other UN peacekeeping operations in the region.",
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"plaintext": "Just before the signing of the Israel-Transjordan armistice agreement, general Yigal Allon proposed a military offensive to conquer the West Bank up to the Jordan River as the natural, defensible border of the state. Ben-Gurion refused, although he was aware that the IDF was militarily strong enough to carry out the conquest. He feared the reaction of Western powers and wanted to maintain good relations with the United States and not to provoke the British. More, the results of the war were already satisfactory and Israeli leaders had to build a state.",
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"plaintext": "Israel lost 6,373 of its people, about 1% of its population at the time, in the war. About 4,000 were soldiers and the rest were civilians. Around 2,000 were Holocaust survivors.",
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"plaintext": "The exact number of Arab casualties is unknown. One estimate places the Arab death toll at 7,000, including 3,000 Palestinians, 2,000 Egyptians, 1,000 Jordanians, and 1,000 Syrians. In 1958, Palestinian historian Aref al-Aref calculated that the Arab armies' combined losses amounted to 3,700, with Egypt losing 961 regular and 200 irregular soldiers and Transjordan losing 362 regulars and 200 irregulars. According to Henry Laurens, the Palestinians suffered double the Jewish losses, with 13,000 dead, 1,953 of whom are known to have died in combat situations. Of the remainder, 4,004 remain nameless but the place, tally and date of their death is known, and a further 7,043, for whom only the place of death is known, not their identities nor the date of their death. According to Laurens, the largest part of Palestinian casualties consisted of non-combatants and corresponds to the successful operations of the Israelis.",
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"plaintext": "During the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War that followed, around 750,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes, out of approximately 1,200,000 Arabs living in former British Mandate of Palestine. In 1951, the UN Conciliation Commission for Palestine estimated that the number of Palestinian refugees displaced from Israel was 711,000.",
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"plaintext": "This number did not include displaced Palestinians inside Israeli-held territory. More than 400 Arab villages, and about ten Jewish villages and neighbourhoods, were depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict, most of them during 1948. According to estimate based on earlier census, the total Muslim population in Palestine was 1,143,336 in 1947. The causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus are a controversial topic among historians. After the war, around 156,000 Arabs remained in Israel and became Israeli citizens.",
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"plaintext": "Displaced Palestinian Arabs, known as Palestinian refugees, were settled in Palestinian refugee camps throughout the Arab world. The United Nations established UNRWA as a relief and human development agency tasked with providing humanitarian assistance to Palestinian refugees. Arab nations refused to absorb Palestinian refugees, instead keeping them in refugee camps while insisting that they be allowed to return.",
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"plaintext": "Refugee status was also passed on to their descendants, who were also largely denied citizenship in Arab states, except in Transjordan. The Arab League instructed its members to deny Palestinians citizenship \"to avoid dissolution of their identity and protect their right of return to their homeland.\" More than 1.4million Palestinians still live in 58 recognised refugee camps, while more than 5million Palestinians live outside Israel and the Palestinian territories.",
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"plaintext": "The Palestinian refugee problem and debate about the Palestinian right of return are also major issues of the Arab–Israeli conflict. Palestinians and their supporters have staged annual demonstrations and commemorations on 15 May of each year, which is known to them as \"Nakba Day\". The popularity and number of participants in these annual Nakba demonstrations has varied over time. During the Second Intifada after the failure of the Camp David 2000 Summit, the attendance at the demonstrations against Israel increased.",
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"plaintext": "In the three years from May 1948 to the end of 1951, 700,000 Jews settled in Israel, mainly along the borders and in former Arab lands, doubling the Jewish population there. Of these, upwards of 300,000 arrived from Asian and North African states. Among them, the largest group (over 100,000) was from Iraq. The remaining came mostly from Europe, including 136,000 from the 250,000 displaced Jews of World War II living in refugee camps and urban centers in Germany, Austria, and Italy, and more than 270,000 coming from Eastern Europe, mainly Romania and Poland (over 100,000 each). On the establishment of the state, a top priority was given to a policy for the \"ingathering of exiles\", and the Mossad LeAliyah Bet gave key assistance to the Jewish Agency to organise immigrants from Europe and the Middle East, and arrange for their transport to Israel. For Ben-Gurion, a fundamental defect of the State was that 'it lacked Jews'.",
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"plaintext": "Jewish immigrants from Arab and Muslim countries left for numerous reasons. The war's outcome had exacerbated Arab hostilities to local Jewish communities. News of the victory aroused messianic expectations in Libya and Yemen; Zionism had taken root in many countries; active incentives for making aliyah formed a key part of Israeli policy; and better economic prospects and security were to be expected from a Jewish state. Some Arab governments, Egypt, for example, held their Jewish communities hostage at times. Persecution, political instability, and news of a number of violent pogroms also played a role. Some 800,000–1,000,000 Jews eventually left the Arab world over the next three decades as a result of these various factors. Approximately 680,000 of them immigrated to Israel; the rest mostly settled in Europe (mainly France) or the Americas.",
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"plaintext": " Lorch, Netanel (1961) The Edge of the Sword: Israel's War of Independence, 1947-1949. New York, London: G. P. Putnam's Sons ",
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"plaintext": " Adrian, Nathan (2004). Britain, Israel and Anglo-Jewry 1949–57. Routledge",
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"plaintext": " Zertal, Idith (2005). Israel's Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ",
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"section_name": "Bibliography",
"target_page_ids": [
73199
],
"anchor_spans": [
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"plaintext": " Brown, Judith M. and Louis, Wm. Roger (1999). The Oxford History of the British Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ",
"section_idx": 12,
"section_name": "Bibliography",
"target_page_ids": [
21338892,
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],
"anchor_spans": [
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"plaintext": " Flint, Colin. Introduction to Geopolitics, Routledge 2012",
"section_idx": 12,
"section_name": "Bibliography",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " Karsh, Inari & Karsh, Efraim (1999). Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923. Harvard University Press. ",
"section_idx": 12,
"section_name": "Bibliography",
"target_page_ids": [
1825195,
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"anchor_spans": [
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16,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Penkower, Monty Noam (2002). Decision on Palestine Deferred: America, Britain and Wartime Diplomacy, 1939–1945. London: Routledge. ",
"section_idx": 12,
"section_name": "Bibliography",
"target_page_ids": [
803136
],
"anchor_spans": [
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},
{
"plaintext": " Oren, Michael, Six Days of War, Random House Ballantine Publishing Group, New York 2003, ",
"section_idx": 12,
"section_name": "Bibliography",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " Richelson, Jeffrey T. (1997). A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ",
"section_idx": 12,
"section_name": "Bibliography",
"target_page_ids": [
9985087,
48518
],
"anchor_spans": [
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1,
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98,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Sicker, Martin (1999). Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922. Praeger/Greenwood. ",
"section_idx": 12,
"section_name": "Bibliography",
"target_page_ids": [
15687863,
15687863
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"anchor_spans": [
[
98,
105
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},
{
"plaintext": " The Hope by Herman Wouk, a historical novel that includes a fictionalised version of Israel's War of Independence.",
"section_idx": 13,
"section_name": "Further reading",
"target_page_ids": [
10663585,
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"anchor_spans": [
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},
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"plaintext": " Leon Uris, Exodus'', another historical novel",
"section_idx": 13,
"section_name": "Further reading",
"target_page_ids": [
252727
],
"anchor_spans": [
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " One of last surviving founders of IAF recalls mission that stopped Egypt from advancing on Tel Aviv.",
"section_idx": 14,
"section_name": "External links",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " Pictorial History: Air Force Volunteers.",
"section_idx": 14,
"section_name": "External links",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " About the War of Independence",
"section_idx": 14,
"section_name": "External links",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " United Nations: System on the Question of Palestine ",
"section_idx": 14,
"section_name": "External links",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " Summary of Arab-Israeli wars",
"section_idx": 14,
"section_name": "External links",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " History of Palestine, Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict",
"section_idx": 14,
"section_name": "External links",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " The BBC on the UN Partition Plan",
"section_idx": 14,
"section_name": "External links",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " The BBC on the Formation of Israel",
"section_idx": 14,
"section_name": "External links",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " Israeli War of Independence: an autobiographical account by a South African participant",
"section_idx": 14,
"section_name": "External links",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " Israel and the Arab Coalition in 1948",
"section_idx": 14,
"section_name": "External links",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
}
]
| [
"1948_Arab–Israeli_War",
"1948_in_Israel",
"1948_in_Egypt",
"1948_in_Syria",
"Battles_and_operations_of_the_1948_Arab–Israeli_War",
"Wars_of_independence",
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| 49,092 | 45,230 | 2,697 | 663 | 0 | 0 | 1948 Arab–Israeli War | final stage of the 1947–1949 Palestine war | [
"First Arab-Israeli War",
"1948 War of Independence",
"Nakba",
"1948 Arab–Zionist War"
]
|
36,202 | 1,106,455,532 | 5α-Reductase_2_deficiency | [
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"plaintext": "5α-Reductase 2 deficiency (5αR2D) is an autosomal recessive condition caused by a mutation in SRD5A2, a gene encoding the enzyme 5α-reductase type 2 (5αR2). The condition is rare, affects only genetic males, and has a broad spectrum of presentations, most apparent in the genitalia where a male is born with an underdeveloped penis that might develop to various extents in puberty and hence be raised as female up to a certain age.",
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"plaintext": "5αR2 is expressed in specific tissues and catalyzes the transformation of testosterone (T) to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT plays a key role in the process of sexual differentiation in the external genitalia and prostate during development of the male fetus. 5αR2D is a result of impaired 5αR2 activity resulting in decreased DHT levels. This defect results in a spectrum of phenotypes including overt genital ambiguity, female appearing genitalia, hypospadias, and isolated micropenis. Affected males still develop typical masculine features at puberty (deep voice, facial hair, muscle bulk) since most aspects of pubertal virilization are driven by testosterone, not DHT.",
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"plaintext": "Management of this condition in the context of sex assignment is a challenging and controversial area. Diagnostic availability, local laws, parental anxiety all play roles in treatment decisions.",
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"plaintext": "The investigation of 5αR2D as a disease has played a key role in the biochemical characterization of the SRD5A2 gene, the 5αR2 enzyme, and DHT in male sexual differentiation.",
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"plaintext": "Mutations in the SRD5A2 gene can result in a 46,XY disorder of sex development (46,XY DSD) called 5α-reductase 2 deficiency (5αR2D). The mutations are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern can be either homozygous or, less frequently, compound heterozygous loss-of-function. Affected males exhibit a broad spectrum of presentation including atypical genitalia (ranging from female appearing to undervirilized male), hypospadias, and isolated micropenis. The internal reproductive structures (vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, epididymides and ejaculatory ducts) are normal but testes are usually undescended and prostate hypoplasia is common. Males with the same mutations in SRD5A2 can have different phenotypes suggesting additional factors that are involved in clinical presentation. Females with the same mutations in SRD5A2 as affected males (as seen in siblings) are unaffected and have normal female phenotypes and reproductive function.",
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"plaintext": "Virilization of genitalia with voice deepening, development of muscle mass occur at puberty in affected males and height is not impaired. Gynecomastia is uncommon and bone density is normal in contrast to 46,XY DSD from other causes such as partial androgen insensitivity syndrome and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 deficiency. Hair on the face and body is reduced and male pattern baldness does not occur.",
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"plaintext": "5α-Reductase type 2 (5αR2) is an enzyme, encoded by the SRD5A2 gene, that is expressed in specific tissues in the male body from fetal development to adulthood. The enzyme catalyzes the transformation of testosterone (T) to 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) intracellularly. DHT is the most potent ligand to the androgen receptor (AR). Upon binding, the DHT-AR complex translocates from cytoplasm to the nucleus and activates the androgen receptor-regulated genes involved in processes that include male sexual differentiation.",
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"plaintext": "Some mutations in 5αR2 impair the synthesis of DHT resulting in 5αR2D. In the male fetus, T mediates Wolffian ductal differentiation while DHT mediates external genital and prostate differentiation. The fact that women with the same 5αR2 mutations as affected male siblings have normal female phenotypes and normal reproductive function supports the notion that 5αR2 does not play an important role in female biology. Most aspects of virilization in male puberty are driven by testosterone, which is why most affected males undergo virilization at that time.",
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"plaintext": "Though 5αR2D only affects a small number of people, study of this disorder revealed fundamental aspects of 5α-reductases (including cloning of the underlying genes), androgen action, the process of sexual differentiation, and the factors that influence normal sexual behavior.",
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"plaintext": "Two of three isozymes of 5αR can catalyze the transformation of T to DHT, but it is only 5αR2D that causes 46XY, DSD. 5αR2 is encoded by the gene SRD5A2 which is located on the short arm of chromosome 2 and contains five exons and four introns. 5αR2 consists of 254 amino acid residues with reported mutations at 67 of them with multiple different mutations at some residues.",
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"plaintext": "The first known mutation SRD5A2 was almost a complete deletion which was discovered from analysis of affected males in Papua New Guinean tribe. The majority of SRD5A2 mutations are missense mutations but small deletions, splice junction mutations, and gross deletions were also observed. Mutations result in a spectrum of activity effects ranging from destabilizing 5αR2 to complete loss of activity.",
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"plaintext": "SRD5A2 mutations are inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Homozygous defects are more common than compound heterozygous ones. A phenotype-genotype correlation is not known to exist for many of the most common mutations, and affected males with the same 5αR2 mutations have variable phenotypes suggesting other interacting genetic factors that determine phenotype.",
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"plaintext": "Diagnosis is usually made between birth and puberty. Pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias presenting with female appearing genitalia and pubertal virilization is the classical syndrome attributed to 5αR2D, but modern diagnostic methods can diagnose the deficiency shortly after birth and recognize the broad spectrum of presentation.",
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"plaintext": "The initial diagnosis of 46,XY DSD is indicated by overt genital abnormality. The objective clinical evaluation of dysmorphic features to diagnose 46,XY DSD for apparent female genitalia include: enlarged clitoris, posterior labial fusion, and inguinal/labial mass. For apparent male genitalia: nonpalpable testes, micropenis, isolated perineal hypospadias, or mild hypospadias with undescended testis. Family history and prenatal history are also taken into account in evaluation. Karyotyping and SRY gene analysis on samples from peripheral leukocytes will exclude sex chromosome abnormalities. With the determination of an XY karyotype and normal SRY, the differential diagnosis of 46,XY DSD is made with endocrinological measurements of T/DHT ratios (which indicate 5αR2 activity) and precise anatomical imaging since 5αR2D can be difficult to distinguish from other causes of 46,XY DSD (e.g., partial androgen insensitivity syndrome and 17β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3 enzyme deficiencies).",
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"plaintext": "The measurement of the serum DHT concentration is challenging since the concentrations are low and DHT has a high level of cross-reactivity. A high level of assay specificity is required to measure concentrations of DHT since serum T levels are generally 10 fold higher than DHT in young males. Endocrinological tests for T/DHT ratios can be difficult to interpret since the normal ratio level varies according to age and severity of 5αR2 activity impairment. Affected young males of at least pubertal age with normal serum T levels demonstrate elevated T/DHT levels (normal T, lower than normal DHT). Stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (alternatively, testosterone enanthate) is required in prepubertal children (with stimulation and samples taken over several days) to increase serum testosterone levels for measurement. Interpreting T/DHT ratios in male newborns is especially challenging due to neonatal testosterone surge and higher than normal 5a-reductase type 1 activity. SRD5A2 gene analysis is recommended for diagnosis in newborns. Broadly, 5αR2D is diagnosed with T/DHT ratios greater than 18 while ratios greater than 30 have been observed in severely affected individuals. 5αR2D can also be indicated by low ratios of 5α- to 5ß- reduced steroids, as measured in urine measured via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.",
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"plaintext": "Ultrasonography is the primary means for assessing internal reproductive organs for diagnosis while genitography and voiding cystourethrography are used to resolve structures such as urethral and vaginal tracts. The use of pelvic MRI for diagnostic imaging for 5αR2D remains controversial.",
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"plaintext": "One of the most clinically challenging and controversial topics with 46,XY DSD is the practice of \"sex assignment\" or \"sex of rearing\". This is especially so in 5αR2D, since most affected individuals have undervirilized genitalia at birth but virilize to varying degrees at puberty. Historically most 5αR2D individuals have been \"raised as females\", but later reports show that over half of patients who underwent virilizing puberty adopted a male gender identity thus challenging historical practices.",
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"plaintext": "The goal of sex assignment/of rearing is to facilitate the greatest likelihood of a concordant gender identity in the patient's adulthood. The factors that contribute to gender identity are complex and not easy to report but some factors that contribute include sex chromosomes, androgen exposure, psychosocial development, cultural expectations, family dynamics and social situation.",
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"plaintext": "Female sex of rearing in 5αR2D individuals involves surgical procedures such as childhood gonadectomy (to prevent virilization at puberty) and vaginoplasty. Life-long hormonal treatments as also required for the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics. Male sex of rearing avoids lifelong hormonal treatments and allow for the potential of fertility. Cryptorchidism and hypospadias must be addressed to prevent damage to the seminiferous tubules that are essential for spermatogenesis and fertility. Diagnosis in infancy is essential before any gender assignment or surgical intervention since patients should be considered males at birth.",
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"plaintext": "The intersection of the child's well-being, parental wishes, recommendations of the associated medical team and local laws makes decision making challenging in these cases. The necessity and ethics around consent and deception involved in administering such interventions has been seriously questioned.",
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"plaintext": "Spontaneous fertility in 5αR2D affected males is usually not possible (though has been observed) due to semen abnormalities that include reduced sperm counts, high semen viscosity and, in some cases, lack of primary spermatocytes. This supports the notion that DHT has an important role in spermatocyte differentiation. The broad spectrum of presentation is consistent with highly varying sperm counts among affected males. Testicular function may also be impaired by incomplete descent as well as the genetic mutation itself.",
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"plaintext": "Assisted reproduction methods involving sperm extraction and concentration for intrauterine insemination, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, and in vitro fertilization have all demonstrated successful outcomes.",
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"plaintext": "5αR2D is a rare condition, but has a worldwide distribution. A 2020 study identified 434 cases of 5αR2D across 44 countries including Turkey (23%), China (17%), Italy (9%), and Brazil (7%). The same study also found that genitalia virilization influenced sex assignment while gender change was influenced by cultural aspects across the countries. Molecular diagnosis resulted in favoring male sex assignment in affected newborns.",
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"plaintext": "Many SRD5A2 mutations come from areas with high coefficients of inbreeding, including the Dominican Republic (where people with the condition are called güevedoces – \"testes at twelve\"), and Papua New Guinea (where it is known as kwolu-aatmwol – suggesting a person's transformation \"into a male thing\"), and Turkey.",
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"plaintext": "In the Dominican Republic, güevedoces are regarded as a third gender and experience ambivalent gender socialisation. In adulthood, they most commonly self-identify as men, but are not necessarily completely treated as such by society. In the cases in Papua New Guinea, it has been said that the \"girl\" is shunned when he begins his natural transformation into a male body and socially assumes a male gender role.",
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"plaintext": "An autosomal recessive disorder of sex development, described as pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias (PPSH), was discovered in males in 1961. The main feature of this syndrome was female appearing external genitalia with the presence of bilateral testes and male urogenital tracts in which the ejaculatory ducts terminate in a blind-ending vagina. This disorder was consistent with 5αR2D as the underlying cause as observed in animal models. 5αR2D was confirmed as the cause in humans in 1974, when studies of 24 participants in the Dominican Republic and 2 in Dallas Texas, USA. One of the cases in Dallas began to virilze at puberty and underwent surgery to remove testes and \"repair\" the apparent clitoromegaly. During surgery, a normal male urogenital tract was observed as well as other features consistent with PPSH. DHT was almost undetectable in cultured fibroblasts from foreskin, epididymis and the presumed \"labia majora\" whereas in normal males DHT is detected, suggesting impaired DHT formation. Similar conclusions were obtained for participants in a family in the Dominican Republic study in whom high serum concentration ratios of T to DHT and low concentrations of urinary 5a-reduced androgens were observed. This disorder is now known to be due to homozygous or compound heterozygous loss-of-function mutations of the SRD5A2 gene.",
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"plaintext": "In April 2014, the BMJ reported that four elite women athletes with 5-ARD were subjected to sterilization and \"partial clitoridectomies\" in order to compete in sport. The authors noted that \"partial clitoridectomy\" was \"not medically indicated, does not relate to real or perceived athletic 'advantage, relating to elevated androgen levels. The athletes were all from developing countries where lifetime access to hormone replacement may prove elusive. Intersex advocates regard this intervention as \"a clearly coercive process\".",
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"plaintext": "In the Nip/Tuck season three episode \"Quentin Costa\", it is revealed that Quentin Costa had 5-ARD.",
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"plaintext": "Jeffrey Eugenides' Pulitzer Prize-winning 2002 novel Middlesex is about a young man with 5-ARD. The character was originally born Calliope and raised as a girl, but upon realizing his genetic sex, he transitions into Cal.",
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"plaintext": " Caster Semenya",
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"plaintext": " Intersex",
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"plaintext": " Disorders of sexual development, pseudohermaphroditism, and ambiguous genitalia",
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"plaintext": " Intersex surgery",
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"plaintext": " Congenital adrenal hyperplasia",
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{
"plaintext": " OMIM article",
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]
| [
"Cholesterol_and_steroid_metabolism_disorders",
"Endocrine_gonad_disorders",
"Intersex_variations"
]
| 858,426 | 5,179 | 65 | 92 | 0 | 0 | 5-alpha-reductase deficiency | medical condition | [
"5 alpha steroid reductase 2 deficiency",
"5 alpha steroid reductase type 2 deficiency",
"3-oxo-5 alpha-steroid delta 4-dehydrogenase deficiency",
"5-ARD"
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|
36,203 | 1,094,476,308 | 1670s | [
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| [
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| 196,647 | 581 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1670s | decade | []
|
36,204 | 1,094,470,087 | 1650s | [
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| 196,467 | 724 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1650s | decade | []
|
36,205 | 1,086,657,748 | 921 | [
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40
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{
"plaintext": " Ragnall ua Ímair, Viking king of Northumbria",
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"plaintext": " Richard, duke of Burgundy (b. 858)",
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[
1,
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{
"plaintext": " Wang Rong, Chinese warlord (b. 877)",
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20,
27
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35
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| [
"921"
]
| 30,102 | 292 | 16 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 921 | year | []
|
36,206 | 1,106,682,781 | 939 | [
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1,
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13,
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[
33,
35
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[
40,
43
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},
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21
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37
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41
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{
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},
{
"plaintext": " Gilbert, duke of Lotharingia",
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183853
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14,
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31,
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46,
49
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},
{
"plaintext": " Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi, Twelver Shi'a scholar",
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38
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{
"plaintext": " Ashot the Swift, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)",
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1,
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28,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Pietro II Candiano, doge of Venice",
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| [
"939"
]
| 23,422 | 339 | 18 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 939 | year | []
|
36,207 | 1,086,663,025 | 946 | [
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"plaintext": " Approximate date",
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46
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37915910,
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"plaintext": " Abu Bakr Shibli, Persian official and Sufi (b. 861)",
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338104
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1,
18
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[
28,
41
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[
46,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " John of Rila, Bulgarian hermit (approximate date)",
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3539686,
271054
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[
1,
13
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23957
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[
1,
11
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},
{
"plaintext": " Rachilidis, Swiss Benedictine hermit and saint",
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22990201,
25874
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[
1,
11
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19,
30
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},
{
"plaintext": " Yeghishe I, Catholicos of All Armenians ",
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27824928,
186272
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
40
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},
{
"plaintext": " Zhao Jiliang, chancellor of Later Shu (b. 883)",
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[
1,
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29,
38
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[
43,
46
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}
]
| [
"946"
]
| 23,893 | 276 | 22 | 62 | 0 | 0 | 946 | year | []
|
36,208 | 1,086,663,001 | 943 | [
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10,
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25,
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101,
116
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{
"plaintext": " Dayang Jingxuan, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1027)",
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},
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47399,
407950
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1,
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"plaintext": " Matilda, queen consort of Burgundy (approximate date)",
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30701416,
85451
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1,
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{
"plaintext": " February 23 ",
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11008
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[
1,
12
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},
{
"plaintext": " David I, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)",
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23266841,
581599,
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[
1,
8
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[
20,
32
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[
34,
41
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Herbert II, Frankish nobleman",
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3395380,
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[
1,
11
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22,
30
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"plaintext": " February 26 Muirchertach mac Néill, king of Ailech (Ireland)",
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147575
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1,
12
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14,
36
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[
46,
52
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[
54,
61
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},
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"plaintext": " March 16 Pi Guangye, chancellor of Wuyue (b. 877)",
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1631479,
36427
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1,
9
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[
11,
21
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[
37,
42
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[
47,
50
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]
},
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"plaintext": " March 30 Li Bian, emperor of Southern Tang (b. 889)",
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7836656,
1742039,
52131
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
18
],
[
31,
44
],
[
49,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 6 ",
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1008
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[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Liu Churang, Chinese general (b. 881)",
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42667637,
36413
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[
1,
12
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[
34,
37
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nasr II, Samanid emir (b. 906)",
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3299357,
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1,
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27,
30
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},
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"plaintext": " April 10 Landulf I, prince of Benevento and Capua (Italy)",
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6105064,
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[
1,
9
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[
11,
20
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[
32,
41
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[
46,
51
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[
53,
58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 15 Liu Bin, emperor of Southern Han (b. 920)",
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1,
9
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[
11,
18
],
[
31,
43
],
[
48,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 18 Fujiwara no Atsutada, Japanese nobleman (b. 906)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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9108213
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[
1,
9
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[
11,
31
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 4 Wang Kon, founder of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 877)",
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15849,
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
17
],
[
30,
36
],
[
38,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 26 Motoyoshi, Japanese nobleman and poet (b. 890)",
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15892,
45292358,
774012,
52130
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
19
],
[
43,
47
],
[
52,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 8 Liu, empress of Qi (Ten Kingdoms) (b. 877)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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21759,
31096204,
2526465,
58079
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
16
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[
29,
31
],
[
33,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Cao Zhongda, official and chancellor of Wuyue (b. 882)",
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43041145,
52446
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[
1,
12
],
[
51,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gagik I of Vaspurakan, Armenian king (or 936)",
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36560569,
52450
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[
1,
22
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[
42,
45
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Liu Honggao, chancellor of Southern Han (b. 923)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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36421
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[
1,
12
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[
45,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sinan ibn Thabit, Persian physician (b. 880)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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10712582,
47400
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[
1,
17
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[
41,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Urchadh mac Murchadh, king of Maigh Seóla (Ireland)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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24503122,
1450313
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[
1,
21
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[
31,
42
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Xu Jie, Chinese officer and chancellor (b. 868)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
51995750,
35929
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
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[
44,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Zhang Yuxian, Chinese rebel leader (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
44524492
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
]
]
}
]
| [
"943"
]
| 24,179 | 175 | 29 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 943 | year | []
|
36,209 | 1,106,824,886 | 954 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 954 (CMLIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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"section_name": "Introduction",
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25657,
168851,
15651
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[
10,
15
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[
23,
53
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[
99,
114
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Yoshitaka, Japanese waka poet (d. 974)",
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34999845,
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37
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47,
50
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},
{
"plaintext": " Malcolm II, king of Alba (Scotland) (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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148037,
3637768,
23248387
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1,
11
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[
21,
25
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[
27,
35
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ōnakatomi no Sukechika, Japanese waka poet (d. 1038)",
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48923918,
774012,
40037
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23
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[
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43
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[
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52
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Otto I, duke of Swabia and Bavaria (d. 982)",
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2353923,
3196657,
1463463,
48027
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1,
7
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[
17,
23
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[
28,
35
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[
40,
43
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wang Yucheng, Chinese official and poet (d. 1001)",
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256577,
35900
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[
1,
13
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[
36,
40
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[
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49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 25 Ashot II, prince of Tao-Klarjeti (Georgia)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15845,
3367749,
581599,
48768
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
21
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[
33,
45
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[
47,
54
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]
},
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"plaintext": " February 22 Guo Wei, emperor of the Later Zhou (b. 904)",
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11009,
7685679,
7685760,
49820
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1,
12
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[
14,
21
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[
38,
48
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[
53,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 21 Feng Dao, Chinese prince and chancellor (b. 882)",
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10898040,
10556774,
52446
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1,
7
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[
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17
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[
38,
48
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[
53,
56
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 10 Louis IV, king of the West Frankish Kingdom ",
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28020,
65527371,
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[
1,
13
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[
15,
23
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[
37,
58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abul-Aish Ahmad, Idrisid ruler and sultan (Morocco)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
7279313,
64647,
19291
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[
1,
16
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[
36,
42
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[
44,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Alberic II, princeps and duke of Spoleto (b. 912)",
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1682476,
263328,
1272705,
51096
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
21
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[
34,
41
],
[
46,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Cellachán Caisil, king of Munster (Ireland)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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13938653,
56864,
147575
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1,
17
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[
27,
34
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[
36,
43
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},
{
"plaintext": " Eric I (Bloodaxe), Norwegian Viking king",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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66145,
32610
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
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[
30,
36
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Frederick, archbishop (elector) of Mainz",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8344022,
14056,
20537
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
24,
31
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[
36,
41
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Onshi, empress of Japan (b. 885)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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33812917,
15573,
35703
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[
1,
18
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[
31,
36
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[
41,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Li, Chinese empress dowager of the Later Han",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
52109751,
7676659
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
3
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[
36,
45
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Liu Chong, founder of the Northern Han ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
40519129,
346830
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
27,
39
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Malcolm I, king of Alba (Scotland)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20890
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nuh ibn Nasr, Samanid emir",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2678879,
178427
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
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[
23,
27
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| [
"954"
]
| 23,851 | 188 | 13 | 59 | 0 | 0 | 954 | year | []
|
36,210 | 1,100,083,546 | 1058 | [
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"plaintext": "Year 1058 (MLVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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"section_name": "Introduction",
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25657,
321344,
15651
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"anchor_spans": [
[
11,
17
],
[
25,
57
],
[
103,
118
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Ghazali, Persian theologian and jurist (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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146607,
42199619
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[
1,
11
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31
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},
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"plaintext": " Ibn Bassam, Andalusian poet and historian (d. 1147)",
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15674564,
25353172,
36049
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1,
11
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28
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47,
51
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},
{
"plaintext": " Synadene, queen consort of Hungary (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
32370682,
879716
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
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[
28,
35
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Theodora Anna Doukaina Selvo, Venetian dogaressa (d. 1083)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
5610100,
22973550,
42465
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
29
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[
40,
49
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[
54,
58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wynebald de Ballon, Norman nobleman (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
29505476,
28978421
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
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[
28,
36
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},
{
"plaintext": " March 1 Ermesinde, countess and regent of Barcelona",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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19346,
8927735,
35348624,
3409591
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
19
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[
34,
40
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[
44,
53
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},
{
"plaintext": " March 17 Lulach (the Unfortunate), king of Scotland ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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20223,
18477,
23248387
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[
1,
9
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[
11,
17
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[
45,
53
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},
{
"plaintext": " March 29 Stephen IX, pope of the Catholic Church",
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24340,
606848
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1,
9
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[
11,
21
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[
35,
50
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 2 Judith of Schweinfurt, duchess of Bohemia",
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1154,
19439631,
424966
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1,
9
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[
11,
32
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[
45,
52
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},
{
"plaintext": " November 28 Casimir I, duke of Poland (b. 1016)",
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21579,
60757,
45367947,
36035
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
23
],
[
33,
39
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu, Syrian physician (b. 940)",
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1778440,
52586
],
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[
1,
23
],
[
46,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri, vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate",
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53502877,
56176
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[
1,
23
],
[
39,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ælfwold II, bishop of Sherborne (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3141680,
1434015
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
23,
32
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Mawardi, Abbasid jurist and diplomat (b. 972)",
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1215144,
1519201,
36245
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[
1,
11
],
[
21,
27
],
[
45,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Boite mac Cináeda (or Bodhe), Scottish prince",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
285722
],
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[
1,
18
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Centule IV Gaston (the Old), viscount of Béarn ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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8731043,
1121167
],
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[
1,
18
],
[
42,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Egbert of Fulda, German Benedictine abbot",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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55314307,
4240
],
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[
1,
16
],
[
25,
36
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani, Persian poet and writer",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3619054
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
25
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Flaithem Mac Mael Gaimrid, Irish poet and Chief Ollam",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27364842,
27308370
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
26
],
[
43,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Grigor Magistros, Armenian prince and governor",
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"target_page_ids": [
3503850
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ilduara Mendes, countess and regent of Portugal",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
32648855,
24757665
],
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[
1,
15
],
[
40,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Theophanu, abbess of Essen and Gerresheim",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
47489026,
19488937,
3878387
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
22,
27
],
[
32,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William VII (the Bold), duke of Aquitaine (b. 1023)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
544547,
546092,
38730
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
33,
42
],
[
47,
51
]
]
}
]
| [
"1058"
]
| 19,380 | 262 | 13 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 1058 | year | []
|
36,211 | 1,107,711,358 | 1093 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1093 (MXCIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
321295,
15651
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
11,
17
],
[
25,
57
],
[
103,
118
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 16 Isaac Komnenos, Byzantine co-ruler",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
16022,
3367782
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
27
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ahmad Yasawi, Turkic poet and Sufi (d. 1166)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2907794,
28246,
40011
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
31,
35
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Baldwin VII, count of Flanders (d. 1119)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
360745,
43008790,
36271
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
23,
31
],
[
36,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Conrad III, king of Italy and Germany (d. 1152)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
40440,
6006557,
3190225,
36050
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
21,
26
],
[
31,
38
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Demetrius I, king of Georgia (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1545141,
7466162
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
22,
29
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gerhoh of Reichersberg, German theologian (d. 1169)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
8052595,
40009
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Grigor III, Armenian catholicos of Cilicia (d. 1166)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
24013957,
1003375,
7853004
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
22,
32
],
[
36,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert fitzEdith, English nobleman (d. 1172)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
31469979,
28978421,
36217
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
27,
35
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sancho Alfónsez, Spanish nobleman (d. 1108)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
21743055,
42476
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
39,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Simon of Hauteville, count of Sicily (d. 1105)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2579038,
16654624,
42474
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
31,
37
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Simon of Vermandois, French bishop (d. 1148)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
20912303,
40080
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William III, count of Ponthieu (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1599485,
474894
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
23,
31
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 1 Abul Hasan Hankari, Abbasid scholar (b. 1018)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
10846,
47921618,
36288
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
31
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 13 Vsevolod I Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1030)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1541,
40466,
585629,
36465
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
33
],
[
51,
55
],
[
60,
64
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 26 Rostislav Vsevolodovich, prince of Pereyaslavl",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19648,
19347420,
15795817
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
32
],
[
44,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 21 Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi was an Abbasid prince, son of al-Muqtadi and Mah-i Mulk.",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15819,
47473096,
1091268,
71093984
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
48,
55
],
[
71,
81
],
[
86,
96
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 10 Ulrich of Zell, German Cluniac reformer (b. 1029)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15809,
3724343,
2871111,
38728
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
24
],
[
33,
40
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 4 Alan Rufus, Breton/Norman nobleman (approximate year)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2418,
8450154
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
21
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 24 Geoffrey Boterel, Breton nobleman, eldest brother of Alan Rufus",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1629,
8450154
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
65,
75
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 29 Hugh I, French nobleman and abbot (b. 1057)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1793,
628842,
1143,
35530
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
18
],
[
40,
45
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 22 Olaf III (the Peaceful), king of Norway",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27889,
179835,
