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[ { "plaintext": "James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th president of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881, until his death six months later, two months after he was shot by an assassin. A lawyer and Civil War general, he served nine terms in the House of Representatives and was the only sitting member of the House to be elected president. Before his candidacy for the White House, he had been elected to the U.S. Senate by the Ohio General Assembly, a position he declined when he became president-elect.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24113, 14320018, 863, 33057, 24909346, 426286, 20107159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 105 ], [ 141, 150 ], [ 227, 236 ], [ 398, 409 ], [ 438, 449 ], [ 457, 478 ], [ 518, 533 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield was born into poverty in a log cabin and grew up in northeastern Ohio. After graduating from Williams College, he studied law and became an attorney. He was elected as a Republican member of the Ohio State Senate in 1859, serving until 1861. He opposed Confederate secession, was a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh, and Chickamauga. Garfield was elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio's 19th district. Throughout his congressional service, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. He initially agreed with Radical Republican views on Reconstruction, but later favored a Moderate Republican-aligned approach to civil rights enforcement for freedmen. Garfield's aptitude for mathematics extended to a notable proof of the Pythagorean theorem, which he published in 1876.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 521854, 34105, 4157940, 832509, 7023, 360126, 1619883, 144155, 204642, 767381, 37412, 352697, 55040, 69995539, 13149886, 26513034 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 78 ], [ 102, 118 ], [ 179, 189 ], [ 204, 221 ], [ 262, 283 ], [ 312, 322 ], [ 383, 395 ], [ 397, 403 ], [ 409, 420 ], [ 476, 496 ], [ 560, 573 ], [ 644, 662 ], [ 672, 686 ], [ 708, 727 ], [ 777, 785 ], [ 858, 877 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the 1880 Republican National Convention, delegates chose Garfield, who had not sought the White House, as a compromise presidential nominee on the 36th ballot. In the 1880 presidential election, he conducted a low-key front porch campaign and narrowly defeated Democratic nominee Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield's accomplishments as president included his resurgence of presidential authority against senatorial courtesy in executive appointments, a purge of corruption in the Post Office, and his appointment of a Supreme Court justice.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11574890, 40525, 1845294, 171498, 1090251, 51547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 42 ], [ 170, 196 ], [ 221, 241 ], [ 283, 305 ], [ 405, 424 ], [ 481, 492 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A member of the intraparty \"Half-Breed\" faction, Garfield used the powers of the presidency to defy the powerful \"Stalwart\" New York senator Roscoe Conkling by appointing Blaine faction leader William H. Robertson to the lucrative post of Collector of the Port of New York, triggering a fracas that resulted in Robertson's confirmation and the resignations of Conkling and Thomas C. Platt from the Senate. Garfield advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reforms, which were passed by Congress in 1883 as the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11792399, 483128, 988494, 69979817, 11260303, 21183503, 1935182, 2154, 55663, 21490963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 38 ], [ 114, 122 ], [ 141, 156 ], [ 171, 185 ], [ 193, 213 ], [ 239, 272 ], [ 373, 388 ], [ 495, 512 ], [ 611, 645 ], [ 684, 701 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 2, 1881, Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed and delusional office seeker, shot Garfield at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington. The wound was not immediately fatal, but he died on September 19, 1881, from infections caused by his doctors.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 244924, 55667, 40199384, 24008546 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 35 ], [ 67, 80 ], [ 103, 141 ], [ 234, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "James Abram Garfield was born the youngest of five children on November 19, 1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township, now Moreland Hills, Ohio. Orange Township had been in the Western Reserve until 1800. Garfield's ancestor Edward Garfield immigrated from Hillmorton, Warwickshire, England, to Massachusetts around 1630. James's father Abram was born in Worcester, New York, and came to Ohio to woo his childhood sweetheart, Mehitabel Ballou, only to find her married. He instead wed her sister Eliza, who was born in New Hampshire. James was named for an earlier son who died in infancy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Childhood and early life", "target_page_ids": [ 10986730, 129105, 568662, 1452810, 383648, 127027 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 115 ], [ 121, 141 ], [ 175, 190 ], [ 255, 265 ], [ 267, 279 ], [ 353, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In early 1833, Abram and Eliza Garfield joined the Church of Christ, a decision that influenced their youngest son's life. Abram died later that year, and James was raised in poverty in a household led by his strong-willed mother. He was her favorite child and the two remained close for the rest of his life. Eliza remarried in 1842, but soon left her second husband, Warren (or Alfred) Belden, and a scandalous divorce was awarded in 1850. James took his mother's side and noted Belden's 1880 death with satisfaction in his diary. Garfield also enjoyed his mother's stories about his ancestry, especially his Welsh great-great-grandfathers and an ancestor who served as a knight of Caerphilly Castle.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Childhood and early life", "target_page_ids": [ 8660, 2030193, 355341 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 67 ], [ 611, 616 ], [ 684, 701 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Poor and fatherless, Garfield was mocked by his peers and became sensitive to slights throughout his life; he sought escape in voracious reading. He left home at age 16 in 1847 and was rejected for work on the only ship in port in Cleveland. Garfield instead found work on a canal boat, managing the mules that pulled it. Horatio Alger later used this labor to good effect when he wrote Garfield's campaign biography in 1880.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Childhood and early life", "target_page_ids": [ 5951, 63205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 231, 240 ], [ 322, 335 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After six weeks, illness forced Garfield to return home, and during his recuperation, his mother and a local school official secured his promise to forego canal work for a year of school. In 1848, he began at Geauga Seminary, in nearby Chester Township, Geauga County, Ohio. Garfield later said of his childhood, \"I lament that I was born to poverty, and in this chaos of childhood, seventeen years passed before I caught any inspiration... a precious 17 years when a boy with a father and some wealth might have become fixed in manly ways.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Childhood and early life", "target_page_ids": [ 54834433, 5288394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 209, 224 ], [ 236, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield attended Geauga Seminary from 1848 to 1850 and learned academic subjects for which he had not previously had time. He excelled as a student and was especially interested in languages and elocution. He began to appreciate the power a speaker had over an audience, writing that the speaker's platform \"creates some excitement. I love agitation and investigation and glory in defending unpopular truth against popular error.\" Geauga was coeducational, and Garfield was attracted to one of his classmates, Lucretia Rudolph, whom he later married. To support himself at Geauga, he worked as a carpenter's assistant and teacher. The need to go from town to town to find work as a teacher aggravated Garfield, and he developed a dislike of what he called \"place-seeking\", which became, he said, \"the law of my life.\" In later years, he astounded his friends by disregarding positions that could have been his with little politicking. Garfield had attended church more to please his mother than to worship God, but in his late teens he underwent a religious awakening. He attended many camp meetings, which led to his being born again on March 4, 1850, when he was baptized into Christ by being submerged in the icy waters of the Chagrin River.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Education, marriage and early career", "target_page_ids": [ 416322, 664211, 4950, 3049082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 511, 527 ], [ 1087, 1099 ], [ 1125, 1135 ], [ 1231, 1244 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After he left Geauga, Garfield worked for a year at various jobs, including teaching jobs. Finding that some New Englanders worked their way through college, Garfield determined to do the same and sought a school that could prepare him for the entrance examinations. From 1851 to 1854, he attended the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later named Hiram College) in Hiram, Ohio, a school run by the Disciples. While there, he was most interested in the study of Greek and Latin, but was inclined to learn about and discuss any new thing he encountered. Securing a position on entry as janitor, he obtained a teaching position while he was still a student there. Lucretia Rudolph also enrolled at the Institute and Garfield wooed her while teaching her Greek. He developed a regular preaching circuit at neighboring churches and, in some cases, earned one gold dollar per service. By 1854, Garfield had learned all the Institute could teach him and was a full-time teacher. Garfield then enrolled at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, as a third-year student; he received credit for two years' study at the Institute after passing a cursory examination. Garfield was also impressed with the college president, Mark Hopkins, who had responded warmly to Garfield's letter inquiring about admission. He said of Hopkins, \"The ideal college is Mark Hopkins on one end of a log with a student on the other.\" Hopkins later said of Garfield in his student days, \"There was a large general capacity applicable to any subject. There was no pretense of genius, or alternation of spasmodic effort, but a satisfactory accomplishment in all directions.\" After his first term, Garfield was hired to teach penmanship to the students of nearby Pownal, Vermont, a post Chester A. Arthur previously held.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Education, marriage and early career", "target_page_ids": [ 40289, 40289, 129736, 340239, 416322, 6890967, 34105, 259401, 22829226, 9850514, 137250, 21490963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 302, 336 ], [ 350, 363 ], [ 368, 379 ], [ 587, 594 ], [ 664, 680 ], [ 857, 868 ], [ 1001, 1017 ], [ 1021, 1048 ], [ 1055, 1073 ], [ 1225, 1237 ], [ 1742, 1757 ], [ 1766, 1783 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Williams in August 1856, was named salutatorian, and spoke at the commencement. His biographer Ira Rutkow writes that Garfield's years at Williams gave him the opportunity to know and respect those of different social backgrounds, and that, despite his origin as an unsophisticated Westerner, socially conscious New Englanders liked and respected him. \"In short,\" Rutkow writes, \"Garfield had an extensive and positive first experience with the world outside the Western Reserve of Ohio.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Education, marriage and early career", "target_page_ids": [ 166504, 569080, 167316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 33 ], [ 74, 86 ], [ 105, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon his return to Ohio, the degree from a prestigious Eastern college made Garfield a man of distinction. He returned to Hiram to teach at the Institute and in 1857 was made its principal, though he did not see education as a field that would realize his full potential. The abolitionist atmosphere at Williams had enlightened him politically, after which he began to consider politics as a career. He campaigned for Republican John C. Frémont in 1856. In 1858, he married Lucretia and they had seven children, five of whom survived infancy. Soon after the wedding, he registered to read law at the office of attorney Albert Gallatin Riddle in Cleveland, though he did his studying in Hiram. He was admitted to the bar in 1861.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Education, marriage and early career", "target_page_ids": [ 38894, 91440, 21189546, 11629184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 276, 288 ], [ 429, 444 ], [ 584, 592 ], [ 619, 641 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Local Republican leaders invited Garfield to enter politics upon the death of Cyrus Prentiss, the presumptive nominee for the local state senate seat. He was nominated at the party convention on the sixth ballot and was elected, serving from 1860 to 1861. Garfield's major effort in the state senate was an unsuccessful bill providing for Ohio's first geological survey to measure its mineral resources.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Education, marriage and early career", "target_page_ids": [ 32070, 1750814 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 16 ], [ 352, 369 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Abraham Lincoln's election as president, several Southern states announced their secession from the Union to form a new government, the Confederate States of America. Garfield read military texts while anxiously awaiting the war effort, which he regarded as a holy crusade against the Slave Power. In April 1861, the rebels bombarded Fort Sumter, one of the South's last federal outposts, beginning the Civil War. Although he had no military training, Garfield knew his place was in the Union Army.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 307, 17832214, 7023, 3645215, 339819, 863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 21 ], [ 87, 96 ], [ 142, 171 ], [ 291, 302 ], [ 330, 351 ], [ 409, 418 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At Governor William Dennison's request, Garfield deferred his military ambitions to remain in the legislature, where he helped appropriate the funds to raise and equip Ohio's volunteer regiments. When the legislature adjourned Garfield spent the spring and early summer on a speaking tour of northeastern Ohio, encouraging enlistment in the new regiments. Following a trip to Illinois to purchase muskets, Garfield returned to Ohio and, in August 1861, received a commission as a colonel in the 42nd Ohio Infantry regiment. The 42nd Ohio existed only on paper, so Garfield's first task was to fill its ranks. He did so quickly, recruiting many of his neighbors and former students. The regiment traveled to Camp Chase, outside Columbus, Ohio, to complete training. In December, Garfield was ordered to bring the 42nd to Kentucky, where they joined the Army of the Ohio under Brigadier General Don Carlos Buell.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 700249, 2989328, 27132102, 4749681, 5950, 1475372, 11035076, 371236 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 30 ], [ 480, 487 ], [ 495, 513 ], [ 707, 717 ], [ 727, 741 ], [ 852, 868 ], [ 875, 892 ], [ 893, 909 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Buell quickly assigned Garfield the task of driving Confederate forces out of eastern Kentucky, giving him the 18th Brigade for the campaign, which, besides his own 42nd, included the 40th Ohio Infantry, two Kentucky infantry regiments and two cavalry units. They departed Catlettsburg, Kentucky, in mid-December, advancing through the valley of the Big Sandy River. The march was uneventful until Union forces reached Paintsville, Kentucky, on January 6, 1862, where Garfield's cavalry engaged the rebels at Jenny's Creek. Confederate troops under Brigadier General Humphrey Marshall held the town in numbers roughly equal to Garfield's own, but Garfield positioned his troops so as to deceive Marshall into believing the rebels were outnumbered. Marshall ordered his troops to withdraw to the forks of Middle Creek, on the road to Virginia, and Garfield ordered his troops to take up the pursuit. They attacked the rebel positions on January 9, 1862, in the Battle of Middle Creek, the only pitched battle Garfield commanded personally. At the fighting's end, the Confederates withdrew from the field and Garfield sent his troops to Prestonsburg to reprovision.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 27120732, 115035, 335048, 115274, 5868322, 1619883, 101179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 184, 202 ], [ 273, 295 ], [ 350, 365 ], [ 419, 440 ], [ 567, 584 ], [ 960, 982 ], [ 1135, 1147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In recognition of his success, Garfield was promoted to brigadier general. After Marshall's retreat, Garfield's command was the sole remaining Union force in eastern Kentucky and he announced that any men who had fought for the Confederacy would be granted amnesty if they returned to their homes, lived peaceably, and remained loyal to the Union. The proclamation was surprisingly lenient, as Garfield now believed the war was a crusade for eradication of slavery. Following a brief skirmish at Pound Gap, the last rebel units in the area were outflanked and retreated to Virginia.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 27755192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 496, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield's promotion gave him command of the 20th Brigade of the Army of the Ohio, which received orders to join Major General Ulysses S. Grant's forces as they advanced on Corinth, Mississippi, in early 1862. Before the 20th Brigade arrived, however, Confederate forces under General Albert Sidney Johnston surprised Grant's men in their camps, driving them back. Garfield's troops received word of the battle and advanced quickly, joining the rest of the army on the second day to drive the Confederates back across the field and into retreat. The action, later known as the Battle of Shiloh, was the bloodiest of the war to date; Garfield was exposed to fire for much of the day, but emerged uninjured. Major General Henry W. Halleck, Grant's superior, took charge of the combined armies and advanced ponderously toward Corinth; when they arrived, the Confederates had fled.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 11080919, 31752, 122206, 711, 144155, 360125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 126 ], [ 127, 143 ], [ 173, 193 ], [ 285, 307 ], [ 577, 593 ], [ 720, 736 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "That summer, Garfield suffered from jaundice and significant weight loss. He was forced to return home, where his wife nursed him back to health. While he was home, Garfield's friends worked to gain him the Republican nomination for Congress, but he refused to campaign with the delegates. He returned to military duty that autumn and went to Washington to await his next assignment. During this period of idleness, a rumor of an extramarital affair caused friction in the Garfields' marriage until Lucretia eventually chose to overlook it. Garfield repeatedly received tentative assignments that were quickly withdrawn, to his frustration. In the meantime, he served on the court-martial of Fitz John Porter for his tardiness at the Second Battle of Bull Run. He was convinced of Porter's guilt and voted with his fellow generals to convict Porter. The trial lasted almost two months, from November 1862 to January 1863, and, by its end, Garfield had procured an assignment as Chief of Staff to Major General William S. Rosecrans.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 65980, 16438246, 54492, 375983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 44 ], [ 675, 708 ], [ 734, 759 ], [ 1010, 1030 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Generals' chiefs of staff were usually more junior officers, but Garfield's influence with Rosecrans was greater than usual, with duties extending beyond communication of orders to actual management of his Army of the Cumberland. Rosecrans had a voracious appetite for conversation, especially when unable to sleep; in Garfield, he found \"the first well read person in the Army\" and the ideal candidate for discussions that ran deep into the night. They discussed everything, especially religion, and the two became close despite Garfield's being 12 years his junior. Rosecrans, who had converted from Methodism to Roman Catholicism, softened Garfield's view of his faith.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 1041853, 20119, 606848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 206, 228 ], [ 602, 611 ], [ 615, 632 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield recommended that Rosecrans replace wing commanders Alexander McCook and Thomas Crittenden, as he believed they were ineffective, but Rosecrans ignored the suggestion. With Rosecrans, Garfield devised the Tullahoma Campaign to pursue and trap Confederate General Braxton Bragg in Tullahoma. After initial Union success, Bragg retreated toward Chattanooga, where Rosecrans stalled and requested more troops and supplies. Garfield argued for an immediate advance, in line with demands from Halleck and Lincoln. After a council of war and lengthy deliberations, Rosecrans agreed to attack.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 1553382, 1621819, 1595317, 264467, 151067, 102797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 76 ], [ 81, 98 ], [ 213, 231 ], [ 271, 284 ], [ 288, 297 ], [ 351, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the ensuing Battle of Chickamauga on September 19 and 20, 1863, confusion among the wing commanders over Rosecrans's orders created a gap in the lines, resulting in a rout of the right flank. Rosecrans concluded that the battle was lost and fell back on Chattanooga to establish a defensive line. Garfield, however, thought part of the army had held and, with Rosecrans's approval, headed across Missionary Ridge to survey the scene. Garfield's hunch was correct. Consequently, his ride became legendary and Rosecrans's error reignited criticism about the latter's leadership. While Rosecrans's army had avoided disaster, they were stranded in Chattanooga, surrounded by Bragg's army. Garfield sent a telegram to Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton alerting Washington to the need for reinforcements to avoid annihilation. and Lincoln and Halleck responded to the request for reinforcements by sending 20,000 troops to Garfield by rail within nine days. In the meantime, Grant was promoted to command of the western armies and quickly replaced Rosecrans with George H. Thomas. Garfield was ordered to report to Washington, where he was promoted to major general. According to historian Jean Edward Smith, Grant and Garfield had a \"guarded relationship\" since Grant promoted Thomas, rather than Garfield, to command of the Army of the Cumberland after Rosecrans's dismissal.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 204642, 1648354, 375066, 178177, 2147642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 36 ], [ 399, 415 ], [ 733, 749 ], [ 1060, 1076 ], [ 1187, 1204 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While he served in the Army in early 1862, friends of Garfield approached him about running for Congress from Ohio's newly redrawn and heavily Republican 19th district. He worried that he and other state-appointed generals would receive obscure assignments and running for Congress would allow him to resume his political career. That the new Congress would not hold its first regular session until December 1863 allowed him to continue his war service for a time. Home on medical leave, he refused to campaign for the nomination, leaving that to political managers who secured it at the local convention in September 1862 on the eighth ballot. In the October general election, he defeated D.B. Woods by a two-to-one margin for a seat in the 38th Congress.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 767381, 2147578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 167 ], [ 742, 755 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Days before his Congressional term began, Garfield lost his eldest daughter, three-year-old Eliza, and became anxious and conflicted, saying his \"desolation of heart\" might require his return to \"the wild life of the army.\" He also assumed that the war would end before his joining the House, but it had not, and he felt strongly that he belonged in the field, rather than in Congress. He also thought he could expect a favorable command, so he decided to see President Lincoln. During their meeting, Lincoln recommended he take his House seat, as there was an excess of generals and a shortage of administration congressmen, especially those with knowledge of military affairs. Garfield accepted this recommendation and resigned his military commission to do so.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield met and befriended Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase, who saw Garfield as a younger version of himself. The two agreed politically and both were part of the Radical wing of the Republican Party. Once he took his seat in December 1863, Garfield was frustrated at Lincoln's reluctance to press the South hard. Many radicals, led in the House by Pennsylvania's Thaddeus Stevens, wanted rebel-owned lands confiscated, but Lincoln threatened to veto any bill that proposed to do so on a widespread basis. In debate on the House floor, Garfield supported such legislation and, discussing England's Glorious Revolution, hinted that Lincoln might be thrown out of office for resisting it. Garfield had supported Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and marveled at the \"strange phenomenon in the world's history, when a second-rate Illinois lawyer is the instrument to utter words which shall form an epoch memorable in all future ages.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 188978, 352697, 365602, 12466, 9515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 62 ], [ 167, 174 ], [ 368, 384 ], [ 602, 621 ], [ 724, 749 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield not only favored the abolition of slavery, but also believed the leaders of the rebellion had forfeited their constitutional rights. He supported the confiscation of Southern plantations and even exile or execution of rebellion leaders as a means to ensure a permanent end to slavery. Garfield felt Congress had an obligation \"to determine what legislation is necessary to secure equal justice to all loyal persons, without regard to color.\" He was more supportive of Lincoln when he took action against slavery.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 40318770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield showed leadership early in his congressional career; he was initially the only Republican vote to terminate the use of bounties in military recruiting. Some financially able recruits had used the bounty system to buy their way out of service (called commutation), which Garfield considered reprehensible. He gave a speech pointing out the flaws in the existing conscription law: 300,000 recruits had been called upon to enlist, but barely 10,000 had done so, with the remainder claiming exemption, providing money, or recruiting a substitute. Lincoln appeared before the Military Affairs committee on which Garfield served, demanding a more effective bill; even if it cost him reelection, Lincoln was confident he could win the war before his term expired. After many false starts, Garfield, with Lincoln's support, procured the passage of a conscription bill that excluded commutation.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Under Chase's influence, Garfield became a staunch proponent of a dollar backed by a gold standard, and strongly opposed the \"greenback\". He also accepted the necessity of suspension of payment in gold or silver during the Civil War with strong reluctance. He voted with the Radical Republicans in passing the Wade–Davis Bill, designed to give Congress more authority over Reconstruction, but Lincoln defeated it with a pocket veto.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 37412, 12472957, 55658, 55595, 55040, 226669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 98 ], [ 126, 135 ], [ 172, 211 ], [ 310, 325 ], [ 373, 387 ], [ 420, 431 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield did not consider Lincoln very worthy of reelection, but there seemed to be no viable alternative. \"He will probably be the man, though I think we could do better\", he said. Garfield attended the party convention and promoted Rosecrans as Lincoln's running mate, but delegates chose Military Governor of Tennessee Andrew Johnson. Lincoln was reelected, as was Garfield. By then, Chase had left the Cabinet and been appointed Chief Justice, and his relations with Garfield became more distant.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 22479129, 1624, 31739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 200, 220 ], [ 322, 336 ], [ 433, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield took up the practice of law in 1865 to improve his personal finances. His efforts took him to Wall Street where,the day after Lincoln's assassination, a riotous crowd drew him into an impromptu speech to calm their passions: \"Fellow citizens! Clouds and darkness are round about Him! His pavilion is dark waters and thick clouds of the skies! Justice and judgment are the establishment of His throne! Mercy and truth shall go before His face! Fellow citizens! God reigns, and the Government at Washington still lives!\" The speech, with no mention or praise of Lincoln, was, according to Garfield biographer Robert G. Caldwell, \"quite as significant for what it did not contain as for what it did.\" In the following years, Garfield had more praise for Lincoln; a year after Lincoln's death, Garfield said, \"Greatest among all these developments were the character and fame of Abraham Lincoln,\" and in 1878 he called Lincoln \"one of the few great rulers whose wisdom increased with his power\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield supported black suffrage as firmly as he supported abolition. President Johnson sought the rapid restoration of the Southern states during the months between his accession and the meeting of Congress in December 1865; Garfield hesitantly supported this policy as an experiment. Johnson, an old friend, sought Garfield's backing and their conversations led Garfield to assume Johnson's differences with Congress were not large. When Congress assembled in December (to Johnson's chagrin, without the elected representatives of the Southern states, who were excluded), Garfield urged conciliation on his colleagues, although he feared that Johnson, a former Democrat, might join other Democrats to gain political control. Garfield foresaw conflict even before February 1866, when Johnson vetoed a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen's Bureau, charged with aiding the former slaves. By April, Garfield had concluded that Johnson was either \"crazy or drunk with opium.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 19975009, 395175 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 33 ], [ 834, 851 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The conflict between Congress and President Johnson was the major issue of the 1866 campaign, with Johnson taking to the campaign trail in a Swing Around the Circle and Garfield facing opposition within the Republican party in his home district. With the South still disenfranchised and Northern public opinion behind the Republicans, they gained a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress. Garfield, having overcome his challengers at the district nominating convention, won reelection easily.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 9756434 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield opposed the proposed impeachment of Johnson initially when Congress convened in December 1866, but supported legislation to limit Johnson's powers, such as the Tenure of Office Act, which restricted Johnson's ability to remove presidential appointees. Distracted by committee duties, Garfield spoke about these bills rarely, but was a loyal Republican vote against Johnson.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 66954779, 55655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 52 ], [ 169, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On January 7, 1867, Garfield voted in support of the resolution that launched the first impeachment inquiry against Johnson (run by the House Committee on the Judiciary). On December 7, 1867, he voted against the unsuccessful resolution to impeach Johnson that the House Committee on the Judiciary had sent the full House. On January 27, 1868, he voted to pass the resolution that authorized the second impeachment inquiry against Johnson (run by the House Select Committee on Reconstruction). Due to a court case, he was absent on February 24, 1868, when the House impeached Johnson, but gave a speech aligning himself with Thaddeus Stevens and others who sought Johnson's removal shortly thereafter. Garfield was present on March 2 and 3, 1868, when the House voted on specific articles of impeachment, and voted in support of all 11 articles. During the March 2 debate on the articles, Garfield argued that what he characterized as Johnson's attempts to render Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, and William H. Emory personal tools of his demonstrated Johnson's intent to disregard the law and override the Constitution, suggesting that Johnson's trial perhaps could be expedited to last only a day in order to hasten his removal. When Johnson was acquitted in his trial before the Senate, Garfield was shocked and blamed the outcome on the trial's presiding officer, Chief Justice Chase, his onetime mentor.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 67821046, 701802, 67821051, 70410725, 9583338, 31752, 46720, 7745750, 41561328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 123 ], [ 136, 168 ], [ 396, 438 ], [ 451, 491 ], [ 551, 583 ], [ 964, 980 ], [ 982, 1006 ], [ 1012, 1028 ], [ 1273, 1300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the time Grant succeeded Johnson in 1869, Garfield had moved away from the remaining radicals (Stevens, their leader, had died in 1868). He hailed the ratification of the 15th Amendment in 1870 as a triumph and favored Georgia's readmission to the Union as a matter of right, not politics. In 1871, Congress took up the Ku Klux Klan Act, which was designed to combat attacks on African Americans' suffrage rights. Garfield opposed the act, saying, \"I have never been more perplexed by a piece of legislation.\" He was torn between his indignation at the Klan, whom he called \"terrorists\", and his concern for the power given the president to enforce the act through suspension of habeas corpus.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 31667, 1713578, 14091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 174, 188 ], [ 323, 339 ], [ 682, 695 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout his political career, Garfield favored the gold standard and decried attempts to increase the money supply through the issuance of paper money not backed by gold, and later, through the free and unlimited coinage of silver. In 1865, he was placed on the House Ways and Means Committee, a long-awaited opportunity to focus on financial and economic issues. He reprised his opposition to the greenback, saying, \"Any party which commits itself to paper money will go down amid the general disaster, covered with the curses of a ruined people.\" In 1868 Garfield gave a two-hour speech on currency in the House, which was widely applauded as his best oratory to that point; in it he advocated a gradual resumption of specie payments, that is, the government paying out silver and gold, rather than paper money that could not be redeemed.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 1762386, 465643 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 197, 233 ], [ 265, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tariffs had been raised to high levels during the Civil War. Afterward, Garfield, who made a close study of financial affairs, advocated moving toward free trade, though the standard Republican position was a protective tariff that would allow American industries to grow. This break with his party likely cost him his place on the Ways and Means Committee in 1867, and though Republicans held the majority in the House until 1875, Garfield remained off that committee. Garfield came to chair the powerful House Appropriations Committee, but it was Ways and Means, with its influence over fiscal policy, that he really wanted to lead. One reason he was denied a place on Ways and Means was the opposition of the influential Republican editor Horace Greeley.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 446212, 171486 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 506, 536 ], [ 742, 756 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 1870, Garfield, then chairman of the House Banking Committee, led an investigation into the Black Friday Gold Panic scandal. The investigation was thorough, but found no indictable offenses. Garfield thought the scandal was enabled by the greenbacks that financed the speculation.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 1735163, 184979 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 73 ], [ 105, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield was not at all enthused about President Grant's reelection in 1872—until Greeley, who emerged as the candidate of the Democrats and Liberal Republicans, became the only serious alternative. Garfield said, \"I would say Grant was not fit to be nominated and Greeley is not fit to be elected.\" Both Grant and Garfield were overwhelmingly reelected.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 742475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Crédit Mobilier of America scandal involved corruption in the financing of the Union Pacific Railroad, part of the transcontinental railroad which was completed in 1869. Union Pacific officers and directors secretly purchased control of the Crédit Mobilier of America company, then contracted with it to undertake construction of the railroad. The railroad paid the company's grossly inflated invoices with federal funds appropriated to subsidize the project, and the company was allowed to purchase Union Pacific securities at par value, well below the market rate. Crédit Mobilier showed large profits and stock gains, and distributed substantial dividends. The high expenses meant Congress was called upon to appropriate more funds. One of the railroad officials who controlled Crédit Mobilier was also a congressman, Oakes Ames of Massachusetts. He offered some of his colleagues the opportunity to buy Crédit Mobilier stock at par value, well below what it sold for on the market, and the railroad got its additional appropriations.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 463102, 164671, 51916, 463102, 1522672, 487484, 1645518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 38 ], [ 83, 105 ], [ 119, 144 ], [ 245, 271 ], [ 532, 541 ], [ 825, 835 ], [ 839, 852 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The story broke in July 1872, in the middle of the presidential campaign. Among those named were Vice President Schuyler Colfax, Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson (the Republican candidate for vice president), Speaker James G. Blaine of Maine, and Garfield. Greeley had little luck taking advantage of the scandal. When Congress reconvened after the election, Blaine, seeking to clear his name, demanded a House investigation. Evidence before the special committee exonerated Blaine. Garfield had said in September 1872 that Ames had offered him stock but he had repeatedly refused it. Testifying before the committee in January, Ames said he had offered Garfield ten shares of stock at par value, but that Garfield had never taken them or paid for them, though a year passed, from 1867 to 1868, before Garfield had finally refused. Appearing before the committee on January 14, 1873, Garfield confirmed much of this. Ames testified several weeks later that Garfield agreed to take the stock on credit, and that it was paid for by the company's huge dividends. The two men differed over $300 that Garfield received and later paid back, with Garfield deeming it a loan and Ames a dividend.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 89151, 89160, 16208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 127 ], [ 151, 163 ], [ 219, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield's biographers have been unwilling to exonerate him in the scandal. Allan Peskin writes, \"Did Garfield lie? Not exactly. Did he tell the truth? Not completely. Was he corrupted? Not really. Even Garfield's enemies never claimed that his involvement in the affair influenced his behavior.\" Rutkow writes, \"Garfield's real offense was that he knowingly denied to the House investigating committee that he had agreed to accept the stock and that he had also received a dividend of $329.\" Caldwell suggests Garfield \"told the truth [before the committee, but] certainly failed to tell the whole truth, clearly evading an answer to certain vital questions and thus giving the impression of worse faults than those of which he was guilty.\" That Crédit Mobilier was a corrupt organization had been a badly kept secret, even mentioned on the floor of Congress, and editor Sam Bowles wrote at the time that Garfield, in his positions on committees dealing with finance, \"had no more right to be ignorant in a matter of such grave importance as this, than the sentinel has to snore on his post.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another issue that caused Garfield trouble in his 1874 reelection bid was the so-called \"Salary Grab\" of 1873, which increased the compensation for members of Congress by 50%, retroactive to 1871. As chairman of the Appropriations Committee, Garfield was responsible for shepherding the appropriations bill through the House; during the debate in February 1873, Massachusetts Representative Benjamin Butler offered the increase as an amendment, and despite Garfield's opposition, it passed the House and eventually became law. The law was very popular in the House, as almost half the members were lame ducks, but the public was outraged, and many of Garfield's constituents blamed him, though he personally refused to accept the increase. In a bad year for Republicans, who lost control of the House for the first time since the Civil War, Garfield had his closest congressional election, winning with only 57% of the vote.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 2183064, 732946, 339244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 100 ], [ 391, 406 ], [ 598, 608 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic takeover of the House of Representatives in 1875 meant the loss of Garfield's chairmanship of the Appropriations Committee, though the Democrats did put him on the Ways and Means Committee. With many of his leadership rivals defeated in the 1874 Democratic landslide, and Blaine elected to the Senate, Garfield was seen as the Republican floor leader, and the likely Speaker, should the party regain control of the chamber.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 11365 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 353, 365 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield thought the land grants given to expanding railroads was an unjust practice. He also opposed monopolistic practices by corporations, as well as the power sought by workers' unions. He supported the proposed establishment of the United States civil service as a means of ridding officials of the annoyance of aggressive office seekers. He especially wished to eliminate the practice of forcing government workers, in exchange for their positions, to kick back a percentage of their wages as political contributions.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 236747, 6553678, 35545035 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 32 ], [ 237, 264 ], [ 458, 467 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the 1876 presidential election approached, Garfield was loyal to the candidacy of Senator Blaine, and fought for the former Speaker's nomination at the 1876 Republican National Convention in Cincinnati. When it became clear, after six ballots, that Blaine could not prevail, the convention nominated Ohio Governor Rutherford B. Hayes. Although Garfield had supported Blaine, he had kept good relations with Hayes, and wholeheartedly supported the governor. Garfield had hoped to retire from politics after his term expired to devote himself full-time to the practice of law, but to help his party, he sought re-election, and won it easily that October. Any celebration was short-lived, as Garfield's youngest son, Neddie, fell ill with whooping cough shortly after the congressional election, and soon died.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 16250733, 19729241, 170927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 190 ], [ 317, 336 ], [ 739, 753 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Hayes appeared to have lost the presidential election the following month to Democrat Samuel Tilden, the Republicans launched efforts to reverse the results in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida, where they held the governorship. If Hayes won all three states, he would take the election by a single electoral vote. Grant asked Garfield to serve as a \"neutral observer\" of the recount in Louisiana. The observers soon recommended to the state electoral commissions that Hayes be declared the winner—Garfield recommended the entire vote of West Feliciana Parish, which had given Tilden a sizable majority, be thrown out. The Republican governors of the three states certified that Hayes had won their states, to the outrage of Democrats, who had the state legislatures submit rival returns, and threatened to prevent the counting of the electoral vote—under the Constitution, Congress is the final arbiter of the election. Congress then established an Electoral Commission, consisting of eight Republicans and seven Democrats, to determine the winner. Despite his objection to the Commission, Garfield was appointed to it. He felt Congress should count the vote and proclaim Hayes victorious. Hayes emerged the victor by a party line vote of 8–7. In exchange for recognizing Hayes as president, Southern Democrats secured the removal of federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 60048, 97654, 1543317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 104 ], [ 548, 569 ], [ 960, 980 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although an Ohio Senate seat would be vacated by the resignation of John Sherman to become Treasury Secretary, Hayes needed Garfield's expertise to protect him from the agenda of a hostile Congress, and asked him not to seek it. Garfield agreed. As Hayes's key legislator in the House, he gained considerable prestige and respect for his role there. When Congress debated the Bland–Allison Act, to have the government purchase large quantities of silver and strike it into legal tender dollar coins, Garfield opposed it as a deviation from the gold standard; it was enacted over Hayes's veto in February 1878.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 40332979, 55659, 2068555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 80 ], [ 376, 393 ], [ 486, 498 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1876, Garfield purchased the property in Mentor that reporters later dubbed Lawnfield, where he conducted the first successful front porch campaign for the presidency. Hayes suggested that Garfield run for governor in 1879, seeing that as a road likely to take Garfield to the White House. Garfield preferred to seek election as a U.S. senator. Rivals were spoken of for the seat, such as Secretary Sherman, but he had presidential ambitions (for which he sought Garfield's support), and other candidates fell by the wayside. The General Assembly elected Garfield to the Senate in January 1880, though his term was not scheduled to commence until March 4, 1881. Garfield was never seated in the U.S. Senate.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 129490, 3497312, 1845294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 50 ], [ 79, 88 ], [ 130, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1865, Garfield became a partner in the law firm of a fellow Disciple of Christ, Jeremiah Black. They had much in common, except politics: Black was an avid Democrat, having served in the cabinet of President James Buchanan. The next year, Black was retained by some pro-Confederate northern civilians who had been found guilty of treason in a military court and sentenced to death. Black saw an opportunity to strike a blow against military courts and the Republicans. He had heard Garfield's military speeches, and learned of not only his oratory skills but also his resistance to expansive powers of military commissions. Black assigned the case to Garfield one week before arguments were to be made before the U. S. Supreme Court. When Black warned him of the political peril, Garfield responded, \"It don't make any difference. I believe in English liberty and English law.\" In this landmark case, Ex parte Milligan, Garfield successfully argued that civilians could not be tried before military tribunals, despite a declaration of martial law, as long as civil courts were still operating. In his very first court appearance, Garfield's oral argument lasted over two hours, and though his wealthy clients refused to pay him, he had established himself as a preeminent lawyer.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 626557, 19732383, 146275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 97 ], [ 211, 225 ], [ 905, 922 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During Grant's first term, Garfield was discontented with public service and in 1872 again pursued opportunities in the law. But he declined a partnership offer from a Cleveland law firm when told his prospective partner was of \"intemperate and licentious\" reputation. In 1873, after Chase's death, Garfield appealed to Grant to appoint Justice Noah H. Swayne Chief Justice, but Grant appointed Morrison R. Waite.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 827826, 433095 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 345, 359 ], [ 395, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1871, Garfield traveled to Montana Territory to negotiate the removal of the Bitterroot Salish tribe to the Flathead Indian Reservation. Having been told that the people would happily move, Garfield expected an easy task. Instead, he found the Salish determined to stay in their Bitterroot Valley homeland. His attempts to coerce Chief Charlo to sign the agreement nearly brought about a military clash. In the end, he convinced two subchiefs to sign and move to the reservation with a few of the Salish people. Garfield never convinced Charlo to sign, although the official treaty document voted on by Congress bore his forged mark.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 452529, 884635, 506129, 1735587, 6229197 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 47 ], [ 80, 97 ], [ 111, 138 ], [ 282, 299 ], [ 333, 345 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1876, Garfield developed a trapezoid proof of the Pythagorean theorem, which was published in the New England Journal of Education. Mathematics historian William Dunham wrote that Garfield's trapezoid work was \"really a very clever proof.\" According to the Journal, Garfield arrived at the proof \"in mathematical amusements and discussions with other members of congress.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [ 26513034, 10368700, 17961926 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 72 ], [ 101, 133 ], [ 157, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After his conversion experience in 1850, religious inquiry was a high priority for Garfield. He read widely and moved beyond the confines of his early experience as a member of the Disciples of Christ. His new, broader perspective was rooted in his devotion to freedom of inquiry and his study of history. The intensity of Garfield's religious thought was also influenced by his experience in combat and his interaction with voters.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Having just been elected to the Senate with Sherman's support, Garfield was committed to Sherman for the 1880 Republican presidential nomination. Before the convention began, however, a few Republicans, including Wharton Barker of Philadelphia, thought Garfield the best choice for the nomination. Garfield denied any interest in the position, but the attention was enough to make Sherman suspicious of his lieutenant's ambitions. Besides Sherman, the early favorites for the nomination were Blaine, former President Grant; several other candidates attracted delegates as well.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Presidential election of 1880", "target_page_ids": [ 7547217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 213, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republican Party at the time was split into two factions: the \"Stalwarts\", who supported the existing federal government patronage system, and the \"Half-Breeds\", who wanted civil service reform. As the convention began, New York Senator Roscoe Conkling, floor leader for the Stalwarts, who supported former President Ulysses S. Grant, proposed that the delegates pledge to back the eventual nominee in the general election. When three West Virginia delegates declined to be so bound, Conkling sought to expel them from the convention. Garfield rose to defend the men, giving a passionate speech in defense of their right to reserve judgment. The crowd turned against Conkling, and he withdrew the motion. The performance delighted Garfield's boosters, who were then convinced he was the only one who could attract a majority of the delegates' votes.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Presidential election of 1880", "target_page_ids": [ 645042, 988494 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 224, 232 ], [ 241, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After speeches in favor of the other front-runners, Garfield rose to place Sherman's name in nomination; his speech was well-received, but the delegates mustered little excitement for Sherman as the next president. The first ballot showed Grant leading with 304 votes to Blaine's 284, and Sherman's 93 votes placed him in a distant third. Subsequent ballots demonstrated a deadlock between Grant and Blaine, with neither having the 379 votes needed for nomination. Jeremiah McLain Rusk, a member of the Wisconsin delegation, and Benjamin Harrison, an Indiana delegate, sought to break the deadlock by shifting a few of the anti-Grant votes to a dark horse candidate—Garfield. Garfield gained 50 votes on the 35th ballot, and a stampede began. Garfield protested to the Ohio delegation that he did not seek the nomination and would not betray Sherman, but they overruled his objections and cast their ballots for him. In the next round of voting, nearly all the Sherman and Blaine delegates shifted their support to Garfield, giving him 399 votes, and the Republican nomination. Most of the Grant forces backed the former president to the end, creating a disgruntled Stalwart minority in the party. To obtain that faction's support for the ticket, Chester A. Arthur, a former New York customs collector and member of Conkling's political machine, was chosen as the vice presidential nominee.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Presidential election of 1880", "target_page_ids": [ 255172, 7766419, 314017, 21183503, 407940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 465, 485 ], [ 529, 546 ], [ 645, 655 ], [ 1275, 1301 ], [ 1327, 1344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Even with a Stalwart on the ticket, animosity between the Republican factions carried over from the convention, so Garfield traveled to New York to meet with party leaders. After convincing the Stalwart crowd to put aside their differences and unite for the coming campaign, Garfield returned to Ohio, leaving the active campaigning to others, as was traditional at the time. Meanwhile, the Democrats settled on their nominee, Major General Winfield Scott Hancock of Pennsylvania, a career military officer. Hancock and the Democrats expected to carry the Solid South, while much of the North was considered safe territory for Garfield and the Republicans; most of the campaign focused on a few close states, including New York and Indiana.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Presidential election of 1880", "target_page_ids": [ 171498, 723054, 429249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 441, 463 ], [ 556, 567 ], [ 695, 707 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Practical differences between the candidates were few, but Republicans began the campaign with the familiar theme of waving the bloody shirt. They reminded Northern voters the Democratic Party was responsible for secession and four years of civil war, and Democrats would reverse the gains of that war, dishonor Union veterans, and pay Confederate veterans pensions out of the federal treasury. Fifteen years had passed since the end of the war, and with Union generals at the head of both tickets, the bloody shirt was of diminishing value in exciting the voters. With a few months to go before the election, the Republicans switched tactics to emphasize the tariff. Seizing on the Democratic platform's call for a \"tariff for revenue only\", Republicans told Northern workers a Hancock presidency would weaken the tariff protection that kept them in good jobs. Hancock made the situation worse when, attempting to strike a moderate stance, he said, \"The tariff question is a local question.\" The Republican ploy proved effective in uniting the North behind Garfield. Ultimately, of the more than 9.2million popular votes cast, fewer than 2,000 separated the two candidates. But in the Electoral College, Garfield had an easy victory over Hancock, 214 to 155. The election made Garfield the only sitting member of the House ever to be elected to the presidency.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Presidential election of 1880", "target_page_ids": [ 2333756, 55551, 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 140 ], [ 660, 666 ], [ 1186, 1203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before his inauguration, Garfield was occupied with assembling a cabinet that might engender peace between the party's Conkling and Blaine factions. Blaine's delegates had provided much of the support for Garfield's nomination, so the Maine senator received the place of honor as Secretary of State. Blaine was not only the president's closest advisor, he was obsessed with knowing all that took place in the White House, and allegedly posted spies there in his absence. Garfield nominated William Windom of Minnesota as Secretary of the Treasury, William H. Hunt of Louisiana as Secretary of the Navy, Robert Todd Lincoln as Secretary of War, and Samuel J. Kirkwood of Iowa as Secretary of the Interior. New York was represented by Thomas Lemuel James as Postmaster General. Garfield appointed Pennsylvania's Wayne MacVeagh, an adversary of Blaine's, as Attorney General. Blaine tried to sabotage the appointment by convincing Garfield to name an opponent of MacVeagh, William E. Chandler, as Solicitor General under MacVeagh. Only Chandler's rejection by the Senate forestalled MacVeagh's resignation over the matter.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Presidency (1881)", "target_page_ids": [ 256248, 1660217, 337019, 350509, 772784, 750748, 44002, 1683490, 105895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 490, 504 ], [ 548, 563 ], [ 603, 622 ], [ 648, 666 ], [ 733, 752 ], [ 810, 824 ], [ 855, 871 ], [ 970, 989 ], [ 994, 1011 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because Garfield was distracted by cabinet maneuvering, his inaugural address was below expectations. At one high point, however, Garfield emphasized the civil rights of African-Americans, saying \"Freedom can never yield its fullness of blessings so long as the law or its administration places the smallest obstacle in the pathway of any virtuous citizen.\" After discussing the gold standard, the need for education, and an unexpected denunciation of Mormon polygamy, the speech ended. The crowd applauded, but the speech, according to Peskin, \"however sincerely intended, betrayed its hasty composition by the flatness of its tone and the conventionality of its subject matter.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Presidency (1881)", "target_page_ids": [ 2154, 157430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 170, 187 ], [ 452, 467 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield's appointment of James infuriated Conkling, a factional opponent of the Postmaster General, who demanded a compensatory appointment for his faction, such as the position of Secretary of the Treasury. The resulting squabble occupied much of Garfield's brief presidency. The feud with Conkling reached a climax when the president, at Blaine's instigation, nominated Conkling's enemy, Judge William H. Robertson, to be Collector of the Port of New York. This was one of the prize patronage positions below cabinet level, and was then held by Edwin A. Merritt. Conkling raised the time-honored principle of senatorial courtesy in an attempt to defeat the nomination, to no avail. Garfield, who believed the practice was corrupt, would not back down and threatened to withdraw all nominations unless Robertson was confirmed, intending to \"settle the question whether the president is registering clerk of the Senate or the Executive of the United States.\" Ultimately, Conkling and his New York colleague, Senator Thomas C. Platt, resigned their Senate seats to seek vindication, but found only further humiliation when the New York legislature elected others in their places. Robertson was confirmed as Collector and Garfield's victory was clear. To Blaine's chagrin, the victorious Garfield returned to his goal of balancing the interests of party factions, and nominated a number of Conkling's Stalwart friends to offices.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Presidency (1881)", "target_page_ids": [ 11260303, 29688224, 1090251, 1935182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 397, 417 ], [ 548, 564 ], [ 612, 631 ], [ 1017, 1032 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1880, President Hayes had nominated Stanley Matthews to the Supreme Court but the Senate declined to act on the nomination. In March 1881, Garfield re-nominated Matthews to the Court and the Senate confirmed Matthews by a vote of 24–23. According to The New York Times, \"opposition to Matthews's Supreme Court appointment... stemmed from his prosecution in 1859 of a newspaper editor who had assisted two runaway slaves.\" Because Matthews was \"a professed abolitionist at the time, the matter was later framed as political expediency triumphing over moral principle.\" Matthews served on the Court until his death in 1889.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Presidency (1881)", "target_page_ids": [ 712889 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant and Hayes had both advocated civil service reform, and by 1881 such reform associations had organized with renewed energy across the nation. Garfield sympathized with them, believing the spoils system damaged the presidency and often eclipsed more important concerns. Some reformers became disappointed when Garfield promoted limited tenure only to minor office seekers and gave appointments to his old friends.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Presidency (1881)", "target_page_ids": [ 55667 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 193, 206 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Corruption in the post office also cried out for reform. In April 1880, there had been a congressional investigation of corruption in the Post Office Department, where profiteering rings allegedly stole millions of dollars, securing bogus mail contracts on star routes. After obtaining contracts with the lowest bid, costs to run the mail routes would be escalated and profits would be divided among ring members. Shortly after taking office, Garfield received word of postal corruption by an alleged star route ringleader, Assistant Postmaster General Thomas J. Brady. Garfield demanded Brady's resignation and ordered prosecutions that ended in trials for conspiracy. When told that his party, including his campaign manager, Stephen W. Dorsey, was involved, Garfield directed that the corruption in the Post Office be rooted out \"to the bone\", regardless of where it might lead. Brady resigned and was indicted for conspiracy, though jury trials in 1882 and 1883 found Brady not guilty.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Presidency (1881)", "target_page_ids": [ 51547, 1137472, 31216089, 1490809 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 160 ], [ 257, 268 ], [ 553, 568 ], [ 728, 745 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield believed the key to improving the state of African American civil rights was government supported education. During Reconstruction, freedmen had gained citizenship and suffrage, which enabled them to participate in government, but Garfield believed their rights were being eroded by Southern white resistance and illiteracy, and he was concerned that blacks would become America's permanent \"peasantry\". He proposed a \"universal\" education system funded by the federal government. In February 1866, Garfield and Ohio School Commissioner Emerson Edward White drafted a bill for the National Department of Education. They believed that through the use of statistics they could push the US Congress to establish a federal agency for school reform. But Congress and the northern white public had lost interest in African-American rights, and Congress did not pass federal funding for universal education during Garfield's term. Garfield also worked to appoint several African Americans to prominent positions: Frederick Douglass, recorder of deeds in Washington; Robert Elliot, special agent to the Treasury; John M. Langston, Haitian minister; and Blanche K. Bruce, register to the Treasury. Garfield believed Southern support for the Republican Party could be gained by \"commercial and industrial\" interests rather than race issues and began to reverse Hayes's policy of conciliating Southern Democrats. He appointed William H. Hunt, a carpetbagger Republican from Louisiana, as Secretary of the Navy. To break the hold of the resurgent Democratic Party in the Solid South, Garfield took patronage advice from Virginia Senator William Mahone of the biracial independent Readjuster Party, hoping to add the independents' strength to the Republicans' there.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Presidency (1881)", "target_page_ids": [ 13149886, 68282, 11033, 2159849, 1718954, 13373, 394078, 1660217, 491908, 1175543, 1412031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 149 ], [ 401, 410 ], [ 1015, 1033 ], [ 1068, 1081 ], [ 1114, 1130 ], [ 1132, 1137 ], [ 1154, 1170 ], [ 1424, 1439 ], [ 1443, 1455 ], [ 1634, 1648 ], [ 1677, 1693 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield had little foreign policy experience, so he leaned heavily on Blaine. They agreed on the need to promote freer trade, especially within the Western Hemisphere. Garfield and Blaine believed increasing trade with Latin America would be the best way to keep the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from dominating the region. And by encouraging exports, they believed they could increase American prosperity. Garfield authorized Blaine to call for a Pan-American conference in 1882 to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations and to serve as a forum for talks on increasing trade.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Presidency (1881)", "target_page_ids": [ 73162, 18524, 152256 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 167 ], [ 220, 233 ], [ 268, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the same time, they hoped to negotiate a peace in the War of the Pacific then being fought by Bolivia, Chile, and Peru. Blaine favored a resolution that would result in Peru yielding no territory, but Chile by 1881 had occupied the Peruvian capital of Lima, and rejected any settlement that restored the previous status quo.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Presidency (1881)", "target_page_ids": [ 234176, 3462, 5489, 170691, 85423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 75 ], [ 97, 104 ], [ 106, 111 ], [ 117, 121 ], [ 255, 259 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield sought to expand American influence in other areas, calling for renegotiation of the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty to allow the United States to construct a canal through Panama without British involvement and attempting to reduce British influence in the strategically located Kingdom of Hawaii. Garfield's and Blaine's plans for the United States' involvement in the world stretched even beyond the Western Hemisphere, as he sought commercial treaties with Korea and Madagascar. Garfield also considered enhancing U.S. military strength abroad, asking Navy Secretary Hunt to investigate the navy's condition with an eye toward expansion and modernization. In the end, these ambitious plans came to nothing after Garfield was assassinated. Nine countries had accepted invitations to the Pan-American conference, but the invitations were withdrawn in April 1882 after Blaine resigned from the cabinet and Arthur, Garfield's successor, cancelled the conference. Naval reform continued under Arthur, on a more modest scale than Garfield and Hunt had envisioned, ultimately ending in the construction of the Squadron of Evolution.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Presidency (1881)", "target_page_ids": [ 193621, 24849, 23363583, 324222, 18608397, 1788733 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 115 ], [ 156, 178 ], [ 279, 296 ], [ 460, 465 ], [ 470, 480 ], [ 1106, 1127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Charles J. Guiteau had followed various professions in his life, but in 1880 had determined to gain federal office by supporting what he expected would be the winning Republican ticket. He composed a speech, \"Garfield vs. Hancock\", and got it printed by the Republican National Committee. One means of persuading the voters in that era was through orators expounding on the candidate's merits, but with the Republicans seeking more famous men, Guiteau received few opportunities to speak. On one occasion, according to Kenneth D. Ackerman, Guiteau was unable to finish his speech due to nerves. Guiteau, who considered himself a Stalwart, deemed his contribution to Garfield's victory sufficient to justify his appointment to the position of consul in Paris, despite the fact that he spoke no French, nor any foreign language. One medical expert has since described Guiteau as possibly a narcissistic schizophrenic; neuroscientist Kent Kiehl assessed him as a clinical psychopath.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 244924, 483128, 59520880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 629, 637 ], [ 931, 941 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One of Garfield's more wearying duties was seeing office-seekers, and he saw Guiteau at least once. White House officials suggested to Guiteau that he approach Blaine, as the consulship was within the Department of State. Blaine also saw the public regularly, and Guiteau became a regular at these sessions. Blaine, who had no intention of giving Guiteau a position he was unqualified for and had not earned, simply said the deadlock in the Senate over Robertson's nomination made it impossible to consider the Paris consulship, which required Senate confirmation. Once the New York senators had resigned, and Robertson had been confirmed as Collector, Guiteau pressed his claim, and Blaine told him he would not receive the position.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Guiteau came to believe he had lost the position because he was a Stalwart. He decided the only way to end the Republican Party's internecine warfare was for Garfield to die—though he had nothing personal against the president. Arthur's succession would restore peace, he felt, and lead to rewards for fellow Stalwarts, including Guiteau.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The assassination of Abraham Lincoln was deemed a fluke due to the Civil War, and Garfield, like most people, saw no reason the president should be guarded; his movements and plans were often printed in the newspapers. Guiteau knew Garfield would leave Washington for a cooler climate on July 2, 1881, and made plans to kill him before then. He purchased a gun he thought would look good in a museum, and followed Garfield several times, but each time his plans were frustrated, or he lost his nerve. His opportunities dwindled to one—Garfield's departure by train for New Jersey on the morning of July 2.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 4924254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Guiteau concealed himself by the ladies' waiting room at the Sixth Street Station of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, from where Garfield was scheduled to depart. Most of Garfield's cabinet planned to accompany him at least part of the way. Blaine, who was to remain in Washington, came to the station to see him off. The two men were deep in conversation and did not notice Guiteau before he took out his revolver and shot Garfield twice, once in the back and once in the arm. Guiteau attempted to leave the station, but was quickly captured. As Blaine recognized him, Guiteau was led away, and said, \"I did it. I will go to jail for it. I am a Stalwart and Arthur will be President.\". News of his motivation to benefit the Stalwarts reached many with the news of the shooting, causing rage against that faction.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 40199384, 2112372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 81 ], [ 89, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield was struck by two shots; one glanced off his arm while the other pierced his back, shattering a rib and embedding itself in his abdomen. \"My God, what is this?\" he exclaimed. Among those at the station was Robert Todd Lincoln, who was deeply upset, thinking back to when his father Abraham Lincoln was assassinated 16 years earlier. Garfield was taken on a mattress upstairs to a private office, where several doctors examined him. At his request, Garfield was taken back to the White House, and his wife, then in New Jersey, was sent for. Blaine sent word to Vice President Arthur in New York City, who received threats against his life because of his animosity toward Garfield and Guiteau's statements.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 337019 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 215, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although Joseph Lister's pioneering work in antisepsis was known to American doctors, few of them had confidence in it, and none of his advocates were among Garfield's treating physicians. The physician who took charge at the depot and then at the White House was Doctor Willard Bliss. A noted physician and surgeon, Bliss was an old friend of Garfield, and about a dozen doctors, led by Bliss, were soon probing the wound with unsterilized fingers and instruments. Garfield was given morphine for the pain, and asked Bliss to frankly tell him his chances, which Bliss put at one in a hundred. \"Well, Doctor, we'll take that chance.\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 16535, 28348787, 20613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 22 ], [ 264, 284 ], [ 485, 493 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Over the next few days, Garfield made some improvement, as the nation viewed the news from the capital and prayed. Although he never stood again, he was able to sit up and write several times, and his recovery was viewed so positively that a steamer was fitted out as a seagoing hospital to aid with his convalescence. He was nourished on oatmeal porridge (which he detested) and milk from a cow on the White House lawn. When told that Indian chief Sitting Bull, a prisoner of the army, was starving, Garfield said, \"Let him starve...no, send him my oatmeal ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 75515, 152833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 347, 355 ], [ 449, 461 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "X-radiation (or X-ray) usage, which could have assisted physicians in precisely locating the bullet in Garfield's body, would not be invented for another 14 years. Alexander Graham Bell tried to locate the bullet with a primitive metal detector, but was unsuccessful, though the invention had been effective when tested on others. But Bliss limited its use on Garfield, ensuring he remained in charge. Because Bliss insisted the bullet rested someplace it did not, the detector could not locate it. Bell shortly returned after adjusting his invention, which emitted an unusual tone in the area where Bliss believed the bullet was lodged. Bliss took this as confirmation that the bullet was where he declared it to be. Bliss recorded the test as a success, saying it was \"now unanimously agreed that the location of the ball has been ascertained with reasonable certainty, and that it lies, as heretofore stated, in the front wall of the abdomen, immediately over the groin, about five inches [] below and to the right of the navel.\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 34197, 852 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 21 ], [ 164, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One means of keeping Garfield comfortable in Washington's summer heat was one of the first successful air conditioning units: air propelled by fans over ice and then dried reduced the temperature in the sickroom by . Engineers from the navy, and other scientists, worked together to develop it, though there were problems to solve, such as excessive noise and increased humidity.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 7221088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 23, Garfield took a turn for the worse when his temperature increased to ; doctors, concerned by an abscess at the wound, inserted a drainage tube. This initially helped, and the bedridden Garfield held a brief cabinet meeting on July 29; members were under orders from Bliss to discuss nothing that might excite Garfield. Doctors probed the abscess, hoping to find the bullet; they likely made the infections worse. Garfield performed only one official act in August, signing an extradition paper. By the end of the month, he was much feebler than he had been, and his weight had decreased from to .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 1032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield had long been anxious to escape hot, unhealthy Washington, and in early September the doctors agreed to move him to Elberon, part of Long Branch, New Jersey, where his wife had recovered earlier in the summer. He left the White House for the last time on September 5, traveling in a specially cushioned railway car; a spur line to the Francklyn Cottage, a seaside mansion given over to his use, was built in a night by volunteers. After arriving in Elberon the next day, Garfield was moved from the train car to a bedroom where he could see the ocean as officials and reporters maintained what became (after an initial rally) a death watch. Garfield's personal secretary, Joe Stanley Brown, wrote forty years later, \"to this day I cannot hear the sound of the low slow roll of the Atlantic on the shore, the sound which filled my ears as I walked from my cottage to his bedside, without recalling again that ghastly tragedy.\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 11529305, 125481, 59325749, 54238157 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 132 ], [ 142, 165 ], [ 344, 361 ], [ 681, 698 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On September 18, Garfield asked Colonel A.F. Rockwell, a friend, if he would have a place in history. Rockwell assured him he would, and told Garfield he had much work still before him. But his response was, \"No, my work is done.\" The following day, Garfield, then suffering also from pneumonia and hypertension, marveled that he could not pick up a glass despite feeling well, and went to sleep without discomfort. He awoke that evening around 10:15p.m. complaining of great pain in his chest to his chief of staff General David Swaim, who was watching him, as he placed his hand over his heart. The president then requested a drink of water from Swaim. After finishing his glass, Garfield said, \"Oh Swaim, this terrible pain—press your hand on it.\" As Swaim put his hand on Garfield's chest, Garfield's hands went up reflexively. Clutching his heart, he exclaimed, \"Oh, Swaim, can't you stop this? Oh, oh, Swaim!\" Those were Garfield's last words. Swaim ordered another attendant to send for Bliss, who found Garfield unconscious. Despite efforts to revive him, Garfield never awoke, and he was pronounced dead at about 10:30p.m. Learning from a reporter of Garfield's death the following day, Chester A. Arthur took the presidential oath of office administered by New York Supreme Court Justice John R. Brady.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 32615479, 13940857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 524, 535 ], [ 1298, 1311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to some historians and medical experts, Garfield might have survived his wounds had the doctors attending him had at their disposal today's medical research, knowledge, techniques, and equipment. Standard medical practice at the time dictated that priority be given to locating the path of the bullet. Several of his doctors inserted their unsterilized fingers into the wound to probe for the bullet, a common practice in the 1880s. Historians agree that massive infection was a significant factor in Garfield's demise. Biographer Peskin said medical malpractice did not contribute to Garfield's death; the inevitable infection and blood poisoning that would ensue from a deep bullet wound resulted in damage to multiple organs and spinal fragmentation. Rutkow, a professor of surgery at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, has argued that starvation also played a role. Rutkow suggests \"Garfield had such a nonlethal wound. In today's world, he would have gone home in a matter of two or three days.\" The conventional narrative regarding Garfield's post-shooting medical condition was challenged by Theodore Pappas and Shahrzad Joharifard in a 2013 article in The American Journal of Surgery. They argued that Garfield died from a late rupture of a splenic artery pseudoaneurysm, which developed secondary to the path of the bullet adjacent to the splenic artery. They also argued that his sepsis was actually caused by post-traumatic acute acalculous cholecystitis. Based on the autopsy report, the authors speculate that his gallbladder subsequently ruptured, leading to the development of a large bile-containing abscess adjacent to the gallbladder. Pappas and Joharifard say this caused the septic decline in Garfield's condition that was visible starting from July 23, 1881. Pappas and Joharifard also state that they don't believe that Garfield's doctors could have saved him even if they had been aware of his cholecystitis, since the first successful cholecystectomy (surgical removal of the gallbladder) was performed a year after Garfield's death.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 2302400, 526804, 51385598, 857015, 305387, 342334, 581931, 45599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 350, 362 ], [ 802, 852 ], [ 1191, 1222 ], [ 1295, 1309 ], [ 1483, 1496 ], [ 1511, 1518 ], [ 1990, 2005 ], [ 2007, 2015 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Guiteau was indicted on October 14, 1881, for the murder of the president. During his trial, Guiteau declared that he was not responsible for Garfield's death, admitting to the shooting but not the killing. In his defense, Guiteau wrote: \"General Garfield died from malpractice. According to his own physicians, he was not fatally shot. The doctors who mistreated him ought to bear the odium of his death, and not his assailant. They ought to be indicted for murdering James A. Garfield, and not me.\" After a chaotic trial in which Guiteau often interrupted and argued, and in which his counsel used the insanity defense, the jury found him guilty on January 5, 1882, and he was sentenced to death by hanging. Guiteau might have had neurosyphilis, a disease that causes physiological mental impairment. He was executed on June 30, 1882.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Assassination", "target_page_ids": [ 15358, 3637661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 604, 620 ], [ 733, 746 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield's funeral train left Long Branch on the same special track that had brought him there, traveling over tracks blanketed with flowers and past houses adorned with flags. His body was transported to the Capitol and then continued on to Cleveland for burial. Shocked by his death, Marine Band leader John Philip Sousa composed the march \"In Memoriam\", which was played when Garfield's body was received in Washington, D.C. More than 70,000 citizens, some waiting over three hours, passed by Garfield's coffin as his body lay in state at the United States Capitol rotunda; later, on September 25, 1881, in Cleveland, Garfield's casket was paraded down Euclid Avenue from Wilson Avenue to Public Square, with those in attendance including former presidents Grant and Hayes, and Generals William Sherman, Sheridan and Hancock. More than 150,000—a number equal to the entire population of that city—likewise paid their respects, and Sousa's march was again played. Garfield's body was temporarily interred in the Schofield family vault in Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery until his permanent memorial was built.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Funeral, memorials and commemorations", "target_page_ids": [ 1873976, 39753, 108956, 1505399, 5761137, 1216056, 4256302, 46720, 213144, 25836257, 31470731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 286, 297 ], [ 305, 322 ], [ 411, 427 ], [ 526, 538 ], [ 546, 575 ], [ 656, 669 ], [ 692, 705 ], [ 790, 805 ], [ 807, 815 ], [ 1014, 1023 ], [ 1052, 1070 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Memorials to Garfield were erected across the country. On April 10, 1882, seven months after Garfield's death, the U.S. Post Office Department issued a postage stamp in his honor. In 1884, sculptor Frank Happersberger completed a monument on the grounds of the San Francisco Conservatory of Flowers. In 1887, the James A. Garfield Monument was dedicated in Washington. Another monument, in Philadelphia's Fairmount Park, was erected in 1896. In Victoria, Australia, Cannibal Creek was renamed Garfield in his honor.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Funeral, memorials and commemorations", "target_page_ids": [ 42746974, 2248743, 4637006, 34222446, 472943, 4689460, 1196624 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 198, 217 ], [ 261, 298 ], [ 313, 339 ], [ 369, 385 ], [ 405, 419 ], [ 445, 464 ], [ 466, 480 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On May 19, 1890, Garfield's body was permanently interred, with great solemnity and fanfare, in a mausoleum in Lake View Cemetery. Attending the dedication ceremonies were former President Hayes, President Benjamin Harrison, and future president William McKinley. Garfield's Treasury Secretary, William Windom, also attended. Harrison said Garfield was always a \"student and instructor\" and that his life works and death would \"continue to be instructive and inspiring incidents in American history\". Three panels on the monument display Garfield as a teacher, Union major general, and orator; another shows him taking the presidential oath, and a fifth shows his body lying in state at the Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Funeral, memorials and commemorations", "target_page_ids": [ 231168, 33521, 34920909 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 107 ], [ 246, 262 ], [ 586, 592 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield's murder by a deranged office-seeker awakened public awareness of the need for civil service reform legislation. Senator George H. Pendleton, a Democrat from Ohio, launched a reform effort that resulted in the Pendleton Act in January 1883. This act reversed the \"spoils system\" where office seekers paid up or gave political service to obtain or keep federally appointed positions. Under the act, appointments were awarded on merit and competitive examination. To ensure the reform was implemented, Congress and Arthur established and funded the Civil Service Commission. The Pendleton Act, however, covered only 10% of federal government workers. For Arthur, previously known for having been a \"veteran spoilsman\", civil service reform became his most noteworthy achievement.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Funeral, memorials and commemorations", "target_page_ids": [ 174233, 55663, 2442315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 149 ], [ 219, 232 ], [ 556, 580 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A marble statue of Garfield by Charles Niehaus was added to the National Statuary Hall Collection in the Capitol in Washington D.C., a gift from the State of Ohio in 1886.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Funeral, memorials and commemorations", "target_page_ids": [ 56313350, 2212516, 700241, 31979, 108956, 22199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 27 ], [ 31, 46 ], [ 64, 97 ], [ 105, 112 ], [ 116, 131 ], [ 158, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield is honored with a life-size bronze sculpture inside the Cuyahoga County Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument in Cleveland, Ohio.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Funeral, memorials and commemorations", "target_page_ids": [ 4912205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 2, 2019, the National Park Service erected exhibit panels in Washington to mark the site of his assassination.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Funeral, memorials and commemorations", "target_page_ids": [ 161535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For a few years after his assassination, Garfield's life story was seen as an exemplar of the American success story—that even the poorest boy might someday become President of the United States. Peskin wrote: \"In mourning Garfield, Americans were not only honoring a president; they were paying tribute to a man whose life story embodied their own most cherished aspirations.\" As the rivalry between Stalwarts and Half-Breeds faded from the scene in the late 1880s and after, so too did memories of Garfield. In the 1890s, Americans became disillusioned with politicians, and looked elsewhere for inspiration, focusing on industrialists, labor leaders, scientists, and others as their heroes. Increasingly, Garfield's short time as president was forgotten.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Legacy and historical view", "target_page_ids": [ 11792399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 415, 426 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 20th century saw no revival for Garfield. Thomas Wolfe deemed the presidents of the Gilded Age, including Garfield, \"lost Americans\" whose \"gravely vacant and bewhiskered faces mixed, melted, swam together\". The politicians of the Gilded Age faded from the public eye, their luster eclipsed by those who had influenced America outside of political office during that time; the robber barons, the inventors, those who had sought social reform, and others who had lived as America rapidly changed. Current events and more recent figures occupied America's attention. According to Ackerman, \"the busy Twentieth Century has made Garfield's era seem remote and irrelevant, its leaders ridiculed for their very obscurity.\"", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Legacy and historical view", "target_page_ids": [ 165654, 485133, 2385379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 58 ], [ 88, 98 ], [ 381, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield's biographers, and those who have studied his presidency, tend to think well of him, and that his presidency saw a promising start before its untimely end. Historian Justus D. Doenecke, while deeming Garfield a bit of an enigma, chronicles his achievements: \"by winning a victory over the Stalwarts, he enhanced both the power and prestige of his office. As a man, he was intelligent, sensitive, and alert, and his knowledge of how government worked was unmatched.\" Doenecke criticizes Garfield's dismissal of Merritt in Robertson's favor, and wonders if the president was truly in command of the situation even after the latter's confirmation. In 1931, Caldwell wrote: \"If Garfield lives in history, it will be partly on account of the charm of his personality—but also because in life and in death, he struck the first shrewd blows against a dangerous system of boss rule which seemed for a time about to engulf the politics of the nation. Perhaps if he had lived he could have done no more.\" Rutkow writes that \"James Abram Garfield's presidency is reduced to a tantalizing 'what if.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Legacy and historical view", "target_page_ids": [ 49014240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 175, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Peskin believes Garfield deserves more credit for his political career than he has received: \"True, his accomplishments were neither bold nor heroic, but his was not an age that called for heroism. His stormy presidency was brief, and in some respects, unfortunate, but he did leave the office stronger than he found it. As a public man he had a hand in almost every issue of national importance for almost two decades, while as a party leader he, along with Blaine, forged the Republican Party into the instrument that would lead the United States into the twentieth century.\"", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Legacy and historical view", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pletcher, David M. The Awkward Years: American Foreign Relations under Garfield and Arthur (U of Missouri Press, 1962). online", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Works cited", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Graff Henry F., ed. The Presidents: A Reference History (3rd ed. 2002) online", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Menke, Richard. \"Media in America, 1881: Garfield, Guiteau, Bell, Whitman.\" Critical Inquiry 31.3 (2005): 638–664.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Skidmore, Max J. \"James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur.\" in Maligned Presidents: The Late 19th Century (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2014) pp.63–79.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sutton, Thomas C. \"James A. Garfield.\" in The Presidents and the Constitution (Volume One. New York University Press, 2020) pp.266–275.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Uhler, Kevin A. \"The demise of patronage: Garfield, the midterm election, and the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Act\" (PhD. Diss. The Florida State University, 2011) online.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vermilya, Daniel J. James Garfield and the Civil War: For Ohio and the Union (Arcadia Publishing, 2015).", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " White House biography", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " James A. Garfield at Encyclopædia Britannica", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 9508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Garfield, James Abram, (1831–1881) Congressional Biography", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " James Garfield: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Essays on James A. Garfield, each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 12487961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Life Portrait of James Garfield\", from C-SPAN's Life Portraits, July 26, 1999", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 77799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Notable alumni of Delta Upsilon fraternity, including Garfield", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 1513681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " James A. Garfield Personal Manuscripts", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " James A. Garfield Collection at Williams College Chapin Library ", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " James A. Garfield Collection at Williams College Archives and Special Collections", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1831_births", "1881_deaths", "James_A._Garfield", "Presidents_of_the_United_States", "19th-century_presidents_of_the_United_States", "Republican_Party_presidents_of_the_United_States", "Republican_Party_(United_States)_presidential_nominees", "Candidates_in_the_1880_United_States_presidential_election", "Assassinated_presidents_of_the_United_States", "1881_in_the_United_States", "Republican_Party_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_from_Ohio", "Ohio_state_senators", "Ohio_lawyers", "American_lawyers_admitted_to_the_practice_of_law_by_reading_law", "Union_Army_generals", "People_of_Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War", "Radical_Republicans", "Half-Breeds_(Republican_Party)", "Civil_service_reform_in_the_United_States", "Mathematicians_from_Ohio", "Hiram_College_faculty", "Hiram_College_alumni", "Williams_College_alumni", "American_Freemasons", "American_members_of_the_Churches_of_Christ", "Ministers_of_the_Churches_of_Christ", "American_Disciples_of_Christ", "Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)_clergy", "19th-century_Disciples_of_Christ", "People_from_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio", "People_from_Hiram,_Ohio", "People_from_Mentor,_Ohio", "American_people_of_English_descent", "American_people_of_Welsh_descent", "Garfield_County,_Colorado", "Garfield_County,_Nebraska", "Garfield_County,_Oklahoma", "Garfield_County,_Utah", "Garfield_County,_Washington", "Male_murder_victims", "1881_murders_in_the_United_States", "People_murdered_in_Washington,_D.C.", "Deaths_by_firearm_in_New_Jersey", "Deaths_from_pneumonia_in_New_Jersey", "Deaths_from_sepsis", "Burials_at_Lake_View_Cemetery,_Cleveland", "Activists_for_African-American_civil_rights" ]