47392864
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
23
],
[
48,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 13 Malcolm III, king of Scotland (b. 1031)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21761,
20892,
23248387,
40031
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
25
],
[
35,
43
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 16 Margaret, queen of Scotland (b. 1045)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21726,
194380,
36689
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
22
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bertrand II, count of Provence (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8337387,
48503
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
23,
31
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Constance, queen of Castile and León (b. 1046)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
178654,
750274,
336544,
40044
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
21,
28
],
[
33,
37
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gao, Chinese empress (Song Dynasty) (b. 1032)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
33558235,
56978,
40032
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
4
],
[
23,
35
],
[
41,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Iestyn ap Gwrgant, king of Morgannwg (b. 1014)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
798118,
12252209,
35923
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
28,
37
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Kaoruko, Japanese empress consort (b. 1029)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
33812305,
38728
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
39,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Odo V (or Eudes), count of Troyes and Meaux",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
40060429,
101607,
921911
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
28,
34
],
[
39,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Rhys ap Tewdwr, king of Deheubarth (b. 997)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
962772,
285557,
40026
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
25,
35
],
[
40,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert I (the Frisian), count of Flanders",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
360739
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tzachas, Seljuk general and usurper",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
6704679,
4276586
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
29,
36
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wang Shen, Chinese painter and poet",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
42403079
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
]
]
}
]
| [
"1093"
]
| 19,474 | 165 | 27 | 94 | 0 | 0 | 1093 | year | []
|
36,212 | 1,106,425,911 | 1405 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1405 (MCDV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
321344,
15651
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
11,
15
],
[
23,
55
],
[
101,
116
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 8 Constantine XI, last Byzantine Emperor (d. 1453)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
11360,
64676,
4016,
35148
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
27
],
[
34,
51
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 22 Gilbert Kennedy, 1st Lord Kennedy, Scottish noble (d. 1489)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
11009,
7198591,
39491
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
47
],
[
68,
72
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 6 King John II of Castile (d. 1454)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
19865,
153269,
36192
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
15,
33
],
[
38,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 6 George Kastrioti, better known as Skanderbeg, Albanian national hero (d. 1468) (probable date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
19514,
10780405,
10780405,
39501
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
8,
24
],
[
42,
52
],
[
81,
85
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 18 Pope Pius II (d. 1464)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
22545,
24069,
39504
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
25
],
[
30,
34
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown Louis I, Count of Montpensier (d. 1486)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
703433,
39492
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
15,
44
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Cecilia of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1449)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
32823208,
39934
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
],
[
63,
67
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 12 Eleanor Maltravers, English noblewoman (b. 1345)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16112,
1335701,
14944095
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
31
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 14 Timur (aka Tamerlane), Turco-Mongol monarch and conqueror (b. 1336)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
10882,
25439083,
1940668,
36359
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
19
],
[
37,
49
],
[
76,
80
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 16 Margaret III, Countess of Flanders (b. 1350)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19818,
840720,
39518
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
45
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 19 Thomas West, 1st Baron West (b. 1335)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2196,
2105770,
39973
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
38
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 29 Philippe de Mézières, advisor to Charles V of France",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19355,
199992,
77447
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
29
],
[
42,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 8",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15864
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Thomas de Mowbray, 4th Earl of Norfolk, English rebel, executed in York (b. 1385)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3733143
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Richard le Scrope, Archbishop of York, executed in York (b. c.1350)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
25102591
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " c. July 20 Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, the \"Wolf of Badenoch\", fourth son of King Robert II of Scotland (b. 1343)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15803,
528640,
147958,
39515
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
4,
11
],
[
13,
46
],
[
91,
112
],
[
117,
121
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " probable Jean Froissart, French chronicler (b. 1337)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
143281,
39974
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
11,
25
],
[
49,
53
]
]
}
]
| [
"1405"
]
| 6,124 | 270 | 33 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 1405 | year | []
|
36,213 | 1,100,083,482 | 1478 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1478 (MCDLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
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25657,
321344,
15651
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"anchor_spans": [
[
11,
21
],
[
29,
61
],
[
107,
122
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 3 Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham (d. 1521)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
11323,
258938,
35225
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
52
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 7 Thomas More, English statesman and humanist (d. 1535)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
11063,
30479,
34958
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
24
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 26 Pope Clement VII (d. 1534)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
19648,
24119,
36116
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
25
],
[
30,
34
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 30 John, Prince of Asturias, Son of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile (d. 1497)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15843,
2648092,
18836110,
23909513,
39485
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
34
],
[
43,
65
],
[
70,
91
],
[
96,
100
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 2 Louis V, Elector Palatine (1508–1544) (d. 1544)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15846,
8338188,
38676
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
34
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 8 Gian Giorgio Trissino (d. 1550)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15874,
2809433,
35099
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
30
],
[
35,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 13 Giulio d'Este, illegitimate son of Italian noble (d. 1561)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15878,
17922280,
35101
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
23
],
[
63,
67
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 15 Barbara Jagiellon, Duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (1500–1534) (d. 1534)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
16088,
4170416,
36116
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
27
],
[
105,
109
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 22 King Philip I of Castile (d. 1506)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15996,
151288,
35499
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
15,
34
],
[
39,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Spanish historian (d. 1557)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1005,
461206,
34959
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
45
],
[
69,
73
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 6 Baldassare Castiglione, Italian courtier and writer (d. 1529)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
8352,
26370926,
38684
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
35
],
[
69,
73
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " Jacques Dubois, French anatomist (d. 1555)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
233114,
36175
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
38,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Giovanna d'Aragona, Duchess of Amalfi, Italian regent (d. 1510)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
46901247,
38697
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
38
],
[
59,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Girolamo Fracastoro, Italian physician (d. 1553)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
184263,
38667
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Visconte Maggiolo, Italian navigator and cartographer (d. 1530)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
542652,
38683
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
59,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Katharina von Zimmern, Swiss sovereign abbess (d. 1547)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
44211498,
38671
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " probable ",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " Thomas Ashwell, English composer",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1826321
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Madeleine Lartessuti, French shipper and banker (d. 1543)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
57569722,
34943
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 1 Cristoforo della Rovere, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1434)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
10846,
36149101,
39918
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
36
],
[
68,
72
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 18 George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, brother of Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (executed) (b. 1449)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11363,
49673,
46390,
26284,
39934
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
54
],
[
67,
87
],
[
92,
114
],
[
130,
134
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 26 Giuliano de' Medici, son of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (assassinated) (b. 1453)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1261,
296863,
296774,
35148
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
30
],
[
39,
65
],
[
85,
89
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 12 Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua (b. 1412)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15806,
214250,
39896
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
49
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 23 Yolande of Valois, Duchess consort of Savoy (b. 1434)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1628,
1607546,
39918
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
29
],
[
60,
64
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 28 Donato Acciaioli, Italian scholar (b. 1428)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1781,
1503653,
39912
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
28
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 8 Emperor Baeda Maryam I of Ethiopia (b. 1448)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21759,
1816670,
187749,
39932
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
21,
35
],
[
39,
47
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown Aliodea Morosini, Venetian dogaressa",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
52201497
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
15,
31
]
]
}
]
| [
"1478"
]
| 6,617 | 481 | 53 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 1478 | year | []
|
36,214 | 1,100,083,400 | 1157 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1157 (MCLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
311439,
15651
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
11,
17
],
[
25,
56
],
[
102,
117
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nur ad-Din Zengi besieges the Knights Hospitaller in the crusader fortress of Banyas, routs a relief army led by King Baldwin III of Jerusalem, and takes Grand Master Bertrand de Blanquefort prisoner.",
"section_idx": 1,
"section_name": "Events",
"target_page_ids": [
254543,
8055956,
30871895,
144680,
1888033
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
31,
50
],
[
79,
85
],
[
119,
143
],
[
168,
191
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 8 – King Richard I of England (d. 1199)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
28488,
26368,
40062
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
20,
40
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Alexander Neckham, English scholar, teacher, theologian and abbot of Cirencester Abbey (d. 1217)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
235223,
9091386,
39992
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
70,
87
],
[
92,
96
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Leopold V of Austria, Duke of Austria from 1177 and Duke of Styria from 1192 until his death (d. 1194)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1100939,
808980,
11734356,
40005
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
23,
38
],
[
53,
67
],
[
98,
102
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary, Queen of England by marriage to Henry the Young King and queen of Hungary and Croatia by marriage to Béla III of Hungary (d. 1197)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2471885,
407950,
70947,
879716,
755314,
379358,
40060
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
49
],
[
60,
67
],
[
83,
103
],
[
117,
124
],
[
129,
136
],
[
152,
171
],
[
176,
180
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tomoe Gozen, female Samurai warrior and military leader (d. 1247)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1272047,
4662411,
42487
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
28
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 24 or January 25 – Agnes of Babenberg, Politically active High Duchess consort of Poland (b. 1111)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15954,
15845,
1305093,
36279
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
15,
25
],
[
28,
46
],
[
102,
106
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 8 – Ahmed Sanjar, Great Seljuk Sultan (b. 1084 or 1086)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19353,
582600,
36040,
36699
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
9,
21
],
[
47,
51
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 15 – Yury Dolgoruky, Russian prince (b. c. 1099)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19674,
569567,
35159
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
10,
24
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 21 – King Alfonso VII of Castile (b. 1105)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1499,
70650,
42474
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
18,
40
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 23 – King Sweyn III of Denmark (b.c. 1125) (in battle)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22572,
816591,
36274
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
19,
39
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown – King Eystein II of Norway (b.c. 1125)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1057178,
36274
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
21,
41
],
[
48,
52
]
]
}
]
| [
"1157"
]
| 19,654 | 158 | 25 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 1157 | year | []
|
36,215 | 1,105,854,277 | 1189 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1189 (MCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. In English law, 1189 - specifically the beginning of the reign of Richard I - is considered the end of time immemorial.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
168851,
15651,
85441,
26368,
80248
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
11,
19
],
[
27,
57
],
[
103,
118
],
[
123,
134
],
[
186,
195
],
[
223,
238
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Mansur Nasir al-Din Muhammad, Ayyubid sultan (d. 1217)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
37999269,
39992
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
32
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Archambaud VIII (the Great), French nobleman (d. 1242)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1766431,
28978421,
42482
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
37,
45
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ferdinand of Castile, Spanish prince (infante) (d. 1211)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
39485408,
1305133,
39997
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
39,
46
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Pietro Pettinaio, Italian comb-maker and saint (d. 1289)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
49319681,
373775,
42514
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
27,
31
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Peter Nolasco, French religious leader (d. 1256)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
3222864,
40499
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Skule Bårdsson, Norwegian nobleman (d. 1240)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2390107,
42479
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sukaphaa, founder of the Ahom Kingdom (d. 1268)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
4983396,
5260104,
42503
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
26,
38
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yuri II of Vladimir, Kievan Grand Prince (d. 1238)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
727585,
36070
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 1 Henry of Marcy, French cardinal-bishop (b. 1136)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15787,
10034525,
40075
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
26
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 20 Shi Zong (or Wulu), Chinese emperor (b. 1123)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16025,
2524836,
36045
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
21
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 4 Gilbert of Sempringham, English priest (b. 1085)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11359,
1548194,
42466
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
35
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 4 Humbert III (the Blessed), count of Savoy (b. 1136)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20315,
68903,
27885
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
21
],
[
46,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 25 Frederick, duke of Bohemia (House of Přemyslid)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19773,
3347598,
424966,
2486608
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
20
],
[
30,
37
],
[
39,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 15 Minamoto no Yoshitsune, Japanese general (b. 1159)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15936,
226812,
40084
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
32
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 28 Matilda of England, duchess of Saxony (b. 1156) ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15802,
20482911,
264007,
36051
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
28
],
[
41,
47
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 6 Henry II (Curtmantle), king of England (b. 1133)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15862,
26042562,
407950,
40073
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
17
],
[
40,
47
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 20 Muneko, Japanese princess and empress (b. 1126)",
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},
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"plaintext": " September 3 Jacob of Orléans, French Jewish scholar",
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{
"plaintext": " October 4 ",
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1,
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]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " André of Brienne, French nobleman and knight (b. 1135)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Gerard de Ridefort, Flemish Grand Master (b. 1140)",
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1,
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29,
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46,
50
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 14 Fujiwara no Yasuhira, Japanese nobleman (b. 1155) ",
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1,
11
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13,
33
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57,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 11 William II (the Good), king of Sicily (b. 1153)",
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1,
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],
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14,
24
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45,
51
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56,
60
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 14 William de Mandeville, English nobleman",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Anvari, Persian astronomer, poet and writer (b. 1126)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Benedict of York, English banker and moneylender",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Benkei, Japanese warrior monk (sōhei) (b. 1155)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair, Irish king",
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[
1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Conon II (or Cono), count of Montaigu and Duras",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Elizabeth of Hungary, German duchess (b. 1145)",
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1,
21
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},
{
"plaintext": " Folmar of Karden, German archbishop (b. 1135)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Geoffrey Ridel, English bishop and Lord Chancellor",
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hugh de Cressy, Norman nobleman and constable ",
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[
1,
15
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hugh de Paduinan, Scoto-Norman nobleman (b. 1140)",
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25464311
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Richard de Morville, Scottish Lord High Constable",
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[
1,
20
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31,
50
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Romano Bobone, Italian cardinal and papal legate",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
51178121
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[
1,
14
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " William de Tracy, English nobleman and knight",
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"target_page_ids": [
5516999
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[
1,
17
]
]
}
]
| [
"1189"
]
| 19,735 | 363 | 33 | 93 | 0 | 0 | 1189 | year | []
|
36,216 | 1,100,083,417 | 1168 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1168 (MCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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116
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Summer King Amalric I of Jerusalem, and Byzantine emperor Manuel I (Komnenos), negotiate an alliance against Fatimid-Egypt. Archbishop William of Tyre is among the ambassadors sent to Constantinople, to finalize the treaty. ",
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186,
200
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},
{
"plaintext": " Autumn William IV, count of Nevers, arrives in Palestine with a contingent of elite knights. In Jerusalem he is present during a council with Amalric and other nobles to decide for an expedition to Egypt.",
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 20 Amalric I invades Egypt again from Ascalon, sacking Bilbeis and threatening Cairo. In November, a Crusader fleet sails up the Nile and arrives in Lake Manzala, sacking the town of Tanis.",
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[
193,
198
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nur al-Din, Zangid ruler (atabeg) of Aleppo, sends an expedition under General Shirkuh to Egypt on request of the Fatimid caliph Al-Adid. He offers him a third of the land, and fiefs for his generals.",
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},
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"plaintext": " December 22 Afraid that the Egyptian capital Fustat (modern-day Old Cairo) will be captured by Crusader forces, its Fatimid vizier, Shawar, orders the city set afire. The capital burns for 54 days.",
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 27 Patrick of Salisbury, Angevin governor of Poitou, is killed in an ambush at Poitiers by French forces under Guy of Lusignan. He is escorting Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine on a journey near the border of Aquitaine. Patrick's nephew, William Marshal, is part of the royal escort and is taken prisoner. Later he is ransomed and becomes a member of Eleanor's household.",
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119,
134
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[
158,
178
],
[
211,
220
],
[
240,
255
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " King Valdemar I (the Great) of Denmark conquers the Wendish capital city of Arkona on the island of Rügen (modern Germany). The Wends become Christians and subject to Danish suzerainty.",
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83
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101,
106
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[
115,
122
],
[
129,
134
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, marries the 12-year-old Matilda (or Maud), daughter of King Henry II of England.",
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57,
64
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[
93,
101
],
[
105,
112
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " The newly born Commune of Rome conquers and destroys the rival neighboring city of Albano (modern Italy).",
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16,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Stephen du Perche, Sicilian chancellor, is accused of plotting to claim the throne and is forced to flee.",
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]
},
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"plaintext": " April 9 Emperor Rokujō is deposed by his grandfather, retired-Emperor Go-Shirakawa, after an 8-month reign. He is succeeded by his 6-year-old uncle, Takakura, as the 80th emperor of Japan.",
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72,
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151,
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],
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184,
189
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yuanqu County (known as Wanting County) in China is destroyed by a flood of the Yellow River.",
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1,
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44,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 20 Antipope Paschal III dies at Rome after a 4-year reign. Giovanni di Struma is elected as his successor and will reign as Antipope Callixtus III with support from Emperor Frederick I.",
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]
},
{
"plaintext": "</onlyinclude>",
"section_idx": 1,
"section_name": "Events",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " April 22 Abubakar ibn Gussom, Arab poet (d. 1242)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1710,
42482
],
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[
1,
9
],
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46,
50
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 31 Zhang Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1208)",
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"target_page_ids": [
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"anchor_spans": [
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1,
10
],
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12,
22
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44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 19 Ning Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1224)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
21574,
1086537,
36065
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
23
],
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45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ibn Muti al-Zawawi, Arab jurist and philologian (d. 1231)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
63522436,
40063
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
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53,
57
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert of Braybrooke, English High Sheriff (d. 1210)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
32679255,
39998
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert of Courtenay, French nobleman and knight (d. 1239)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
55887084,
28978421,
40069
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
29,
37
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53,
57
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Temüge (or Otgon), brother of Genghis Khan (d. 1246)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
3038710,
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
31,
43
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[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
9121599,
165549
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"anchor_spans": [
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1,
19
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25,
38
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 17 Thierry of Alsace, count of Flanders (b. 1099)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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1,
11
],
[
13,
30
],
[
41,
49
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 27 Patrick of Salisbury, Norman nobleman (b. 1122)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20585,
7976124,
36042
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
31
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 5 Robert de Beaumont, English nobleman (b. 1104)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2194,
871888,
42473
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
28
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 20 Paschal III, antipope of Rome (b. 1110)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28148,
1836017,
25458,
36280
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
26
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[
40,
44
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 24 William IV, count of Auxerre and Nevers",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22345,
16815458,
1120237,
1392077
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
23
],
[
34,
41
],
[
46,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 5 Hugh IX (Lusignan), French nobleman",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21565,
4663241
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
20
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi, Persian scholar (b. 1097)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
5138919,
36610
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
24
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bermudo Pérez de Traba, Spanish nobleman (b. 1088)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
41928751,
36281
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
],
[
46,
50
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Conrad of Babenberg, archbishop of Salzburg (b. 1115)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
54459993,
255366,
36267
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
36,
44
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wivina, French Benedictine abbess and saint (b. 1103)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
16,
27
],
[
49,
53
]
]
}
]
| [
"1168"
]
| 19,679 | 191 | 22 | 113 | 0 | 0 | 1168 | year | []
|
36,217 | 1,103,403,278 | 1172 | [
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"plaintext": "Year 1172 (MCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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25657,
321364,
15651
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11,
18
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26,
56
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[
102,
117
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 12 Matsudono Moroie, Japanese nobleman (d. 1238)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15971,
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28978421,
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1,
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10,
26
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[
37,
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[
50,
54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Qifti, Egyptian historian and biographer (d. 1248)",
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"target_page_ids": [
22509814,
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"anchor_spans": [
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1,
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49,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Az-Zahir Ghazi, Ayyubid ruler of Aleppo (d. 1216)",
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"target_page_ids": [
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1,
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34,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Baldwin I, emperor of the Latin Empire (d. 1205)",
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174215,
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1,
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44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Conrad II, duke of Swabia and Rothenburg (d. 1196)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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20,
26
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31,
41
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},
{
"plaintext": " Isabel de Clare, countess of Pembroke (d. 1220)",
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"plaintext": "2010: Odyssey Two is a 1982 science fiction novel by British writer Arthur C. Clarke. It is the sequel to his 1968 novel A Space Odyssey, though Clarke changed some elements of the story to align with the film version of 2001.",
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"plaintext": "A joint Soviet-US crew, including Heywood Floyd, on the Soviet spaceship Alexei Leonov (named after the cosmonaut) arrives to discover what went wrong with the earlier mission, to investigate the monolith in orbit around Jupiter, and to resolve the disappearance of David Bowman. They hypothesize that much of this information is locked away on the now-abandoned Discovery One. The Soviets have an advanced new \"Sakharov\" drive which will propel them to Jupiter ahead of the American Discovery Two, so Floyd is assigned to the Leonov crew.",
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"plaintext": "However, a Chinese space station rockets out of Earth orbit, revealing itself to be the interplanetary spacecraft Tsien, also aimed at Jupiter. The Leonov crewmembers think the Chinese are on a one-way trip due to its speed, but Floyd surmises that due to the large water content of Europa they intend to land there and use the water content to refuel. The Tsiens daring mission ends in failure, when it is destroyed by an indigenous life-form on Europa. The only survivor, Professor Chang, radios the story to the Leonov; it is presumed that he dies when his spacesuit air supply runs out.",
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"plaintext": "The Leonov survives a dangerous aerobraking around Jupiter and arrives at Discovery. Mission crewmember and HAL 9000's creator, Dr. Chandra, reactivates the computer to ascertain the cause of his earlier aberrant behaviour. After some time, Floyd is speaking to Vasili Orlov on board, and Orlov, for an instant, sees the Monolith dubbed 'Big Brother' open again, into a Stargate, as David Bowman escapes from the Monolith's dimension back into ours. (Dr. Floyd is unfortunately facing the wrong direction and does not see this.)",
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"plaintext": "A sequence of scenes follows the explorations of David Bowman, who has been transformed into a non-corporeal, energy-based life-form, much like the aliens controlling the monoliths. During his journey, the avatar of Bowman appears on Earth, making contact with significant individuals from his past: He visits his mother and brushes her hair (shortly before she dies), and he appears to his ex-girlfriend on her television screen. The aliens are using Bowman as a probe to learn about humankind. He then returns to the Jupiter system to explore beneath the ice of Europa, where he finds aquatic life-forms, and under the clouds of Jupiter, where he discovers gaseous life-forms. Both are primitive, but the aliens deem the Europan creatures to have evolutionary potential.",
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"plaintext": "An apparition of Bowman appears before Floyd, warning him that they must leave Jupiter within fifteen days. Floyd has difficulty convincing the rest of the crew at first, but then the monolith vanishes from orbit.",
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"plaintext": "The Leonov crew devises a plan to use the Discovery as a \"booster rocket\", enabling them to return to Earth ahead of schedule. HAL and the Discovery will be trapped in Jupiter's orbit, with insufficient fuel to escape. The crew are worried that HAL will have the same neurosis on discovering that he will be abandoned yet again, so Chandra must convince HAL that the human crew is in danger.",
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"plaintext": "The Leonov crew flees Jupiter as a mysterious dark spot appears on Jupiter and begins to grow. HAL's telescope observations reveal that the \"Great Black Spot\" is, in fact, a vast population of monoliths, increasing at an exponential rate, which appear to be eating the planet. By acting as self-replicating machines, these monoliths increase Jupiter's density until the planet achieves nuclear fusion, becoming a small star. This obliterates the primitive life forms inhabiting the Jovian atmosphere, which the Monoliths' controllers had deemed highly unlikely to ever achieve intelligence, unlike the aquatic life of Europa.",
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"plaintext": "As Jupiter is about to transform, Bowman returns to Discovery to give HAL a last order to carry out. HAL begins repeatedly broadcasting the message",
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"plaintext": "The creation of the new star, which Earth eventually names Lucifer, destroys Discovery. However, in appreciation for HAL's help, Bowman has the aliens which control the monoliths remove HAL's artificial intelligence from Discovery'''s computer core and transform him into the same kind of life form as David Bowman, and become his companion.",
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"plaintext": "The book ends with a brief epilogue, which takes place in AD 20,001. By this time, the Europans have evolved into a species that has developed a primitive civilisation, most likely with assistance from a monolith. They are not described in detail, though they are said to have \"tendril\"-like limbs. They regard the star Lucifer (formerly the planet Jupiter) as their primary sun, referring to Sol as \"The Cold Sun\". Though their settlements are concentrated primarily in the hemisphere of Europa which is constantly bathed in Lucifer's rays, some Europans have begun in recent generations to explore the Farside, the hemisphere facing away from Lucifer, which is still covered in ice. There they may witness the spectacle of night, unknown on the other side of Europa, when the Cold Sun sets.",
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"plaintext": "The Europans who explore the Farside have been carefully observing the night sky and have begun to develop a mythology based on their observations. They correctly believe that Lucifer was not always there. They believe that the Cold Sun was its brother and was condemned to march around the sky for a crime. The Europans also see three other major bodies in the sky. One seems to be constantly engulfed in fire, and the other two have lights on them which are gradually spreading. These three bodies are the moons Io, Callisto, and Ganymede, the latter two of which are presently being colonised by humans.",
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"plaintext": "Humans have been attempting to explore Europa ever since Lucifer was created in 2010. However, none of these attempts has been successful. Every probe that has attempted to land on Europa has been destroyed on approach. The debris from every probe falls to the surface of the planet, and the debris from some of the first ships to be destroyed is venerated by the Europans.",
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"plaintext": "Finally, there is a Monolith on the planet, which is worshipped by the Europans more than anything else. The Europans assume, correctly, that the Monolith is what keeps humans at bay. Dave Bowman and HAL lie dormant in this Monolith. The Monolith is the guardian of Europa, and will continue to prevent contact between humans and Europans for as long as it sees fit.",
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"plaintext": "In the novel, the Leonov is staffed by three Americans, and seven Soviets. HAL also re-appears as a major character.",
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"plaintext": " Dr. Heywood Floyd: The protagonist, Floyd must embark on an odyssey to Jupiter with American colleagues aboard a Soviet ship, the Leonov, to revive Discovery.",
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"plaintext": " Dr. Walter Curnow: gregarious American engineer and expert on Discovery's systems. ",
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"plaintext": " Dr. Sivasubramanian Chandrasegarampillai, or \"Dr. Chandra\": HAL's inventor. Quiet and reserved, Dr. Chandra, who is Indian, is the third member of the American team, charged with re-activating HAL. For the 1984 film, the character was changed to a white American played by Bob Balaban.",
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"plaintext": " Captain Tatiana \"Tanya\" Orlova: Soviet captain of the Leonov. The character's last name in the film was changed to Kirbuk and was played by British actress Helen Mirren.",
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"plaintext": " Dr. Vasili Orlov: the Leonov's chief scientist, and husband of Orlova.",
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"plaintext": " Dr. Maxim (Max) Brailovsky: Spacewalker and Curnow's Soviet counterpart. He and Curnow are both bisexual and enjoy a romantic relationship during the mission, though Max eventually becomes engaged to Zenia Marchenko.",
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"plaintext": " Surgeon Commander Katerina Rudenko: The Leonov's matronly medical doctor. In the film, this character is recast as a man.",
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"plaintext": " Dr. Alexander \"Sasha\" Kovalev: Communications officer of the Leonov, Sasha states basic science information at certain points.",
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"plaintext": " Dr. Nikolai Ternovsky: The computational expert for the Leonov crew, Ternovsky works with Dr. Chandra to reactivate HAL upon the Discovery rendezvous.",
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"plaintext": " Zenia Marchenko: an understudy for Dr. Irina Yakunina, ship's nutritionist. In the book, Marchenko shelters with Floyd while the Leonov executes a dangerous and dramatic maneuver. The film's equivalent character, who likewise shelters with Floyd, is there named as Irina Yakunina, the same namesake as the book's replaced character, who in the book does not actually join the Leonov's voyage, due to a hang gliding accident.",
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"plaintext": " HAL 9000: the Discovery's on board ship's computer, HAL is held suspect by most other characters for having caused the deaths of the Discovery's crew except Bowman, despite the explanation that HAL was given conflicting orders regarding secrecy and deception, which HAL is manifestly not designed to carry out.",
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"plaintext": " The Floyd family: Floyd is described as having had two families. Floyd's deceased first wife, Marion, is said to have borne him two daughters. At the time of the novel's events, Floyd is living with his second wife, Caroline, and their son Christopher, a toddler. A male dolphin named Scarback, together with its mate, routinely visit the Floyd household, and communicates with Christopher in a language dubbed Dolphin.",
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"plaintext": " The Bowman family: In a series of flashbacks and literal movements through space and time, the newly-ascended character of David Bowman remembers, interacts with, and makes some peace with his old human life. Bowman remembers his brother Robert \"Bobby\" Bowman, who died while the two used an improvised scuba device to explore an underwater cave as children, and Bowman visits his elderly mother Jessie Bowman in her hospital room at the moment of her death. Later, Bowman also visits his ex-girlfriend Betty Fernandez (née Schultz). In youth, Betty had originally been Robert's girlfriend, and after Robert's death, Betty took up with Bowman. Following Bowman's disappearance and presumptive death, Betty married Jose Fernandez, and bore him a son, Carlos. In their final interaction, Betty lies to Bowman that Carlos is his son.",
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"plaintext": " Professor Chang: One of five Chinese Tsien crew members (alongside one Dr. Lee, mentioned in passing), Chang relays a poignant farewell message to the Leonov from the surface of Europa, addressed especially to Floyd. In it, Chang reports the destruction of the Tsien, his own imminent death, and the existence of life on Europa. The novel's early Tsien story arc, continued in 2061, in which Chinese astronauts compete with Americans and Soviets to be the first to rendezvous with Discovery, is completely absent from the film.",
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"plaintext": " Dr. Dimitri Moisevitch: Floyd's Soviet friend and counterpart from the 2001 novel returns to correspond during the novel and give worldly \"spy-ripostes\" from one bureaucrat to another. In the novel's opening scene, Moisevitch and Floyd present the exposition of the joint Soviet–American mission, against the backdrop of the Arecibo telescope; the film approximates this opening scene, instead using the Very Large Array as its setting.",
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"plaintext": " Victor Millson: Floyd's bureaucratic successor, rival and contact for official Earth/American business.",
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"plaintext": " SAL 9000: HAL's earthbound counterpart. An early scene shows Dr. Chandra discussing HAL with SAL, which is faithfully reproduced in the film. In the film, actress Candice Bergen provided the voice of SAL, which was credited to her as \"Olga Mallsnerd\".",
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"plaintext": "2010 is Clarke's first book written on a computer. He wrote the first 25% of the novel on an electric typewriter, but started using an Archives III computer (made in Davenport, Iowa) in late 1981 (which he lovingly christened \"Archie\"). Impressed by its word processing features, he wrote the rest of the novel using this method.",
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"plaintext": "Clarke used for the novel names of various Soviet dissidents, including physicists Andrei Sakharov and Yuri Orlov, human-rights activists Mykola Rudenko and Anatoly Marchenko, Russian Orthodox activist Gleb Yakunin. Clarke himself makes a reference to \"getting (editor Vasili Zakharchenko) into deep trouble by borrowing the names of various dissidents\" in Odyssey Three.",
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"plaintext": "Clarke acknowledged such inconsistencies in the Author's Note to 2061:",
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"plaintext": " The second half of the novel 2001: A Space Odyssey takes place around Saturn, with the Monolith embedded in the surface of the Saturnian moon Iapetus. The novel 2010 follows the continuity of the film 2001, which places the Monolith and Discovery in orbit between Jupiter and the Jovian moon Io.",
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"plaintext": " When Dave Bowman recalls the events of 2001 in the 2010 novel, he remembers the incident of chasing after Frank Poole's corpse in a pod without his helmet, and then entering the Discovery through the emergency airlock. However, this incident only occurred in the 2001 film. In the 2001 novel, Bowman remains in the ship and HAL attempts to kill him by opening all of the pod bay doors.",
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"plaintext": " In the novel 2001, Dave Bowman says \"Oh my God—it's full of stars!\" during his encounter with the monolith. In the novel 2010, characters quote Bowman slightly differently as saying \"My God—it's full of stars!\" in his last transmission. In the film version of 2001, Dave Bowman is not shown speaking any words as he leaves Discovery and enters the monolith. However, the film version of 2010 includes a recording of Bowman saying \"My God—it's full of stars!\" as if it had occurred in the 2001 film.",
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"plaintext": " The 2001 novel describes Dave Bowman's transformation into the Star-Child and his return to Earth. The 2010 novel repeats this part of the story, abbreviating it in some ways, expanding it in others, and occasionally changing some details. For example, despite the scenes in the 2001 film, there is no mention in the 2001 novel of Bowman growing old before regressing to a child. However, the 2010 novel aligns with the film by restating that Bowman dreamt that he grew old when the entity entered his mind (despite the 2001 novel stating he did not dream). As another example, the 2001 novel says the Star-Child chooses not to use the Star Gate to return to our solar system, but the 2010 novel restates that he does use the Star Gate (which allows the Leonov to witness his arrival).",
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"plaintext": " In all of the Space Odyssey novels and the film version of 2010, HAL's instructor is named Dr. Chandra; in the film A Space Odyssey, it is Mr. Langley.",
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"plaintext": "Dave Langford reviewed 2010: Odyssey Two for White Dwarf #39, and stated that \"Since the strength of 2001's mystical ending came from the teasing unanswerability of the question 'what happens next?' it's anticlimactic when Clarke now tells'' us what happens next. And though interesting things happen, smoothly described, there's a certain familiarity when the book halts on the brink of another and less interesting question.\"",
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| 1,751,752 | 8,605 | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 2010: Odyssey Two | 1982 novel by Arthur C. Clarke | []
|
36,220 | 1,094,470,863 | 1250s | [
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36,221 | 1,100,083,478 | 1462 | [
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"plaintext": " Jodocus Badius, Flemish printer (d. 1535)",
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{
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| 6,546 | 336 | 43 | 88 | 0 | 0 | 1462 | year | []
|
36,223 | 1,100,628,494 | 1666 | [
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1,
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57
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},
{
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{
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{
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},
{
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29
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56
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},
{
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{
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11310
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1,
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]
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},
{
"plaintext": " Luisa de Guzmán, Duchess of Braganza and Queen consort of Portugal (b. 1613)",
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1,
16
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42,
67
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76
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},
{
"plaintext": " Gustav Evertsson Horn, Finnish-Swedish politician, Field Marshal (b. 1614)",
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1,
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},
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67
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},
{
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1,
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49
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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1,
6
],
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20
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55,
59
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 13 Pier Francesco Mola, Italian painter of the High Baroque (b. 1612)",
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1,
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28
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74
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 22 Gaspar Schott, German Jesuit scholar (b. 1608)",
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1,
7
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22
],
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54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 11 Cornelis Evertsen the Elder, Dutch admiral (b. 1610)",
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[
1,
8
],
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10,
37
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[
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61
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 12 Abraham van der Hulst, Dutch admiral (b. 1619)",
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35108
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
31
],
[
51,
55
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 16 Sir Richard Fanshawe, British diplomat and translator (b. 1608)",
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15935,
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34591
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[
1,
8
],
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14,
30
],
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69,
73
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 17 Carlo de' Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1595)",
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1,
8
],
[
10,
26
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[
58,
62
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 28 Sir Gervase Clifton, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1587)",
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15802,
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
42
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67,
71
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},
{
"plaintext": " June 30 Alexander Brome, English poet (b. 1620)",
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35109
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[
1,
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10,
25
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44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 5 Albert VI, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1584)",
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1,
7
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35
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40,
44
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 18 Sir John Bowyer, 1st Baronet, English soldier and politician (b. 1623)",
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1,
8
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10,
38
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 25 Henri, Count of Harcourt (b. 1601)",
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1,
8
],
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10,
34
],
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43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 26 Camillo Francesco Maria Pamphili, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1622)",
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],
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42
],
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 30 Francis Erdmann, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, Germany (b. 1629)",
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1,
8
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67
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 5 Johan Evertsen, Dutch admiral (b. 1600)",
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1,
9
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25
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[
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49
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 6 Tjerk Hiddes de Vries, Frisian naval hero and commander (of wounds received in the St. James's Day Battle) (b. 1622)",
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1,
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11,
32
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[
122,
126
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 15 Johann Adam Schall von Bell, German Jesuit missionary (b. 1591)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 19 Anton Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (b. 1620)",
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1,
10
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 23 Johannes Hoornbeek, Dutch theologian (b. 1617)",
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10
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57
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 24 Francisco Manuel de Mello, Portuguese writer (b. 1608)",
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37
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 26 Frans Hals, Dutch painter (b. 1580)",
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46
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 4 Girolamo Colonna, Catholic cardinal (b. 1604)",
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30
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 10 Christian Günther II, Count of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen-Arnstadt (b. 1616)",
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1,
13
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 17 Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1579)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 23 François Mansart, French architect (b. 1598)",
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31
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 27 ",
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1,
13
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Georg Albrecht, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach (b. 1619)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " János Szalárdi, Hungarian historian (b. 1601)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 12 Dirk Graswinckel, Dutch jurist (b. 1600)",
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11
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13,
29
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52
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 27 Manuel António of Portugal, Dutch-Portuguese nobleman (b. 1600)",
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39
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 29 Edmund Calamy the Elder, English Presbyterian leader (b. 1600)",
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11
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36
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 29 James Shirley, English dramatist (b. 1596)",
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26
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},
{
"plaintext": " November 1 Jan Albertsz Rotius, Dutch painter (b. 1624)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 1 James Ware, Irish genealogist (b. 1594)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 8 Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois (b. 1664)",
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},
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"plaintext": " December 20 William Strode, English politician (b. 1589)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 22 Guercino, Italian painter (b. 1591)",
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},
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"plaintext": " December 26 Alexandrine von Taxis, German Imperial General Post Master (b. 1589) ",
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 30 John Strangways, English politician (b. 1585)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Philip Fruytiers, Flemish painter (b. 1627)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " James Howell, British writer (b. c. 1594)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Song Yingxing, Chinese encyclopedist (b. 1587)",
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]
| [
"1666"
]
| 7,585 | 2,069 | 136 | 215 | 0 | 0 | 1666 | year | []
|
36,224 | 1,104,561,486 | 1654 | [
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"plaintext": " December 14 Jerónimo de Ataíde, Count of Atouguia, becomes Portugal's new Governor-General of Brazil, succeeding João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos e Sousa.",
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"plaintext": " December 25 The English Navy sends a fleet of 17 warships and 20 transports, carrying 325 cannons, 1,145 seamen, and 1,830 troops, under the command of Admiral William Penn departs from Portsmouth to begin Oliver Cromwell's planned surprise attack on Spain's colonies in the New World.",
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"plaintext": " January 10 Joshua Barnes, English scholar (d. 1712)",
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{
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{
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},
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57
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},
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},
{
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1,
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],
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11,
26
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56,
60
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},
{
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24
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60
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},
{
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],
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10,
20
],
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46
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},
{
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1,
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11,
24
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53
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},
{
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33
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73
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},
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},
{
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1,
6
],
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22
],
[
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36
],
[
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45
]
]
},
{
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71
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},
{
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37
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65
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},
{
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],
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24
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51
]
]
},
{
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1,
7
],
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32
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83
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]
},
{
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1,
8
],
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10,
33
],
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67
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]
},
{
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15831,
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1,
8
],
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42
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71
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]
},
{
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8
],
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72
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 24 Thomas Fuller (writer), British physician (d. 1734)",
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1,
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],
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10,
32
],
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60
]
]
},
{
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8
],
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10,
28
],
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63
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]
},
{
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38
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 7 Aoyama Tadashige, Japanese daimyō (d. 1722)",
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25
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51
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 9 Emperor Reigen of Japan (d. 1732)",
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23
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41
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 24 Henry Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Chirbury, English politician (d. 1709)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 25 Agostino Steffani, Italian ecclesiastic, diplomat and composer (d. 1728)",
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27
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},
{
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56
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},
{
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11,
38
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65
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]
},
{
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1,
10
],
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12,
30
],
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76
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 15 John Joseph of the Cross, Italian saint (d. 1739)",
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10
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36
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60
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},
{
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12,
30
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60
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]
},
{
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1,
12
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14,
27
],
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88
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 11 William Handcock (1654–1701), Irish politician (d. 1701)",
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1,
13
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43
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70
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]
},
{
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1,
13
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29
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 6 Johan Peringskiöld, Swedish antiquarian (d. 1720)",
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34945
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1,
10
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12,
30
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56,
60
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]
},
{
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11
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69
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},
{
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1,
11
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13,
35
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63
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 26 Giovanni Maria Lancisi, Italian physician (d. 1720)",
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34945
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63
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},
{
"plaintext": " November 5 Christian Liebe, German composer (d. 1708)",
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11
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39
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},
{
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52
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[
83,
106
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[
110,
119
],
[
124,
128
]
]
},
{
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12
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14,
40
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75
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},
{
"plaintext": " November 27 Friedrich von Canitz, German poet and diplomat (d. 1699)",
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38644
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1,
12
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14,
34
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 1 John Hartstonge, Irish bishop (d. 1717)",
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11
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28
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},
{
"plaintext": " December 10 Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole, Italian painter (d. 1719)",
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12
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40
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66
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},
{
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34766
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12
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14,
41
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78
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},
{
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12
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38
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},
{
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12
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14,
28
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},
{
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12
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29
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73
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110
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{
"plaintext": " probable Eleanor Glanville, English entomologist (died 1709)",
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| 6,970 | 411 | 130 | 336 | 0 | 0 | 1654 | year | []
|
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"plaintext": " Date selected by the UN as the symbolic date when global population reaches seven billion.",
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"plaintext": " December 29 Samoa and Tokelau move from east to west of the International Date Line, thereby skipping December 30, in order to align their time zones better with their main trading partners.",
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"plaintext": " January 26 Gladys Horton, American singer, lead singer and founder of The Marvelettes (b. 1945)",
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52
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62,
66
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 4",
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20315
],
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[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, 30th Prime Minister of Nepal (b. 1924)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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1528389,
34675
],
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[
1,
25
],
[
60,
64
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Simon van der Meer, Dutch Nobel physicist (b. 1925)",
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"target_page_ids": [
751419,
34867
],
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[
1,
19
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 5 Alberto Granado, Cuban writer and scientist (b. 1922)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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20314,
954776,
34866
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
25
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 6 Ján Popluhár, Slovak footballer (b. 1935)",
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19865,
6300903,
34980
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
22
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 8 Mike Starr, American musician (b. 1966)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20053,
2434580,
34691
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
20
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "March 15 Nate Dogg, American rapper (b. 1969)",
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"target_page_ids": [
19635,
327317,
34610
],
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[
0,
8
],
[
10,
19
],
[
41,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 17 – Michael Gough, British actor (b. 1916)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20223,
651519,
34677
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
12,
25
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 18 Warren Christopher, American diplomat (b. 1925)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20273,
435273,
34867
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
29
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 21 ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20329
],
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[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nikolai Andrianov, Soviet-Russian gymnast (b. 1952)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1529185,
34575
],
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[
1,
18
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Pinetop Perkins, American singer and pianist (b. 1913)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1503251,
34617
],
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[
1,
16
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 23 Dame Elizabeth Taylor, British-American actress (b. 1932)",
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"target_page_ids": [
20210,
42357,
34775
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
16,
32
],
[
63,
67
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 26",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20427
],
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[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Paul Baran, Polish-American computer engineer (b. 1926)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1016348,
34609
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Geraldine Ferraro, American politician (b. 1935)",
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232530,
34980
],
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[
1,
18
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Diana Wynne Jones, British writer (b. 1934)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
38234,
34981
],
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[
1,
18
],
[
39,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 27 Farley Granger, American actor (b. 1925)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20585,
961559,
34867
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
25
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 29 José Alencar, Brazilian politician, 23rd Vice President of Brazil (b. 1931)",
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20586,
1233164,
3599909,
34608
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
23
],
[
52,
76
],
[
81,
85
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 4 ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
18951826
],
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[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Juliano Mer-Khamis, Israeli actor, director, filmmaker, and political activist (b. 1958)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
23328622,
34953
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
84,
88
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Scott Columbus, American drummer (b. 1956)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
6614850,
34672
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
38,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 5",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2194
],
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[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Baruch Samuel Blumberg, American physician (b. 1925)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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518686,
34867
],
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[
1,
23
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ange-Félix Patassé, 5th President of the Central African Republic (b. 1937)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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224900,
34684
],
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[
1,
19
],
[
71,
75
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 9 Sidney Lumet, American film director (b. 1924)",
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"target_page_ids": [
1787,
364646,
34675
],
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
22
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 14 William Lipscomb, American chemist (b. 1919)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1862,
34108,
34665
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
27
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 17 – Michael Sarrazin, Canadian actor (b. 1940)",
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"target_page_ids": [
1974,
2522778,
34708
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
12,
28
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 19",
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"target_page_ids": [
2196
],
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[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Elisabeth Sladen, English actress (b. 1946)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1326831,
34631
],
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[
1,
17
],
[
39,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Grete Waitz, Norwegian athlete (b. 1953)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
460877,
34865
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
36,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 21 Tim Hetherington, British photojournalist (b. 1970)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2483,
15653863,
34726
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
27
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 24 ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2734
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "Sathya Sai Baba, Indian spiritual leader (b. 1926)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
144178,
34609
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
0,
15
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "Trần Lệ Xuân, South Vietnamese political figure and First Lady of South Vietnam (b. 1924)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
314328,
211103,
59756,
34675
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
0,
12
],
[
52,
62
],
[
66,
79
],
[
84,
88
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 25",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2733
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Joe Perry, American football player (b. 1927)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1780768,
34939
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
41,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Poly Styrene, British musician (b. 1957)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2223967,
34606
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
36,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 30 Ernesto Sabato, Argentine writer (b. 1911)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1011,
1699656,
34605
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
25
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 1 Henry Cooper, British heavyweight boxer (b. 1934)",
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"target_page_ids": [
19348,
412120,
34981
],
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[
1,
6
],
[
8,
20
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 2 Osama bin Laden, Saudi-born leader of Al-Qaeda (b. 1957)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19349,
22468,
1921,
34606
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
8,
23
],
[
46,
54
],
[
59,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 3 Jackie Cooper, American actor (b. 1922)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19350,
144768,
34866
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
8,
21
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 4 Sada Thompson, American actress (b. 1927)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19351,
4390048,
34939
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
8,
21
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 5",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19352
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Claude Choules, Anglo-Australian military serviceman (b. 1901)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
10049216,
34618
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Dana Wynter, German-born British actress (b. 1931)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3096312,
34608
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 7",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19582
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Seve Ballesteros, Spanish golfer (b. 1957)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
740993,
34606
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
38,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Willard Boyle, Canadian Nobel physicist (b. 1924)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3626302,
34675
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 8 Lionel Rose, Australian boxer (b. 1948)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19353,
410041,
34612
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
8,
19
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 9 Lidia Gueiler Tejada, 56th President of Bolivia (b. 1921)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19524,
1246450,
34724
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
8,
28
],
[
60,
64
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 15 Samuel Wanjiru, Kenyan athlete (b. 1986)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19674,
2672763,
34761
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
23
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 17 Harmon Killebrew, American baseball player (b. 1936)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19631,
310171,
34673
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
25
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 18 Guy Razanamasy, 2-Time Prime Minister of Madagascar (b. 1928)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19389,
26175558,
34674
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
23
],
[
65,
69
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 19 Garret FitzGerald, 8th Taoiseach of Ireland (b. 1926)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19632,
164986,
30814,
34609
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
26
],
[
32,
41
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 20 Randy Savage, American professional wrestler (b. 1952)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19677,
552897,
34575
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
21
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 21 Bill Hunter, Australian actor (b. 1940)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19684,
1199401,
34708
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
20
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 23",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19655
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nasser Hejazi, Iranian footballer (b. 1949)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1259138,
34604
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
39,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Xavier Tondo, Spanish professional racing cyclist (b. 1978)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
13290335,
34753
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 27",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19624
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Jeff Conaway, American actor (b. 1950)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
422651,
19283873
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
34,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gil Scott-Heron, American poet and musician (b. 1949)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
176479,
34604
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 29",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19355
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sergei Bagapsh, 2nd President of Abkhazia (b. 1949)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
722923,
5029316,
34604
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
21,
42
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ferenc Mádl, 2nd President of Hungary (b. 1931)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
365238,
34608
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bill Clements, American politician (b. 1917)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
577327,
34595
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 30 Rosalyn Sussman Yalow, American physicist (b. 1921)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19654,
727467,
34724
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
30
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 31 Pauline Betz, American tennis player (b. 1919)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19653,
2135999,
34665
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
21
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 3",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15854
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " James Arness, American actor (b. 1923)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
731726,
34863
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
34,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Andrew Gold, American singer-songwriter and musician (b. 1951)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
581650,
34602
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Jack Kevorkian, American euthanasia advocate (b. 1928)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
202835,
34674
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 4 – Lawrence Eagleburger, American diplomat (b. 1930)",
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10,
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"plaintext": " June 7 – Jorge Semprún, Spanish writer and politician (b. 1923)",
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23
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52
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]
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15865
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1,
7
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " M. F. Husain, Indian painter (b. 1915)",
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1,
13
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38
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},
{
"plaintext": " Josip Katalinski, Bosnian footballer (b. 1948)",
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},
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1,
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},
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1,
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11,
31
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},
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"plaintext": " June 12 – Laura Ziskin, American film producer (b. 1950)",
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11,
23
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56
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]
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{
"plaintext": " June 18",
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15815
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[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Frederick Chiluba, 2nd President of Zambia (b. 1943)",
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1,
18
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52
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},
{
"plaintext": " Clarence Clemons, American musician and actor (b. 1942)",
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1,
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55
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},
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20
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"plaintext": " June 23 – Peter Falk, American actor (b. 1927)",
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11,
21
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42,
46
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},
{
"plaintext": " June 24 – Tomislav Ivić, Croatian footballer and manager (b. 1933)",
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1,
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24
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{
"plaintext": " June 25 – Alice Playten, American actress (b. 1947)",
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11,
24
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47,
51
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},
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"plaintext": " July 2 Itamar Franco, 37th President of Brazil (b. 1930)",
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7
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22
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53,
57
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 4 Archduke Otto of Austria, (b. 1912)",
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33
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43
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},
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"plaintext": " July 5 Cy Twombly, American painter (b. 1928)",
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1,
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[
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19
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[
42,
46
]
]
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"plaintext": " July 8",
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15874
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[
1,
7
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Roberts Blossom, American actor and poet (b. 1924)",
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1,
16
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46,
50
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},
{
"plaintext": " Betty Ford, American feminist, activist, philanthropist and First Lady of the United States (b. 1918)",
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1,
11
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 9 Facundo Cabral, Argentine singer (b. 1937)",
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7
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23
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50
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 10 Roland Petit, French choreographer and dancer (b. 1924)",
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22
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64
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},
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"plaintext": " July 11 Tom Gehrels, American astronomer (b. 1925)",
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21
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51
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]
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{
"plaintext": " July 15",
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16088
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1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "Đặng Văn Quang, South Vietnamese military officer (b. 1929) ",
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0,
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],
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58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": "Friedrich Wilhelm Schnitzler, German landowner, politician, and businessman (b. 1928)",
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0,
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],
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},
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"plaintext": " July 17 Juan María Bordaberry, 36th President of Uruguay (b. 1928)",
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1,
8
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[
10,
31
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67
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 20 Lucian Freud, German-born British painter (b. 1922)",
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1,
8
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[
10,
22
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[
56,
60
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 22 – Linda Christian, Mexican actress (b. 1923)",
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1,
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[
11,
26
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[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 23",
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16181
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[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert Ettinger, American academic (b. 1918)",
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525114,
34594
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[
1,
16
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, 2nd Vice President of South Vietnam and 5th Prime Minister of South Vietnam (b. 1930)",
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1,
14
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20,
51
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[
60,
91
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[
96,
100
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Amy Winehouse, English singer (b. 1983)",
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[
1,
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[
35,
39
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},
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"plaintext": " July 24 – G. D. Spradlin, American actor (b. 1920)",
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1,
8
],
[
11,
25
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[
46,
50
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 25 Michael Cacoyannis, Cypriot filmmaker (b. 1922)",
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15804,
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8
],
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10,
28
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[
52,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 26 Joe Arroyo, Colombian salsa and tropical music singer (b. 1955)",
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15892,
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
20
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72
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 28 Abdul Fatah Younis, Libyan army commander (b. 1944)",
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1,
8
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[
10,
28
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56,
60
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 30 Mario Echandi Jiménez, 47th President of Costa Rica (b. 1915)",
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15911,
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34689
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1,
8
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[
10,
31
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[
66,
70
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 2 Baruj Benacerraf, Venezuelan-born American Nobel immunologist (b. 1920)",
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1,
9
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[
11,
27
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[
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81
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 3 Bubba Smith, American football player and actor (b. 1945)",
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1259,
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],
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1,
9
],
[
11,
22
],
[
63,
67
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 4 Naoki Matsuda, Japanese footballer (b. 1977)",
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"target_page_ids": [
2418,
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34549
],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
24
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 5",
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1990
],
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[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Francesco Quinn, Italian-American actor (b. 1963)",
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5082487,
34648
],
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[
1,
16
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Pak Seung-zin, North Korean footballer (b. 1941)",
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"target_page_ids": [
27754115,
34632
],
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[
1,
14
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Aziz Shavershian, Russian-Australian bodybuilder (b. 1989)",
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34847
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[
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54,
58
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 6 John Wood, English actor (b. 1930)",
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34911
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[
1,
9
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[
11,
20
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 7",
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1332
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[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Harri Holkeri, 36th Prime Minister of Finland (b. 1937)",
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211074,
34684
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[
1,
14
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nancy Wake, New Zealand-born French Resistance fighter (b. 1912)",
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34616
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[
1,
11
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[
60,
64
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},
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"plaintext": "August 11 – Jani Lane, American singer (Warrant) (b. 1964)",
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0,
9
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[
12,
21
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[
40,
47
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[
53,
57
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 14 Shammi Kapoor, Indian film actor and director (b. 1931)",
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1,
10
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[
12,
25
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62,
66
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]
},
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"plaintext": " August 16 Andrej Bajuk, 3rd Prime Minister of the Republic of Slovenia (b. 1943)",
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34630
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1,
10
],
[
12,
24
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77,
81
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 17 Pierre Quinon, French pole vaulter (b. 1962)",
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34717
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1,
10
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[
12,
25
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[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 19 Raúl Ruiz, Chilean film director (b. 1941)",
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34632
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1,
10
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[
12,
21
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[
49,
53
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]
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"plaintext": " August 22",
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1012
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[
1,
10
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abdul Aziz Abdul Ghani, Prime Minister of Northern Yemen (b. 1939)",
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34614
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[
1,
23
],
[
62,
66
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Vicco von Bülow, German actor, comedian, and film director (b. 1923)",
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198685,
34863
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[
1,
16
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[
64,
68
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},
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"plaintext": " August 31 Valery Rozhdestvensky, Soviet-Russian cosmonaut (b. 1939)",
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34614
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1,
10
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[
12,
33
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[
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68
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 8 Võ Chí Công, 5th President of Vietnam (b. 1912)",
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28488,
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34616
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
25
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[
56,
60
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 10 Cliff Robertson, American actor (b. 1923)",
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28020,
161898,
34863
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[
1,
13
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[
15,
30
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[
51,
55
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]
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{
"plaintext": " September 11",
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27935
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[
1,
13
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Andy Whitfield, Welsh actor and model (b. 1971)",
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34748
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[
1,
15
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[
43,
47
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Christian Bakkerud, Danish race car driver (b. 1984)",
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34578
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[
1,
19
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[
48,
52
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 12 Alexander Galimov, Russian hockey player (b. 1985)",
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28021,
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[
1,
13
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[
15,
32
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[
60,
64
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 13 Richard Hamilton, British painter and collage artist (b. 1922)",
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28030,
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34866
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1,
13
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[
15,
31
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[
72,
76
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 14 Rudolf Mössbauer, German Nobel physicist (b. 1929)",
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27947,
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34656
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[
1,
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[
15,
31
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[
60,
64
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},
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"plaintext": " September 15 Frances Bay, Canadian-American actress (b. 1919)",
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28145,
3434494,
34665
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
26
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 19 George Cadle Price, 1st Prime Minister of Belize (b. 1919)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28147,
286834,
34665
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
33
],
[
68,
72
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 20 Burhanuddin Rabbani, President of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996 (b. 1940)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28148,
4611,
34708
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
34
],
[
83,
87
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 21 Troy Davis, American murderer (b. 1968)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27532,
12408126,
34655
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
25
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 22",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27889
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Aristides Pereira, 1st President of Cape Verde (b. 1923)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
369648,
34863
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Vesta Williams, American singer-songwriter (b. 1957)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2411751,
34606
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 25",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28203
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wangari Maathai, Kenyan veterinary anatomist and Nobel Peace Prize laureate (b. 1940)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1049151,
34708
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
81,
85
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gusty Spence, loyalist paramilitary leader and founder of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3637202,
80710
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
63,
85
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 27 Imre Makovecz, Hungarian architect (b. 1935)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27934,
2630205,
34980
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
28
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 29",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28204
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (b. 1918)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2112244,
34594
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
32,
36
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sylvia Robinson, American singer, musician, and record producer (b. 1935)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
210463,
34980
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
69,
73
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 30",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27843
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Anwar al-Awlaki, American-born terrorist and Islamist militant (b. 1971)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
6339494,
34748
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
68,
72
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ralph M. Steinman, Canadian Nobel immunologist and cell biologist (b. 1943)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
13305393,
34630
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
71,
75
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 1 – Sven Tumba, Swedish hockey player (b. 1931)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22340,
6088073,
34608
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
23
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 4 – Doris Belack, American actress (b. 1926)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22454,
9555764,
34609
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
25
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 5",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22536
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Steve Jobs, American computer entrepreneur (b. 1955)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
7412236,
34851
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Charles Napier, American actor (b. 1936)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
641742,
34673
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
36,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 6 – Diane Cilento, Australian actress and author (b. 1933)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22542,
766906,
34864
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
26
],
[
62,
66
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 7 – Ramiz Alia, 1st President of Albania (b. 1925)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22446,
267911,
34867
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
23
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 8 – Mikey Welsh, American musician and artist (b. 1971)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22543,
203081,
34748
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
13,
24
],
[
59,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 10 – Jagjit Singh, Indian singer, composer and musician (b. 1941)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22367,
509818,
34632
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
14,
26
],
[
69,
73
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 11 – Frank Kameny, American gay rights activist (b. 1925)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22440,
2694875,
34867
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
14,
26
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 12 – Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist (b. 1941)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22530,
8218,
34632
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
14,
28
],
[
62,
66
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 16 – Dan Wheldon, English racing car driver (b. 1978)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22556,
757336,
34753
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
14,
25
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 18 – Norman Corwin, American radio writer, director and producer (b. 1910)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22545,
300692,
34690
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
14,
27
],
[
78,
82
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 20",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22442
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Muammar Gaddafi, Libyan dictator (b. 1942)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
53029,
34629
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
38,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "Mutassim Gaddafi, National Security Advisor of Libya (b. 1974)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
24583400,
34654
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
0,
16
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr, Libyan Minister of Defence (b. 1940)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
30987811,
34708
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
0,
19
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Iztok Puc, Slovenian handball player (b. 1966)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21137045,
34691
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 22 – Sultan, Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, (b. 1930)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22571,
403248,
34911
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
14,
50
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 23",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22572
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician and Nobel laureate in chemistry (b. 1917)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1262909,
34595
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
81,
85
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bronislovas Lubys, 5th Prime Minister of Lithuania (b. 1938)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
6837560,
19283852
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Marco Simoncelli, Italian motorcycle road racer (b. 1987)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
14084208,
34760
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 24 – John McCarthy, American computer scientist (b. 1927)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22345,
308362,
34939
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
14,
27
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 26 – Jona Senilagakali, Prime Minister of Fiji (b. 1929)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22403,
8279375,
34656
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
14,
31
],
[
60,
64
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 29 – Jimmy Savile, English DJ, television presenter, media personality, and charity fundraiser (b. 1926)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22435,
328242,
34609
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
14,
26
],
[
108,
112
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 31",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22437
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Flórián Albert, Hungarian footballer (b. 1941)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1323135,
34632
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ali Saibou, 3rd President of Niger (b. 1940)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1762563,
34708
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 4 ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21805
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Alfonso Cano, Colombian militant leader (b. 1948)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2368900,
34612
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Norman Foster Ramsey Jr., American Nobel physicist (b. 1915)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
503394,
34689
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
25
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 7 Joe Frazier, American boxer (b. 1944)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21667,
153828,
34622
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
24
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 8",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21759
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Heavy D, Jamaican-born American actor, rapper (b. 1967)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1511482,
34749
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Valentin Ivanov, Russian footballer (b. 1934)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1619448,
34981
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
41,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 9 Har Gobind Khorana, Indian-born American Nobel biochemist (b. 1922)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21446,
422558,
34866
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
31
],
[
75,
79
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 11 Francisco Blake Mora, Mexican politician (b. 1966)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21447,
33714190,
34691
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
34
],
[
59,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 19 John Neville, English actor (b. 1925)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21574,
2013782,
34867
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
26
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 21 Anne McCaffrey, American-born Irish writer (b. 1926)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21576,