[ "James Abram Garfield", "James Garfield", "J. A. Garfield", "J. Garfield", "President Garfield" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1876 United States presidential election was the 23rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1876 in which Republican nominee Rutherford B. Hayes faced Democrat Samuel J. Tilden. It was one of the most contentious presidential elections in American history. Its resolution involved negotiations and compromise between the Republicans and the Democrats. It was the second of five U.S. presidential elections in which the winner did not win a plurality of the national popular vote.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32070, 19729241, 5043544, 60048, 21491579, 463052, 47350955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 136, 146 ], [ 155, 174 ], [ 181, 189 ], [ 190, 206 ], [ 243, 265 ], [ 311, 338 ], [ 436, 508 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant declined to seek a third term despite previously being expected to do so, U.S. Representative James G. Blaine emerged as the frontrunner for the Republican nomination. However, Blaine was unable to win a majority at the 1876 Republican National Convention, which settled on Governor Hayes of Ohio as a compromise candidate. The 1876 Democratic National Convention nominated Governor Tilden of New York on the second ballot.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31752, 16208, 16250733, 16189667 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 37 ], [ 132, 147 ], [ 258, 293 ], [ 366, 401 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The results of the election remain among the most disputed ever. Although it is not disputed that Tilden outpolled Hayes in the popular vote, there were wide allegations of electoral fraud, election violence, and other disfranchisement of predominately-Republican Black voters. After a first count of votes, Tilden had won 184 electoral votes to Hayes's 165, with 20 votes from four states unresolved. In Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina, both parties reported their candidate to have won the state. In Oregon, one elector was replaced after being declared illegal for having been an \"elected or appointed official.\" The question of who should have been awarded those electoral votes is the source of the continued controversy.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6544610, 9704515, 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 190, 207 ], [ 219, 235 ], [ 327, 342 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An informal deal was struck to resolve the votes. This led to the Compromise of 1877. This made the Democrats give all 20 contested electoral votes to Hayes. In return for the Democrats conceding all contested electoral votes, the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South and this caused the end of Reconstruction.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 55040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 319, 333 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To date, it remains the election that recorded the smallest electoral vote victory (185–184) and the election that yielded the highest voter turnout of the eligible voting-age population in American history, at 81.8%.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2390318, 549462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 82 ], [ 135, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite not becoming president, Tilden was the first Democratic presidential nominee since James Buchanan in 1856 to win the popular vote and the first since Franklin Pierce in 1852 to do so with an outright majority (in fact, Tilden received a slightly higher percentage than Pierce in 1852 although Pierce had won in a landslide against the Whig Winfield Scott). This remains the only Presidential election in American history where both major party nominees were sitting governors.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19732383, 40517, 19729467, 40516 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 105 ], [ 109, 113 ], [ 158, 173 ], [ 177, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It was widely assumed during the year 1875 that incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant would run for a third term as president despite the poor economic conditions, the numerous political scandals that had developed since he assumed office in 1869, and a longstanding tradition set by George Washington not to stay in office for more than two terms. Grant's inner circle advised him to go for a third term and he almost did so, but on 15 December 1875, the House, by a sweeping 233-18 vote, passed a resolution declaring that the two-term tradition was to prevent a dictatorship. Later that year, Grant ruled himself out of running in 1876. He instead tried to persuade Secretary of State Hamilton Fish to run for the presidency, but the 67-year-old Fish declined since believed himself too old for that role. Grant nonetheless sent a letter to the convention imploring them to nominate Fish, but the letter was misplaced and never read to the convention. Fish later confirmed that he would have declined the presidential nomination even if it had been offered to him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 31752, 11968, 383925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 84 ], [ 283, 300 ], [ 687, 700 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the Sixth Republican National Convention assembled in Cincinnati, Ohio, on June 14, 1876, James G. Blaine appeared to be the presidential nominee. On the first ballot, Blaine was just 100 votes short of a majority. His vote began to slide after the second ballot, however, as many Republicans feared that Blaine could not win the general election. Anti-Blaine delegates could not agree on a candidate until his total rose to 41% on the sixth ballot. Leaders of the reform Republicans met privately and considered alternatives. They chose the reforming Ohio Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, who had been gradually building support during the convention until he finished second on the sixth ballot. On the seventh ballot, Hayes was nominated for president with 384 votes, compared to 351 for Blaine and 21 for Benjamin Bristow. New York Representative William A. Wheeler was nominated for vice president by a much larger margin (366–89) over his chief rival, Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, who later served as a member of the Electoral Commission, which awarded the election to Hayes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 18522615, 16208, 89163, 44970 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 69 ], [ 95, 110 ], [ 853, 871 ], [ 960, 992 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Samuel J. Tilden, governor of New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 60048, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 31, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas A. Hendricks, governor of Indiana", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 89170, 21883857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 34, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Winfield Scott Hancock, United States Army major general from Pennsylvania", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 171498, 32087, 23332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ], [ 25, 43 ], [ 63, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William Allen, former governor of Ohio", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 33531, 22199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 35, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas F. Bayard, U.S. senator from Delaware", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 44613, 7930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 37, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Joel Parker, former governor of New Jersey", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3429600, 21648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 33, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 12th Democratic National Convention assembled in St. Louis, Missouri, in June 1876, which was the first political convention ever held by one of the major American parties west of the Mississippi River. There were 5000 people jammed the auditorium in St. Louis and hopes for the Democratic Party's first presidential victory in 20 years. The platform called for immediate and sweeping reforms in response to the scandals that had plagued the Grant administration. Tilden won more than 400 votes on the first ballot and the presidential nomination by a landslide on the second.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 27687, 19579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 62 ], [ 188, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tilden defeated Thomas A. Hendricks, Winfield Scott Hancock, William Allen, Thomas F. Bayard, and Joel Parker for the presidential nomination. Tilden overcame strong opposition from \"Honest John\" Kelly, the leader of New York's Tammany Hall, to obtain the presidential nomination. Thomas Hendricks was nominated for vice president since he was the only person to put forward for that position.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 89170, 171498, 33531, 44613, 3429600, 3049455, 172077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 35 ], [ 37, 59 ], [ 61, 74 ], [ 76, 92 ], [ 98, 109 ], [ 182, 201 ], [ 228, 240 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic platform pledged to replace the corruption of the Grant administration with honest, efficient government and to end \"the rapacity of carpetbag tyrannies\" in the South. It also called for treaty protection for naturalized United States citizens visiting their homelands, restrictions on Asian immigration, tariff reform, and opposition to land grants for railroads. It has been claimed that the voting Democrats received Tilden's presidential nomination with more enthusiasm than any leader since Andrew Jackson.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 511, 525 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held in St. Louis, Mo., June 27th, 28th and 29th, 1876. (September 3, 2012).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held in St. Louis, Mo., June 27th, 28th and 29th, 1876 (September 3, 2012).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Greenback candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Peter Cooper, U.S. philanthropist from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 372163, 220050, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 20, 34 ], [ 40, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Andrew Curtin, former governor of Pennsylvania", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 741288, 23332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 35, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William Allen, former governor of Ohio", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 33531, 22199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 35, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alexander Campbell, U.S. representative from Illinois", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 11981079, 14849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 46, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Greenback Party had been organized by agricultural interests in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1874 to urge the federal government to inflate the economy through the mass issuance of paper money called greenbacks. Its first national nominating convention was held in Indianapolis in the spring of 1876. Peter Cooper was nominated for president with 352 votes to 119 for three other contenders. The convention nominated Anti-Monopolist Senator Newton Booth of California for vice president. After Booth declined to run, the national committee chose Samuel Fenton Cary as his replacement on the ticket.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 307385, 57707, 180847, 372163, 2415869, 874026, 3180628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ], [ 68, 80 ], [ 201, 211 ], [ 302, 314 ], [ 418, 433 ], [ 442, 454 ], [ 547, 565 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Prohibition Party, in its second national convention in Cleveland, nominated Green Clay Smith as its presidential candidate and Gideon T. Stewart as its vice presidential candidate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 307316, 5951, 2995973, 3016028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 60, 69 ], [ 81, 97 ], [ 132, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This small political party used several different names, often with different names in different states. It was a continuation of the Anti-Masonic Party that met in 1872 and nominated Charles Francis Adams, Sr., for president. When Adams declined to run, the party did not contest the 1872 election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 32301, 356269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 152 ], [ 184, 210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The convention was held from June 8 to 10, 1875 in Liberty Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. B.T. Roberts of New York served as chairman, and Jonathan Blanchard was the keynote speaker.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 25101, 8895501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 75 ], [ 140, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The platform supported the Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution, international arbitration, the reading of the scriptures in public schools, specie payments, justice for Native Americans, abolition of the Electoral College, and prohibition of the sale of alcoholic beverages. It declared the first day of the week to be a day of rest for the United States. The platform opposed secret societies and monopolies.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 21217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The convention considered three potential presidential candidates: Charles F. Adams, Jonathan Blanchard, and James B. Walker. When Blanchard declined to run, Walker was unanimously nominated for president. The convention then nominated Donald Kirkpatrick of New York unanimously for vice president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tilden, who had prosecuted machine politicians in New York and sent the legendary political boss William M. Tweed to jail, ran as a reform candidate against the background of the corruption of the Grant administration. Both parties backed civil service reform and an end to Reconstruction. Both sides mounted mudslinging campaigns, with Democratic attacks on Republican corruption being countered by Republicans raising the Civil War issue, a tactic that was ridiculed by Democrats, who called it \"waving the bloody shirt.\" Republicans chanted, \"Not every Democrat was a rebel, but every rebel was a Democrat.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 4688, 25775809, 2333756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 113 ], [ 197, 217 ], [ 498, 521 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hayes was a virtual unknown outside his home state of Ohio, where he had served two terms as a representative and then two terms as governor. Henry Adams called Hayes \"a third-rate nonentity whose only recommendations are that he is obnoxious to no one.\" Hayes had served in the Civil War with distinction as colonel of the 23rd Ohio Regiment and was wounded several times, which made him marketable to veterans. He had later been brevetted as a major-general. His most important asset was his help to the Republican ticket in carrying Ohio, a crucial swing state. On the other side, the newspaperman John D. Defrees described Tilden as \"a very nice, prim, little, withered-up, fidgety old bachelor, about one-hundred and twenty-pounds avoirdupois, who never had a genuine impulse for many nor any affection for woman.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 233934, 25656996 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 153 ], [ 601, 616 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic strategy for victory in the South was highly reliant on paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts and the White League. Using the strategy of the Mississippi Plan, the groups actively suppressed both Black and White Republican voter turnouts by disrupting meetings and rallies and even using violence and intimidation. They saw themselves as the military wing of the Democratic Party.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 6544610, 608974, 1479573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 113 ], [ 122, 134 ], [ 162, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because it was considered improper for a candidate to pursue the presidency actively, neither Tilden nor Hayes actively stumped as part of the campaign and left that duty to their surrogates.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Colorado was admitted to the Union as the 38th state on August 1, 1876, but since there was insufficient time or money to organize a presidential election in the new state, Colorado's state legislature, elected in October 1876, selected the state's three Electoral College electors,\" with each getting 50 votes in the legislature to Tilden's slate, which got only 24 votes. (Many of those October 1876 legislative races had been decided by only a few hundred votes.) Those electors gave their three votes to Hayes and the Republican Party. That was the last election in which any state chose electors through its state legislature, rather than by popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 5399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Florida (with 4 electoral votes), Louisiana (with 8), and South Carolina (with 7) reported returns that favored Tilden, but the elections in each state were marked by electoral fraud and threats of violence against Republican voters. The most extreme case was in South Carolina, where an impossible 101 percent of all eligible voters in the state had their votes counted, and an estimated 150 Black Republicans were murdered. One of the points of contention revolved around the design of ballots. At the time, parties would print ballots or \"tickets\" to enable voters to support them in the open ballots. To aid illiterate voters, the parties would print symbols on the tickets, and in this election, many Democratic ballots were printed with the Republican symbol of Abraham Lincoln on them. The Republican-dominated state electoral commissions subsequently rejected enough Democratic votes to award their electoral votes to Hayes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [ 307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 768, 783 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In two Southern states, the governor recognized by the United States had signed the Republican certificates: the Democratic certificates from Florida were signed by the state attorney-general and the newly-elected Democratic governor. Those from Louisiana were signed by the Democratic gubernatorial candidate and those from South Carolina by no state official. The Tilden electors in South Carolina claimed that they had been chosen by the popular vote although they were rejected by the state election board.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Meanwhile, in Oregon, the vote of a single elector was disputed. The statewide result clearly favored Hayes, but the state's Democratic governor, La Fayette Grover, claimed that one of the Republican electors, Ex-Postmaster John Watts, was ineligible under Article II, Section 1, of the United States Constitution since he had been a \"person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States.\" Grover substituted a Democratic elector in Watts's place.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [ 5099614, 31644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 163 ], [ 287, 313 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The two Republican electors dismissed Grover's action and reported three votes for Hayes. However, the Democratic elector, C. A. Cronin, reported one vote for Tilden and two votes for Hayes. The two Republican electors presented a certificate signed by the secretary of state of Oregon, and Cronin and the two electors whom he appointed (Cronin voted for Tilden while his associates voted for Hayes) presented a certificate signed by the governor and attested by the secretary of state.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ultimately, all three of Oregon's votes were awarded to Hayes, who had a majority of one in the Electoral College. The Democrats claimed fraud, and suppressed excitement pervaded the country. Threats were even muttered that Hayes would never be inaugurated. In Columbus, Ohio, a shot was fired at Hayes's residence as he sat down to dinner. After supporters marched to his home to call for the President, Hayes urged the crowd that \"it is impossible, at so early a time, to obtain the result.\" Grant quietly strengthened the military force in and around Washington.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [ 5950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 261, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Constitution provides that \"the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the [electoral] certificates, and the votes shall then be counted.\" The Republicans held that the power to count the votes lay with the President of the Senate, with the House and Senate being mere spectators. The Democrats objected to that construction, since the President Pro Tempore of the Senate, the Republican Thomas W. Ferry, could then count the votes of the disputed states for Hayes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [ 867641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 449, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democrats insisted that Congress should continue the practice followed since 1865: no vote objected to should be counted except by the concurrence of both houses. Since the House had a solid Democratic majority, rejecting the vote of one state, however, would elect Tilden.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Facing an unprecedented constitutional crisis, the Congress passed a law on January 29, 1877 to form a 15-member Electoral Commission, which would settle the result. Five members were selected from each house of Congress, and they were joined by five members of the United States Supreme Court, with William M. Evarts serving as counsel for the Republican Party. The Compromise of 1877 might be a reason for the Democrats accepting the Electoral Commission.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [ 192803, 1543317, 31737, 602984, 463052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 45 ], [ 113, 133 ], [ 266, 293 ], [ 300, 317 ], [ 367, 385 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The majority party in each house named three members and the minority party two members. As the Republicans controlled the Senate and the Democrats controlled the House of Representatives, that yielded five Democratic and five Republican members of the commission. Of the Supreme Court justices, two Republicans and two Democrats were chosen, with the fifth to be selected by those four.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The justices first selected the independent Justice David Davis. According to one historian, \"No one, perhaps not even Davis himself, knew which presidential candidate he preferred.\" Just as the Electoral Commission Bill was passing Congress, the Illinois Legislature elected Davis to the Senate, and Democrats in the legislature believed that they had purchased Davis's support by voting for him. However, they had miscalculated, as Davis promptly excused himself from the commission and resigned as a Justice to take his Senate seat. Since all of the remaining available Justices were Republicans, they had already selected Justice Joseph P. Bradley, who was considered the most impartial remaining member of the court. That selection proved decisive.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [ 21808276, 912206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 63 ], [ 634, 651 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since it was drawing perilously near to Inauguration Day, the commission met on January 31. Each of the disputed state election cases (Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina) was respectively submitted to the commission by Congress. Eminent counsel appeared for each side, and there were double sets of returns from every one of the states named.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The commission first decided not to question any returns that were prima facie lawful. Bradley then joined the other seven Republican committee members in a series of 8–7 votes that gave all 20 disputed electoral votes to Hayes, which gave Hayes a 185–184 electoral vote victory. The commission adjourned on March 2. Hayes privately took the oath of office the next day and was publicly sworn into office on March 5, 1877, and Hayes was inaugurated without disturbance.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [ 24696, 21213056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 78 ], [ 427, 448 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During intense closed-door meetings, Democratic leaders agreed reluctantly to accept Hayes as President in return for the withdrawal of federal troops from the last two Southern states that were still occupied: South Carolina and Louisiana. Republican leaders in return agreed on a number of handouts and entitlements, including federal subsidies for a transcontinental railroad line through the South. Although some of the promises were not kept, particularly the railroad proposal, that was enough for the time being to avert a dangerous standoff.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The returns accepted by the Commission put Hayes's margin of victory in South Carolina at 889 votes, the second-closest popular vote margin in a decisive state in U.S. history, after the election of 2000, which was decided by 537 votes in Florida. In 2000, the margin of victory in the Electoral College for George W. Bush was five votes, as opposed to Hayes' one vote.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [ 32009, 3414021 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 203 ], [ 308, 322 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon his defeat, Tilden said, \"I can retire to public life with the consciousness that I shall receive from posterity the credit of having been elected to the highest position in the gift of the people, without any of the cares and responsibilities of the office.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Congress would eventually enact the Electoral Count Act in 1887 to provide more detailed rules for the counting of electoral votes, especially in cases of multiple slates of electors being received from a single state.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Electoral disputes and Compromise of 1877", "target_page_ids": [ 64736191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the commission's rulings, of the 2,249 counties and independent cities making returns, Tilden won in 1,301 (57.85%), and Hayes carried only 947 (42.11%). One county (0.04%) in Nevada split evenly between Tilden and Hayes.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 21216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 189, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Greenback ticket did not have a major impact on the election's outcome by attracting slightly under one percent of the popular vote, Cooper nonetheless had the strongest performance of any third-party presidential candidate since John Bell in 1860. The Greenbacks' best showings were in Kansas, where Cooper earned just over six percent of the vote, and in Indiana, where he earned 17,207 votes, which far exceeded Tilden's margin of victory of roughly 5,500 votes over Hayes in that state.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 724148, 40519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 234, 243 ], [ 247, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election of 1876 was the last one held before the end of the Reconstruction era, which sought to protect the rights of African Americans in the South, who usually voted for Republican presidential candidates. No antebellum slave state would be carried by a Republican again until the 1896 realignment, which saw William McKinley carry Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, and Kentucky.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 505770, 40529, 33521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 227, 238 ], [ 288, 292 ], [ 316, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "No Republican presidential candidate until Warren G. Harding in 1920 would carry any states that seceded and joined the Confederacy. That year, he carried Tennessee, which had never experienced a long period of occupation by federal troops and had been completely \"reconstructed\" well before the first presidential election of the Reconstruction period (1868). None of the Southern states that experienced long periods of occupation by federal troops was carried by a Republican again until Herbert Hoover in 1928, when he won Texas, Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia, and that proved the last election in which the Republican candidate won Louisiana until 1956, when it was carried by Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the last in which the Republican candidate won South Carolina until 1964, when Barry Goldwater did.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 33060, 40536, 40521, 13682, 40538, 40564, 8182, 40566, 4792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 60 ], [ 64, 68 ], [ 354, 358 ], [ 491, 505 ], [ 509, 513 ], [ 661, 665 ], [ 690, 710 ], [ 784, 788 ], [ 795, 810 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The next time those two states voted against the Democrats was their support of the \"Dixiecrat\" candidate Strom Thurmond in 1948.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 158006, 44642, 40562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 94 ], [ 106, 120 ], [ 124, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although 1876 marked the last competitive two-party election in the South before the Democratic dominance of the South until 1948 and that to of the Border States until 1896, it was also the last presidential election (as of 2020) in which the Democrats won the wartime Unionist Mitchell County, North Carolina; Wayne County, Tennessee; Henderson County, Tennessee; and Lewis County, Kentucky. Hayes was also the only Republican president ever to be elected who failed to carry Indiana.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 93277, 91677, 91730, 95572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 279, 310 ], [ 312, 335 ], [ 337, 364 ], [ 370, 392 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 5077294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (7 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less between 1% and 5% (164 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (33 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The presidential election of 1876 is a major theme of Gore Vidal's novel 1876.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cultural references", "target_page_ids": [ 62169, 549746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 64 ], [ 73, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " American election campaigns in the 19th century", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3132190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1865–1918)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21213056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1876 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1434730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1876 and 1877 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26918366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Third Party System", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4140746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ...for 1876 (1885), comprehensive world coverage", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John Bigelow, Author, Edited by, Nikki Oldaker, The Life of Samuel J. Tilden. (2009 Revised edition-retype-set-new photos). 444 pages, original 1895 edition", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 233483 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Holt, Michael F. By One Vote: The Disputed Presidential Election of 1876. (2008). 304 pages, ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Foley, Edward. 2016. Ballot Battles: The History of Disputed Elections in the United States. Oxford University Press.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " , popular account", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Summers, Mark Wahlgren.The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865-1878 (1994)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Era of Good Stealings (1993), covers corruption 1868-1877", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Richard White, \"Corporations, Corruption, and the Modern Lobby: A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington, D.C.\" Southern Spaces, April 16, 2009", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 3502343 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hayes Presidential Library with essays by historians", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1876: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rutherford B. Hayes On The Election of 1876: Original Letter Shapell Manuscript Foundation", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1876 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hayes vs. Tilden: The Electoral College Controversy of 1876–1877", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1876 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1876_United_States_presidential_election", "Reconstruction_Era", "Constitutional_crises", "Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes", "Rutherford_B._Hayes", "November_1876_events", "United_States_election_controversies" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1876" ]

[ { "plaintext": "George Whitefield (; 30 September 1770), also known as George Whitfield, was an Anglican cleric and evangelist who was one of the founders of Methodism and the evangelical movement.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1214, 20119, 10370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 88 ], [ 142, 151 ], [ 160, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born in Gloucester, he matriculated at Pembroke College at the University of Oxford in 1732. There he joined the \"Holy Club\" and was introduced to the Wesley brothers, John and Charles, with whom he would work closely in his later ministry. Whitefield was ordained after receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree. He immediately began preaching, but he did not settle as the minister of any parish. Rather he became an itinerant preacher and evangelist. In 1740, Whitefield travelled to North America, where he preached a series of revivals that became part of the \"Great Awakening\". His methods were controversial and he engaged in numerous debates and disputes with other clergymen.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 65370, 369917, 128366, 31797, 22988653, 42411, 177551, 13631, 156992, 23623, 27158489, 105796, 30863286, 934177 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 18 ], [ 23, 35 ], [ 39, 55 ], [ 63, 83 ], [ 114, 123 ], [ 168, 172 ], [ 177, 184 ], [ 256, 264 ], [ 285, 301 ], [ 387, 393 ], [ 415, 433 ], [ 438, 448 ], [ 528, 536 ], [ 562, 577 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield received widespread recognition during his ministry; he preached at least 18,000 times to perhaps 10 million listeners in Great Britain and her American colonies. Whitefield could enthrall large audiences through a potent combination of drama, religious rhetoric, and patriotism.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 34681, 24552 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 172 ], [ 279, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield was born on at the Bell Inn, Southgate Street, Gloucester in England. Whitefield was the fifth son (seventh and last child) of Thomas Whitefield and Elizabeth Edwards, who kept an inn at Gloucester. At an early age, he found that he had a passion and talent for acting in the theatre, a passion that he would carry on with the very theatrical re-enactments of Bible stories he told during his sermons. He was educated at The Crypt School, Gloucester, and Pembroke College, Oxford.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 65370, 1110996, 128366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 69 ], [ 433, 461 ], [ 467, 491 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His father died when he was only two years old and he helped his mother with the inn.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Because business at the inn had diminished, Whitefield did not have the means to pay for his tuition. He therefore came up to the University of Oxford as a servitor, the lowest rank of undergraduates. Granted free tuition, he acted as a servant to Fellows and Fellow-commoners; duties including teaching them in the morning, helping them bathe, cleaning their rooms, carrying their books, and assisting them with work. He was a part of the \"Holy Club\" at the University with the Wesley brothers, John and Charles. An illness, as well as Henry Scougal's The Life of God in the Soul of Man, influenced him to turn to the Church. Following a religious conversion, he became passionate for preaching his new-found faith. The Bishop of Gloucester ordained him a deacon of the Church of England in 1736.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 31797, 1139742, 22988653, 42411, 177551, 11856255, 25597, 6946578, 55314, 5955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 150 ], [ 156, 164 ], [ 442, 451 ], [ 497, 501 ], [ 506, 513 ], [ 538, 551 ], [ 640, 660 ], [ 722, 742 ], [ 758, 764 ], [ 772, 789 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield preached his first sermon at St Mary de Crypt Church in his home town of Gloucester, a week after his ordination as Deacon. He had earlier become the leader of the Holy Club at Oxford when the Wesley brothers departed for Georgia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evangelism", "target_page_ids": [ 203221, 32176833, 487081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 36 ], [ 40, 63 ], [ 233, 240 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1738 he went to Savannah, Georgia, in the American colonies, as parish priest of Christ Church. While there he decided that one of the great needs of the area was an orphan house. He decided this would be his life's work. He returned to England to raise funds, as well as to receive priest's orders. While preparing for his return, he preached to large congregations. At the suggestion of friends he preached to the miners of Kingswood, outside Bristol, in the open air. Because he was returning to Georgia he invited John Wesley to take over his Bristol congregations, and to preach in the open air for the first time at Kingswood and then at Blackheath, London.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evangelism", "target_page_ids": [ 84493, 4544202, 32807435, 63962203, 13631, 450810, 42411, 855902, 93894 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 36 ], [ 45, 62 ], [ 67, 73 ], [ 84, 97 ], [ 295, 301 ], [ 429, 438 ], [ 521, 532 ], [ 580, 602 ], [ 647, 665 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield accepted the Church of England's doctrine of predestination and disagreed with the Wesley brothers' Arminian views on the doctrine of the atonement. However, Whitefield finally did what his friends hoped he would not do—hand over the entire ministry to John Wesley. Whitefield formed and was the president of the first Methodist conference, but he soon relinquished the position to concentrate on evangelical work.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evangelism", "target_page_ids": [ 23705, 1306, 388133 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 70 ], [ 111, 119 ], [ 149, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Three churches were established in England in his name—one in Penn Street, Bristol, and two in London, in Moorfields and in Tottenham Court Road—all three of which became known by the name of \"Whitefield's Tabernacle\". The society meeting at the second Kingswood School at Kingswood, a town on the eastern edge of Bristol, was eventually also named Whitefield's Tabernacle.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evangelism", "target_page_ids": [ 2620997, 2620744, 44883310, 2489659, 2621129 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 82 ], [ 106, 116 ], [ 124, 144 ], [ 253, 269 ], [ 349, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield acted as chaplain to Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, and some of his followers joined the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, whose chapels were built by Selina, where a form of Calvinistic Methodism similar to Whitefield's was taught. Many of Selina's chapels were built in the English and Welsh counties, and one, Spa Fields Chapel, was erected in London.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evangelism", "target_page_ids": [ 183232, 10380572, 2014358, 2778410, 16043952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 28 ], [ 32, 62 ], [ 101, 135 ], [ 189, 210 ], [ 327, 344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1739, Whitefield returned to England to raise funds to establish the Bethesda Orphanage, now the Bethesda Academy. It is the oldest extant charity in North America.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Evangelism", "target_page_ids": [ 1395743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield's endeavour to build an orphanage in Georgia was central to his preaching. The Bethesda Orphanage and his preaching comprised the \"two-fold task\" that occupied the rest of his life. On 25 March 1740, construction began. Whitefield wanted the orphanage to be a place of strong Gospel influence, with a wholesome atmosphere and strong discipline.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bethesda Orphanage", "target_page_ids": [ 1395743, 2261497 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 108 ], [ 287, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Having raised the money by his preaching, Whitefield \"insisted on sole control of the orphanage\". He refused to give the Trustees a financial accounting. The Trustees also objected to Whitefield's using \"a wrong Method\" to control the children, who \"are often kept praying and crying all the Night\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bethesda Orphanage", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On returning to North America in 1740, he preached a series of revivals that came to be known as the First Great Awakening. In 1740 he engaged Moravian Brethren from Georgia to build an orphanage for negro children on land he had bought in the Lehigh Valley of Pennsylvania. Following a theological disagreement, he dismissed them and was unable to complete the building, which the Moravians subsequently bought and completed. This now is the Whitefield House in the center of the Moravian settlement of Nazareth, Pennsylvania. The Whitefield House is owned by the Moravian Historical Society, and operates as the Society's museum and administrative offices.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bethesda Orphanage", "target_page_ids": [ 934177, 1221030, 1165886, 23332, 33572011, 133484, 51129466 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 122 ], [ 143, 160 ], [ 244, 257 ], [ 261, 273 ], [ 443, 459 ], [ 504, 526 ], [ 565, 592 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He preached nearly every day for months to large crowds of sometimes several thousand people as he travelled throughout the colonies, especially New England. His journey on horseback from New York City to Charleston, South Carolina, was at that time the longest in North America by a white man.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bethesda Orphanage", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764, 645042, 61024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 156 ], [ 188, 201 ], [ 205, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Like his contemporary and acquaintance, Jonathan Edwards, Whitefield preached staunchly Calvinist theology that was in line with the \"moderate Calvinism\" of the Thirty-nine Articles. While explicitly affirming God's sole agency in salvation, Whitefield freely offered the Gospel, saying at the end of his sermons: \"Come poor, lost, undone sinner, come just as you are to Christ.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bethesda Orphanage", "target_page_ids": [ 52057, 6024, 59952, 5042765, 13811042, 22771151, 1095706 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 56 ], [ 88, 97 ], [ 161, 181 ], [ 210, 213 ], [ 253, 278 ], [ 339, 345 ], [ 371, 377 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Church of England did not assign him a pulpit, so he began preaching in parks and fields in England on his own, reaching out to people who normally did not attend church. Like Jonathan Edwards, he developed a style of preaching that elicited emotional responses from his audiences. But Whitefield had charisma, and his loud voice, his small stature, and even his cross-eyed appearance (which some people took as a mark of divine favour) all served to help make him one of the first celebrities in the American colonies. Whitefield included slaves in his revivals and their response was positive. Historians see this as \"the genesis of African-American Christianity.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Revival meetings", "target_page_ids": [ 251307, 52057, 6155443, 5796 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 49 ], [ 180, 196 ], [ 323, 333 ], [ 486, 497 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To Whitefield \"the gospel message was so critically important that he felt compelled to use all earthly means to get the word out.\" Thanks to widespread dissemination of print media, perhaps half of all colonists eventually heard about, read about, or read something written by Whitefield. He employed print systematically, sending advance men to put up broadsides and distribute handbills announcing his sermons. He also arranged to have his sermons published.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Revival meetings", "target_page_ids": [ 19641, 2422721, 45008603 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 170, 181 ], [ 354, 363 ], [ 380, 389 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield sought to influence the colonies after he returned to England from his 1740 tour in America. He contracted to have his autobiographical Journals published throughout America. These Journals have been characterized as \"the ideal vehicle for crafting a public image that could work in his absence.\" They depicted Whitefield in the \"best possible light\". When he returned to America for his third tour in 1745, he was better known than when he had left.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Revival meetings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Much of Whitefield's publicity was the work of William Seward, a wealthy layman who accompanied Whitefield. Seward acted as Whitefield's \"fund-raiser, business co-ordinator, and publicist\". He furnished newspapers and booksellers with material, including copies of Whitefield's writings.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Revival meetings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When Whitefield returned to England in 1742, a crowd Whitefield estimated at 20,000 and William M'Culloch, the local minister, at 30,000, met him.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Revival meetings", "target_page_ids": [ 7502876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One such open-air congregation took place on Minchinhampton Common, Gloucestershire. Whitefield preached to the \"Rodborough congregation\" - a gathering of 10,000 people - at a place now known as \"Whitefield's tump.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Revival meetings", "target_page_ids": [ 36915612, 6898242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 66 ], [ 113, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield was a plantation owner and slaveholder, and viewed the work of slaves as essential for funding his orphanage's operations. Whitefield's contemporary John Wesley denounced slavery as \"the sum of all villainies\", and detailed its abuses. However, defenses of slavery were common among 18th-century Protestants, especially missionaries who used the institution to emphasize God's providence. Whitefield was at first conflicted about slaves. He believed that they were human, and was angered that they were treated as \"subordinate Creatures\". Nevertheless, George Whitefield and his friend, James Habersham, played an important role in the reintroduction of slavery to Georgia.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Slaveholder and advocate of slavery", "target_page_ids": [ 32898963, 32078395 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 235, 245 ], [ 599, 614 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Slavery had been outlawed in the young colony of Georgia in 1735. In 1747, Whitefield attributed the financial woes of his Bethesda Orphanage to Georgia's prohibition of black people in the colony. He argued that \"the constitution of that colony [Georgia] is very bad, and it is impossible for the inhabitants to subsist\" while blacks were banned.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Slaveholder and advocate of slavery", "target_page_ids": [ 10214559, 487081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 39, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between 1748 and 1750, Whitefield campaigned for the legalisation of African-American emigration into the colony because the trustees of Georgia had banned slavery. Whitefield argued that the colony would never be prosperous unless slaves were allowed to farm the land. Whitefield wanted slavery legalized not only for the prosperity of the colony, but also for the financial viability of the Bethesda Orphanage. \"Had Negroes been allowed\" to live in Georgia, he said, \"I should now have had a sufficiency to support a great many orphans without expending above half the sum that has been laid out.\" Whitefield's push for the legalization of slave emigration in to Georgia \"cannot be explained solely on the basics of economics\". It was also his hope for their adoption and for their eternal salvation.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Slaveholder and advocate of slavery", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Black slaves were permitted to live in Georgia in 1751. Whitefield saw the \"legalization of (black residency) as part personal victory and part divine will\". Whitefield now argued a scriptural justification for black residency as slaves. He increased the number of the black children at his orphanage, using his preaching to raise money to house them. Whitefield became \"perhaps the most energetic, and conspicuous, evangelical defender and practitioner of the rights of black people\". By propagating such \"a theological defense for\" black residency, Whitefield helped slaveholders prosper. Upon his death, Whitefield left everything in the orphanage to the Countess of Huntingdon. This included 4,000 acres of land and 50 black slaves.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Slaveholder and advocate of slavery", "target_page_ids": [ 10380572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 658, 680 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1740, during his second visit to America, Whitefield published \"an open letter to the planters of South Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland\" chastising them for their cruelty to their slaves. He wrote, \"I think God has a Quarrel with you for your Abuse of and Cruelty to the poor Negroes.\" Furthermore, Whitefield wrote: \"Your dogs are caressed and fondled at your tables; but your slaves who are frequently styled dogs or beasts, have not an equal privilege.\" However, Whitefield \"stopped short of rendering a moral judgment on slavery itself as an institution\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Slaveholder and advocate of slavery", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some have claimed that the Bethesda Orphanage \"set an example of humane treatment\" of black people. Phillis Wheatley (1753–1784), who was a slave, wrote a poem \"On the Death of the Rev. Mr. George Whitefield\" in 1770. The first line calls Whitefield a \"happy saint\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Slaveholder and advocate of slavery", "target_page_ids": [ 38932 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 116 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Benjamin Franklin attended a revival meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and was greatly impressed with Whitefield's ability to deliver a message to such a large group. Franklin had previously dismissed as exaggeration reports of Whitefield preaching to crowds of the order of tens of thousands in England. When listening to Whitefield preaching from the Philadelphia court house, Franklin walked away towards his shop in Market Street until he could no longer hear Whitefield distinctly—Whitefield could be heard over 500 feet. He then estimated his distance from Whitefield and calculated the area of a semicircle centred on Whitefield. Allowing two square feet per person he computed that Whitefield could be heard by over 30,000 people in the open air.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Benjamin Franklin and Whitefield", "target_page_ids": [ 3986, 50585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 48, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Franklin admired Whitefield as a fellow intellectual but thought Whitefield's plan to run an orphanage in Georgia would lose money. He published several of Whitefield's tracts and was impressed by Whitefield's ability to preach and speak with clarity and enthusiasm to crowds. Franklin was an ecumenist and approved of Whitefield's appeal to members of many denominations, but, unlike Whitefield, was not an evangelical. After one of Whitefield's sermons, Franklin noted the:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Benjamin Franklin and Whitefield", "target_page_ids": [ 146656, 10370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 293, 302 ], [ 408, 419 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A lifelong close friendship developed between the revivalist preacher and the worldly Franklin. True loyalty based on genuine affection, coupled with a high value placed on friendship, helped their association grow stronger over time.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Benjamin Franklin and Whitefield", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Letters exchanged between Franklin and Whitefield can be found at the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. These letters document the creation of an orphanage for boys named the Charity School.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Benjamin Franklin and Whitefield", "target_page_ids": [ 5406043 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 189, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "And in 1749, Franklin chose the Whitefield meeting house, with its Charity School, to be purchased as the site of the newly-formed Academy of Philadelphia which opened in 1751, followed in 1755 with the College of Philadelphia, both the predecessors of the University of Pennsylvania. A statue of George Whitefield is located in the Dormitory Quadrangle, standing in front of the Morris and Bodine sections of the present Ware College House on the University of Pennsylvania campus. On 2 July 2020, the University of Pennsylvania announced they would be removing the statue due to Whitefield's connection to slavery.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Benjamin Franklin and Whitefield", "target_page_ids": [ 31793, 64464118, 31259813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 257, 283 ], [ 287, 314 ], [ 422, 440 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield is remembered as one of the first to preach to slaves. Phillis Wheatley wrote a poem in his memory after he died, while she was still a slave.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Travels", "target_page_ids": [ 10214559, 38932 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 64 ], [ 66, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In an age when crossing the Atlantic Ocean was a long and hazardous adventure, he visited America seven times, making 13 ocean crossings in total. It is estimated that throughout his life, he preached more than 18,000 formal sermons, of which 78 have been published. In addition to his work in North America and England, he made 15 journeys to Scotland—most famously to the \"Preaching Braes\" of Cambuslang in 1742—two journeys to Ireland, and one each to Bermuda, Gibraltar, and the Netherlands. In England and Wales, Whitefield's itinerary included every county.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Travels", "target_page_ids": [ 698, 26994, 324359, 147575, 3460, 7607314, 21148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 42 ], [ 344, 352 ], [ 395, 405 ], [ 430, 437 ], [ 455, 462 ], [ 464, 473 ], [ 483, 494 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He went to the Georgia Colony in 1738 following John Wesley's departure, to serve as a colonial chaplain at Savannah.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Travels", "target_page_ids": [ 487081, 42411, 84493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 29 ], [ 48, 59 ], [ 108, 116 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While in Georgia, Whitefield served as minister for an orphanage and traveled extensively throughout both North America and Britain in an effort to raise money for the organization. He would often preach and attend public events during his travels, which served to further spread his message.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Travels", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"I believe it is God's will that I should marry\", George Whitefield wrote to a friend in 1740. But he was concerned: \"I pray God that I may not have a wife till I can live as though I had none.\" That ambivalence—believing God willed a wife, yet wanting to live as if without one—brought Whitefield a disappointing love life and a largely unhappy marriage.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Marriage", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "His wife Elizabeth, a widow previously Elizabeth James, née Gwynne, married Whitefield on 14 November 1741, After their 1744–48 stay in America, she never accompanied him on his travels. Whitefield reflected that \"none in America could bear her\". His wife believed that she had been \"but a load and burden\" to him. Cornelius Winter, who for a time lived with the Whitefields, observed that Whitefield \"was not happy in his wife\". Thus, \"her death set his mind much at liberty\".", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Marriage", "target_page_ids": [ 43085491 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 316, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Elizabeth died of a fever on 9 August 1768. She was buried in a vault at the Tottenham Court Road Chapel. At the end of the 19th century the Chapel needed restoration and all those interred there, except Augustus Toplady, were moved to Chingford Mount cemetery in north London.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Marriage", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1743 after four miscarriages, Elizabeth had borne the couple's only child, a son. The baby died at four months old.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Marriage", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1770, the 55-year-old Whitefield continued preaching in spite of poor health. He said, \"I would rather wear out than rust out.\" His last sermon was preached in a field \"atop a large barrel\". The next morning Whitefield died in the parsonage of Old South Presbyterian Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts, on 30 September 1770, and was buried, according to his wishes, in a crypt under the pulpit of this church. A bust of Whitefield is in the collection of the Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 10324251, 116755, 211786, 251307, 33045702 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 247, 276 ], [ 278, 304 ], [ 374, 379 ], [ 390, 396 ], [ 462, 498 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It was John Wesley who preached his funeral sermon in London, at Whitefield's request.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield left almost £1,500 () to friends and family. Furthermore, he had deposited £1,000 () for his wife if he predeceased her and had contributed £3,300 () to the Bethesda Orphanage. \"Questions concerning the source of his personal wealth dogged his memory. His will stated that all this money had lately been left him 'in a most unexpected way and unthought of means.'\"", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In terms of theology, Whitefield, unlike John Wesley, was a supporter of Calvinism. The two differed on eternal election, final perseverance, and sanctification, but were reconciled as friends and co-workers, each going his own way. It is a prevailing misconception that Whitefield was not primarily an organizer like Wesley. However, as Wesleyan historian Luke Tyerman states, \"It is notable that the first Calvinistic Methodist Association was held eighteen months before Wesley held his first Methodist Conference.\" He was a man of profound experience, which he communicated to audiences with clarity and passion. His patronization by Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon reflected this emphasis on practice.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Relation to other Methodist leaders", "target_page_ids": [ 42411, 6024, 2036036 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 52 ], [ 73, 82 ], [ 496, 516 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield welcomed opposition because as he said, \"the more I am opposed, the more joy I feel\". He proved himself adept at creating controversy. In his 1740 visit to Charles Town, it \"took Whitefield only four days to plunge Charles Town into religious and social controversy.\"", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield thought he might be martyred for his views. After he attacked the established church he predicted that he would \"be set at nought by the Rabbies of our Church, and perhaps at last be killed by them\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 48588, 292285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 37 ], [ 77, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield chastised other clergy for teaching only \"the shell and shadow of religion\" because they did not hold the necessity of a new birth, without which a person would be \"thrust down into Hell\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 4950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his 1740–1741 visit to America (as he had done in England), he attacked other clergy (mostly Anglican) calling them \"God's persecutors\". He said that Edmund Gibson, Bishop of London with supervision over Anglican clergy in America, knew no \"more of Christianity, than Mahaomet, or an Infidel\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 883469, 18934 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 166 ], [ 271, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Whitefield preached at St Philip's, Charleston, the Commissary, Alexander Garden, suspended him as a \"vagabond clergyman.\" After being suspended, Whitefield attacked all South Carolina's Anglican clergy in print. Furthermore, Whitefield issued a blanket indictment of New England's Congregational ministers for their \"lack of zeal\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 16524593, 4841668, 6814 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 52 ], [ 70, 86 ], [ 288, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1740, Whitefield published attacks on \"the works of two of Anglicanism's revered seventeenth-century authors\". Whitefield wrote that John Tillotson, archbishop of Canterbury (1691–1694), had \"no more been a true Christian than had Muhammad\". He also attacked Richard Allestree's The Whole Duty of Man, one of Anglicanism's most popular spiritual tracts. At least once Whitefield had his followers burn the tract \"with great Detestation\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 155792, 26334216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 150 ], [ 282, 303 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In England and Scotland (1741–1744), Whitefield bitterly accused John Wesley of undermining his work. He preached against Wesley, arguing that Wesley's attacks on predestination had alienated \"very many of my spiritual children\". Wesley replied that Whitefield's attacks were \"treacherous\" and that Whitefield had made himself \"odious and contemptible\". However, the two reconciled in later life.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 42411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Along with Wesley, Whitefield had been influenced by the Moravian Church, but in 1753 he condemned them and attacked their leader, Count Nicolaus Zinzendorf, and their practices.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 1221030, 181171 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 72 ], [ 137, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Joseph Trapp criticized Whitefield's Journals, Whitefield retorted that Trapp was \"no Christian but a servant of Satan\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 22960294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "English, Scottish, and American clergy attacked Whitefield, often in response to his attacks on them and Anglicanism, as documented in this section. Early in his career, Whitefield criticized the Church of England. In response, clergy called Whitefield one of \"the young quacks in divinity\" who are \"breaking the peace and unity\" of the church.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From 1738 to 1741, Whitefield issued seven Journals. A sermon in St Paul's Cathedral depicted them as \"a medley of vanity, and nonsense, and blasphemy jumbled together\". Joseph Trapp called the Journals \"blasphemous\" and accused Whitefield of being \"besotted either with pride or madness\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In England, by 1739 when he was ordained priest, Whitefield wrote that \"the spirit of the clergy began to be much embittered\" and that \"churches were gradually denied me\". In response to Whitefield's Journals, the bishop of London, Edmund Gibson, published a 1739 pastoral letter criticizing Whitefield. Whitefield responded by labelling Anglican clergy as \"lazy, non-spiritual, and pleasure seeking\". He rejected ecclesiastical authority claiming that 'the whole world is now my parish'.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 883469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 232, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1740, Whitefield had attacked John Tillotson and Richard Allestree's The Whole Duty of Man. These attacks", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 155792, 26334216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 47 ], [ 72, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "resulted in hostile responses and reduced attendance at his London open-air preaching.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1741, Whitefield made his first visit to Scotland at the invitation of \"Ralph and Ebenezer Erskine, leaders of the breakaway Associate Presbytery. When they demanded and Whitefield refused that he preach only in their churches, they attacked him as a \"sorcerer\" and a \"vain-glorious, self-seeking, puffed-up creature\". In addition, Whitefield's collecting money for his Bethesda orphanage, combined with the hysteria evoked by his open-air sermons, resulted in bitter attacks in Edinburgh and Glasgow.\"", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 557111, 29158125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 101 ], [ 128, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield's itinerant preaching throughout the colonies was opposed by Bishop Benson who had ordained him for a settled ministry in Georgia. Whitefield replied that if bishops did not authorize his itinerant preaching, God would give him the authority.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 27158489, 24704648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 22 ], [ 72, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1740, Jonathan Edwards invited Whitefield to preach in his church in Northampton. Edwards was \"deeply disturbed by his unqualified appeals to emotion, his openly judging those he considered unconverted, and his demand for instant conversions\". Whitefield refused to discuss Edwards' misgivings with him. Later, Edwards delivered a series of sermons containing but \"thinly veiled critiques\" of Whitefield's preaching, \"warning against over-dependence upon a preacher's eloquence and fervency\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 52057 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During Whitefield's 1744–1748 visit to America, ten critical pamphlets were published, two by officials of Harvard and Yale. This criticism was in part evoked by Whitefield's criticism of \"their education and Christian commitment\" in his Journal of 1741. Whitefield saw this opposition as \"a conspiracy\" against him.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 264757, 18426501, 34273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 69 ], [ 107, 114 ], [ 119, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Whitefield preached in a dissenting church and \"the congregation's response was dismal,\" he ascribed the response to \"the people's being hardened\" as were \"Pharaoh and the Egyptians\" in the Bible.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 1128563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many New Englanders claimed that Whitefield destroyed \"New England's orderly parish system, communities, and even families\". The \"Declaration of the Association of the County of New Haven, 1745\" stated that after Whitefield's preaching \"religion is now in a far worse state than it was\". After Whitefield preached in Charlestown, a local newspaper article attacked him as \"blasphemous, uncharitable, and unreasonable.\"", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 251405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 317, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Whitefield condemned Moravians and their practices, his former London printer (a Moravian), called Whitefield \"a Mahomet, a Caesar, an imposter, a Don Quixote, a devil, the beast, the man of sin, the Antichrist\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the open air in Dublin, Ireland (1757), Whitefield condemned Roman Catholicism, inciting an attack by \"hundreds and hundreds of papists\" who cursed and wounded him severely and smashed his portable pulpit.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 8504, 606848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 25 ], [ 64, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On various occasions, a woman assaulted Whitefield with \"scissors and a pistol, and her teeth\". \"Stones and dead cats\" were thrown at him. A man almost killed him with a brass-headed cane. \"Another climbed a tree to urinate on him.\"", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1760, Whitefield was burlesqued by Samuel Foote in The Minor.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 399893, 30868926 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 50 ], [ 55, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon made Whitefield her personal chaplain. In her chapel, it was noted that his preaching was \"more Considered among persons of a Superior Rank\" who attended the Countess's services. Whitefield was humble before the Countess saying that he cried when he was \"thinking of your Ladyship's condescending to patronize such a dead dog as I am\". He now said that he \"highly esteemed bishops of the Church of England because of their sacred character\". He confessed that in \"many things\" he had \"judged and acted wrong\" and had \"been too bitter in my zeal\". In 1763, in a defense of Methodism, Whitefield \"repeated contrition for much contained in his Journals\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Among the nobility who heard Whitefield in the Countess of Huntingdon's home was Lady Townshend. Regarding the changes in Whitefield, someone asked Lady Townshend, \"Pray, madam, is it true that Whitefield has recanted?\" She replied, \"No, sir, he has only canted.\" One meaning of cant is \"to affect religious or pietistic phraseology, esp. as a matter of fashion or profession; to talk unreally or hypocritically with an affectation of goodness or piety\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Opposition and controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the First Great Awakening, rather than listening demurely to preachers, people groaned and roared in enthusiastic emotion. Whitefield was a \"passionate preacher\" who often \"shed tears\". Underlying this was his conviction that genuine religion \"engaged the heart, not just the head\".", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Religious innovation", "target_page_ids": [ 934177, 775985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 28 ], [ 104, 116 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his preaching, Whitefield used a number of rhetorical ploys that were characteristic of theater, an artistic medium largely unknown in colonial America. refers to him as a \"divine dramatist\" and ascribes his success to the theatrical sermons which laid foundations to a new form of pulpit oratory. Whitefield's \"Abraham Offering His Son Isaac\" is an example of a sermon whose whole structure resembles a theatrical play.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Religious innovation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "New divinity schools opened to challenge the hegemony of Yale and Harvard; personal experience became more important than formal education for preachers. Such concepts and habits formed a necessary foundation for the American Revolution. Whitefield's preaching bolstered \"the evolving republican ideology that sought local democratic control of civil affairs and freedom from monarchial and parliamentary intrusion.\"", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Religious innovation", "target_page_ids": [ 1973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield's sermons were widely reputed to inspire his audience's enthusiasm. Many of them as well as his letters and journals were published during his lifetime. He was an excellent orator as well, strong in voice and adept at extemporaneity. His voice was so expressive that people are said to have wept just hearing him allude to \"Mesopotamia\". His journals, originally intended only for private circulation, were first published by Thomas Cooper. James Hutton then published a version with Whitefield's approval. His exuberant and \"too apostolical\" language were criticised; his journals were no longer published after 1741.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [ 25498357, 1637999, 15965 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 126 ], [ 229, 243 ], [ 452, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield prepared a new installment in 1744–45, but it was not published until 1938. 19th-century biographies generally refer to his earlier work, A Short Account of God's Dealings with the Reverend George Whitefield (1740), which covered his life up to his ordination. In 1747 he published A Further Account of God's Dealings with the Reverend George Whitefield, covering the period from his ordination to his first voyage to Georgia. In 1756, a vigorously edited version of his journals and autobiographical accounts was published. Whitefield was \"profoundly image-conscious\". His writings were \"intended to convey Whitefield and his life as a model for biblical ethics ... , as humble and pious\".", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After Whitefield's death, John Gillies, a Glasgow friend, published a memoir and six volumes of works, comprising three volumes of letters, a volume of tracts, and two volumes of sermons. Another collection of sermons was published just before he left London for the last time in 1769. These were disowned by Whitefield and Gillies, who tried to buy all copies and pulp them. They had been taken down in shorthand, but Whitefield said that they made him say nonsense on occasion. These sermons were included in a 19th-century volume, Sermons on Important Subjects, along with the \"approved\" sermons from the Works. An edition of the journals, in one volume, was edited by William Wale in 1905. This was reprinted with additional material in 1960 by the Banner of Truth Trust. It lacks the Bermuda journal entries found in Gillies' biography and the quotes from manuscript journals found in 19th-century biographies. A comparison of this edition with the original 18th-century publications shows numerous omissions—some minor and a few major.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [ 33852519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitefield also wrote several hymns. Charles Wesley composed a hymn in 1739, \"Hark, how all the welkin rings\". Whitefield revised the opening couplet in 1758 for \"Hark, the Herald Angels Sing\".", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [ 177551, 1093655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ], [ 163, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitfield County, Georgia, United States, is named after Whitefield. When the act by the Georgia General Assembly was written to create the county, the \"e\" was omitted from the spelling of the name to reflect the pronunciation of the name.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Commemoration and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 96675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " summarizes Whitefield's legacy.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Commemoration and legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Whitefield was the most influential Anglo-American evangelical leader of the eighteenth century.\"", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Commemoration and legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"He also indelibly marked the character of evangelical Christianity.\"", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Commemoration and legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "He \"was the first internationally famous itinerant preacher and the first modern transatlantic celebrity of any kind.\"", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Commemoration and legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Perhaps he was the greatest evangelical preacher that the world has ever seen.\"", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Commemoration and legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mark Galli wrote of Whitefield's legacy:", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Commemoration and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 46952808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Whitefield, George. Journals. London: Banner of Truth Trust, 1978. ", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 17867, 6840847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 37 ], [ 39, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Armstrong, John H. Five Great Evangelists: Preachers of Real Revival. Fearn (maybe Hill of Fearn), Tain: Christian Focus Publications, 1997. ", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 1187611, 393129, 47442766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 97 ], [ 100, 104 ], [ 106, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dallimore, Arnold A. George Whitefield: The Life and Times of the Great Evangelist of the Eighteenth-Century Revival (Volume I). Edinburgh or Carlisle: Banner of Truth Trust, 1970. .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 9602, 132295, 6840847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 139 ], [ 143, 151 ], [ 153, 174 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gibson, William and Morgan-Guy, John (eds), George Whitefield Tercentenary Essays. Cardiff: University of Wales Press 2015 ", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 5882, 5544076 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 91 ], [ 93, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Johnston, E.A. George Whitefield: A Definitive Biography (2 volumes). Stoke-on-Trent: Tentmaker Publications, 2007. .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 173333 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hammond, Geordan and Jones, David Ceri(eds), George Whitefield: Life, Context, and Legacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 22308, 48518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 98 ], [ 100, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kenney, William Howland, III. ″Alexander Garden and George Whitefield: The Significance of Revivalism in South Carolina 1738–1741″. The South Carolina Historical Magazine, Vol. 71, No. 1 (January 1970), pp.1–16.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kidd, Thomas S. The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. ", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 53825, 1087837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 106 ], [ 108, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mansfield, Stephen. Forgotten Founding Father: The Heroic Legacy of George Whitefield. Nashville: Cumberland House Publishing (acquired by Sourcebooks), 2001. ", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 7011386, 22018 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 89, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Philip, Robert. The Life and Times of George Whitefield. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 2007 (reprint) [1837]. ", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 6840847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pollock, John. George Whitefield and the Great Awakening. Hodder & Stoughton, 1973", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Reisinger, Ernest. The Founder's Journal, Issue 19/20, Winter/Spring 1995: \"What Should We Think of Evangelism and Calvinism?\". Coral Gables: Founders Ministries.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 47407307, 47407325 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 143, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Schwenk, James L. Catholic Spirit: Wesley, Whitefield, and the Quest for Evangelical Unity in Eighteenth Century British Methodism (Scarecrow Press, 2008).", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Smith, Timothy L. Whitefield and Wesley on the New Birth (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Francis Asbury Press of Zondervan Publishing House, 1986).", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Streater, David \"Whitefield and the Revival\" (Crossway, Autumn 1993. No. 50)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thompson, D. D. John Wesley and George Whitefield in Scotland: Or, the Influence of the Oxford Methodists on Scottish Religion (London: Blackwood and Sons, 1898).", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bust of Whitefield at Gloucester City Museum & Art Gallery.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 33045702 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biographies, Articles, and Books on Whitefield.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lesson plan on George Whitefield and the First Great Awakening", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " George Whitefield's Journals project – Project to publish a complete edition of Whitefield's Journals", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " George Whitefield at Old South Presbyterian Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " George Whitefield preaches to 3000 in Stonehouse Gloucestershire", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Open Library", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gutenberg", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1714_births", "1770_deaths", "18th-century_English_Anglican_priests", "18th-century_English_Christian_theologians", "Alumni_of_Pembroke_College,_Oxford", "American_evangelicals", "American_proslavery_activists", "American_slave_owners", "Benjamin_Franklin", "Burials_in_Massachusetts", "Calvinistic_Methodists", "Christian_revivalists", "English_evangelicals", "English_Anglican_missionaries", "English_Calvinist_and_Reformed_Christians", "English_evangelists", "English_Methodist_missionaries", "English_sermon_writers", "Evangelical_Anglicans", "Evangelical_Anglican_clergy", "Founders_of_orphanages", "History_of_Methodism", "History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States", "Methodist_missionaries_in_Europe", "Methodist_missionaries_in_the_United_States", "People_educated_at_The_Crypt_School,_Gloucester", "People_from_Gloucester", "Protestant_missionaries_in_Bermuda", "Protestant_missionaries_in_England", "Protestant_missionaries_in_Gibraltar", "Protestant_missionaries_in_Ireland", "Protestant_missionaries_in_Scotland", "Protestant_missionaries_in_the_Netherlands", "Protestant_missionaries_in_Wales", "Whitfield_County,_Georgia", "18th-century_Anglican_theologians" ]

[ "George Whitfield", "Doctor Squintum" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Sweyn Forkbeard ( ; ; 17 April 963 – 3 February 1014) was King of Denmark from 986 to 1014, also at times King of the English and King of Norway. He was the father of King Harald II of Denmark, King Cnut the Great and Queen Estrid Svendsdatter.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 20714373, 160904, 4154892, 2361955, 40501, 15839844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 73 ], [ 106, 125 ], [ 130, 144 ], [ 172, 192 ], [ 199, 213 ], [ 224, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the mid-980s, Sweyn revolted against his father, Harald Bluetooth, and seized the throne. Harald was driven into exile and died shortly afterwards in November 986 or 987. In 1000, with the allegiance of Trondejarl and Eric of Lade, Sweyn ruled most of Norway. In 1013, shortly before his death, he became the first Danish king of the English after a long effort.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 42419, 6418664, 1757535, 21241, 31809076 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 68 ], [ 206, 216 ], [ 221, 233 ], [ 255, 261 ], [ 318, 344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historiographical sources on Sweyn's life include the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (where his name is rendered as Swegen), Adam of Bremen's 11th-century Deeds of the Bishops of Hamburg, and Snorri Sturluson's 13th-century Heimskringla. Conflicting accounts of Sweyn's later life also appear in the Encomium Emmae Reginae, an 11th-century Latin encomium in honour of his son king Cnut's queen Emma of Normandy, along with Chronicon ex chronicis by Florence of Worcester, another 11th-century author.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 24222749, 2552, 10710167, 23408931, 14468, 5065970, 290266, 40236, 9394042, 146626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 75 ], [ 116, 130 ], [ 146, 177 ], [ 183, 199 ], [ 215, 227 ], [ 291, 313 ], [ 337, 345 ], [ 385, 401 ], [ 414, 436 ], [ 440, 461 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are conflicting accounts of Sweyn's heritage. One chronicle, Gesta Wulinensis ecclesiae pontificum, only recently discovered in 2019 and written around 990 by Avico, the chaplain of Harald Bluetooth, states that Sweyn was the son of Harald's older brother, Knut Danaást and Tove. According to this source, Knut Danaást was killed in battle on 17 October 962 and his wife was pregnant with Sweyn at the time. Tove married her brother-in-law Harald in January 963 and Sweyn was born around Easter 963. Harald raised Sweyn as his adopted son. According to Adam of Bremen, Sweyn was the son of Harald Bluetooth and a woman named \"Gunhild\". When Harald converted to Christianity, Sweyn was baptised \"Otto\" (in honour of German king Otto I).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 42419, 23025213, 2552, 25605367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 188, 204 ], [ 280, 284 ], [ 559, 573 ], [ 733, 739 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sweyn married the widow of Erik, king of Sweden, named \"Gunhild\" in some sources, or identified as an unnamed sister of Boleslaus, ruler of Poland.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 454678, 38999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 47 ], [ 120, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historian Ian Howard describes Sweyn as \"a competent military commander, politician and diplomat\" who made \"a formidable and successful king.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the mid-980s, Sweyn revolted against his father and seized the throne. Harald was driven into exile and died shortly afterwards in November 986 or 987.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Adam of Bremen depicted Sweyn as a rebellious pagan who persecuted Christians, betrayed his father and expelled German bishops from Scania and Zealand. According to Adam, Sweyn was sent into exile by his father's German friends and deposed in favour of king Eric the Victorious of Sweden, whom Adam wrote ruled Denmark until his death in 994 or 995. Sørensen (2001) argues that Adam's depiction of Sweyn may be overly negative, as seen through an \"unsympathetic and intolerant eye\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 16749103, 47914, 454678, 5058739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 138 ], [ 143, 150 ], [ 258, 277 ], [ 281, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adam's account is thus not seen as entirely reliable; the claimed 14 years' exile of Sweyn to Scotland does not seem to agree with Sweyn's building churches in Denmark throughout the same period, including the churches in Lund and Roskilde. According to Adam, Sweyn was punished by God for leading the uprising which led to king Harald's death, and had to spend fourteen years abroad (i.e. 986–1000). The historicity of this exile, or its duration, is uncertain. Adam purports that Sweyn was shunned by all those with whom he sought refuge, but was finally allowed to live for a while in Scotland. Adam also suggests that Sweyn in his youth lived among heathens, and only achieved success as a ruler after accepting Christianity.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 1019389, 80269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 222, 226 ], [ 231, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Harald Bluetooth had already established a foothold in Norway, controlling Viken in c. 970. He may, however, have lost control over his Norwegian claims following his defeat against a German army in 974.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 42419, 566952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 75, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sweyn built an alliance with Swedish king Olof Skötkonung and Eirik Hákonarson, Jarl of Lade, against Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 255539, 1757535, 6418664, 66278 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 57 ], [ 62, 78 ], [ 80, 92 ], [ 117, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Kings' sagas ascribe the causes of the alliance to Olaf Tryggvason's ill-fated marriage proposal to Sigrid the Haughty and his problematic marriage to Thyri, sister of Sweyn Forkbeard. According to the sagas, Sigrid pushed Sweyn into war with Olaf because Olaf had slapped her.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 2648873, 596238, 21954964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ], [ 104, 122 ], [ 155, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The allies attacked and defeated king Olaf in the western Baltic Sea when he was sailing home from an expedition, in the Battle of Svolder, fought in September of either 999 or 1000. The victors divided Norway among them. According to the account of the Heimskringla, Sweyn re-gained direct control of Viken district.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 3335, 418902, 566952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 68 ], [ 121, 138 ], [ 302, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "King Olaf of Sweden received four districts in Trondheim as well as Møre, Romsdal and Rånrike (the Fagrskinna, by contrast, says that the Swedish part consisted of Oppland and a part of Trondheim). He gave these to his son in law, Jarl Svein Hákonarson, to hold as a vassal. The rest of Norway was ruled by Eirik Hákonarson as King Svein's vassal.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 37472, 23895165, 233570, 1076089, 1636244, 171194, 5044741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 56 ], [ 68, 72 ], [ 74, 81 ], [ 86, 93 ], [ 99, 109 ], [ 164, 171 ], [ 236, 252 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Jarls Eirik and Svein proved strong, competent rulers, and their reign was prosperous. Most sources say that they adopted Christianity but allowed the people religious freedom, leading to a backlash against Christianity which undid much of Olaf Tryggvason's missionary work.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 66278 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 244, 259 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sweyn apparently recruited priests and bishops from England, in preference to the Archbishopric of Bremen. In part, this reflected the fact that there were numerous Christian priests of Danish origin in the Danelaw, while Sweyn had few personal connections to Germany. However, Sweyn's preference for the English church may also have had a political motive, because German bishops were an integral part of the state. It has been suggested that Sweyn was seeking to pre-empt any diminution of his independence by German leaders. This may have been a reason for Adam of Bremen's apparent hostility in his accounts of Sweyn; by accentuating English ecclesiastical influence in his kingdom, Sweyn was effectively spurning the Archbishop of Bremen.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 255372, 64946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 105 ], [ 207, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The \"Chronicle of John of Wallingford\" (c. 1225–1250) records Sweyn's involvement in raids against England during 1002–1005, 1006–1007 and 1009–1012 to avenge the St. Brice's Day massacre of England's Danish inhabitants in November 1002. According to Ashley (1998), Sweyn's invasion was partly motivated by the massacre of Danes in England ordered by Æthelred the Unready in 1002, in which his sister and brother-in-law are said to have been killed, but Lund (2001) argues that the main motivation for the raids was more likely the prospect of revenue.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 32833232, 9316, 2654782, 10083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 37 ], [ 99, 106 ], [ 163, 187 ], [ 351, 371 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the outset of the invasions, Sweyn negotiated an agreement with Duke Richard II of Normandy whereby the Danes gained permission to sell their spoils of war in Normandy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sweyn campaigned in Wessex and East Anglia in 1003–1004, but a famine forced him to return to Denmark in 1005. Further raids took place in 1006–1007, and in 1009–1012 Thorkell the Tall led a Viking invasion into England. Simon Keynes regards it as uncertain whether Sweyn supported these invasions, but \"whatever the case, he was quick to exploit the disruption caused by the activities of Thorkell's army\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 1138081, 2787251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 167, 184 ], [ 221, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sweyn acquired massive sums of Danegeld through the raids. In 1013, he is reported to have personally led his forces in a full-scale invasion of England.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 212073 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The medieval Peterborough Chronicle (part of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) states:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 743870, 24222749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 35 ], [ 49, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "before the month of August came king Sweyn with his fleet to Sandwich. He went very quickly about East Anglia into the Humber's mouth, and so upward along the Trent till he came to Gainsborough. Earl Uchtred and all Northumbria quickly bowed to him, as did all the people of the Kingdom of Lindsey, then the people of the Five Boroughs. He was given hostages from each shire. When he understood that all the people had submitted to him, he bade that his force should be provisioned and horsed; he went south with the main part of the invasion force, while some of the invasion force, as well as the hostages, were with his son Cnut. After he came over Watling Street, they went to Oxford, and the town-dwellers soon bowed to him, and gave hostages. From there they went to Winchester, and the people did the same, then eastward to London.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 82438, 15620904, 143904, 223529, 366497, 58249, 3804310, 36717, 155982, 2834057, 26995, 181811, 22308, 43412, 17867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 69 ], [ 98, 109 ], [ 119, 125 ], [ 159, 164 ], [ 181, 193 ], [ 195, 199 ], [ 200, 207 ], [ 216, 227 ], [ 279, 297 ], [ 322, 335 ], [ 369, 374 ], [ 652, 666 ], [ 681, 687 ], [ 773, 783 ], [ 831, 837 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "But the Londoners put up a strong resistance, because King Æthelred and Thorkell the Tall, a Viking leader who had defected to Æthelred, personally held their ground against him in London itself. Sweyn then went west to Bath, where the western thanes submitted to him and gave hostages. The Londoners then followed suit, fearing Sweyn's revenge if they resisted any longer. King Æthelred sent his sons Edward and Alfred to Normandy, and himself retreated to the Isle of Wight, and then followed them into exile. On Christmas Day 1013 Sweyn was declared King of England.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 1138081, 41523, 40243, 6201270, 15102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 89 ], [ 220, 224 ], [ 402, 408 ], [ 413, 419 ], [ 462, 475 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Based in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, Sweyn began to organise his vast new kingdom, but he died there on 3 February 1014, having ruled England for only five weeks. His embalmed body was returned to Denmark for burial in the church he had built. Tradition locates this church in Roskilde, but it is more plausible that it was actually located in Lund in Scania (now part of Sweden).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 366497, 80269, 1019389 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 35 ], [ 277, 285 ], [ 344, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sweyn's elder son, Harald II, succeeded him as King of Denmark, while his younger son, Cnut, was proclaimed King of England by the people of the Danelaw. However, the English nobility sent for Æthelred, who upon his return from exile in Normandy in the spring of 1014 managed to drive Cnut out of England. Cnut soon returned and became king of all England in 1016, following the deaths of Æthelred and his son Edmund Ironside; he succeeded his brother as King of Denmark in 1019 and eventually also ruled Norway, parts of Sweden, Pomerania and Schleswig.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 2361955, 40501, 47092, 24261, 45582 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 28 ], [ 87, 91 ], [ 410, 425 ], [ 530, 539 ], [ 544, 553 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut and his sons, Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut, ruled England over a combined 26-year period (1016–1042). After Harthacnut's death, the English throne reverted to the House of Wessex under Æthelred's younger son Edward the Confessor (reigned 1042–1066).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 40261, 40259, 40243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 34 ], [ 39, 49 ], [ 215, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sweyn's daughter, Estrid Svendsdatter, was the mother of King Sweyn II of Denmark. Her descendants continue to reign in Denmark to this day. One of them, Margaret of Denmark, married James III of Scotland in 1469, introducing Sweyn's bloodline into the Scottish royal house. After James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne in 1603, Sweyn's descendants became monarchs of England again.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 15839844, 272717, 55661, 174687, 148025, 269055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ], [ 62, 81 ], [ 111, 127 ], [ 154, 173 ], [ 183, 204 ], [ 281, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg and the Encomium Emmae report Cnut's mother as having been Świętosława, a daughter of Mieszko I of Poland. Norse sources of the High Middle Ages, most prominently Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson, also give a Polish princess as Cnut's mother, whom they call Gunhild and a daughter of Burislav, the king of Vindland. Since in the Norse sagas the king of Vindland is always Burislav, this is reconcilable with the assumption that her father was Mieszko (not his son Bolesław). Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum is unique in equating Cnut's mother (for whom he also produces no name) with the former queen of Sweden, wife of Eric the Victorious and by this marriage mother of Olof Skötkonung. To complicate the matter, Heimskringla and other sagas also have Sweyn marrying Eric's widow, but she is distinctly another person in these texts, named Sigrid the Haughty, whom Sweyn only marries after Gunhild, the Slavic princess who bore Cnut, has died. Different theories regarding the number and ancestry of Sweyn's wives (or wife) have been advanced (see Sigrid the Haughty and Gunhild). But since Adam is the only source to equate the identity of Cnut's and Olof Skötkonung's mother, this is often seen as an error on Adam's part, and it is often assumed that Sweyn had two wives, the first being Cnut's mother, and the second being the former Queen of Sweden. Cnut's brother Harald was the youngest of the two brothers, according to Encomium Emmae.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Issue", "target_page_ids": [ 2953769, 2953769, 5065970, 2241391, 20597, 3065444, 503345, 14468, 23408931, 13046850, 596258, 33644, 300166, 38999, 10710167, 5058739, 454678, 255539, 596238, 596238, 13046850, 2361955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 17, 38 ], [ 47, 61 ], [ 98, 109 ], [ 125, 144 ], [ 146, 151 ], [ 167, 183 ], [ 202, 214 ], [ 218, 234 ], [ 297, 304 ], [ 323, 331 ], [ 345, 353 ], [ 374, 378 ], [ 503, 511 ], [ 532, 573 ], [ 671, 677 ], [ 687, 706 ], [ 738, 753 ], [ 908, 926 ], [ 1116, 1134 ], [ 1139, 1146 ], [ 1438, 1444 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sweyn had eight children with Sigrid the Haughty and Gunhild of Wenden:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Issue", "target_page_ids": [ 596238, 13046850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 48 ], [ 53, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Harald II of Denmark", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Issue", "target_page_ids": [ 2361955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut the Great", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Issue", "target_page_ids": [ 40501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Estrid Svendsdatter", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Issue", "target_page_ids": [ 15839844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gytha", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Issue", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Gunnhild", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Issue", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Santslaue", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Issue", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thyra", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Issue", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Northvegr (Scandinavian) – A History of the Vikings (Search) ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Vikingworld (Danish) – Swein Forkbeard (Svend Tveskæg)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sweyn Forkbeard: The Viking King of England on Medieval Archives Podcast", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "960s_births", "1014_deaths", "11th-century_English_monarchs", "10th-century_kings_of_Denmark", "11th-century_kings_of_Denmark", "10th-century_Norwegian_monarchs", "11th-century_Norwegian_monarchs", "Viking_warriors", "Anglo-Norse_monarchs", "Burials_at_Roskilde_Cathedral", "Danish_Christians", "House_of_Knýtlinga", "Monarchs_of_England_before_1066", "11th-century_Vikings", "10th-century_Vikings" ]

[ "Sweyn Forkbeard", "Sweyn, King of Denmark" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Harold Paul Furth (January 13, 1930 – February 21, 2002) was an Austrian-American physicist who was a pioneer in leading the American efforts to harness thermonuclear fusion for the generation of electricity. He died of a heart ailment on 21 February 2002.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 26964606, 23269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 71 ], [ 82, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Furth emigrated to the United States in 1941. His father fled a POW camp during WWI, but returned to Vienna a few years later. In his later years, he ran a shoe-making business with his family. He also developed an interest for literature. In the summer of 1939, Harold's father had escaped to Switzerland. After studying at the French-speaking École Internationale in Geneva, Harold immigrated to New York City in 1941. He later graduated at the head of his class at The Hill School. He graduated from Harvard University with a bachelor's degree in 1951 and received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1960. His PhD thesis is entitled Magnetic Analysis of K– Interactions in Emulsion Nuclei.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 1864182, 18426501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 468, 483 ], [ 503, 521 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Furth worked at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory from 1956 to 1967 before going in 1967 to Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) where he would spend the rest of his career working in plasma physics and nuclear fusion. He was also a professor of astrophysics at Princeton University.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 39039, 39825, 25916521, 21544, 361897, 23922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 54 ], [ 97, 132 ], [ 195, 209 ], [ 214, 228 ], [ 257, 269 ], [ 273, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the late 1960s, Furth contributed some important theoretical work on resistive magnetohydrodynamics instabilities in a slightly resistive plasma.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 40310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1981 Furth became the director at PPPL and led the laboratory until 1990 during record setting magnetic fusion energy experiments on the largest tokamak in the country, the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1690634, 31439, 1417600 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 120 ], [ 148, 155 ], [ 176, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1983, Furth was awarded the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics by the American Physical Society. In 1992, he was awarded the Delmer S. Fahrney Medal (now known as the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics) by the Franklin Institute.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [ 21054548, 222368, 27919605, 226577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 75 ], [ 83, 108 ], [ 180, 203 ], [ 223, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Furth was also a member of the National Academy of Sciences.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [ 46510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "MyHeritage page", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "https://physicstoday.scitation.org", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1930_births", "2002_deaths", "Harvard_University_alumni", "The_Hill_School_alumni", "Princeton_University_faculty", "20th-century_American_physicists", "Austrian_physicists", "Members_of_the_United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences", "Plasma_physicists", "Princeton_Plasma_Physics_Laboratory_people", "Burials_at_Princeton_Cemetery" ]

[ "Harold Paul Furth" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Outer Hebrides () or Western Isles ( or ; ), sometimes known as (\"islands of the strangers\") or the Long Isle/Long Island (), is an island chain off the west coast of mainland Scotland. The islands are geographically coextensive with , one of the 32 unitary council areas of Scotland. They form part of the archipelago of the Hebrides, separated from the Scottish mainland and from the Inner Hebrides by the waters of the Minch, the Little Minch, and the Sea of the Hebrides. Scottish Gaelic is the predominant spoken language, although in a few areas English speakers form a majority.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 911, 26994, 357429, 14155, 143579, 1686860, 1686860, 10276729, 28397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 151 ], [ 183, 191 ], [ 265, 290 ], [ 333, 341 ], [ 393, 407 ], [ 429, 434 ], [ 440, 452 ], [ 462, 481 ], [ 483, 498 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most of the islands have a bedrock formed from ancient metamorphic rocks, and the climate is mild and oceanic. The 15 inhabited islands have a total population of and there are more than 50 substantial uninhabited islands. The distance from Barra Head to the Butt of Lewis is roughly .", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 44424, 547103, 2026647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 66 ], [ 242, 252 ], [ 260, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are various important prehistoric structures, many of which pre-date the first written references to the islands by Roman and Greek authors. The Western Isles became part of the Norse kingdom of the , which lasted for over 400 years, until sovereignty over the Outer Hebrides was transferred to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth in 1266. Control of the islands was then held by clan chiefs, principal amongst whom were the MacLeods, MacDonalds, Mackenzies and MacNeils. The Highland Clearances of the 19th century had a devastating effect on many communities, and it is only in recent years that population levels have ceased to decline. Much of the land is now under local control, and commercial activity is based on tourism, crofting, fishing, and weaving. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 252905, 153473, 1476831, 253173, 503783, 1286070, 1352072, 1015474, 21490852, 1660599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 137 ], [ 184, 189 ], [ 317, 332 ], [ 382, 386 ], [ 427, 435 ], [ 437, 447 ], [ 449, 459 ], [ 464, 472 ], [ 478, 497 ], [ 732, 740 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sea transport is crucial, and a variety of ferry services operate between the islands and to mainland Scotland. Modern navigation systems now minimise the dangers, but in the past the stormy seas have claimed many ships. Religion, music and sport are important aspects of local culture, and there are numerous designated conservation areas to protect the natural environment.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 106745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 310, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The islands form an archipelago whose major islands are Lewis and Harris, North Uist, Benbecula, South Uist, and Barra. Lewis and Harris has an area of and is the largest island in Scotland and the third-largest in the British Isles, after Great Britain and Ireland. It incorporates Lewis in the north and Harris in the south, both of which are frequently referred to as individual islands, although they are connected by land. The island does not have a single name in either English or Gaelic, and is referred to as \"Lewis and Harris\", \"Lewis with Harris\", \"Harris with Lewis\" etc.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 21387595, 143567, 143572, 143569, 143574, 3736, 143563, 143565 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 72 ], [ 74, 84 ], [ 86, 95 ], [ 97, 107 ], [ 113, 118 ], [ 220, 233 ], [ 284, 289 ], [ 307, 313 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The largest islands are deeply indented by arms of the sea such as Loch Ròg, Loch Seaforth and Loch nam Madadh. There are also more than 7,500 freshwater lochs in the Outer Hebrides, about 24% of the total for the whole of Scotland. North and South Uist and Lewis, in particular, have landscapes with a high percentage of fresh water and a maze and complexity of loch shapes. Harris has fewer large bodies of water but has innumerable small lochans. Loch Langavat on Lewis is long, and has several large islands in its midst, including Eilean Mòr. Although Loch Suaineabhal has only 25% of Loch Langavat's surface area, it has a mean depth of and is the most voluminous on the island. Of Loch Sgadabhagh on North Uist it has been said that \"there is probably no other loch in Britain which approaches Loch Scadavay in irregularity and complexity of outline.\" Loch Bì is South Uist's largest loch and at long it all but cuts the island in two.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 14304561, 3561547, 2905189, 25081878, 25082195, 25586728, 143567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 75 ], [ 77, 90 ], [ 95, 110 ], [ 450, 463 ], [ 537, 547 ], [ 690, 705 ], [ 709, 719 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Much of the western coastline of the islands is machair, a fertile low-lying dune pastureland. Lewis is comparatively flat, and largely consists of treeless moors of blanket peat. The highest eminence is Mealisval at in the south west. Most of Harris is mountainous, with large areas of exposed rock and Clisham, the archipelago's only Corbett, reaches in height. North and South Uist and Benbecula (sometimes collectively referred to as The Uists) have sandy beaches and wide cultivated areas of machair to the west and virtually uninhabited mountainous areas to the east. The highest peak here is Beinn Mhòr at . The Uists and their immediate outliers have a combined area of . This includes the Uists themselves and the islands linked to them by causeways and bridges. Barra is in extent and has a rugged interior, surrounded by machair and extensive beaches.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 514196, 99404, 143565, 4772595, 58722220, 500174, 23398325 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 55 ], [ 174, 178 ], [ 245, 251 ], [ 305, 312 ], [ 337, 344 ], [ 440, 449 ], [ 601, 611 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The scenic qualities of the islands are reflected in the fact that three of Scotland's forty national scenic areas (NSAs) are located here. The national scenic areas are defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development, and are considered to represent the type of scenic beauty \"popularly associated with Scotland and for which it is renowned\". The three NSA within the Outer Hebrides are:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 43431427 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "South Lewis, Harris and North Uist National Scenic Area covers the mountainous south west of Lewis, all of Harris, the Sound of Harris and the northern part of North Uist.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 24166797, 143563, 143565, 23962027, 143567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 55 ], [ 93, 98 ], [ 107, 113 ], [ 119, 134 ], [ 160, 170 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An area of the south west coast of South Uist is designated as the South Uist Machair National Scenic Area.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 143569 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The archipelago of St Kilda is also listed as an NSA, alongside many other conservation designations.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 151806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Much of the archipelago is a protected habitat, including both the islands and the surrounding waters. There are 53 Sites of Special Scientific Interest of which the largest are Loch an Duin, North Uist () and North Harris (). South Uist is considered the best place in the UK for the aquatic plant Slender Naiad, which is a European Protected Species.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 99430, 143569, 11160658, 13216855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 152 ], [ 227, 237 ], [ 299, 312 ], [ 325, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There has been considerable controversy over hedgehogs on the Uists. Hedgehogs are not native to the islands but were introduced in the 1970s to reduce garden pests. Their spread posed a threat to the eggs of ground-nesting wading birds. In 2003 Scottish Natural Heritage undertook culls of hedgehogs in the area, but these were halted in 2007; trapped animals are now relocated to the mainland.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 973858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nationally important populations of breeding waders are present in the Outer Hebrides, including common redshank, dunlin, lapwing and ringed plover. The islands also provide a habitat for other important species such as corncrake, hen harrier, golden eagle and otter. Offshore, basking shark and various species of whale and dolphin can often be seen, and the remoter islands' seabird populations are of international significance. St Kilda has 60,000northern gannets, amounting to 24% of the world population; 49,000breeding pairs of Leach's petrel, up to 90% of the European population; and 136,000pairs of puffin and 67,000northern fulmar pairs, about 30% and 13% of the respective UK totals. Mingulay is an important breeding ground for razorbills, with 9,514pairs, 6.3% of the European population.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 267412, 287662, 170635, 277594, 320183, 200731, 88295, 1618134, 898756, 151806, 251885, 234231, 202418, 330324, 546994, 323068 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 112 ], [ 114, 120 ], [ 122, 129 ], [ 134, 147 ], [ 220, 229 ], [ 231, 242 ], [ 244, 256 ], [ 261, 266 ], [ 278, 291 ], [ 432, 440 ], [ 451, 466 ], [ 535, 549 ], [ 609, 615 ], [ 626, 641 ], [ 696, 704 ], [ 741, 750 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The bumblebee Bombus jonellus var. hebridensis is endemic to the Hebrides and there are local variants of the dark green fritillary and green-veined white butterflies. The St Kilda wren is a subspecies of wren whose range is confined to the islands whose name it bears.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 197112, 20219612, 937971, 2218674, 292317, 20537610, 29361290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 14, 46 ], [ 50, 57 ], [ 110, 131 ], [ 136, 154 ], [ 173, 186 ], [ 206, 210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The islands' total population was 26,502 at the 2001 census, and the 2011 figure was 27,684. During the same period Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4% to 103,702. The largest settlement in the Outer Hebrides is Stornoway on Lewis, which has a population of about 8,100.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [ 472221, 522530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 131 ], [ 226, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The population estimate for 2019 was 26,720 according to a Comhairle nan Eilean Siar report which added that \"the population of the Outer Hebrides is ageing\" and that \"young adults [...] leave the islands for further education or employment purposes\". Of the total population, 6,953 people reside in the \"Stornoway settlement Laxdale (Lacasdal), Sandwick (Sanndabhaig) and Newmarket\" with the balance distributed over 280 townships. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to the major North Ford () and South Ford causeways that connect North Uist to Benbecula via the northern of the Grimsays, and another causeway from Benbecula to South Uist, several other islands are linked by smaller causeways or bridges. Great Bernera and Scalpay have bridge connections to Lewis and Harris respectively, with causeways linking Baleshare and Berneray to North Uist; Eriskay to South Uist; , and the southern Grimsay to Benbecula; and Vatersay to Barra. This means that all the inhabited islands are now connected to at least one other island by a land transport route.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [ 499932, 500633, 500590, 501912, 501904, 386554, 10796721, 499663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 132 ], [ 252, 265 ], [ 270, 277 ], [ 359, 368 ], [ 373, 381 ], [ 397, 404 ], [ 440, 447 ], [ 466, 474 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are more than fifty uninhabited islands greater in size than in the Outer Hebrides, including the Barra Isles, Flannan Isles, Monach Islands, the Shiant Islands and the islands of . In common with the other main island chains of Scotland, many of the more remote islands were abandoned during the 19th and 20th centuries, in some cases after continuous habitation since the prehistoric period. More than 35 such islands have been identified in the Outer Hebrides alone. On Barra Head, for example, Historic Scotland have identified eighty-three archaeological sites on the island, the majority being of a pre-medieval date. In the 18th century, the population was over fifty, but the last native islanders had left by 1931. The island became completely uninhabited by 1980 with the automation of the lighthouse.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [ 547059, 582467, 40101586, 582437, 113573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 116 ], [ 118, 131 ], [ 133, 147 ], [ 153, 167 ], [ 505, 522 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some of the smaller islands continue to contribute to modern culture. The \"Mingulay Boat Song\", although evocative of island life, was written after the abandonment of the island in 1938 and Taransay hosted the BBC television series Castaway 2000. Others have played a part in Scottish history. On 4 May 1746, the \"Young Pretender\" Charles Edward Stuart hid on with some of his men for four days whilst Royal Navy vessels patrolled the Minch.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [ 2729876, 451340, 19344654, 2615253, 57550, 26061 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 93 ], [ 191, 199 ], [ 211, 214 ], [ 233, 246 ], [ 332, 353 ], [ 404, 414 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Smaller isles and skerries and other island groups pepper the North Atlantic surrounding the main islands. Some are not geologically part of the Outer Hebrides, but are administratively and in most cases culturally, part of . to the west of Lewis lies St Kilda, now uninhabited except for a small military base. A similar distance to the north of Lewis are North Rona and , two small and remote islands. While Rona used to support a small population who grew grain and raised cattle, is an inhospitable rock. Thousands of northern gannets nest here, and by special arrangement some of their young, known as , are harvested annually by the men of Ness. The status of Rockall, which is to the west of North Uist and which the Island of Rockall Act 1972 decreed to be a part of the Western Isles, remains a matter of international dispute.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [ 779683, 698, 151806, 472210, 251885, 2008679, 25655, 600810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 26 ], [ 62, 76 ], [ 253, 261 ], [ 358, 368 ], [ 525, 540 ], [ 649, 653 ], [ 669, 676 ], [ 728, 754 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most of the islands have a bedrock formed from Lewisian gneiss. These are amongst the oldest rocks in Europe, having been formed in the Precambrian period up to three billion years ago. In addition to the Outer Hebrides, they form basement deposits on the Scottish mainland west of the Moine Thrust and on the islands of Coll and Tiree. These rocks are largely igneous in origin, mixed with metamorphosed marble, quartzite and mica schist and intruded by later basaltic dykes and granite magma. The gneiss's delicate pink colours are exposed throughout the islands and it is sometimes referred to by geologists as \"The Old Boy\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geology", "target_page_ids": [ 27793602, 23645, 1704169, 476913, 476930, 19054, 450636, 43530, 975686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 62 ], [ 136, 147 ], [ 286, 298 ], [ 321, 325 ], [ 330, 335 ], [ 405, 411 ], [ 413, 422 ], [ 427, 438 ], [ 470, 475 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Granite intrusions are found in the parish of Barvas in west Lewis, and another forms the summit plateau of the mountain Roineabhal in Harris. The granite here is anorthosite, and is similar in composition to rocks found in the mountains of the Moon. There are relatively small outcrops of Triassic sandstone at Broad Bay near Stornoway. The Shiant Islands and St Kilda are formed from much later tertiary basalt and basalt and gabbros respectively. The sandstone at Broad Bay was once thought to be Torridonian or Old Red Sandstone.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geology", "target_page_ids": [ 2574189, 24165869, 314036, 19331, 29989, 10551534, 43534, 13146, 3619304, 345726 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 52 ], [ 121, 131 ], [ 163, 174 ], [ 245, 249 ], [ 290, 298 ], [ 312, 321 ], [ 406, 412 ], [ 428, 434 ], [ 500, 511 ], [ 515, 532 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Outer Hebrides have a cool temperate climate that is remarkably mild and steady for such a northerly latitude, due to the influence of the North Atlantic Current. The average temperature for the year is 6°C (44°F) in January and 14°C (57°F) in summer. The average annual rainfall in Lewis is and sunshine hours range from 1,100 to 1,200 per year. The summer days are relatively long and May to August is the driest period. Winds are a key feature of the climate and even in summer there are almost constant breezes. According to the writer W. H. Murray if a visitor asks an islander for a weather forecast \"he will not, like a mainlander answer dry, wet or sunny, but quote you a figure from the Beaufort Scale.\" There are gales one day in six at the Butt of Lewis and small fish are blown onto the grass on top of 190metre (620ft) high cliffs at Barra Head during winter storms.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Climate", "target_page_ids": [ 17616, 21512, 651952, 155110, 2026647, 547103 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 113 ], [ 143, 165 ], [ 545, 557 ], [ 701, 715 ], [ 756, 769 ], [ 852, 862 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hebrides were originally settled in the Mesolithic era and have a diversity of important prehistoric sites. in on North Uist was constructed around 3200–2800 BC and may be Scotland's earliest crannog (a type of artificial island). The Callanish Stones, dating from about 2900 BC, are the finest example of a stone circle in Scotland, the 13 primary monoliths of between one and five metres high creating a circle about in diameter. on South Uist, the only site in the UK where prehistoric mummies have been found, and the impressive ruins of Dun Carloway on Lewis both date from the Iron Age.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Prehistory", "target_page_ids": [ 20568, 18994022, 143567, 7122, 4720206, 637066, 318257, 143569, 20224, 2461649, 14711 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 58 ], [ 93, 104 ], [ 120, 130 ], [ 198, 205 ], [ 241, 257 ], [ 314, 326 ], [ 355, 363 ], [ 443, 453 ], [ 497, 504 ], [ 550, 562 ], [ 592, 600 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The earliest written references that have survived relating to the islands were made by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, where he states that there are 30 , and makes a separate reference to Dumna, which Watson (1926) concludes is unequivocally the Outer Hebrides. Writing about 80 years later, in 140–150 AD, Ptolemy, drawing on the earlier naval expeditions of , also distinguished between the , of which he writes there were only five (and thus possibly meaning the Inner Hebrides) and . is cognate with the Early Celtic dumnos and means the \"deep-sea isle\". Pliny probably took his information from Pytheas of Massilia who visited Britain sometime between 322 and 285 BC. It is possible that Ptolemy did as well, as Agricola's information about the west coast of Scotland was of poor quality. Breeze also suggests that might be Lewis and Harris, the largest island of the Outer Hebrides although he conflates this single island with the name \"Long Island\". Watson (1926) states that the meaning of Ptolemy's is unknown and that the root may be pre-Celtic. Murray (1966) claims that Ptolemy's was originally derived from the Old Norse , meaning \"isles on the edge of the sea\". This idea is often repeated but no firm evidence of this derivation has emerged.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 44920, 23979, 143579, 1950372, 23348, 66362218, 21387595, 22666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 103 ], [ 317, 324 ], [ 476, 490 ], [ 519, 531 ], [ 611, 618 ], [ 622, 630 ], [ 841, 857 ], [ 1140, 1149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other early written references include the flight of the Nemed people from Ireland to Domon, which is mentioned in the 12th-century and a 13th-century poem concerning , then the heir to the throne of Mann and the Isles, who is said to have \"broken the gate of \". means \"the plain of Domhna (or Domon)\", but the precise meaning of the text is not clear.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 86234, 230949 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 62 ], [ 201, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Irish mythology the islands were the home of the Fomorians, described as \"huge and ugly\" and \"ship men of the sea\". They were pirates, extracting tribute from the coasts of Ireland and one of their kings was (i.e. Indech, son of the goddess Domnu, who ruled over the deep seas).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 15175, 86229 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 18 ], [ 52, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In modern Gaelic the islands are sometimes referred to collectively as (the Long Island) or (the Outer Isles). (islands of the foreigners or strangers) is also heard occasionally, a name that was originally used by mainland Highlanders when the islands were ruled by the Norse.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 28894 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 228, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The individual island and place names in the Outer Hebrides have mixed Gaelic and Norse origins. Various Gaelic terms are used repeatedly:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are also several islands called from the Norse meaning \"tidal\" or \"ebb island\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 502315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Scotland, the Celtic Iron Age way of life, often troubled but never extinguished by Rome, re-asserted itself when the legions abandoned any permanent occupation in 211 AD. Hanson (2003) writes: \"For many years it has been almost axiomatic in studies of the period that the Roman conquest must have had some major medium or long-term impact on Scotland. On present evidence that cannot be substantiated either in terms of environment, economy, or, indeed, society. The impact appears to have been very limited. The general picture remains one of broad continuity, not of disruption... The Roman presence in Scotland was little more than a series of brief interludes within a longer continuum of indigenous development.\" The Romans' direct impact on the Highlands and Islands was scant and there is no evidence that they ever actually landed in the Outer Hebrides.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 14711 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The later Iron Age inhabitants of the northern and western Hebrides were probably Pictish, although the historical record is sparse. Hunter (2000) states that in relation to King Bridei I of the Picts in the sixth century AD: \"As for Shetland, Orkney, Skye and the Western Isles, their inhabitants, most of whom appear to have been Pictish in culture and speech at this time, are likely to have regarded Bridei as a fairly distant presence.\" The island of Pabbay is the site of the Pabbay Stone, the only extant Pictish symbol stone in the Outer Hebrides. This 6th century stele shows a flower, V-rod and lunar crescent to which has been added a later and somewhat crude cross.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 14711, 24632, 2043523, 1087260, 760571 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 18 ], [ 82, 86 ], [ 179, 200 ], [ 512, 532 ], [ 573, 578 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Viking raids began on Scottish shores towards the end of the 8th century AD and the Hebrides came under Norse control and settlement during the ensuing decades, especially following the success of Harald Fairhair at the Battle of Hafrsfjord in 872. In the Western Isles Ketill Flatnose was the dominant figure of the mid 9th century, by which time he had amassed a substantial island realm and made a variety of alliances with other Norse leaders. These princelings nominally owed allegiance to the Norwegian crown, although in practice the latter's control was fairly limited. Norse control of the Hebrides was formalised in 1098 when Edgar, King of Scotland formally signed the islands over to Magnus III of Norway. The Scottish acceptance of Magnus III as King of the Isles came after the Norwegian king had conquered Orkney, the Hebrides and the Isle of Man in a swift campaign earlier the same year, directed against the local Norwegian leaders of the various islands‘ petty kingdoms. By capturing the islands Magnus imposed a more direct royal control, although at a price. His skald Bjorn Cripplehand recorded that in Lewis \"fire played high in the heaven\" as \"flame spouted from the houses\" and that in the Uists \"the king dyed his sword red in blood\". Thompson (1968) provides a more literal translation: \"Fire played in the fig-trees of Liodhus; it mounted up to heaven. Far and wide the people were driven to flight. The fire gushed out of the houses\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32610, 56251, 1791920, 2107468, 153473, 148034, 443256, 22645, 14727, 243725 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ], [ 197, 212 ], [ 220, 240 ], [ 270, 285 ], [ 433, 438 ], [ 636, 659 ], [ 696, 716 ], [ 821, 827 ], [ 850, 861 ], [ 1084, 1089 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hebrides were now part of Kingdom of the Isles, whose rulers were themselves vassals of the Kings of Norway. The Kingdom had two parts: the or South Isles encompassing the Hebrides and the Isle of Man; and the or North Isles of Orkney and Shetland. This situation lasted until the partitioning of the Western Isles in 1156, at which time the Outer Hebrides remained under Norwegian control while the Inner Hebrides broke out under Somerled, the Norse-Celtic kinsman of the Manx royal house.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 14155, 14727, 28916, 3301190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 177, 185 ], [ 194, 205 ], [ 245, 253 ], [ 437, 445 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the ill-fated 1263 expedition of Haakon IV of Norway, the Outer Hebrides along with the Isle of Man, were yielded to the Kingdom of Scotland a result of the 1266 Treaty of Perth. Although their contribution to the islands can still be found in personal and placenames, the archaeological record of the Norse period is very limited. The best known find from this time is the Lewis chessmen, which date from the mid 12th century.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 150780, 1476831, 71246 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 62 ], [ 172, 187 ], [ 384, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the Norse era drew to a close the Norse-speaking princes were gradually replaced by Gaelic-speaking clan chiefs including the MacLeods of Lewis and Harris, the MacDonalds of the Uists and MacNeil of Barra. This transition did little to relieve the islands of internecine strife although by the early 14th century the MacDonald Lords of the Isles, based on Islay, were in theory these chiefs' feudal superiors and managed to exert some control.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 22666, 253173, 503783, 1286070, 500174, 1015474, 509932, 21387586 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ], [ 103, 107 ], [ 129, 137 ], [ 163, 173 ], [ 181, 185 ], [ 191, 207 ], [ 330, 348 ], [ 359, 364 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The growing threat that Clan Donald posed to the Scottish crown led to the forcible dissolution of the Lordship of the Isles by James IV in 1493, but although the king had the power to subdue the organised military might of the Hebrides, he and his immediate successors lacked the will or ability to provide an alternative form of governance. The House of Stuart's attempts to control the Outer Hebrides were then at first desultory and little more than punitive expeditions. In 1506 the Earl of Huntly besieged and captured Stornoway Castle using cannon. In 1540 James V himself conducted a royal tour, forcing the clan chiefs to accompany him. There followed a period of peace, but all too soon the clans were at loggerheads again.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 50556, 253174, 410657, 50552 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 136 ], [ 347, 362 ], [ 488, 502 ], [ 564, 571 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1598 King James VI authorised some \"Gentleman Adventurers\" from Fife to civilise the \"most barbarous Isle of Lewis\". Initially successful, the colonists were driven out by local forces commanded by Murdoch and Neil MacLeod, who based their forces on in . The colonists tried again in 1605 with the same result but a third attempt in 1607 was more successful, and in due course Stornoway became a Burgh of Barony. By this time Lewis was held by the Mackenzies of Kintail, (later the Earls of Seaforth), who pursued a more enlightened approach, investing in fishing in particular. The historian W. C. MacKenzie was moved to write:", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 269055, 15161758, 2613911, 1398557 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 21 ], [ 39, 71 ], [ 400, 415 ], [ 486, 503 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Seaforth's royalist inclinations led to Lewis becoming garrisoned during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms by Cromwell's troops, who destroyed the old castle in Stornoway and in 1645 Lewismen fought on the royalist side at the Battle of Auldearn. A new era of Hebridean involvement in the affairs of the wider world was about to commence.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 933322, 22413, 1659151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 107 ], [ 111, 121 ], [ 228, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the implementation of the Treaty of Union in 1707 the Hebrides became part of the new Kingdom of Great Britain, but the clans' loyalties to a distant monarch were not strong. A considerable number of islandmen \"came out\" in support of the Jacobite Earl of Mar in the \"15\" although the response to the 1745 rising was muted. Nonetheless the aftermath of the decisive Battle of Culloden, which effectively ended Jacobite hopes of a Stuart restoration, was widely felt. The British government's strategy was to estrange the clan chiefs from their kinsmen and turn their descendants into English-speaking landlords whose main concern was the revenues their estates brought rather than the welfare of those who lived on them. This may have brought peace to the islands, but in the following century it came at a terrible price.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3176284, 158019, 431058, 30549538, 24818707, 57932 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 46 ], [ 91, 115 ], [ 253, 264 ], [ 272, 276 ], [ 306, 317 ], [ 371, 389 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Highland Clearances of the 19th century destroyed communities throughout the Highlands and Islands as the human populations were evicted and replaced with sheep farms. For example, Colonel Gordon of Cluny, owner of Barra, South Uist and Benbecula, evicted thousands of islanders using trickery and cruelty and even offered to sell Barra to the government as a penal colony. Islands such as were completely cleared of their populations and even today the subject is recalled with bitterness and resentment in some areas. The position was exacerbated by the failure of the islands' kelp industry, which thrived from the 18th century until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and large scale emigration became endemic. For example, hundreds left North Uist for Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. The pre-clearance population of the island had been almost 5,000, although by 1841 it had fallen to 3,870 and was only 2,349 by 1931.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21490852, 1899469, 32485206, 41041996, 165744, 45420, 5724, 21184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 23 ], [ 81, 102 ], [ 193, 199 ], [ 203, 208 ], [ 585, 589 ], [ 657, 672 ], [ 766, 777 ], [ 779, 790 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Highland potato famine (Gaiseadh a’ bhuntàta, in Scottish Gaelic), caused by a blight, started in 1846 and had a serious impact, because many islanders were crofters; potatoes were a staple of their diet. Violent riots became common. Charities, encouraged by George Pole and others in the Commissariat (a military agency) encouraged charities to come to the rescue. The Free Church was particularly helpful, \"delivering oatmeal to famine-affected families all across the West Highlands and Islands\", according to one report. Another report states that the Church \"was prompt in organising an efficient system of private charity across the Hebrides and on the Western seaboard. It cooperated with the Edinburgh and Glasgow Relief Committees\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1915085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An interdenominational charity was in place by early 1847 and took the most significant role in famine relief. Some landowners also provided a great deal of assistance, according to one history of the region: \"MacLeod of Dunvegan bought in food for his people, some eight thousand of them\" ... MacLean of Ardgour provided food, and introduced new crops into the area - peas, cabbages and carrots ... Sir James Matheson on Lewis spent £329,000 on improving his lands, hoping to provide a more secure future for his people\". The government of Britain provided some assistance, thanks to Sir Charles Trevelyan, who arranged for food distribution at Portree and Tobermory. The British Association for the Relief of Distress in Ireland and the Highlands and Islands of Scotland also helped as did donations received from North America. The blight struck again over the next two years, requiring an extra tax on landowners to help feed the population. The British government began encouraging mass emigration.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1626968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 589, 606 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For those who remained new economic opportunities emerged through the export of cattle, commercial fishing and tourism. During the summer season in the 1860s and 1870s five thousand inhabitants of Lewis could be found in Wick on the mainland of Scotland, employed on the fishing boats and at the quaysides. Nonetheless emigration and military service became the choice of many and the archipelago's populations continued to dwindle throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries. By 2001 the population of North Uist was only 1,271.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1338521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 221, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The work of the Napier Commission and the Congested Districts Board, and the passing of the Crofting Act of 1886 helped, but social unrest continued. In July 1906 grazing land on Vatersay was raided by landless men from Barra and its isles. Lady Gordon Cathcart took legal action against the \"raiders\" but the visiting judge took the view that she had neglected her duties as a landowner and that \"long indifference to the necessities of the cottars had gone far to drive them to exasperation\". Millennia of continuous occupation notwithstanding, many of the remoter islands were abandoned — Mingulay in 1912, Hirta in 1930, and in 1942 among them. This process involved a transition from these places being perceived as relatively self-sufficient agricultural economies to a view becoming held by both island residents and outsiders alike that they lacked the essential services of a modern industrial economy.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2045498, 10406171, 2019284, 499663, 42073785, 546994, 161307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 33 ], [ 42, 67 ], [ 92, 112 ], [ 179, 187 ], [ 241, 261 ], [ 592, 600 ], [ 610, 615 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There were gradual economic improvements, among the most visible of which was the replacement of the traditional thatched blackhouse with accommodation of a more modern design. The creation of the Highlands and Islands Development Board and the discovery of substantial deposits of North Sea oil in 1965, the establishment of a unitary local authority for the islands in 1975 and more recently the renewables sector have all contributed to a degree of economic stability in recent decades. The Arnish yard has had a chequered history but has been a significant employer in both the oil and renewables industries. , the local authority, employs 2,000 people, making it the largest employer in the Outer Hebrides. See also the \" area plan 2010\" and the 's \"Factfile – Economy\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 662148, 6610549, 858340, 9558617, 522530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 132 ], [ 197, 236 ], [ 282, 295 ], [ 398, 415 ], [ 494, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Modern commercial activities centre on tourism, crofting, fishing, and weaving including the manufacture of Harris tweed. Crofting remains popular especially on Lewis and Harris (population 21,000) with over 920 active crofters according to a 2020 report: \"with crofts ranging in size from as small as a single hectare to having access to thousands of hectares through the medium of community grazing\". Crofters can apply for subsidy grants; some of these are intended to help them find other avenues to supplement their incomes. Some of the funding schemes available to crofters in the Hebrides include the \"Basic Payment Scheme, the suckler beef support scheme, the upland sheep support scheme and the Less Favoured Area support scheme and the Crofting Agricultural Grant Scheme (CAGS), as of March 2020. ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 1660599, 1595232, 21387595 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 56 ], [ 108, 120 ], [ 161, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the Scottish Government, \"tourism is by far and away the mainstay industry\" of the Outer Hebrides, \"generating £65m in economic value for the islands, sustaining around 1000 jobs\" The report adds that the \"islands receive 219,000 visitors per year\". ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some of the larger islands have development trusts that support the local economy and, in striking contrast to the 19th and 20th century domination by absentee landlords, more than two thirds of the Western Isles population now lives on community-owned estates. However the economic position of the islands remains relatively precarious. The Western Isles, including Stornoway, are defined by Highlands and Islands Enterprise as an economically \"Fragile Area\" and they have an estimated trade deficit of some £163.4million. Overall, the area is relatively reliant on primary industries and the public sector, and fishing and fish farming in particular are vulnerable to environmental impacts, changing market pressures, and European legislation.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 7134972, 6610549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 49 ], [ 393, 425 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is some optimism about the possibility of future developments in, for example, renewable energy generation, tourism, and education, and after declines in the 20th century the population has stabilised since 2003, although it is ageing. A 2019 report, using key assumptions, (mortality, fertility and migration) was less optimistic. It predicted that the population is \"projected to fall to 22,709 by 2043\"; that translates to a 16% decline, or 4,021 people, between 2018 and 2043.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The UK’s largest community-owned wind farm, the 9MW Beinn Ghrideag, a \"3 turbine, 9MW scheme\" is located outside Stornoway and is operated by Point and Sandwick Trust (PST). ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Isle of Lewis web site states that Stornoway's sheltered harbour has been important for centuries; it was named Steering Bay by Vikings who often visited. A December 2020 report stated that a new deep water terminal was to be developed, the Stornoway Deep Water Terminal, using a £49 million investment. The plan included berths for cruise ships as long as 360 meters, berths for large cargo vessels, and a freight ferry berth.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 32610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From the passing of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 to 1975 Lewis formed part of the county of Ross and Cromarty and the rest of the archipelago, including Harris, was part of Inverness-shire.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Politics and local government", "target_page_ids": [ 3399552, 357427, 415434, 143565, 23752869 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 60 ], [ 94, 100 ], [ 104, 121 ], [ 165, 171 ], [ 185, 200 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Outer Hebrides became a unitary council area in 1975, although in most of the rest of Scotland similar unitary councils were not established until 1996. Since then, the islands have formed one of the 32 unitary council areas that now cover the whole country, with the council officially known by its Gaelic name, under the terms of the Local Government (Gaelic Names) (Scotland) Act 1997. The council has its base in Stornoway on Lewis and is often known locally simply as \"the \" or . The is one of only three Councils in Scotland with a majority of elected members who are independents. The other independent-run councils are Shetland and Orkney. Moray is run by a Conservative/Independent coalition.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Politics and local government", "target_page_ids": [ 53123, 357429, 3532897, 2172378, 28916, 22645, 142932 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 43 ], [ 204, 228 ], [ 341, 392 ], [ 580, 592 ], [ 633, 641 ], [ 646, 652 ], [ 654, 659 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The name for the British Parliament constituency covering this area is , the seat being held by Angus MacNeil MP since 2005, while the Scottish Parliament constituency for the area is , the incumbent being Alasdair Allan MSP.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Politics and local government", "target_page_ids": [ 1872887, 8630438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 109 ], [ 206, 220 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 2014 Scottish independence referendum the area voted against independence by a margin of 53.42% (10,544) to 46.58% (9,195) in favour on a turnout of 86.2%", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Politics and local government", "target_page_ids": [ 24301729 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2022, as part of the Levelling Up White Paper, an \"Island Forum\" was proposed, which would allow local policymakers and residents in the Outer Hebrides to work alongside their counterparts in Shetland, Orkney, Anglesey and the Isle of Wight on common issues, such as broadband connectivity, and provide a platform for them to communicate directly with the government on the challenges island communities face in terms of levelling up.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Politics and local government", "target_page_ids": [ 69028757, 28916, 22645, 18932156, 15102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 48 ], [ 195, 203 ], [ 205, 211 ], [ 213, 221 ], [ 230, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Outer Hebrides have historically been a very strong Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) speaking area. Both the 1901 and 1921 census reported that all parishes were over 75% Gaelic speaking, including areas of high population density such as Stornoway. However, the Education (Scotland) Act 1872 mandated English-only education, and is now recognised as having dealt a major blow to the language. People still living can recall being beaten for speaking Gaelic in school. Nonetheless, by 1971 most areas were still more than 75% Gaelic speaking – with the exception of Stornoway, Benbecula and South Uist at 50–74%.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Scottish Gaelic language", "target_page_ids": [ 28397, 52856897, 522530, 143572, 143569 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 71 ], [ 261, 290 ], [ 564, 573 ], [ 575, 584 ], [ 589, 599 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 2001 census, each island overall was over 50% Gaelic speaking – South Uist (71%), Harris (69%), Barra (68%), North Uist (67%), Lewis (56%) and Benbecula (56%). With 59.3% of Gaelic speakers or a total of 15,723 speakers, this made the Outer Hebrides the most strongly coherent Gaelic speaking area in Scotland.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Scottish Gaelic language", "target_page_ids": [ 143569, 143565, 143574, 143567, 143563, 143572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 81 ], [ 89, 95 ], [ 103, 108 ], [ 116, 126 ], [ 134, 139 ], [ 150, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most areas were between 60-74% Gaelic speaking and the areas with the highest density of over 80% are Scalpay near Harris, Newtonferry and Kildonan, whilst Daliburgh, Linshader, Eriskay, Brue, Boisdale, West Harris, Ardveenish, Soval, Ness, and Bragar all have more than 75%. The areas with the lowest density of speakers are Stornoway (44%), Braigh (41%), Melbost (41%), and Balivanich (37%).", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Scottish Gaelic language", "target_page_ids": [ 500590, 17816193, 386508, 386554, 18416565, 143565, 12789630, 2008679, 2875302, 4383792, 1348519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 121 ], [ 123, 134 ], [ 156, 165 ], [ 178, 185 ], [ 187, 191 ], [ 203, 214 ], [ 216, 226 ], [ 235, 239 ], [ 245, 251 ], [ 357, 364 ], [ 376, 386 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act was enacted by the Scottish Parliament in 2005 to provide continuing support for the language. However, by 2011 the overall percentage of Gaelic speakers in the Outer Hebrides had fallen to 52%.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Scottish Gaelic language", "target_page_ids": [ 6949047, 61188 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 34 ], [ 54, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scheduled ferry services between the Outer Hebrides and the Scottish Mainland and Inner Hebrides operate on the following routes:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 50771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oban to Castlebay on Barra", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 18848063, 1274319, 143574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 9, 18 ], [ 22, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oban to Lochboisdale on South Uist (Winter Only)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 18848063, 386490, 143569 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ], [ 8, 20 ], [ 24, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mallaig to Lochboisdale on South Uist", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 490038, 386490, 143569 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 11, 23 ], [ 27, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Uig on Skye to Tarbert on Harris", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 2569452, 21387608, 3086974, 143565 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ], [ 8, 12 ], [ 16, 23 ], [ 27, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Uig on Skye to Lochmaddy on North Uist", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 2569452, 21387608, 2905189, 143567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ], [ 8, 12 ], [ 16, 25 ], [ 29, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ullapool to Stornoway on Lewis", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 352435, 522530, 143563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 13, 22 ], [ 26, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tiree to Castlebay, Barra (summer only).", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 476930, 1274319, 143574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 10, 19 ], [ 21, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other ferries operate between some of the islands.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "National Rail services are available for onward journeys, from stations at Oban and Mallaig, which has direct services to Glasgow. However, parliamentary approval notwithstanding, plans in the 1890s to lay a railway connection to Ullapool were unable to obtain sufficient funding.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 2170215, 4242131, 56965516 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 79 ], [ 84, 91 ], [ 206, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are scheduled flights from Stornoway, Benbecula and Barra airports both inter-island and to the mainland. Barra's airport is claimed to be the only one in the world to have scheduled flights landing on a beach. At high water the runways are under the sea so flight times vary with the tide.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 355355, 3183638, 2319636 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 42 ], [ 44, 53 ], [ 58, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bus na Comhairle (meaning \"Bus of the Council\") is the council-owned local bus company of the Western Isles of Scotland. The company serves the Broadbay area of Lewis with 7 buses - 6 Optare Solos and 1 ADL Enviro 200.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 40410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The archipelago is exposed to wind and tide, and lighthouses are sited as an aid to navigation at locations from Barra Head in the south to the Butt of Lewis in the north. There are numerous sites of wrecked ships, and the Flannan Isles are the location of an enduring mystery that occurred in December 1900, when all three lighthouse keepers vanished without trace.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 17725, 582467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 59 ], [ 223, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Annie Jane, a three-masted immigrant ship out of Liverpool bound for Montreal, Canada, struck rocks off the West Beach of Vatersay during a storm on Tuesday 28 September 1853. Within ten minutes the ship began to founder and break up casting 450 people into the raging sea. In spite of the conditions, islanders tried to rescue the passengers and crew. The remains of 350 men, women and children were buried in the dunes behind the beach and a small cairn and monument marks the site.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 18081, 7954681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 58 ], [ 69, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The tiny Beasts of Holm off the east coast of Lewis were the site of the sinking of during the first few hours of 1919, one of the worst maritime disasters in United Kingdom waters during the 20th century. Calvay in the Sound of Barra provided the inspiration for Compton Mackenzie's novel Whisky Galore after the ran aground there with a cargo of single malt in 1941.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 11245199, 634573, 1428881, 242430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 207, 213 ], [ 265, 282 ], [ 291, 304 ], [ 350, 361 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Christianity has deep roots in the Western Isles, but owing mainly to the different allegiances of the clans in the past, the people in the northern islands (Lewis, Harris, North Uist) have historically been predominantly Presbyterian, and those of the southern islands (Benbecula, South Uist, Barra) predominantly Roman Catholic.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 5211, 24403, 606848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 222, 234 ], [ 315, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the time of the 2001 Census, 42% of the population identified themselves as being affiliated with the Church of Scotland, with 13% Roman Catholic and 28% with other Christian churches. Many of this last group belong to the Free Church of Scotland, known for its strict observance of the Sabbath. 11% stated that they had no religion. This made the Western Isles the Scottish council area with the smallest percentage of non-religious in the population. There are also small Episcopalian congregations in Lewis and Harris and the Outer Hebrides are part of the Diocese of Argyll and The Isles in both the Episcopalian and Catholic traditions.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 183316, 2433644, 26671, 269882, 5749474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 123 ], [ 226, 249 ], [ 290, 297 ], [ 477, 489 ], [ 563, 594 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gaelic music is popular in the islands and the Lewis and Harris Traditional Music Society plays an active role in promoting the genre. Fèis Bharraigh began in 1981 with the aim of developing the practice and study of the Gaelic language, literature, music, drama and culture on the islands of Barra and Vatersay. A two-week festival, it has inspired 43 other feisean throughout Scotland. The Lewis Pipe Band was founded in 1904 and the Lewis and Harris Piping Society in 1977.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 23818455, 18885286, 246292 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 135, 149 ], [ 398, 407 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Outdoor activities including rugby, football, golf, shinty, fishing, riding, canoeing, athletics, and multi-sports are popular in the Western Isles. The Hebridean Challenge is an adventure race run in five daily stages, which takes place along the length of the islands and includes hill and road running, road and mountain biking, short sea swims and demanding sea kayaking sections. There are four main sports centres: Ionad Spors Leodhais in Stornoway, which has a 25 m swimming pool; Harris Sports Centre; Lionacleit Sports Centre on Benbecula; and Castlebay Sports Centre on Barra. The Western Isles is a member of the International Island Games Association.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 25402, 19568112, 73107, 188773, 1274319, 1321694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 34 ], [ 46, 50 ], [ 52, 58 ], [ 315, 330 ], [ 553, 562 ], [ 624, 662 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "South Uist is home to the Askernish Golf Course. The oldest links in the Outer Hebrides, it was designed by Old Tom Morris. Although it was in use until the 1930s, its existence was largely forgotten until 2005 and it is now being restored to Morris's original design.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 143569, 1514837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 108, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 43823332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hebridean Myths and Legends", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 11499980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Leod", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 549796 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Category A listed buildings in the Western Isles", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 23081936 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of places in the Western Isles", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 18097861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 35253962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of islands of Scotland", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 472221 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ljótólfr", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 25738716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Solar eclipse of 1 May 1185", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 46266569 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2012 Comhairle nan Eilean Siar election", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 35290375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Virtual Hebrides", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1385955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Armit, Ian (1998) Scotland's Hidden History. Tempus (in association with Historic Scotland). ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ballin Smith, B. and Banks, I. (eds) (2002) In the Shadow of the Brochs, the Iron Age in Scotland. Stroud. Tempus. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; Williams, Gareth (eds) (2007) West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-Borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Leiden. Koninklijke Brill. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Benvie, Neil (2004) Scotland's Wildlife. London. Aurum Press. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Buxton, Ben (1995) Mingulay: An Island and Its People. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Downham, Clare (2007) Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh. Dunedin Academic Press. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gillen, Con (2003) Geology and landscapes of Scotland. Harpenden. Terra Publishing. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gregory, Donald (1881) The History of the Western Highlands and Isles of Scotland 1493–1625. Edinburgh. Birlinn. 2008 reprint – originally published by Thomas D. Morrison. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hanson, William S. \"The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes\", in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC – AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Haswell-Smith, Hamish. (2004) The Scottish Islands. Edinburgh. Canongate. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hunter, James (2000) Last of the Free: A History of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. Edinburgh. Mainstream. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 679086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Keay, J. & Keay, J. (1994) Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland. London. HarperCollins. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 15517736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " McKirdy, Alan Gordon, John & Crofts, Roger (2007) Land of Mountain and Flood: The Geology and Landforms of Scotland. Edinburgh. Birlinn. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Maclean, Charles (1977) Island on the Edge of the World: the Story of St. Kilda. Edinburgh. Canongate. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Malhotra, R. (1992) Anthropology of Development: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Professor I.P. Singh. New Delhi. Mittal. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Li, Martin (2005) Adventure Guide to Scotland. Hunter Publishing. Retrieved 19 May 2010.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Miers, Mary (2008) The Western Seaboard: An Illustrated Architectural Guide. The Rutland Press. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Murray, W.H. (1966) The Hebrides. London. Heinemann.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 651952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Murray, W.H. (1973) The Islands of Western Scotland: the Inner and Outer Hebrides. London. Eyre Methuen. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ross, David (2005) Scotland – History of a Nation. Lomond. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rotary Club of Stornoway (1995) The Outer Hebrides Handbook and Guide. Machynlleth. Kittiwake. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thompson, Francis (1968) Harris and Lewis, Outer Hebrides. Newton Abbot. David & Charles. ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Watson, W. J. (1994) The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland. Edinburgh; Birlinn. . First published 1926.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 1024930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stornoway Port Authority", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Comhairle nan Eilean Siar", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2001 Census Results for the Outer Hebrides", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MacTV", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Reefnet", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hebrides.com Photographic website from ex-Eolas Sam Maynard", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " www.visithebrides.com Western Isles Tourist Board site from Reefnet", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Virtual Hebrides.com Content from the VH, which went its own way and became Virtual Scotland.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " hebrides.ca Home of the Quebec-Hebridean Scots who were cleared from Lewis to Quebec 1838–1920s", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Outer_Hebrides", "Hebrides", "Archipelagoes_of_Scotland", "Archipelagoes_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean", "Council_areas_of_Scotland", "Lieutenancy_areas_of_Scotland", "Regions_of_Scotland", "Former_Norwegian_colonies", "Gaelic_culture" ]