61647,
34609
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
28
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 22",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21526
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Svetlana Alliluyeva, daughter of Joseph Stalin (b. 1926)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
194342,
15641,
34609
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
34,
47
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Hohenberg, Princess of Luxembourg (b. 1922)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4379245,
34866
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
41
],
[
70,
74
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lynn Margulis, American theorist, biologist, science author, and educator (b. 1938)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
45473,
19283852
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
79,
83
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Danielle Mitterrand, First Lady of France (b. 1924)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2325100,
34675
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Paul Motian, American jazz drummer (b. 1931)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1234558,
34608
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 25 Vasily Alekseyev, Soviet-Russian weightlifter (b. 1942)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21580,
172536,
34629
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
30
],
[
64,
68
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 27",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21448
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ken Russell, British film director (b. 1927)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
163016,
34939
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gary Speed, Welsh footballer and coach (b. 1969)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1311995,
34610
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 28",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21579
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Charles Thomas Kowal, American astronomer (b. 1940)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
582803,
34708
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ante Marković, 9th Prime Minister of SFR Yugoslavia (b. 1924)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3532110,
34675
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 29 Patrice O'Neal, American comedian and radio personality (b. 1969)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21578,
4676349,
34610
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
28
],
[
74,
78
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 1 – Christa Wolf, German writer (b. 1929)",
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"target_page_ids": [
8357,
338056,
34656
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
14,
26
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 3 – Dev Anand, Indian actor (b. 1923)",
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"target_page_ids": [
8355,
396152,
34863
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
14,
23
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 4 ",
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"target_page_ids": [
8354
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[
1,
11
]
]
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{
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40,
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{
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},
{
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},
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},
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{
"plaintext": " Kennan Adeang, 3-Time President of Nauru (b. 1942)",
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},
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"plaintext": " Pedro Armendáriz Jr., Mexican actor (b. 1940)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Physics Saul Perlmutter, Adam G. Riess, and Brian P. Schmidt",
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{
"plaintext": " Physiology or Medicine Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann, and Ralph M. Steinman",
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},
{
"plaintext": "blockchain",
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| [
"2011"
]
| 1,994 | 11,408 | 1,026 | 1,004 | 0 | 0 | 2011 | year | [
"MMXI",
"2011 CE",
"2011 AD",
"twenty eleven",
"two thousand and eleven"
]
|
36,226 | 1,107,237,421 | 1523 | [
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"plaintext": "Year 1523 (MDXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 11 Eleonore of Fürstenberg, wife of Philip IV, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (d. 1544)",
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{
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{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Gabriele Falloppio, Italian anatomist and physician (d. 1562)",
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},
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"plaintext": " Francisco Foreiro, Portuguese Dominican theologian and biblist (d. 1581)",
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"plaintext": " Gaspara Stampa, Italian poet (d. 1554) ",
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{
"plaintext": " probable Crispin van den Broeck, Flemish painter (d. 1591)",
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"plaintext": " possible Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII of England, (b. between 1518 and 1524; executed 1542)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 4 Thomas Ruthall, English chancellor of the University of Cambridge",
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{
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},
{
"plaintext": " Antonio Grimani, Italian admiral (b. 1434)",
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},
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"plaintext": " Franz von Sickingen, German knight (b. 1481)",
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},
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48,
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},
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"plaintext": " August 27 Domenico Grimani, Italian nobleman (b. 1461)",
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},
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"plaintext": " August 29 Ulrich von Hutten, Lutheran reformer (b. 1488)",
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},
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"plaintext": " October 5 Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania (1474–1523) (b. 1454)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 11 Bartolomeo Montagna, Italian painter (b. 1450)",
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54,
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},
{
"plaintext": " November 10 Lachlan Cattanach Maclean, 11th Chief, Scottish clan chief (b. 1465)",
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21760,
21837690,
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1,
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14,
51
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77,
81
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October William Cornysh, English composer (b. 1465)",
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517815,
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10,
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},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Cecilia Månsdotter, Swedish noble (b. c. 1476)",
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1,
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43,
47
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},
{
"plaintext": " Alessandro Alessandri, Italian jurist (b. 1461)",
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Pietro Perugino, Italian painter (b. 1446)",
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1,
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| [
"1523"
]
| 6,302 | 583 | 62 | 123 | 0 | 0 | 1523 | year | []
|
36,227 | 1,083,136,439 | 1528 | [
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{
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"plaintext": " Both Perak Sultanate and Johor Sultanate was established in both states towards Sultan of Malacca sons.",
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},
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"plaintext": " Domingo Báñez, Spanish theologian (d. 1604)",
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"plaintext": " Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1579)",
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{
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},
{
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"plaintext": " October 4? Francisco Guerrero, Spanish composer (d. 1599)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 10 Adam Lonicer, German botanist (d. 1586)",
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{
"plaintext": " November 2 Petrus Lotichius Secundus, German Neo-Latin poet (d. 1560)",
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},
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},
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12
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},
{
"plaintext": " November 14 Francisco Pérez de Valenzuela, Spanish noble (d. 1599)",
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21762,
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " November 16 Jeanne d'Albret, Queen of Navarre (d. 1572)",
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29
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52,
56
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]
},
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"plaintext": " November 29 Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, English politician (d. 1592)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
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"section_name": "Births",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Igram van Achelen, Dutch statesman (d. 1604)",
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35084
],
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[
1,
18
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40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Adam von Bodenstein, Swiss alchemist and physician (d. 1577)",
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1253936,
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[
1,
20
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56,
60
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Jean-Jacques Boissard, French antiquary and Latin poet (d. 1602)",
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297201,
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[
1,
22
],
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60,
64
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Andrey Kurbsky, Russian writer (d. 1583)",
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2473843,
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[
1,
15
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36,
40
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, English statesman (d. 1590)",
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[
1,
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66
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Phùng Khắc Khoan, Vietnamese military strategist, politician, diplomat and poet (d. 1613)",
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3967221,
35100
],
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[
1,
17
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85,
89
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sabina, Duchess of Bavaria (d. 1578)",
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12613449,
38599
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[
1,
27
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32,
36
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tanegashima Tokitaka, Japanese daimyō (d. 1579)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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],
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[
1,
21
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[
32,
38
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[
43,
47
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Thomas Whythorne, English musician and author (d. 1595)",
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6836656,
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[
1,
17
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},
{
"plaintext": " probable",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, English general (d. 1590)",
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661087,
38590
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[
1,
36
],
[
58,
62
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Paul de Foix, French diplomat (d. 1584)",
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2443859,
38594
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[
1,
13
],
[
35,
39
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg, stadtholder of the Dutch provinces of Friesland (d. 1568)",
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1016772,
34960
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
32
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[
86,
90
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Costanzo Porta, Italian composer (d. 1601)",
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35080
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[
1,
15
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38,
42
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 30 Maharana Sangram Singh, Rana of Mewar (b. 1484)",
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1,
11
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13,
35
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[
55,
59
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 29 Patrick Hamilton, Scottish religious reformer (martyred) (b. 1504)",
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10936,
334727,
38702
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
30
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[
75,
79
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 10 Balthasar Hübmaier, influential German/Moravian Anabaptist leader (b. 1480)",
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[
1,
9
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[
11,
29
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[
81,
85
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 1 Francisco de Peñalosa, Spanish composer (b. c. 1470)",
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1175,
1232199,
39500
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
31
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[
57,
61
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]
},
{
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2402,
35498
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[
1,
8
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10,
24
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[
71,
75
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July Palma il Vecchio, Italian painter (b. 1480)",
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24768209,
36298
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[
7,
23
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45,
49
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},
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"plaintext": " August 15 Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec, French military leader (b. 1485)",
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39493
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1,
10
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12,
44
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[
73,
77
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 20 Georg von Frundsberg, German knight and landowner (b. 1473)",
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1880884,
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1,
10
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12,
32
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[
66,
70
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 23 Louis, Count of Vaudémont, Italian bishop (b. 1500)",
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19530331,
35019
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1,
10
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12,
37
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[
58,
62
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 31 Matthias Grünewald, German artist (b. 1470)",
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306574,
39500
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[
1,
10
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[
12,
30
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[
50,
54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September Pánfilo de Narváez, Spanish conqueror and soldier in the Americas (b. 1480)",
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762556,
36298
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12,
30
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82,
86
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 5 Richard Foxe, English churchman (b. c. 1448)",
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22536,
314914,
39932
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[
1,
10
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12,
24
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[
51,
55
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 18 Michele Antonio, Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1495)",
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9017652,
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1,
11
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13,
49
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[
54,
58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 21 Johann of Schwarzenberg, German judge and poet (b. 1463)",
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21672562,
39505
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1,
11
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13,
36
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[
64,
68
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]
},
{
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4254245,
39510
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1,
12
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[
14,
30
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 7 Margaret of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg (b. 1469)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8144,
33252321,
34993
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
62
],
[
67,
71
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " Giovanni da Verrazzano, Italian explorer (b. 1485)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
76934,
39493
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Peter Vischer the Younger, German sculptor (b. 1487)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8052805,
36137
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
26
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Mahmud Shah of Malacca, Malaccan sultan",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2106321
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Daljunkern, Swedish rebel leader who may have been pretender Nils Sture (b. 1512)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
9329223,
9329223,
34887
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
62,
72
],
[
77,
81
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Barbro Stigsdotter, Swedish noblewoman and heroine (b. 1472)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
44866752,
39499
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Guru Ravidas, (b. 1377)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
13644060,
39540
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
19,
23
]
]
}
]
| [
"1528"
]
| 6,415 | 308 | 106 | 150 | 0 | 0 | 1528 | year | []
|
36,228 | 1,094,476,247 | 1580s | [
{
"plaintext": "The 1580s decade ran from January 1, 1580, to December 31, 1589.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
}
]
| [
"1580s"
]
| 48,563 | 390 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1580s | decade | []
|
36,229 | 1,094,470,252 | 1590s | [
{
"plaintext": "The 1590s decade ran from January 1, 1590, to December 31, 1599.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
}
]
| [
"1590s"
]
| 48,595 | 496 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1590s | decade | []
|
36,230 | 1,086,656,168 | 706 | [
{
"plaintext": "__NOTOC__",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 706 (DCCVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 706 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
168855,
15651,
1400,
442948
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
10,
15
],
[
23,
53
],
[
99,
114
],
[
207,
218
],
[
219,
231
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Walid II, Muslim caliph (d. 744)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
437399,
35406
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
32,
35
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Eoppa, king of Wessex (d. 781)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
502086,
33658,
35458
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
16,
22
],
[
27,
30
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Nakamaro, Japanese statesman (d. 764)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1969695,
35424
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
46,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Han Gan, Chinese painter (d. 783)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
6067140,
35460
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
30,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Theudoald, nephew of the Frankish ruler Charles Martel (d. 741)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
3562703,
35135
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
60,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 15 Leontios, Byzantine emperor",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11020,
252495
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
22
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 15 Tiberios III, Byzantine emperor",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
252506
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
14,
26
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gisulf I, duke of Benevento ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
5414308,
1273903
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
19,
28
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Kallinikos I, patriarch of Constantinople (or 705)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
9332307,
61503,
36231
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
42
],
[
47,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Shenxiu, Chinese Zen Buddhist patriarch",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
10029458,
30153241
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
18,
30
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Zhang Jianzhi, official of the Tang Dynasty (b. 625)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2854682,
43455,
35391
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
32,
44
],
[
49,
52
]
]
}
]
| [
"706"
]
| 23,506 | 124 | 8 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 706 | year | []
|
36,231 | 1,105,353,500 | 705 | [
{
"plaintext": "__NOTOC__",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 705 (DCCV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 705 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
321344,
15651,
1400,
442948
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
10,
14
],
[
22,
54
],
[
100,
115
],
[
208,
219
],
[
220,
232
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Amoghavajra, Chinese translator (d. 774)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
293954,
35137
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
37,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sturm, abbot of Fulda (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
30872193,
1143,
23923021
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
8,
13
],
[
17,
22
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Thingfrith, Earl of Mercia (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
47037,
7828713
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
27
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tiberius, son of Justinian II (d. 711)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
35552848,
73874,
36246
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
18,
30
],
[
35,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 11 Pope John VI",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15847,
363872
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
25
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 8 Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Muslim caliph (b. 646)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22543,
101883,
36310
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
35
],
[
55,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 16 Wu Zetian, Empress of the Zhou Dynasty (b. 624)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8219,
166437,
66142,
35390
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
23
],
[
40,
52
],
[
57,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Aldfrith, king of Northumbria (or 704)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
556209,
36717,
36254
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
19,
30
],
[
35,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bosa, bishop of York (approximate date) ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3320880,
5771838
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
5
],
[
7,
21
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Cellach mac Rogallaig, king of Connacht (Ireland)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15601645,
74200,
147575
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
32,
40
],
[
42,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hædde, bishop of Winchester (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
12311618,
6945592
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
8,
28
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Heraclius, Byzantine general (monostrategos)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
29648203,
25597667
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
31,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Kallinikos I, patriarch of Constantinople (or 706)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
9332307,
61503,
36230
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
42
],
[
47,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lambert of Maastricht, bishop (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
944823
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Varaz Trdat I, king of Caucasian Albania",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
38086500,
213497
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
24,
41
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Azza al-Mayla, Arabian qiyan-courtesan singer (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
67017181,
57691805
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
24,
29
]
]
}
]
| [
"705"
]
| 23,504 | 206 | 16 | 44 | 0 | 0 | 705 | year | []
|
36,232 | 1,086,656,040 | 691 | [
{
"plaintext": "__NOTOC__",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 691 (DCXCI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 691 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
168851,
15651,
1400,
442948
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
10,
15
],
[
23,
53
],
[
99,
114
],
[
207,
218
],
[
219,
231
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, Muslim caliph (d. 743)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
437395,
804036,
35405
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
24
],
[
33,
39
],
[
44,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Marwan II, Muslim caliph (d. 750)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
437418,
35414
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
30,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 24 Fu Youyi, official of the Tang Dynasty",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1629,
2808809
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
20
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 7 Cen Changqian, official of the Tang Dynasty",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21667,
2823221,
43455
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
26
],
[
44,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 7 Ge Fuyuan, official of the Tang Dynasty",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21667,
2808750
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
22
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fithceallach mac Flainn, king of Uí Maine (Ireland)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
24172956,
1559448,
147575
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
24
],
[
34,
42
],
[
44,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Theuderic III, king of the Franks (b. 654)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
737754,
2462183,
36325
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
28,
34
],
[
39,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sun Guoting, Chinese calligrapher (b. 646)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
6405671,
1119765,
36310
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
22,
34
],
[
39,
42
]
]
}
]
| [
"691"
]
| 23,474 | 200 | 6 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 691 | year | []
|
36,233 | 1,105,192,249 | 680 | [
{
"plaintext": "__NOTOC__",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 680 (DCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 680 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
311406,
15651,
1400,
442948
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
10,
16
],
[
24,
52
],
[
98,
113
],
[
206,
217
],
[
218,
230
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ali Asghar ibn Husayn, Son of 3rd shia Imam. Killed in Karbala (d. 680)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2233314,
26961,
210957,
36233
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
35,
39
],
[
56,
63
],
[
68,
71
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Muchimaro, Japanese politician (d. 737)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
13380477,
36080
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
48,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Genshō, empress of Japan (d. 748)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
10430,
15573,
35411
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
20,
25
],
[
30,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Oda of Scotland, Christian saint (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2265525,
28436
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
28,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wu Daozi, Chinese painter (d. 760)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
630554,
18622193,
35420
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
19,
26
],
[
31,
34
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 1 Javanshir, king of Caucasian Albania (b. 616)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15787,
5600712,
213497,
36318
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
21
],
[
31,
48
],
[
53,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 30 Balthild, queen of the Franks",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15813,
250619,
2462183
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
21
],
[
36,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 9 Ghislain, Frankish anchorite and saint ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22549,
3548722,
273424
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
20
],
[
31,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 10",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22367
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abbas ibn Ali, son of Imam Ali",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2051570,
405374
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
23,
31
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn, son of Al-Husayn",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2233280,
402587
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
24
],
[
33,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn, son of Al-Husayn",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2233314,
402587
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
25
],
[
34,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Habib ibn Madhahir ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
12376810
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Husayn ibn Ali, third Shia Imam and grandson of Muhammad (b. 626)K",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
402587,
15240,
18934,
35392
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
28,
32
],
[
49,
57
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[
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{
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| [
"680"
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| 23,453 | 1,285 | 17 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 680 | year | []
|
36,234 | 1,086,655,947 | 683 | [
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"plaintext": " Monmu, emperor of Japan (d. 707)",
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"plaintext": " June 28 Leo II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 611) ",
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},
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{
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1,
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29,
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46,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Dúnchad Muirisci, king of Connacht (Ireland)",
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[
37,
44
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Pacal the Great, ruler (ajaw) of Palenque (b. 603) ",
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[
1,
16
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[
25,
29
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[
34,
42
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[
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50
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},
{
"plaintext": " Sighere, king of Essex",
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"plaintext": " Uqba ibn Nafi, Arab general (b. 622)",
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1,
14
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[
33,
36
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Waningus, Frankish abbot (approximate date) ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15023398,
1143
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[
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25
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{
"plaintext": " Xue Rengui, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 614)",
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{
"plaintext": " Xue Yuanchao, official of the Tang Dynasty (b. 622)",
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},
{
"plaintext": "680'erne",
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"section_name": "References",
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| [
"683"
]
| 33,496 | 588 | 19 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 683 | year | []
|
36,235 | 1,105,200,519 | 684 | [
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"plaintext": "Year 684 (DCLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 684 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
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"plaintext": " Gao Lishi, official and eunuch of the Tang Dynasty (d. 762)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Li Guo'er, princess of the Tang Dynasty (approximate date)",
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},
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"plaintext": " Nagaya, Japanese prince and politician (d. 729)",
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1969796,
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"plaintext": " Tachibana no Moroe, Japanese prince and minister (d. 757)",
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35113
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},
{
"plaintext": " Adarnase II, king of Iberia (approximate date)",
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28
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},
{
"plaintext": " Aldegonde, Frankish Benedictine abbess ",
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4240,
1301
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[
1,
10
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[
21,
32
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[
33,
39
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Constantine of Mananali, founder of the Paulicians",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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2716978,
2716174
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[
1,
24
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ghislemar, mayor of the palace in Neustria and Burgundy",
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1,
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43
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[
48,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Li Xian, prince of the Tang Dynasty (b. 653)",
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9766601,
36324
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[
1,
8
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41,
44
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},
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"plaintext": " Luo Binwang, Chinese poet and official ",
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393380,
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[
1,
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22,
26
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},
{
"plaintext": " Muawiya II, Muslim caliph (b. 661)",
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1,
11
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20,
26
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[
31,
34
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Pei Yan, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty",
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1,
8
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10,
40
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{
"plaintext": " Philibert of Jumièges, Frankish abbot",
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5498200,
1143
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1,
22
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33,
38
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"plaintext": " Severus II bar Masqeh, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.",
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| [
"684"
]
| 31,128 | 603 | 11 | 36 | 0 | 0 | 684 | year | []
|
36,236 | 1,104,811,713 | 685 | [
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"plaintext": "Year 685 (DCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 685 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
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35422
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16972981,
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"plaintext": " Li Xianhui, princess of the Tang Dynasty (d. 701)",
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43455,
36078
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1,
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"plaintext": " Miao Jinqing, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 765)",
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35425
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1,
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15,
45
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50,
53
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]
},
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"plaintext": " Pelagius, king of Asturias (approximate date)",
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51626,
52222
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1,
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19,
27
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},
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"plaintext": " Theodbert, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)",
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4704943,
1463463
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1,
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"plaintext": " May 8 Benedict II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 635)",
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24009,
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35384
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1,
6
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19
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33,
48
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[
53,
56
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"plaintext": " May 20 Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria",
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19677,
145309,
36717
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1,
7
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9,
17
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27,
38
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]
},
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"plaintext": " Æthelwealh, king of Sussex",
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2687092,
49702
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[
1,
11
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21,
27
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]
},
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"plaintext": " Anania Shirakatsi, Armenian astronomer (b. 610)",
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580,
36187
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"plaintext": " Beornhæth, Anglo-Saxon nobleman",
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1,
10
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},
{
"plaintext": " Centwine, king of Wessex (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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1335562,
33658
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[
1,
9
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19,
25
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1,
15
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39,
42
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65209,
180882
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1,
10
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24
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"plaintext": " Liu Rengui, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 602)",
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35401
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"plaintext": "680'erne",
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| [
"685"
]
| 33,480 | 323 | 13 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 685 | year | []
|
36,237 | 1,086,656,226 | 715 | [
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"plaintext": "Year 715 (DCCXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 715 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
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[
100,
115
],
[
208,
219
],
[
220,
232
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Matate, Japanese nobleman (d. 766)",
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35426
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1,
19
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30,
38
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[
43,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Stephen II, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 757)",
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23813,
606848,
35113
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1,
11
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[
25,
40
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[
45,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Stephen the Younger, Byzantine theologian (or 713)",
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27944959,
30503,
36249
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[
1,
20
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[
32,
42
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[
47,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 23 Al-Walid I, Muslim caliph (b. 668)",
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"target_page_ids": [
11008,
437338,
804036,
36338
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1,
12
],
[
14,
24
],
[
33,
39
],
[
44,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 9 Constantine I, Pope of Rome (b. 664)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1787,
74261,
23056,
36334
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
23
],
[
25,
37
],
[
42,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 9 Naga, Japanese prince",
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15883,
30153897
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[
1,
7
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[
9,
13
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Dagobert III, king of the Franks (b. 699)",
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"target_page_ids": [
1439773,
303481,
36390
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[
1,
13
],
[
27,
33
],
[
38,
41
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Milburga, Anglo-Saxon abbess (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4262671,
1301
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
23,
29
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Muhammad ibn Qasim, Arab general (b. 695)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
433738,
36388
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
38,
41
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi, Arab governor",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
51368391
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
30
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Qutayba ibn Muslim, Arab general (b. 669)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11840491,
36339
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
38,
41
]
]
}
]
| [
"715"
]
| 23,528 | 202 | 12 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 715 | year | []
|
36,238 | 1,086,656,241 | 717 | [
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},
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"plaintext": "Year 717 (DCCXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 717 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
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[
101,
116
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[
209,
220
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[
221,
233
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},
{
"plaintext": " Childeric III, king of the Franks (d. 754) ",
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106345,
303481,
35121
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1,
14
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[
28,
34
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[
39,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Elipando, Spanish archbishop and theologian ",
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779230,
48557
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[
1,
9
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[
19,
29
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},
{
"plaintext": " Gummarus, Frankish noblemen (d. 774)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
6787731,
35137
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[
1,
9
],
[
33,
36
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Princess Inoe of Japan (d. 775)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
33813021,
35452
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
28,
31
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Rabia Basri, Muslim Sufi mystic and saint (d. 801)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
4651980,
28246,
28436,
35340
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[
1,
12
],
[
21,
25
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[
37,
42
],
[
47,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 30 Egwin of Evesham, bishop of Worcester",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8677,
25641551,
1428235
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
30
],
[
42,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Basil Onomagoulos, Byzantine usurper",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27225953,
4276586
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
30,
37
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Eadwulf I, king of Northumbria",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4250098,
36717
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
20,
31
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Isonokami no Maro, Japanese statesman (b. 640)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
37415345,
36304
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
43,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Paolo Lucio Anafesto, doge of Venice ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
300203,
5208920,
613492
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
23,
27
],
[
31,
37
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Plectrude, consort of Pepin of Herstal",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3572834,
62546
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
23,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, Muslim caliph (b. 674)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
437350,
804036,
36378
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
26
],
[
35,
41
],
[
46,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Theobald, duke of Bavaria (or 719)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4869659,
1463463,
36251
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
19,
26
],
[
31,
34
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Winnoc, Welsh abbot (or 716)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8168255,
1143,
36250
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
15,
20
],
[
25,
28
]
]
}
]
| [
"717"
]
| 23,532 | 388 | 12 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 717 | year | []
|
36,239 | 1,086,656,265 | 720 | [
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"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 720 (DCCXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 720 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
314227,
15651,
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23,
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[
97,
112
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[
205,
216
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[
217,
229
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Baizhang Huaihai, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 814)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1687604,
30153241,
35056
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
27,
30
],
[
49,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bernard, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
3720779,
28978421
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
19,
27
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bertrada of Laon, wife of Pippin the Short (d. 783)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
455190,
2192581,
35460
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
27,
43
],
[
48,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Modestus, Irish missionary (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
18269309,
53831
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
17,
27
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Thierry IV, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
24732862
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ardo, king of the Visigoths (or 721)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2558511,
32530,
36399
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
5
],
[
19,
28
],
[
33,
36
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Aubert of Avranches, Frankish bishop",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1014575
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Fuhito, Japanese statesman (b. 659)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1464860,
35786
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
44,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Muhammad ibn Marwan, Muslim general (or 719)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
29345111,
36251
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
41,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Odile of Alsace, Frankish abbess (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
488729,
1301
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
27,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tariq ibn Ziyad, Muslim general (b. 670)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
205370,
36340
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
37,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Umar II, Muslim caliph (b. 682)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
437373,
36332
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
28,
31
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Xue Ne, general of the Tang Dynasty (b. 649)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16705609,
43455,
35690
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
24,
36
],
[
41,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, Muslim governor (b. 672)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2375193,
36353
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
44,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yeh Fa-shan, Daoist wonder-worker (b. 631)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1911294,
30365,
35317
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
20
],
[
39,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Jamila, Arabian qiyan-courtesan singer",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
67017760,
57691805
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
17,
22
]
]
}
]
| [
"720"
]
| 23,539 | 514 | 12 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 720 | year | []
|
36,240 | 1,086,655,983 | 686 | [
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"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 686 (DCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 686 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
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[
102,
117
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[
210,
221
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[
222,
234
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 2 John V, pope of Rome (b. 635)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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243550,
25458,
35384
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1,
9
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[
11,
17
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[
27,
31
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[
36,
39
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 1 Tenmu, emperor of Japan",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22340,
10426,
15573
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
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[
12,
17
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[
30,
35
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 25 Ōtsu, Japanese prince (b. 663)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22333,
2344507,
36333
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
17
],
[
39,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Andhun, king of Sussex ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2687167,
49702
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
17,
23
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Arwald, king of the Isle of Wight ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
13912136,
15102
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
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[
21,
34
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Audoin, bishop of Rouen (b. 609)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2417682,
3764650,
35399
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
19,
24
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[
29,
32
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Berthun, king of Sussex",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2687111
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Eadric, king of Kent (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
481472,
180882
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
17,
21
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Eanflæd, queen of Northumbria (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
180856,
36717
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
19,
30
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Eata of Hexham, bishop of Lindisfarne",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2235353,
18454
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
27,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Husayn ibn Numayr, Muslim general",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
38216638
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Landelin, Frankish abbot and saint ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
9088776,
1143
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
20,
25
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Waratton, mayor of the palace of Neustria",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3544676,
78805
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
34,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wonhyo, Korean Buddhist monk (b. 617) ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
293350,
3267529,
36319
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
16,
24
],
[
34,
37
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yamanobe, Japanese princess",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15798495
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "680'erne",
"section_idx": 4,
"section_name": "References",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
}
]
| [
"686"
]
| 30,619 | 293 | 11 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 686 | year | []
|
36,241 | 1,104,288,320 | 687 | [
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"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
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"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 687 (DCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 687 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
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25657,
311439,
15651,
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442948
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[
10,
19
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[
27,
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[
104,
119
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[
212,
223
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[
224,
236
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},
{
"plaintext": " Eucherius, Frankish bishop (d. 743)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
4377876,
4092,
35405
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
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[
21,
27
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[
32,
35
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wei Jiansu, chancellor of the Tang dynasty (d. 763) ",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2487904,