[ "Western Isles", "Long Island", "Na h-Eileanan Siar", "Innse Gall", "Eilean Siar" ]

[ { "plaintext": "A mnemonic ( ) device, or memory device, is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval (remembering) in the human memory for better understanding.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 183403, 31217535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 56 ], [ 139, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mnemonics make use of elaborative encoding, retrieval cues, and imagery as specific tools to encode information in a way that allows for efficient storage and retrieval. Mnemonics aid original information in becoming associated with something more accessible or meaningful—which, in turn, provides better retention of the information.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 46227943 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Commonly encountered mnemonics are often used for lists and in auditory form, such as short poems, acronyms, initialisms, or memorable phrases, but mnemonics can also be used for other types of information and in visual or kinesthetic forms. Their use is based on the observation that the human mind more easily remembers spatial, personal, surprising, physical, sexual, humorous, or otherwise \"relatable\" information, rather than more abstract or impersonal forms of information.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 635490, 219730, 1052571, 305136, 21290714 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 71 ], [ 86, 97 ], [ 99, 106 ], [ 213, 219 ], [ 223, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The word \"mnemonic\" is derived from the Ancient Greek word (), meaning 'of memory' or 'relating to memory' and is related to Mnemosyne (\"remembrance\"), the name of the goddess of memory in Greek mythology. Both of these words are derived from (), 'remembrance, memory'. Mnemonics in antiquity were most often considered in the context of what is today known as the art of memory.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 148363, 54553, 23416994, 4780486 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 53 ], [ 126, 135 ], [ 190, 205 ], [ 367, 380 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ancient Greeks and Romans distinguished between two types of memory: the \"natural\" memory and the \"artificial\" memory. The former is inborn, and is the one that everyone uses instinctively. The latter in contrast has to be trained and developed through the learning and practice of a variety of mnemonic techniques.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mnemonic systems are techniques or strategies consciously used to improve memory. They help use information already stored in long-term memory to make memorization an easier task.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 17995, 392034 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 142 ], [ 151, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The general name of mnemonics, or memoria technica, was the name applied to devices for aiding the memory, to enable the mind to reproduce a relatively unfamiliar idea, and especially a series of dissociated ideas, by connecting it, or them, in some artificial whole, the parts of which are mutually suggestive. Mnemonic devices were much cultivated by Greek sophists and philosophers and are frequently referred to by Plato and Aristotle.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 66540, 49646, 23276, 22954, 308 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 353, 358 ], [ 359, 366 ], [ 372, 383 ], [ 419, 424 ], [ 429, 438 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Philosopher Charmadas was famous for his outstanding memory and for his ability to memorize whole books and then recite them ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 16145032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In later times, the poet Simonides was credited for development of these techniques, perhaps for no reason other than that the power of his memory was famous. Cicero, who attaches considerable importance to the art, but more to the principle of order as the best help to memory, speaks of Carneades (perhaps Charmades) of Athens and Metrodorus of Scepsis as distinguished examples of people who used well-ordered images to aid the memory. The Romans valued such helps in order to support facility in public speaking.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 78375, 6046, 1079171, 1216, 17731417, 521555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 34 ], [ 159, 165 ], [ 289, 298 ], [ 322, 328 ], [ 333, 354 ], [ 443, 449 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Greek and the Roman system of mnemonics was founded on the use of mental places and signs or pictures, known as \"topical\" mnemonics. The most usual method was to choose a large house, of which the apartments, walls, windows, statues, furniture, etc., were each associated with certain names, phrases, events or ideas, by means of symbolic pictures. To recall these, an individual had only to search over the apartments of the house until discovering the places where images had been placed by the imagination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1684561 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In accordance with this system, if it were desired to fix a historic date in memory, it was localised in an imaginary town divided into a certain number of districts, each with ten houses, each house with ten rooms, and each room with a hundred quadrates or memory-places, partly on the floor, partly on the four walls, partly on the ceiling. Therefore, if it were desired to fix in the memory the date of the invention of printing (1436), an imaginary book, or some other symbol of printing, would be placed in the thirty-sixth quadrate or memory-place of the fourth room of the first house of the historic district of the town. Except that the rules of mnemonics are referred to by Martianus Capella, nothing further is known regarding the practice until the 13th century.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 511307, 737686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 245, 252 ], [ 684, 701 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Among the voluminous writings of Roger Bacon is a tractate De arte memorativa. Ramon Llull devoted special attention to mnemonics in connection with his ars generalis. The first important modification of the method of the Romans was that invented by the German poet Conrad Celtes, who, in his Epitoma in utramque Ciceronis rhetoricam cum arte memorativa nova (1492), used letters of the alphabet for associations, rather than places. About the end of the 15th century, Peter of Ravenna (b. 1448) provoked such astonishment in Italy by his mnemonic feats that he was believed by many to be a necromancer. His Phoenix artis memoriae (Venice, 1491, 4 vols.) went through as many as nine editions, the seventh being published at Cologne in 1608.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 25879, 69677, 47157, 670, 10561370, 14532, 56329, 32616, 6187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 44 ], [ 79, 90 ], [ 266, 279 ], [ 387, 395 ], [ 469, 485 ], [ 526, 531 ], [ 591, 602 ], [ 632, 638 ], [ 725, 732 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "About the end of the 16th century, Lambert Schenkel (Gazophylacium, 1610), who taught mnemonics in France, Italy and Germany, similarly surprised people with his memory. He was denounced as a sorcerer by the University of Louvain, but in 1593 he published his tractate De memoria at Douai with the sanction of that celebrated theological faculty. The most complete account of his system is given in two works by his pupil Martin Sommer, published in Venice in 1619. In 1618 John Willis (d. 1628?) published Mnemonica; sive ars reminiscendi, containing a clear statement of the principles of topical or local mnemonics. Giordano Bruno included a memoria technica in his treatise De umbris idearum, as part of his study of the ars generalis of Llull. Other writers of this period are the Florentine Publicius (1482); Johannes Romberch (1533); Hieronimo Morafiot, Ars memoriae (1602);and B. Porta, Ars reminiscendi (1602).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5843419, 11867, 48489, 26038845, 89875, 32616, 12963, 69677, 11525, 8758482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 105 ], [ 117, 124 ], [ 192, 200 ], [ 208, 229 ], [ 283, 288 ], [ 450, 456 ], [ 619, 633 ], [ 742, 747 ], [ 786, 796 ], [ 815, 832 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1648 Stanislaus Mink von Wennsshein revealed what he called the \"most fertile secret\" in mnemonics — using consonants for figures, thus expressing numbers by words (vowels being added as required), in order to create associations more readily remembered. The philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz adopted an alphabet very similar to that of Wennsshein for his scheme of a form of writing common to all languages.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 11150314, 12281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 38 ], [ 274, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wennsshein's method was adopted with slight changes afterward by the majority of subsequent \"original\" systems. It was modified and supplemented by Richard Grey (1694-1771), a priest who published a Memoria technica in 1730. The principal part of Grey's method is briefly this:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1100854 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wennsshein's method is comparable to a Hebrew system by which letters also stand for numerals, and therefore words for dates.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 13446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To assist in retaining the mnemonical words in the memory, they were formed into memorial lines. Such strange words in difficult hexameter scansion, are by no means easy to memorise. The vowel or consonant, which Grey connected with a particular figure, was chosen arbitrarily.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 14160, 32693, 5641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 138 ], [ 187, 192 ], [ 196, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A later modification was made in 1806 Gregor von Feinaigle, a German monk from Salem near Constance. While living and working in Paris, he expounded a system of mnemonics in which (as in Wennsshein) the numerical figures are represented by letters chosen due to some similarity to the figure or an accidental connection with it. This alphabet was supplemented by a complicated system of localities and signs. Feinaigle, who apparently did not publish any written documentation of this method, travelled to England in 1811. The following year one of his pupils published The New Art of Memory (1812), giving Feinaigle's system. In addition, it contains valuable historical material about previous systems.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 31134621, 419369, 1296221, 76273, 22989, 9316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 58 ], [ 69, 73 ], [ 79, 84 ], [ 90, 99 ], [ 129, 134 ], [ 506, 513 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other mnemonists later published simplified forms, as the more complicated menemonics were generally abandoned. Methods founded chiefly on the so-called laws of association (cf. Mental association) were taught with some success in Germany.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2727254, 2228016 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 15 ], [ 178, 196 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1. Music mnemonics", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Songs and jingles can be used as a mnemonic. A common example is how children remember the alphabet by singing the ABCs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2. Name mnemonics (acronym)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The first letter of each word is combined into a new word. For example: VIBGYOR (or ROY G BIV) for the colours of the rainbow or HOMES (Lake Huron, Lake Ontario, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Superior) the Great Lakes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 51056, 17947, 17948, 17946, 17951, 51056, 17947, 17948, 17946, 17951, 12010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 131 ], [ 131, 132 ], [ 132, 133 ], [ 133, 134 ], [ 134, 135 ], [ 137, 147 ], [ 149, 161 ], [ 163, 176 ], [ 178, 187 ], [ 189, 202 ], [ 208, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 3. Expression or word mnemonics", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The first letter of each word is combined to form a phrase or sentence – e.g. \"Richard of York gave battle in vain\" for the colours of the rainbow.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 1003148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 4. Model mnemonics", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A model is used to help recall information. Applications of this method involve the use of diagrams, cycles, graphs, and flowcharts to help understand or memorize an idea. e.g. cell cycle, pie charts, pyramid models. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 5. Ode mnemonics", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The information is placed into a poem or doggerel, – e.g. \"Note socer, gener, liberi, and Liber god of revelry, like puer these retain the 'e'\" (most Latin nouns of the second declension ending in -er drop the -e in all of the oblique cases except the vocative, these are the exceptions).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 235912 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 6. Note organization mnemonics", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The method of note organization can be used as a memorization technique. Applications of this method involve the use of flash cards and lists. Flash cards are used by putting a question or word on one side of a paper and the answer or definition on the other side of the paper. Lists involve the organization of data from broad to detailed. e.g. Earth → Continent → Country.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 7. Image mnemonics", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The information is constructed into a picture – e.g. the German weak declension can be remembered as five '-e's', looking rather like the state of Oklahoma in America, in a sea of '-en's'.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 8. Connection mnemonics", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " New knowledge is connected to knowledge already known.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 243391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 9. Spelling mnemonics", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " An example is \"i before e except after c or when sounding like a in neighbor and weigh\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 10. Visualization mnemonics", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Techniques such as the method of loci allow the user to create unique associations in an imagined space.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Types", "target_page_ids": [ 1684561 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A wide range of mnemonics are used for several purposes. The most commonly used mnemonics are those for lists, numerical sequences, foreign-language acquisition, and medical treatment for patients with memory deficits.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 640228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A common mnemonic for remembering lists is to create an easily remembered acronym, or, taking each of the initial letters of the list members, create a memorable phrase in which the words with the same acronym as the material. Mnemonic techniques can be applied to most memorisation of novel materials.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some common examples for first-letter mnemonics:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Memory Needs Every Method Of Nurturing Its Capacity\" is a mnemonic for spelling 'mnemonic.'", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " To memorize the metric prefixes after Giga(byte), think of the candy, and this mnemonic. Tangiest PEZ? Yellow! TPEZY. Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta, Yotta(byte).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 89822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Maybe Not Every Mnemonic Oozes Nuisance Intensely Concentrated\" is perhaps a less common mnemonic for spelling 'mnemonic', but it benefits from being a bit humorous and memorable.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The order of sharps in key signature notation is F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯ and B♯, giving the mnemonic \"Father Charles Goes Down And Ends Battle\". The order of flats is the reverse: B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭ and F♭ (\"Battle Ends And Down Goes Charles' Father\"). ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 139920, 17394, 139950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 20 ], [ 24, 37 ], [ 158, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " To memorise the colours of the rainbow: In the phrase \"Richard Of York Gave Battle In Vain\" each of the initial letters matches the colours of the rainbow in order (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet). Other examples are \"Run over your granny because it's violent\" or the imaginary name \"Roy G. Biv\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 3871014, 26284 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 39 ], [ 56, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " To memorise the North American Great Lakes: The acronym HOMES matches the letters of the five lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 12010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " To memorise colour codes as they are used in electronics: the phrase \"Bill Brown Realised Only Yesterday Good Boys Value Good Work\" represents in order the 10 colours and their numerical order: black (0), brown (1), red (2), orange (3), yellow (4), green (5), blue (6), violet or purple (7), grey (8), and white (9).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 67842, 9663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 25 ], [ 46, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " To memorise the effects, in AC circuits, of the presence of an inductor or a capacitor, the phrase \"Eli the Iceman\" has been used by electrical engineers. With an inductor present, the peak value of the voltage (E) precedes the peak value of the current (I). With L, the symbol for inductance, this is written ELI (\"E leads I, with L\"). With a capacitor present, the peak current leads the peak voltage. The symbol for capacitance is C, giving ICE (\"I leads E, with C\").", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 42986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " To memorise chemical reactions, such as redox reactions, where it is common to mix up oxidation and reduction, the short phrase \"LEO (Lose Electron Oxidation) the lion says GER (Gain Electron Reduction)\" or \"Oil Rig\" can be used, the latter being an acronym for \"Oxidation is losing, Reduction is gaining\". John \"Doc\" Walters, who taught chemistry and physics at Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge, Massachusetts in the 1950s and 1960s, taught his students to use for this purpose the acronym RACOLA: Reduction is Addition of electrons and occurs at the Cathode; Oxidation is Loss of electrons and occurs at the Anode.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 66313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " To memorise the names of the planets and Pluto, use the planetary mnemonic: \"My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos\" or \"My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets\" or \"My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets\" or \"Mother Visits Every Monday, Just Stays Until Noon, Period\" - where each of the initial letters matches the name of the planets in our solar system (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, [Pluto]).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 16022035 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " To memorise the sequence of stellar classification: \"Oh, Be A Fine Girl [or Guy], Kiss Me\" – where O, B, A, F, G, K, M are categories of stars.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 28927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " To memorise the layers of the OSI Model: \"Please Do Not Teach Students Pointless Acronyms\" – with each of the initial letters matching the name of the OSI layers from bottom to top (physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, application).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 22747 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A taxonomy mnemonic is helpful for memorizing the scientific classification applied in taxonomy, such as \"Do Kings Play Chess On Funny Glass Stairs?\" or \"Do Kindly Please Come Over For Green Soup\" (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 10379724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " To memorise the diatomic elements: BrINClHOF(pronounced 'brinkelhoff') or \"Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 3756, 14750, 21175, 5667, 13255, 22303, 17481271, 13255, 21175, 17481271, 22303, 14750, 5667, 3756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 38 ], [ 38, 39 ], [ 39, 40 ], [ 40, 42 ], [ 42, 43 ], [ 43, 44 ], [ 44, 45 ], [ 76, 80 ], [ 81, 83 ], [ 84, 88 ], [ 89, 91 ], [ 92, 95 ], [ 96, 100 ], [ 101, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Opinion, Shape, Colour, Origin, and Material (OPSHACOM): adjectives order in English grammar.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Dash In A Real Rush! Hurry, Or Else Accident!\" is a mnemonic for spelling 'diarrhoea\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " To memorize the part of the brain associated with memory, Herds of Animals Cause Panic. Hippocampus, Amygdala, Cerebellum, & Prefrontal Cortex.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "To memorize the 3 types of encoding: SAVE (Semantic encoding, Acoustic encoding, Visual encoding)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The parts of the digestive system: Mother Eats Squirrel Guts Because She Is Living In Rural Arkansas (Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Gall Bladder, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 42193218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mnemonic phrases or poems can be used to encode numeric sequences by various methods, one common one is to create a new phrase in which the number of letters in each word represents the according digit of pi. For example, the first 15 digits of the mathematical constant pi (3.14159265358979) can be encoded as \"Now I need a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics\"; \"Now\", having 3 letters, represents the first number, 3. Piphilology is the practice dedicated to creating mnemonics for pi.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 23601, 617167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 271, 273 ], [ 465, 476 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another is used for \"calculating\" the multiples of 9 up to 9 × 10 using one's fingers. Begin by holding out both hands with all fingers stretched out. Now count left to right the number of fingers that indicates the multiple. For example, to figure 9 × 4, count four fingers from the left, ending at your left-hand index finger. Bend this finger down and count the remaining fingers. Fingers to the left of the bent finger represent tens, fingers to the right are ones. There are three fingers to the left and six to the right, which indicates 9 × 4 = 36. This works for 9 × 1 up through 9 × 10.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For remembering the rules in adding and multiplying two signed numbers, Balbuena and Buayan (2015) made the letter strategies LAUS (like signs, add; unlike signs, subtract) and LPUN (like signs, positive; unlike signs, negative), respectively.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ('thresher') is a Finnish mnemonic regarding electricity: the first and last three letters can be arranged into the equations and . (The letter M is discarded, which can be explained with another, politically incorrect mnemonic.)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 46193, 9550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 11 ], [ 46, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mnemonics may be helpful in learning foreign languages, for example by transposing difficult foreign words with words in a language the learner knows already, also called \"cognates\" which are very common in the Spanish language. A useful such technique is to find linkwords, words that have the same pronunciation in a known language as the target word, and associate them visually or auditorially with the target word.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 958187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 264, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For example, in trying to assist the learner to remember ohel (), the Hebrew word for tent, the linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann proposes the memorable sentence \"Oh hell, there's a raccoon in my tent\". The memorable sentence \"There's a fork in Ma's leg\" helps the learner remember that the Hebrew word for fork is mazleg (). Similarly, to remember the Hebrew word bayit (), meaning house, one can use the sentence \"that's a lovely house, I'd like to buy it.\" The linguist Michel Thomas taught students to remember that estar is the Spanish word for to be by using the phrase \"to be a star\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 13450, 30713780, 1396404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 76 ], [ 105, 123 ], [ 467, 480 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another Spanish example is by using the mnemonic \"Vin Diesel Has Ten Weapons\" to teach irregular command verbs in the you(tú) form. Spanish verb forms and tenses are regularly seen as the hardest part of learning the language. With a high number of verb tenses, and many verb forms that are not found in English, Spanish verbs can be hard to remember and then conjugate. The use of mnemonics has been proven to help students better learn foreign languages, and this holds true for Spanish verbs. A particularly hard verb tense to remember is command verbs. Command verbs in Spanish are conjugated differently depending on who the command is being given to. The phrase, when pronounced with a Spanish accent, is used to remember \"Ven Di Sal Haz Ten Ve Pon Sé\", all of the irregular Spanish command verbs in the you(tú) form. This mnemonic helps students attempting to memorize different verb tenses.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 415175 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another technique is for learners of gendered languages to associate their mental images of words with a colour that matches the gender in the target language. An example here is to remember the Spanish word for \"foot,\" pie, [pee-ay] with the image of a foot stepping on a pie, which then spills blue filling (blue representing the male gender of the noun in this example).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 13068, 599917 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 55 ], [ 75, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For French verbs which use être as an auxiliary verb for compound tenses : DR and MRS VANDERTRAMPP: descendre, rester, monter, revenir, sortir, venir, arriver, naître, devenir, entrer, rentrer, tomber, retourner, aller, mourir, partir, passer.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Masculine countries in French (le): \"Neither can a breeze make a sane Japanese chilly in the USA.\" (les) Netherlands (Pays-Bas), Canada, Brazil (Brésil), Mexico (Mexique), Senegal, Japan (Japon), Chile (Chili), & (les) USA (États-Unis d'Amérique).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mnemonics can be used in aiding patients with memory deficits that could be caused by head injuries, strokes, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis and other neurological conditions.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [ 37641, 625404, 10511, 50603 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 99 ], [ 101, 108 ], [ 110, 118 ], [ 120, 138 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a study conducted by Doornhein and De Haan, the patients were treated with six different memory strategies including the mnemonics technique. The results concluded that there were significant improvements on the immediate and delayed subtest of the RBMT, delayed recall on the Appointments test, and relatives rating on the MAC from the patients that received mnemonics treatment. However, in the case of stroke patients, the results did not reach statistical significance.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Applications and examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Academic study of the use of mnemonics has shown their effectiveness. In one such experiment, subjects of different ages who applied mnemonic techniques to learn novel vocabulary outperformed control groups that applied contextual learning and free-learning styles.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Effectiveness", "target_page_ids": [ 10457002 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 220, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mnemonics were seen to be more effective for groups of people who struggled with or had weak long-term memory, like the elderly. Five years after a mnemonic training study, a research team followed-up 112 community-dwelling older adults, 60 years of age and over. Delayed recall of a word list was assessed prior to, and immediately following mnemonic training, and at the 5-year follow-up. Overall, there was no significant difference between word recall prior to training and that exhibited at follow-up. However, pre-training performance gains scores in performance immediately post-training and use of the mnemonic predicted performance at follow-up. Individuals who self-reported using the mnemonic exhibited the highest performance overall, with scores significantly higher than at pre-training. The findings suggest that mnemonic training has long-term benefits for some older adults, particularly those who continue to employ the mnemonic.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Effectiveness", "target_page_ids": [ 17995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This contrasts with a study from surveys of medical students that approximately only 20% frequently used mnemonic acronyms.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Effectiveness", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In humans, the process of aging particularly affects the medial temporal lobe and hippocampus, in which the episodic memory is synthesized. The episodic memory stores information about items, objects, or features with spatiotemporal contexts. Since mnemonics aid better in remembering spatial or physical information rather than more abstract forms, its effect may vary according to a subject's age and how well the subject's medial temporal lobe and hippocampus function.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Effectiveness", "target_page_ids": [ 466322, 53948, 579359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 77 ], [ 82, 93 ], [ 108, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This could be further explained by one recent study which indicates a general deficit in the memory for spatial locations in aged adults (mean age 69.7 with standard deviation of 7.4 years) compared to young adults (mean age 21.7 with standard deviation of 4.2 years). At first, the difference in target recognition was not significant.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Effectiveness", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The researchers then divided the aged adults into two groups, aged unimpaired and aged impaired, according to a neuropsychological testing. With the aged groups split, there was an apparent deficit in target recognition in aged impaired adults compared to both young adults and aged unimpaired adults. This further supports the varying effectiveness of mnemonics in different age groups.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Effectiveness", "target_page_ids": [ 387283 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 138 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Moreover, different research was done previously with the same notion, which presented with similar results to that of Reagh et al. in a verbal mnemonics discrimination task.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Effectiveness", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Studies (notably \"The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two\") have suggested that the short-term memory of adult humans can hold only a limited number of items; grouping items into larger chunks such as in a mnemonic might be part of what permits the retention of a larger total amount of information in short-term memory, which in turn can aid in the creation of long-term memories.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Effectiveness", "target_page_ids": [ 435063, 28944 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 61 ], [ 88, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of mnemonics", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 640228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of visual mnemonics", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8820778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Earworm", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 422075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Memory sport", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 30980033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Method of loci", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1684561 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mnemonic dominic system", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 53557 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mnemonic goroawase system", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 72822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mnemonic link system", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 53547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mnemonic major system", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 41924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mnemonic peg system", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 53555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mnemonics in assembler programming languages", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mnemonic effect (advertising)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 36639372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] } ]

[ "Mnemonics", "Memory", "Learning_methods", "Cognitive_training" ]

[ "mnemonic device", "memory device" ]

[ { "plaintext": "A license (or licence) is an official permission or permit to do, use, or own something (as well as the document of that permission or permit).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A license is granted by a party (licensor) to another party (licensee) as an element of an agreement between those parties. In the case of a license issued by a government, the license is obtained by applying for it. In the case of a private party, it is by a specific agreement, usually in writing (such as a lease or other contract). The simplest definition is \"A license is a promise not to sue,\" because a license usually either permits the licensed party to engage in an activity which is illegal, and subject to prosecution, without the license (e.g. fishing, driving an automobile, or operating a broadcast radio or television station), or it permits the licensed party to do something that would violate the rights of the licensing party (e.g. make copies of a copyrighted work), which, without the license, the licensed party could be sued, civilly, criminally, or both.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 635681, 41858031, 39527321, 1768354, 18948365 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 310, 315 ], [ 558, 565 ], [ 567, 588 ], [ 605, 642 ], [ 770, 786 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In particular, a license may be issued by authorities, to allow an activity that would otherwise be forbidden. It may require paying a fee or proving a capability (or both). The requirement may also serve to keep the authorities informed on a type of activity, and to give them the opportunity to set conditions and limitations.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A licensor may grant a license under intellectual property laws to authorize a use (such as copying software or using a patented invention) to a licensee, sparing the licensee from a claim of infringement brought by the licensor. A license under intellectual property commonly has several components beyond the grant itself, including a term, territory, renewal provisions, and other limitations deemed vital to the licensor.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14724, 23273, 15607054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 58 ], [ 120, 126 ], [ 192, 204 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Term: many licenses are valid for a particular length of time. This protects the licensor should the value of the license increase, or market conditions change. It also preserves enforceability by ensuring that no license extends beyond the term of the agreement.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Territory: a license may stipulate what territory the rights pertain to. For example, a license with a territory limited to \"North America\" (Mexico/United States/Canada) would not permit a licensee any protection from actions for use in Japan.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Again, a shorthand definition of license is \"a promise by the licensor not to sue the licensee\". That means without a license any use or exploitation of intellectual property by a third party would amount to copying or infringement. Such copying would be improper and could, by using the legal system, be stopped if the intellectual property owner wanted to do so.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Intellectual property licensing plays a major role in business, academia and broadcasting. Business practices such as franchising, technology transfer, publication and character merchandising entirely depend on the licensing of intellectual property. Land licensing (proprietary licensing) and IP licensing.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11616, 315952, 53985730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 129 ], [ 131, 150 ], [ 168, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A license provides one party with the authority to act on another's land, when such action would typically amount to trespass absent that license. A key distinction between licenses and leases is that a license grants the licensee a revocable non-assignable privilege to act upon the land of the licensor, without granting any possessory interest in the land. Once a license is agreed upon, the licensee may occupy the land only so far as is necessary to complete the act. Another key distinction between a license and a lease is that leases are generally required to be in writing, where the statute of frauds requires it, while licenses can be made orally.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Real property licenses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A license is generally created by an express or implied agreement. The licensor must agree to the license which can be shown in writing or the licensors acquiescence in its exercise. Furthermore, unlike many other contractual agreements, a license does not require consideration, a license can be created with or without it. Moreover, whether an agreement is held to be a “license” and not a lease will depend on three essential characteristics of a license: (1) a clause allowing the licensor to revoke “at will\"; (2) the retention by the licensor of absolute control over the premises; and (3) the licensor's supplying to the licensee all of the essential services required for the licensee's permitted use of the premises.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Real property licenses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Under a pure licensing agreement, the licensor, under its terms and by common-law, can cancel the agreement at will and without cause, unless it is coupled with an interest or made irrevocable by contract. A license that has been coupled with an interest is not revocable by the licensor without exposure to liability and potential damages. In the event a license is coupled with an interest, the licensor must provide reasonable time for the licensee to remove that interest from the property prior to termination. Additionally, because a license does not confer any possessory interest in the licensee, in the event of a sale of the property, the license is terminated and cannot be enforced against the new owners of that property. Moreover, the death of either the licensee or licensor will terminate the agreement.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Real property licenses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If a license is revocable at will by the licensor, courts will be unable to grant specific performance in favor of the licensee. A licensee would be unsuccessful in bringing forcible entry claims or a detainer proceeding because the licensee was never granted any possory interest. The Licensee would also not be able to recover damages for money spent unless they are able to show detrimental reliance on the license. In certain cases, however, licenses can be made irrevocable, and specific performance may be granted. Where a license is made with a set term period and valid consideration is transferred, revocation of the license prior to the terms expiration may raise breach of contract claims that could provide damages against the licensor. Furthermore, once the licensor terminates or revokes the license, notice is statutorily required prior to the commencement of any special proceeding to recover possession of the property (e.g., in NY that requirement is 10 days).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Real property licenses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mass distributed software is used by individuals on personal computers under license from the developer of that software. Such license is typically included in a more extensive end-user license agreement (EULA) entered into upon the installation of that software on a computer.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Mass licensing of software", "target_page_ids": [ 49764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 177, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Typically, a license is associated with a unique code, that when approved grants the end user access to the software in question.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Mass licensing of software", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Under a typical end-user license agreement, the user may install the software on a limited number of computers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Mass licensing of software", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The enforceability of end-user license agreements is sometimes questioned.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Mass licensing of software", "target_page_ids": [ 49764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of 2020, there are various ways to license software with different kinds of licensing models, which allow software vendors to profit from their product offerings in flexible ways.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Mass licensing of software", "target_page_ids": [ 803810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Like other intellectual property, patent owners may grant permission to others to engage in conduct that would otherwise be within the scope of a patent. For example, a patent owner may authorize a licensee to make, use, sell, offer for sale, or import a patented product. Such agreements are typically referred to as a patent license agreement or a covenant not to sue. These agreements can last for a specific period of time (such as 5 years) or for the entire life of the patent (i.e., until the patent expires). Patent license agreements may also be exclusive (i.e., the licensee is the only person or entity that is allowed to sell, make, use, offer to sell, or import the patented invention) or non-exclusive (i.e., the licensee is simply one of several entities who has rights under the patent). Finally, any rights given under the agreement may be limited to a particular \"field of use\" (e.g., a licensee may be able to practice an invention in the field of consumer electronics, but not in the field of industrial electronics).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Patent licensing", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Often, patent owners will require a licensee to pay money in exchange for granting a patent license. Such payments are referred to as royalty payments and come primarily in two forms: lump sum or running royalty. A lump sum royalty involves an upfront, one-time payment, while a running royalty typically involves periodic payments (e.g., quarterly or annual) based on the number of patented products sold or imported.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Patent licensing", "target_page_ids": [ 305567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A licensor may grant permission to a licensee to distribute products under a trademark. With such a license, the licensee may use the trademark without fear of a claim of trademark infringement by the licensor.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Trademark and brand licensing", "target_page_ids": [ 18935023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The assignment of a license often depends on specific contractual terms. The most common terms are, that a license is only applicable for a particular geographic region, just for a certain period of time or merely for a stage in the value chain. Moreover, there are different types of fees within the trademark and brand licensing. The first form demands a fee independent of sales and profits, the second type of license fee is dependent on the productivity of the licensee.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Trademark and brand licensing", "target_page_ids": [ 11486363, 375528, 155698, 19417927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 71 ], [ 233, 244 ], [ 376, 381 ], [ 386, 393 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For example, McDonald's licenses their trademark such as the \"Golden Arches\" or the \"Big Mac,\" but the licenses gives McDonald's a right to impose strict quality standards to their franchisees as they can take back the right to the trademark if they do not meet McDonald's standards.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Trademark and brand licensing", "target_page_ids": [ 2480627, 855186, 299395 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 23 ], [ 62, 75 ], [ 85, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When a licensor grants permission to a licensee to not only distribute, but manufacture a patented product, it is known as licensed production.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Trademark and brand licensing", "target_page_ids": [ 30644931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A licensor may grant a permission to a licensee to copy and distribute copyrighted works such as \"art\" (e.g., Thomas Kinkade's painting Dawn in Los Gato) and characters (e.g., Mickey Mouse). With such license, a licensee need not fear a claim of copyright infringement brought by the copyright owner.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Artwork and character licensing", "target_page_ids": [ 5278, 1073625, 20859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 80 ], [ 110, 124 ], [ 176, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Artistic license is, however, not related to the aforementioned license. It is a euphemism that denotes freedom of expression, the ability to make the subject appear more engaging or attractive, by fictionalizing part of the subject.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Artwork and character licensing", "target_page_ids": [ 340336, 9534, 18949461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 81, 90 ], [ 198, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National examples of the licentiate are listed at licentiate (degree)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Academia", "target_page_ids": [ 977277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A licentiate is an academic degree that traditionally conferred the license to teach at a university or to practice a particular profession. The term survived despite the fact that nowadays a doctorate is typically needed in order to teach at a university. The term is also used for a person who holds a licentiate. In English, the degree has never been called a license. In France, the licence is the first degree awarded in Universities.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Academia", "target_page_ids": [ 977277, 167241, 188886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 12 ], [ 19, 34 ], [ 192, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Sweden, Finland, and in some other European university systems, a 'licentiate' is a postgraduate degree between the master's degree and the doctorate. The licentiate is a popular choice in those countries where a full doctoral degree would take five or more years to achieve.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Academia", "target_page_ids": [ 343939, 188886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 9 ], [ 222, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A license to driving certain vehicles has been applied to many countries around the world. Being allowed to drive a certain vehicle requires a specific driving license, the type of license depending on the type of vehicle.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Vehicle licensing", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the United Kingdom prisoners serving a determinate sentence (a fixed time in prison) will be released prior to the completion of their full sentence \"on licence\". The licence is the prisoner's agreement to maintain certain conditions, such as periodic reporting in to a probation officer and only living at an approved address, in exchange for their early release. If they break the conditions of the licence, they can be \"recalled\" (returned to prison).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Criminal law", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Offenders serving determinate sentences are released automatically at a set point in their sentence, whereas prisoners serving indeterminate sentences (e.g. life imprisonment) can only be released by the parole board.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Criminal law", "target_page_ids": [ 148681, 342305 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 157, 174 ], [ 204, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Patent licensing has been studied in formal economic models in the field of industrial organization. In particular, Katz and Shapiro (1986) have explored the optimal licensing strategy of a research lab selling to firms who are competitors on the product market. It turns out that (compared to the welfare-maximizing solution) the licensor's incentives to develop innovations may be excessive, while the licensor's incentives to disseminate the innovation are typically too low. Subsequently, the seminal work of Katz and Shapiro (1986) has been extended in several directions. For example, Bhattacharya, Glazer, and Sappington (1992) have taken into account that the firms acquiring licenses must make further investments in order to develop marketable products. Schmitz (2002, 2007) has shown that asymmetric information due to adverse selection or moral hazard may lead the research lab to sell more licenses than it would do under complete information. Antelo and Sampayo (2017) have studied the optimal number of licenses in a signalling model.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Economic theory", "target_page_ids": [ 51249, 309452, 175590, 1865916 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 99 ], [ 830, 847 ], [ 851, 863 ], [ 1032, 1042 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The provision of licenses and the agencies that mandate them are often criticised by American libertarians like Milton Friedman for creating an anticompetitive environment for occupations, which creates a barrier to entry for more qualified and skilled individuals who may not have the resources to obtain the necessary licences. According to Friedman, licenses and permits have become so burdensome due to legislation that favors the current establishment of wealthy occupants that they decrease the supply of such occupations, which raises prices for the average consumer. Libertarians and the anti-authoritarian left (anarcho-communists) view competing guilds and other voluntary communes as being more beneficial for disseminating the skills and education required to perform a specified career.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [ 19640, 351463, 17865 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 127 ], [ 205, 221 ], [ 622, 640 ] ] } ]

[ "Licenses", "Licensing", "Business_law", "Strategic_alliances", "Revenue_models" ]

[ "permit", "licence", "grant license", "user license", "rights statement", "licensing" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Perfectae Caritatis, the Decree on the Adaptation and Renewal of Religious Life, is the document issued by the Second Vatican Council which deals specifically with institutes of consecrated life in the Roman Catholic Church. One of the shorter documents of the Council, the decree was approved by a vote of 2,321 to 4 of the assembled bishops, and promulgated by Pope Paul VI on 28 October 1965. As is customary for Church documents, the title is taken from the first words (incipit) of the decree: \"of Perfect Charity\" in Latin.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28134, 606848, 24028, 952907, 17730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 133 ], [ 202, 223 ], [ 364, 376 ], [ 477, 484 ], [ 525, 530 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Second Vatican Council had already given an exposition of the nature of religious life in chapter 6 of the Constitution Lumen gentium. This chapter described the essential form of religious life as a life \"consecrated by the profession of the evangelical counsels\" (n. 44). The Decree Perfectae Caritatis was published in order to, \"treat of the life and discipline of those institutes whose members make profession of chastity, poverty and obedience and to provide for their needs in our time\" (Perfectae Caritatis n. 1).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Content", "target_page_ids": [ 40135, 5500682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 137 ], [ 247, 267 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Containing 25 numbered paragraphs, the Decree established five general principles to guide the renewal of these institutes. Because of the broad variety of religious communities with their different histories, characteristics, customs, and missions, the Vatican Council did not give specific indications, and left to each individual community the authority to determine what needed to be changed in accord with the spirit of their founders, the needs of modern life, and the situations where they lived and worked.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Content", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The period that followed the promulgation of Perfectae Caritatis was marked by a huge amount of experimentation in religious life. Many institutes replaced their traditional habits with more modern attire, experimented with different forms of prayer and community life, and adapted obedience to a superior to a form of consultation and discussion. A great number of religious left religious life entirely, and in subsequent decades there was a large drop the number of religious vocations in the Western World. It is not clear how much of this change was due to the documents of the Second Vatican Council. Historians note that western society as a whole was going through social turmoil caused by the sexual revolution.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 37056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 702, 719 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The full text in English is available from the Holy See's website", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Documents_of_the_Second_Vatican_Council", "1965_documents", "1965_in_Christianity" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Optatam totius, the Decree on Priestly Training, is a document which was produced by the Second Vatican Council. Approved by a vote of 2,318 to 3 of the bishops assembled at the council, the decree was promulgated by Pope Paul VI on 28 October 1965. The Latin title means \"desired renewal of the whole [church]\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28134, 24028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 111 ], [ 217, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The period that followed the promulgation Optatam totius was marked by a severe drop in the number of priestly vocations in the Western World. Church leaders had argued that age-old secularization was to blame and that it was not directly related to the documents of the council. Historians have also pointed to the damage caused by the sexual revolution in 1968 and the strong backlash over Humanae vitae. Yet other authors have asserted that the drop in vocations was at least partly deliberate and was part of an attempt to de-clericalize the church and allow for a more pluralistic clergy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 333225, 37056, 14071 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 196 ], [ 337, 354 ], [ 392, 405 ] ] } ]

[ "1965_documents", "1965_in_Christianity", "Documents_of_the_Second_Vatican_Council" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Jean Baptiste Point du Sable (also spelled Point de Sable, Point au Sable, Point Sable, Pointe DuSable, Pointe du Sable; before 1750 – 28 August 1818) is regarded as the first permanent non-Indigenous settler of what would later become Chicago, Illinois, and is recognized as the \"Founder of Chicago\". A school, museum, harbor, park, bridge, and road have been named in his honor. The site where he settled near the mouth of the Chicago River around the 1780s is identified as a National Historic Landmark, now located in Pioneer Court.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6886, 3939137, 4141282, 50811491, 9372811, 4423755, 508248, 41962, 11174231, 404013, 12155332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 236, 243 ], [ 304, 310 ], [ 312, 318 ], [ 320, 326 ], [ 328, 332 ], [ 334, 340 ], [ 346, 350 ], [ 429, 442 ], [ 460, 473 ], [ 479, 505 ], [ 522, 535 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Point du Sable was of African descent, but little else is known of his early life prior to the 1770s. During his career, the areas where he settled and traded around the Great Lakes and in the Illinois Country changed hands several times among France, Britain, Spain and the United States. Described as handsome and well educated, Point duSable married a Native American woman, Kitiwaha, and they had two children. In 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, he was arrested by the British on suspicion of being an American Patriot sympathizer. In the early 1780s he worked for the British lieutenant-governor of Michilimackinac on an estate at what is now St. Clair, Michigan. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12010, 554924, 21217, 771, 1146973, 1132929, 119128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 170, 181 ], [ 193, 209 ], [ 355, 370 ], [ 435, 461 ], [ 528, 535 ], [ 617, 632 ], [ 661, 680 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Point du Sable is first recorded as living at the mouth of the Chicago River in a trader's journal of early 1790. By then he had established an extensive and prosperous trading settlement in what later became the City of Chicago. He sold his Chicago River property in 1800 and moved to the port of St. Charles, where he was licensed to run a ferry across the Missouri River. Point duSable's successful role in developing the Chicago River settlement was little recognized until the mid-20th century.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 96839, 19591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 299, 310 ], [ 360, 374 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are no records of Point du Sable's life prior to the 1770s. Though it is known from sources during his life that he was of African descent, his birth date, place of birth, and parents are unknown. Juliette Kinzie, another early pioneer of Chicago, never met Point duSable but said in her 1856 memoir that he was \"a native of St.Domingo\" (the island of Hispaniola). This became generally accepted as his place of birth. Historian Milo Milton Quaife regarded Kinzie's account of Point duSable as \"largely fictitious and wholly unauthenticated\", later putting forward a theory that he was of African and French-Canadian origin. A historical novel published in 1953 helped to popularize the claim that Point du Sable was born in 1745 in Saint-Marc in Saint-Domingue (later known as Haiti). If he was born outside continental North America, there are competing accounts as to whether he entered as a trader from the north through French Canada, or from the south through French Louisiana. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 1904077, 6886, 13714, 37361678, 42142, 3888130, 212797, 13373, 1110101, 1989580 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 203, 218 ], [ 245, 252 ], [ 358, 368 ], [ 435, 453 ], [ 635, 651 ], [ 741, 751 ], [ 755, 769 ], [ 786, 791 ], [ 933, 946 ], [ 974, 990 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Point du Sable married a Potawatomi woman named Kitihawa (Christianized to Catherine) on 27October 1788, in a Catholic ceremony in Cahokia in the Illinois Country, a longtime French colonial settlement on the east side of the Mississippi River. It is likely that this couple was married earlier in the 1770s in a Native American tradition. They had a son named Jean and a daughter named Susanne. Point duSable supported his family as a frontier trader and settler during a period of great upheaval for the former southern dependencies of French Canada and in the Illinois Country, where the regions changed hands several times over the course of half a century.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 351662, 63095172, 606848, 111915, 554924, 19579, 2402376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 35 ], [ 48, 56 ], [ 110, 118 ], [ 131, 138 ], [ 146, 162 ], [ 226, 243 ], [ 313, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a footnote to a poem titled Speech to the Western Indians, Arent DePeyster, British commandant from 1774 to 1779 at Fort Michilimackinac (a former French fort in what was then the British province of Quebec), noted that \"Baptist Point deSaible\" was \"a handsome negro\", \"well educated\", and \"settled in Eschecagou\". When he published this poem in 1813, DePeyster presented it as a speech that he had made at the village of Arbrecroche (now Harbor Springs, Michigan) on 4July 1779. This footnote has led many scholars to assume that Point duSable had settled in Chicago by 1779. But letters written by other traders in the late 1770s suggest that Point duSable was at this time settled at the mouth of Trail Creek (Rivière duChemin) at what is now Michigan City, Indiana. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 10530896, 650397, 391225, 117433, 31588366, 112436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 77 ], [ 119, 139 ], [ 183, 209 ], [ 442, 466 ], [ 703, 714 ], [ 749, 771 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In August 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, Point duSable was arrested as a suspected Patriot at Trail Creek by British troops and imprisoned briefly at Fort Michilimackinac. An officer's report following his arrest noted that Point du Sable had many friends who vouched for his good character. The following year, Point du Sable was ordered transported to the Pinery on the St. Clair River north of Detroit. From the summer of 1780 until May 1784, Point duSable managed the Pinery, a tract of woodlands owned by British officer Lt.Patrick Sinclair, on the St. Clair River in eastern Michigan. This may have been a choice given by him from the British, offering him release from his imprisonment to manage the Pinery. Point duSable with his family lived in a cabin at the mouth of the Pine River in what is now the city of St. Clair.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 771, 1146973, 8687, 6591763, 396895, 119128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 53 ], [ 97, 104 ], [ 412, 419 ], [ 544, 560 ], [ 569, 584 ], [ 835, 844 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At some time in the 1780s, after the US achieved independence, Point du Sable settled on the north bank of the Chicago River close to its mouth. The earliest known record of Point duSable living in Chicago is an entry that Hugh Heward made in his journal on 10May 1790, during a journey from Detroit across Michigan and through Illinois. Heward's party stopped at Point duSable's house enroute to the Chicago portage; they swapped their canoe for a pirogue that belonged to Point duSable, and they bought bread, flour, and pork from him. Perrish Grignon, who visited Chicago in about 1794, described Point duSable as a large man and wealthy trader. Point du Sable's granddaughter, Eulalie Pelletier, was born at his Chicago River settlement in 1796. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 41962, 2964024, 479316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 124 ], [ 401, 416 ], [ 449, 456 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1800 Point duSable sold his farm to John Kinzie's frontman, Jean La Lime, for 6,000 livres. The bill of sale, which was rediscovered in 1913 in an archive in Detroit, detailed all of the property Point duSable owned, as well as many of his personal effects. This included a house, two barns, a horse-drawn mill, a bakehouse, a poultry house, a dairy, and a smokehouse. The house was a log cabin filled with fine furniture and paintings.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 70848, 1086798, 462983, 52995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 50 ], [ 63, 75 ], [ 87, 93 ], [ 360, 370 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Point du Sable sold his property in Chicago, he moved to St. Charles, west of St. Louis. It is now in Missouri but at that time still in Spanish Louisiana. He was commissioned by the colonial governor to operate a ferry across the Missouri River. In St.Charles, he may have lived for a time with his son, and later with his granddaughter's family. Late in life, he may have sought public or charitable assistance. He died on 28 August 1818, and was buried in an unmarked grave in St.Charles Borromeo Cemetery. His entry in the parish burial register does not mention his origins, parents, or relatives; it simply describes him as nègre (French for negro). ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 96839, 19571, 9853578, 13550356, 50771, 19591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 74 ], [ 108, 116 ], [ 143, 160 ], [ 189, 206 ], [ 220, 225 ], [ 237, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The St.Charles Borromeo Cemetery was moved twice in the 19thcentury. Oral tradition and records of the Archdiocese of St. Louis suggested that Point duSable's remains were also moved. On 12October 1968, the Illinois Sesquicentennial Commission erected a granite marker at the site believed to be Point duSable's grave in the third St.Charles Borromeo Cemetery. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 305484 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2002 an archaeological investigation of the grave site was initiated by the African Scientific Research Institute at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Researchers using a combination of ground-penetrating radar, surveys, and excavation of a area did not find any evidence of any burials at the supposed grave site, leading the archaeologists to conclude that Point duSable's remains may not have been reinterred from one of the two previous cemeteries.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 340787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Though there is little historical evidence regarding Point duSable's life before the 1770s, there are several theories and legends that give accounts of his early life. Writing in 1933, Quaife identified a French immigrant to Canada, Pierre Dandonneau, who acquired the title \"Sieur deSable\" and whose descendants were known by both the names Dandonneau and DuSable. Quaife was unable to find a direct link to Point duSable, but he identified descendants of Pierre Dandonneau as living around the Great Lakes region in Detroit, Mackinac, and St.Joseph. He speculated that Point duSable's father may have been a member of this family, while his mother was likely an enslaved woman. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theories and legends", "target_page_ids": [ 432536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 497, 515 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1951 Joseph Jeremie, a native of Haiti, published a pamphlet in which he said he was the great grandson of Point duSable. Based on family recollections and tombstone inscriptions, he claimed that Point duSable was born in Saint-Marc in what was then Saint Domingue, studied in France, and returned to Haiti to deal in coffee before traveling to French Louisiana. Historian and Point duSable biographer John F. Swenson has called these claims \"elaborate, undocumented assertions... in a fanciful biography\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theories and legends", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1953 Shirley Graham drew from the work of Quaife and Jeremie in a historical novel about Point duSable. She described it as \"not accurate history nor pure fiction\", but rather \"an imaginative interpretation of all the known facts\". This book presented Point duSable as the son of the mate on a pirate ship, the Black Sea Gull, and a freedwoman called Suzanne. Despite lack of evidence and the continued debate about Point duSable's early life, parentage, and birthplace, this popular story has been repeated and widely presented as being definitive.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theories and legends", "target_page_ids": [ 1862827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 287, 291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1815 a land claim that had been submitted by Nicholas Jarrot to the land commissioners at Kaskaskia, Illinois Territory, was approved. In the claim Jarrot asserted that a \"Jean Baptiste Poinstable\" had been \"head of a family at Peoria in the year 1783, and before and after that year\", and that he \"had a house built and cultivated land between the Old Fort and the new settlement in the year 1780\". This document has been taken by Quaife and other historians as evidence that Point duSable lived at Peoria on the Illinois River prior to going north to settle in Chicago. Other records demonstrate that Point duSable was living and working under the British at the Pinery in Michigan in the early 1780s. The Kaskaskia land commissioners identified many fraudulent land claims, including two previously submitted in the name of Point duSable. Nicholas Jarrot, the claimant, was involved in many false claims, and Swenson suggests that this one was also fraudulent, made without the knowledge of Point duSable. Although perhaps in conflict with some of the above information, some historical records suggest that Point duSable bought land in Peoria from J.B. Maillet on 13March 1773, and sold it to Isaac Darneille in 1783 before he became the first \"permanent\" resident of Chicago.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theories and legends", "target_page_ids": [ 111830, 454240, 111774, 69301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 102 ], [ 104, 122 ], [ 503, 509 ], [ 517, 531 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Point du Sable left Chicago in 1800. He sold his property to Jean La Lime, a trader from Quebec, and moved to the Missouri River valley, at that time part of Spanish Louisiana. The reason for his departure is unknown. By 1804, John Kinzie, who also settled in Chicago, had bought the former du Sable house. In her 1852 memoir, Juliette Kinzie, Kinzie's daughter-in-law, suggested that \"perhaps he [du Sable] was disgusted at not being elected to a similar dignity [great chief] by the Pottowattamies\". ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theories and legends", "target_page_ids": [ 1086798, 7954867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 73 ], [ 89, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1874 Nehemiah Matson elaborated on this story, claiming that Point duSable was a slave from Virginia who had moved with his master to Lexington, Kentucky, in 1790. According to Matson, Point duSable became a zealous Catholic to convince a Jesuit missionary to declare him chief of the local Native Americans, and left Chicago when the natives refused to accept him as their chief. Quaife dismisses both of these stories as being fictional.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theories and legends", "target_page_ids": [ 50352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In her 1953 novel, Graham suggests that Point du Sable left Chicago because he was angered with the United States government. It wanted him to buy the land on which he had lived and called his own for the previous two decades. The 1795 Treaty of Greenville, which ended the Northwest Indian War, and the subsequent westward migration of Native Americans away from the Chicago area might also have influenced his decision.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Theories and legends", "target_page_ids": [ 195149, 355540, 1055471 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 124 ], [ 236, 256 ], [ 274, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The French came to the North American mid-continent region in the 17thcentury. Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette, during their 1673 Mississippi Valley expedition, though probably not the first Europeans to visit the area, are the first in the written record to have crossed the Chicago Portage and traveled along the Chicago River. Over the following years visits continued, and occasional intermittent posts were established, including those by René LaSalle, Henri Tonti, Pierre Liette and the four-year Mission of the Guardian Angel. Point duSable 1780s establishment is recognized as the first settlement that continued on and ultimately grew to become the city of Chicago. He is therefore widely regarded as the first permanent resident of Chicago and has been given the appellation \"Founder of Chicago\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 125317, 266221, 2964024, 189917, 319413, 28280182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 92 ], [ 97, 114 ], [ 280, 295 ], [ 448, 460 ], [ 462, 473 ], [ 507, 536 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the 1850s, historians of Chicago recognized Point duSable as the city's earliest non-native permanent resident. For a long time the city did not honor him in the same manner as other pioneers. Point du Sable was generally forgotten in the 19thcentury and instead the Scots-Irish trader John Kinzie, who had bought his property, was often credited for the settlement. A plaque was erected by the city in 1913 at the corner of Kinzie and Pine Streets to commemorate the Kinzie homestead. In the planning stages of the 1933–1934 Century of Progress International Exposition, several African-American groups campaigned for Point duSable to be honored at the fair. At the time, few Chicagoans had even heard of Point duSable, and the fair's organizers presented the 1803 construction of Fort Dearborn as the city's historical beginning. The campaign was successful, and a replica of Point duSable's cabin was presented as part of the \"background of the history of Chicago\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 42219, 40417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 529, 573 ], [ 785, 798 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1965 a plaza called Pioneer Court was built on the site of Point duSable's homestead as part of the construction of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of America building. The Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite was designated as a National Historic Landmark on 11May 1976, as a site deemed to have \"exceptional value to the nation\". Pioneer Court is located at what is now 401N.Michigan Avenue in the Michigan–Wacker Historic District. At this site in 2009 the City of Chicago and a private donor, Haitian-born, Lesly Benodin, erected a large bronze bust of Point duSable by Chicago-born sculptor Erik Blome. In October 2010 the Michigan Avenue Bridge was renamed DuSable Bridge in honor of Point duSable. Previously, a small street named DeSaible Street had been named after him. In 2021, Lake Shore Drive in Chicago was renamed in Point du Sable's honor.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 12155332, 11174231, 404013, 503172, 18270892, 4423755, 508248 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 36 ], [ 181, 218 ], [ 239, 265 ], [ 386, 401 ], [ 409, 442 ], [ 637, 659 ], [ 798, 814 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several institutions have been named in honor of Point duSable. DuSable High School opened in Bronzeville, Chicago in 1934. The DuSable campus today houses the Daniel Hale Williams Prep School of Medicine, and the Bronzeville Scholastic Institute. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 3939137, 1327441 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 83 ], [ 94, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Margaret Taylor-Burroughs, a prominent African-American artist and writer, taught at the school for twenty-three years. She and her husband co-founded the DuSable Museum of African American History, located on Chicago's South Side, which was renamed in honor of Point duSable in 1968. DuSable Harbor is located in the heart of downtown Chicago at the foot of Randolph Street, and DuSable Park is a urban park in Chicago currently awaiting redevelopment. The project was originally announced in 1987 by Mayor Harold Washington. A park is also named after du Sable in St Charles, his other notable place of residence. The US Postal Service has also honored Point duSable with the issue of a Black Heritage Series 22-cent postage stamp on 20February 1987.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy and honors", "target_page_ids": [ 9986100, 4141282, 12670114, 1552779, 9372811, 40305, 96839, 50591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 155, 197 ], [ 210, 230 ], [ 359, 374 ], [ 380, 392 ], [ 509, 526 ], [ 567, 577 ], [ 622, 639 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of Chicago", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1103866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of African-American firsts", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7650310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Antoine Ouilmette", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 28069879 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "DuSable Heritage Association", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jean Baptiste Dusable at findagrave", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 2906447 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 35 ] ] } ]

[ "1818_deaths", "People_of_New_France", "Year_of_birth_unknown", "People_from_Chicago", "People_of_African_descent", "Haitian-American_history", "American_city_founders", "1740s_births", "African-American_Catholics", "African-American_history_in_Chicago" ]

[ "Jean Baptiste Point de Sable", "Jean Baptiste Point au Sable", "Jean Baptiste Point Sable", "Jean Baptiste Pointe DuSable", "Point de Sable" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Battle of Fort Dearborn (sometimes called the Fort Dearborn Massacre) was an engagement between United States troops and Potawatomi Native Americans that occurred on August 15, 1812, near Fort Dearborn in what is now Chicago, Illinois (at that time, wilderness in the Illinois Territory). The battle, which occurred during the War of 1812, followed the evacuation of the fort as ordered by the commander of the United States Army of the Northwest, William Hull. The battle lasted about 15 minutes and resulted in a complete victory for the Native Americans. After the battle, Fort Dearborn was burned down. Some of the soldiers and settlers who had been taken captive were later ransomed.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3434750, 351662, 40417, 6886, 454240, 34059, 13787291, 485044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 113 ], [ 125, 135 ], [ 192, 205 ], [ 221, 228 ], [ 272, 290 ], [ 331, 342 ], [ 415, 450 ], [ 452, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the battle, the federal government became convinced that all Indians had to be removed from the territory and the vicinity of any settlements, as settlers continued to migrate to the area. The fort was rebuilt in 1816.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fort Dearborn was constructed by United States troops under the command of Captain John Whistler in 1803. It was located on the south bank of the main stem of the Chicago River in what is now the Loop community area of downtown Chicago. At the time, the area was seen as wilderness; in the view of later commander, Heald, \"so remote from the civilized part of the world.\" The fort was named in honor of Henry Dearborn, then United States Secretary of War. It had been commissioned following the Northwest Indian War of 1785–1795, and the signing of the Treaty of Greenville at Fort Greenville (now Greenville, Ohio), on August 3, 1795. As part of the terms of this treaty, a coalition of Native Americans and frontiersmen, known as the Western Confederacy, turned over to the United States large parts of modern-day Ohio, and various other parcels of land including centered at the mouth of the Chicago River.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 38410565, 456091, 41962, 77773, 1265165, 6886, 240104, 44000, 1055471, 355540, 129136, 21217, 50344, 7603606, 3434750, 22199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 82 ], [ 83, 96 ], [ 163, 176 ], [ 196, 200 ], [ 201, 215 ], [ 228, 235 ], [ 403, 417 ], [ 424, 454 ], [ 495, 515 ], [ 553, 573 ], [ 598, 614 ], [ 688, 704 ], [ 709, 717 ], [ 736, 755 ], [ 776, 789 ], [ 816, 820 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The British Empire had ceded the Northwest Territory—comprising the modern day states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and parts of Minnesota—to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783. The area had been the subject of dispute between the Native American nations and the United States, however, since the passage of the Northwest Ordinance in 1787. The Indian Nations followed Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee prophet and the brother of Tecumseh. Tenskwatawa had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the \"children of the Evil Spirit\", the American settlers. Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion. The British saw the Native American nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided them arms. Attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States. The Confederation's raids hindered American access to potentially valuable farmlands, mineral deposits and fur trade areas.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 234989, 191926, 140997, 739291, 200966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 52 ], [ 186, 201 ], [ 345, 364 ], [ 402, 413 ], [ 454, 462 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1810, as a result of a long running feud, Captain Whistler and other senior officers at Fort Dearborn were removed. Whistler was replaced by Captain Nathan Heald, who had been stationed at Fort Wayne, Indiana. Heald was dissatisfied with his new posting and immediately applied for and received a leave of absence to spend the winter in Massachusetts. On his return journey to Fort Dearborn, he visited Kentucky, where he married Rebekah Wells, the daughter of Samuel Wells, and they traveled together to the fort in June 1811.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 1775752, 2271269, 1645518, 16846 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 152, 164 ], [ 192, 211 ], [ 340, 353 ], [ 406, 414 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the United States and Britain moved towards war, antipathy between the settlers and Native Americans in the Fort Dearborn area increased. In the summer of 1811, British emissaries tried to enlist the support of Native Americans in the region, telling them that the British would help them to resist the encroaching American settlement. On April 6, 1812, a band of Winnebago Indians murdered Liberty White, an American, and John B. Cardin, a French Canadian, at a farm called Hardscrabble that was located on the south branch of the Chicago River, in the area now called Bridgeport. News of the murder was carried to Fort Dearborn by a soldier of the garrison named John Kelso and a small boy who had managed to escape from the farm. Following the murder, some nearby settlers moved into the fort while the rest fortified themselves in a house that had belonged to Charles Jouett, a Native American agent. Fifteen men from the civilian population were organized into a militia by Captain Heald, and armed with guns and ammunition from the fort.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 694895, 490399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 367, 384 ], [ 573, 583 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war on the British Empire, and on July 17, British forces captured Fort Mackinac. On July 29, General William Hull received news of the fall of Fort Mackinac and immediately sent orders to Heald to evacuate Fort Dearborn, fearing that it could no longer be adequately supplied with provisions. In his letter to Heald, which arrived at Fort Dearborn on August 9, Hull ordered Heald to destroy all the arms and ammunition and give the remaining goods to friendly Indians in the hope of attaining an escort to Fort Wayne. Hull also sent a copy of these orders to Fort Wayne with additional instructions to provide Heald with all the information, advice and assistance within their power. In the following days, the sub-Native American agent at Fort Wayne, Captain William Wells, who was the uncle of Heald's wife, Rebekah, assembled a group of about 30 Miami Native Americans. Wells, Corporal Walter K. Jordan, and the Miamis traveled to Fort Dearborn to provide an escort for the evacuees.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Battle", "target_page_ids": [ 34059, 6207886, 485044, 40417, 1567152, 101664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 70 ], [ 103, 125 ], [ 147, 159 ], [ 380, 393 ], [ 806, 819 ], [ 895, 900 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wells arrived at Fort Dearborn on August 12 or 13 (sources differ), and on August 14, Heald held a council with the Potawatomi leaders to inform them of his intention to evacuate the fort. The Native Americans believed that Heald told them that he would distribute the firearms, ammunition, provisions and whiskey among them, and that, if they would send a band of Potawatomis to escort them safely to Fort Wayne, he would pay them a large sum of money. However, Heald ordered all the surplus arms, ammunition and liquor destroyed \"fearing that [the Native Americans] would make bad use of it if put in their possession.\" On August 14, a Potawatomi chief called Black Partridge warned Heald that the young men of the tribe intended to attack, and that he could no longer restrain them.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Battle", "target_page_ids": [ 17344697 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 662, 677 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At 9:00 am on August 15, the garrison—comprising, according to Heald's report, 54 U.S. regulars, 12 militia, nine women and 18 children—left Fort Dearborn with the intention of marching to Fort Wayne. Wells led the group with some of the Miami escorts, while the rest of the Miamis were positioned at the rear. About south of Fort Dearborn, a band of Potawatomi warriors ambushed the garrison. Heald reported that, upon discovering that the Indians were preparing to ambush from behind a dune, the company marched to the top of the dune, fired off a round and charged at the Native Americans.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Battle", "target_page_ids": [ 351662 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 352, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This maneuver separated the cavalry from the wagons, allowing the overwhelming Native American force to charge into the gap, divide, and surround both groups. During the ensuing battle, some of the Native Americans charged at the wagon train that contained the women and children and the provisions. The wagons were defended by the militia, as well as Ensign Ronan and the fort physician Van Voorhis. The officers and militia were killed, along with two of the women and most of the children. Wells disengaged from the main battle and attempted to ride to the aid of those at the wagons. In doing so, he was brought down; according to eyewitness accounts he fought off many Native Americans before being killed, and a group of Indians immediately cut out his heart and ate it to absorb his courage. The battle lasted about 15 minutes, after which Heald and the surviving soldiers withdrew to an area of elevated ground on the prairie. They surrendered to the Native Americans who took them as prisoners to their camp near Fort Dearborn. In his report, Heald detailed the American loss at 26 regulars, all 12 of the militia, two women and twelve children killed, with the other 28 regulars, seven women, and six children taken prisoner. Survivors of the massacre filed different accounts regarding the Miami warriors. Some said they fought for the Americans, while others said they did not fight at all.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Battle", "target_page_ids": [ 101664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1301, 1315 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The recollections of a number of the survivors of the battle have been published. Heald's story was recorded on September 22, 1812, by Charles Askin in his diary, Heald also wrote brief accounts of events in his journal and in an official report of the battle. Walter Jordan recorded his version of events in a letter to his wife dated October 12, 1812. Helm wrote a detailed narrative of events; but, because of his fear of being court martialed due to his criticism of Heald, delayed publication until 1814. John Kinzie's recollections of the battle were recorded by Henry Schoolcraft in August 1820.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Accounts of the battle", "target_page_ids": [ 70848, 496213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 510, 521 ], [ 569, 586 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "These accounts of details of the conflict are discrepant, particularly in their attribution of blame for the battle. Juliette Magill Kinzie's Wau-Bun: The Early Day in the Northwest, which was first published in 1856, provides the traditional account of the conflict. However it is based on family stories and is regarded as historically inaccurate. Nonetheless, its popular acceptance was surprisingly strong.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Accounts of the battle", "target_page_ids": [ 1904077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Battle of Fort Dearborn has also been referred to as \"The Fort Dearborn Massacre\" by the defending Americans. The battle has been claimed a massacre due to the large number of Americans killed including women and children, as opposed to the relatively smaller Potawatami losses incurred. The conflict has also been argued to have been a measure of self-defense on the part of the Potawatami.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Accounts of the battle", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Following the battle, the Native Americans took their prisoners to their camp near Fort Dearborn and the fort was burned to the ground. The region remained empty of U.S. citizens until after the war ended. Some of the prisoners died in captivity, while others were later ransomed. The fort, however, was rebuilt in 1816.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "General William Henry Harrison, who was not present at the battle, later claimed the Miami had fought against the Americans, and used the Battle of Fort Dearborn as a pretext to attack Miami villages. Miami Chief, Pacanne, and his nephew, Jean Baptiste Richardville, accordingly ended their neutrality in the War of 1812, and allied with the British.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 33299, 15790930, 1566940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 30 ], [ 214, 221 ], [ 239, 265 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Seen from the perspective of the War of 1812, and the larger conflict between Britain and France which precipitated it, this was a very small and brief battle, but it ultimately had larger consequences in the territory. Arguably, for the Native Americans, it was an example of \"winning the battle but losing the war\": the U.S. later pursued a policy of removing the tribes from the region, resulting in the Treaty of Chicago, which was marked at its culmination in 1835 by the last great Native American war dance in the then nascent city. Thereafter, the Potowatomie and other tribes were moved further west.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Historical perspective", "target_page_ids": [ 1408240, 10164222 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 407, 424 ], [ 504, 513 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eye-witness accounts place the battle on the lake shore somewhere between south of Fort Dearborn. Heald's official report said the battle occurred south of the fort, placing the battle at what is now the intersection of Roosevelt Road (12th Street) and Michigan Avenue. Juliette Kinzie, shortly before her death in 1870, stated that the battle had started by a large cottonwood tree, which at that time still stood on 18th Street between Prairie Avenue and the lake. The tree was supposed to have been the last remaining of a grove of trees that had been saplings at the time of the battle.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Location of the battle", "target_page_ids": [ 10767362, 503172, 25571074 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 222, 236 ], [ 255, 270 ], [ 440, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The tree was blown down in a storm on May 16, 1894 and a portion of its trunk was preserved at the Chicago Historical Society. Historian Harry A. Musham points out that the testimony relating to this tree is all second hand and came from people who settled in Chicago more than 20 years after the battle. Moreover, based on the diameter of the preserved section of trunk (about ) he estimated the age of the tree at the time that it was blown over at no more than 80 years, and therefore asserts that it could not have been growing at the time of the battle. Nevertheless, the site at 18th Street and Prairie Avenue has become the location traditionally associated with the battle, and on the battle's 197th anniversary in 2009, the Chicago Park District, the Prairie District Neighborhood Alliance and other community partners dedicated \"Battle of Fort Dearborn Park\" near the site at 18th Street and Calumet Avenue.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Location of the battle", "target_page_ids": [ 1205376, 3078947, 11193683 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 125 ], [ 733, 754 ], [ 760, 798 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1893, George Pullman had a sculpture he had commissioned from Carl Rohl-Smith erected near his house. It portrays the rescue of Margaret Helm, the stepdaughter of Chicago resident John Kinzie and wife of Lt. Linai Taliaferro Helm, by Potawatomi chief Black Partridge, who led her and some others to Lake Michigan and helped her escape by boat. The monument was moved to the lobby of the Chicago Historical Society in 1931. In the 1970s, however, Native American groups protested the display of the monument, and it was removed. In the 1990s, the statue was reinstalled near 18th Street and Prairie Avenue, close to its original site, at the time of the revival of the Prairie Avenue Historic District. It was later removed for conservation reasons by the Office of Public Art of the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs. There are some efforts to reinstall the monument, but it is meeting resistance from the Chicago American Indian Center.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Monuments", "target_page_ids": [ 32587297, 70848, 17344697, 1205376, 11193683, 39840243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 80 ], [ 183, 194 ], [ 254, 269 ], [ 390, 416 ], [ 671, 703 ], [ 922, 944 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The battle is also memorialized with a sculpture by Henry Hering called Defense that is located on the south western tender's house of the Michigan Avenue Bridge (which partially covers the site of Fort Dearborn). There are also memorials in Chicago to individuals who fought in the battle. William Wells is commemorated in the naming of Wells Street, a north-south street and part of the original 1830 58-block plat of Chicago, while Nathan Heald is commemorated in the naming of Heald Square. Ronan Park on the city's Far North Side honors Ensign George Ronan, who was the first West Point graduate to die in battle.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Monuments", "target_page_ids": [ 4423755, 721336, 11362105, 38332513, 32173 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 161 ], [ 412, 416 ], [ 481, 493 ], [ 549, 561 ], [ 581, 591 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of battles fought in Illinois", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 54955945 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] } ]

[ "History_of_Chicago", "Wars_involving_Illinois", "Pre-statehood_history_of_Illinois", "Battles_of_the_War_of_1812_in_Illinois", "Battles_in_the_Old_Northwest", "1812_in_Illinois_Territory", "August_1812_events" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Fort Dearborn was a United States fort built in 1803 beside the Chicago River, in what is now Chicago, Illinois. It was constructed by troops under Captain John Whistler and named in honor of Henry Dearborn, then United States Secretary of War. The original fort was destroyed following the Battle of Fort Dearborn during the War of 1812, and a second fort was constructed on the same site in 1816. By 1837, the fort had been de-commissioned.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3434750, 204118, 41962, 6886, 14849, 38410565, 456091, 240104, 44000, 40416, 34059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 33 ], [ 34, 38 ], [ 64, 77 ], [ 94, 101 ], [ 103, 111 ], [ 148, 155 ], [ 156, 169 ], [ 192, 206 ], [ 213, 243 ], [ 291, 314 ], [ 326, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Parts of the fort were lost to the widening of the Chicago River in 1855, and a fire in 1857. The last vestiges of Fort Dearborn were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. The site of the fort is now a Chicago Landmark, located in the Michigan–Wacker Historic District.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 40311, 1757115, 18270892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 152, 170 ], [ 210, 226 ], [ 243, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The history of human activity in the Chicago area prior to the arrival of European explorers is mostly unknown. In 1673, an expedition headed by Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette was the first recorded to have crossed the Chicago Portage and traveled along the Chicago River. Marquette returned in 1674, and camped for a few days near the mouth of the river. He moved to the portage, where he camped through the winter of 1674–75. Joliet and Marquette did not report any Native Americans living near the Chicago River area at that time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 125317, 266221, 2964024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 158 ], [ 163, 180 ], [ 224, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "But archaeologists have discovered numerous historic Indian village sites dating to that time elsewhere in the Chicago region.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Two of de La Salle's men built a stockade at the portage in the winter of 1682/1683.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 189917 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1682, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had claimed a large territory (including the Chicago area), for France.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 189917 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1763, following defeat in the French and Indian War, the French ceded this area to Great Britain. It became a region within their Province of Quebec. Great Britain later ceded the area to the United States (at the end of the American Revolutionary War), although the Northwest Territory remained under de facto British control until about 1796.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 39062, 158019, 391225, 3434750, 771, 234989, 43594 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 54 ], [ 86, 99 ], [ 133, 151 ], [ 195, 208 ], [ 228, 254 ], [ 270, 289 ], [ 305, 313 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following defeat of several Native American tribes in the Northwest Indian War of 1785–1795, the Treaty of Greenville was signed between the US and several chiefs at Fort Greenville (now Greenville, Ohio), on August 3, 1795. As part of the terms of this treaty, a coalition of Native Americans and Frontiers men, known as the Western Confederacy, ceded to the United States large parts of modern-day Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, and Illinois. This included \"six square miles\" centered from the mouth of the Chicago River.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 1055471, 355540, 129136, 21217, 50344, 7603606, 3434750, 22199, 18859, 21883857, 33127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 78 ], [ 97, 117 ], [ 187, 203 ], [ 277, 293 ], [ 298, 311 ], [ 326, 345 ], [ 360, 373 ], [ 400, 404 ], [ 406, 414 ], [ 416, 423 ], [ 425, 434 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A French-Jesuit mission, the Mission of the Guardian Angel, was founded somewhere in the vicinity in 1696, but was abandoned around 1700. The Fox Wars effectively closed the area to Europeans in the first part of the 18th century. The first non-native to re-settle in the area may have been a trader named Guillory, who might have had a trading-post near Wolf Point on the Chicago River around 1778.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 28280182, 12848352, 28034093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 58 ], [ 142, 150 ], [ 355, 365 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, a colonist of French name and visible ethnic African descent, built a prosperous farm and trading post near the mouth of the Chicago River in the 1780s, at a site, directly across the river from the future fort. A settlement developed there and he is widely regarded as the founder of Chicago. Antoine Ouilmette is the next recorded resident of Chicago; he claimed to have settled at the mouth of the Chicago River in July 1790.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 40415, 28069879 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ], [ 324, 341 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 9, 1803, Henry Dearborn, the Secretary of War, wrote to Colonel Jean Hamtramck, the commandant of Detroit, instructing him to have an officer and six men survey the route from Detroit to Chicago, and to make a preliminary investigation of the situation at Chicago. Captain John Whistler was selected as commandant of the new post, and set out with six men to complete the survey. The survey completed, on July 14, 1803, a company of troops set out to make the overland journey from Detroit to Chicago. Whistler and his family made their way to Chicago on a schooner called the Tracy. The troops reached their destination on August 17. The Tracy was anchored about half a mile offshore, unable to enter the Chicago River due to a sandbar at its mouth. Julia Whistler, the wife of Captain Whistler's son, Lieutenant William Whistler, later related that 2000 Indians gathered to see the Tracy. The troops had completed the construction of the fort by the summer of 1804; it was a log-built fort enclosed in a double stockade, with two blockhouses (see diagram above). The fort was named Fort Dearborn, after U.S. Secretary of War Henry Dearborn, who had commissioned its construction.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "First Fort Dearborn", "target_page_ids": [ 240104, 44000, 629604, 8687, 456091, 62413, 1132265, 741071, 44000, 240104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 32 ], [ 38, 54 ], [ 65, 87 ], [ 107, 114 ], [ 274, 295 ], [ 566, 574 ], [ 1022, 1030 ], [ 1041, 1051 ], [ 1114, 1135 ], [ 1136, 1150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A fur trader, John Kinzie, who bought the old Du Sable property, arrived in Chicago in 1804, and rapidly became the civilian leader of the small settlement that grew around the fort. In 1810, Kinzie and Whistler became embroiled in a dispute over Kinzie supplying alcohol to the Indians. In April, Whistler and other senior officers at the fort were removed; Whistler was replaced as commandant of the fort by Captain Nathan Heald.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "First Fort Dearborn", "target_page_ids": [ 70848, 1775752 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 25 ], [ 410, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the War of 1812, General William Hull ordered the evacuation of Fort Dearborn in August 1814. Capt. Heald oversaw the evacuation, but on August 15 the evacuees were ambushed along the trail by about 500 Potawatomi Indians in the Battle of Fort Dearborn. The Potawatomi captured Heald and his wife, Rebekah, and ransomed them to the British. Of the 148 soldiers, women, and children who evacuated the fort, 86 were killed in the ambush. The Potawatomi burned the fort to the ground the next day.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "First Fort Dearborn", "target_page_ids": [ 34059, 485044, 351662, 40416, 31717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 22 ], [ 32, 44 ], [ 210, 220 ], [ 236, 259 ], [ 339, 346 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the war, a second Fort Dearborn was built (1816). This fort consisted of a double wall of wooden palisades, officer and enlisted barracks, a garden, and other buildings. The American forces garrisoned the fort until 1823, when peace with the Indians led the garrison to be deemed redundant. This temporary abandonment lasted until 1828, when it was re-garrisoned following the outbreak of war with the Winnebago Indians. In her 1856 memoir, Wau Bun, Juliette Kinzie described the fort as it appeared on her arrival in Chicago in 1831:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "The second fort", "target_page_ids": [ 153859, 1033489, 3372338, 694895, 1904077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 115 ], [ 139, 147 ], [ 387, 402 ], [ 412, 421 ], [ 460, 475 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fort was closed briefly before the Black Hawk War of 1832 and by 1837, the fort was being used by the Superintendent of Harbor Works. In 1837, the fort and its reserve, including part of the land that became Grant Park, was deeded to the city by the Federal Government. In 1855, part of the fort was demolished so that the south bank of the Chicago River could be dredged, straightening the bend in the river and widening it at this point by about ; and in 1857, a fire destroyed nearly all the remaining buildings in the fort. The remaining blockhouse and few surviving outbuildings were destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of 1871.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "The second fort", "target_page_ids": [ 84154, 41963, 741071, 40311 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 53 ], [ 213, 223 ], [ 548, 558 ], [ 612, 630 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The southern perimeter of Fort Dearborn was located at what is now the intersection of Wacker Drive and Michigan Avenue in the Loop community area of Chicago along the Magnificent Mile. Part of the fort outline is marked by plaques, and a line embedded in the sidewalk and road near the Michigan Avenue Bridge and Wacker Drive. A few boards from the old fort were retained and are now in the Chicago History Museum in Lincoln Park.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Legacy and monuments", "target_page_ids": [ 1492190, 503172, 77773, 1265165, 1492281, 2412774, 4423755, 1492190, 1205376, 421987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 99 ], [ 104, 119 ], [ 127, 131 ], [ 132, 146 ], [ 168, 184 ], [ 224, 230 ], [ 287, 309 ], [ 314, 326 ], [ 392, 414 ], [ 418, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "First Presbyterian Church (Chicago), the longest continuously-operating institution in Chicago was founded in the carpentry shop of Fort Dearborn on June 26, 1833 and today is located in Woodlawn, Chicago", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Legacy and monuments", "target_page_ids": [ 49134178, 502919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ], [ 187, 204 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 5, 1899, the Chicago Tribune publicized a Chicago Historical Society replica of the original fort.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Legacy and monuments", "target_page_ids": [ 60961, 1205376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 37 ], [ 51, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1933, at the Century of Progress Exhibition, a detailed replica of Fort Dearborn was erected as a fair exhibit. As part of the celebration, both a United States one-cent postage stamp and a souvenir sheet (containing 25 of the stamps) were issued, showing the fort. The individual stamp and sheet were reprinted when Postmaster General James A. Farley gave imperforated examples of these, and other stamps, to his friends. Because of the ensuing public outcry, millions of copies of \"Farley's Follies\" were printed and sold.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Legacy and monuments", "target_page_ids": [ 42219, 25126, 3547005, 22993, 543088, 189153 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 46 ], [ 174, 187 ], [ 194, 208 ], [ 322, 340 ], [ 341, 356 ], [ 362, 373 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1939, the Chicago City Council added a fourth star to the city flag to represent Fort Dearborn. This star is depicted as the left-most, or first, star of the flag.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Legacy and monuments", "target_page_ids": [ 1213698 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The site of the fort was designated a Chicago Landmark on September 15, 1971.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Legacy and monuments", "target_page_ids": [ 1757115 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An elementary school in the Chicago Public Schools system is named after Fort Dearborn.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Legacy and monuments", "target_page_ids": [ 1488123 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fort Chécagou", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12804965 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of Chicago", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1103866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] } ]

[ "1803_establishments_in_Indiana_Territory", "Central_Chicago", "Chicago_Landmarks", "Forts_in_Illinois", "Government_buildings_completed_in_1803", "History_of_Chicago", "Military_installations_established_in_1803", "War_of_1812_forts" ]

[ "Ft. Dearborn", "Site of Fort Dearborn", "Fort Dearborn (Illinois)" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Carl August Sandburg (January 6, 1878 July 22, 1967) was an American poet, biographer, journalist, and editor. He won three Pulitzer Prizes: two for his poetry and one for his biography of Abraham Lincoln. During his lifetime, Sandburg was widely regarded as \"a major figure in contemporary literature\", especially for volumes of his collected verse, including Chicago Poems (1916), Cornhuskers (1918), and Smoke and Steel (1920). He enjoyed \"unrivaled appeal as a poet in his day, perhaps because the breadth of his experiences connected him with so many strands of American life\". When he died in 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson observed that \"Carl Sandburg was more than the voice of America, more than the poet of its strength and genius. He was America.\"", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24230, 307, 38217782, 54533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 141 ], [ 191, 206 ], [ 363, 376 ], [ 617, 634 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carl Sandburg was born in a three-room cottage at 313 East Third Street in Galesburg, Illinois, to Clara Mathilda (née Anderson) and August Sandberg, both of Swedish ancestry. He adopted the nickname \"Charles\" or \"Charlie\" in elementary school at about the same time he and his two oldest siblings changed the spelling of their last name to \"Sandburg\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 111412, 5058739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 94 ], [ 158, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the age of thirteen he left school and began driving a milk wagon. From the age of about fourteen until he was seventeen or eighteen, he worked as a porter at the Union Hotel barbershop in Galesburg. After that he was on the milk route again for 18 months. He then became a bricklayer and a farm laborer on the wheat plains of Kansas. After an interval spent at Lombard College in Galesburg, he became a hotel servant in Denver, then a coal-heaver in Omaha. He began his writing career as a journalist for the Chicago Daily News. Later he wrote poetry, history, biographies, novels, children's literature, and film reviews. Sandburg also collected and edited books of ballads and folklore. He spent most of his life in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan before moving to North Carolina.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 16716, 2626985, 8522, 1122562, 14849, 33127, 18859, 21650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 331, 337 ], [ 366, 381 ], [ 425, 431 ], [ 514, 532 ], [ 723, 731 ], [ 733, 742 ], [ 748, 756 ], [ 774, 788 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg volunteered to go to the military during the Spanish–American War and was stationed in Puerto Rico with the 6th Illinois Infantry, disembarking at Guánica, Puerto Rico on July 25, 1898. Sandburg was never actually called to battle. He attended West Point for just two weeks before failing a mathematics and grammar exam. Sandburg returned to Galesburg and entered Lombard College but left without a degree in 1903. He then moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to work for a newspaper, and also joined the Wisconsin Social Democratic Party, the name by which the Socialist Party of America was known in the state. Sandburg served as a secretary to Emil Seidel, socialist mayor of Milwaukee from 1910 to 1912. Carl Sandburg later remarked that Milwaukee was where he got his bearings and that the rest of his life had been \"the unrolling of a scene that started up in Wisconsin\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 28265, 654435, 23041, 32173, 2626985, 53117, 243594, 255215, 26847, 255207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 74 ], [ 156, 163 ], [ 165, 176 ], [ 253, 263 ], [ 373, 388 ], [ 441, 461 ], [ 565, 591 ], [ 650, 661 ], [ 663, 672 ], [ 673, 691 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg met Lilian Steichen (1883-1977) at the Milwaukee Social Democratic Party office in 1907, and they married the next year in Milwaukee. Lilian's brother was the photographer Edward Steichen. Sandburg with his wife, whom he called Paula, raised three daughters. Their first daughter, Margaret, was born in 1911. The Sandburgs moved to Harbert, Michigan, and then to suburban Chicago, Illinois in 1912 after he was offered a job by a Chicago newspaper.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 40418, 389901, 117178, 6886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 28 ], [ 181, 196 ], [ 341, 358 ], [ 381, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "They lived in Evanston, Illinois before settling at 331 South York Street in Elmhurst, Illinois, from 1919 to 1930. During the time, Sandburg wrote Chicago Poems (1916), Cornhuskers (1918), and Smoke and Steel (1920). In 1919 Sandburg won a Pulitzer Prize \"made possible by a special grant from The Poetry Society\" for his collection Cornhuskers. Sandburg also wrote three children's books in Elmhurst: Rootabaga Stories, in 1922, followed by Rootabaga Pigeons (1923), and Potato Face (1930). Sandburg also wrote Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years, a two-volume biography, in 1926, The American Songbag (1927), and a book of poems called Good Morning, America (1928) in Elmhurst. The Sandburg house at 331 South York Street in Elmhurst was demolished and the site is now a parking lot. The family moved to Michigan in 1930.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 101753, 110974, 4743437, 41629031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 22 ], [ 77, 85 ], [ 295, 313 ], [ 582, 602 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg won the 1940 Pulitzer Prize for History for the four-volume The War Years, the sequel to his Abraham Lincoln, and a second Poetry Pulitzer in 1951 for Complete Poems.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 50079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1945 he moved to Connemara, a rural estate in Flat Rock, North Carolina. Here he produced a little over a third of his total published work and lived with his wife, daughters, and two grandchildren.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 2579876, 127961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 29 ], [ 50, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On February 12, 1959, in commemorations of the 150th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln's birth, Congress met in joint session to hear actor Fredric March give a dramatic reading of the Gettysburg Address, followed by an address by Sandburg.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 307, 24301284, 63556, 12384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 83 ], [ 109, 122 ], [ 137, 150 ], [ 182, 200 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg supported the Civil Rights Movement and was the first white man to be honored by the NAACP with their Silver Plaque Award as a \"major prophet of civil rights in our time.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 49001, 25624937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 44 ], [ 94, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg died of natural causes in 1967 and his body was cremated. The ashes were interred under \"Remembrance Rock\", a granite boulder located behind his birth house in Galesburg.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 35925226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Much of Carl Sandburg's poetry, such as \"Chicago\", focused on Chicago, Illinois, where he spent time as a reporter for the Chicago Daily News and The Day Book. His most famous description of the city is as \"Hog Butcher for the World/Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat/Player with Railroads and the Nation's Freight Handler,/Stormy, Husky, Brawling, City of the Big Shoulders.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1286119, 6886, 1122562, 44255747 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 48 ], [ 62, 79 ], [ 123, 141 ], [ 146, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg earned Pulitzer Prizes for his collection The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg, Corn Huskers, and for his biography of Abraham Lincoln ( The War Years). Sandburg is also remembered by generations of children for his Rootabaga Stories and Rootabaga Pigeons, a series of whimsical, sometimes melancholy stories he originally created for his own daughters. The Rootabaga Stories were born of Sandburg's desire for \"American fairy tales\" to match American childhood. He felt that the European stories involving royalty and knights were inappropriate, and so populated his stories with skyscrapers, trains, corn fairies and the \"Five Marvelous Pretzels\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 24230, 307, 8282890 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 30 ], [ 127, 142 ], [ 224, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1919, Sandburg was assigned by his editor at the Daily News to do a series of reports on the working classes and tensions among whites and African Americans. The impetus for these reports were race riots that had broken out in other American cities. Ultimately, major riots broke out in Chicago too, but much of Sandburg's writing on the issues before the riots caused him to be seen as having a prophetic voice. A visiting philanthropist, Joel Spingarn, who was also an official of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, read Sandburg's columns with interest and asked to publish them, as The Chicago Race Riots, July, 1919.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 2154, 8665012, 1188669, 25624937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 159 ], [ 267, 278 ], [ 446, 459 ], [ 493, 551 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg's popular multivolume biography Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years, 2 vols. (1926) and Abraham Lincoln: The War Years, 4 vols. (1939) are collectively \"the best-selling, most widely read, and most influential book[s] about Lincoln.\" The books have been through many editions, including a one-volume edition in 1954 prepared by Sandburg.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg's Lincoln scholarship had an enormous impact on the popular view of Lincoln. The books were adapted by Robert E. Sherwood for his Pulitzer Prize-winning play, Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1938) and David Wolper's six-part dramatization for television, Sandburg's Lincoln (1974). He recorded excerpts from the biography and some of Lincoln's speeches for Caedmon Records in New York City in May 1957. He was awarded a Grammy Award in 1959 for Best Performance – Documentary Or Spoken Word (Other Than Comedy) for his recording of Aaron Copland's Lincoln Portrait with the New York Philharmonic. Some historians suggest more Americans learned about Lincoln from Sandburg than from any other source.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1138166, 30860224, 5640280, 645042, 44635, 490358, 51298, 1892706, 88849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 130 ], [ 203, 215 ], [ 359, 374 ], [ 378, 391 ], [ 422, 434 ], [ 447, 512 ], [ 534, 547 ], [ 550, 566 ], [ 576, 597 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The books garnered critical praise and attention for Sandburg, including the 1940 Pulitzer Prize for History for the four-volume The War Years. But Sandburg's works on Lincoln also received substantial criticism. William E. Barton, who had published a Lincoln biography in 1925, wrote that Sandburg's book \"is not history, is not even biography\" because of its lack of original research and uncritical use of evidence, but Barton nevertheless thought it was \"real literature and a delightful and important contribution to the ever-lengthening shelf of really good books about Lincoln.\" Historian Milo Milton Quaife criticized Sandburg for not documenting his sources and questioned the accuracy of The Prairie Years, noting they contain a number of factual errors. Others have complained The Prairie Years and The War Years contain too much material that is neither biography nor history, saying the books are instead \"sentimental poeticizing\" by Sandburg. Sandburg himself may have viewed his works more as an American epic than as a mere biography, a view also mirrored by other reviewers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 50079, 11948688, 37361678 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 108 ], [ 214, 231 ], [ 597, 615 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg's 1927 anthology the American Songbag enjoyed enormous popularity, going through many editions; and Sandburg himself was perhaps the first American urban folk singer, accompanying himself on solo guitar at lectures and poetry recitals, and in recordings, long before the first or the second folk revival movements (of the 1940s and 1960s, respectively). According to the musicologist Judith Tick:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 41629031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a populist poet, Sandburg bestowed a powerful dignity on what the '20s called the \"American scene\" in a book he called a \"ragbag of stripes and streaks of color from nearly all ends of the earth ... rich with the diversity of the United States.\" Reviewed widely in journals ranging from the New Masses to Modern Music, the American Songbag influenced a number of musicians. Pete Seeger, who calls it a \"landmark\", saw it \"almost as soon as it came out.\" The composer Elie Siegmeister took it to Paris with him in 1927, and he and his wife Hannah \"were always singing these songs. That was home. That was where we belonged.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg said he considered working on D. W. Griffith's Intolerance (1916) but his first film work was when he signed on to work on the production of The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965) in July 1960 for a year, receiving an \"in creative association with Carl Sandburg\" credit on the film.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 7888, 189862, 327427 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 53 ], [ 56, 67 ], [ 150, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carl Sandburg's boyhood home in Galesburg is now operated by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency as the Carl Sandburg State Historic Site. The site contains the cottage Sandburg was born in, a modern visitor's center, and small garden with a large stone called Remembrance Rock, under which his and his wife's ashes are buried. Sandburg's home of 22 years in Flat Rock, Henderson County, North Carolina, is preserved by the National Park Service as the Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site. Carl Sandburg College is located in Sandburg's birthplace of Galesburg, Illinois, and Fairfax County, Virginia has a Carl Sandburg Middle School.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 4678574, 127961, 161535, 2579876, 3971783, 111412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 143 ], [ 365, 408 ], [ 430, 451 ], [ 459, 500 ], [ 502, 523 ], [ 563, 582 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On January 6, 1978, the 100th anniversary of his birth, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Sandburg. The spare design consists of a profile originally drawn by his friend William A. Smith in 1952, along with Sandburg's own distinctive autograph.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 50591, 318418, 21352941 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 88 ], [ 98, 117 ], [ 207, 223 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Rare Book & Manuscript Library (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) (RBML) houses the Carl Sandburg Papers. The bulk of the collection was purchased directly from Carl Sandburg and his family. In total, the RBML owns over 600 cubic feet of Sandburg's papers, including photographs, correspondence, and manuscripts.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 44751384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2011, Sandburg was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Carl Sandburg Village was a 1960s urban renewal project in the Near North Side, Chicago. Financed by the city, it is located between Clark and LaSalle St. between Division Street and North Ave. Solomon & Cordwell, architects. In 1979, Carl Sandburg Village was converted to condominium ownership.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 8616575, 761806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ], [ 63, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Numerous schools are named for Sandburg throughout the United States, and he was present at some of these schools' dedications. (Some years after attending the 1954 dedication of Carl Sandburg High School in Orland Park, Illinois, Sandburg returned for an unannounced visit; the school's principal at first mistook him for a hobo.) Sandburg Halls, a student residence hall at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, carries a plaque commemorating Sandburg's roles as an organizer for the Social Democratic Party and as personal secretary to Emil Seidel, Milwaukee's first Socialist mayor.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 5761752, 111030, 65178, 17265611, 512185, 255215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 204 ], [ 208, 229 ], [ 325, 329 ], [ 332, 346 ], [ 380, 413 ], [ 540, 551 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carl Sandburg Library opened in Livonia, Michigan in 1961. The name was recommended by the Library Commission as an example of an American author representing the best of literature of the Midwest. Carl Sandburg had taught at the University of Michigan for a time.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 124387, 31740 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 49 ], [ 230, 252 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Galesburg opened Sandburg Mall in 1975, named in honor of Sandburg. The Chicago Public Library installed the Carl Sandburg Award, annually awarded for contributions to literature.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 59600877, 710757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 30 ], [ 72, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A subdivision in a suburbs of Atlanta Georgia is named after Carl Sandburg and his life. Connemara HOA in Lawrenceville (GA) includes the namesake of Connemara, his home in NC. Street names include Galesburg Dr (his birthplace), Windflower Way (named after the poem Windflower Leaf), Remembrance Trace (named after his only novel of Remembrance Rock), Flat Rock Dr (his home of Connemara in Flat Rock, NC), and Lombard Dr (the College he attended).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Amtrak added the Carl Sandburg train in 2006 to supplement the Illinois Zephyr on the Chicago–Quincy route.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1250863, 1250863, 950469, 10449722 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 30 ], [ 63, 78 ], [ 86, 93 ], [ 94, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Avard Fairbanks produced Sandburg's portrait during the Lincoln Sesquicentennial. It was cast in bronze and placed at the Chicago Historical Museum and at Knox College, his alma mater, in Galesburg, IL. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 16230028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " NBC produced a six-episode miniseries entitled Lincoln, also referred to as Carl Sandburg's Lincoln, starring Hal Holbrook and directed by George Schaefer, aired between 1974 and 1976.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 21780, 350712, 870619, 9643121 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ], [ 28, 38 ], [ 111, 123 ], [ 140, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Richard Armour's poem \"Driving in a Fog; or Carl Sandburg Must Have Been a Pedestrian\" was published in the January 1953 Westways.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1713137, 815225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 122, 130 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William Saroyan wrote a short story about Sandburg in his 1971 book Letters from 74 rue Taitbout or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 33580, 53194474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 69, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas Hart Benton painted a portrait Carl Sandburg in 1956, for which the poet had posed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 271903 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sandburg's \"Sometime they'll give a war and nobody will come\" from The People, Yes was a slogan of the German peace movement (\"Stell dir vor, es ist Krieg, und keiner geht hin\"); however, it is often attributed to Bertolt Brecht.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 24956001 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 215, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Daniel Steven Crafts' The Song and The Slogan is an orchestral composition built around recited passages from Sandburg's \"Prairie\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 5886662 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dan Zanes's Parades and Panoramas: 25 Songs Collected by Carl Sandburg for the American Songbag.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2379362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peter Louis van Dijk's \"Windy City Songs\", based on the Chicago poems, was performed by the Chicago Children's Choir and the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University Choir in 2007.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 48576754, 881536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 117 ], [ 126, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Steven Spielberg claimed that the face of E.T. was based on a composite of Sandburg, Ernest Hemingway, and Albert Einstein.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 26940, 9428, 736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 86, 102 ], [ 108, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bob Gibson's \"The Courtship of Carl Sandburg\", starring Tom Amandes as Sandburg", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 3464338, 3569588 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 57, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Samuel M. Steward's gay pulp collection \"$tud\"'s protagonist refers to Sandburg in an ironic nod to his commentary on the \"painted women of Chicago\" (as Steward contrarily wrote of the \"male whores\" of Chicago).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1339155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In Jonathan Lethem's novel Dissident Gardens the main character Rose Zimmer became an Abraham Lincoln devotee after reading Sandburg's biography. Her copy of the six volumes became the centerpiece of her shrine to Lincoln.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 630641, 40401156, 307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ], [ 28, 45 ], [ 87, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sufjan Stevens's \"Come on! Feel the Illinoise! Part I: The Columbian Exposition Part II: Carl Sandburg Visits Me in a Dream\" (from Illinois).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1255179, 1972785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 132, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Composer Phyllis Zimmerman set Sandburg's poems to music in her choral composition Fog, which was recorded and produced on CD.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 63839121 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " His poems are mentioned and recited in the 1955 film noir Chicago Syndicate, in reference to the Windy City.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 10802, 48044006, 4438010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 58 ], [ 59, 76 ], [ 98, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Reckless Ecstasy (1904) (poetry) (originally published as Charles Sandburg)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Incidentals (1904) (poetry and prose) (originally published as Charles Sandburg)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Plaint of a Rose (1908) (poetry) (originally published as Charles Sandburg)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Joseffy (1910) (prose) (originally published as Charles Sandburg)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 19759988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "You and Your Job (1910) (prose) (originally published as Charles Sandburg)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chicago Poems (1916) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cornhuskers (1918) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chicago Race Riots (1919) (prose) (with an introduction by Walter Lippmann)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Clarence Darrow of Chicago (1919) (prose)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Smoke and Steel (1920) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rootabaga Stories (1922) (children's stories)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 8282890 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Slabs of the Sunburnt West (1922) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rootabaga Pigeons (1923) (children's stories)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Selected Poems (1926) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Prairie Years (1926) (biography)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The American Songbag (1927) (folk songs)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Songs of America (1927) (folk songs) (collected by Sandburg; edited by Alfred V. Frankenstein)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Abe Lincoln Grows Up (1928) (biography [primarily for children])", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Good Morning, America (1928) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Steichen the Photographer (1929) (history)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Early Moon (1930) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Potato Face (1930) (children's stories)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mary Lincoln: Wife and Widow (1932) (biography)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The People, Yes (1936) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 24576232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The War Years (1939) (biography)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Storm over the Land (1942) (biography) (excerpts from Sandburg's own The War Years)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Road to Victory (1942) (exhibition catalog) (text by Sandburg; images compiled by Edward Steichen and published by the Museum of Modern Art)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 389901, 66107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 97 ], [ 119, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Home Front Memo (1943) (essays)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Remembrance Rock (1948) (novel)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 38050160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln Collector: the story of the Oliver R. Barrett Lincoln collection (1949) (prose)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 32551476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The New American Songbag (1950) (folk songs)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Complete Poems (1950) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Wedding Procession of the Rag Doll and the Broom Handle and Who Was In It (1950) (children's story)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Always the Young Strangers (1953) (autobiography)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years (1954) (illustrated one-volume edition)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Selected Poems of Carl Sandburg (1954) (poetry) (edited by Rebecca West)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Family of Man (1955) (exhibition catalog) (introduction; images compiled by Edward Steichen)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 1523424, 389901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 80, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prairie-Town Boy (1955) (autobiography) (essentially excerpts from Always the Young Strangers)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg Range (1957) (prose and poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Harvest Poems, 1910–1960 (1960) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wind Song (1960) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The World of Carl Sandburg (1960) (stage production) (adapted and directed by Norman Corwin, dramatic readings by Bette Davis and Leif Erickson, singing and guitar by Clark Allen, with closing cameo by Sandburg himself)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 39148984, 300692, 63517, 148764, 64501684 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ], [ 78, 91 ], [ 114, 125 ], [ 130, 143 ], [ 167, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carl Sandburg at Gettysburg (1961) (documentary)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Honey and Salt (1963) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Letters of Carl Sandburg (1968) (autobiographical/correspondence) (edited by Herbert Mitgang)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Breathing Tokens (poetry by Sandburg, edited by Margaret Sandburg) (1978) (poetry)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ever the Winds of Chance (1983) (autobiography) (started by Sandburg, completed by Margaret Sandburg and George Hendrick)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Carl Sandburg at the Movies: a poet in the silent era, 1920–1927 (1985) (selections of his reviews of silent movies; collected and edited by Dale Fetherling and Doug Fetherling)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Billy Sunday and other poems (1993) (edited with an introduction by George Hendrick and Willene Hendrick)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Poems for Children Nowhere Near Old Enough to Vote (1999) (compiled and with an introduction by George and Willene Hendrick)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Poems for the People. (1999) 73 newfound poems from his early years in Chicago, edited with an introduction by George Hendrick and Willene Hendrick", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years (2007) (illustrated edition with an introduction by Alan Axelrod)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2579876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Niven, Penelope. Carl Sandburg: A Biography. New York: Scribner's, 1991.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sandburg, Carl. The Letters of Carl Sandburg. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sandburg, Helga. A Great and Glorious Romance: The Story of Carl Sandburg and Lilian Steichen. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carl Sandburg's birthplace in Galesburg, IL (at sandburg.org)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 111412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Carl Sandburg Birthplace, Galesburg, IL (at uncharted101.com)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carl Sandburg Home, North Carolina from the National Park Service", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 161535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Day Carl Sandburg Died, PBS American Masters video", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Prayers for the People: Carl Sandburg's Poetry and Songs , a Nebraska Educational Telecommunications film, University of Nebraska (video, 1 hour)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 3481819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Carl Sandburg databases from the University of Illinois", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carl Sandburg from the FBI website", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Previously unknown Sandburg poem focuses on power of the gun", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Helga Sandburg at LC Authorities, with 20 records", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carl Sandburg Home NHS images on Open Parks Network", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Without The Cain and The Derby, a poem by Carl Sandburg: Vanity Fair, May, 1922", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Oliver Barrett-Carl Sandburg Papers at Newberry Library", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 295743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "North Carolina Writers Photographs Collection, J Murrey Atkins Library, UNC Charlotte", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg Series in the Harry Golden papers, J Murrey Atkins Library, UNC Charlotte", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Guide to the Carl Sandburg and Ruth Falkenau Correspondence 1919-1930 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Guide to the Carl Sandburg-Joseph Halle Schaffner Collection 1927-1969 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sandburg-Page Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1878_births", "1967_deaths", "20th-century_American_novelists", "20th-century_American_poets", "20th-century_American_biographers", "American_folk-song_collectors", "Historians_from_Illinois", "American_male_novelists", "American_male_poets", "American_military_personnel_of_the_Spanish–American_War", "American_people_of_Swedish_descent", "Grammy_Award_winners", "Historians_of_the_United_States", "House_of_Vasa", "Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_members", "Lombard_College_alumni", "Members_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_America", "American_democratic_socialists", "People_from_Elmhurst,_Illinois", "People_from_Galesburg,_Illinois", "Poets_from_North_Carolina", "Poets_from_Wisconsin", "Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_recipients", "Pulitzer_Prize_for_History_winners", "Pulitzer_Prize_for_Poetry_winners", "Writers_from_Chicago", "Wisconsin_State_Federation_of_Labor_people", "Poets_Laureate_of_Illinois", "20th-century_American_male_writers", "Novelists_from_Illinois", "People_from_Flat_Rock,_Henderson_County,_North_Carolina", "Historians_of_Abraham_Lincoln", "Poets_from_Illinois", "American_male_biographers" ]