10556774,
35423
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
43
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[
48,
51
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},
{
"plaintext": " Wittiza, king of the Visigoths (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2557042,
32530
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
22,
31
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yazid II, Muslim caliph (d. 724)",
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[
1,
9
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[
18,
24
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[
29,
32
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 20 Cuthbert, Anglo-Saxon bishop",
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"target_page_ids": [
14563107,
45293
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[
1,
9
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[
11,
19
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 21 Pope Conon I",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27532,
436888
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[
1,
13
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[
15,
27
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abd Allah ibn Abbas, cousin of Muhammad",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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1451639,
18934
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[
1,
20
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[
32,
40
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},
{
"plaintext": " Erwig, king of the Visigoths",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2544900
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Mul, king of Kent (England)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
481509,
180882,
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
4
],
[
14,
18
],
[
20,
27
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Romuald I",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3363866
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wamba, king of the Visigoths",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2544889
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "680'erne",
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"section_name": "References",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
}
]
| [
"687"
]
| 30,303 | 313 | 7 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 687 | year | []
|
36,242 | 1,086,656,023 | 689 | [
{
"plaintext": "__NOTOC__",
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"section_name": "Introduction",
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},
{
"plaintext": "Year 689 (DCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 689 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
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[
102,
117
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[
210,
221
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[
222,
234
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},
{
"plaintext": " Othmar, Swiss abbot (approximate date) ",
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11283755,
1143
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[
1,
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15,
20
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},
{
"plaintext": " Rōben, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 773)",
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11916084,
297220,
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1,
6
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17,
25
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[
35,
38
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},
{
"plaintext": " April 20 Cædwalla, king of Wessex",
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522634,
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[
1,
9
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11,
19
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[
29,
35
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 8 Kilian, Irish bishop (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15874,
2385138,
4092
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
15
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[
23,
29
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 10 Kusakabe, Japanese prince (b. 662)",
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19629,
1491266,
35662
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
17
],
[
39,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 10 Guo Zhengyi, official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty",
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"target_page_ids": [
28020,
13688684,
5760,
43455
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
26
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[
44,
51
],
[
52,
64
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Alahis, king (usurper) of the Lombards",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3289429,
4276586,
18011
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
15,
22
],
[
31,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Colman, Irish missionary (approximate date) ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
12706009,
53831
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
15,
25
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Grimoald II, duke of Benevento (Italy)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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5412372,
1273903,
14532
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[
1,
12
],
[
22,
31
],
[
33,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " John III, Coptic Orthodox pope of Alexandria",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1805581,
2211235
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Liu Jingxian, official of the Tang Dynasty",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
13475981,
43455
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
31,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Totnan, Irish Franconian apostle",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
7535799,
11401
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
15,
24
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "680'erne",
"section_idx": 4,
"section_name": "References",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
}
]
| [
"689"
]
| 30,526 | 337 | 7 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 689 | year | []
|
36,244 | 1,086,663,362 | 992 | [
{
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25657,
321374,
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[
10,
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98,
113
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 1 Hyeonjong, king of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 1031)",
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2252039,
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1,
9
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[
11,
20
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[
30,
36
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[
38,
43
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[
49,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Michimasa, Japanese nobleman (d. 1054)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
41633169,
28978421,
36660
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[
1,
22
],
[
33,
41
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[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Yorimichi, Japanese nobleman (d. 1071)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1328482,
35164
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Guido Monaco, Italian monk and music theorist (or 991)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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69402,
54783,
35179
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
32,
46
],
[
51,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Otto Orseolo, doge of Venice (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
10057858,
613492
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
23,
29
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ulric Manfred II, count of Turin (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
8525932,
8551492
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
28,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 1 Jawhar al-Siqilli, Fatimid general",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
10846,
2121048
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
30
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 29 Oswald, archbishop of Worcester",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
10936,
2970005,
1428235
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
20
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[
36,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 25 Mieszko I, prince (duke) of Poland",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19354,
20597,
58255,
45367947
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
18
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[
28,
32
],
[
37,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 15 Michael I, Kievan metropolitan bishop",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15936,
15141250,
336048
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
19
],
[
28,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 27 Conan I, duke of Brittany ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15801,
2457287,
286865
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
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[
10,
17
],
[
27,
35
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 1 Heonjeong, queen of Goryeo (Korea) (b. 961)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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15844,
37391592,
36259
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[
1,
7
],
[
9,
18
],
[
48,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 23 Volkold, bishop of Meissen",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1628,
52813814,
6819207
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
19
],
[
31,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 3 Lothar II, German nobleman ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8355,
50321698,
28978421
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
22
],
[
31,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Æthelwine, ealdorman of East Anglia",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
13969991,
46379
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
25,
36
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri, Persian philosopher",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
13728826
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Adso of Montier-en-Der, Frankish abbot (b. 920)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3721218,
1143,
50988
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
],
[
34,
39
],
[
44,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Nakafumi, Japanese waka poet (b. 923)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
9253928,
34999845,
36421
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
32,
36
],
[
46,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Tamemitsu, Japanese statesman (b. 942)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
14984934,
52463
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
47,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Herbert of Wetterau, German nobleman",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
42695619
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Liu Jiyuan, emperor of Northern Han",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
36877853,
346830
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
24,
36
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Maelpeadair Ua Tolaid, Irish abbot",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
24500170
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Marino Cassianico, bishop of Venice",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
40930909,
1735706
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
30,
36
]
]
}
]
| [
"992"
]
| 23,724 | 209 | 19 | 61 | 0 | 0 | 992 | year | []
|
36,245 | 1,106,904,902 | 972 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 972 (CMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
314227,
15651
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"anchor_spans": [
[
10,
17
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[
25,
53
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[
99,
114
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 16 Sheng Zong, emperor of the Liao Dynasty (d. 1031)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
16022,
1718019,
23508247,
40031
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
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[
13,
23
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[
40,
52
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[
57,
61
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 27 Robert II (the Pious), king of France (d. 1031)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
20585,
79182,
376974
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
20
],
[
42,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "Abdussamed Babek, Kurdish ulama, author and poet (d. 1019/1020)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
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165511,
914,
25353172,
36084,
38733
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0,
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[
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34,
40
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[
45,
49
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[
54,
58
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[
59,
63
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Mawardi, Abbasid jurist and diplomat (d. 1058)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1215144,
1519201,
36210
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[
1,
11
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[
21,
27
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[
45,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ermesinde, countess and regent of Barcelona (d. 1058)",
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35348624,
3409591
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[
1,
10
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25,
31
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35,
44
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},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Seishi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1025)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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33812073,
36693
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
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50,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Yukinari, Japanese calligrapher (d. 1027)",
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53682,
38727
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[
1,
21
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32,
44
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49,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gregory V, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 999)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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606848,
35913
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1,
10
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39
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44,
47
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},
{
"plaintext": " Ramon Borrell, count of Barcelona (d. 1017)",
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36287
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39,
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"plaintext": " September 6 John XIII, pope of the Catholic Church",
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27948,
98568
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
23
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]
},
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"plaintext": " December 18 (or 973) Eberhard IV, Frankish nobleman (or 973)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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50309,
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28978421,
50309
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[
1,
12
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[
17,
20
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[
23,
34
],
[
45,
53
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[
58,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ælfwold I (or Ælfweald), bishop of Crediton",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
13039511,
3520255
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
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[
36,
44
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Arnulf II, count of Boulogne (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20011905,
681741
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
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[
21,
29
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Boleslaus I (the Cruel), duke of Bohemia (or 967)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
80597,
424966,
35898
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
34,
41
],
[
46,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Feng Yanlu, Chinese official (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Koretada, Japanese statesman (b. 924)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2675157,
49378
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
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[
46,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Khottiga Amoghavarsha, ruler of the Rashtrakuta Empire",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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3099417
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
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37,
55
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},
{
"plaintext": " Kūya, Japanese priest of Pure Land Buddhism (b. 903)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
26687648,
14179211,
50033
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
5
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[
26,
44
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[
49,
52
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{
"plaintext": " Liutprand, Lombard bishop and historian",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
155513,
4092
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
20,
26
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sviatoslav I (Igorevich), Grand Prince of Kiev",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
40606,
158407
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
27,
47
]
]
}
]
| [
"972"
]
| 23,575 | 191 | 18 | 58 | 0 | 0 | 972 | year | []
|
36,246 | 1,105,565,710 | AD_711 | [
{
"plaintext": "__NOTOC__",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 711 (DCCXI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 711 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
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23,
55
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[
101,
116
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[
209,
220
],
[
221,
233
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Malik ibn Anas, Arab scholar (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
272081,
165511
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
22,
29
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Su Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 762)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1932594,
43455,
35422
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
25,
37
],
[
42,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 23 Childebert III, king of the Franks ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1827,
1688540,
2462183
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
25
],
[
39,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Aripert II, king of the Lombards (or 712)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3276181,
18011,
36248
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
25,
33
],
[
38,
41
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Justinian II, Byzantine emperor (b. 669)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
73874,
36339
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
37,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " K'inich K'an Joy Chitam II, ruler of Palenque",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
5174117,
75773
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
27
],
[
38,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Roderic, king of the Visigoths (or 712)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
839850,
32530,
36248
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
22,
31
],
[
36,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Seachnasach, king of Uí Maine (Ireland)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
24173028,
1559448,
147575
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
22,
30
],
[
32,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tiberius, son of Justinian II (b. 705)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
35552848,
36231
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
35,
38
]
]
}
]
| [
"711"
]
| 23,519 | 439 | 16 | 28 | 0 | 0 | 711 | year | []
|
36,247 | 1,096,363,217 | AD_727 | [
{
"plaintext": "__NOTOC__",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 727 (DCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 727 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
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10,
18
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[
26,
59
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[
105,
120
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[
213,
224
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[
225,
237
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 9 Dai Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 779)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
16075,
2067052,
43455,
35456
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
20
],
[
37,
49
],
[
54,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Tsuginawa, Japanese statesman (d. 796)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
32568412,
35471
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
47,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Liu Peng, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 785)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
19800725,
35462
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
43,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sakanoue no Karitamaro, Japanese general (d. 786)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
5869936,
35463
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
],
[
46,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yang Yan, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 781)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2543039,
10556774,
35458
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
21
],
[
46,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 18 Agallianos Kontoskeles, Byzantine commander and rebel leader",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1826,
44879277
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 30 Hubertus, bishop of Liège",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19654,
465891,
1835742
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
17
],
[
19,
34
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 19 Frithuswith or Frideswide, Anglo-Saxon princess and abbess",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22568,
441321,
1301
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
24
],
[
65,
71
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Murchad mac Brain Mut, king of Leinster (Ireland)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16252053,
74203,
147575
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
32,
40
],
[
42,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Paul, exarch of Ravenna",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8237218,
581371
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
5
],
[
17,
24
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yi Xing, Chinese astronomer and mechanical engineer (b. 683)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
981465,
580,
19528,
36234
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
18,
28
],
[
33,
52
],
[
57,
60
]
]
}
]
| [
"727"
]
| 23,557 | 163 | 15 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 727 | year | []
|
36,248 | 1,086,656,199 | 712 | [
{
"plaintext": "__NOTOC__",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 712 (DCCXII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 712 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
321374,
15651,
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"anchor_spans": [
[
10,
16
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[
24,
52
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[
98,
113
],
[
206,
217
],
[
218,
230
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abdallah ibn Ali, Muslim general (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
40903260
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Du Fu, Chinese poet (d. 770)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
331219,
256577,
35450
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
16,
20
],
[
25,
28
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Rupert of Bingen, patron saint (d. 732)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
9021933,
68055,
35696
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
19,
31
],
[
36,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ali ibn Husayn, fourth Shia Imam",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1108337,
429985
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
24,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Anas ibn Malik, well known sahaba. (b. 611 or 612)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2135954,
455476,
36313,
36314
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
28,
34
],
[
40,
43
],
[
47,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ansprand, king of the Lombards",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3276032,
18011
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
23,
31
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Aripert II, king of the Lombards (or 711)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3276181,
36246
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
38,
41
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bran ua Máele Dúin, king of the Uí Ceinnselaig (Ireland)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
18338424,
6612008,
147575
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
33,
47
],
[
49,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Cú Cherca mac Fáeláin, king of Osraige (Ireland)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
18302615,
2158218
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
32,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fazang, Chinese Buddhist patriarch (b. 643)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
6864962,
3267529,
36307
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
17,
25
],
[
40,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Idwal Iwrch, king of Gwynedd (Wales)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1163973,
438748,
69894
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
22,
29
],
[
31,
36
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Khri ma lod, empress of the Tibetan Empire ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
37159340,
20355654
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
29,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Vindicianus, bishop of Cambrai (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
7649238,
3062015
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
24,
31
]
]
}
]
| [
"712"
]
| 23,521 | 525 | 12 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 712 | year | []
|
36,249 | 1,086,656,210 | 713 | [
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"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 713 (DCCXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 713 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
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168851,
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"anchor_spans": [
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10,
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[
25,
55
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[
101,
116
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[
209,
220
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[
221,
233
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Carloman, mayor of the palace (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
77512
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Stephen the Younger, Byzantine theologian (or 715)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
27944959,
30503,
36237
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
32,
42
],
[
47,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Zhang Xuan, Chinese painter (d. 755)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1929394,
277584,
35125
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
21,
28
],
[
33,
36
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ali ibn Husayn, fourth Shia Imam and great-grandson of Prophet Muhammad",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1108337,
429985,
18934
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
24,
33
],
[
56,
72
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ealdwulf, king of East Anglia ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3862339,
46379
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
19,
30
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Huineng, Chinese Zen Buddhist patriarch (b. 638)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
293847,
30153241,
35387
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
18,
30
],
[
45,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Li Jiao, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 644)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
669010,
10556774,
36308
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
40
],
[
45,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Philippicus, Byzantine emperor",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
73931
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Taiping, princess of the Tang Dynasty",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1937856
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Suitbert, Anglo-Saxon missionary bishop",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
5169013,
4092
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
34,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ursmar, Frankish abbot and missionary bishop",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
17974492,
1143
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
18,
23
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yijing, Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler (b. 635)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
43215830,
462109,
35384
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
17,
30
],
[
48,
51
]
]
}
]
| [
"713"
]
| 23,523 | 192 | 8 | 32 | 0 | 0 | 713 | year | []
|
36,250 | 1,105,565,794 | 716 | [
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"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 716 (DCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 716 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
321387,
15651,
1400,
442948
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24,
55
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[
101,
116
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[
209,
220
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[
221,
233
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Carloman, Frankish mayor of the palace (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
77512,
148585
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
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[
20,
39
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Kiyonari, Japanese nobleman (d. 777)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
42343163,
28978421,
35454
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
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[
32,
40
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[
45,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu, Japanese statesman (d. 777)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
42010089
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hiltrud, duchess regent of Bavaria (approximate date; d. 754)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
8860996,
3764,
35121
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
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[
28,
35
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[
58,
61
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sufyan al-Thawri, Muslim scholar and jurist (d. 778)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
5188819,
165511,
51481,
35455
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
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[
26,
33
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[
38,
44
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[
49,
52
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 13 Rui Zong, emperor of the Tang Dynasty (b. 662)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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43455,
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
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[
10,
18
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[
35,
47
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[
52,
55
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, Arab general (or 718)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2588150,
36081
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
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[
40,
43
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ceolfrith, Anglo-Saxon abbot",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1208357,
1143
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
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[
24,
29
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},
{
"plaintext": " Ceolred, king of Mercia",
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18,
24
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{
"plaintext": " Coenred, king of Mercia",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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1,
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},
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"plaintext": " Musa ibn Nusayr, Arab general (b. 640)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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36304
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16
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38
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"plaintext": " Osred I, king of Northumbria",
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"target_page_ids": [
4250364,
36717
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18,
29
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{
"plaintext": " Qapaghan Khan, ruler (khagan) of the Turkic Khaganate",
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"target_page_ids": [
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14
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[
23,
29
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[
38,
54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Theodo II, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
5748164,
1463463
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
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20,
27
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},
{
"plaintext": " Winnoc, Welsh abbot (or 717)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8168255,
36238
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"anchor_spans": [
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1,
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25,
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]
| [
"716"
]
| 23,531 | 220 | 8 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 716 | year | []
|
36,251 | 1,106,038,424 | 719 | [
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},
{
"plaintext": " Isma'il ibn Jafar, Shī‘ah Imām and scholar (or 722) ",
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36076
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18
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43
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48,
51
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{
"plaintext": " Yang Guifei, concubine of Xuan Zong (d. 756)",
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7016,
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
23
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[
27,
36
],
[
41,
44
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},
{
"plaintext": " Anastasios II, Byzantine emperor",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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25877
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Chlothar IV, king of Austrasia (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2223558,
62778
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1,
12
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22,
31
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},
{
"plaintext": " Dae Jo-yeong, king of Balhae (Korea)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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181007,
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[
1,
13
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[
23,
29
],
[
31,
36
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Muhammad ibn Marwan, Arab general (or 720)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
29345111,
36239
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
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[
39,
42
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Pega, Anglo-Saxon anchoress (approximate date) ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1488198,
273424
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[
1,
5
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28
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Radbod, king of the Frisians",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
398987,
95388
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[
1,
7
],
[
21,
27
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tassilo II, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4724524,
1463463
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
21,
28
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Theobald, duke of Bavaria (or 717) ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4869659,
36238
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
31,
34
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Theodbert, duke of Bavaria (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4704943
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
]
]
}
]
| [
"719"
]
| 23,537 | 172 | 8 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 719 | year | []
|
36,252 | 1,095,937,907 | 709 | [
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{
"plaintext": "Year 709 (DCCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 709 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. ",
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{
"plaintext": " November 18 Kōnin, emperor of Japan (d. 782)",
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"target_page_ids": [
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1,
12
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14,
19
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32,
37
],
[
42,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Du Hongjian, chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 769)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
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10556774,
35428
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
44
],
[
49,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Liu Changqing, Chinese poet (d. 785)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
28859972,
256577,
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[
1,
14
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[
24,
28
],
[
33,
36
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Mazu Daoyi, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 788)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
4429841,
30153241,
35464
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
21,
33
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[
43,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yan Zhenqing, Chinese calligrapher (d. 785)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1548426,
1119765
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
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[
23,
35
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yaxun B'alam IV, king of Yaxchilan (Mexico) (d. 768)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
16378130,
193684,
3966054,
34872
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
26,
35
],
[
37,
43
],
[
49,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Zhang Xun, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 757)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
13821077,
35113
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
44,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 25 Aldhelm, bishop of Sherborne",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19354,
93515,
6945987
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
16
],
[
18,
37
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Æthelred, king of Mercia (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
145315,
38769
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
19,
25
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bertin, Frankish abbot (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2925973,
1143
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
18,
23
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gotfrid, duke of Alemannia (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
12820522,
663122
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
27
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Swæfred, king of Essex (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2688045,
40100758
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
18,
23
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wilfrid, Anglo-Saxon bishop (or 710)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
145295,
4092,
35114
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
22,
28
],
[
33,
36
]
]
}
]
| [
"709"
]
| 23,514 | 211 | 10 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 709 | year | []
|
36,253 | 1,086,656,174 | 708 | [
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"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 708 (DCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 708 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
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[
99,
114
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[
207,
218
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[
219,
231
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Theudoald, mayor of the palace of Austrasia (or 707)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
3562703,
148585,
62778,
36077
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
31
],
[
35,
44
],
[
49,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Yuthog Yontan Gonpo, Tibetan high priest (lama) (d. 833)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
37475487,
7914867,
35894
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
43,
47
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[
53,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 4 Sisinnius, pope of the Catholic Church ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11359,
439650,
606848
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
22
],
[
36,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 5 Jacob of Edessa, Syriac writer",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15820,
1543422,
45353
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
9,
24
],
[
33,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abd-Allah ibn Ibadh, Muslim jurist and imam",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3456347,
429985
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
40,
44
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Drogo, duke of Champagne (b. 670)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3544585,
10328192,
36340
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
16,
25
],
[
30,
33
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Julian II the Roman, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
47183367
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
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]
}
]
| [
"708"
]
| 23,511 | 220 | 10 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 708 | year | []
|
36,254 | 1,086,656,153 | 704 | [
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"plaintext": "__NOTOC__",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": "Year 704 (DCCIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 704 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
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98,
113
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[
206,
217
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[
218,
230
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},
{
"plaintext": " Cui Hao, Chinese poet (d. 754)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
669352,
372983,
256577,
35121
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
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[
10,
17
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[
18,
22
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[
27,
30
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Toyonari, Japanese statesman (d. 765)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
32566555,
35425
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
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[
46,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gao Shi, Chinese poet (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
28847827
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hyecho, Korean Buddhist monk (d. 787)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
3297925,
462109,
35123
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
16,
29
],
[
34,
37
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ibn Ishaq, Arab historian and hagiographer ",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
344705,
13575,
162789
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
17,
26
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[
31,
43
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Li Fuguo, Chinese official (d. 762)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2062176,
35422
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
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[
32,
35
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Me Agtsom, emperor of Tibet (d. 755)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
13594165,
20355654,
35125
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
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[
23,
28
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[
33,
36
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 14 Aldfrith, king of Northumbria (or 705)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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556209,
36717,
36231
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
22
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[
32,
43
],
[
48,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath, Arab rebel leader",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
38243127
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
42
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Adomnán, Irish abbot and hagiographer (b. c.624)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3757615,
1143,
35390
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
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[
16,
21
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[
45,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tridu Songtsen, emperor of Tibet (b. 670)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
13591487,
36340
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
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[
38,
41
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]
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| [
"704"
]
| 23,503 | 174 | 12 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 704 | year | []
|
36,255 | 1,094,028,339 | 703 | [
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"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
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{
"plaintext": "Year 703 (DCCIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 703 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
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100,
115
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[
208,
219
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[
220,
232
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},
{
"plaintext": " An Lushan, Chinese rebel leader (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
475816,
372983
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
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[
12,
19
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Shi Siming, general of the Tang Dynasty (d. 761)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
17180347,
43455,
35421
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
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[
28,
40
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[
45,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 13 Jitō, empress of Japan (b. 645)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16191,
10427,
15573,
36309
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
17
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[
30,
35
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[
40,
43
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 20 Wulfram, archbishop of Sens",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
14563107,
2320772,
6812535
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
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[
11,
18
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[
20,
38
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ergica, king of the Visigoths (or 701)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2557085,
32530,
36078
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
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[
21,
30
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[
35,
38
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{
"plaintext": " Ermenilda of Ely, Anglo-Saxon abbess (approximate date)",
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"target_page_ids": [
4295060,
1301
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[
1,
17
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[
31,
37
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},
{
"plaintext": " Loingsech mac Óengusso, high king of Ireland",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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13906079,
7156643
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
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[
38,
45
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Thrasimund I, duke (dux) of Spoleto",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8883513,
997023,
1272705
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[
1,
13
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[
21,
24
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[
29,
36
]
]
}
]
| [
"703"
]
| 23,500 | 158 | 5 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 703 | year | []
|
36,256 | 1,086,656,133 | 702 | [
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53
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99,
114
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207,
218
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219,
231
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26961,
165511,
35425
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1,
16
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[
24,
35
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[
47,
54
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[
59,
62
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ōnakatomi no Kiyomaro, Japanese nobleman (d. 788)",
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42432715,
28978421,
35464
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[
1,
22
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[
33,
41
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[
46,
49
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},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra, Arab general and governor of Basra",
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2872046,
57580
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[
1,
26
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[
57,
62
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Berlinda of Meerbeke, Frankish nun and saint (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3988445,
62984
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
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[
32,
35
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Chen Zi'ang, Chinese poet and official of the Tang Dynasty (b. 661)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
6788425,
256577,
43455,
36075
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[
1,
12
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[
22,
26
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[
47,
59
],
[
64,
67
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " K'inich Kan B'alam II, ruler of Palenque (b. 635)",
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357861,
75773,
35384
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[
1,
22
],
[
33,
41
],
[
46,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Liutpert, king of the Lombards",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3233650,
18011
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
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[
23,
31
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Muiredach Muillethan, king of Connacht (Ireland)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15565188,
74200,
147575
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
31,
39
],
[
41,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ōku, Japanese princess (b. 661)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
6972788
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
4
]
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}
]
| [
"702"
]
| 23,497 | 196 | 11 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 702 | year | []
|
36,257 | 1,065,648,058 | 700 | [
{
"plaintext": " The denomination 700 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.",
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"section_name": "Introduction",
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1400,
442948
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"anchor_spans": [
[
92,
103
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[
104,
116
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abu Muslim Khorasani, Muslim general (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
341308
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Adrian I, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 795)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
23804,
606848,
35124
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
23,
38
],
[
43,
46
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Dōkyō, Japanese Buddhist monk (d. 772)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2007197,
297220,
35122
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
17,
25
],
[
35,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gaubald, bishop of Regensburg (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
29359210,
6839884
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
20,
30
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gregory of Utrecht, Frankish abbot (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2871503,
1143
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
30,
35
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ja'far al-Sadiq, Shī‘ah Imām and scholar (or 702)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
429918,
26961,
165511,
36256
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
18,
29
],
[
34,
41
],
[
46,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Kim Daeseong, Korean minister (d. 774)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1222882,
35137
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
35,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Paul I, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 767)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
46723,
35427
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
41,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Pirmin, Visigothic abbot (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
3283869
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Emperor Shomu, Emperor in Japan (d. 756)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
10125,
15573,
35417
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
9,
14
],
[
27,
32
],
[
37,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Vergilius, bishop of Salzburg (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2833132,
255366
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
22,
30
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wasil ibn Ata, Muslim theologian (d. 748)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
503954,
30503,
35411
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
23,
33
],
[
38,
41
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Willibald, bishop of Eichstätt (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
6208072,
1977875
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
22,
31
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Asuka, Japanese princess",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15798539
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Cunipert, king of the Lombards",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3280382,
18011
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
23,
31
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Di Renji, official of the Tang Dynasty (b. 630)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2451254,
43455,
35389
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
27,
39
],
[
44,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Disibod, Irish monk and hermit (b. 619)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3227367,
419369,
36321
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
16,
20
],
[
36,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Dōshō, Japanese Buddhist monk (b. 629)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
34496354,
35395
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
35,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fiannamail ua Dúnchado, king of Dál Riata",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
190865,
43782
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
],
[
33,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Godeberta, Frankish abbess (approximate date) ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
10016503,
1301
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
21,
27
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hasan ibn al-Nu'man, Muslim emir (general)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11149889,
178427
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
29,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Osgyth, Anglo-Saxon abbess and saint",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
478613,
28436
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
32,
37
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Reineldis, Frankish saint (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
9553366
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Asparuh of Bulgaria, Founder of the country of Bulgaria",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
311469
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
]
]
}
]
| [
"700"
]
| 23,494 | 1,161 | 13 | 53 | 0 | 0 | 700 | year | []
|
36,258 | 1,086,663,041 | 948 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 948 (CMXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
321364,
15651
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"anchor_spans": [
[
10,
18
],
[
26,
56
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[
102,
117
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 1 Jing Zong, emperor of the Liao Dynasty (d. 982)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
27530,
3447621,
23508247,
48027
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
23
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[
40,
52
],
[
57,
60
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 22 Gang Gam-chan, Korean official and general (d. 1031)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
8728,
3233574,
40031
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
27
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Twelver Shia theologian (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
4040023,
18369071,
26961
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
21,
28
],
[
29,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Baba Kuhi of Shiraz, Persian Sufi mystic and writer (d. 1037)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
55218819,
28246,
40036
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
30,
34
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Emma of Italy, queen of the West Frankish Kingdom (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
8855207,
3464935
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
29,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Minamoto no Yorimitsu, Japanese nobleman (d. 1021)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2082487,
28978421,
38732
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
33,
41
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 15 Romanos I, Byzantine emperor (b. c. 870)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15936,
74017,
36424
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
19
],
[
46,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 10 Liu Zhiyuan, founder of the Later Han (b. 895)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20196,
7676632,
7676659,
51098
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
22
],
[
39,
48
],
[
53,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 13 Du Chongwei, Chinese general and governor",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22693343,
42463489
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
22
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 28 Hu Jinsi, Chinese general and prefect",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1639,
44479988
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
19
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 24 Zhang Ye, Chinese general and chancellor",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1629,
42634279,
10556774
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
20
],
[
42,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 10 Zhao Yanshou, Chinese general and governor",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21760,
41687829
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
26
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 1 Gao Conghui, prince and ruler of Jingnan (b. 891)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8357,
3911678,
1679975,
35885
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
24
],
[
46,
53
],
[
58,
61
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 12 Li Song, Chinese official and chancellor",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8633,
4680975
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
21
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Qasim Guennoun, Idrisid ruler and sultan ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
7279269,
64647
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
38,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Blácaire mac Gofraid, Viking king of Dublin",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15201052,
1450475
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
38,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gormflaith ingen Flann Sinna, Irish queen",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
29927908
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
29
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ibrahim ibn Simjur, Samanid governor",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
43003587
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Minamoto no Kintada, Japanese waka poet (b. 889)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
9109445,
34999845,
52131
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
31,
35
],
[
45,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sunifred II, count of Urgell (Spain) (b. c. 870)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22118002,
106534,
26667
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
23,
29
],
[
31,
36
]
]
}
]
| [
"948"
]
| 24,318 | 214 | 20 | 55 | 0 | 0 | 948 | year | []
|
36,259 | 1,086,663,119 | 961 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 961 (CMLXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
311439,
15651
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"anchor_spans": [
[
10,
15
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[
23,
54
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[
100,
115
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 15 Seongjong, ruler of Goryeo (Korea) (d. 997)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15790,
1259072,
188435,
16749,
40026
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
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[
13,
22
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[
33,
39
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[
41,
46
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[
52,
55
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Tha'alibi, Persian historian and writer (d. 1038)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2286558,
40037
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
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[
48,
52
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Arnulf II, Count of Flanders (the Younger), Frankish nobleman (or 960)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
360629,
28978421,
49140
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
29
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[
54,
62
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[
67,
70
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},
{
"plaintext": " Edith of Wilton, English princess and nun (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2536386,
62984
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
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[
39,
42
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Michikane, Japanese nobleman (d. 995)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2686120,
36170
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
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[
46,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Kou Zhun, Chinese Grand chancellor (approximate date)",
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53
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},
{
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44
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},
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},
{
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1,
10
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53
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},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Masatada, Japanese poet",
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[
1,
21
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36
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},
{
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32
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},
{
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24
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},
{
"plaintext": " Li Tao, Chinese chancellor (approximate date)",
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[
1,
7
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Minamoto no Tsunemoto, Japanese samurai (b. 894)",
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28288,
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22
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[
33,
40
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[
45,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Raymond II of Rouergue, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)",
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5240497
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " William II, Marquess of Montferrat, Frankish nobleman (approximate date)",
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8858901
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35
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]
| [
"961"
]
| 23,881 | 184 | 21 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 961 | year | []
|
36,260 | 1,107,636,237 | 1222 | [
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[
11,
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[
73,
77
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Andrei II of Russia, Grand Prince of Vladimir (d. 1264)",
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42499
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[
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20
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51,
55
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Queen Jeongsun (Wonjong) of Korea (d. 1237)",
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43
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]
},
{
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1870446,
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1,
11
],
[
13,
35
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[
43,
63
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 10 Johan Sverkersson, king of Sweden since 1216 (b. 1201)",
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[
11,
28
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[
51,
55
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[
60,
64
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 23 Constance of Aragon, Holy Roman Empress, queen consort of Hungary (b. 1179)",
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
29
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[
80,
84
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 2 Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse (b. 1156)",
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[
1,
9
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[
11,
40
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[
45,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 12 Vladislaus III, Duke of Bohemia",
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"target_page_ids": [
1491,
471583
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
43
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Theodore I Lascaris, founder of the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea",
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"target_page_ids": [
74219
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[
1,
20
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]
}
]
| [
"1222"
]
| 5,397 | 653 | 21 | 29 | 0 | 0 | 1222 | year | []
|
36,261 | 1,106,953,656 | 1225 | [
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25657,
319725,
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11,
17
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58
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119
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},
{
"plaintext": " Amato Ronconi, Italian nobleman and monk (d. 1292)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Beatrice of Bohemia, German noblewoman (d. 1290)",
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35366501,
39983
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44,
48
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},
{
"plaintext": " Beatrice of Brabant, countess of Flanders (d. 1288)",
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1,
20
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42
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47,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Chabi, Mongol empress and wife of Kublai Khan (d. 1281) ",
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},
{
"plaintext": " David VI Narin (the Clever), king of Georgia (d. 1293)",
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1,
15
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38,
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50,
54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Franciscus Accursius, Italian lawyer and jurist (d. 1293)",
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1,
21
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},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Kitsushi, Japanese empress (d. 1292)",
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33832729
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[
1,
21
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},
{
"plaintext": " Gaston VII (Froissard), viscount of Béarn (d. 1290)",
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1,
11
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37,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Guido Guinizelli, Italian poet and writer (d. 1276)",
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898191,
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51
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},
{
"plaintext": " Guigues VII, ruler (dauphin) of Viennois (d. 1269)",
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74117,
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42504
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12
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21,
28
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[
33,
41
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50
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Saionji Kisshi, Japanese empress consort (d. 1292)",
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33832729
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[
1,
15
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sanchia of Provence, queen of Germany (d. 1261)",
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1,
20
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31,
38
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[
43,
47
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Thomas Aquinas, Italian friar and theologian (d. 1274)",
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21490957,
39986
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[
1,
15
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50,
54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Todros ben Joseph Abulafia, Spanish rabbi (d. 1285)",
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42
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47,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Walter Giffard, English Lord Chancellor (d. 1279)",
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{
"plaintext": " January 3 Adolf III of Holstein, German nobleman (b. 1160)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15789,
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1,
10
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12,
33
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55,
59
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 18 Hugh Bigod, English nobleman (b. 1182)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11363,
956411,
40091
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
24
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[
47,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 30 Gertrude of Dagsburg, French noblewoman",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19849,
18885684
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1,
9
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11,
31
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 6 John of Fountains, English prelate and bishop ",
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19514,
13036351,
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[
1,
6
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[
8,
25
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35,
42
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 8 Sabrisho IV, patriarch of the Church of the East",
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"target_page_ids": [
15864,
26690311,
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[
1,
7
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9,
20
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[
39,
57
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 21 Conrad of Krosigk, German prelate and bishop ",
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15819,
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1,
8
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10,
27
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 16 Ōe no Hiromoto, Japanese nobleman (b. 1148)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15947,
423394,
40080
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
24
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48,
52
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 16 Hōjō Masako, Japanese noblewoman (b. 1156)",
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"target_page_ids": [
1448,
226863,
36051
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1,
10
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12,
23
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[
49,
53
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 24 Adelardo Cattaneo, Italian cardinal and bishop",
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1629,
17824480
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[
1,
10
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12,
29
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 16 Rainier of Antioch, Latin cleric and patriarch",
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"target_page_ids": [
27650,
65364340
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[
1,
13
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[
15,
33
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"plaintext": " September 17 William VI, marquis of Montferrat (b. 1173)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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27993,
8859888,
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36052
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[
1,
13
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[
15,
25
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[
38,
48
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[
53,
57
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 29 Arnaud Amalric, French abbot and bishop",
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"target_page_ids": [
28204,
7199450,
1143
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1,
13
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15,
29
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38,
43
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 5 Al-Nasir, caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate (b. 1158)",
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1,
10
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[
12,
20
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36,
53
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[
58,
62
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},
{
"plaintext": " October 28 Jien, Japanese poet and historian (b. 1155)",
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2322373,
38569
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1,
11
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13,
17
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51,
55
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},
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"plaintext": " November 7 Engelbert II of Berg, archbishop of Cologne",
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1,
11
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13,
33
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49,
56
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},
{
"plaintext": " Ahmad al-Buni, Almohad mathematician and Sufi writer",
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1,
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"plaintext": " Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din, ruler of Damascus (b. 1169)",
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1,
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{
"plaintext": " Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi, German rabbi and writer (b. 1140)",
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{
"plaintext": " Ghabdula Chelbir (or Chelbir), ruler of Volga Bulgaria",
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{
"plaintext": " Ivane of Akhaltsikhe, Georgian nobleman and courtier",
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{
"plaintext": " Lamberto Visconti di Eldizio, Sardinian ruler of Gallura",
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{
"plaintext": " Margaret of Louvain, Flemish servant and saint (b. 1207) ",
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"plaintext": " Muzaffar al-Din Uzbek, ruler (atabeg) of the Eldiguzids",
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[
1,
22
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[
31,
37
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[
46,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Urso of Calabria, Italian scholar, philosopher and writer",
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15345630
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[
1,
17
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " William the Breton, French chronicler (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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2157320
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[
1,
19
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Zhao Hong, Chinese prince and heir apparent (b. 1207)",
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59527854,
213047
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[
1,
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[
31,
44
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]
| [
"1225"
]
| 5,403 | 362 | 32 | 106 | 0 | 0 | 1225 | year | []
|
36,262 | 1,086,653,790 | 1227 | [
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[
34,
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[
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60,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Aju (or Achu), Mongol military leader and chancellor (d. 1287)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Chomden Rigpe Raldri, Tibetan scholar and writer (d. 1305)",
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"plaintext": " Elisabeth of Bavaria, queen consort of Germany (d. 1273)",
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fang Hui (or Xugu), Chinese scholar and politician (d. 1307)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Gertrude of Aldenberg, German noblewoman (d. 1297)",
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hōjō Nagatoki, Japanese samurai and regent (d. 1264)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Hu Zhiyu, Chinese Sanqu poet and writer (d. 1293)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " William II of Holland, anti-king of Germany (d. 1256)",
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[
1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 28 Henry Borwin I, German nobleman and knight",
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27
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[
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},
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"plaintext": " March 18 Honorius III, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1150)",
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},
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"plaintext": " April 28 Henry V (the Elder), German nobleman (b. 1173)",
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},
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"plaintext": " July 23 Qiu Chuji, Chinese Taoist religious leader (b. 1148)",
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10,
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[
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57,
61
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},
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"plaintext": " July 28 Otto II of Lippe (or Utrecht), Dutch prince-bishop ",
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},
{
"plaintext": " August 1 Shimazu Tadahisa, Japanese warlord (b. 1179)",
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9
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11,
27
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54
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},
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1,
10
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[
12,
24
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[
41,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 11 ",
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27935
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[
1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Louis IV (the Saint), landgrave of Thuringia (b. 1200)",
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[
1,
9
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[
36,
45
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54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Oliver of Paderborn, German bishop and chronicler",
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"target_page_ids": [
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[
1,
20
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 13 Guillaume II, French nobleman and knight",
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"target_page_ids": [
28030,
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1,
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15,
27
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]
},
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"plaintext": " September 29 Conrad of Urach, German cardinal-bishop",
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1,
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15,
30
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]
},
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"plaintext": " October 4 Abdallah al-Adil, Almohad governor and caliph",
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22454,
2805764
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
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12,
28
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 10 Daniel and companions, Franciscan martyrs",
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"target_page_ids": [
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
34
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[
36,
46
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 12 Al-Mu'azzam Isa, Ayyubid ruler (b. 1176)",
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21631,
14790733,
38921
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
29
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[
49,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 24 Leszek I (the White), High Duke of Poland ",
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21522,
653505,
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1,
12
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[
14,
22
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[
49,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abd al-Salam ibn Mashish al-Alami, Moroccan Sufi writer",
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27427048,
28246
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[
1,
34
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[
45,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Guala Bicchieri, Italian cardinal and papal legate (b. 1150)",
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730694
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[
1,
16
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[
39,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Jochi, Mongol general and son of Genghis Khan (b. 1182)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
745324,
40091
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
6
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Luke Netterville, Norman archdeacon and archbishop",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
43442450
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Minamoto no Michitomo, Japanese nobleman (b. 1171)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
49801198,
40085
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
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[
46,
50
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Mo (or Li Xian), Chinese emperor of Western Xia",
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"target_page_ids": [
11843092,
58495
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
3
],
[
37,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Philip of Ibelin, Cypriot nobleman and regent (b. 1180)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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52574488,
36395
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[
1,
17
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[
51,
55
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Renaud I (or Reginald), French nobleman (b. 1165)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
10178442,
38919
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Georgian general and courtier",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3322490
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
]
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}
]
| [
"1227"
]
| 5,407 | 396 | 33 | 91 | 0 | 0 | 1227 | year | []
|
36,263 | 1,097,207,176 | 1228 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1228 (MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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25657,
321364,
15651
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11,
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28,
58
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104,
119
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},
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"plaintext": " April 25 Conrad IV (or Conrad II), king of Germany (d. 1254)",
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182758,
3190225,
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11,
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45,
52
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57,
61
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},
{
"plaintext": " Alfonso of Brienne, Norman nobleman and knight (d. 1270)",
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39990
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1,
19
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[
28,
36
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52,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bartolo da San Gimignano, Italian Franciscan priest (d. 1300)",
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51703324,
5583441,
35241
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1,
25
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35,
45
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57,
61
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},
{
"plaintext": " Eleanor de Braose, Cambro-Norman noblewoman (d. 1251)",
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38709
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Ibn Daqiq al-'Id, Egyptian scholar, jurist and writer (d. 1302)",
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},
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"plaintext": " Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi, Egyptian scholar and jurist (d. 1285)",
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42511
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1,
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},
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"plaintext": " Takatsukasa Kanehira, Japanese nobleman (kugyō) (d. 1294)",
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11208206,
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1,
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42,
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57
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},
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"plaintext": " Wang Yun, Chinese politician, poet and writer (d. 1304)",
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"plaintext": " January 13 Yvette of Huy, Belgian anchoress (b. 1158)",
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14745205,
273424,
38574
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1,
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13,
26
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36,
45
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50,
54
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1,
11
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13,
28
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"plaintext": " February 17 Henry I, German nobleman and knight (b. 1155)",
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37432110,
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12
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14,
21
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54,
58
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11363,
48908604,
38130219,
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1,
12
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[
14,
27
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[
41,
48
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[
53,
57
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{
"plaintext": " April 25 Isabella II, queen and regent of Jerusalem (b. 1212)",
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11,
22
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[
34,
40
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[
44,
53
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62
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38919
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1,
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10,
29
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53,
57
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},
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"plaintext": " July 9 Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1150)",
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1916875,
40083
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9,
24
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[
40,
50
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59
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"plaintext": " August 8 Rujing, Japanese Sōtō Zen patriarch (b. 1163)",
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34924
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51,
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"plaintext": " October 15 Shichijō-in, Japanese noblewoman (b. 1157)",
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13,
34
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[
46,
52
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},
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"plaintext": " December 4 Bruno von Porstendorf, bishop of Meissen",
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13,
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46,
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"plaintext": " December 8 Geoffrey de Burgh, bishop of Ely (b. 1180)",
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1,
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13,
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42,
45
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[
50,
54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ahmad ibn Munim, Moroccan mathematician and writer",
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1,
16
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},
{
"plaintext": " Anders Sunesen, Danish archbishop and writer (b. 1167)",
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"plaintext": " Beatrice of Albon, duchess consort of Burgundy (b. 1161)",
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},
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"plaintext": " Desiderius (or Dezső), Hungarian bishop and chancellor",
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56052588
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11
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Geoffrey I of Villehardouin, French nobleman and knight ",
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3362090
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[
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},
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[
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18
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ibn Abi Tayyi, Syrian historian, poet and writer (b. 1180)",
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59357032,
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1,
14
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58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lady of Neuville (or Eudoxie), Latin empress consort",
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17389790
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[
1,
17
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Máel Coluim I, Scottish nobleman and knight (b. 1204)",
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3378959,
34986
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[
1,
14
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[
49,
53
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},
{
"plaintext": " Maria of Courtenay, empress of the Empire of Nicaea",
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14599083,
309758
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1,
19
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36,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Reginald de Braose, Norman Marcher Lord (b. 1182)",
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161083,
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[
1,
19
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[
28,
40
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[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert I (or Courtenay), emperor of the Latin Empire",
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151747,
174215
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[
1,
9
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[
41,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert de Vieuxpont (or Vipont), Norman landowner ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
32018266
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Stephen Devereux, Norman Marcher Lord (b. 1191)",
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40421197,
40007
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[
1,
17
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[
43,
47
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]
}
]
| [
"1228"
]
| 5,410 | 249 | 22 | 93 | 0 | 0 | 1228 | year | []
|
36,264 | 1,107,826,779 | 1112 | [
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},
{
"plaintext": " García IV (the Restorer), king of Navarre (d. 1150)",
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[
85,
97
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[
102,
107
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Henry II (Jasomirgott), duke of Austria (d. 1177)",
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49
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},
{
"plaintext": " Henry IV (the Blind), count of Luxembourg (d. 1196)",
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42
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Mahaut of Albon, countess of Savoy (d. 1148)",
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1,
16
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},
{
"plaintext": " Sasaki Hideyoshi, Japanese samurai (d. 1184)",
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5530163,
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[
1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Sibylla of Anjou, countess of Flanders (d. 1165)",
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1,
17
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31,
39
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44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 13 Ulric II (or Udalrich), Italian nobleman",
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1,
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17
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41,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 5 Sigebert of Gembloux, French chronicler",
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22536,
1954276
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1,
10
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12,
32
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 12 Kogh Vasil (the Robber), Armenian ruler",
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"target_page_ids": [
22530,
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[
1,
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13,
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]
},
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"plaintext": " November 3 Anna Vsevolodovna, Kievan princess ",
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21764,
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
30
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Baldric of Noyon, bishop of Tournai (b. 1099)",
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59867385,
14165458,
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[
1,
17
],
[
29,
36
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[
41,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bertrand of Tripoli, count of Toulouse and Tripoli",
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261988,
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[
1,
20
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[
31,
39
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[
44,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Elimar I (or Egilmar), count of Oldenburg (b. 1040)",
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7456408,
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[
1,
9
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[
33,
42
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[
47,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fakhr-un-Nisa, Arab scholar and calligrapher",
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"target_page_ids": [
42412479,
53682
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[
1,
14
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[
33,
45
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " George II (or Giorgi), king of Georgia (b. 1054)",
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1781301,
7466162,
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[
1,
10
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[
32,
39
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[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ghibbelin (or Gibelin), archbishop of Arles ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4418522,
5796259
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[
1,
10
],
[
39,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Henry (or Henri), count of Portugal (b. 1066)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
656155,
24757665,
35054
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[
1,
6
],
[
28,
36
],
[
41,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Kyansittha, king of the Pagan Empire (or 1113)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
25079659,
6688093,
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[
1,
11
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[
25,
37
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Su Zhe, Chinese politician and historian (b. 1039)",
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34844052,
40039
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[
1,
7
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[
46,
50
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tancred, Italo-Norman nobleman (b. 1075)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1127415,
42460
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
36,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Vukan I, Grand Prince of Serbia (b. 1050)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
25062914,
31378963,
36291
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[
1,
8
],
[
26,
32
],
[
37,
41
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Waldric, English Lord Chancellor (b. 1050)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
624084,
226197,
36291
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
18,
33
],
[
38,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " List of state leaders in 1112",
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"section_name": "See also",
"target_page_ids": [
52155644
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
30
]
]
}
]
| [
"1112"
]
| 19,525 | 378 | 12 | 66 | 0 | 0 | 1112 | year | []
|
36,265 | 1,086,652,867 | 1113 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1113 (MCXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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25657,
319725,
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11,
17
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25,
58
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104,
119
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 11 Wang Chongyang, Chinese Daoist (d. 1170)",
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15847,
865437,
30365,
36459
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1,
11
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13,
27
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[
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43
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[
48,
52
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 24 Geoffrey V (the Fair), count of Anjou (d. 1151)",
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1629,
71464,
24213451,
40082
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1,
10
],
[
12,
22
],
[
44,
49
],
[
54,
58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Donnchad I (or Duncan), Scottish nobleman (d. 1154)",
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3378733,
28978421,
34923
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1,
11
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[
34,
42
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47,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Frederick of Hallum, Frisian priest and abbot (d. 1175)",
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17647646,
1143,
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1,
20
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[
41,
46
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[
51,
55
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Shams-ul-Mulk Isma'il, Seljuk governor (d. 1135)",
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58794031,
34985
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1,
22
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44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Shun'e (or Tayū no Kimi), Japanese poet (d. 1191)",
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47412693,
40007
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[
1,
7
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45,
49
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},
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"plaintext": " Stefan Nemanja, Grand Prince of Serbia (d. 1199)",
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1,
15
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33,
39
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44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Walter de Clifford, English nobleman (d. 1190)",
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10732860,
40008
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1,
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42,
46
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},
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"plaintext": " January 5 Ulrich I, Moravian ruler (House of Přemyslid)",
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1,
10
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12,
20
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38,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 13 Ida of Lorraine, French countess (b. 1040)",
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14089009,
34566
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1,
9
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11,
26
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48,
52
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]
},
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"plaintext": " April 16 Sviatopolk II, Grand Prince of Kiev (b. 1050)",
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36291
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1,
9
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[
11,
24
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[
42,
46
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[
51,
55
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},
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"plaintext": " August 4 Gertrude of Saxony, countess of Holland",
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4729167,
691057
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1,
9
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11,
29
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[
43,
50
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"plaintext": " October 2 Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic governor",
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22527,
19113427
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1,
10
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[
12,
32
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"plaintext": " December 10 Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan, Seljuk ruler",
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8714,
755970
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
34
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]
},
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"plaintext": " Dharanindravarman I, king of the Khmer Empire",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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222431
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1,
20
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34,
46
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},
{
"plaintext": " Girard I (or Guinard), count of Roussillon (b. 1070)",
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3409565,
36293
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1,
9
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33,
43
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[
48,
52
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ibn Tahir of Caesarea, Arab historian (b. 1056)",
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40052
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1,
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43,
47
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},
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"plaintext": " Kyansittha, king of the Pagan Empire (or 1112)",
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1,
11
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25,
37
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42,
46
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},
{
"plaintext": " Liu, Chinese empress of the Song Dynasty (b. 1079)",
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35052
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1,
4
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29,
41
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46,
50
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},
{
"plaintext": " Nestor the Chronicler, Russian historian (or 1114)",
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36266
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1,
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50
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},
{
"plaintext": " Odo of Tournai, bishop of Cambrai (b. 1060)",
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3062015,
36292
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[
1,
15
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[
27,
34
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39,
43
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},
{
"plaintext": " Syr ibn Abi Bakr, Almoravid military leader ",
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{
"plaintext": " Wuyashu, chieftain of the Wanyan tribe (b. 1061)",
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48
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]
| [
"1113"
]
| 19,531 | 345 | 21 | 65 | 0 | 0 | 1113 | year | []
|
36,266 | 1,097,971,513 | 1114 | [
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"plaintext": " Dirk VI (or Theodoric), count of Holland (d. 1157)",
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"plaintext": " Gebhard III, German nobleman (approximate date)",
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"plaintext": " Ramon Berenguer IV, count of Barcelona (d. 1162)",
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"plaintext": " February 24 Thomas II, archbishop of York",
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{
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82,
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"plaintext": " Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi, Arab theologian (or 1115)",
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[
1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Álvar Fáñez (or Háñez), Castilian nobleman",
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[
1,
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},
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"plaintext": " Alypius of the Caves, Kievan monk and painter",
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"plaintext": " Erard I, French nobleman and crusader (b. 1060)",
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"plaintext": " Nestor the Chronicler, Kievan historian (or 1113)",
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"plaintext": " Richard of Salerno, Norman nobleman (b. 1060)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Shahriyar IV, king of Mazandaran (b. 1039)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Tokushi, Japanese empress consort (b. 1060)",
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1,
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| [
"1114"
]
| 19,533 | 186 | 9 | 43 | 0 | 0 | 1114 | year | []
|
36,267 | 1,107,831,623 | 1115 | [
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"plaintext": " September 14 Battle of Sarmin: The Crusaders, under Prince Roger of Salerno, surprise and rout the Seljuk Turkish army (some 8,000 men), led by Emir Bursuq ibn Bursuq, at Sarmin (modern Syria). Bursuq barely avoids capture, and escapes with a few hundred horsemen. Roger reoccupies the fortress of Kafartab, and consolidates his territory around Antioch.",
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"plaintext": " The Jin Dynasty (or Great Jin) is created by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Taizu (or Aguda). He establishes a dual-administration system: a Chinese-style bureaucracy to rule over northern and northeast China.",
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"plaintext": " The 19-year-old Minamoto no Tameyoshi, Japanese nobleman and samurai, gains recognition by suppressing a riot against Emperor Toba at a monastery near Kyoto (approximate date).",
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"plaintext": " The Mixtec ruler Eight Deer Jaguar Claw (or 8 Deer) is defeated in battle and sacrificed by a coalition of city-states, led by his brother-in law 4 Wind, at Tilantongo in the Mixteca Alta region (modern Mexico).",
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"plaintext": " Clairvaux Abbey is founded by Bernard, French abbot and a major leader in the reform of Benedictine monasticism, in France.",
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"plaintext": " Hugh of Saint Victor, French theologian and writer, joins the Victorines (at the Augustinian Abbey of St. Victor) in Paris. ",
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"plaintext": " April 18 Gertrude, German duchess and regent (d. 1143)",
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},
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"plaintext": " September 18 Wu, Chinese empress consort (d. 1197)",
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1,
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15,
17
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47,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Aubrey de Vere, 1st Earl of Oxford (approximate date)",
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6307508,
249282
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1,
15
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},
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"plaintext": " Berenguer Raymond, count of Provence (d. 1144)",
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35549
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1,
18
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29,
37
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42,
46
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},
{
"plaintext": " Erling Skakke, Norwegian nobleman (approximate date)",
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"plaintext": " Eustathius of Thessalonica, Byzantine archbishop (d. 1195)",
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40004
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1,
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58
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},
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"plaintext": " Euthymios Malakes, Byzantine bishop (approximate date)",
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1,
18
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"plaintext": " Fulk I FitzWarin (or Fulke), English nobleman (d. 1170)",
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42044797,
36459
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1,
17
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51,
55
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},
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"plaintext": " Gilbert FitzRichard de Clare, 1st Earl of Hertford (d. 1152)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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1753364,