[ "Carl August Sandburg" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Dover () is a town and major ferry port in Kent, South East England. It faces France across the Strait of Dover, the narrowest part of the English Channel at from Cap Gris Nez in France. It lies south-east of Canterbury and east of Maidstone. The town is the administrative centre of the Dover District and home of the Port of Dover.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 16766, 52926, 5843419, 152559, 9230, 2166303, 48274, 188282, 500362, 6142372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 47 ], [ 49, 67 ], [ 79, 85 ], [ 97, 112 ], [ 140, 155 ], [ 165, 177 ], [ 211, 221 ], [ 234, 243 ], [ 290, 304 ], [ 321, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Archaeological finds have revealed that the area has always been a focus for peoples entering and leaving Britain. The name derives from the River Dour that flows through it.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13530298, 5977279 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 113 ], [ 142, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In recent times the town has undergone transformations with a high-speed rail link to London, new retail in town with St James' area opened in 2018, and a revamped promenade and beachfront. This followed in 2019, with a new 500m Pier to the west of the Harbour, and new Marina unveiled as part of a £330m investment in the area. It has also been a point of destination for many illegal migrant crossings during the English channel migrant crisis.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 59538230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 415, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Port of Dover provides much of the town's employment, as does tourism including to the landmark White Cliffs of Dover. There were over 368,000 tourists visiting Dover castle in the year of 2019.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 29789, 686009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 73 ], [ 100, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the Battle of Ballon, which took place between the kingdoms of England and France during the period of 1216-1217. Louis VIII of France used Dover's mainland beach as a landing zone for his army, in order to depose King Henry III. King Henry III responded to this onslaught by ambushing King Louis' army from atop The White Cliffs of Dover. The English Army set up approximately 400 bowmen along the cliff face, with the cavalry meeting the opposition on the beach itself. This tactic did not work, the English cavalry were slaughtered on the beach and the French Army made their way up the cliffs, meeting the bowmen and disposing of them as well. This battle is marked as the beginning of the Siege of Dover as the French army were able to make their way into the seaside village, taking military control of the village and forcing English troops back to Canterbury. The French control of Dover lasted for a period of 3 months after which the English troops were able to push back and force the French to surrender and return to France.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "The Siege of Dover (1216)", "target_page_ids": [ 79596, 46591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 141 ], [ 221, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Archaeological finds have shown that there were Stone Age people in the area, and that some Iron Age finds also exist. During the Roman period, the area became part of the Roman communications network. It was connected by road to Canterbury and Watling Street and it became Portus Dubris, a fortified port. Dover has a partly preserved Roman lighthouse (the tallest surviving Roman structure in Britain) and the remains of a villa with preserved Roman wall paintings. Dover later figured in Domesday Book (1086).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 18951655, 29219, 14711, 521555, 48274, 181811, 4262670, 47752 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 48, 57 ], [ 92, 100 ], [ 130, 142 ], [ 230, 240 ], [ 245, 259 ], [ 274, 287 ], [ 491, 504 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Forts were built above the port and lighthouses were constructed to guide passing ships. It is one of the Cinque Ports. and has served as a bastion against various attackers: notably the French during the Napoleonic Wars and Germany during the Second World War.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 235279, 45420, 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 118 ], [ 205, 220 ], [ 244, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the Cold War, a Regional Seat of Government was located within the White Cliffs beneath Dover Castle. Curiously, this is omitted from the strategic objects appearing on the Soviet 1:10,000 city plan of Dover that was produced in 1974. The port would have served as an embarkation point for sending reinforcements to the British Army of the Rhine in the event of a Soviet ground invasion of Europe.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 325329, 8583252, 267642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 19 ], [ 23, 50 ], [ 327, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1974 a discovery was made at Langdon Bay off the coast near Dover. It contained bronze axes of French design and is probably the remainder of the cargo of a sunken ship. At the same time, this find also shows that trade routes across the Channel between England and France existed already in the Bronze Age, or even earlier. In 1992, the so-called Dover boat from the Bronze Age was discovered in six metres depth underwater. This is one of the oldest finds of a seaworthy boat. Using the radiocarbon method of investigation, the boat's construction was dated to approximately 1550 BC.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 12794439, 4620, 26197, 44151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 43 ], [ 299, 309 ], [ 492, 510 ], [ 580, 587 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "First recorded in its Latinised form of Portus Dubris, the name derives from the Brythonic word for water (dwfr in Middle Welsh, dŵr in Modern Welsh apart from 'dwfrliw' (Watercolour) which has retained the old Welsh spelling, dour in Breton). The same element is present in the town's French name Douvres and the name of the river, Dour, which is also evident in other English towns such as Wendover. However, the modern Modern Welsh name Dofr is an adaptation of the English name Dover.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4262670, 29039811, 2220016, 33545, 4647, 10597, 5977279, 319866, 33545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 53 ], [ 81, 90 ], [ 115, 127 ], [ 136, 148 ], [ 237, 243 ], [ 288, 294 ], [ 335, 339 ], [ 394, 402 ], [ 424, 436 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The current name was in use at least by the time of Shakespeare's King Lear (between 1603 and 1606), in which the town and its cliffs play a prominent role.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 55721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover is in the south-east corner of Britain. From South Foreland, the nearest point to the European mainland, Cap Gris Nez is away across the Strait of Dover.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography and climate", "target_page_ids": [ 1812648, 9239, 2166303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 65 ], [ 88, 109 ], [ 111, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The site of its original settlement lies in the valley of the River Dour, sheltering from the prevailing south-westerly winds. This has led to the silting up of the river mouth by the action of longshore drift. The town has been forced into making artificial breakwaters to keep the port in being. These breakwaters have been extended and adapted so that the port lies almost entirely on reclaimed land.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography and climate", "target_page_ids": [ 5977279, 297209 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 72 ], [ 194, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The higher land on either side of the valley – the Western Heights and the eastern high point on which Dover Castle stands – has been adapted to perform the function of protection against invaders. The town has gradually extended up the river valley, encompassing several villages in doing so. Little growth is possible along the coast, since the cliffs are on the sea's edge. The railway, being tunnelled and embanked, skirts the foot of the cliffs.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography and climate", "target_page_ids": [ 1017016, 258933 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 66 ], [ 103, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover has an oceanic climate (Koppen classification Cfb) similar to the rest of the United Kingdom with mild temperatures year-round and a light amount of rainfall each month. The warmest recorded temperature was , recorded on 25 July 2019. The temperature is usually between and . There is evidence that the sea is coldest in February; the warmest recorded temperature for February was only , compared with in January.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography and climate", "target_page_ids": [ 560047 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1800, the year before Britain's first national census, Edward Hasted (1732–1812) reported that the town had a population of almost 10,000 people.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Demography", "target_page_ids": [ 959718 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the 2001 census, the town of Dover had 28,156 inhabitants, while the population of the whole urban area of Dover, as calculated by the Office for National Statistics, was 39,078 inhabitants.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Demography", "target_page_ids": [ 324029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 168 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the expansion of Dover, many of the outlying ancient villages have been incorporated into the town. Originally the parishes of Dover St. Mary's and Dover St. James, since 1836 Buckland and Charlton have become part Dover, and Maxton (a hamlet to the west), River, Kearsney, Temple Ewell, and Whitfield, all to the north of the town centre, are within its conurbation.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Demography", "target_page_ids": [ 5974165, 1675369, 5310844, 2748787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 264, 269 ], [ 271, 279 ], [ 281, 293 ], [ 299, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town's main shopping streets are the High Street, Biggin Street, Market Square, Cannon Street, Pencester Road and Castle Street. The Castleton Retail Park is to the north-west of the town centre. The new St James' Retail and Leisure Park opened in 2018 and is a southern extension of the town centre and consists of shops, restaurants, a Travelodge Hotel and a Cineworld Cinema.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Dover Harbour Board is the responsible authority for the running of the Port of Dover. The English Channel, here at its narrowest point in the Straits of Dover, is the busiest shipping lane in the world. Ferries crossing between here and the Continent have to negotiate their way through the constant stream of shipping crossing their path. The Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme allots ships separate lanes when passing through the Strait. The Scheme is controlled by the Channel Navigation Information Service based at Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre Dover. MRCC Dover is also charged with co-ordination of civil maritime search and rescue within these waters.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 9230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Port of Dover is also used by cruise ships. The old Dover Marine railway station building houses one passenger terminal, together with a car park. A second, purpose-built, terminal is located further out along the pier.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 6142372, 11883669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 17 ], [ 56, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ferry lines using the port are (number of daily sailings in parentheses):", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " to Calais: P&O Ferries (25), DFDS Seaways (10).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 3614621, 6881485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 23 ], [ 30, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " to Dunkirk: DFDS Seaways (11).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 6881485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "These services have been cut in recent years:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " P&O Ferries sailings to Boulogne (5 daily) were withdrawn in 1993 and Zeebrugge (4 daily) in 2002.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 3614621, 128242, 450301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 25, 33 ], [ 71, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " SNCF withdrew their three train ferry sailings on the opening of the Channel Tunnel.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 87110, 1730464, 5702 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 27, 38 ], [ 70, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Regie voor Maritiem Transport moved their Ostend service of three sailings daily to Ramsgate in 1994; this route was operated by TransEuropa Ferries until April 2013.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 26675228, 154372, 324352, 9385393 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ], [ 43, 49 ], [ 85, 93 ], [ 130, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stena Line merged their 20 Calais sailings into the current P&O operation in 1998.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 433214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hoverspeed ceased operations in 2005 and withdrew their 8 daily sailings.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 1184108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " SpeedFerries ceased operations in 2008 and withdrew their 5 daily sailings.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 1409498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " LD Lines ceased the Dover-Dieppe service on 29 June 2009 and Dover-Boulogne 5 September 2010.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 5322194, 191055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 27, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " SeaFrance ceased operations in 2012 of their Dover-Calais service which was their only service.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 6536777, 85468 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 52, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Blériot memorial: the outline of Louis Blériot's aircraft, marked with granite setts, at the exact spot where Blériot landed after the first cross-Channel flight, 1909", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 162795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dover Castle", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 258933 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " White Cliffs of Dover", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 686009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dover Western Heights", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 1017016 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dover Museum", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 4295460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dover Marina", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dover Pier", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Roman Painted House Museum", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 4262670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Maison Dieu, Dover", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 7488765 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Samphire Hoe", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 16524688 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " South Foreland Lighthouse", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 6962572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pines Garden", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 41199055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " St Edmund's Chapel", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 7488181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " St Mary's Church", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 45204434 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " St James' Church: preserved as a \"tidy ruin\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 42425217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " St Paul's Church", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 57948672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover's main communications artery, the A2 road replicates two former routes, connecting the town with Canterbury. The Roman road was followed for centuries until, in the late 18th century, it became a toll road. Stagecoaches were operating: one description stated that the journey took all day to reach London, from 4am to being \"in time for supper\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 336951, 79726, 214764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 47 ], [ 202, 211 ], [ 213, 223 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The other main roads, travelling west and east, are the A20 to Folkestone and thence the M20 to London, and the A258 through Deal to Sandwich.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 341489, 88301, 341468, 8208965 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 59 ], [ 63, 73 ], [ 89, 92 ], [ 112, 116 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In December 2020, a long line of freight trucks formed due to sudden border closures with France, because of new strains of COVID-19 within the United Kingdom.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 5843419, 63030231, 31717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 96 ], [ 124, 132 ], [ 144, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The railway reached Dover from two directions: the South Eastern Railway's main line connected with Folkestone in 1844, and the London, Chatham & Dover Railway opened its line from Canterbury in 1861. Southeastern trains run from Dover Priory to London Charing Cross, London Victoria or London St Pancras International stations in London, and Ramsgate or Sandwich in Kent. London is reached in 55 minutes by train from Dover.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 1140719, 823473, 68837941, 1739040, 210431, 338269, 311178, 1754321, 1757996 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 74 ], [ 128, 159 ], [ 201, 213 ], [ 230, 242 ], [ 246, 266 ], [ 268, 283 ], [ 287, 318 ], [ 343, 351 ], [ 355, 363 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chatham Main Line into Priory was electrified under British Railways in 1959 as part of Stage 1 of Kent Coast Electrification, under the BR 1955 Modernisation Plan. The line up to Ramsgate, via Deal, was subsequently electrified under stage two of Kent Coast electrification in January 1961. The line from Folkestone into Priory was electrified in June 1961.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 1732827, 4385, 8076283 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 56, 68 ], [ 144, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A tram system operated in the town from 1897 to 1936.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 19760779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover has two long distance footpaths: the Saxon Shore Way and the North Downs Way. The National Trust White Cliffs can be reached by foot from the town centre, with pathways to South Foreland Lighthouse, and St Margarets Bay along the cliff top . The walking routes from Dover pass the National Trust visitor centre on the landmark chalk cliffs overlooking the English Channel with views of France visible on a clear day.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 26636274, 4340870, 332662, 99078, 6962572, 99078, 9230, 5843419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 37 ], [ 43, 58 ], [ 67, 82 ], [ 88, 102 ], [ 178, 203 ], [ 287, 301 ], [ 362, 377 ], [ 392, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two National Cycle Network routes begin their journey at the town. Route one goes from Dover to Canterbury.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 351304 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This route links with National Cycle Route 2 from Dover to St Austell, Regional route 16, and Regional route 17 in Dover. It passes three castles. Firstly from Dover on the steap incline past Dover Castle. ThenSouth Foreland Lighthouse is visible from the route. Mostly traffic-free along the east coast from Kingsdown to Deal, passing Walmer Castle and Deal Castle. Follows toll road (free to cyclists) through the Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club to the town of Sandwich. In Sandwich the route links with Regional route 15.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 12810857, 6962572, 258997, 869131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 44 ], [ 210, 235 ], [ 336, 349 ], [ 354, 365 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover town centre is cycle friendly: There are dedicated cycle lanes along the seafront, cycle routes through the town's pedestrianised High Street area.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Port of Dover is a 20-minute walk from Dover Priory railway station.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 6142372, 1739040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 17 ], [ 43, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Dover to Dunkirk ferry route was originally operated by ferry operator Norfolkline. This company was later acquired by the pan European operator DFDS Seaways in July 2010. The crossing time is approximately two hours. Due to this route not being as well known as Dover to Calais, prices are often cheaper. The location of Dunkirk is also more convenient for those travelling by road transport on to countries in Northern Europe including Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and further afield.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 89922, 3328344, 6881485, 89922, 3343, 21148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 20 ], [ 75, 86 ], [ 149, 161 ], [ 326, 333 ], [ 442, 449 ], [ 455, 466 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stagecoach in East Kent provide local bus services. Dover is on the Stagecoach Diamond network providing links to Canterbury and Deal. The Western Docks at the port of Dover are served from the town centre as well as Canterbury and Deal. Dover is the start of The Wave network to New Romney via Folkestone, Hythe and Dymchurch. There are services to Lydd via Lydd Airport, with one continuing from Lydd on to Hastings via Camber and Rye. There is a link to Sandwich. Buses run from Dover to Elvington via Eythorne.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 4115828, 48274, 736669, 4115828, 381982, 88301, 371288, 1073645, 412800, 6271516, 13830, 2340362, 382000, 82438, 1900198, 320325 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ], [ 114, 124 ], [ 130, 134 ], [ 261, 277 ], [ 281, 291 ], [ 296, 306 ], [ 308, 313 ], [ 318, 327 ], [ 351, 355 ], [ 360, 372 ], [ 410, 418 ], [ 423, 429 ], [ 434, 437 ], [ 458, 466 ], [ 492, 501 ], [ 506, 514 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National Express runs coaches from Dover to other towns in Kent including Canterbury, Folkestone, Ashford, Kent, Maidstone, Gillingham at Hempsted Valley shopping centre and Greenhithe at Bluewater Shopping Centre for Dartford to London including Bexleyheath, Eltham, Walworth, Canary Wharf, Elephant & Castle, The City (The City of London) and to Victoria Coach Station.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 749038, 16766, 350215, 188282, 446905, 1057585, 1010992, 1211852, 17867, 93888, 520569, 94363, 185462, 234196, 6883, 603954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 59, 63 ], [ 98, 111 ], [ 113, 122 ], [ 124, 134 ], [ 174, 184 ], [ 188, 213 ], [ 218, 226 ], [ 230, 236 ], [ 247, 258 ], [ 260, 266 ], [ 268, 276 ], [ 278, 290 ], [ 292, 309 ], [ 321, 339 ], [ 348, 370 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Dover lifeboat is a Severn class lifeboat based in the Western Docks.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "RNLI", "target_page_ids": [ 2962012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover Lifeboat station is based at crosswall quay in Dover Harbour. There is a Severn-class lifeboat, which is the biggest in the fleet. It belongs to the RNLI which covers all of Great Britain. The lifeboat number is 17-09 and has a lot of emergencies in the Channel. The Severn class is designed to lay afloat. Built from fibre reinforced composite (FRC) the boat is lightweight yet very strong and is designed to right itself in the event of a capsize.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "RNLI", "target_page_ids": [ 2962012, 430779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 100 ], [ 155, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are seven secondary level schools serving Dover.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Public schools", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dover College", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 845947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover College is a mixed public school founded in 1871 by a group of local business men.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 845947, 23913718 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 25, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Selective secondary schools", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are 2 single-sex grammar schools and a mixed military school.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 156975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dover Grammar School for Boys (DGSB)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 6066858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dover Grammar School for Girls (DGGS)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 14496557 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both grammar schools require the Dover Test or the Kent Test for admission to Year 7.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Duke of York's Royal Military School", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 856025 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Duke of York's Royal Military School is a selective secondary school with academy status and England's only military boarding school for children of service personnel (co-education ages 11–18), located next to the former site of Connaught Barracks.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 856025, 1999955, 48991292 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 36 ], [ 74, 88 ], [ 229, 247 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Non-selective secondary schools", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are 3 ex-secondary modern mixed schools, all with academy status.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 1418100, 1999955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 31 ], [ 56, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Astor Secondary School", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 14496499 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Astor Secondary School federated with St Radigunds Primary School (then renamed White Cliffs Primary College for the Arts) to form the Dover Federation for the Arts (DFA). Subsequently, Barton Junior School and Shatterlocks Nursery and Infant School joined the DFA. In 2014 the DFA was warned by the Department for Education about \"unacceptably low standards of performance of pupils \".", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 14496499, 70897294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ], [ 23, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " St Edmund's Catholic School", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 41305023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "St Edmund's Catholic School federated with St Richards Catholic Primary School to form the Dover Federation of Catholic Schools.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 41305023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dover Christ Church Academy", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 28971377 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover Christ Church Academy is located in Whitfield, 4 miles north of Dover.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 28971377 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Technical College", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dover Technical College is part of the East Kent College (EKC) group.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 9607578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition, 16 primary schools and 2 special schools add to the educational offering.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dover has one hospital, Buckland Hospital. Earlier hospitals included the Royal Victoria Hospital, the Isolation Hospital and the Eye Hospital.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Public services", "target_page_ids": [ 46390777, 62991245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 41 ], [ 74, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover was the home to television studios and production offices of Southern Television Ltd, the company which operated the ITV franchise for South and South East England from 1958–1981. The studios were located on Russell Street and were home to programmes like 'Scene South East', 'Scene Midweek', 'Southern News', 'Farm Progress' and the nightly epilogue, 'Guideline'. The studios were operated by TVS in 1982 and home to 'Coast to Coast', however they closed a year later when the company moved their operations to the newly complete Television Centre in Maidstone.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Local media", "target_page_ids": [ 188282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 560, 569 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover has two paid for newspapers, the Dover Express (published by Kent Regional News and Media) and the Dover Mercury (published by the KM Group). Free newspapers for the town previously included the Dover and Deal Extra, part of the KM Group; and yourdover, part of KOS Media.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Local media", "target_page_ids": [ 24886229, 22291121, 23688327 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 118 ], [ 137, 145 ], [ 268, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover has one local commercial radio station, KMFM Shepway and White Cliffs Country, broadcasting to Dover on 106.8FM. The station was founded in Dover as Neptune Radio in September 1997 but moved to Folkestone in 2003 and was consequently rebranded after a takeover by the KM Group. Dover is also served by the county-wide stations Heart, Gold and BBC Radio Kent.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Local media", "target_page_ids": [ 22304173, 60651667, 948066, 569401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 83 ], [ 333, 338 ], [ 340, 344 ], [ 349, 363 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Gateway Hospital Broadcasting Service, in Buckland Hospital radio, closed at the end of 2006. It was the oldest hospital radio station in East Kent being founded in 1968.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Local media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "DCR 104.9FM (Dover Community Radio) started broadcasting on 104.9FM in May 2022 and is Dover and White Cliffs Country’s community radio station. The online station of the same name launched on 30 July 2011 offering local programmes, music and news for Dover and district. Prior to this DCR was an online podcasting service since 2010. . Dover Community Radio was awarded a community radio licence by OFCOM on 12 May 2020.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Local media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As of November 2021, BFBS Gurkha Radio has been broadcasting on 90.8FM in Dover and can be picked up within 1 mile of its transmission site at the Dover Community Centre located at Burgoyne Heights. This is part of a trial broadcast of small scale FM services by OFCOM due to end in September 2022 but it maybe extended to serve the Gurkha community living at Burgoyne Heights.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Local media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are three museums: the main Dover Museum, the Dover Transport Museum and the Roman Painted House. The town has two cinemas, the Silver Screen Cinema located at the Dover Museum and the Cineworld Cinema opened in 2018 as part of the St James' Retail and Leisure complex. The Discovery Centre located off the Market Square houses Dover's library, Dover Museum, Silver Screen Cinema, the Roundhouse Community Theatre as well as adult education facilities. The Charlton Shopping Centre off the High Street has retail units, the Dover Local community hub, leisure facilities and the studios of Dover Community Radio. The White Cliffs Theatre opened in 2001 is based at Astor College. There is also a community theatre based at St Edmund's Catholic School ", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 4295460, 4262670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 46 ], [ 83, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Calais, France", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Twin towns", "target_page_ids": [ 85468 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Huber Heights, Ohio, United States", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Twin towns", "target_page_ids": [ 150930, 22199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 15 ], [ 17, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Split, Croatia", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Twin towns", "target_page_ids": [ 18952408, 5573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 7 ], [ 9, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover, Christ Church, Barbados", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Twin towns", "target_page_ids": [ 1528025 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover District Leisure Centre operated by Places Leisure located in Whitfield opened in March 2019 replacing the previous facility on Townwall Street, which was operated by Your Leisure, a not for profit charitable trust, which caters for sports and includes a swimming pool.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are sports clubs, amongst them Dover Athletic F.C., who play in the National League; rugby; swimming; water polo and netball (Dover and District Netball League).", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 537601, 693153 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 56 ], [ 74, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover Rowing Club is the oldest coastal rowing club in Britain and has a rich history, at one time becoming the best club on the south coast. More information can be found on the history page of the club's website.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "One event which gets media attention is that of swimming the English Channel.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 9230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sea fishing, from the beach, pier or out at sea, is carried out here. The so-called Dover sole (solea solea) is found all over European waters.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 7505063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dover is now the host of a variety of watersports; such as paddle-boarding and kayaking.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "M.R. James used the Dover landmark, the Lord Warden Hotel, as a location in his short ghost story \"Casting the Runes\", first published in More Ghost Stories in 1911.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "In literature", "target_page_ids": [ 37773, 45449906, 11946836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 99, 116 ], [ 138, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Matthew Arnold used the setting of Dover in his famous 19th-century poem, \"Dover Beach.\"", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "In literature", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dover appears several times in \"A Tale of Two Cities\" by Charles Dickens.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "In literature", "target_page_ids": [ 3433040, 5884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 52 ], [ 57, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover\" by Vera Lynn, recorded in 1942.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "In song", "target_page_ids": [ 11565332, 19359797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 55 ], [ 60, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Clover Over Dover\" by British band Blur is track 12 on their 1994 album Parklife.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "In song", "target_page_ids": [ 43007, 196153 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 40 ], [ 73, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Calais to Dover\" by American band Bright Eyes is track 13 on their 2020 album Down in the Weeds, Where the World Once Was.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "In song", "target_page_ids": [ 147953, 64087464 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 46 ], [ 79, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Dover Beach\" by South African British singer Baby Queen was released in 2021 on her debut album The Yearbook. The music video for the song was filmed at Samphire Hoe. Baby Queen has said her inspiration for the song came from the eponymous poem by Matthew Arnold, a poem she was fascinated by whilst growing up in South Africa. She wrote the song following a visit to Dover by train and sitting on the seafront promenade.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "In song", "target_page_ids": [ 67414071, 114057 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 56 ], [ 249, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Strait of Dover", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 152559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " UKHO nautical charts of Dover and approaches", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Dover War Memorial Project", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Dover,_Kent", "Towns_in_Kent", "Cinque_ports", "Populated_coastal_places_in_Kent", "Dover_District", "Market_towns_in_Kent", "France–United_Kingdom_border_crossings", "Beaches_of_Kent", "Civil_parishes_in_Kent", "Port_cities_and_towns_in_South_East_England" ]

[ "Dover, England" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The John Hancock Center is a 100-story, 1,128-foot supertall skyscraper located in Chicago, Illinois. Located in the Magnificent Mile district, its name was changed to 875 North Michigan Avenue in 2018. Despite this, the building is still colloquially called the John Hancock Center.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18732880, 29485, 6886, 14849, 1492281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 38 ], [ 61, 71 ], [ 83, 90 ], [ 92, 100 ], [ 117, 133 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The skyscraper was constructed under the supervision of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), by SOM partners, Peruvian-US chief designer Bruce Graham and Bangladeshi-US structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan. When the building topped out on May 6, 1968, it was the second-tallest building in the world after the Empire State Building, and the tallest in Chicago. It is currently the fifth-tallest building in Chicago and the thirteenth-tallest in the United States, behind the Aon Center in Chicago and ahead of the Comcast Technology Center in Philadelphia. When measured to the top of its antenna masts, it stands at . The building is home to several offices and restaurants, as well as about 700 condominiums, and at the time of its completion contained the highest residence in the world. The building was named for John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company, a developer and original tenant of the building, which itself was named for the U.S. Founding Father John Hancock. In 2018, John Hancock Insurance, years after leaving the building requested that its name be removed and the owner is seeking another naming rights deal.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 53633, 1428886, 28958994, 1286023, 9736, 1888019, 334804, 42087, 41655589, 50585, 2044496, 375303, 1117904, 540802, 16324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 84 ], [ 136, 148 ], [ 153, 164 ], [ 188, 206 ], [ 311, 332 ], [ 382, 415 ], [ 424, 463 ], [ 476, 486 ], [ 515, 540 ], [ 544, 556 ], [ 590, 603 ], [ 698, 709 ], [ 819, 861 ], [ 948, 963 ], [ 964, 976 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From the 95th floor restaurant, diners can look out at Chicago and Lake Michigan. The observatory (360 Chicago), which competes with the Willis Tower's Skydeck, has a 360° view of the city, up to four states, and a distance of over . 360 Chicago is home to TILT, a moving platform that leans visitors over the edge of the skyscraper to a 30-degree angle, a full bar with local selections, Chicago's only open-air SkyWalk, and also features free interactive high definition touch screens in six languages. The 44th-floor sky lobby features America's highest indoor swimming pool.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 17948, 28176, 1169501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 80 ], [ 152, 159 ], [ 520, 529 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The project, which would become the world's second tallest building at opening, was conceived and owned by Jerry Wolman in late 1964. The project was financed by John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company. Construction of the tower was interrupted in 1967 due to a flaw in an innovative engineering method used to pour concrete in stages, that was discovered when the building was 20 stories high. The engineers were getting the same soil settlements for the 20 stories that had been built as what they had expected for the entire 99 stories. This forced the owner to stop development until the engineering problem could be resolved, resulting in a credit crunch. The situation is similar to the one faced during the construction of 111 West Wacker, then known as the Waterview Tower. Wolman's bankruptcy resulted in John Hancock taking over the project, which retained the original design, architect, engineer, and main contractor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5873560, 3689384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 119 ], [ 768, 783 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The building's first resident was Ray Heckla, the original building engineer, responsible for the residential floors from 44 to 92. Heckla moved his family in April 1969, before the building was completed.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On November 11, 1981, Veterans Day, high-rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin, for the purpose of calling attention to the inability to rescue people trapped in the upper floors of skyscrapers, successfully climbed the building's exterior wall. Wearing a wetsuit and using a climbing device that enabled him to ascend the I-beams on the building's side, Goodwin battled repeated attempts by the Chicago Fire Department to knock him off. Fire Commissioner William Blair ordered Chicago firemen to stop Goodwin by directing a fully engaged fire hose at him and by blasting fire axes through nearby glass from the inside. Fearing for Goodwin's life, Mayor Jane Byrne intervened and allowed him to continue to the top.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 168341, 1457692, 753323, 40304 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 34 ], [ 79, 90 ], [ 408, 431 ], [ 666, 676 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The John Hancock Center is featured in the 1988 film Poltergeist III.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3316533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On December 18, 1997, comedian Chris Farley was found dead in his apartment on the 60th floor of the building.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 144218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 9, 2002, part of a scaffold fell 43 stories after being torn loose by wind gusts around crushing several cars, killing three people in two of them. The remaining part of the stage swung back-and-forth in the gusts repeatedly slamming against the building, damaging cladding panels, breaking windows, and sending pieces onto the street below.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On December 10, 2006, the non-residential portion of the building was sold by San Francisco based Shorenstein Properties for $385 million and was purchased by a joint venture of Chicago-based Golub & Company and the Whitehall Street Real Estate Funds. Shorenstein Properties had bought the building in 1998 for $220 million.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 49728, 534028, 534028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 91 ], [ 98, 120 ], [ 252, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Golub defaulted on its debt and the building was acquired in 2012 by Deutsche Bank who subsequently carved up the building. The venture of Deutsche Bank and New York-based NorthStar Realty Finance paid an estimated $325 million for debt on 875 North Michigan Avenue in 2012 after Shorenstein Properties defaulted on $400 million in loans. The observation deck was sold to Paris-based Montparnasse 56 Group for between $35 million and $45 million in July 2012. That same month, Prudential Real Estate Investors acquired the retail and restaurant space for almost $142 million. In November 2012, Boston-based American Tower Corp affiliate paid $70 million for the antennas. In June 2013, a venture of Chicago-based real estate investment firm Hearn Co., New York-based investment firm Mount Kellett Capital Management L.P. and San Antonio-based developer Lynd Co. closed on the expected acquisition of 875 North Michigan Avenue's 856,000 square feet of office space and 710-car parking deck. The Chicago firm did not disclose a price, but sources said it was about $145 million. This was the last step in that piecemeal sale process. In May 2016, Hearn Co. announced that they were seeking buyers for the naming rights with possible signage rights for the building.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 523937, 534028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 82 ], [ 280, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hustle up the Hancock is an annual stair climb race up the 94 floors from the Michigan Avenue level to the observation deck. It is held on the last Sunday of February. The climb benefits Respiratory Health Association. The record time as of 2007 is 9 minutes 30 seconds.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 17875614 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The building is home to the transmitter of Univision's WGBO-DT (channel 66), while all other full-power television stations in Chicago broadcast from Willis Tower. The City Colleges of Chicago's WYCC (channel 20) transmitted from the building until November 2017, when it departed the air as part of the 2016 FCC spectrum auction, and will eventually return as a part of WTTW's spectrum from Willis Tower.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 16118202, 2275350, 28176, 2836686, 1972356, 189763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 52 ], [ 55, 62 ], [ 150, 162 ], [ 168, 192 ], [ 195, 199 ], [ 371, 375 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On November 21, 2015, a fire broke out in an apartment on the 50th floor of the building. The Chicago Fire Department was able to extinguish the fire after an hour and a half; five people suffered minor injuries.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 753323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On February 11, 2018, a fire in a car on the seventh floor required approximately 150 firefighters to extinguish.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On February 12, 2018, John Hancock Insurance requested that its name and logos throughout the building's interior be removed immediately; John Hancock had not had a naming-rights deal with the skyscraper's owners since 2013. The building's name was subsequently changed to its street address as 875 North Michigan Avenue.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On November 16, 2018, an express elevator cable broke. Initial reports stated that an elevator with six passengers plunged 84 stories from the 95th to 11th floor. Since express elevators are not accessible from floors within the express zone, a team of firefighters had to break through a brick wall from the parking garage to extricate the passengers, none of whom suffered injuries. Elevators to the 95th/96th floor were closed thereafter pending investigation. Subsequent investigation documented only a controlled descent from the 20th floor to the 11th floor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A piece of cladding fell from the building on January 5, 2022.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "One of the most famous buildings of the structural expressionist style, the skyscraper's distinctive X-braced exterior shows that the structure's skin is part of its \"tubular system\". This is one of the engineering techniques which the designers used to achieve a record height; the tubular system is the structure that keeps the building upright during wind and earthquake loads. This X-bracing allows for both higher performance from tall structures and the ability to open up the inside floorplan. Such original features have allowed 875 North Michigan Avenue to become an architectural icon. It was pioneered by Bangladeshi-American structural civil engineer Fazlur Khan and chief architect Bruce Graham.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 4460840, 20137770, 12301565, 12301565, 1286023, 1428886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 64 ], [ 101, 109 ], [ 167, 181 ], [ 283, 297 ], [ 663, 674 ], [ 695, 707 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The interior was remodeled in 1995, adding to the lobby travertine, black granite, and textured limestone surfaces. The elliptical-shaped plaza outside the building serves as a public oasis with seasonal plantings and a 12-foot (3.7m) waterfall. A band of white lights at the top of the building is visible all over Chicago at night, and changes colors for different events. For example, at Christmas time the colors are green and red. When a Chicago-area sports team goes far in the playoffs, the colors are changed to match that team's colors.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 245181, 17748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 66 ], [ 96, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The building is a member of the World Federation of Great Towers. It has won various awards for its distinctive style, including the Distinguished Architects Twenty-five Year Award from the American Institute of Architects in May 1999. In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, the John Hancock Center was selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois) and was recognized by USA Today Travel magazine, as one of AIA Illinois' selections for Illinois 25 Must See Places.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [ 26515812, 500492, 500492 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 180 ], [ 190, 222 ], [ 370, 402 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The building is only partially protected by a fire sprinkler system, as the residential floors do not have sprinklers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Design", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Including its antennas, the building has a height of , making it the thirty-third tallest building in the world when measured to pinnacle height.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Height", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Observatory elevators of 875 North Michigan Avenue, manufactured by Otis, travel 96 floors at a top speed of . It has been said the elevators to the observation deck are the fastest in North America, reaching the 95th floor in 38 seconds if they could run the entire trip at top speed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Height", "target_page_ids": [ 650592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Located on the 94th floor, 360 Chicago Observation Deck is 875 North Michigan Avenue's horizon observatory. The floor of the observatory is off of street-level below. The entrance can be found on the concourse level of 875 North Michigan Avenue, accessible from the Michigan Avenue side of the building. The observatory, previously named John Hancock Observatory, has been independently owned and operated since 2014 by the Montparnasse 56 Group of Paris, France. The elevators are credited as the fastest in the Western Hemisphere, with a top speed of 1,800ft/min (20.5mph). The observatory boasts more floor space than its direct competitor, Skydeck at the Willis Tower. There is a full bar called BAR 94 which stocks local beer and spirits from Revolution Brewing and KOVAL Distillery. In the summer of 2014, 360 Chicago added its TILT attraction. TILT, for an additional fee, is a series of floor to ceiling windows that slowly tilt outside the building to 30°. The platform is on the observatory level, and faces south over the city.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "360 Chicago Observation Deck", "target_page_ids": [ 39414442, 25732177 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 749, 767 ], [ 772, 788 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Separate from its observatory, 875 North Michigan Avenue has a restaurant on its 95th floor named the Signature Room, with an accompanying bar on the 96th floor called the Signature Lounge.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Signature Room", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mayle, Ray & Mayle", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Benihana", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [ 2017125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Cheesecake Factory", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [ 1261321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cimaglia Productions", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Consulate-General of Chile in Chicago, Suite 3352", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [ 6699065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Consulate General of Denmark, Chicago, Suite 3950", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [ 6685187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Big Shoulders Digital Video Production", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Exclusively Gourmet", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Etihad Airways (31st Floor)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [ 512231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Golin, Suite 2600", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [ 2928769 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hanig's Footwear", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 360° Chicago", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Laurichem Inc., Suite 8609", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The North Face", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [ 1263467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Signature Room at the 95th", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " IWG, Suite 3100", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [ 7736692 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Weber Shandwick, Suite 2400", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [ 7511458 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " WDRV 97.1, Classic Rock Radio Station, Suite 1510", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [ 851185 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FCB", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [ 5921354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Starbucks, Suite 3", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Floor plan", "target_page_ids": [ 178771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Architecture of Chicago", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 640695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of buildings and structures", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 268147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of buildings with 100 floors or more", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8309396 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of tallest buildings in the world", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 338344 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of tallest buildings in Chicago", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1888019 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of tallest buildings in the United States", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 334804 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of tallest buildings and structures in the world", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 34080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of tallest freestanding structures in the world", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 16990777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of tallest freestanding steel structures", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 64508672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Cloudbase Chronicles, Life at the Top - An engineers Tale by Harry W. Budge III", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 360 Chicago, formerly Hancock Observatory", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 875 North Michigan Avenue on CTBUH Skyscraper Center", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 203798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John Hancock Center", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Society of Architectural Historians SAH ARCHIPEDIA entry on John Hancock Center", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Bangladeshi_inventions", "Colombian_inventions", "High-tech_architecture", "Peruvian_inventions", "Residential_buildings_completed_in_1970", "Residential_condominiums_in_Chicago", "Residential_skyscrapers_in_Chicago", "Skidmore,_Owings_&_Merrill_buildings", "Skyscraper_office_buildings_in_Chicago", "Streeterville,_Chicago", "1970_establishments_in_Illinois" ]

[ "John Hancock Center", "Hancock Center" ]

[ { "plaintext": "\"Waltzing Matilda\" is a song developed in the Australian style of poetry and folk music called a bush ballad. It has been described as the country's \"unofficial national anthem\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 20911029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The title was Australian slang for travelling on foot (waltzing) with one's belongings in a \"matilda\" (swag) slung over one's back. The song narrates the story of an itinerant worker, or \"swagman\", making a drink of billy tea at a bush camp and capturing a stray jumbuck (sheep) to eat. When the jumbuck's owner, a squatter (grazier), and three troopers (mounted policemen) pursue the swagman for theft, he declares \"You'll never catch me alive!\" and commits suicide by drowning himself in a nearby billabong (watering hole), after which his ghost haunts the site.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 466217, 185024, 1240278, 3749578, 8309882, 966760, 396960, 497756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 107 ], [ 188, 195 ], [ 216, 225 ], [ 263, 270 ], [ 315, 323 ], [ 325, 332 ], [ 499, 508 ], [ 510, 523 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The original lyrics were written in 1895 by Australian poet Banjo Paterson, and were first published as sheet music in 1903. Extensive folklore surrounds the song and the process of its creation, to the extent that it has its own museum, the Waltzing Matilda Centre in Winton, in the Queensland outback, where Paterson wrote the lyrics. In 2012, to remind Australians of the song's significance, Winton organised the inaugural Waltzing Matilda Day to be held on 6 April, the anniversary of its first performance.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 81222, 432128, 432128, 59051, 3229 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 74 ], [ 242, 265 ], [ 269, 275 ], [ 284, 294 ], [ 295, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The song was first recorded in 1926 as performed by John Collinson and Russell Callow. In 2008, this recording of \"Waltzing Matilda\" was added to the Sounds of Australia registry in the National Film and Sound Archive, which says that there are more recordings of \"Waltzing Matilda\" than any other Australian song.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31679895, 6744757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 169 ], [ 186, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Australian poet Banjo Paterson wrote the words to \"Waltzing Matilda\" in August 1895 while staying at Dagworth Station, a sheep and cattle station near Winton in Central West Queensland owned by the Macpherson family. The words were written to a tune played on a zither or autoharp by 31‑year‑old Christina Macpherson (1864–1936), one of the family members at the station.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 30120667, 759368, 432128, 34502784, 194819, 233104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 121 ], [ 125, 149 ], [ 155, 161 ], [ 165, 188 ], [ 266, 272 ], [ 276, 284 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Macpherson had heard the tune, \"The Craigielee March\", played by a military band while attending Warrnambool steeplechase horse racing in Victoria in April 1894, and played it back by ear at Dagworth. Paterson decided that the music would be a good piece to set lyrics. He produced the original version during the rest of his stay at the station and in Winton.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 524923, 4527314 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 108 ], [ 109, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The march was based on the music the Scottish composer James Barr composed in 1818 for Robert Tannahill's 1806 poem \"Thou Bonnie Wood of Craigielee\". In the early 1890s it was arranged as \"The Craigielee\" march music for brass band by Australian composer Thomas Bulch.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4635444, 9576713, 371657, 5997515, 6940814 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ], [ 55, 65 ], [ 87, 103 ], [ 221, 231 ], [ 255, 267 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " It has been widely accepted that \"Waltzing Matilda\" is probably based on the following story:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In Queensland in 1891 the Great Shearers' Strike brought the colony close to civil war and was broken only after the Premier of Queensland, Samuel Griffith, called in the military. In September 1894, some shearers at Dagworth Station were again on strike. The situation turned violent with the striking shearers firing their rifles and pistols in the air and setting fire to the woolshed at Dagworth, killing dozens of sheep. The owner of Dagworth Station and three policemen gave chase to a man named Samuel Hoffmeister, an immigrant said to have been born in Batavia also known as \"Frenchy\". Rather than be captured, Hoffmeister shot and killed himself at the 4 Mile Creek south of Kynuna at 12.30pm on 2 September 1894.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2821832, 24677, 327696, 155134, 354064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 48 ], [ 117, 138 ], [ 140, 155 ], [ 248, 254 ], [ 561, 568 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bob Macpherson (the brother of Christina) and Paterson are said to have taken rides together at Dagworth. Here they would probably have passed the Combo Waterhole, where Macpherson is purported to have told this story to Paterson. Although not remaining in close contact, Paterson and Christina Macpherson had different recollections of where the song was first composed- Christina said it was composed \"in Winton\" while Paterson said it was at \"Dick's Creek\" on the road to Winton. Amongst Macpherson's belongings, found after her death in 1936, was an unopened letter to a music researcher that read \"...one day I played (from ear) a tune, which I had heard played by a band at the Races in Warrnambool...he [Paterson] then said he thought he could write some words to it. He then and there wrote the first verse. We tried it and thought it went well, so he then wrote the other verses.\" Similarly, in the early 1930s on ABC radio Paterson said: \"The shearers staged a strike and Macpherson's woolshed at Dagworth was burnt down and a man was picked up dead...Miss Macpherson used to play a little Scottish tune on a zither and I put words to it and called it Waltzing Matilda.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 923, 926 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The song itself was first performed on 6 April 1895 by Sir Herbert Ramsay, 5th Bart., at the North Gregory Hotel in Winton, Queensland. The occasion was a banquet for the Premier of Queensland.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 432128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In February 2010, ABC News reported an investigation by barrister Trevor Monti that the death of Hoffmeister was more akin to a gangland assassination than to suicide. The same report asserts, \"Writer Matthew Richardson says the song was most likely written as a carefully worded political allegory to record and comment on the events of the shearers' strike.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4797328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several alternative theories for the origins or meaning of \"Waltzing Matilda\" have been proposed since the time it was written. Still, most experts now essentially agree on the details outlined above. Some oral stories collected during the twentieth century claimed that Paterson had merely modified a pre-existing bush song, but there is no evidence for this. In 1905, Paterson himself published a book of bush ballads he had collected from around Australia entitled Old Bush Songs, with nothing resembling \"Waltzing Matilda\" in it. Nor do any other publications or recordings of bush ballads include anything to suggest it preceded Paterson. Meanwhile, manuscripts from the time the song originated indicate the song's origins with Paterson and Christina Macpherson, as do their own recollections and other pieces of evidence.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 20911029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 407, 418 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There has been speculation about the relationship \"Waltzing Matilda\" bears to a British song, \"The Bold Fusilier\" or \"The Gay Fusilier\" (also known as \"Marching through Rochester\", referring to Rochester in Kent and the Duke of Marlborough), a song sung to the same tune and dated by some back to the 18th century but first printed in 1900. There is, however, no documentary proof that \"The Bold Fusilier\" existed before 1900, and evidence suggests that this song was in fact written as a parody of \"Waltzing Matilda\" by English soldiers during the Boer War where Australian soldiers are known to have sung \"Waltzing Matilda\" as a theme. The first verse of \"The Bold Fusilier\" is:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 218768, 142292, 42720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 194, 203 ], [ 220, 239 ], [ 549, 557 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2008, Australian amateur historian Peter Forrest claimed that the widespread belief that Paterson had penned the ballad as a socialist anthem, inspired by the Great Shearers' Strike, was false and a \"misappropriation\" by political groups. Forrest asserted that Paterson had in fact written the self-described \"ditty\" as part of his flirtation with Macpherson, despite his engagement to someone else. This theory was not shared by other historians like Ross Fitzgerald, emeritus professor in history and politics at Griffith University, who argued that the defeat of the strike in the area that Paterson was visiting only several months before the song's creation would have been in his mind, most likely consciously but at least \"unconsciously\", and thus was likely to have been an inspiration for the song. Fitzgerald stated, \"the two things aren't mutually exclusive\"a view shared by others who, while not denying the significance of Paterson's relationship with Macpherson, nonetheless recognise the underlying story of the shearers' strike and Hoffmeister's death in the lyrics of the song.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 409093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 518, 537 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paterson sold the rights to \"Waltzing Matilda\" and \"some other pieces\" to Angus & Robertson for five Australian pounds. In 1903, tea trader James Inglis hired Marie Cowan, who was married to Inglis's accountant, to alter the song lyrics for use as an advertising jingle for the Billy Tea company, making it nationally famous. Cowan adapted the lyrics and set them to music in 1903. A third variation on the song, with a slightly different chorus, was published in 1907.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5598638, 1007978, 41517171, 932059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 91 ], [ 101, 117 ], [ 140, 152 ], [ 263, 269 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although no copyright applied to the song in Australia and many other countries, the Australian Olympic organisers had to pay royalties to an American publisher, Carl Fischer Music, following the song being played at the 1996 Summer Olympics held in Atlanta. According to some reports, the song was copyrighted by Carl Fischer Music in 1941 as an original composition. However, The Sydney Morning Herald reported that Carl Fischer Music had collected the royalties on behalf of Messrs Allan & Co, an Australian publisher that claimed to have bought the original copyright, though Allan's claim \"remains unclear\". Arrangements such as those claimed by Richard D. Magoffin remain in copyright in America. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5278, 14349025, 72311, 259082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 21 ], [ 162, 180 ], [ 221, 241 ], [ 378, 403 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are no \"official\" lyrics to \"Waltzing Matilda\" and slight variations can be found in different sources. Paterson's original lyrics referred to \"drowning himself 'neath the Coolibah Tree\". The following lyrics are the Cowan version.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 3416601 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 178, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The lyrics contain many distinctively Australian English words, some now rarely used outside the song. These include:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 1897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Waltzing derived from the German term auf der Walz, which means to travel while working as a craftsman and learn new techniques from other masters.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 26166435, 426433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 52 ], [ 95, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Matilda a romantic term for a swagman's bundle. See below, \"Waltzing Matilda\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Waltzing Matilda from the above terms, \"to waltz Matilda\" is to travel with a swag, that is, with all one's belongings on one's back wrapped in a blanket or cloth. The exact origins of the term \"Matilda\" are disputed; one fanciful derivation states that when swagmen met each other at their gatherings, there were rarely women to dance with. Nonetheless, they enjoyed a dance and so danced with their swags, which was given a woman's name. However, this appears to be influenced by the word \"waltz\", hence the introduction of dancing. It seems more likely that, as a swagman's only companion, the swag came to be personified as a female.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The National Library of Australia states:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 796059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Matilda is an old Teutonic female name meaning \"mighty battle maid\". This may have informed the use of \"Matilda\" as a slang term to mean a de facto wife who accompanied a wanderer. In the Australian bush a man's swag was regarded as a sleeping partner, hence his \"Matilda\". (Letter to Rt. Hon. Sir Winston Churchill, KG from Harry Hastings Pearce, 19 February 1958. Harry Pearce Papers, NLA Manuscript Collection, MS2765)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In Germany the terms \"Waltzing Matilda\" have a very specific meaning:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It refers to the tradition where craftsmen, after having completed their apprenticeship, spend 3 years away from their hometown, travelling on minimal budget, working in many places in order to acquire experience and master their craft. See Journeyman Years for a detailed description. In this context, (Walz) or (auf der Walz) refers to this activity. And (Mathilda) is the patron saint of the road, looking after the men (and women), helping them but sometimes dealing harsh lessons.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 26166435 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 242, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hence (Waltzing Matilda) would refer to the activity of a journey man traveling the road, only carrying a simple swag.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " swagman a man who travelled the country looking for work. The swagman's \"swag\" was a bed roll that bundled his belongings.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 185024, 466217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ], [ 74, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " billabong an oxbow lake (a cut-off river bend) found alongside a meandering river", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 396960, 497756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 14, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " coolibah tree a kind of eucalyptus tree which grows near billabongs", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 3416601, 49871 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 25, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " jumbuck a sheep", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 3749578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " billy a can for boiling water, usually 1–1.5 litres (2–3 pints)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 1240278 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " tucker bag a bag for carrying food", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 20883962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " troopers policemen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 14107276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " squatter Australian squatters started as early farmers who raised livestock on land which they did not have the legal title to use; in many cases they later gained legal use of the land even though they did not have full possession, and became wealthy thanks to these large land holdings. The squatter's claim to the land may be as unfounded as is the swagman's claim to the jumbuck.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 8309882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The lyrics of \"Waltzing Matilda\" have been changed since it was written. The following version, considered to be the 'original', was published by Paterson himself in Saltbush Bill, J.P., and Other Verses in 1917, and appears as follows:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 47906598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a facsimile of the first part of the original manuscript, included in Singer of the Bush, a collection of Paterson's works published by Lansdowne Press in 1983, the first two verses appear as follows:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [ 14632149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some corrections in the manuscript are evident; the verses originally read (differences in italics):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It has been suggested that these changes were from an even earlier version and that Paterson was talked out of using this text, but the manuscript does not bear this out. In particular, the first line of the chorus was corrected before it had been finished, so the original version is incomplete.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first published version, in 1903, differs slightly from this text:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By contrast with the original, and also with subsequent versions, the chorus of all the verses was the same in this version. This is also apparently the only version that uses \"billabongs\" instead of \"billabong\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Current variations of the third line of the first verse are \"And he sang as he sat and waited by the billabong\" or \"And he sang as he watched and waited till his billy boiled\". Another variation is that the third line of each chorus is kept unchanged from the first chorus, or is changed to the third line of the preceding verse.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There is also the very popular so-called Queensland version that has a different chorus, one very similar to that used by Paterson:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Lyrics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In May 1988 the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) chief executive, John Sturman, presented five platinum awards, \"which recognised writers who had created enduring works which have become a major part of the Australian culture\", at the annual APRA Awards ceremony as part of their celebrations for the Australian Bicentenary. One of the platinum awards was for Paterson and Cowan's version of \"Waltzing Matilda\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 1713388, 12661903, 3262837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 57 ], [ 258, 269 ], [ 317, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The song has never been the officially recognised national anthem in Australia. Unofficially, however, it is often used in similar circumstances. The song was one of four included in a national plebiscite to choose Australia's national song held on 21 May 1977 by the Fraser Government to determine which song was preferred as Australia's national anthem. \"Waltzing Matilda\" received 28% of the vote compared with 43% for \"Advance Australia Fair\", 19% for \"God Save the Queen\" and 10% for \"Song of Australia\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 1374481, 19734, 2053, 12334, 316531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 185, 240 ], [ 268, 285 ], [ 423, 445 ], [ 457, 475 ], [ 490, 507 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Australian passports issued from 2003 have had the lyrics of \"Waltzing Matilda\" hidden microscopically in the background pattern of most of the pages for visas and arrival/departure stamps.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 4298756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Waltzing Matilda\" was used at the 1974 FIFA World Cup and at the Montreal Olympic Games in 1976 and, as a response to the New Zealand All Blacks haka, it has gained popularity as a sporting anthem for the Australia national rugby union team. It is also performed, along with \"Advance Australia Fair\", at the annual AFL Grand Final.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 157228, 72622, 5289796, 620967, 3393693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 54 ], [ 66, 96 ], [ 135, 150 ], [ 206, 241 ], [ 316, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Matilda the Kangaroo was the mascot at the 1982 Commonwealth Games held in Brisbane, Queensland. Matilda was a cartoon kangaroo, who appeared as a high mechanical kangaroo at the opening ceremony, accompanied by Rolf Harris singing \"Waltzing Matilda\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 17064, 1006015, 192093, 157461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 20 ], [ 43, 66 ], [ 75, 83 ], [ 213, 224 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Australian women's national soccer team is nicknamed the Matildas after this song.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 30864460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jessica Mauboy and Stan Walker recorded a version of \"Waltzing Matilda\" to promote the 2012 Summer Olympics in Australia. It was released as a single on 3 August 2012.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 6699718, 23116760, 2176142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 19, 30 ], [ 87, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is used as the quick march of the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment and as the official song of the US 1st Marine Division, commemorating the time the unit spent in Australia during the Second World War. Partly also used in the British Royal Tank Regiment's slow march of \"Royal Tank Regiment\", because an early British tank model was called \"Matilda\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [ 3685181, 1427751, 1481345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 77 ], [ 110, 132 ], [ 353, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "6 April has been observed as Waltzing Matilda Day annually in Australia since 2012.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Status", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1995, it was reported that at least 500 artists in Australia and overseas had released recordings of \"Waltzing Matilda\", and according to Peter Burgis of the National Film and Sound Archive, it is \"one of the most recorded songs in the world\". Artists and bands who have covered the song range from rock stars to children's performers such as Burl Ives; to choirs, including the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. Jimmie Rodgers had a US#41 pop hit with the song in 1959.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [ 6744757, 158061, 102562, 835175 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 161, 192 ], [ 346, 355 ], [ 382, 405 ], [ 407, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 14 April 1981, on Space Shuttle Columbia's first mission, country singer Slim Dusty's rendition was broadcast to Earth.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [ 28237, 177543, 321623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 43 ], [ 46, 59 ], [ 76, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Versions of the song have been used as the title of, or been prominently featured in, a number of films and television programs.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Waltzing Matilda is a 1933 Australian film directed by and starring Pat Hanna. It features a young Coral Browne.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [ 32872881, 26344210, 1932507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 68, 77 ], [ 99, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The introduction of the song was the title of Once a Jolly Swagman, a 1949 British film starring Dirk Bogarde.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [ 18940542, 159603 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 66 ], [ 97, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An animated short was made in 1958 for Australian television.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [ 62893453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ernest Gold used the song and variations of it extensively in the 1959 film On the Beach.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [ 1560082, 10705512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 76, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " During the 1950s, a parody of the original entitled \"Once a Learned Doctor\" gained some currency in university circles. It featured lyrics rewritten with reference to the split in the Australian Labor Party in the period 1954 to 1957.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [ 1495 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 185, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In 1961, Australian songwriter Jack O'Hagan provided new lyrics to the traditional tune to be called \"God Bless Australia\" (see that article for its lyrics) that he hoped would become the Australian national anthem.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [ 7476352, 18154467, 2053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 44 ], [ 103, 122 ], [ 189, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eric Bogle's 1971 song \"And the Band Played Waltzing Matilda\" relates the story of a former swagman whose comrades got killed in the Gallipoli campaign and who himself loses his legs. The song incorporates the melody and a few lines from \"Waltzing Matilda\" at its end.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [ 415848, 2780192, 214109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 25, 61 ], [ 134, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rambling Syd Rumpo (played by Kenneth Williams) in the late 1960s BBC radio programme Round the Horne did a parody of \"Waltzing Matilda\" beginning \"Once long ago in the shade of a goolie bush...\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [ 63381, 36960, 51602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 31, 47 ], [ 87, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Family Car Songbook (1983) presents a \"translation\" of the song, using the same musical score, into an \"American\" version.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tom Waits' 1976 song \"Tom Traubert's Blues\" incorporates elements of \"Waltzing Matilda\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [ 30519, 23795771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 23, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Australian composer Harry Sdraulig's \"Fantasia on Waltzing Matilda\" (2020), composed for Yo-Yo Ma and Kathryn Stott.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Covers and derivative works", "target_page_ids": [ 142550, 20561257 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 97 ], [ 102, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Waltzing Matilda – Australia's Favourite Song", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Who'll come a Waltzing Matilda with me? online exhibition from the National Library of Australia", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 796059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Matildacentre.com.au, the official website of the Waltzing Matilda Centre, an exhibit in the Qantilda Museum in Winton, Queensland", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Papers of Christina McPherson relating to the song \"Waltzing Matilda\" digitised and held by the National Library of Australia", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Waltzing Matilda – The Musical, musically correct transcription of the Christina Macpherson version", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " First recording of the song \"Waltzing Matilda\", australianscreen online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " , Slim Dusty", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 321623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 13 ] ] } ]

[ "1895_poems", "1903_songs", "APRA_Award_winners", "Australian_patriotic_songs", "Australian_folk_songs", "Australian_folklore", "Poetry_by_Banjo_Paterson", "Songs_about_suicide", "Australian_country_music_songs", "Oceanian_anthems", "Australian_military_marches", "Folk_ballads" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Molde () is a Town and municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Romsdal. It is located on the Romsdal Peninsula, surrounding the Fannefjord and Moldefjord.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 353016, 23895165, 220056, 21241, 1436926, 233570, 5784066, 5141483, 5132630 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 35 ], [ 39, 54 ], [ 55, 61 ], [ 63, 69 ], [ 92, 112 ], [ 116, 123 ], [ 146, 163 ], [ 181, 191 ], [ 196, 206 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The administrative centre of the municipality is the city of Molde which is also the administrative centre of Møre og Romsdal county, the commercial hub of the Romsdal region, and the seat of the Diocese of Møre. Other main population centres in the municipality include the villages of Hjelset, Kleive, Nesjestranda, Midsund, Nord-Heggdal, Eidsvåg, Rausand, Boggestranda, Myklebostad, Eresfjord, and Eikesdalen.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2211969, 39026887, 2211969, 23895165, 233570, 181270, 29534299, 29534247, 19057566, 39173062, 29327917, 4162255, 4162260, 29478194, 29478559, 29478525, 29478376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 25 ], [ 53, 66 ], [ 85, 106 ], [ 110, 125 ], [ 160, 167 ], [ 196, 211 ], [ 288, 295 ], [ 297, 303 ], [ 305, 317 ], [ 319, 326 ], [ 328, 340 ], [ 342, 349 ], [ 351, 358 ], [ 360, 372 ], [ 374, 385 ], [ 387, 396 ], [ 402, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Molde has a maritime, temperate climate, with cool-to-warm summers, and relatively mild winters. The city is nicknamed The City of Roses.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 560047, 50051 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 20 ], [ 22, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Molde was originally the name of a farm by a natural harbour, which grew into a timber trading port in the late 16th century. Formal trading rights were introduced in 1614, and the town was incorporated through a royal charter in 1742. Molde was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt)", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 34568, 100943, 4305110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 124 ], [ 213, 226 ], [ 299, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a centre for Norwegian textile and garment industry, as well as the administrative centre for the region, and a major tourist destination. After World War II, Molde experienced accelerated growth, merging with Bolsøy Municipality and parts of Veøy Municipality on 1 January 1964, and has become a centre for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 51892, 38180, 2211969, 32927, 7443528, 5051684 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 106 ], [ 111, 118 ], [ 144, 165 ], [ 221, 233 ], [ 286, 292 ], [ 319, 323 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The municipality is the 56th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Molde is the 31st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 31,967. The municipality's population density is and its population has increased by 7.2% over the previous 10-year period.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 128608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 190, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city's current location dates from the late Medieval times but is preceded by an earlier Medieval township on Veøya, an island to the south of present-day Molde. The settlement at Veøya probably dates from the Migration Period, but is first mentioned in the sagas by Snorri Sturluson as the location of the Battle of Sekken in 1162, where king Håkon the Broad-shouldered was killed fighting the aristocrat Erling Skakke, during the Norwegian civil wars.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 18836, 4755750, 103155, 23408931, 29533313, 1452916, 2633736, 5917340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 101 ], [ 114, 119 ], [ 214, 230 ], [ 271, 287 ], [ 321, 327 ], [ 343, 353 ], [ 410, 423 ], [ 436, 456 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, settlement in the area can be traced much further back in timeevidence given by two rock slabs carved with petroglyphs found at Bjørset, west of the city center.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 305738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the eve of the 15th century, the influence of Veøya waned, and the island was eventually deserted. However, commercial life in the region was not dead, and originating from the two settlements of Reknes and Molde (later Moldegård), a minor port called Molde Fjære (Molde Landing) emerged, based on trade with timber and herring.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The town gained formal trading rights in 1614 under the supervision of Trondheim. During the Swedish occupation of Middle Norway, 1658–1660, after Denmark-Norway's devastating defeat in the Northern Wars, the town became a hub of resistance to the Swedes. After the rebellion and liberation in 1660, Molde became the administrative center of Romsdalen Amt and was incorporated as a city through a royal charter in 1742. Molde continued to grow throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, becoming a center for the Norwegian textile and garment industry. Tourism later became a major industry, and Molde saw notabilities such as the German emperor Wilhelm II of Germany and the Prince of Wales as regular summer visitors. Molde consisted of luxurious hotels surrounding an idyllic township with quaint, wooden houses, lush gardens, and parks, esplanades, and pavilions, earning it the nickname the Town of Roses. This was interrupted when one-third of the city was destroyed in a fire on 21 January 1916. However, Molde recovered and continued to grow in the economically difficult interbellum period.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 37472, 5058739, 21485871, 247331, 210383, 2079822, 2211969, 23895165, 23958022, 100943, 50450, 11867, 46204 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 80 ], [ 93, 100 ], [ 147, 161 ], [ 164, 182 ], [ 190, 203 ], [ 266, 290 ], [ 317, 338 ], [ 342, 355 ], [ 382, 386 ], [ 397, 410 ], [ 643, 653 ], [ 657, 664 ], [ 673, 688 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A second fire, or series of fires, struck from the German air-raids in April and May 1940, which destroyed about two-thirds of the town. Molde was in effect the capital of Norway for a week after King Haakon, Crown Prince Olav, and members of the government and parliament arrived at Molde on April 23, after a dramatic flight from Oslo. They were put up at Glomstua, then at the western outskirts of the town, and experienced the bombing raids personally. The Norwegian gold reserve was also conveyed to Molde, and was hidden in a clothing factory.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21212, 26282927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 57 ], [ 71, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, German intelligence was well aware of this, and on April 25 the Luftwaffe initiated a series of air-raids. For a week the air-raid siren on the chimney of the dairy building announced the repeated attacks. April 29 turned out to be the worst day in the history of Molde, as the city was transformed into a sea of flames by incendiary bombs. Until then the church had escaped undamaged, but in the final sortie a firebomb became stuck high up in the tower, and the wooden church was obliterated by fire.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 17885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After World War II, Molde experienced tremendous growth. As the modernization of the Norwegian society accelerated in the post-reconstruction years, Molde became a center for not only administrative and public services, but also academic resources and industrial output. After the consolidation of the town itself and its adjacent communities in 1964, Molde became a modern city, encompassing most branches of employment, from farming and fisheries to industrial production, banking, higher education, tourism, commerce, health care, and civil administration.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The town of Molde was established as an urban municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). It was surrounded by the rural municipality of Bolsøy. On 1 July 1915, a part of Bolsøy (population: 183) was transferred to the city of Molde. On 1 January 1952, another part of Bolsøy (population: 1,913) was transferred to Molde.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4305110, 7443528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 102 ], [ 156, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the [[Molde (town)] (population: 8,289) merged with the Sekken, Veøya, and Nesjestranda parts of municipality of Veøy (population: 756), all of the municipality of Bolsøy (population: 7,996), and the Mordal area of Nord-Aukra municipality (population: 77) to form the present day municipality of Molde.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 23453034, 29533313, 4755750, 19057566, 5051684, 7443528, 178353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 104 ], [ 181, 187 ], [ 189, 194 ], [ 200, 212 ], [ 238, 242 ], [ 289, 295 ], [ 340, 350 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 1 January 2020, the neighbouring municipalities of Midsund and Nesset merged with Molde to form a much larger municipality called Molde.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 178351, 178350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 61 ], [ 66, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is named after the original settlement on the farmstead of Molde (). The name is the plural form of either mold which means \"fertile soil\" or which means \"skull\" or \"mold\" (thus in reference to the rounded peaks in Moldemarka).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Name", "target_page_ids": [ 148424, 5122375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 100 ], [ 225, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pronunciation varies between the standard Molde and the rural Molle. A person from Molde will refer to themself as a Moldenser.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Name", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The coat of arms was granted on 29 June 1742. It shows a whale chasing herring into a barrel, based on an old myth that cetaceans guided by the Providence chased, rather than followed, the schools into the fjords at certain times. It also portrays the city's founding industries of herring fisheries and timber exports. Molde was never a whaling port, but the unusually bountiful fisheries in the early 1740s alleviated the city's suffering during a major famine. The sighting of whales, usually pods of orca, was commonly held to be the start of the spring herring fisheries.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Coat of arms", "target_page_ids": [ 55284, 33777, 49890, 17011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ], [ 57, 62 ], [ 71, 78 ], [ 504, 508 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Moldesangen (The Song of Molde) is the semi-official anthem. It was written by Palle Godtfred Olaus Dørum (1818–1886) and composed by Karl Groos (1789–1861), supposedly in 1818, and is the same tune used the anthem of the German federal state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern(Moldesangen)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Coat of arms", "target_page_ids": [ 38168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 243, 265 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Molde municipality includes part of the Romsdal peninsula as well as many islands. The town of Molde consists of a long and wide strip of urban land running east–west along the north shore of the Moldefjord, an arm of the Romsdalsfjord, on the Romsdal peninsula. The city is sheltered by Bolsøya and the Molde archipelago, a chain of low-lying islands and islets, to the south, and the wood-clad hills of Moldemarka to the north. The city centre is located just west of the river Moldeelva, which runs into the city from the north, originating in the Moldevatnet lake, through the valley Moldedalen. Despite the river being minor and seasonal, it supported several sawmills in the 16th and 17thcenturies. This gave rise to the original town itself through a combination of a good harbour, proximity to the sea routes, vast timber resources, and a river capable of supporting mills. In 1909, the river housed the first hydro electric power plant capable of providing sufficient electricity for the city, and the upper reaches of the river still provide drinking water for most of the city.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 5784066, 39026887, 5132630, 4408204, 5784066, 29533203, 5137587, 5122375, 5137452, 5137482, 352327, 381399, 212141 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 57 ], [ 88, 101 ], [ 199, 209 ], [ 225, 238 ], [ 247, 264 ], [ 291, 298 ], [ 307, 324 ], [ 408, 418 ], [ 483, 492 ], [ 554, 565 ], [ 668, 675 ], [ 921, 935 ], [ 936, 947 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Its panoramic view of some 222 partly snow-clad peaks, usually referred to as the Molde panorama, is one of Molde's main attractions, and has drawn tourists to the city since the 19th century. Molde is nicknamed the Town of Roses, a name which originated during Molde's era as a tourist destination of international fame in the late 19thcentury.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 5287650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Neighbouring municipalities are Aukra, Gjemnes, and Hustadvika (to the north); Ålesund (to the west); Vestnes and Rauma (to the south); and Tingvoll and Sunndal (to the east).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 178353, 178358, 60921200, 18950508, 178348, 178349, 178361, 178313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 37 ], [ 39, 46 ], [ 52, 62 ], [ 79, 86 ], [ 102, 109 ], [ 114, 119 ], [ 140, 148 ], [ 153, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Salmon, sea trout and sea char are found in the rivers throughout the area, especially the Rauma, Driva, and Eira, already legendary among the British gentry in the mid-19th century. Trout is abundant in most lakes. Cod, pollock, saithe, mackerel and other species of saltwater fish are commonly caught in the Romsdalsfjord, both from land and from boat. Skiing is a common activity among the inhabitants of Molde in the winter, on groomed tracks, in resorts or by own trail. There are several rock climbing, ice climbing, bouldering, glacier and basejumping areas in the immediate vicinity of Molde.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 36984, 1766239, 1897094, 181838, 1907344, 29428370, 21244171, 47326, 41515, 47579, 7906757, 47332, 4699587, 28478, 929786, 375734, 4113, 12463, 4430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ], [ 8, 17 ], [ 22, 30 ], [ 91, 96 ], [ 98, 103 ], [ 109, 113 ], [ 151, 157 ], [ 183, 188 ], [ 216, 219 ], [ 221, 228 ], [ 230, 236 ], [ 238, 246 ], [ 278, 282 ], [ 355, 361 ], [ 494, 507 ], [ 509, 521 ], [ 523, 533 ], [ 535, 542 ], [ 547, 558 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Atlantic road was voted the Norwegian Construction of the Century in 2005. It is built on bridges and landfills across small islands and skerries, and spans from the small communities of Vikan and Vevang to Averøy, an island with several historic landmarks, such as the Bremsnes cave with Mesolithic findings from the Fosna culture, the mediaeval Kvernes stave church, and Langøysund, now a remote fishing community, but once a bustling port along the main coastal route. Langøysund was the site of the compromise between King Magnus I and the farmers along the coast in 1040. The compromise is regarded as Norway's Magna Carta, and is commemorated though the Pilespisser () monument.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 452270, 178356, 20568, 1723692, 18836, 2526653, 66279, 20958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 17 ], [ 211, 217 ], [ 293, 303 ], [ 322, 327 ], [ 341, 350 ], [ 351, 371 ], [ 531, 539 ], [ 620, 631 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Trollkirka (English: lit. Troll Church) is a marble grotto leading up to an underground waterfall. The grotto is situated 30 minutes outside Molde, followed by a 1-hour hike up a steep trail. Trollveggen is Europe's tallest vertical, overhanging mountain face, with several very difficult climbing routes. Trollstigen is the most visited tourist road in Norway. The road twists and turns its way up an almost vertical mountainside through 11 hairpin bends to an altitude of . Mardalsfossen is the highest waterfall in Northern Europe and the fourth highest waterfall in the world, cascading 297 metres down into the valley. The total height of the waterfall is .", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1965639, 1161056, 69442, 159865 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 192, 203 ], [ 306, 317 ], [ 505, 514 ], [ 518, 533 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bud is a fishing village on the very tip of the Romsdal peninsula. It gained importance during the Middle Ages as a trading post, and hosted the last free Privy Council of Norway in 1533, a desperate attempt to save the country's independence and stave off the Protestant Reformation, led by Olav Engelbrektsson, archbishop of Nidaros (today Trondheim). The massive Ergan coastal defences, a restored German coastal fort from World War II, and a part of the Atlantic Wall, is situated in Bud. The fishing communities of Ona, Bjørnsund and Håholmen are located on remote islands off the coast, only accessible by boat or ferry.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 944056, 51807646, 18836, 652321, 37857, 18933051, 18930846, 32927, 149270 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 3 ], [ 56, 65 ], [ 99, 110 ], [ 155, 168 ], [ 261, 283 ], [ 292, 311 ], [ 314, 335 ], [ 427, 439 ], [ 459, 472 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Moldemarka, the hilly woodland area north of the city, is public land. The area has an extensive network of paths, walking trails and skiing tracks. Forest roads enter the area from several directions. Bulletin boards and maps provide information regarding local plants and wildlife, as well as signposts along the trails. Marked trails lead to a number of peaks, sites and fishing lakes and rivers. A national fishing licence is required to fish in the lakes and streams.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 375331 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Varden, above sea level is a viewpoint directly above Molde, with a good view of the city, the fjord with the Molde archipelago and the Molde panorama.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 10397282, 4408204, 5137587, 5287650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 24 ], [ 96, 101 ], [ 111, 128 ], [ 137, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Molde has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb) also known as marine west coast climate. Molde holds the national high for the month of October, with recorded on 11 October 2005. Due to its geographic location, Molde experiences frequent snowfalls in winter, but this snow is usually wet as the winters tend to be mild. The record high was recorded in July 2018. The record low was recorded in both January and February 2010.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 560047, 28191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 37 ], [ 235, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A natural phenomenon occurring in Molde and the adjacent district, are frequent winter days with temperatures above , sometimes even above . This is due to the foehn wind from south and south-east. The sheltered location of the city, facing south with hills to the north, mountains to the east and mountainous islands to the west, contributes to Molde's climate and rich plant life, especially among species naturally growing on far lower latitudes, like chestnut, oak, tilia (lime or linden), beech, yew, and others.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1760214, 351423, 67733, 39696, 261463, 165252, 229925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 20 ], [ 160, 170 ], [ 455, 463 ], [ 465, 468 ], [ 470, 475 ], [ 494, 499 ], [ 501, 504 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "All municipalities in Norway, including Molde, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipality falls under the Romsdal District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 11722032, 261925, 229060, 31741, 146717, 56313, 148131, 25897, 3532493, 101146, 46909657, 17183476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 84 ], [ 118, 133 ], [ 135, 149 ], [ 160, 172 ], [ 183, 198 ], [ 200, 206 ], [ 208, 228 ], [ 244, 248 ], [ 286, 303 ], [ 354, 359 ], [ 395, 417 ], [ 426, 452 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The municipal council () of Molde is made up of 59 representatives who are elected to four-year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 3532493, 23996 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 108, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mayors of Molde (incomplete list):", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2011–present: Torgeir Dahl (H)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 39041527, 1241411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 26 ], [ 28, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2003-2011: Jan Petter Hammerø (H)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1998-2003: Rolf Myhre (KrF)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 28479231, 292768 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 21 ], [ 23, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1994-1998: Einar Øveraas (H)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1990-1993: Rolf Myhre (KrF)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 28479231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1986-1989: Ragnar Heggdal (H)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1984-1985: Rolf Myhre (KrF)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 28479231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1982-1983: Asmund Fredly (KrF)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1980-1981: Bernt Vilnes (H)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1978-1979: Asmund Fredly (KrF)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Three of the four great Norwegian authors are connected to Molde. Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson spent his childhood years at Nesset outside Molde, and attended school in the city. Henrik Ibsen frequently spent his vacations at the mansion Moldegård visiting the family Møller; and Alexander Kielland resided in the city as the governor of Romsdals amt. Ibsen's play Rosmersholm is generally thought to be inspired by life at the mansion Moldegård, and The Lady from the Sea is also believed to be set in the city of Molde, although never actually mentioned. Other authors from or with ties to Molde include Edvard Hoem, Jo Nesbø, Knut Ødegård, and Nini Roll Anker, a friend of Sigrid Undset.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 57616, 182656, 178350, 14236, 468642, 23895165, 3965342, 5204285, 19773398, 901730, 1111196, 22679476, 29236 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 23 ], [ 66, 87 ], [ 117, 123 ], [ 172, 184 ], [ 273, 291 ], [ 331, 343 ], [ 358, 369 ], [ 444, 465 ], [ 599, 610 ], [ 612, 620 ], [ 622, 634 ], [ 640, 655 ], [ 669, 682 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Romsdal Museum, one of Norway's largest folk museums, was established in 1912. Buildings originating from all over the region have been moved here to form a typical cluster of farm buildings including \"open hearth\" houses, sheds, outhouses, smokehouses and a small chapel. The \"town street\" with Mali's Café shows typical Molde town houses from the pre-World War I period. The Museum of the Fisheries is an open-air museum located on the island of Hjertøya, 10 minutes from the centre of Molde. A small fishing village with authentic buildings, boats and fishing equipment, the museum shows local coastal culture from 1850 onwards.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 5141913, 37585, 143176 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ], [ 49, 55 ], [ 211, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The local newspaper is Romsdals Budstikke.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 180303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Church of Norway has ten parishes () within the municipality of Molde. It is part of the Molde domprosti (arch-deanery) in the Diocese of Møre.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 194164, 30054774, 4456859, 181270 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 20 ], [ 93, 108 ], [ 115, 122 ], [ 131, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Moldejazz jazz festival is held in Molde every July. Moldejazz is one of the largest and oldest jazz festivals in Europe, and one of the most important. An estimated 40,000 tickets are sold for the more than a hundred events during the festival. Between 80,000 and 100,000 visitors visit the city during the one-week-long festival.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 181255, 15613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 14, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Every August, Molde and Nesset are hosts to the Bjørnson Festival, an international literature festival. Established by the poet Knut Ødegård in connection with the 250-year anniversary of Molde, the festival is named in honour of the Nobel Prize in Literature laureate Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910). It is the oldest and the most internationally acclaimed literature festival in Norway.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 178350, 182430, 23385442, 182656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 30 ], [ 48, 65 ], [ 235, 260 ], [ 270, 291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to the two major events, a number of minor festivals are held annually. Byfest, the city's celebration of incorporation, is an arrangement by local artists, coinciding with the anniversary of the royal charter of 29 June 1742.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Molde University College offers a wide range of academic opportunities, from nursing and health-related studies, to economics and administrative courses. The school is Norway's leading college in logistics, and well established as a centre for research and academic programmes in information technology, with degrees up to and including PhD.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 11223701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hurtigruta calls on Molde every day, on its journey between Bergen and Kirkenes. The nearest railway station is Åndalsnes, the terminus for the Rauma Line.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 491290, 56494, 178823, 1440450, 1035451 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 60, 66 ], [ 71, 79 ], [ 113, 122 ], [ 145, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The local airport is Molde Airport which has several daily flights to Oslo, Bergen, and Trondheim, as well as weekly flights to other domestic and international destinations.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 181250 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The European route E39 and Norwegian County Road 64 both pass through the municipality. The city of Molde is connected to Fræna Municipality (to the north) by the Tussen Tunnel. The city is connected to the Røvika and Nesjestranda part of the municipality by the Fannefjord Tunnel and Bolsøy Bridge, significantly shortening the drive by avoiding driving all the way around the Fannefjorden. The proposed Langfjord Tunnel would connect Molde Municipality to Rauma Municipality via a tunnel under the Langfjorden.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 2920752, 30446136, 30419599, 39460957, 19057566, 30419886, 2736668, 5141483, 30439469, 29414812 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 22 ], [ 27, 51 ], [ 164, 177 ], [ 209, 215 ], [ 220, 232 ], [ 265, 282 ], [ 287, 300 ], [ 380, 392 ], [ 408, 424 ], [ 503, 514 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Molde hosts a variety of sports teams, most notably the football team, Molde FK, which plays in the Eliteserien, the top division in the Norwegian football league system. Their home matches are played at Aker stadion, inaugurated in 1998, which holds a record attendance of 13,308. The team is four-time league champions (2011, 2012, 2014 and 2019), four-time Norwegian Cup winners (1994, 2005, 2013 and 2014), and has made numerous appearances in European tournaments, including the UEFA Champions League. The club was founded in 1911, during Molde's period of great British and Continental influx, and was first named \"International\", since it predominantly played teams made up from crews of foreign vessels visiting the city.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 10568, 176800, 603971, 25082276, 183168, 44220 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 64 ], [ 71, 79 ], [ 100, 111 ], [ 137, 169 ], [ 204, 216 ], [ 484, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to a number of international players, the city has also produced several ski jumpers, cross-country skiers and alpine skiers of international merit.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 40056, 44298710, 39576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 96 ], [ 98, 118 ], [ 123, 136 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other sports include the accomplished team handball clubs (Molde HK, SK Træff, SK Rival), athletics teams (IL Molde-Olymp), skiing clubs, basketball and volleyball teams.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 13730, 54406379, 28063789, 14242804 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 51 ], [ 59, 67 ], [ 69, 77 ], [ 107, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Molde has three sister cities. They are: ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 1155299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Borås, Sweden", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 128712, 5058739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 8, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mikkeli, Finland", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 376574, 10577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ], [ 10, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vejle, Denmark", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 769935, 76972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 8, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nicholas Lawson (1790-1851) Vice governor of Galápagos for Ecuador, born on Sekken ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 40954268, 171118, 9334 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 46, 55 ], [ 60, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ole Anton Qvam (1834–1904) lawyer, politician and Prime Minister of Norway 1902/03", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 4107380, 220458 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 51, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dorothea Christensen (1847–1908) a domestic science proponent and politician", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 38760663, 50649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 36, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jacob Tanner, (1865–1964) Norwegian American Lutheran educator and religious author", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 19044203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Johan Scharffenberg (1869–1965) a psychiatrist, politician, speaker and writer", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 24303774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Olav Kavli (1872–1958) a businessman who founded the Kavli company", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 12625879, 12625610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 54, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jens Arup Seip (1905–1992) medieval historian and interpreter of 1800's political history", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 20485059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eystein Fjærli (1917–1987) lieutenant colonel, defence strategist, author and politician", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 53540763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Arne Solli (1938–2017) Norwegian Army general & Chief of Defence of Norway", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 21347256, 388136, 4111069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 24, 38 ], [ 49, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kjell Magne Bondevik (born 1947) politician, Prime Minister of Norway, 2001-2005", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 172892, 220458 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 46, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bjørn T. Grydeland (born 1949) President of EFTASA & EU Ambassador ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 19683679, 3126116, 9317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 45, 51 ], [ 54, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Torgeir Dahl (born 1953) politician and Mayor of Molde since 2011", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 39041527 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kjell Inge Røkke (born 1958) a corrupt Norwegian billionaire \"ruthless corporate raider\"", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 195657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Karen Splid Møller (1800–1880) a Norwegian handwritten cookbook writer ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 52322736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910) writer of noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Literature, brought up in Nesset", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 182656, 23385442 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ], [ 99, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Maurycy Gottlieb (1856–1879) a Polish realist painter of the Romantic period, lived in Molde", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1384755, 2701723 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 62, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rasmus Rasmussen (1862–1932) a Norwegian actor, folk singer and theatre director ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 42276728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nini Roll Anker (1873–1942) novelist and playwright about women within different social classes", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 22679476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kurt Schwitters, (1887–1948) German artist using dadaism, constructivism and surrealism, had a hut on Hjertøya pre-WWII", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 17121, 8240, 2465278, 28766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 50, 57 ], [ 59, 73 ], [ 78, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Terje Fjærn (1942-2016) musician, orchestra leader and musical conductor", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 52503093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Knut Ødegård (born 1945) poet, also lives in Reykjavík, Iceland", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1111196 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Terje Venaas (born 1947) a Norwegian jazz musician (upright bass)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 37963694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Edvard Hoem (born 1949) a Norwegian novelist, dramatist, lyricist and psalmist ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 19773398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jo Nesbø (born 1960) a Norwegian writer, musician and economist; grew up in Molde", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 901730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Arne Nøst (born 1962) a Norwegian graphic artist and theatre director", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 26459903 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Arne Sæterøy (born 1965) pen name Jason, cartoonist of silent animal characters", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 2513409 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ann-Helen Moen (born 1969) a Norwegian lyric soprano ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 10260970 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ane Brun (born 1976) a Norwegian songwriter, guitarist, and vocalist of Sami origin", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 2489258 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ola Kvernberg (born 1981) a jazz musician, plays a string swing violin", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 36740681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Daniel Herskedal (born 1982) a Norwegian jazz tuba player", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 40232187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hayden Powell (born 1983) a jazz trumpeter and composer, grew up in Molde", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 37003030 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mari Kvien Brunvoll (born 1984) a Norwegian folk and jazz singer", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 36901403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Linnéa Myhre (born 1990) a Norwegian author and blogger", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 56371061 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Otto Berg (1906–1991) a long jumper, competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 8482291, 39721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 54, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Arne Legernes (born 1931) a retired Norwegian footballer with 41 caps for Norway", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 33614014, 203277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 75, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Einar Halle (born 1943) a Norwegian former UEFA football referee and referee observer", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 39165622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Harry Hestad (born 1944) a former footballer and coach with 412 club caps and 31 for Norway", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 32913444, 203277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 86, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jan Fuglset (born 1945) a former footballer with over 288 club caps and 20 for Norway", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 11773610, 203277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 80, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ingolf Mork (1947–2012) ski jumper, winner of Four Hills Tournament 1971/72", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 4369893, 1215484 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 47, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Arild Monsen (born 1962) cross-country skier, World Champion 1985", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 6686063, 44298710 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 26, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kjetil Rekdal (born 1968) a football manager and a former player with 484 club caps and 83 for Norway", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1226141, 203277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 96, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Trond Strande (born 1970) a former footballer with 275 caps with Molde FK", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 15900064, 176800 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 66, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Petter Rudi (born 1973) a retired footballer with 350 club caps and 46 for Norway", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 2582550, 203277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 76, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mette Solli (born 1974) a female Norwegian kickboxer", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 58221477 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Andrine Flemmen (born 1974) a retired giant slalom alpine skier, won three World Cup races", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 9575825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kurt Asle Arvesen (born 1975) a Norwegian former professional road bicycle racer", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 2199332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Daniel Berg Hestad (born 1975) a football manager and a former player with 557 club caps", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 3302063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Arne Riise (born 1980) a former footballer with 546 club caps and 110 for Norway", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 225697 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Christian Gauseth (born 1984) a Norwegian footballer with over 320 club caps", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 46332753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Johan Remen Evensen (born 1985) ski jumper, former world record-holder in ski flying", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 20694702, 40056, 3723183, 3732070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 33, 43 ], [ 52, 71 ], [ 75, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Magnus Wolff Eikrem (born 1990) footballer with over 220 club caps and 17 for Norway", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 31491660, 203277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 79, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ragnhild Mowinckel (born 1992) alpine skier, twice silver medallist at the 2018 Winter Olympics", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 38016331, 39576, 961505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 32, 44 ], [ 76, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ada Hegerberg (born 1995) a footballer with nearly 200 club caps and 66 for Norway women", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 34425803, 2174971 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 77, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway ", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 1451382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tourist information", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Molde University college", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Molde International Jazz Festival", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Romsdals Budstikke", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Molde F.K.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " VS Molde Futsal", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Molde Sports Association", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Molde and the Molde Panorama", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Images from Molde and Romsdal by Armin Burkhart", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Molde", "Municipalities_of_Møre_og_Romsdal", "1838_establishments_in_Norway" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Barbados is an island country in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, situated about 100 miles (160 km) east of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Roughly triangular in shape, the island measures some 21 miles (32 km) from northwest to southeast and about 14 miles (25 km) from east to west at its widest point. The capital and largest town is Bridgetown, which is also the main seaport.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Barbados was inhabited by its indigenous peoples – Arawaks and Caribs – prior to the European colonization of the Americas in the 16th century. Barbados was briefly claimed by the Spanish who saw the trees with the beard like feature (hence the name barbados), and then by Portugal from 1532 to 1620. The island was English and later a British colony from 1625 until 1966. From 1966 to 2021, it was a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy, modelled on the Westminster system, with Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados, as head of state. Barbados became a republic on November 30, 2021.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3455, 65313, 65384, 52447, 32609472, 4721, 5649, 182113, 33782, 12153654, 14472504, 13456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ], [ 51, 57 ], [ 63, 69 ], [ 85, 122 ], [ 316, 323 ], [ 336, 343 ], [ 401, 424 ], [ 429, 452 ], [ 470, 488 ], [ 495, 507 ], [ 509, 526 ], [ 531, 544 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some evidence suggests that Barbados may have been settled in the second millennium BC, but this is limited to fragments of conch lip adzes found in association with shells that have been radiocarbon-dated to about 1630 BC. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History before colonization", "target_page_ids": [ 113276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fully documented Amerindian settlement dates to between about 350 and 650 AD, when the Troumassoid people arrived. The arrivals were a group known as the Saladoid-Barrancoid from the mainland of South America.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History before colonization", "target_page_ids": [ 2402376, 5876587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 27 ], [ 154, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The second wave of settlers appeared around 800 AD (the Spanish referred to these as \"Arawaks\") and a third in the mid-13th century. However, the Amerindian settlement surprisingly came to an end in the early 16th century. There's no evidence that the Kalinago (called \"Caribs\" by the Spanish) ever established a permanent settlement in Barbados, though they often visited the island in their canoes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History before colonization", "target_page_ids": [ 65313, 65384, 65384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 93 ], [ 252, 260 ], [ 270, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover the island. Portuguese navigator Pedro A. Campos named it Os Barbados (meaning \"bearded ones\").", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early colonial history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Frequent slave-raiding missions by the Spanish Empire in the early 16th century led to a massive decline in the Amerindian population so that by 1541 a Spanish writer claimed they were uninhabited. The Amerindians were either captured for use as slaves by the Spanish or fled to other, more easily defensible mountainous islands nearby.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early colonial history", "target_page_ids": [ 303062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From about 1600 the English, French, and Dutch began to found colonies in the North American mainland and the smaller islands of the West Indies. Although Spanish and Portuguese sailors had visited Barbados, the first English ship touched the island on 14 May 1625, and England was the first European nation to establish a lasting settlement there from 1627, when the William and John arrived with more than 60 white settlers and six African slaves.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early colonial history", "target_page_ids": [ 9316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 270, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "England is commonly said to have made its initial claim to Barbados in 1625, although reportedly an earlier claim may have been made in 1620. Nonetheless, Barbados was claimed from 1625 in the name of King James I of England. There were earlier English settlements in The Americas (1607: Jamestown, 1609: Bermuda, and 1620: Plymouth Colony), and several islands in the Leeward Islands were claimed by the English at about the same time as Barbados (1623: St Kitts, 1628: Nevis, 1632: Montserrat, 1632: Antigua). Nevertheless, Barbados quickly grew to become the third major English settlement in the Americas due to its prime eastern location.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early colonial history", "target_page_ids": [ 269055, 29833, 75804, 3460, 218110, 276895, 27737, 21503, 19281, 1967554 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 206, 224 ], [ 268, 280 ], [ 288, 297 ], [ 305, 312 ], [ 324, 339 ], [ 369, 384 ], [ 455, 463 ], [ 471, 476 ], [ 484, 494 ], [ 502, 509 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The settlement was established as a proprietary colony and funded by Sir William Courten, a City of London merchant who acquired the title to Barbados and several other islands. So the first colonists were actually tenants and much of the profits of their labor returned to Courten and his company.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Early English settlement", "target_page_ids": [ 1309699, 13894243, 6883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 54 ], [ 73, 88 ], [ 92, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first English ship, which had arrived on 14 May 1625, was captained by John Powell. The first settlement began on 17 February 1627, near what is now Holetown (formerly Jamestown), by a group led by John Powell's younger brother, Henry, consisting of 80 settlers and 10 English laborers. The latter were young indentured laborers who according to some sources had been abducted, effectively making them slaves. About 40 Taino slaves were brought in from Guyana to help plant crops on the west coast of the island.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Early English settlement", "target_page_ids": [ 1453902, 327044, 31998621 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 161 ], [ 313, 329 ], [ 423, 428 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Courten's title was transferred to James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle, in what was called the \"Great Barbados Robbery.\" Carlisle established a separate settlement at what he called Carlisle Bay, which later became known as Bridgetown.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Early English settlement", "target_page_ids": [ 495418 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlisle then chose as governor Henry Hawley, who established the House of Assembly in 1639, in an effort to appease the planters, who might otherwise have opposed his controversial appointment. That year, 12 years after the settlement was established, the white adult population stood at an estimated 8,700.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Early English settlement", "target_page_ids": [ 39220070, 3629496 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 44 ], [ 66, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the period 1640–1660, the West Indies attracted over two-thirds of the total number of English emigrants to the Americas. By 1650, there were 44,000 settlers in the West Indies, as compared to 12,000 on the Chesapeake and 23,000 in New England. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Early English settlement", "target_page_ids": [ 59473, 21531764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 210, 220 ], [ 235, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most English arrivals were indentured. After five years of labour, they were given \"freedom dues\" of about £10, usually in goods. Before the mid-1630s, they also received 5–10 acres of land, but after that time the island filled and there was no more free land. Around the time of Cromwell a number of rebels and criminals were also transported there. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Early English settlement", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Timothy Meads of Warwickshire was one of the rebels sent to Barbados at that time, before he received compensation for servitude of 1000 acres of land in North Carolina in 1666. Parish registers from the 1650s show, for the white population, four times as many deaths as marriages. The death rate was very high.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Early English settlement", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Before this, the mainstay of the infant colony's economy was the growing export of tobacco, but tobacco prices eventually fell in the 1630s, as Chesapeake production expanded.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Early English settlement", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Around the same time, fighting during the War of the Three Kingdoms and the Interregnum spilled over into Barbados and Barbadian territorial waters. The island was not involved in the war until after the execution of Charles I, when the island's government fell under the control of Royalists (ironically the Governor, Philip Bell, remained loyal to Parliament while the Barbadian House of Assembly of Barbados, under the influence of Humphrey Walrond, supported Charles II). On 7 May 1650, the General Assembly of Barbados voted to receive Lord Willoughby as governor, a move which confirmed the Cavaliers as the government of Barbados.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "England's civil war", "target_page_ids": [ 933322, 1870664, 20901733, 7426, 36950952, 378033, 3629496, 46688, 1797819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 67 ], [ 76, 87 ], [ 168, 187 ], [ 217, 226 ], [ 319, 330 ], [ 350, 360 ], [ 381, 410 ], [ 463, 473 ], [ 541, 556 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Willoughby rounded up and deported many Roundheads from Barbados, confiscating their property. To try to bring the recalcitrant colony to heel, the Commonwealth Parliament passed an act on 3 October 1650 prohibiting trade between England and Barbados, and because the island also traded with the Netherlands, further navigation acts were passed prohibiting any but English vessels trading with Dutch colonies. These acts were a precursor to the First Anglo-Dutch War. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "England's civil war", "target_page_ids": [ 209553, 21148, 168767, 1283751, 62713 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 171 ], [ 296, 307 ], [ 317, 332 ], [ 394, 408 ], [ 445, 466 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Commonwealth of England sent an invasion force under the command of Sir George Ayscue, which arrived in October 1651, and blockaded the island. After some skirmishing, the Royalists in the House of Assembly, feeling the pressures of commercial isolation, led by Lord Willoughby surrendered. The conditions of the surrender were incorporated into the Charter of Barbados (Treaty of Oistins), which was signed at the Mermaid's Inn, Oistins, on 17 January 1652.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "England's civil war", "target_page_ids": [ 7129, 886450, 1797819, 4327832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 27 ], [ 72, 89 ], [ 266, 281 ], [ 434, 441 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sugar cane cultivation in Barbados began in the 1640s, after its introduction in 1637 by Pieter Blower. Initially, rum was produced but by 1642, sugar was the focus of the industry. As it developed into the main commercial enterprise, Barbados was divided into large plantation estates which replaced the small holdings of the early English settlers as the wealthy planters pushed out the poorer. Some of the displaced farmers relocated to the English colonies in North America, most notably South Carolina. To work the plantations, black Africans – primarily from West Africa – were imported as slaves in such numbers that there were three for every one planter. Increasingly after 1750 the plantations were owned by absentee landlords living in Britain and operated by hired managers. Persecuted Catholics from Ireland also worked the plantations. Life expectancy of slaves was short and replacements were purchased annually.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sugar cane and slavery", "target_page_ids": [ 13873779, 27712, 27956, 147575 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 145, 150 ], [ 492, 506 ], [ 813, 820 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The introduction of sugar cane from Dutch Brazil in 1640 completely transformed society and the economy. Barbados eventually had one of the world's biggest sugar industries. One group instrumental in ensuring the early success of the industry were the Sephardic Jews, who had originally been expelled from the Iberian peninsula, to end up in Dutch Brazil. As the effects of the new crop increased, so did the shift in the ethnic composition of Barbados and surrounding islands. The workable sugar plantation required a large investment and a great deal of heavy labour. At first, Dutch traders supplied the equipment, financing, and African slaves, in addition to transporting most of the sugar to Europe. Barbados replaced Hispaniola as the main sugar producer in the Caribbean.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sugar cane and slavery", "target_page_ids": [ 13873779, 4628340, 150185, 14883, 4628340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 30 ], [ 36, 48 ], [ 252, 266 ], [ 310, 327 ], [ 342, 354 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1655, the population of Barbados was estimated at 43,000, of which about 20,000 were of African descent, with the remainder mainly of English descent. These English smallholders were eventually bought out and the island filled up with large African slave-worked sugar plantations. By 1660, there was near parity with 27,000 blacks and 26,000 whites. By 1666, at least 12,000 white smallholders had been bought out, died, or left the island. Many of the remaining whites were increasingly poor. By 1673, black slaves (33,184) outnumbered white settlers (21,309). By 1680, there were 17 slaves for every indentured servant. By 1684, the disparity grew even further to 19,568 white settlers and 46,502 black slaves. By 1696, there was an estimated 42,000 enslaved blacks, and the white population declined further to 16,888 by 1715.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sugar cane and slavery", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Due to the increased implementation of slave codes, which emphasized differential treatment between Africans, and the white workers and ruling planter class, the island became increasingly unattractive to poor whites. Black or slave codes were implemented in 1661, 1676, 1682, and 1688. In response to these codes, several slave rebellions were attempted or planned during this time, but none succeeded. Nevertheless, poor whites who had or acquired the means to emigrate often did so. Planters expanded their importation of African slaves to cultivate sugar cane. One early advocate of slave rights in Barbados was the visiting Quaker preacher Alice Curwen in 1677: \"For I am persuaded, that if they whom thou call'st thy Slaves, be Upright-hearted to God, the Lord God Almighty will set them Free in a way that thou knowest not; for there is none set free but in Christ Jesus, for all other Freedom will prove but a Bondage.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sugar cane and slavery", "target_page_ids": [ 1003282, 1003359, 48576100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 50 ], [ 205, 216 ], [ 645, 657 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1660, Barbados generated more trade than all the other English colonies combined. This remained so until it was eventually surpassed by geographically larger islands like Jamaica in 1713. But even so, the estimated value of the colony of Barbados in 1730–1731 was as much as £5,500,000. Bridgetown, the capital, was one of the three largest cities in English America (the other two being Boston, Massachusetts and Port Royal, Jamaica.) By 1700, the English West Indies produced 25,000 tons of sugar, compared to 20,000 for Brazil, 10,000 for the French islands and 4,000 for the Dutch islands. This quickly replaced tobacco, which had been the island's main export.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sugar cane and slavery", "target_page_ids": [ 24437894, 217538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 391, 412 ], [ 417, 436 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the sugar industry developed into its main commercial enterprise, Barbados was divided into large plantation estates that replaced the smallholdings of the early English settlers. In 1680, over half the arable land was held by 175 large enslavers/planters, each of whom enslaved at least 60 persons. The great enslavers/planters had connections with the English aristocracy and great influence on Parliament. (In 1668, the West Indian sugar crop sold for £180,000 after customs of £18,000. Chesapeake tobacco earned £50,000 after customs of £75,000). ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sugar cane and slavery", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "So much land was devoted to sugar that most foods had to be imported from New England. The poorer whites who were moved off the island went to the English Leeward Islands, or especially to Jamaica. In 1670, the Province of South Carolina was founded, when some of the surplus population again left Barbados. Other nations receiving large numbers of Barbadians included British Guiana and Panama.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sugar cane and slavery", "target_page_ids": [ 489586, 199278, 22997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 211, 237 ], [ 369, 383 ], [ 388, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roberts (2006) shows that enslaved persons did not spend the majority of time in restricted roles cultivating, harvesting and processing sugar cane, the island's most important cash crop. Rather, the enslaved were involved in various activities and in multiple roles: raising livestock, fertilizing soil, growing provisional crops, maintaining plantation infrastructure, caregiving and other tasks. One notable soil management technique was intercropping, planting subsistence crops between the rows of cash crops, which demanded of the enslaved skilled and experienced observations of growing conditions for efficient land use.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sugar cane and slavery", "target_page_ids": [ 26270315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 411, 426 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Slaveholders often counted as \"married\" only the enslaved with mates on the estate. For example, the manager of Newton estate... recorded 20 women with co-resident husbands and 35 with mates elsewhere. Members of the latter group were labelled single, members of extended units, or mother-child units.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sugar cane and slavery", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By 1750, there were about 18,000 white settlers, compared to approximately 65,000 African slaves.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sugar cane and slavery", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The slave trade ceased in 1807 and slaves were emancipated in 1834.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sugar cane and slavery", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The British abolished the slave trade in 1807, but not the institution itself. The abolition of slavery itself would only be enacted in 1833 in most parts of the British Empire. ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bussa's rebellion", "target_page_ids": [ 6585135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1816, enslaved persons rose up in what was the first of three rebellions in the British West Indies to occur in the interval between the end of the slave trade and emancipation, and the largest slave uprising in the island's history. Around 20,000 enslaved persons from over 70 plantations are thought to have been involved. The rebellion was partly fuelled by information about the growing abolitionist movement in England, and the opposition against such by local whites. ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bussa's rebellion", "target_page_ids": [ 2169858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The rebellion largely surprised planters, who felt that their slaves were content because they were allowed weekly dances, participated in social and economic activity across the island and were generally fed and looked after. However, they had refused to reform the Barbados Slave Code since its inception, a code that denied slaves human rights and prescribed inhumane torture, mutilation or death as a means of control. This contributed to what was later termed \"Bussa's Rebellion\", named after the slave ranger Bussa, and the result of a growing sentiment that the treatment of slaves in Barbados was \"intolerable\", and who believed the political climate in Britain made the time ripe to peacefully negotiate with planters for freedom. Bussa became the most famous of the rebellion's organizers, many of whom were either enslaved persons of some higher position or literate freedmen. One woman, Nanny Grigg, is also named as a principal organizer.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bussa's rebellion", "target_page_ids": [ 1003282, 2169858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 267, 286 ], [ 515, 520 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, the rebellion eventually failed. The uprising was triggered prematurely, but the slaves were already greatly outmatched. Barbados' flat terrain gave the horses of the better-armed militia the clear advantage over the rebels, with no mountains or forest for concealment. Slaves had also thought they would be supported by freed men of colour, but these instead joined efforts to quell the rebellion. Although they drove whites off the plantations, widespread killings did not take place. By the end, 120 slaves died in combat or were immediately executed and another 144 brought to trial and executed. The remaining rebels were shipped off the island.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bussa's rebellion", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1826, the Barbados legislature passed the Consolidated Slave Law, which simultaneously granted concessions to the slaves while providing reassurances to the slave owners. ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Towards the abolition of slavery", "target_page_ids": [ 46822929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Slavery was finally abolished in the British Empire eight years later, in 1834. In Barbados and the rest of the British West Indian colonies, full emancipation from slavery was preceded by a contentious apprenticeship period that lasted four years.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Towards the abolition of slavery", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1884, the Barbados Agricultural Society sent a letter to Sir Francis Hincks requesting his private and public views on whether the Dominion of Canada would favourably entertain having the then colony of Barbados admitted as a member of the Canadian Confederation. Asked from Canada were the terms of the Canadian side to initiate discussions, and whether or not the island of Barbados could depend on the full influence of Canada in getting the change agreed to by the British Parliament at Westminster.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Towards the abolition of slavery", "target_page_ids": [ 352526, 616114, 79774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 78 ], [ 215, 223 ], [ 243, 265 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1952, the Barbados Advocate newspaper polled several prominent Barbadian politicians, lawyers, businessmen, the Speaker of the House of Assembly and later as first President of the Senate, Sir Theodore Branker, Q.C.and found them to be in favour of immediate federation of Barbados along with the rest of the British Caribbean with complete Dominion Status within five years from the date of inauguration of the West Indies Federation with Canada.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Towards decolonisation", "target_page_ids": [ 6336591, 3629496, 2555684, 18956035, 218339 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 30 ], [ 130, 147 ], [ 184, 190 ], [ 320, 329 ], [ 415, 437 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, plantation owners and merchants of British descent still dominated local politics, owing to the high income qualification required for voting. More than 70 per cent of the population, many of them disenfranchised women, were excluded from the democratic process. It was not until the 1930s that the descendants of emancipated slaves began a movement for political rights. One of the leaders of this, Sir Grantley Adams, founded the Barbados Progressive League in 1938, which later became known as the Barbados Labour Party (BLP).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Towards decolonisation", "target_page_ids": [ 435559, 408395 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 409, 427 ], [ 510, 531 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adams and his party demanded more rights for the poor and for the people, and staunchly supported the monarchy. Progress toward a more democratic government in Barbados was made in 1942, when the exclusive income qualification was lowered and women were given the right to vote. By 1949, governmental control was wrested from the planters, and in 1953 Adams became Premier of Barbados.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Towards decolonisation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From 1958 to 1962, Barbados was one of the ten members of the West Indies Federation, a federalist organisation doomed by nationalist attitudes and the fact that its members, as British colonies, held limited legislative power. Grantley Adams served as its first and only \"Premier\", but his leadership failed in attempts to form similar unions, and his continued defence of the monarchy was used by his opponents as evidence that he was no longer in touch with the needs of his country. Errol Walton Barrow, a fervent reformer, became the people's new advocate. Barrow had left the BLP and formed the Democratic Labour Party (DLP) as a liberal alternative to Adams' conservative government. Barrow instituted many progressive social programmes, such as free education for all Barbadians and a school meals system. By 1961, Barrow had replaced Adams as Premier and the DLP controlled the government.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Towards decolonisation", "target_page_ids": [ 218339, 435559, 1695207, 408403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 84 ], [ 228, 242 ], [ 487, 506 ], [ 601, 624 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the Federation dissolved, Barbados reverted to its former status, that of a self-governing colony. The island negotiated its own independence at a constitutional conference with Britain in June 1966. After years of peaceful and democratic progress, Barbados finally became an independent state on 30 November 1966, with Errol Barrow its first Prime Minister, although Queen Elizabeth II remained the monarch. Upon independence Barbados maintained historical linkages with Britain by becoming a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. A year later, Barbados' international linkages were expanded by obtaining membership of both the United Nations and the Organization of American States.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Towards decolonisation", "target_page_ids": [ 510828, 21175158, 31769, 22788 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 102 ], [ 513, 536 ], [ 635, 649 ], [ 658, 689 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carrington (1982) examines politics during the American Revolution, revealing that Barbadian political leaders shared many of the grievances and goals of the American revolutionaries, but that they were unwilling to go to war over them. Nevertheless, the repeated conflicts between the island assembly and the royal governors brought important constitutional reforms which confirmed the legislature's control over most local matters and its power over the executive.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From 1800 until 1885, Barbados then served as the main seat of Government for the former British colonies of the Windward Islands. During that period of around 85 years, the resident Governor of Barbados also served as the Colonial head of the Windward Islands. After the Government of Barbados officially exited from the Windward Island union in 1885, the seat was moved from Bridgetown to St. George's on the neighbouring island of Grenada, where it remained until the territory of the Windward Islands was dissolved.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 31717, 276897, 15391260, 883403, 57646, 17238662 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 96 ], [ 113, 129 ], [ 183, 203 ], [ 223, 260 ], [ 391, 403 ], [ 434, 441 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soon after Barbados' withdrawal from the Windward Islands, Barbados became aware that Tobago was going to be amalgamated with another territory as part of a single state. In response, Barbados made an official bid to the British Government to have neighbouring Island Tobago joined with Barbados in a political union. The British government however decided that Trinidad would be a better fit and Tobago instead was made a Ward of Trinidad.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 162070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "African slaves worked on plantations owned by merchants of English and Scottish descent. It was these merchants who continued to dominate Barbados politics, even after emancipation, due to a high income restriction on voting. Only the upper 30 per cent had any voice in the democratic process. It was not until the 1930s that a movement for political rights was begun by the descendants of emancipated slaves, who started trade unions. Charles Duncan O’Neal, Clennell Wickham and the members of the Democratic League were some of the leaders of this movement. This was initially opposed by Sir Grantley Adams, who played an instrumental role in the bankruptcy and shutdown of The Herald newspapers, one of the movement's foremost voices. Adams would later found the Barbados Progressive League (now the Barbados Labour Party) in 1938, during the Great Depression. The Depression caused mass unemployment and strikes, and the standard of living on the island fell drastically. With the death of O’Neal and the demise of the League, Adams cemented his power, but he used this to advocate for causes that had once been his rivals, including more help for the people especially the poor.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 19097669, 17626, 28305335, 435559, 408395, 19283335, 17915287, 53487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 87 ], [ 422, 434 ], [ 459, 475 ], [ 594, 608 ], [ 803, 824 ], [ 846, 862 ], [ 908, 915 ], [ 925, 943 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Finally, in 1942, the income qualification was lowered. This was followed by the introduction of universal adult suffrage in 1951, and Adams was elected as Premier of Barbados in 1958. For his action and leadership, Adams would later become a National Hero.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 70322, 67527055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 121 ], [ 243, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1958 to 1962, Barbados was one of the ten members of the West Indies Federation, an organisation doomed to failure by a number of factors, including what were often petty nationalistic prejudices and limited legislative power. Indeed, Adams's position as \"Prime Minister\" was a misnomer, as all of the Federation members were still colonies of Britain. Adams, once a political visionary and now a man whose policies seemed to some blind to the needs of his country, not only held fast to his notion of defending the monarchy but also made additional attempts to form other Federation-like entities after that union's demise. When the Federation was terminated, Barbados reverted to its former status as a self-governing colony, but efforts were made by Adams to form another federation composed of Barbados and the Leeward and Windward Islands.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 218339, 14472504, 510828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 84 ], [ 521, 529 ], [ 710, 731 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Errol Walton Barrow was to replace Grantley Adams as the advocate of populism, and it was he who would eventually lead the island into Independence in 1966. Barrow, a fervent reformer and once a member of the Barbados Labour Party, had left the party to form his own Democratic Labour Party, as the liberal alternative to the conservative BLP government under Adams. He remains a National Hero for his work in social reformation, including the institution of free education for all Barbadians. In 1961, Barrow supplanted Adams as Premier as the DLP took control of the government.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 1695207, 22199672, 408395, 408403, 67527055, 18092101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ], [ 135, 147 ], [ 209, 230 ], [ 267, 290 ], [ 380, 393 ], [ 464, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Due to several years of growing autonomy, Barbados, with Barrow at the helm, was able successfully to negotiate its independence at a constitutional conference with the United Kingdom in June 1966. After years of peaceful and democratic progress, Barbados finally became an independent state and formally joined the Commonwealth of Nations on 30 November 1966, Errol Barrow serving as its first Prime Minister.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 21175158 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 316, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Barrow government sought to diversify the economy away from agriculture, seeking to boost industry and the tourism sector. Barbados was also at the forefront of regional integration efforts, spearheading the creation of CARIFTA and CARICOM. The DLP lost the 1976 Barbadian general election to the BLP under Tom Adams. Adams adopted a more conservative and strongly pro-Western stance, allowing the Americans to use Barbados as the launchpad for their invasion of Grenada in 1983. Adams died in office in 1985 and was replaced by Harold Bernard St. John; however, St. John lost the 1986 Barbadian general election, which saw the return of the DLP under Errol Barrow, who had been highly critical of the US intervention in Grenada. Barrow, too, died in office, and was replaced by Lloyd Erskine Sandiford, who remained Prime Minister until 1994.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 9692543, 57357, 5583587, 1254025, 159273, 2548661, 5583437, 2554578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 224, 231 ], [ 236, 243 ], [ 262, 293 ], [ 311, 320 ], [ 455, 474 ], [ 533, 556 ], [ 585, 616 ], [ 783, 806 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Owen Arthur of the BLP won the 1994 Barbadian general election, remaining Prime Minister until 2008. Arthur was a strong advocate of republicanism, though a planned referendum to replace Queen Elizabeth as Head of State in 2008 never took place. The DLP won the 2008 Barbadian general election, but the new Prime Minister David Thompson died in 2010 and was replaced by Freundel Stuart. The BLP returned to power in 2018 under Mia Mottley, who became Barbados's first female Prime Minister.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 393735, 5556324, 14456865, 15281024, 29320911, 56073791, 15337866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 31, 62 ], [ 262, 293 ], [ 322, 336 ], [ 370, 385 ], [ 413, 420 ], [ 427, 438 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Government of Barbados announced on 15 September 2020 that it intended to become a republic by 30 November 2021, the 55th anniversary of its independence resulting in the replacement of the hereditary monarch of Barbados with an elected president. Barbados would then cease to be a Commonwealth realm, but could maintain membership in the Commonwealth of Nations, like Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 205142, 21175158, 17238691, 3565457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 286, 304 ], [ 343, 366 ], [ 373, 379 ], [ 384, 403 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 20 September 2021, just over a full year after the announcement for the transition was made, the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2021 was introduced to the Parliament of Barbados. Passed on 6 October, the Bill made amendments to the Constitution of Barbados, introducing the office of the President of Barbados to replace the role of Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados. The following week, on 12 October 2021, incumbent Governor-General of Barbados Sandra Mason was jointly nominated by the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition as candidate to be the first President of Barbados, and was subsequently elected on 20 October. Mason took office on 30 November 2021. Prince Charles, who was heir apparent to the Barbadian Crown, attended the swearing-in ceremony in Bridgetown at the invitation of the Government of Barbados.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 68909900, 12153654, 451852, 52279132, 69079992, 125248 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 299, 320 ], [ 344, 356 ], [ 427, 455 ], [ 571, 592 ], [ 615, 622 ], [ 677, 691 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Queen Elizabeth II sent a message of congratulations to President Mason and the people of Barbados, saying: \"As you celebrate this momentous day, I send you and all Barbadians my warmest good wishes for your happiness, peace and prosperity in the future.\"", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A survey was taken between October 23, 2021, and November 10, 2021, by the University of the West Indies that showed 34% of respondents being in favour of transitioning to a republic, while 30% were indifferent. Notably, no overall majority was found in the survey; with 24% not indicating a preference, and the remaining 12% being opposed to the removal of Queen Elizabeth.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 1162419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In January 2022, Barbados Prime Minister Mia Mottley’s Labor Party got a landslide victory, winning all 30 legislative seats, in the first general election since Barbados became a republic.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Political history", "target_page_ids": [ 69613797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A number of proposals have been mooted in the past to integrate Barbados into neighbouring countries or even the Canadian Confederation. To date all have failed, and one proposal led to deadly riots in 1876, when Governor John Pope Hennessy tried to pressure Barbadian politicians to integrate more firmly into the Windward Islands. Governor Hennessy was quickly transferred from Barbados by the British Crown. In 1884, attempts were then made by the influential Barbados Agricultural Society to have Barbados form a political association with the Canadian Confederation. From 1958 to 1962 Barbados became one of the ten states of the West Indies Federation. Lastly in the 1990s, a plan was devised by the leaders of Guyana, Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago to form a political association between those three governments. Again this deal was never completed, following the loss of Sir Lloyd Erskine Sandiford in the Barbadian general elections.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Confederations and union proposals", "target_page_ids": [ 79774, 2010570, 276897, 2554578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 135 ], [ 222, 240 ], [ 315, 331 ], [ 883, 910 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Military history of Barbados", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 68943 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "British colonization of the Americas", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 52507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "French colonization of the Americas", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 52460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the Americas", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 14098 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of North America", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 51370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the British West Indies", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3830249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of prime ministers of Barbados", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 435561 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of governors of Barbados", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 15391260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Longitude", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17617 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Piracy in the Caribbean", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 149661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Politics of Barbados", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 68936 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Spanish colonization of the Americas", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 53091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Timeline of Barbadian history", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 11267401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "West Indies Federation", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 218339 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hoyes, F. A. 1963. The Rise of West Indian Democracy: The Life and Times of Sir Grantley Adams. Advocate Press.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Williams, Eric. 1964. British Historians and the West Indies. P.N.M. Publishing Company, Port-of-Spain.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Scott, Caroline. 1999. Insight Guide Barbados. Discovery Channel and Insight Guides; fourth edition, Singapore. ", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Beckles, Hilary McD., and Andrew Downes. \"The Economics of Transition to the Black Labor System in Barbados, 1630–1680,\" Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Autumn 1987), pp.225–247. in JSTOR", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 38103397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Blackman, Francis W., National Heroine of Barbados: Sarah Ann Gill (Barbados: Methodist Church, 1998, 27 pp.)", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 28007401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Blackman, Francis W., Methodism, 200 years in Barbados (Barbados: Caribbean Contact, 1988, 160 pp.)", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Butler, Kathleen Mary. The Economics of Emancipation: Jamaica & Barbados, 1823–1843 (1995), online edition", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dunn, Richard S., \"The Barbados Census of 1680: Profile of the Richest Colony in English America\", William and Mary Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 1 (January 1969), pp.3–30, in JSTOR.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Harlow, V. T. A History of Barbados (1926).", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Michener, James, A. 1989. Caribbean. Secker & Warburg. London. . Especially see Chapter V., \"Big Storms in Little England\", pp.140–172; popular writer", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kurlansky, Mark. 1992. A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny. Addison-Wesley Publishing. .", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Howe, Glenford D., and Don D. Marshall, eds. The Empowering Impulse: The Nationalist Tradition of Barbados (Canoe Press, 2001) online edition", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Molen, Patricia A. \"Population and Social Patterns in Barbados in the Early Eighteenth Century,\" William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 2 (April 1971), pp.287–300 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Richardson; Bonham C. Economy and Environment in the Caribbean: Barbados and the Windwards in the Late 1800s (The University of the West Indies Press, 1997) online edition", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ragatz, Lowell Joseph. \"Absentee Landlordism in the British Caribbean, 1750–1833\", Agricultural History, Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 1931), pp.7–24 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sheridan; Richard B. Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623–1775 (University of the West Indies Press, 1994) online edition", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Starkey, Otis P. The Economic Geography of Barbados (1939).", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thomas, Robert Paul. \"The Sugar Colonies of the Old Empire: Profit or Loss for Great Britain?\" Economic History Review, Vol. 21, No. 1 (April 1968), pp.30–45 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Notable dates of Barbadian History – Government of Barbados", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "African influences in Barbados", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Barbados Museum & Historical Society", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "History, Government Information Services, Government of Barbados", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rulers.org — Barbados List of rulers for Barbados", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Watson, Karl. The Civil War in Barbados. BBC History, 2001-04-01.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Tramways of Barbados: historical survey with map and 16 illustrations", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "History_of_Barbados", "English_colonization_of_the_Americas", "History_of_the_Caribbean", "1625_establishments_in_the_British_Empire" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Lothair III, sometimes numbered Lothair II and also known as Lothair of Supplinburg (1075 – 4 December 1137), was Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 until his death. He was appointed Duke of Saxony in 1106 and elected King of Germany in 1125 before being crowned emperor in Rome. The son of the Saxon count Gebhard of Supplinburg, his reign was troubled by the constant intriguing of the Hohenstaufens, Duke Frederick II of Swabia and Duke Conrad of Franconia. He died while returning from a successful campaign against the Norman Kingdom of Sicily.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 50853, 29662, 38382, 36180436, 13805, 663147, 40440, 6278574, 641373 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 132 ], [ 177, 191 ], [ 212, 227 ], [ 301, 323 ], [ 382, 394 ], [ 402, 424 ], [ 434, 453 ], [ 518, 524 ], [ 525, 542 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1013, a certain Saxon nobleman named Liutger was mentioned as a count in or of the Harzgau subdivision of Eastphalia. His grandson Count Gebhard, father of Emperor Lothair, possibly acquired the castle of Süpplingenburg about 1060 via his marriage with Hedwig, a daughter of the Bavarian count Frederick of Formbach and his wife Gertrud, herself a descendant of the Saxon margrave Dietrich of Haldensleben who secondly married the Billung duke Ordulf of Saxony upon Count Frederick's death.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Rise to power", "target_page_ids": [ 25768838, 2015672, 36180436, 56813200, 1463463, 3834910, 11589486, 37219, 4552480 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 93 ], [ 109, 119 ], [ 140, 147 ], [ 256, 262 ], [ 282, 290 ], [ 311, 319 ], [ 385, 409 ], [ 435, 442 ], [ 448, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Little is known of Lothair's youth. His name first appears in the contemporary records in 1088. His father Gebhard of Supplinburg joined the Saxon Rebellion against the ruling Salian dynasty and died on 9 June 1075 in the Battle of Langensalza, fighting troops loyal to emperor Henry IV. Shortly after Gebhard's death Lothair was born at Unterlüß. In 1107 he married Richenza, daughter of Count Henry of Northeim and Gertrude of Brunswick, heiress of the Brunonids.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Rise to power", "target_page_ids": [ 36180436, 29330982, 29545, 1604882, 27485413, 4447409, 3792055, 21838890, 3778708, 3756411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 129 ], [ 141, 156 ], [ 176, 190 ], [ 222, 243 ], [ 278, 286 ], [ 338, 346 ], [ 367, 375 ], [ 395, 412 ], [ 417, 438 ], [ 455, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lothair's land purchases, inheritance and marriage alliances among the Saxon nobles, resulted in the acquisition of the domains of the House of Billung and the Counts of Northeim. The marriage with Richenza of the Brunonids in particular, made him the wealthiest nobleman among his fellow Saxons. He supported future emperor Henry V during his 1104 rebellion against his father Henry IV, and the ensuing disempowerment campaign, that culminated in the abdication of the emperor on December 31, 1105 and his son's coronation a few days later. For his loyalty Lothair was rewarded with the fief of title and estate of the Duchy of Saxony upon the death of duke Magnus of Billung, who had died without an heir in 1106. Emboldened by the promotion and incensed over the king's increasingly autocratic rule, such as the wanton imposition of a new tax on ducal lords, Duke Lothair joined the growing opposition party to Henry. He acted autonomously by vesting Count Adolf of Schauenburg with the newly established County of Holstein in 1111. Lothair was temporarily deposed in 1112, when Henry transferred the ducal title to Otto of Ballenstedt. He was soon reinstated when count Otto fell into disgrace and he tactically submitted himself to Henry V. In 1115 however, he took command of the rebellious Saxon forces and defeated the emperor in the Battle of Welfesholz. Henry completely lost control over the administration and the revenue of Saxony. When in 1123 Henry V vested Count Wiprecht of Groitzsch with the Margraviate of Meissen, Lothair enforced the appointment of Conrad of Wettin and ceded the March of Lusatia to Count Albert the Bear.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Rise to power", "target_page_ids": [ 37219, 1293697, 27850, 27485376, 145893, 264007, 1752266, 12199186, 179403, 7463505, 3218351, 11827354, 3211873, 11534616, 11603057, 1509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 151 ], [ 170, 178 ], [ 289, 295 ], [ 325, 332 ], [ 588, 592 ], [ 620, 635 ], [ 659, 676 ], [ 960, 980 ], [ 1008, 1026 ], [ 1119, 1138 ], [ 1342, 1362 ], [ 1479, 1500 ], [ 1510, 1532 ], [ 1570, 1586 ], [ 1601, 1617 ], [ 1627, 1642 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon Emperor Henry V's death in 1125, Archchancellor Adalbert summoned the royal electoral assembly in Mainz. On August 24 the electors declined the candidacy of the primary contender Duke Frederick of Hohenstaufen, who destroyed his chances due to his appalling overconfidence (ambicone cecatus) and his refusal to accept free princely elections (libera electio). Adalbert of Mainz considered Lothair to be a suitable candidate. Although the most powerful territorial prince in Saxony, he was of advanced age (slightly over fifty years of age) and had no male heir, not the ideal prerequisites for a long dynastic line of kings. He was elected King of Germany and asserted himself against Leopold III of Austria and Charles the Good. His election was notable in that it marked a departure from the concept of hereditary succession as the electors preferred a sovereign with moderate powers after the Salian era of oppressio. Somewhat naive concerning the complex power struggle between the papacy and the empire, Lothair also consented to several symbolic acts that were subsequently interpreted by the Roman curia as signaling acceptance of papal confirmation of his position.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 1618054, 663147, 1618054, 302609, 1100736, 360751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 61 ], [ 189, 198 ], [ 365, 382 ], [ 645, 660 ], [ 690, 712 ], [ 717, 733 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Duke Vladislaus I of Bohemia died in 1125. The succession was disputed among his surviving brother Soběslav I and his Moravian cousin Otto the Black, who was supported by Vladislaus' widow Richeza of Berg. In late 1125 Lothair joined Otto's side, who had advanced large sums of money.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 890152, 424966, 3347573, 20216, 31300939, 20306007 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 17 ], [ 21, 28 ], [ 99, 109 ], [ 118, 125 ], [ 134, 148 ], [ 189, 204 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A military campaign against Soběslav was launched and in February 1126 Lothair's force entered Bohemian territory and was promptly defeated at the Battle of Chlumec. Soběslav captured high-ranking nobles, like Albert the Bear and Louis I of Thuringia. However, Soběslav immediately went to meet Lothair at his camp and formally requested and received the fief of Bohemia. Peace was restored, prisoners set free and although the winner of the battle had submitted himself to the losing side, he secured full legitimacy and lasting prestige. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 25051331, 1509, 5462247, 145893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 164 ], [ 210, 225 ], [ 230, 250 ], [ 355, 359 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Having both Saxon and Bavarian ancestry, the Supplinburg dynasty was a political opponent of the Salian dynasty and the House of Hohenstaufen. Disputes arose with Duke Frederick II when he refused to hand over property to Lothair, which the king considered to be royal property, the Staufer on the other hand argued, that it belonged to the Salian heritage. The contentious assets had long been administered together with other Salian domestic estates, their origin was hard to determine and difficult to separate. Lothair advocated the principle that all of the assets in question had now become imperial properties due to the extinction of the Salian dynasty. The first armed engagements between Lothair and the Staufer took place as early as 1125 and increased in the years that followed. Lothair, with the approval obtained at a meeting of the princes in Regensburg, attempted to seize the crown lands, which provoked a Staufer reaction. Lothair then isolated Frederick II as he placed him under Imperial ban and withdrew the Franconian ducal fief from Conrad.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 29545, 13805, 1962927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 111 ], [ 120, 141 ], [ 1000, 1012 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Lothair's 1127 campaign against the Staufers had collapsed at the gates of Nuremberg, the Swabians and the Franconians declared Frederick's younger brother Conrad anti-king Conrad III. Looking for support of his kingship, in 1128 Conrad went to Italy, where he was crowned King of Italy by Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan. Lothair took advantage of Conrad's absence and weak position and resumed his attacks on the Staufers and in 1129 conquered the Staufer cities Nuremberg and Speyer. Conrad, on the other hand failed to acquire the desired assistance in Italy, and, having made no political progress, returned in 1130, which assured at least a partial victory for Lothair.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 10330111, 434937, 7320993, 21287, 234933 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 169, 178 ], [ 279, 292 ], [ 296, 325 ], [ 470, 479 ], [ 484, 490 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lastly Lothair, in order to prevent the loss of Burgundy to a power hostile to the empire, appointed his loyal ally Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen as Rector of the Principatus Burgundiaey.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 36219092, 2875095 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 143 ], [ 161, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Emperor Lothar's policies and actions in the northern and eastern estates of the kingdom would have the longest-lasting impacts. As a Saxon by birth, he was certainly more focused on that region than previous and future monarchs. He already pursued active territorial policies before his royal tenure as early as 1111, when he installed count Adolf of Schauenburg in Holstein and Stormarn.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 12199186, 4342656, 179403, 46710868 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 343, 348 ], [ 352, 363 ], [ 367, 375 ], [ 380, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In an act of royal consolidation policy Lothair established the Landgraviate of Thuringia, that encompassed the remaining and predominantly non-contiguous estates of the ill-fated former Merovingian Duchy of Thuringia. The brutal conquest of the old Thuringii kingdom under king Chlothar I had left the area devastated. Subsequently the Franks desired to rule the acquisition, which proved to be only partly successful, as a long process of depopulation and recurring population replacement by Franconians, Bavarians and Christianized Slavs followed. The 1129 appointment of Herman of Winzenburg to the comital office was a failure, as he allegedly was deposed a year later on charges of breach of the peace. The sources, however provide conflicting dates. The 1131 investiture of Louis marked the beginning of smooth Ludowingian rule for more than a century.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 20333, 31039974, 105994, 36274293, 196470, 845537, 5462247, 14345085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 198 ], [ 199, 217 ], [ 279, 289 ], [ 575, 595 ], [ 603, 610 ], [ 688, 707 ], [ 781, 786 ], [ 818, 829 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1134 Lothar appointed the Ascanian Albert the Bear as Margrave of Brandenburg and in 1136 Conrad the Great of Wettin, already margrave of Meissen, for the office of the Margraviate of Lusatia, thereby uniting the two marches. In addition, he petitioned the pope to grant more executive rights for the Archbishoprics of Bremen and Magdeburg. King Eric II of Denmark was made an imperial prince of the emperor in 1135, and member of the Reichstag. Lothair's diplomatic missions to the warring parties of Poland and Bohemia/Hungary were successful and resulted in overdue tribute payment by the Polish Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth for the 1121 established Duchy of Pomerania, which in addition to the island of Rügen was eventually secured as a fief of the Empire.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 1509, 2290530, 11534616, 317549, 255372, 258684, 779428, 22936, 4345, 13275, 60750, 682679, 140473, 145893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 53 ], [ 57, 80 ], [ 93, 119 ], [ 220, 227 ], [ 322, 328 ], [ 333, 342 ], [ 349, 367 ], [ 505, 511 ], [ 516, 523 ], [ 524, 531 ], [ 607, 628 ], [ 654, 672 ], [ 709, 714 ], [ 743, 747 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1130 papal election had resulted in another schism. A minority of the cardinals elected Innocent II before a majority of the cardinals appointed Anacletus II in a tumultuous process. Both popes claimed to have been legally elected and in a first collision Anacletus prevailed. Innocent had to leave Rome and fled to France. Nonetheless, Anacletus could only secure the support of Roger II of Sicily, Innocent was, with the help of Bernard of Clairvaux, able to secure the support of King Louis VI of France and King Henry I of England.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 24428, 546053, 4552 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 103 ], [ 149, 161 ], [ 435, 455 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both popes offered Lothair the imperial crown. The king was occupied with the Staufer resistance and once again it was Bernard of Clairvaux who convinced the souvereign to favor pope Innocent II. In March 1131 these three met in Liège, where Lothair performed the ceremonial strator service (stirrup holder) for the pope and promised help in the conflict against Anacletus and Roger II of Sicily. His request for investiture restoration was rejected, but all rights and privileges as laid out in the Concordat of Worms were confirmed. Innocent II crowned Lothair King of the Romans again on 29 March 1131.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 28341707, 13922781, 79075, 6865, 302609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 229, 234 ], [ 275, 282 ], [ 377, 395 ], [ 500, 518 ], [ 563, 581 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lothair was accompanied by a modest troop contingent as most men were garrisoned in Germany to counter Staufer aggression. He carefully avoided hostilities but attempted to besiege Milan, which, however, failed. Eventually he arrived in Rome. As Anacletus controlled St. Peter, Lothair's imperial coronation took place in the Lateran Basilica on 4 June 1133. Emperor Lothair continued to avoid explicit resistance against papal impediments on his royal office. He ignored Innocent's bull, in which he advocated imperial authority derived from him and Lothair recognized papal claims to the vast Matildine estates in Northern Italy (formerly owned by Margravine Matilda of Tuscany), although he was able to secure the territorial fiefs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 73188, 211305, 20188 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 267, 276 ], [ 326, 342 ], [ 661, 679 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the northern empire Lothair finally succeeded and defeated the Staufers in 1135 thanks to the help of Henry the Proud, who had been the Duke of Bavaria since the death of his father, Henry the Black. At the Reichstag in Bamberg in 1135 the brothers were pardoned and restored to their office and estates. Anti-king Conrad renounced his royal title, The Staufers promised to take part in the Emperor's second Italian campaign, before a ten-year constitutio pacis was declared.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 4896, 37963750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 223, 230 ], [ 447, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lothair, now uncontested ruler, set out in 1136 with a sizeable army. The campaign proved to be successful and indeed, Roger II of Sicily soon sought peace. In 1136 the campaign against Roger began at the insistence of Innocent II and Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus. Two columns, one led by Lothair, the other by his son-in-law Henry the Proud arrived in Italy. On the river Tronto, Count William of Loritello did homage to Lothair and opened the gates of Termoli to him. Advancing deep into the southern part of the peninsula, the two armies met at Bari, and continued further south in 1137. Roger offered to give Apulia as a fief of the Empire to one of his sons and give another son as a hostage, terms which Lothair refused after being pressured by Innocent II.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 74206, 162625, 12106063, 5098796, 1029067, 44784, 44783 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 253, 269 ], [ 332, 347 ], [ 379, 385 ], [ 393, 413 ], [ 460, 467 ], [ 554, 558 ], [ 619, 625 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The imperial troops, however, were adamant against campaigning during the hot summer and revolted. The emperor, who had hoped for the complete conquest of Sicily, instead captured Capua and Apulia from Roger and bestowed them on Roger's enemies. Innocent, however, protested, claiming that Apulia fell under papal reign. Emperor and Pope eventually jointly bequeathed the duchy to Rainulf of Alife. Lothair resided in Salerno from August to October 1137 and had copper coins (follari) minted in his name.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 75845, 4849196, 62415, 667021 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 180, 185 ], [ 381, 397 ], [ 418, 425 ], [ 476, 483 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Lothair and Innocent II argued over feudal sovereignty of the Duchy of Puglia and tensions among his troops arose, he abandoned the campaign and returned home.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On the return trip, he gave his son-in-law Henry of Bavaria the Margraviate of Tuscany and the Duchy of Saxony. He also gave him the imperial insignia, which depending on the point of view was interpreted as designation for the new king or not. On December 3, 1137, Lothair died on the return journey at Breitenwang. His body was boiled to prevent putrefaction, and his bones were transferred to the Collegiate Church of Saints Peter and Paul at Königslutter, which he had chosen as his burial site and for which he had laid the cornerstone in 1135. A month later, pope Anaclet II's death also ended the papal schism.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 12395607, 4197576, 313201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 304, 315 ], [ 321, 336 ], [ 446, 458 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When his grave was opened in 1620, a sword and an imperial orb were found among other things. With the imperial cathedral Lothar has created an outstanding architectural monument. His reign was more than just an episode between Salians and Staufer and considered an era of self-confident rule over the empire, even if his political vision of the establishment of a Welf kingdom on March 7, 1138 in Koblenz was destroyed by the “coup d'état” of the Staufers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 167926 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 398, 405 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Süpplingenburg dynasty was only short-lived. By his wife, Richenza of Northeim, Lothair had only one surviving child, a daughter Gertrude, born 18 April 1115. To secure Welf support for his election as king, Lothair married Gertrude to Henry X, Duke of Bavaria, on 29 May 1127. Their only son was Henry the Lion.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Issue", "target_page_ids": [ 3792055, 3792187, 162625, 70712 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 82 ], [ 133, 141 ], [ 240, 264 ], [ 301, 315 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Lothair's death in 1137, the Hohenstaufen Conrad was elected King as Conrad III. Henry the Proud, Lothair’s son-in-law and heir, refused to acknowledge the new king. In response, Conrad III deprived him of all his territories.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Issue", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " King Lothar's seal in high quality resolution taken from the collections of the Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1075_births", "1137_deaths", "12th-century_Holy_Roman_Emperors", "People_from_Celle_(district)", "Dukes_of_Saxony", "House_of_Süpplinburger" ]