435277,
36050
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1,
29
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35,
51
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60
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},
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"plaintext": " Hugo Etherianus, Italian cardinal and adviser (d. 1182)",
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40091
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1,
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},
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"plaintext": " Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi, German rabbi and writer (d. 1200) ",
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51273,
36394
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"plaintext": " Li Tao (or Renfu), Chinese historian and writer (d. 1184)",
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1,
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"plaintext": " Magnus IV (the Blind), king of Norway (approximate date) ",
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1115855,
47392864
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[
1,
10
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38
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"plaintext": " Pedro Fernández de Castro, Spanish nobleman (d. 1184)",
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1,
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},
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"plaintext": " Peter Cellensis, French abbot and bishop (d. 1183)",
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1,
16
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30
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50
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},
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"plaintext": " Roger de Pont L'Évêque, Norman archbishop (d. 1181)",
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38925
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1,
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"plaintext": " Welf VI, margrave of Tuscany (House of Welf) (d. 1191)",
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1,
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22,
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31,
44
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[
50,
54
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},
{
"plaintext": " Wichmann von Seeburg, German archbishop (d. 1192)",
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21
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49
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"plaintext": " William V (the Old), marquess of Montferrat (d. 1191)",
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"plaintext": " July 8 Peter the Hermit, French religious leader",
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"anchor_spans": [
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"plaintext": " July 24 Matilda, margravine of Tuscany (b. 1046)",
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17
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49
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"plaintext": " December 22 Olav Magnusson, king of Norway (b. 1099)",
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1,
12
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14,
28
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38,
44
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[
49,
53
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"plaintext": " December 23 Ivo of Chartres, French bishop (b. 1040)",
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14,
29
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53
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"plaintext": " December 30 Theodoric II, duke of Lorraine",
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"plaintext": " Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi, Arab theologian (or 1114)",
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"plaintext": " Artau II, count of Pallars Sobirà (approximate date)",
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{
"plaintext": " Eight Deer Jaguar Claw, Mixtec ruler (b. 1063)",
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2134697,
42454
],
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[
1,
23
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gerberga (or Gerburge), countess of Provence",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
7593895
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[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Godfrey of Amiens, French bishop (b. 1066)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16897149,
35054
],
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[
1,
18
],
[
38,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Leo Marsicanus, Italian cardinal (b. 1046)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4628355
],
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[
1,
15
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Mazdali ibn Tilankan, Almoravid governor ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
59036713
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Odo II (or Eudes), count of Champagne",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
9808916,
3128855
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[
1,
7
],
[
29,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Reynelm (or Reinelm), bishop of Hereford",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
13050870,
3520271
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[
1,
8
],
[
33,
41
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Shin Arahan, Burmese religious adviser",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
29334568
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tanchelm of Antwerp, Flemish priest",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
17653759
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Turgot of Durham, Scottish bishop",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
156025
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
]
]
}
]
| [
"1115"
]
| 19,534 | 305 | 25 | 140 | 0 | 0 | 1115 | year | []
|
36,268 | 1,100,083,460 | 1116 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1116 (MCXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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25657,
321364,
15651
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[
11,
16
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[
24,
54
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[
100,
115
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 12 Richeza of Poland, queen of Sweden (d. 1156)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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1,
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11,
28
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[
39,
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[
50,
54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 29 Philip of France, king of France (d. 1131)",
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"target_page_ids": [
1793,
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376974,
40071
],
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
28
],
[
38,
44
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 23 William FitzRobert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester (d. 1183)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
21806,
1789972,
797690,
40092
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
32
],
[
38,
56
],
[
61,
65
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Berengaria of Barcelona, queen of León and Castile (d. 1149)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
10554056,
336544,
750274,
40081
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
24
],
[
35,
39
],
[
44,
51
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ibn al-Azraq al-Fariqi, Arab historian and writer (d. 1176)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
61177562,
38921
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[
1,
23
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ibn al-Jawzi, Arab historian and philologist (d. 1201)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
23138097,
23193,
40003
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
34,
45
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ibn Mada', Arab scholar and polymath (d. 1196)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15961376,
25121,
36136
],
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[
1,
10
],
[
29,
37
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford (d. 1173)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1329395,
435277,
36052
],
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[
1,
15
],
[
21,
37
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, king of Connacht (d. 1198)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
929530,
74200,
40061
],
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[
1,
22
],
[
32,
40
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 3 Coloman (the Learned), king of Hungary",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11323,
346543,
879716
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
20
],
[
44,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 13 Galon (or Gallo), bishop of Beauvais",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11170,
39859410,
2215807
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
19
],
[
42,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abu Nasr Farsi, Persian statesman and poet (or 1117)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
41734664,
36269
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bagrat Pakrad, Armenian nobleman and adventurer",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
60218884,
28978421
],
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[
1,
14
],
[
25,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Jimena Díaz, Spanish noblewoman (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19217833
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Malik Shah, Seljuk ruler of the Sultanate of Rum",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11882988,
580296
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
33,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Mary of Scotland, countess of Boulogne (b. 1082)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22993196,
681741,
42464
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
31,
39
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert of Arbrissel, founder of Fontevrault Abbey",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3787800,
76962
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
33,
50
]
]
}
]
| [
"1116"
]
| 19,536 | 217 | 14 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 1116 | year | []
|
36,269 | 1,086,652,895 | 1117 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1117 (MCXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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"section_name": "Introduction",
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25657,
168880,
15651
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[
11,
17
],
[
25,
55
],
[
101,
116
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 7 Nicolò Politi, Italian hermit (d. 1167)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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271054,
40010
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1,
12
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[
14,
27
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[
37,
43
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Nariko, Japanese empress (d. 1160)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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33812822,
40014
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[
1,
19
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gerard la Pucelle, bishop of Coventry (d. 1184)",
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[
1,
18
],
[
30,
38
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Henry I, count of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1182)",
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[
1,
8
],
[
19,
27
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[
32,
39
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Humphrey II of Toron, constable of Jerusalem (d. 1179)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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642978,
16822,
36053
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[
1,
21
],
[
36,
45
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Maurice of Carnoet, French Cistercian abbot (d. 1191)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
23638524,
50409,
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
28,
38
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Otto I (the Redhead), duke of Bavaria (d. 1183)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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1463463,
40092
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[
1,
7
],
[
31,
38
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert FitzRanulph, English high sheriff (d. 1172)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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1539792,
36217
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[
1,
19
],
[
29,
41
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Simon III de Montfort, French nobleman (d. 1181)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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28978421,
38925
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[
1,
22
],
[
31,
39
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 14 Bertrade de Montfort, French queen (b. 1070)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
10882,
1595134,
36293
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
34
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 11 Tescelin le Roux, Burgundian nobleman (b. 1070)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2395,
54934478
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
27
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 14 Bernard of Thiron, founder of the Order of Tiron (b. 1046)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1862,
27965679,
1617678,
40044
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
28
],
[
45,
59
],
[
64,
68
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 16 Magnus Erlendsson, Norse earl of Orkney (b. 1080)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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1334,
101628,
22645,
36039
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
28
],
[
44,
50
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 1 Robert de Limesey, bishop of Coventry",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27530,
12967976,
1351375
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
31
],
[
43,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 9 Gertrud of Brunswick, margravine of Meissen",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8589,
3778708,
40674
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
33
],
[
49,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abu'l-Fath Yusuf, Persian vizier of Arslan-Shah of Ghazna",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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42851286,
32919304
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[
1,
17
],
[
37,
58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abu Nasr Farsi, Persian statesman and poet (or 1116)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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41734664,
36268
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[
1,
15
],
[
48,
52
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Anselm of Laon (or Ansel), French theologian and writer",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
173378
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Danxia Zichun, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 1064)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
35484488,
30153241,
3267529,
42455
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
24,
27
],
[
28,
36
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Faritius (or Faricius), Italian abbot and physician",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2771223,
1143
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
33,
38
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gertrude of Flanders, duchess of Lorraine (b. 1070)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
39117418,
49149
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
34,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gilbert Crispin, Norman abbot and theologian (b. 1055)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2455557,
36290
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
50,
54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gilbert Fitz Richard, English nobleman (b. 1066)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1750670,
35054
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lu'lu' al-Yaya, Seljuk ruler and regent of Aleppo",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
62364553,
35348624,
159244
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
34,
40
],
[
44,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ordelafo Faliero (or Dodoni), doge of Venice ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11853636,
613492
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
39,
45
]
]
}
]
| [
"1117"
]
| 19,538 | 235 | 15 | 72 | 0 | 0 | 1117 | year | []
|
36,270 | 1,086,219,527 | 1118 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1118 (MCXVIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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25657,
311439,
15651
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[
11,
18
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[
26,
57
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[
103,
118
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 28 Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1180)",
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21579,
44833,
36395
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
31
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ahmad al-Rifa'i, Arab founder of the Rifa'i Sufi Order",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1810463,
1804534,
28246
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[
1,
16
],
[
38,
44
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[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Andronikos I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor (d. 1185)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1762,
40094
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
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[
46,
50
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Christina of Denmark, queen of Norway (approximate date)",
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21954902,
47392864
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
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[
32,
38
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gualdim Pais, Portuguese knight and Grand Master (d. 1195)",
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3273970,
40004
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[
1,
13
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[
37,
49
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[
54,
58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hartwig of Stade, archbishop of Bremen (d. 1168)",
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50436875,
255372,
36216
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[
1,
17
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33,
39
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[
44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Narathu, Burmese ruler of the Pagan Kingdom (d. 1171)",
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1,
8
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31,
44
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49,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nur ad-Din, Seljuk ruler of Damascus and Aleppo (d. 1174)",
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8914,
159244,
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1,
11
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[
29,
37
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[
42,
48
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[
53,
57
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Odo II, French nobleman (House of Burgundy) (d. 1162)",
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1,
7
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[
16,
24
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[
26,
43
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[
49,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Roger III, Norman duke of Apulia and Calabria (d. 1148)",
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40080
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1,
10
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27,
46
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51,
55
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},
{
"plaintext": " Roger of Worcester, English bishop (approximate date)",
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11395665
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[
1,
19
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Saigyō Hōshi, Japanese poet and writer (d. 1190)",
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708701,
40008
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[
1,
13
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[
44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Taira no Kiyomori, Japanese military leader (d. 1181)",
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180280,
38925
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[
1,
18
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49,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Vakhtang (or Tsuata), Georgian nobleman (d. 1138)",
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25587244,
40077
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[
1,
9
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[
45,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 21 Paschal II, pope of the Catholic Church",
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45340,
606848
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1,
11
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13,
23
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[
37,
52
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 2 Baldwin I (of Boulogne), king of Jerusalem",
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1777,
144434,
16822
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
19
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[
43,
52
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 16 ",
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1334
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[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Adelaide del Vasto, countess of Sicily",
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1884146,
16654624
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[
1,
19
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[
33,
39
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " William d'Évreux, Norman nobleman",
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38484143
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[
1,
17
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},
{
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1721903,
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36039
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1,
6
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[
8,
27
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[
38,
45
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[
52,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 5 Robert de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Leicester",
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15820,
1595368,
419683
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1,
7
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[
9,
27
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[
33,
50
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 3 Raymond of Toulouse, French chanter",
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15848,
23509480,
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1,
7
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[
9,
28
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[
37,
44
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 6 Al-Mustazhir, Abbasid caliph (b. 1078)",
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1091272,
36038
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[
1,
9
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[
11,
23
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[
44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 15 Alexios I Komnenos, Byzantine emperor",
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1442,
1613
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
30
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 28 Philippa, French noblewoman",
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21579,
8084427
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
22
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Tighnari, Arab botanist and physician (b. 1073)",
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29411120,
4183,
36696
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[
1,
12
],
[
19,
27
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Anseau of Garlande, French nobleman (b. 1069)",
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52192478,
42458
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[
1,
19
],
[
41,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Arnulf of Chocques, patriarch of Jerusalem",
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295842
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[
1,
19
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Arslan-Shah, sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire",
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32919304,
577843
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[
1,
12
],
[
28,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Basil the Physician, Bogomil religious leader ",
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2717298
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[
1,
20
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bernard II (or William), count of Cerdanya ",
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9516870,
6967656
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[
1,
11
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[
35,
43
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Diarmait Ua Briain, king of Munster",
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16818257,
56864
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[
1,
19
],
[
29,
36
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Florence of Worcester, English monk ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
146626
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[
1,
22
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Nakazane, Japanese nobleman (b. 1057)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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59180126,
35530
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[
1,
21
],
[
45,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Furong Daokai, Chinese Buddhist monk (b. 1043)",
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35463863,
3267529,
40042
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[
1,
14
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[
24,
32
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[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " George of Chqondidi, Georgian archbishop",
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15736994
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[
1,
20
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gissur Ísleifsson, Icelandic bishop",
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10820425
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[
1,
18
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Helperich, margrave of the Nordmark",
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50391729,
496924
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[
1,
10
],
[
28,
36
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hugh I, French nobleman (b. 1040)",
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34347057,
34566
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[
1,
7
],
[
29,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Jaquinta of Bari, queen of Duklja",
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51262223,
462663
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[
1,
17
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[
28,
34
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lidanus, Lombard Benedictine abbot (b. 1026)",
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4240,
36036
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[
1,
8
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[
18,
29
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[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Maria of Alania, Byzantine empress (b. 1053)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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3139923,
36698
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[
1,
16
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Milo II of Montlhéry, French nobleman",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3690359
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Muhammad I (Tapar), Seljuk sultan (b. 1082)",
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758252,
42464
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[
1,
11
],
[
39,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Philip, king of Sweden (House of Stenkil)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
916993,
5058739,
916782
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[
1,
7
],
[
17,
23
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[
25,
41
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ruaidrí na Saide Buide, king of Connacht",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
17273105,
74200
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
],
[
33,
41
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Vladimir II, king of Duklja (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3714506
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William V of Angoulême, French nobleman",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28558873
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
]
]
}
]
| [
"1118"
]
| 19,539 | 208 | 33 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 1118 | year | []
|
36,271 | 1,107,896,882 | 1119 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1119 (MCXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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25657,
319725,
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[
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16
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57
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118
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 28 Xi Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1150)",
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11311,
11895612,
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},
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"plaintext": " July 7 Sutoku, Japanese emperor (d. 1164)",
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15863,
38434,
38435
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1,
7
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9,
15
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[
38,
42
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ahmed-Al-Kabeer, Arab Sufi teacher (d. 1182)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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1810463,
28246,
40091
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[
1,
16
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[
23,
27
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[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Aldebrandus, bishop of Fossombrone (d. 1219)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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23701326,
15192891,
39994
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[
1,
12
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[
24,
35
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[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Matthias I, duke of Lorraine (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
655704,
49149
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[
1,
11
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[
21,
29
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tancred, Norman nobleman (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
4407353,
28978421
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[
1,
8
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[
17,
25
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey (d. 1148)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
642980,
618094,
40080
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[
1,
19
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[
25,
39
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[
44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 29 Gelasius II, pope of the Catholic Church",
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15814,
45381,
606848
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1,
11
],
[
13,
24
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[
38,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 10 Muirchertach Ua Briain, king of Munster",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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20196,
2449692,
16627880
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[
1,
9
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[
11,
33
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[
43,
50
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 29 Peter de Honestis, Lombard monk",
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"target_page_ids": [
20586,
6107658
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[
1,
9
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[
11,
28
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},
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"plaintext": " June 20 Henry de Beaumont, 1st Earl of Warwick",
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15818,
434344,
294270
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
27
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[
33,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 27 Herwig of Meissen, German bishop ",
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15801,
52861752
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
27
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 28 Roger of Salerno, Norman nobleman",
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"target_page_ids": [
15802,
1210109
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
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[
10,
26
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]
},
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"plaintext": " July 17 Baldwin VII, count of Flanders (b. 1093)",
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16089,
360745,
43008790,
36211
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
21
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[
32,
40
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[
45,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 22 Herbert de Losinga, English bishop",
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15996,
8253110
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
28
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},
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"plaintext": " August 4 Landulf II, archbishop of Benevento",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2418,
9399185,
8112937
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
21
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[
37,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 13 Gleb Vseslavich, Kievan prince",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28030,
26031249
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
30
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 13 Alan IV, duke of Brittany (b. 1063)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22554,
633152,
286865,
42454
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
20
],
[
30,
38
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Aedh Ua Con Ceannainn, king of Uí Díarmata ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28755637,
24011185
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
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[
32,
43
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Geoffrey de Clyve (de Clive), English bishop",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
13050944
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ibn Aqil, Persian theologian and jurist (b. 1040)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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4728767,
42199619,
34566
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
19,
29
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[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Johannes of Jerusalem, French abbot (b. 1042)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
6199577,
1143,
40041
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
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[
31,
36
],
[
41,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert the Leper (Leprous), French nobleman",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
58864089
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wang Ximeng, Chinese painter (b. 1096)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
23312754,
42440
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
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[
34,
38
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]
| [
"1119"
]
| 19,540 | 302 | 16 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 1119 | year | []
|
36,272 | 1,107,898,412 | 1120 | [
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25657,
321380,
15651
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11,
15
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[
23,
53
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[
99,
114
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Alfonso of Capua, Italo-Norman nobleman (d. 1144)",
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4324925,
35549
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1,
17
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45,
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},
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47951593,
15008891,
40092
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[
1,
21
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37,
42
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[
47,
51
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},
{
"plaintext": " Frederick II of Berg, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1158)",
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14780436,
38574
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1,
21
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37,
44
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[
49,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Yorinaga, Japanese statesman (d. 1156)",
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730791,
36051
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[
1,
21
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46,
50
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},
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"plaintext": " Gonçalo Mendes de Sousa, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1190)",
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46584463,
28978421,
40008
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[
1,
24
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[
37,
45
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[
50,
54
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},
{
"plaintext": " Ioveta of Bethany, princess and daughter of Baldwin II",
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1751145,
254731
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[
1,
18
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45,
55
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{
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41618897,
38921
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[
1,
14
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[
47,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon, Arab-Jewish translator",
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1909007
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[
1,
26
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Louis VII (le Jeune), king of France (d. 1180)",
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376974,
36395
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[
1,
10
],
[
31,
37
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Philip of Milly, French nobleman and knight (d. 1171)",
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1042373,
40085
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1,
16
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49,
53
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},
{
"plaintext": " Rainald of Dassel, archbishop of Cologne (d. 1167)",
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14780436,
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1,
18
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[
34,
41
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[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Roger de Mowbray, English nobleman (d. 1188)",
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38693747,
36055
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[
1,
17
],
[
40,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Urban III, pope of the Catholic Church (d. 1187)",
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606848,
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[
1,
10
],
[
24,
39
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[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William I (\"the Wicked\"), king of Sicily (d. 1166)",
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"target_page_ids": [
157910,
641373,
40011
],
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[
1,
10
],
[
35,
41
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Zhao Boju, Chinese landscape painter (d. 1182)",
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35757258,
1359329,
40091
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[
1,
10
],
[
20,
37
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 3 Blessed Gerard, founder of the Knights Hospitaller",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27989,
3062787,
8055956
],
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
28
],
[
45,
64
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 24 Welf II (\"the Fat\"), duke of Bavaria (b. 1072)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28202,
2350556,
1463463,
35934
],
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
22
],
[
44,
51
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 25 ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21580
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Matilda FitzRoy, countess and daughter of Henry I",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
31914596,
14179
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[
1,
16
],
[
43,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ralph of Pont-Echanfray, Norman knight (b. 1070)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
51170919,
36293
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
24
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester (b. 1094)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1724276,
253675,
42471
],
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[
1,
20
],
[
26,
41
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William Adelin, duke and son of Henry I (b. 1103)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
285524,
38432
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Adelaide, countess of Vermandois and Valois (or 1124)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
24718353,
2949560,
3328798,
35545
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[
1,
9
],
[
23,
33
],
[
38,
44
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Afridun I (the Martyr), ruler (shah) of Shirvan (b. 1046)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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35747596,
64648,
877182,
40044
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
32,
36
],
[
41,
48
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Eudo Dapifer (or FitzHerbert), Norman nobleman",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20837423
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Atsutaka, Japanese nobleman and poet",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
58414405
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Sadazane, Japanese calligrapher (b. 1076)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
32546082,
53682,
42461
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
32,
44
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ingegerd, queen of Denmark and Sweden (b. 1046)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16792476,
76972,
5058739
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
20,
27
],
[
32,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Raymond Pilet d'Alès, French nobleman (b. 1075)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
52931479,
42460
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "1120'erne",
"section_idx": 4,
"section_name": "References",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
}
]
| [
"1120"
]
| 19,542 | 269 | 31 | 75 | 0 | 0 | 1120 | year | []
|
36,273 | 1,086,652,909 | 1121 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1121 (MCXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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"section_name": "Introduction",
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25657,
321295,
15651
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[
11,
16
],
[
24,
56
],
[
102,
117
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ascelina, French Cistercian nun and mystic (d. 1195)",
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23648239,
50409,
29174999,
40004
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1,
9
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[
18,
28
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[
37,
43
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[
48,
52
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Chōgen, Japanese Buddhist monk (kanjin) (d. 1206)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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35621341,
297220,
35735121,
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[
1,
7
],
[
18,
26
],
[
33,
39
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Henry of France, archbishop of Reims (d. 1175)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
7586974,
1788185,
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[
1,
16
],
[
32,
37
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Joscelin of Louvain, Flemish nobleman (d. 1180)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
10709642,
28978421,
36395
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
30,
38
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Kojijū, Japanese noblewoman and poet (d. 1202)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
49801722,
36056
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 7 Erminold, German Benedictine abbot ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15987,
23491680,
4240
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
20
],
[
29,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 18 William of Champeaux, French philosopher",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16202,
497699
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
33
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 10 Domnall Ua Lochlainn, Irish king (b. 1048)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
10991,
2156632,
40046
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
34
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 2 Floris II (the Fat), count of Holland (b. 1085)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
19516,
1465335,
691057,
42466
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
19
],
[
40,
47
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 23 Jón Ögmundsson, Icelandic bishop (b. 1052)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1827,
2155716,
40050
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
25
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 7 Ulrich I (or Udalrich), German bishop",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1332,
54458742
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
19
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 11 Al-Afdal Shahanshah, Fatimid caliph (b. 1066)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8396,
1305434,
35054
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
33
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 13 Ulrich of Eppenstein, German abbot",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8852,
48861064
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
34
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abd al-Aziz ibn Mansur, Hammadid governor and ruler",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27282915
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Alfanus II (or Alfano), Lombard archbishop of Salerno",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
30445139,
15063082
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
47,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Tughrai, Persian official, poet and alchemist (b. 1061)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2042556,
573,
36037
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
40,
49
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bartolf Leslie (or Bartholomew), Scottish nobleman",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
54722879
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fang La, Chinese rebel leader (executed in Kaifeng)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2838965,
244481
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
44,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Frederick of Liege, German prince-bishop and saint",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
23491305
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lü Shinang, Chinese religious leader (Manichaean cult)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27606966,
19760
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
39,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Masud Sa'd Salman, Persian poet (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3619582
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Muireadhach Ua Flaithbheartaigh, king of Iar Connacht",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
26665454,
1450294
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
32
],
[
42,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert of Bounalbergo, Norman nobleman and crusader",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
52884433
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Zhou Bangyan, Chinese bureaucrat and ci poet (b. 1056)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
55271871,
653342,
40052
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
38,
40
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Zhou Tong, Chinese archery teacher and martial artist ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
5568326,
2007,
19501
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
20,
27
],
[
40,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "1120'erne",
"section_idx": 4,
"section_name": "References",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
}
]
| [
"1121"
]
| 23,983 | 407 | 20 | 63 | 0 | 0 | 1121 | year | []
|
36,274 | 1,086,652,925 | 1125 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1125 (MCXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
321344,
15651
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[
11,
16
],
[
24,
56
],
[
102,
117
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 17 Lu You, Chinese poet and writer (d. 1209)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
22366,
922389,
36057
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
19
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " date unknown",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
},
{
"plaintext": " Abraham ben David, French rabbi (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1577256,
51273
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
27,
32
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Baldwin of Forde, English archbishop (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
3413286
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bolesław IV (the Curly), duke of Poland (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
374572,
45367947
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
34,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Chueang, Thai ruler of the Ngoenyang Kingdom (d. 1192)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
38034923,
22450856,
38572
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
28,
45
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Eystein II (Haraldsson), king of Norway (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1057178,
47392864
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
34,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fernando Rodríguez de Castro, Spanish nobleman (d. 1185)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
24545461,
28978421,
40094
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
29
],
[
39,
47
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Giovanni de Surdis Cacciafronte, Italian bishop (d. 1184)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
51341264,
40093
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
32
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Guigues V, count of Albon and Grenoble (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15872398,
15585105,
50972
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
21,
26
],
[
31,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, Persian historian and writer (d. 1201)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
17654351,
40003
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
24
],
[
59,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Matilda of Savoy, queen consort of Portugal (d. 1157)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2452175,
9352542,
36214
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
36,
44
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Otto II (the Rich), margrave of Meissen (d. 1190)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
12927555,
3211873,
40008
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
33,
40
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Reginald of Châtillon, French nobleman (d. 1187)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
157696,
36054
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William de Vesci, Norman High Sheriff (d. 1184)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
32526945
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William of Æbelholt, French churchman (d. 1203)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
5735138,
40002
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
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[
43,
47
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 24 David IV (the Builder), king of Georgia (b. 1073)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15954,
420853,
7466162,
36696
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
21
],
[
45,
52
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 12 Vladislaus I, duke of Bohemia (b. 1065)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1009,
890152,
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1,
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20
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42
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51
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},
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16
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},
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"plaintext": " June 22 Lambert of St-Bertin, French chronicler",
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10,
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36038
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1,
13
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[
15,
24
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[
38,
45
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[
50,
54
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},
{
"plaintext": " September 27 Richeza of Berg, duchess of Bohemia",
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1,
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15,
30
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},
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"plaintext": " October 21 Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian chronicler",
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1,
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[
13,
29
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 3 Berengar II, German nobleman",
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1,
11
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13,
24
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 29 Agnes I, abbess of Quedlinburg",
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1,
12
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[
14,
21
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[
33,
44
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Adalbert II, count of Mörsberg (approximate date)",
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47316462,
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[
1,
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23,
31
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Alina Martain, French Benedictine nun and saint",
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1,
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23,
34
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},
{
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1,
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38,
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},
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1,
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29,
34
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},
{
"plaintext": " Bonfilius, Italian Benedictine monk and bishop",
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14247324
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1,
10
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Eustace III, count of Boulogne (approximate date)",
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681741
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1,
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23,
31
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Harding of Bristol, English sheriff reeve (b. 1048)",
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1484891,
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[
1,
19
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[
29,
42
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[
47,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hugh I, count of Champagne (approximate date)",
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1743565,
3128855
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[
1,
7
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18,
27
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ibn al-Khashshab, Seljuk Shi'i magistrate (qadi)",
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1,
17
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[
26,
31
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[
44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Inge the Younger, king of Sweden (approximate date)",
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916997,
217473
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[
1,
17
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[
27,
33
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert de Mowbray, Norman Earl of Northumbria",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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3663558,
3651601
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[
1,
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[
27,
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},
{
"plaintext": "1120'erne",
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"section_name": "References",
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"anchor_spans": []
}
]
| [
"1125"
]
| 23,799 | 266 | 31 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 1125 | year | []
|
36,275 | 1,100,083,416 | 1126 | [
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},
{
"plaintext": " Abu Madyan, Andalusian mystic and Sufi master (d. 1198)",
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{
"plaintext": " Averroes ibn Rushd, Andalusian judge and physician (d. 1198)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Eynion de Tilston, Norman knight and lord of Tilston (approximate date)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Fan Chengda, Chinese politician, poet and geographer (d. 1193)",
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{
"plaintext": " Michael the Syrian (\"the Great\"), Syriac patriarch (d. 1199)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Mieszko III the Old, duke of Greater Poland (d. 1202)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Muneko, Japanese princess and empress (d. 1189)",
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1,
7
],
[
43,
47
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Peter I of Courtenay, French nobleman (d. 1183)",
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1,
21
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[
30,
38
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43,
47
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sibylla of Burgundy, queen of Sicily (d. 1150)",
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Sviatoslav III, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1194)",
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1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Taira no Tokiko, Japanese Buddhist nun (d. 1185)",
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297220,
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1,
16
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27,
35
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[
44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 18 Otto II the Black, Moravian prince (b. 1085) ",
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31300939,
42466
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1,
12
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[
14,
31
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 8 Urraca, queen regnant of León and Galicia (b. 1079)",
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3255313,
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
16
],
[
35,
39
],
[
44,
51
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 30 Cecilia of Normandy (or Cecily), English princess ",
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15911,
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
29
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 1 Świętosława of Poland, queen of Bohemia",
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19457795,
4345
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
35
],
[
46,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 1 Morphia of Melitene, queen of Jerusalem (or 1127)",
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36276
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
31
],
[
42,
51
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 4 Omar Khayyam, Persian mathematician (b. 1048)",
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3304216,
40046
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
25
],
[
35,
48
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 13 Henry IX the Black, duke of Bavaria (b. 1075)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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2387913,
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42460
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
32
],
[
42,
49
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 29 Wulfhilde of Saxony, duchess of Bavaria (b. 1072)",
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35934
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
33
],
[
58,
62
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abu Bakr al-Turtushi, Andalusian political philosopher (b. 1059)",
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41240245,
40054
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[
1,
21
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[
60,
64
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abu Nasr Ahmad ibn Fadl, Seljuk ruler (vizier) of Damascus",
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242409,
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1,
24
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[
40,
46
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[
51,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ahmad Ghazali, Persian mystic and writer (approximate date)",
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23986107
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[
1,
14
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Tutili (\"Blind Poet of Tudela\"), Andalusian Muwallad poet",
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[
1,
10
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[
48,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bertrand of Comminges, French bishop and saint (b. 1050)",
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23477012,
36291
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[
1,
22
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[
52,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Cai Jing, Chinese politician and calligrapher (b. 1047)",
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1119765,
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[
1,
9
],
[
34,
46
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Edgar the Ætheling, uncrowned king of England (b. 1051)",
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"target_page_ids": [
54218,
407950,
40049
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[
1,
19
],
[
39,
46
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[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ekkehard of Aura, German abbot, chronicler and writer",
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"target_page_ids": [
1453991,
1143
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[
1,
17
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[
26,
31
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ragnvald Knaphövde, Swedish pretender (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
917004
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tong Guan, Chinese general and political adviser (b. 1054)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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2949921,
36660
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[
1,
10
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[
54,
58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Vikramaditya VI, king of the Western Chalukya Empire",
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4151687,
4900499
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[
1,
16
],
[
30,
53
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Waleran of Le Puiset, French nobleman (approximate date)",
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"target_page_ids": [
52287781
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Wynebald de Ballon, Norman nobleman (b. 1058)",
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"target_page_ids": [
29505476,
36210
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
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[
41,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "1120'erne",
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"section_name": "References",
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}
]
| [
"1126"
]
| 30,114 | 217 | 25 | 85 | 0 | 0 | 1126 | year | []
|
36,276 | 1,091,880,095 | 1127 | [
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26,
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104,
119
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 16 Felix of Valois, French nobleman and hermit (d. 1212)",
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271054,
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59,
63
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},
{
"plaintext": " May 23 Uijong, Korean ruler of Goryeo (d. 1173)",
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19655,
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36052
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1,
7
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15
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[
44,
48
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},
{
"plaintext": " July 23 Zhao Fu, emperor of the Song Dynasty (d. 1129)",
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1,
8
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10,
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[
34,
46
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[
51,
55
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},
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"plaintext": " October 18 Go-Shirakawa, Japanese emperor (d. 1192)",
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195045,
38572
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1,
11
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13,
25
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[
48,
52
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 27 Xiao Zong, Chinese emperor (d. 1194)",
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21448,
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[
1,
12
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14,
23
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[
45,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bolesław I (the Tall), duke of Wrocław (d. 1201)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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33603,
40003
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1,
11
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32,
39
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44,
48
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},
{
"plaintext": " Henry I (the Liberal), count of Champagne (d. 1181)",
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3128855,
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1,
8
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33,
42
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47,
51
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Julian of Cuenca, Spanish bishop (approximate date)",
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1,
17
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},
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"plaintext": " Yang Wanli, Chinese politician and poet (d. 1206)",
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11
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36,
40
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45,
49
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 7 Ava (or Ava von Göttweig), German poet (b. 1060)",
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36292
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1,
11
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13,
16
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[
56,
60
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 10 William IX (the Troubador), duke of Aquitaine (b. 1071)",
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10991,
544552,
546092,
35164
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12
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[
14,
24
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[
50,
59
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[
64,
68
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{
"plaintext": " March 2 Charles I (the Good), count of Flanders (b. 1084)",
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1,
8
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[
10,
19
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[
41,
49
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[
54,
58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 23 Ottone Frangipane, Italian Benedictine monk (b. 1040)",
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4240,
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1,
9
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[
11,
28
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[
38,
49
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[
59,
63
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 16 Gens du Beaucet, French hermit and saint (b. 1104)",
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1,
7
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[
9,
24
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[
54,
58
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " August 12 Jordan of Ariano, Norman warrior and nobleman",
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1,
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12,
28
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},
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"plaintext": " September 1 Álmos (or Almus), duke of Hungary and Croatia",
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1,
12
],
[
14,
19
],
[
40,
47
],
[
52,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 1 Morphia of Melitene, queen of Jerusalem (or 1126)",
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1563863,
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
31
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[
42,
51
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[
56,
60
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 1 Zhang Bangchang, ruler of Da Chu (b. 1081)",
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
28
],
[
39,
45
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 12 Godbald (or Godebald), bishop of Utrecht",
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
21
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[
47,
54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 19 Jordan II (or Giordano), prince of Capua",
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8848,
4268600,
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
23
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[
49,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Hiroko, Japanese empress consort (b. 1036)",
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33812245,
36686
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[
1,
19
],
[
50,
54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fulcher of Chartres, French priest and chronicler (b. 1059)",
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553756,
40054
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[
1,
20
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[
55,
59
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},
{
"plaintext": " Gilla Críst Ua Máel Eóin, Irish historian and abbot",
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26633741,
1143
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[
1,
25
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[
47,
52
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gualfardo of Verona, Italian trader and hermit (b. 1070)",
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1,
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52,
56
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},
{
"plaintext": " Minamoto no Yoshimitsu, Japanese samurai (b. 1045)",
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1,
23
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[
34,
41
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[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William II, Norman duke of Apulia and Calabria (b. 1095)",
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[
1,
11
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[
28,
47
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[
52,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " William III (the Child), count of Burgundy (b. 1110)",
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441670,
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[
1,
12
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[
35,
43
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[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Zhu, Chinese empress of the Song Dynasty (b. 1102)",
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[
1,
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[
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50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "1120'erne",
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"section_name": "References",
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"anchor_spans": []
}
]
| [
"1127"
]
| 23,827 | 327 | 30 | 89 | 0 | 0 | 1127 | year | []
|
36,277 | 1,100,083,422 | 1128 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1128 (MCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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[
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},
{
"plaintext": " March 18 Stephen of Tournai, French bishop (d. 1203)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Absalon, Danish archbishop and statesman (d. 1201)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Adolf II, count of Schauenburg and Holstein (d. 1164)",
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[
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Alain de Lille, French theologian and poet (approximate date)",
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1,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid, Arab theologian (d. 1215)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Constance of Hauteville, princess of Antioch (d. 1163)",
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1,
24
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[
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45
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[
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54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " John Doukas (Komnenos), Byzantine governor (d. 1176)",
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[
1,
12
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52
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " John Kontostephanos, Byzantine aristocrat (approximate date)",
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[
1,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lorcán Ua Tuathail, Irish archbishop of Dublin (d. 1180)",
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1,
19
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41,
47
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52,
56
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ludwig II (the Iron), landgrave of Thuringia (d. 1172)",
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31130,
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1,
10
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45
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[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Muhammad II ibn Mahmud, Seljuk sultan (d. 1159)",
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39454084,
40084
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1,
23
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43,
47
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ruzbihan Baqli, Persian poet and mystic (d. 1209)",
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3176836,
36057
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[
1,
15
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[
45,
49
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Taira no Norimori, Japanese nobleman (d. 1185)",
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42884152,
40094
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[
1,
18
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[
42,
46
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 1 Albero I, prince-bishop of Liège (b. 1070)",
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15787,
2511811,
1835742,
36293
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
20
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[
39,
44
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 12 Toghtekin, Turkish ruler of Damascus",
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11158,
19112622,
8914
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
23
],
[
42,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 2 Pier Leoni (or Petrus Leo), Roman consul",
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15855,
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[
1,
7
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[
9,
19
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 28 William Clito, count of Flanders (b. 1102)",
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16040,
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1,
8
],
[
10,
23
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[
34,
42
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 5 Ranulf Flambard, bishop of Durham",
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27990,
157991,
3520200
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
29
],
[
41,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 4 Henry II, German nobleman (b. 1102)",
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8354,
50425963,
28978421
],
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
21
],
[
30,
38
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 15 Fulco I d'Este, Lombard nobleman",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8145,
39049428
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[
1,
12
],
[
14,
28
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abu Ibrahim ibn Barun, Andalusian Jewish rabbi",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
7102303,
51273
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[
1,
22
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[
42,
47
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Conaing Ua Beigléighinn, Irish monk and abbot",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
31430377,
1143
],
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[
1,
24
],
[
41,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Constantine I of Torres, ruler (judge) of Logudoro",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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9283082,
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[
1,
24
],
[
33,
38
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[
43,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Kiyohira, Japanese nobleman (b. 1056)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
11406879,
40052
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Geoffrey Brito (or le Breton), archbishop of Rouen",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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20898546,
3764650
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[
1,
15
],
[
46,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ibn Tumart, Almoravid political leader (or 1130)",
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1857881,
35543
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[
1,
11
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Jimena Muñoz (or Muñiz), Spanish noblewoman",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
55948492
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Rogvolod Vseslavich (Boris), prince of Polotsk",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28056847,
4379992
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
40,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Warmund (or Gormond), patriarch of Jerusalem",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
9663043,
231524
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
36,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": "1120'erne",
"section_idx": 4,
"section_name": "References",
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"anchor_spans": []
}
]
| [
"1128"
]
| 23,746 | 214 | 16 | 71 | 0 | 0 | 1128 | year | []
|
36,278 | 1,091,880,382 | 1129 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1129 (MCXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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25657,
311439,
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11,
17
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25,
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102,
117
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abu al-Abbas as-Sabti, Moroccan Sufi writer (d. 1204)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Date Tomomune, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1199)",
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25,
33
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38,
45
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[
50,
54
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Elisabeth of Schönau, German Benedictine abbess (d. 1164)",
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1,
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30,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria (d. 1195)",
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1,
15
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25,
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36,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Theophanes Kerameus, bishop of Rossano (d. 1152)",
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15463899,
36050
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1,
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44,
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 23 William Giffard, bishop of Winchester",
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624075,
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1,
11
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13,
28
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[
40,
50
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 27 Ranulf le Meschin, 3rd Earl of Chester (b. 1070)",
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15866,
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253675,
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13,
30
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56,
60
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},
{
"plaintext": " January 29 Minamoto no Shunrai, Japanese poet (b. 1055)",
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15814,
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[
1,
11
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[
13,
32
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[
43,
47
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[
52,
56
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},
{
"plaintext": " February 16 Thoros I, Armenian prince (or 1130)",
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1381230,
35543
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1,
12
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[
14,
22
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[
44,
48
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 17 Constantine II, Armenian prince ",
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11164,
406291
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[
1,
12
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[
14,
28
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 24 Shirakawa, emperor of Japan (b. 1053)",
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202175,
15573,
36698
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[
1,
8
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[
10,
19
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[
32,
37
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[
42,
46
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 28 Zhao Fu, emperor of the Song Dynasty (b. 1127)",
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1,
8
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[
10,
17
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[
34,
46
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[
51,
55
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},
{
"plaintext": " November 21 Nigel d'Aubigny, Norman nobleman",
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1,
12
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14,
29
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},
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"plaintext": " December 30 Roger of Cannae, Italian bishop (b. 1060)",
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36292
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1,
12
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[
14,
29
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50,
54
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},
{
"plaintext": " Athanasius VI bar Khamoro, patriarch of Antioch",
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36900
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[
1,
26
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41,
48
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},
{
"plaintext": " Cellach of Armagh (or Celsus), Irish archbishop (b. 1080)",
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1,
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53,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Fujiwara no Akinaka, Japanese nobleman (b. 1059)",
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58367861,
40054
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[
1,
20
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44,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " John Theristus, Italian Benedictine monk (b. 1049)",
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[
1,
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37,
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50
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},
{
"plaintext": " Ramiro Sánchez, Spanish nobleman (or 1130)",
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[
1,
15
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Richard Fitz Pons, Norman nobleman (b. 1080)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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10753977
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[
1,
18
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Walter FitzRoger, Norman sheriff of Gloucester",
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13445683,
65370
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[
1,
17
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[
37,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Zhao Mingcheng, Chinese politician (b. 1081)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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34896805,
42463
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
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[
40,
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},
{
"plaintext": "1120'erne",
"section_idx": 4,
"section_name": "References",
"target_page_ids": [],
"anchor_spans": []
}
]
| [
"1129"
]
| 23,463 | 159 | 13 | 64 | 0 | 0 | 1129 | year | []
|
36,279 | 1,100,083,395 | 1111 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1111 (MCXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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11,
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},
{
"plaintext": " Afonso I (the Conqueror), King of Portugal (d. 1185)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Agnes of Babenberg, High Duchess of Poland (d. 1163)",
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},
{
"plaintext": " Andrei Bogolyubsky, Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal (d. 1174)",
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"section_name": "Births",
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[
51,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Henry II, Duke of Limburg (House of Ardenne) (d. 1167)",
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1,
9
],
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26
],
[
28,
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],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Josceline de Bohon, bishop of Salisbury (d. 1184)",
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1,
19
],
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31,
40
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Stephen of Armenia, Armenian nobleman (d. 1165)",
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[
1,
19
],
[
30,
38
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 29 Piotr I (or Peter), bishop of Wrocław",
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49613939,
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[
1,
11
],
[
13,
20
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[
43,
50
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " February 22 Roger Borsa, Italo-Norman nobleman",
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1,
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14,
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " March 3 Bohemond I, Italo-Norman nobleman (b. 1054)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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[
1,
8
],
[
10,
20
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 12 Berthold II, German nobleman (b. 1050)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
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11401877,
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],
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
22
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 17 Robert of Molesme, French abbot (b. 1028)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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[
1,
9
],
[
11,
28
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[
37,
42
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 15 Yun Gwan, Korean general (b. 1040)",
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"target_page_ids": [
15936,
5880295,
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],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
18
],
[
39,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 27 Vekenega, Croatian abbess",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27934,
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[
1,
13
],
[
15,
23
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 5 Robert II, Count of Flanders (b. 1065)",
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[
1,
10
],
[
12,
21
],
[
32,
40
],
[
45,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 7 Anna Polovetskaya, Kievan princess",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22446,
57148097
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
29
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October 26 Gómez González, Castilian nobleman",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
22403,
24161676
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
27
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 8 Otto II, German nobleman",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21759,
5712038
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
13,
20
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December 19 ",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
8848
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Agnes of Rheinfelden, German noblewoman",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
57428070
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Al-Ghazali, Persian theologian (b. 1058)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
146607,
42199619,
36210
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
21,
31
],
[
36,
40
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, Prince of Powys (b. 1051)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
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629082,
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],
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[
1,
19
],
[
31,
36
],
[
41,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, Prince of Powys (b. 1053)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3310513,
36698
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
42,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ōe no Masafusa, Japanese poet and writer (b. 1041)",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4215998,
774012,
40040
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
26,
30
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Richard II, Italian consul and Duke of Gaeta",
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"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
5331338,
3761562
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
40,
45
]
]
}
]
| [
"1111"
]
| 19,522 | 3,657 | 22 | 67 | 0 | 0 | 1111 | year | []
|
36,280 | 1,107,822,197 | 1110 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1110 (MCX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
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"section_name": "Introduction",
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25657,
321295,
15651
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"anchor_spans": [
[
11,
14
],
[
22,
54
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[
100,
115
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " May 5: Lunar eclipse, in which the moon became totally dark according to the Peterborough Chronicle, due to an earlier volcanic eruption putting aerosols into the upper atmosphere of the earth, thus cutting off the earthlight.",
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"section_name": "Events",
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1,
6
],
[
8,
21
],
[
78,
100
],
[
216,
226
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Second Chola invasion of Kalinga ",
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1,
33
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Spring Mawdud ibn Altuntash, Turkic ruler (atabeg) of Mosul, leads an expedition to capture the territories of the Crusaders (belonging to the County of Edessa) east of the Euphrates River. He besieges the fortress city of Edessa, but is forced to retreat, when King Baldwin I of Jerusalem (with the support of Armenian forces sent by Kogh Vasil) intervenes with a Crusader relief force.",
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[
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],
[
175,
190
],
[
225,
231
],
[
269,
291
],
[
337,
347
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " February – May The Crusaders under Baldwin I besiege Beirut. The Genoese and Pisan ships blockade the harbour, Fatimid ships from Tyre and Sidon try in vain to break the blockade. The Fatimid governor flees by night through the Italian fleet to Cyprus. On May 13, Baldwin captures the city by assault. The Italians conduct a massacre among the inhabitants.",
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[
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[
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[
132,
136
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[
141,
146
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[
247,
253
],
[
258,
264
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " October – December The Crusaders under Baldwin I (supported by King Sigurd I) besiege Sidon. Norwegian ships blockade the harbour – but are nearly dispersed by a powerful Fatimid flotilla from Tyre. They are saved by the arrival of a Venetian squadron under Doge Ordelafo Faliero. On December 4, the city capitulates (under notable terms) to Baldwin.",
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70,
78
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[
236,
244
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[
265,
281
],
[
286,
296
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " December Tancred, Italo-Norman prince of Galilee, brings the Crusader castle Krak des Chevaliers in Syria under his control. He remains regent of the Principality of Antioch in the name of his cousin Bohemond II.",
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[
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[
102,
107
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[
138,
144
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[
152,
175
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[
202,
213
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " King Henry V invades Italy with a large army and concludes an agreement with Pope Paschal II at Sutri. Henry renounces the right of investiture (a dispute with the former Henry IV). In return, Paschal promises to crown him emperor and to restore to the Holy Roman Empire all the lands given to the German church (since the time of Charlemagne). ",
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],
[
22,
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[
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[
97,
102
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[
172,
180
],
[
254,
271
],
[
332,
343
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 25 Henry V marries the 8-year-old Matilda (daughter of King Henry I of England). She is crowned Queen of the Romans in a ceremony at Mainz. After the betrothal Matilda is placed into custody of Bruno, archbishop of Trier, who is tasked with educating her in German culture, manners and government.",
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8
],
[
41,
48
],
[
67,
85
],
[
103,
122
],
[
140,
145
],
[
201,
206
],
[
222,
227
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " The dukedom of Bohemia is secured for Vladislaus I following the death of Svatopluk (the Lion) who is assassinated. Vladislaus receives support from Henry V and will rule until 1125.",
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"section_name": "Events",
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3347566,
36274
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16,
23
],
[
39,
51
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[
75,
84
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[
178,
182
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Almoravid forces under Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf occupy Zaragoza (modern Spain), bringing all of Andalusia's Muslim states under Almoravid control.",
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"section_name": "Events",
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26667,
2736
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1,
10
],
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31,
44
],
[
52,
60
],
[
69,
74
],
[
93,
102
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " King Henry I has improvements made at Windsor Castle, including a chapel, so that he can use the castle as his formal residence.",
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"section_name": "Events",
"target_page_ids": [
4689517,
172024
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"anchor_spans": [
[
39,
53
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[
67,
73
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " The Rus' Primary Chronicle is completed. The work is considered to be a fundamental source in the history of the East Slavs.",
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"section_name": "Events",
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45675,
44661
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[
5,
9
],
[
10,
27
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114,
124
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Approximate date of composition of Jayamkondar's Kalingattuparani, a Tamil epic celebrating the victory of Kulottunga Chola I over the Kalinga king, Anantavarman Chodaganga in the Chola-Kalinga war that took place around this year.",
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"section_name": "Events",
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1343587,
34328543,
34327857
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36,
49
],
[
50,
66
],
[
71,
81
],
[
109,
127
],
[
151,
174
],
[
182,
199
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Construction begins on Fontevraud Abbey in the French duchy of Anjou.",
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"section_name": "Events",
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24213451
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[
24,
40
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[
64,
69
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Aelred of Rievaulx, English Cistercian monk and abbot (d. 1167)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
737039,
50409,
1143,
40010
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1,
19
],
[
29,
39
],
[
49,
54
],
[
59,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abraham ben Isaac, Jewish rabbi and writer (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
7534567,
51273
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
27,
32
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Abraham ibn Daud, Jewish astronomer and historian (d. 1180)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
231407,
36395
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
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[
55,
59
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]
},
{
"plaintext": " Walter FitzAlan, Scottish High Steward (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
6398334
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"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Clarembald of Arras, French theologian and writer (d. 1187) ",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
9523751,
36054
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
20
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Diarmait Mac Murchada, Irish king of Leinster (d. 1171)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
880495,
74203,
40085
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
38,
46
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Düsum Khyenpa, Tibetan spiritual leader (karmapa) (d. 1193)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1354409,
60195,
40006
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
42,
49
],
[
55,
59
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Eudes of Deuil (or Odo), French abbot and historian (d. 1162)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
4710263,
40012
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
57,
61
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gertrude of Sulzbach, German queen (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
10035554
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Gilbert Foliot, English abbot and bishop (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
5164268
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hodierna of Jerusalem, countess of Tripoli (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1182518,
256428
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
36,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Iorwerth Goch ap Maredudd, Welsh prince (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
27931582
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
26
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " John Tzetzes, Byzantine grammarian (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
360254,
12569
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
25,
32
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Kirik the Novgorodian, Russian monk and chronicler (d. 1156)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
18193447,
36051
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
56,
60
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lhachen Naglug, Indian ruler of Ladakh (approximate date)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
24635373,
303611
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
33,
39
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Liu Wansu, Chinese physician of the Jin Dynasty (d. 1200)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
49060328,
55023,
36394
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
37,
48
],
[
53,
57
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Eudes de St. Amand (or Odo), French Grand Master (d. 1179)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1894106,
2000515,
36053
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
37,
49
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo, Tibetan Buddhist monk (d. 1170)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
19434958,
30988,
36459
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
26
],
[
36,
44
],
[
54,
58
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Reginald de Dunstanville, 1st Earl of Cornwall (d. 1175)",
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"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
3217708,
797655,
40087
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
25
],
[
31,
47
],
[
52,
56
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert of Torigni, Norman monk and abbot (d. 1186)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
2997552,
40095
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Rohese de Vere, countess of Essex (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
11568958,
40100758
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
29,
34
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Rostislav I, Grand Prince of Kiev (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
936339,
9074276
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
30,
34
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Vladislaus II (or Vladislav), king of Bohemia (d. 1174)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
3347595,
1625048,
40086
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
39,
46
],
[
51,
55
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William III (the Child), count of Burgundy (d. 1127)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
19132600,
441670,
36276
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
35,
43
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 10 Elias I (de Baugency), French nobleman",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15809,
10399840,
28978421
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
17
],
[
40,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " November 12 Gebhard III, bishop of Constance",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
21631,
15767400,
6917851
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
14,
25
],
[
37,
46
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lhachen Utpala, Indian king of Ladakh (b. 1080)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
24635026,
36039
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
15
],
[
43,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Li Jie, Chinese writer of the Song Dynasty (b. 1065)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
47590138,
56978,
42456
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
7
],
[
31,
43
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Richard of Hauteville, Italo-Norman nobleman",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
25783730
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Robert of Hauteville, Italo-Norman nobleman",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4964328
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
21
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Thiofrid, Benedictine abbot of Echternach",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16426758,
4240,
649750
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
],
[
11,
22
],
[
32,
42
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Vijayabahu I, Sri Lankan king of Polonnaruwa",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
13684141,
12334707
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
34,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William Bona Anima, archbishop of Rouen",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
20968657,
3764650
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
],
[
35,
40
]
]
}
]
| [
"1110"
]
| 19,519 | 280 | 20 | 150 | 0 | 0 | 1110 | year | []
|
36,281 | 1,107,653,399 | 1088 | [
{
"plaintext": "Year 1088 (MLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.",
"section_idx": 0,
"section_name": "Introduction",
"target_page_ids": [
25657,
321364,
15651
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
11,
20
],
[
28,
58
],
[
104,
119
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 31 Ja'far ibn Abdallah al-Muqtadi, was the son of caliph al-Muqtadi and Mah-i Mulk.",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15793,
1091268,
71093984
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
11
],
[
67,
77
],
[
82,
92
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 24 Ibn al-Arif, Moorish Sufi scholar and writer (d. 1141)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
15888,
19328207,
28246,
34975
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
21
],
[
31,
35
],
[
59,
63
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Bermudo Pérez de Traba, Spanish nobleman (d. 1168)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
41928751,
28978421,
36216
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
],
[
33,
41
],
[
46,
50
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hemachandra, Indian Jain poet and polymath (d. 1173)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1154896,
16016,
25121,
36052
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
21,
25
],
[
35,
43
],
[
48,
52
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Irene of Hungary, Byzantine empress consort (d. 1134)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
5272316,
40074
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " John IV, Byzantine prince and archbishop (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
54615454
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Lucienne de Rochefort, French crown princess (d. 1137)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
13915550,
40076
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair, king of Connacht (d. 1156)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
1617062,
74200,
36051
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
27
],
[
37,
45
],
[
50,
54
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " William III (or William IV), French nobleman (d. 1156)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
19132688
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Zhenxie Qingliao, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 1151)",
"section_idx": 2,
"section_name": "Births",
"target_page_ids": [
35487634,
30153241,
226808,
40082
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
],
[
27,
30
],
[
31,
39
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " January 6 Berengar of Tours, French theologian",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15986,
39673
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
10
],
[
12,
29
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " April 7 Burchard II (or Bucco), German bishop",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2735,
11949252
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
21
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 15 Gebhard of Salzburg, German archbishop",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15936,
4482686
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
29
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " June 24 William de Warenne, Norman nobleman",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15812,
642965
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
28
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " July 27 Benno II, German bishop and architect",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
15922,
17458133
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
8
],
[
10,
18
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 25 Godfrey, bishop of Chichester",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
28203,
12962917,
3520249
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
22
],
[
34,
44
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " September 28 Hermann of Salm, German nobleman",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27533,
9419309
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
13
],
[
15,
30
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Alberic of Monte Cassino, German Benedictine cardinal",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
4357870,
4240
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
25
],
[
34,
45
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Berthold of Reichenau, German chronicler and writer",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
16762877
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Dubh Chablaigh ingen Áed, Irish queen of Munster",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
29809460,
16627880
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
25
],
[
42,
49
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Hugh de Montfort, Norman nobleman (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
52533543
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
17
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " John Doukas, Byzantine usurper (approximate date)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
5458855,
4276586
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
12
],
[
24,
31
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Khwaja Abdullah Ansari, Persian Sufi poet (b. 1006)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
3589304,
4348527,
35905
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
23
],
[
33,
42
],
[
47,
51
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Mael Isa ua Máilgiric, Irish Chief Ollam and writer",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
27364162,
27308370
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
22
],
[
30,
41
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Marianus Scotus of Regensburg, Irish abbot",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
14853375,
1143
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
30
],
[
38,
43
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Naser Khosrow, Persian poet and philosopher (b. 1004)",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
1002657,
35903
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
14
],
[
49,
53
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Nasir ibn Alnas, Berber ruler of the Hammadids",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
2211951,
645356
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
16
],
[
38,
47
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Ranulf I (or Rainulf), Italo-Norman nobleman",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
46752672
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
9
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Rhiryd ap Bleddyn, Welsh king of Powys (b. 1049) ",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
6888341,
143738,
40047
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
18
],
[
34,
39
],
[
44,
48
]
]
},
{
"plaintext": " Tigernach Ua Braín, Irish abbot and writer",
"section_idx": 3,
"section_name": "Deaths",
"target_page_ids": [
26854995
],
"anchor_spans": [
[
1,
19
]
]
}
]
| [
"1088"
]
| 19,463 | 296 | 14 | 69 | 0 | 0 | 1088 | year | []
|
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