[ "Emperor of Germany Lothar III", "Holy Roman Emperor Lothar II", "empereur germanique Lothaire III", "Holy Roman Emperor Lothar III", "Lothair III", "Lothar von Supplinburg", "empereur du Saint Empire romain germanique Lothar III", "King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III", "Duke of Saxony Lothair", "keizer van het Duitse Rijk Lotharius III", "Kaiser Lothar III. Heiliges Römisches Reich", "Lothar von Sachsen", "Holy Roman Emperor Lothair III", "Herzog von Sachsen Lothar", "Holy Roman Emperor Lothair II", "Lothar II" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Conrad III (; ; 1093 or 1094 – 15 February 1152) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was from 1116 to 1120 Duke of Franconia, from 1127 to 1135 anti-king of his predecessor Lothair III and from 1138 until his death in 1152 king in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the son of Duke Frederick I of Swabia and Agnes, a daughter of the Salian Emperor Henry IV.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13805, 5871206, 10330111, 40439, 13277, 1304244, 29545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 68 ], [ 99, 116 ], [ 136, 145 ], [ 165, 176 ], [ 227, 244 ], [ 295, 300 ], [ 320, 326 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His reign saw the start of the conflicts between the Guelphs and Gibbelins. He was involved in the failed Second Crusade with Louis VII, where he would fight and lose at Doryleum and would later fall ill and return to Constantinople. After recuperating, he went to Jerusalem but would experience a string of failed sieges. Later returning from the Crusade, he was entangled in some conflicts with Welf VI's claim to the Duchy of Bavaria. On his deathbed, he designated his nephew Frederick Barbarossa as his successor instead of his son, Frederick.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 327356, 106130, 48436, 14372393, 5646, 16822, 5208477, 39699, 669253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 74 ], [ 106, 120 ], [ 126, 135 ], [ 170, 178 ], [ 218, 232 ], [ 265, 274 ], [ 397, 404 ], [ 480, 500 ], [ 538, 547 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The origin of the House of Hohenstaufen in the Duchy of Swabia has not been conclusively established. As the name came from the Hohenstaufen Castle (built in 1105) Conrad's great-grandfather Frederick of Staufen was a count in the Riesgau and in 1053 became Swabian Count palatine. His son Frederick of Buren probably resided near present-day Wäschenbeuren and about 1050 married Countess Hildegard of Egisheim-Dagsburg from Alsace.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Descent", "target_page_ids": [ 3196657, 14900051, 253280, 183760, 10037628, 2618196, 32223347, 48129 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 62 ], [ 128, 147 ], [ 231, 238 ], [ 266, 280 ], [ 343, 356 ], [ 402, 410 ], [ 411, 419 ], [ 425, 431 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Conrad's father took advantage of the conflict between King Henry IV of Germany and the Swabian duke Rudolf of Rheinfelden during the Investiture Controversy. When Rudolf had himself elected German anti-king at Forchheim in 1077, Frederick of Hohenstaufen remained loyal to the royal crown and in 1079 was vested with the Duchy of Swabia by Henry IV, including an engagement with the king's minor daughter Agnes. He died in 1105, leaving two sons, Conrad and his elder brother Frederick II, who inherited the Swabian ducal title. Their mother entered into a second marriage with Babenberg margrave Leopold III of Austria.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Descent", "target_page_ids": [ 1626386, 235106, 10330111, 1736930, 1304244, 663147, 40347, 1100736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 122 ], [ 134, 157 ], [ 198, 207 ], [ 211, 220 ], [ 406, 411 ], [ 477, 489 ], [ 579, 588 ], [ 598, 620 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1105, Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor since 1084, was overthrown by his son Henry V, Conrad's uncle. Emperor since 1111, Henry V prepared for his second campaign to Italy upon the death of Margravine Matilda of Tuscany, and in 1116 he appointed Conrad as Duke of Franconia. Conrad was marked out to act as regent for Germany, together with his elder brother, Duke FrederickII of Swabia. At the death of Henry V in 1125, Conrad unsuccessfully supported Frederick II for the kingship of Germany. Frederick was placed under a ban and Conrad was deprived of Franconia and the Kingdom of Burgundy, of which he was rector. With the support of the imperial cities, Swabia, and the Duchy of Austria, Conrad was elected anti-king at Nuremberg in December1127.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 50853, 27485376, 6006557, 20188, 5871206, 2875095, 36115576, 220358, 6490884, 10330111, 21287 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 37 ], [ 76, 83 ], [ 165, 170 ], [ 200, 218 ], [ 255, 272 ], [ 572, 591 ], [ 609, 615 ], [ 641, 656 ], [ 674, 690 ], [ 711, 720 ], [ 724, 733 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Conrad quickly crossed the Alps to be crowned King of Italy by Anselmo della Pusterla, Archbishop of Milan, in the village of Monza. Over the next two years, he failed to achieve anything in Italy, however, and returned to Germany in 1130, after Nuremberg and Speyer, two strong cities that supported him, fell to Lothair in1129. Conrad continued in Lothair's opposition, but he and Frederick were forced to acknowledge Lothair as emperor in1135, during which time Conrad relinquished his title as King of Italy. After this they were pardoned and could take again possession of their lands.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 981, 434937, 7320993, 21287, 234933, 40439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 31 ], [ 46, 59 ], [ 63, 85 ], [ 246, 255 ], [ 260, 266 ], [ 314, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Lothair's death (December 1137), Conrad was elected king at Coblenz on 7 March 1138, in the presence of the papal legate Theodwin. Conrad was crowned at Aachen six days later (13 March) and was acknowledged in Bamberg by several princes of southern Germany. As Henry the Proud, son-in-law and heir of Lothair and the most powerful prince in Germany, who had been passed over in the election, refused to do the same, Conrad deprived him of all his territories, giving the Duchy of Saxony to Albert the Bear and that of Bavaria to Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria. Henry, however, retained the loyalty of his subjects. The civil war that broke out is considered the first act of the struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines, which later extended southwards to Italy. After Henry's death (October1139), the war was continued by his son Henry the Lion, supported by the Saxons, and by his brother Welf VI. Conrad, after a long siege, defeated the latter at Weinsberg in December 1140, and in May 1142 a peace agreement was reached in Frankfurt.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 167926, 10708468, 1520, 4896, 162625, 264007, 1509, 1463463, 327356, 70712, 21448991, 1940863, 10992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 73 ], [ 127, 135 ], [ 159, 165 ], [ 216, 223 ], [ 267, 282 ], [ 477, 492 ], [ 496, 511 ], [ 524, 531 ], [ 703, 726 ], [ 838, 852 ], [ 923, 933 ], [ 958, 967 ], [ 1035, 1044 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the same year, Conrad entered Bohemia to reinstate his brother-in-law Vladislav II as Duke. The attempt to do the same with another brother-in-law, the Polish prince Ladislaus the Exile, failed. Bavaria, Saxony, and the other regions of Germany were in revolt.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 4345, 3347595, 370745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 40 ], [ 73, 85 ], [ 169, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1146, Conrad heard Bernard of Clairvaux preach the Second Crusade at Speyer, and he agreed to join Louis VII in a great expedition to the Holy Land. At the imperial diet in Frankfurt in March 1147 Conrad and the assembled princes entrusted Bernard of Clairvaux with the recruitment for the Wendish crusade.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 4552, 106130, 234933, 48436, 148545, 10992, 4552, 573177 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 42 ], [ 54, 68 ], [ 72, 78 ], [ 102, 111 ], [ 141, 150 ], [ 176, 185 ], [ 243, 263 ], [ 293, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before leaving, he had the nobles elect and crown his son Henry Berengar king. The succession secured in the event of his death, Conrad set out. His army of 20,000 men went overland, via Hungary, causing disruptions in the Byzantine territories through which they passed. They arrived at Constantinople by September 1147, ahead of the French army.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 5575184, 13275, 16972981, 5646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 72 ], [ 187, 194 ], [ 223, 232 ], [ 288, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rather than taking the coastal road around Anatolia through Christian-held territory, by which he sent most of his noncombatants, Conrad took his army across Anatolia. On 25 October 1147, they were defeated by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Dorylaeum. Conrad and most of the knights escaped, but most of the foot soldiers were killed or captured. The remaining 2,000 men of the German army limped on to Nicaea, where many of the survivors deserted and tried to return home. Conrad and his adherents had to be escorted to Lopadium by the French, where they joined the main French army under Louis. Conrad fell seriously ill at Ephesus and was sent to recuperate in Constantinople, where his host the Emperor Manuel I acted as his personal physician. After recovering, Conrad sailed to Acre, and from there reached Jerusalem. He participated in the ill-fated Siege of Damascus and after that failure, grew disaffected with his allies. Another attempt to attack Ascalon failed when Conrad's allies did not appear as promised, then Conrad returned to Germany, through Constantinople, where he met Emperor Manuel I to discuss the problem of two emperors, and to renew their alliance against Roger II of Sicily.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 854, 6116724, 14372393, 77588, 50984333, 9843, 4016, 44833, 55690, 16043, 1883147, 55386, 62750319, 79075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 51 ], [ 214, 226 ], [ 234, 253 ], [ 406, 412 ], [ 524, 532 ], [ 629, 636 ], [ 702, 709 ], [ 710, 718 ], [ 787, 791 ], [ 816, 825 ], [ 860, 877 ], [ 962, 969 ], [ 1128, 1151 ], [ 1189, 1207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1150, Conrad and Henry Berengar defeated WelfVI and his son Welf VII at the Battle of Flochberg. Henry Berengar died later that year and the succession was thrown open. The Welfs and Hohenstaufen made peace in 1152 and the peaceful succession of one of Conrad's family was secured.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 41454508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Conrad was never crowned emperor and continued to style himself \"King of the Romans\" until his death. On his deathbed, in the presence of only two witnesses, his nephew Frederick Barbarossa and the Bishop of Bamberg, he allegedly designated Frederick his successor, rather than his own surviving six-year-old son Frederick. Frederick Barbarossa, who had accompanied his uncle on the unfortunate crusade, forcefully pursued his advantage and was duly elected king in Cologne a few weeks later. The young son of the late king was given the Duchy of Swabia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 302609, 39699, 1128800, 669253, 6187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 83 ], [ 169, 189 ], [ 198, 215 ], [ 313, 322 ], [ 466, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Conrad left no male heirs by his first wife, Gertrude von Komburg. In1136, he married Gertrude of Sulzbach, who was a daughter of Berengar II of Sulzbach, and whose sister Bertha was married to Emperor Manuel. Gertrude was the mother of Conrad's children and the link which cemented his alliance with Byzantium.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 10103766, 10035554, 2533609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 65 ], [ 86, 106 ], [ 172, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kings of Germany family tree", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17767437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Baldwin, M. W. A History of the Crusades: the first hundred years, 1969. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bernhardi, Wilhelm (1883). Konrad III: Jahrbücher der Deutschen Geschichte. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ziegler, W. König Konrad III. (1138–1152). Hof, Urkunden und Politik (= Forschungen zur Kaiser- und Papstgeschichte des Mittelalters. Band 26) Böhlau, Wien u. a. 2008", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1090s_births", "1152_deaths", "Year_of_birth_uncertain", "12th-century_Kings_of_the_Romans", "People_from_Bamberg", "Hohenstaufen", "Christians_of_the_Second_Crusade", "Burials_at_Bamberg_Cathedral", "Dukes_of_Franconia", "Anti-kings", "12th-century_people_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" ]

[ "Konrad III", "Conrad III" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Josip Plemelj (December 11, 1873 May 22, 1967) was a Slovene mathematician, whose main contributions were to the theory of analytic functions and the application of integral equations to potential theory. He was the first chancellor of the University of Ljubljana.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 246311, 18902, 5759, 474234, 1431342, 167422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 61 ], [ 62, 75 ], [ 114, 142 ], [ 166, 184 ], [ 188, 204 ], [ 241, 264 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plemelj was born in the village of Bled near Bled Castle in Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia); he died in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia (now Slovenia). His father, Urban, a carpenter and crofter, died when Josip was only a year old. His mother Marija, née , found bringing up the family alone very hard, but she was able to send her son to school in Ljubljana, where Plemelj studied from 1886 to 1894. Due to a bench thrown into Tivoli Pond by him or his friends, he could not attend the school after he finished the fourth class and had to pass the final exam privately. After leaving and obtaining the necessary examination results he went to the University of Vienna in 1894 where he had applied to Faculty of Arts to study mathematics, physics and astronomy. His professors in Vienna were von Escherich for mathematical analysis, Gegenbauer and Mertens for arithmetic and algebra, Weiss for astronomy, Stefan's student Boltzmann for physics.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 63919, 8793717, 2983, 27338, 42374, 297809, 189274, 2128025, 34656170, 53049, 18831, 22939, 50650, 29030428, 48396, 6022330, 41999, 3118, 18716923, 4491653, 53033, 544255 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 39 ], [ 45, 56 ], [ 60, 75 ], [ 81, 89 ], [ 103, 112 ], [ 114, 124 ], [ 162, 171 ], [ 176, 183 ], [ 418, 429 ], [ 638, 658 ], [ 716, 727 ], [ 729, 736 ], [ 741, 750 ], [ 782, 795 ], [ 800, 821 ], [ 823, 833 ], [ 838, 845 ], [ 850, 860 ], [ 865, 872 ], [ 874, 879 ], [ 895, 901 ], [ 912, 921 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 1898, Plemelj presented his doctoral thesis under Escherich's tutelage entitled Über lineare homogene Differentialgleichungen mit eindeutigen periodischen Koeffizienten (Linear Homogeneous Differential Equations with Uniform Periodical Coefficients). He continued with his study in Berlin (1899/1900) under the German mathematicians Frobenius and Fuchs and in Göttingen (1900/1901) under Klein and Hilbert.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 21031297, 3354, 341048, 2817087, 23307013, 41887, 8302 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 43 ], [ 289, 295 ], [ 340, 349 ], [ 354, 359 ], [ 367, 376 ], [ 395, 400 ], [ 405, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In April 1902 he became a private senior lecturer at the University of Vienna. In 1906, he was appointed assistant at the Technical University of Vienna. In 1907, he became associate professor and in 1908 full professor of mathematics at the University of Chernivtsi (Ukrainian: Чернівці, Russian: Черновцы), Ukraine. From 1912 to 1913 he was dean of this faculty. In 1917, his political views led him to be forcibly ejected by the government and resettled in Moravia. After the First World War he became a member of the University Commission under the Slovene Provincial Government and helped establish the first Slovene university at Ljubljana, and was elected its first chancellor. In the same year he was appointed professor of mathematics at the Faculty of Arts. After the Second World War he joined the Faculty of Natural Science and Technology (FNT). He retired in 1957 after having lectured in mathematics for 40 years.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 1267354, 3668500, 46279, 25431, 31750, 20216, 4764461, 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 152 ], [ 242, 266 ], [ 268, 277 ], [ 289, 296 ], [ 309, 316 ], [ 461, 468 ], [ 480, 495 ], [ 779, 795 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plemelj had shown his great gift for mathematics early in elementary school. He mastered the whole of the high school syllabus by the beginning of the fourth year and began to tutor students for their graduation examinations. At that time he discovered alone series for sin x and cos x. Actually he found a series for cyclometric function arccos x and after that he just inverted this series and then guessed a principle for coefficients. Yet he did not have a proof for that.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Earliest contributions", "target_page_ids": [ 15287, 5010838, 5010838, 374220, 30367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 259, 265 ], [ 270, 273 ], [ 280, 283 ], [ 318, 338 ], [ 339, 345 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plemelj had great joy for a difficult constructional tasks from geometry. From his high school days originates an elementary problem his later construction of regular sevenfold polygon inscribed in a circle otherwise exactly and not approximately with simple solution as an angle trisection which was yet not known in those days and which necessarily leads to the old Indian or Babylonian approximate construction. He started to occupy himself with mathematics in fourth and fifth class of high school. Beside in mathematics he was interested also in natural science and especially astronomy. He studied celestial mechanics already at high school. He liked observing the stars. His eyesight was so sharp he could see the planet Venus even in the daytime.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Earliest contributions", "target_page_ids": [ 91111, 26808, 22915, 32745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 276, 292 ], [ 673, 677 ], [ 723, 729 ], [ 730, 735 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plemelj's main research interests were the theory of linear differential equations, integral equations, potential theory, the theory of analytic functions, and functional analysis. Plemelj encountered integral equations while still a student at Göttingen, when the Swedish professor Erik Holmgren gave a lecture on the work of his fellow countryman Fredholm on linear integral equations of the 1st and 2nd kind. Spurred on by Hilbert, Göttingen mathematicians attacked this new area of research and Plemelj was one of the first to publish original results on the question, applying the theory of integral equations to the study of harmonic functions in potential theory.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [ 379868, 474234, 1431342, 61478, 11180, 474234, 25186611, 669963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 82 ], [ 84, 101 ], [ 104, 120 ], [ 136, 153 ], [ 160, 179 ], [ 201, 218 ], [ 283, 296 ], [ 349, 357 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His most important work in potential theory is summarised in his 1911 book Potentialtheoretische Untersuchungen (Studies in Potential Theory), which received the Jablonowski Society award in Leipzig (1500 marks), and the Richard Lieben award from the University of Vienna (2000 crowns) for the most outstanding work in the field of pure and applied mathematics written by any kind of 'Austrian' mathematician in the previous three years.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "His most original contribution is the elementary solution he provided for the Riemann–Hilbert problem f+ = g f about the existence of a differential equation with given monodromy group. The solution, published in his 1908 article \"Riemannian classes of functions with given monodromy group\", rests on three formulas that now carry his name, which connect the values taken by a holomorphic function at the boundary of an arc Γ:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [ 9710396, 251250, 14110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 101 ], [ 169, 184 ], [ 377, 397 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "These formulas are variously called the Plemelj formulae, the Sokhotsky-Plemelj formulae, or sometimes (mainly in German literature) the Plemelj-Sokhotsky Formulae, after the Russian mathematician Yulian Vasilievich Sokhotski (Юлиан Карл Васильевич Сохоцкий) (1842–1927).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [ 12237167, 40506 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 88 ], [ 197, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Based on his methods of solving the Riemann problem he had developed the theory of singular integral equations (MSC (2000) 45-Exx) which was used above all by the Russian school at the head of Nikoloz Muskhelishvili (Николай Иванович Мусхелишвили) (1891–1976).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [ 977804 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 193, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plemelj contributed significantly to the theory of analytic functions in solving the problem of uniformization of algebraic functions, contributions on formulation of the theorem of analytic extension of designs and treatises in algebra and in number theory.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [ 5759, 974169, 8560, 18716923, 21527 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 69 ], [ 114, 132 ], [ 204, 210 ], [ 229, 236 ], [ 244, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1912, Plemelj published a very simple proof of the special case of Fermat's Last Theorem where the exponent, n, is 5. More difficult proofs of this case were first provided by Dirichlet in 1828 and Legendre in 1830.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [ 19021953, 240002, 49695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 179, 188 ], [ 201, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His arrival in Ljubljana in 1919 was seminal for the development of mathematics in Slovenia. As a good teacher he had raised several generations of mathematicians and engineers. His most famous student is Ivan Vidav. After the Second World War Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti (Slovene Academy of Sciences and Arts) (SAZU) had published his three-year course of lectures for students of mathematics: Teorija analitičnih funkcij (The Theory of Analytic Functions),", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [ 40443, 1424235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 205, 215 ], [ 287, 323 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(SAZU, Ljubljana 1953, pp XVI+516), Diferencialne in integralske enačbe. Teorija in uporaba (Differential and Integral Equations. Theory and Application).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Plemelj found a formula for a sum of normal derivatives of one-layered potential in the internal or external region. He was pleased also with algebra and number theory, but he had published only few contributions from these fields for example a book entitled Algebra in teorija števil (Algebra and Number Theory; SAZU, Ljubljana 1962, pp. xiv + 278) which was published abroad as his last work Problemi v smislu Riemanna in Kleina (Problems in the Sense of Riemann and Klein; edition and translation by J. R. M. Radok, \"Interscience Tract in Pure and Applied Mathematics\", No. 16, Interscience Publishers: John Wiley & Sons, New York, London, Sydney 1964, pp VII+175). This work deals with questions which were of his most interests and examinations. His bibliography includes 33 units, from which 30 are scientific treatises and had been published among the others in a magazines such as: Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik, \"Sitzungsberichte der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften\"; in Vienna, \"Jahresbericht der deutschen Mathematikervereinigung\", \"https://www.gdnae.de/\" in Verhandlungen, \"Bulletin des Sciences Mathematiques\", \"Obzornik za matematiko in fiziko\" and \"Publications mathematiques de l'Universite de Belgrade\". When French mathematician Charles Émile Picard denoted Plemelj's works as \"deux excellents memoires\", Plemelj became known in the mathematical world.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [ 246160, 487859, 537930, 645042, 17867, 27862, 30852653, 42000 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 33 ], [ 37, 54 ], [ 607, 624 ], [ 626, 634 ], [ 636, 642 ], [ 644, 650 ], [ 891, 928 ], [ 1265, 1285 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plemelj was a regular member of the SAZU since its foundation in 1938, corresponding member of the JAZU (Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts) in Zagreb, Croatia since 1923, corresponding member of the SANU (Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts) in Belgrade since 1930 (1931). In 1954, he received the highest award for research in Slovenia, the Prešeren award. The same year he was elected for corresponding member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [ 16761905 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 347, 361 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1963, for his 90th anniversary, University of Ljubljana granted him title of the honorary doctor. Plemelj was first teacher of mathematics at Slovene university and 1949 became first honorary member of the ZDMFAJ (Yugoslav Union of Societies of Mathematicians, Physicists, and Astronomers). He left his villa in Bled to the DMFA, where today is his memorial room.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [ 167422, 63919, 1569587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 58 ], [ 315, 319 ], [ 327, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plemelj did not do extra preparation for lectures; he didn't have any notes. He used to say that he thought over the lecture subject on the way from his home in Gradišče to the University. Students are said to have got the impression that he was creating teaching material on the spot and that they were witnessing the formation of something new. He was writing formulae on the table beautifully although they were composited from Greek, Latin or Gothic letters. He requested the same from students. They had to write distinctly.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Plemelj had a very refined ear for languages and created a solid base for the development of Slovene mathematical terminology. He had accustomed students for a clear and logical phraseology. For example, he would become angry if they used the word rabiti 'to use' instead of the word potrebovati 'to need'. For this reason he said: \"The engineer who does not know mathematics never needs it. But if he knows it, he uses it frequently.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Research", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " List of Slovenes", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 246338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Slovene mathematicians", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 249844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hilbert's twenty-first problem", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1965023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Josip Plemelj, \"Iz mojega življenja in dela\" (From My Life and Work) - in Slovenian, Obzornik mat. fiz. 39 (1992) pp.188192.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Josip Plemelj, University of St Andrews", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mathematics Genealogy of Josip Plemelj", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1873_births", "1967_deaths", "Slovenian_mathematicians", "19th-century_mathematicians", "20th-century_mathematicians", "Prešeren_Award_laureates", "People_from_Bled", "University_of_Vienna_alumni", "Chernivtsi_University_faculty", "Members_of_the_Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts", "Members_of_the_Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Pilgrims, also known as the Pilgrim Fathers, were the English settlers who came to North America on the Mayflower and established the Plymouth Colony in what is today Plymouth, Massachusetts, named after the final departure port of Plymouth, Devon. Their leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownists, or Separatist Puritans, who had fled religious persecution in England for the tolerance of 17th-century Holland in the Netherlands.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18622102, 218110, 259486, 23508, 1905372, 24091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 117 ], [ 138, 153 ], [ 171, 194 ], [ 236, 251 ], [ 311, 319 ], [ 336, 344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "They held many of the same Puritan Calvinist religious beliefs but, unlike most other Puritans, they maintained that their congregations should separate from the English state church, which led to them being labeled Separatists (the word \"Pilgrims\" was not used to refer to them until several centuries later). After several years living in exile in Holland, they eventually determined to establish a new settlement in the New World and arranged with investors to fund them. They established Plymouth Colony in 1620, where they erected Congregationalist churches. The Pilgrims' story became a central theme in the history and culture of the United States. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6024, 5955, 1128563, 251986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 44 ], [ 162, 182 ], [ 216, 227 ], [ 536, 553 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The core of the group who later were to be referred to as \"Pilgrims\" was brought together around 1605 when they quit the Church of England to form Separatist congregations in Nottinghamshire, England, led by John Robinson, Richard Clyfton, and John Smyth. Their congregations held Brownist beliefs—that true churches were voluntary democratic congregations, not whole Christian nations—as taught by Robert Browne, John Greenwood, and Henry Barrow. As Separatists, they held that their differences with the Church of England were irreconcilable and that their worship should be independent of the trappings, traditions, and organization of a central church.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1128563, 3222938, 5752795, 1170702, 1905372, 2452561, 190007, 161000 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 157 ], [ 208, 221 ], [ 223, 238 ], [ 244, 254 ], [ 281, 289 ], [ 399, 412 ], [ 414, 428 ], [ 434, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Separatist movement was controversial. Under the Act of Uniformity 1559, it was illegal not to attend official Church of England services, with a fine of one shilling (£0.05; about £ today) for each missed Sunday and holy day. The penalties included imprisonment and larger fines for conducting unofficial services. The Seditious Sectaries Act of 1593 was specifically aimed at outlawing the Brownists. Under this policy, the London Underground Church from 1566, and then Robert Browne and his followers in Norfolk during the 1580s, were repeatedly imprisoned. Henry Barrow, John Greenwood, and John Penry were executed for sedition in 1593. Browne had taken his followers into exile in Middelburg, and Penry urged the London Separatists to emigrate in order to escape persecution, so after his death they went to Amsterdam.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1137263, 739255, 101626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 75 ], [ 599, 609 ], [ 691, 701 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During much of Brewster's tenure (1595–1606), the Archbishop of York was Matthew Hutton. He displayed some sympathy to the Puritan cause, writing to Robert Cecil, Secretary of State to James I in 1604:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2358060, 70598, 269055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 87 ], [ 149, 161 ], [ 185, 192 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Puritans though they differ in Ceremonies and accidentes, yet they agree with us in substance of religion, and I thinke all or the moste parte of them love his Majestie, and the presente state, and I hope will yield to conformitie. But the Papistes are opposite and contrarie in very many substantiall pointes of religion, and cannot but wishe the Popes authoritie and popish religion to be established.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Many Puritans had hoped that reforms and reconciliation would be possible when James came to power which would allow them independence, but the Hampton Court Conference of 1604 denied nearly all of the concessions which they had requested—except for an updated English translation of the Bible. The same year, Richard Bancroft became Archbishop of Canterbury and launched a campaign against Puritanism and the Separatists. He suspended 300 ministers and fired 80 more, which led some of them to found more Separatist churches. Robinson, Clifton, and their followers founded a Brownist church, making a covenant with God \"to walk in all his ways made known, or to be made known, unto them, according to their best endeavours, whatsoever it should cost them, the Lord assisting them\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 883012, 16767, 149409 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 144, 168 ], [ 261, 293 ], [ 310, 326 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Archbishop Hutton died in 1606 and Tobias Matthew was appointed as his replacement. He was one of James's chief supporters at the 1604 conference, and he promptly began a campaign to purge the archdiocese of non-conforming influences, including Puritans, Separatists, and those wishing to return to the Catholic faith. Disobedient clergy were replaced, and prominent Separatists were confronted, fined, and imprisoned. He is credited with driving people out of the country who refused to attend Anglican services.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1165145 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "William Brewster was a former diplomatic assistant to the Netherlands. He was living in the Scrooby manor house while serving as postmaster for the village and bailiff to the Archbishop of York. He had been impressed by Clyfton's services and had begun participating in services led by John Smyth in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. After a time, he arranged for a congregation to meet privately at the Scrooby manor house. Services were held beginning in 1606 with Clyfton as pastor, John Robinson as teacher, and Brewster as the presiding elder. Shortly after, Smyth and members of the Gainsborough group moved on to Amsterdam. Brewster was fined £20 (about £ today) in absentia for his non-compliance with the church. This followed his September 1607 resignation from the postmaster position, about the time that the congregation had decided to follow the Smyth party to Amsterdam.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 920194, 629531, 5771838, 1170702, 366497, 3222938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 92, 99 ], [ 175, 193 ], [ 286, 296 ], [ 300, 326 ], [ 480, 493 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scrooby member William Bradford of Austerfield kept a journal of the congregation's events which was eventually published as Of Plymouth Plantation. He wrote concerning this time period:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 218327, 684862, 2709279 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 31 ], [ 35, 46 ], [ 125, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "But after these things they could not long continue in any peaceable condition, but were hunted & persecuted on every side, so as their former afflictions were but as flea-bitings in comparison of these which now came upon them. For some were taken & clapt up in prison, others had their houses besett & watcht night and day, & hardly escaped their hands; and the most were faine to flie & leave their howses & habitations, and the means of their livelehood.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Pilgrims moved to the Netherlands around 1607-08. They lived in Leiden, Holland, a city of 30,000 inhabitants, residing in small houses behind the \"Kloksteeg\" opposite the Pieterskerk.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 46599, 19074587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 74 ], [ 176, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The success of the congregation in Leiden was mixed. Leiden was a thriving industrial center,", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and many members were able to support themselves working at Leiden University or in the textile, printing, and brewing trades. Others were less able to bring in sufficient income, hampered by their rural backgrounds and the language barrier; for those, accommodations were made on an estate bought by Robinson and three partners. Bradford wrote of their years in Leiden:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 86373 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For these & other reasons they removed to Leyden, a fair & bewtifull citie, and of a sweete situation, but made more famous by ye universitie wherwith it is adorned, in which of late had been so many learned man. But wanting that traffike by sea which Amerstdam injoyes, it was not so beneficiall for their outward means of living & estats. But being now hear pitchet they fell to such trads & imployments as they best could; valewing peace & their spirituall comforte above any other riches whatsoever. And at length they came to raise a competente & comforteable living, but with hard and continuall labor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "William Brewster had been teaching English at the university, and Robinson enrolled in 1615 to pursue his doctorate. There he participated in a series of debates, particularly regarding the contentious issue of Calvinism versus Arminianism (siding with the Calvinists against the Remonstrants).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6024, 1306, 1095654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 211, 220 ], [ 228, 239 ], [ 280, 292 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Brewster acquired typesetting equipment about 1616 in a venture financed by Thomas Brewer, and began publishing the debates through a local press.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 169180 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Netherlands, however, was a land whose culture and language were strange and difficult for the English congregation to understand or learn. They found that the Dutch political situation to be unstable, and their children were becoming more and more Dutch as the years passed. The congregation came to believe that they faced eventual extinction if they remained there.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By 1617, the congregation was stable and relatively secure, but there were ongoing issues which needed to be resolved. Bradford noted that many members of the congregation were showing signs of early aging, compounding the difficulties which some had in supporting themselves. A few had spent their savings and so gave up and returned to England, and the leaders feared that more would follow and that the congregation would become unsustainable. The employment issues made it unattractive for others to come to Leiden, and younger members had begun leaving to find employment and adventure elsewhere. Also compelling was the possibility of missionary work in some distant land, an opportunity that rarely arose in a Protestant stronghold.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bradford lists some of the reasons for which the Pilgrims felt they had to leave, including the discouragements that they faced in the Netherlands and the hope of attracting others by finding \"a better, and easier place of living\", the children of the group being \"drawn away by evil examples into extravagance and dangerous courses\", and the \"great hope, for the propagating and advancing the gospel of the kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world.\" Edward Winslow's list was similar. In addition to the economic worries and missionary possibilities, he stressed that it was important for the people to retain their English identity, culture, and language. They also believed that the English Church in Leiden could do little to benefit the larger community there.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 749692 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 463, 477 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the same time, there were many uncertainties about moving to such a place as America, as stories had come back about failed colonies. There were fears that the native people would be violent, that there would be no source of food or water, that they might be exposed to unknown diseases, and that travel by sea was always hazardous. Balancing all this was a local political situation which was in danger of becoming unstable. The truce was faltering in the Eighty Years' War, and there was fear over what the attitudes of Spain might be toward them.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 589019 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 460, 477 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Possible destinations included Guiana on the northeast coast of South America where the Dutch had established Essequibo colony, or another site near the Virginia settlements. Virginia was an attractive destination because the presence of the older colony might offer better security and trade opportunities; however, they also felt that they should not settle too near, since that might inadvertently duplicate the political environment back in England. The London Company administered a territory of considerable size in the region, and the intended settlement location was at the mouth of the Hudson River (which instead became the Dutch colony of New Netherland). This plan allayed their concerns of social, political, and religious conflicts, but still promised the military and economic benefits of being close to an established colony.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1676923, 3320464, 188900, 238524, 47911, 43451 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 37 ], [ 110, 119 ], [ 153, 161 ], [ 458, 472 ], [ 595, 607 ], [ 650, 664 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Robert Cushman and John Carver were sent to England to solicit a land patent. Their negotiations were delayed because of conflicts internal to the London Company, but ultimately a patent was secured in the name of John Wincob on June 9 (Old Style)/June 19 (New Style), 1619.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1499157, 398421, 888602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 19, 30 ], [ 237, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The charter was granted with the king's condition that the Leiden group's religion would not receive official recognition.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Preparations then stalled because of the continued problems within the London Company, and competing Dutch companies approached the congregation with the possibility of settling in the Hudson River area. David Baeckelandt suggests that the Leiden group was approached by Englishman Matthew Slade, son-in-law of Petrus Placius, a cartographer for the Dutch East India Company. Slade was also a spy for the English Ambassador, and the Pilgrims' plans were therefore known both at court and among influential investors in the Virginia Company's colony at Jamestown. Negotiations were broken off with the Dutch, however, at the encouragement of English merchant Thomas Weston, who assured them that he could resolve the London Company delays. The London Company intended to claim the area explored by Hudson before the Dutch could become fully established, and the first Dutch settlers did not arrive in the area until 1624.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 35024986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 658, 671 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Weston did come with a substantial change, telling the Leiden group that parties in England had obtained a land grant north of the existing Virginia territory to be called New England. This was only partially true; the new grant did come to pass, but not until late in 1620 when the Plymouth Council for New England received its charter. It was expected that this area could be fished profitably, and it was not under the control of the existing Virginia government.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764, 490681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 172, 183 ], [ 283, 315 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A second change was known only to parties in England who did not inform the larger group. New investors had been brought into the venture who wanted the terms altered so that, at the end of the seven-year contract, half of the settled land and property would revert to the investors. Also, there had been a provision in the original agreement that allowed each settler to have two days per week to work on personal business, but this provision was dropped from the final agreement without the knowledge of the Pilgrims.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Amid these negotiations, William Brewster found himself involved with religious unrest emerging in Scotland. In 1618, King James had promulgated the Five Articles of Perth which were seen in Scotland as an attempt to encroach on their Presbyterian tradition. Brewster published several pamphlets that were critical of this law, and they were smuggled into Scotland by April 1619. These pamphlets were traced back to Leiden, and the English authorities unsuccessfully attempted to arrest Brewster. English ambassador Dudley Carleton became aware of the situation and began pressuring the Dutch government to extradite Brewster, and the Dutch responded by arresting Thomas Brewer the financier in September. Brewster's whereabouts remain unknown between then and the colonists' departure, but the Dutch authorities did seize the typesetting materials which he had used to print his pamphlets. Meanwhile, Brewer was sent to England for questioning, where he stonewalled government officials until well into 1620. He was ultimately convicted in England for his continued religious publication activities and sentenced in 1626 to a 14-year prison term.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6616651, 5294792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 171 ], [ 516, 531 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Not all of the congregation were able to depart on the first trip. Many members were not able to settle their affairs within the time constraints, and the budget was limited for travel and supplies, and the group decided that the initial settlement should be undertaken primarily by younger and stronger members. The remainder agreed to follow if and when they could. Robinson would remain in Leiden with the larger portion of the congregation, and Brewster was to lead the American congregation. The church in America would be run independently, but it was agreed that membership would automatically be granted in either congregation to members who moved between the continents.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With personal and business matters agreed upon, the Pilgrims procured supplies and a small ship. Speedwell was to bring some passengers from the Netherlands to England, then on to America where it would be kept for the fishing business, with a crew hired for support services during the first year. The larger ship Mayflower was leased for transport and exploration services.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 919480, 18622102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 107 ], [ 316, 325 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Speedwell was originally named Swiftsure. It was built in 1577 at 60 tons and was part of the English fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada. It departed Delfshaven in July 1620 with the Leiden colonists, after a canal ride from Leyden of about seven hours. It reached Southampton, Hampshire, and met with the Mayflower and the additional colonists hired by the investors. With final arrangements made, the two vessels set out on August 5 (Old Style)/August 15 (New Style).Soon after, the Speedwell crew reported that their ship was taking on water, so both were diverted to Dartmouth, Devon. The crew inspected Speedwell for leaks and sealed them, but their second attempt to depart got them only as far as Plymouth, Devon. The crew decided that Speedwell was untrustworthy, and her owners sold her; the ship's master and some of the crew transferred to the Mayflower for the trip. William Bradford observed that the Speedwell seemed \"overmasted\", thus putting a strain on the hull; and he attributed her leaking to crew members who had deliberately caused it, allowing them to abandon their year-long commitments. Passenger Robert Cushman wrote that the leaking was caused by a loose board.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 919480, 966477, 7920751, 13861, 18622102, 888602, 8419, 23508, 8166, 218327 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 158, 168 ], [ 273, 284 ], [ 286, 295 ], [ 314, 323 ], [ 444, 453 ], [ 579, 595 ], [ 712, 720 ], [ 722, 727 ], [ 887, 903 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 120 combined passengers, 102 were chosen to travel on the Mayflower with the supplies consolidated. Of these, about half had come by way of Leiden, and about 28 of the adults were members of the congregation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The reduced party finally sailed successfully on September 6 (Old Style)/September 16 (New Style), 1620.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 888602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially the trip went smoothly, but under way they were met with strong winds and storms. One of these caused a main beam to crack, and the possibility was considered of turning back, even though they were more than halfway to their destination. However, they repaired the ship sufficiently to continue, by using a \"great iron screw\" brought along by the colonists (probably a jack to be used for either house construction or a cider press). Passenger John Howland was washed overboard in the storm but caught a top-sail halyard trailing in the water and was pulled back on board.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2764898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 454, 466 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One crew member and one passenger died before they reached land. A child was born at sea and named Oceanus.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 8137573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Mayflower passengers sighted land on November 9, 1620 after enduring miserable conditions for about 65 days, and William Brewster led them in reading Psalm 100 as a prayer of thanksgiving. They confirmed that the area was Cape Cod within the New England territory recommended by Weston. They attempted to sail the ship around the cape towards the Hudson River, also within the New England grant area, but they encountered shoals and difficult currents around Cape Malabar (the old French name for Monomoy Island). They decided to turn around, and the ship was anchored in Provincetown Harbor by November 11/21.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 920194, 8545333, 38743, 47911, 1959105, 487265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 133 ], [ 154, 163 ], [ 226, 234 ], [ 351, 363 ], [ 501, 515 ], [ 576, 595 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The charter was incomplete for the Plymouth Council for New England when the colonists departed England (it was granted while they were in transit on November 3/13). They arrived without a patent; the older Wincob patent was from their abandoned dealings with the London Company. Some of the passengers, aware of the situation, suggested that they were free to do as they chose upon landing, without a patent in place, and to ignore the contract with the investors.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A brief contract was later on drafted to address this issue, later known as the Mayflower Compact, promising cooperation among the settlers \"for the general good of the Colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience.\" It organized them into what was called a \"civill body politick,\" in which issues would be decided by voting, the key ingredient of democracy. It was ratified by majority rule, with 41 adult male Pilgrims signing for the 102 passengers (74 males and 28:females). Included in the company were 13 male servants and three female servants, along with some sailors and craftsmen hired for short-term service to the colony. At this time, John Carver was chosen as the colony's first governor. It was Carver who had chartered the Mayflower and his is the first signature on the Mayflower Compact, being the most respected and affluent member of the group. The Mayflower Compact is considered to be one of the seeds of American democracy and one source has called it the world's first written constitution.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 176303, 7959, 658906, 398421 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 97 ], [ 365, 374 ], [ 395, 408 ], [ 665, 676 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thorough exploration of the area was delayed for more than two weeks because the shallop or pinnace (a smaller sailing vessel) which they brought had been partially dismantled to fit aboard the Mayflower and was further damaged in transit. Small parties, however, waded to the beach to fetch firewood and attend to long-deferred personal hygiene.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 9003652, 33239739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 88 ], [ 92, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Exploratory parties were undertaken while awaiting the shallop, led by Myles Standish (an English soldier from Chorley whom the colonists had met while in Leiden) and Christopher Jones. They encountered an old European-built house and iron kettle, left behind by some ship's crew, and a few recently cultivated fields, showing corn stubble.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 97774, 142584, 3333416 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 85 ], [ 111, 118 ], [ 167, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "They came upon an artificial mound near the dunes which they partially uncovered and found to be an Indian grave. Farther along, a similar mound was found, more recently made, and they discovered that some of the burial mounds also contained corn. The colonists took some of the corn, intending to use it as seed for planting, while they reburied the rest. William Bradford later recorded in his book Of Plymouth Plantation that, after the shallop had been repaired,", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 218327, 2709279 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 357, 373 ], [ 401, 423 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "They also found two of the Indian's houses covered with mats, and some of their implements in them; but the people had run away and could not be seen. Without permission they took more corn, and beans of various colours. These they brought away, intending to give them full satisfaction (payment) when they should meet with any of them, – as about six months afterwards they did.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "And it is to be noted as a special providence of God, and a great mercy to this poor people, that they thus got seed to plant corn the next year, or they might have starved; for they had none, nor any likelihood of getting any, till too late for the planting season.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By December, most of the passengers and crew had become ill, coughing violently. Many were also suffering from the effects of scurvy. There had already been ice and snowfall, hampering exploration efforts; half of them died during the first winter.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 28266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Explorations resumed on December 6/16. The shallop party headed south along the cape, consisting of seven colonists from Leiden, three from London, and seven crew; they chose to land at the area inhabited by the Nauset people (the area around Brewster, Chatham, Eastham, Harwich, and Orleans) where they saw some people on the shore who fled when they approached. Inland they found more mounds, one containing acorns which they exhumed, and more graves, which they decided not to dig. They remained ashore overnight and heard cries near the encampment. The following morning, they were attacked by Indigenous peoples who shot at them with arrows. The colonists retrieved their firearms and shot back, then chased them into the woods but did not find them. There was no more contact with the Natives for several months.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2249468, 259377, 259379, 116647, 14089, 259385 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 218 ], [ 243, 251 ], [ 253, 260 ], [ 262, 269 ], [ 271, 278 ], [ 284, 291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Native peoples were already familiar with the English, who had intermittently visited the area for fishing and trade before Mayflower arrived. In the Cape Cod area, relations were poor following a visit several years earlier by Thomas Hunt. Hunt kidnapped 20 people from Patuxet (the site of Plymouth Colony) and another seven from Nausett, and he attempted to sell them as slaves in Europe. One of the Patuxet abductees was Squanto, who became an ally of the Plymouth Colony.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 320055, 320055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 232, 243 ], [ 429, 436 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Pokanokets also lived nearby and had developed a particular dislike for the English after one group came in, captured numerous people, and shot them aboard their ship. By this time, there had already been reciprocal killings at Martha's Vineyard and Cape Cod. But during one of the captures by the English, Squanto escaped to England and there became a Christian. When he came back, he found that most of his tribe had died from plague.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 579228, 62207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 232, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Continuing westward, the shallop's mast and rudder were broken by storms and the sail was lost. They rowed for safety, encountering the harbor formed by Duxbury and Plymouth barrier beaches and stumbling on land in the darkness. They remained at this spot for two days to recuperate and repair equipment. They named it Clark's Island for a Mayflower mate who first set foot on it.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 259476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "They resumed exploration on Monday, December 11/21 when the party crossed over to the mainland and surveyed the area that ultimately became the settlement. The anniversary of this survey is observed in Massachusetts as Forefathers' Day and is traditionally associated with the Plymouth Rock landing tradition. This land was especially suited to winter building because it had already been cleared, and the tall hills provided a good defensive position.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6267538, 586559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 219, 235 ], [ 277, 290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The cleared village was known as Patuxet to the Wampanoag people and was abandoned about three years earlier following a plague that killed all of its residents. The \"Indian fever\" involved hemorrhaging and is assumed to have been fulminating smallpox. The outbreak had been severe enough that the colonists discovered unburied skeletons in the dwellings.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 390881, 146315, 16829895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 64 ], [ 190, 202 ], [ 243, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The exploratory party returned to the Mayflower, anchored away, having been brought to the harbor on December 16/26. Only nearby sites were evaluated, with a hill in Plymouth (so named on earlier charts)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "chosen on December 19/29.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Construction commenced immediately, with the first common house nearly completed by January 9/19, 20 feet square and built for general use. At this point, each single man was ordered to join himself to one of the 19 families in order to eliminate the need to build any more houses than absolutely necessary. Each extended family was assigned a plot one-half rod wide and three rods long for each household member, then each family built its own dwelling. Supplies were brought ashore, and the settlement was mostly complete by early February.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When the first house was finished, it immediately became a hospital for the ill Pilgrims. Thirty-one of the company were dead by the end of February, with deaths still rising. Coles Hill became the first cemetery, on a prominence above the beach, and the graves were allowed to overgrow with grass for fear that the Indians would discover how weakened the settlement had actually become.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Between the landing and March, only 47 colonists had survived the diseases that they contracted on the ship. During the worst of the sickness, only six or seven of the group were able to feed and care for the rest. In this time, half the Mayflower crew also died.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "William Bradford became governor in 1621 upon the death of John Carver. On March 22, 1621, the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony signed a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags. The patent of Plymouth Colony was surrendered by Bradford to the freemen in 1640, minus a small reserve of three tracts of land. Bradford served for 11 consecutive years, and was elected to various other terms until his death in 1657.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 218327, 398421, 578996, 390881, 218110, 2017369 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 59, 70 ], [ 150, 159 ], [ 167, 177 ], [ 193, 208 ], [ 244, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The colony contained Bristol County, Plymouth County, and Barnstable County, Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was reorganized and issued a new charter as the Province of Massachusetts Bay in 1691, and Plymouth ended its history as a separate colony.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 76188, 76200, 76185, 197490, 502904 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 35 ], [ 37, 52 ], [ 58, 90 ], [ 96, 120 ], [ 169, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first use of the word pilgrims for the Mayflower passengers appeared in William Bradford's 1898 Of Plymouth Plantation. As he finished recounting his group's July 1620 departure from Leiden, he used the imagery of Hebrews 11:13–16 about Old Testament \"strangers and pilgrims\" who had the opportunity to return to their old country but instead longed for a better, heavenly country.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 218327, 2709279, 22326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 92 ], [ 100, 122 ], [ 242, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "So they lefte [that] goodly & pleasante citie, which had been ther resting place, nere 12 years; but they knew they were pilgrimes, & looked not much on these things; but lift up their eyes to ye heavens, their dearest cuntrie, and quieted their spirits.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There is no record of the term Pilgrims being used to describe Plymouth's founders for 150 years after Bradford wrote this passage, except when quoting him. The Mayflower's story was retold by historians Nathaniel Morton (in 1669) and Cotton Mather (in 1702), and both paraphrased Bradford's passage and used his word pilgrims. At Plymouth's Forefathers' Day observance in 1793, Rev. Chandler Robbins recited this passage.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 24234721, 7104, 6267538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 204, 220 ], [ 235, 248 ], [ 343, 359 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The name Pilgrims was probably not in popular use before about 1798, even though Plymouth celebrated Forefathers' Day several times between 1769 and 1798 and used a variety of terms to honor Plymouth's founders. The term Pilgrims was not mentioned, other than in Robbins' 1793 recitation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 6267538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first documented use of the term that was not simply quoting Bradford was at a December 22, 1798 celebration of Forefathers' Day in Boston. A song composed for the occasion used the word Pilgrims, and the participants drank a toast to \"The Pilgrims of Leyden\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 24437894 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The term was used prominently during Plymouth's next Forefather's Day celebration in 1800, and was used in Forefathers' Day observances thereafter.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By the 1820s, the term Pilgrims was becoming more common. Daniel Webster repeatedly referred to \"the Pilgrims\" in his December 22, 1820 address for Plymouth's bicentennial which was widely read. Harriet Vaughan Cheney used it in her 1824 novel A Peep at the Pilgrims in Sixteen Thirty-Six, and the term also gained popularity with the 1825 publication of Felicia Hemans's classic poem \"The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 51613, 29827079, 165363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 72 ], [ 195, 217 ], [ 355, 369 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mayflower Society", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 397933 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " National Monument to the Forefathers", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5166417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pilgrim Hall Museum", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8943137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pilgrim Tercentenary half dollar", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 50604957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pilgrim Hill in Central Park in New York City has sitting on its crest the bronze statue of The Pilgrim, a stylized representation of one of the Pilgrims.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 10345578, 37536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 17, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thanksgiving (United States)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8304348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Mayflower passengers", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 920174 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Mayflower passengers who died at sea November/December 1620", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 36280977 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Mayflower passengers who died in the winter of 1620–21", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1924535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cheney, Glenn Alan. Thanksgiving: The Pilgrims' First Year in America (New London Librarium, 2007)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fraser, Rebecca. The Mayflower Generation: the Winslow Family and the Fight for the New World (Vintage, 2017)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tompkins, Stephen. The Journey to the Mayflower: God’s Outlaws and the Invention of Freedom (Hodder and Stoughton, 2020)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vandrei, Martha. \"The Pilgrim's Progress,\" History Today (May 2020) 70#5 pp 28–41. Covers the historiography 1629 to 2020; online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Whittock, Martyn. Mayflower Lives (Simon and Schuster, 2019).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pilgrim Archives, Searchable municipal and court records from Leiden Regional Archive", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Photographs of New York (Lincs – UK) and Pilgrim Fathers monument (Lincs – UK)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Church of the Pilgrimage, founded after an 1801 schism", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pilgrim Hall Museum Pilgrim history and artifacts", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mayflower Steps All about the Mayflower and Pilgrim Fathers with a Plymouth (UK) focus. Many pictures", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Mayflower Pub London The original mooring point of The Pilgrim Fathers’ Mayflower ship in Rotherhithe, London and the oldest pub on the River Thames", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pilgrim ships from 1602 to 1638 Pilgrim ships searchable by ship name, sailing date and passengers.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Pilgrim Fathers, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Kathleen Burk, Harry Bennett & Tim Lockley (In Our Time, July 5, 2007)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 55611605 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 63 ] ] } ]

[ "Protestantism_in_England", "Congregationalism", "English_emigration", "English_colonization_of_the_Americas", "History_of_the_Church_of_England", "History_of_Lincolnshire", "Pre-statehood_history_of_Massachusetts", "17th_century_in_the_Dutch_Republic", "Maritime_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic", "Calvinism_in_the_Dutch_Republic", "British_expatriates_in_the_Dutch_Republic", "History_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies", "Plymouth_Colony", "Plymouth,_Massachusetts", "New_England_Puritanism", "17th-century_Dutch_emigrants_to_North_America", "First_arrivals_in_the_United_States" ]

[ "Pilgrim Fathers" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Ivan Vidav (January 17, 1918 – October 6, 2015) was a Slovenian mathematician.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 246311, 18902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 63 ], [ 64, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ivan Vidav was born in Villa Opicina near Trieste, Italy. He was a student of Josip Plemelj. Vidav received his Ph.D. with Plemelj as his advisor in 1941 at the University of Ljubljana with the dissertation Kleinovi teoremi v teoriji linearnih diferencialnih enačb (Klein's Theorems in the Theory of Linear Differential Equations).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5921786, 56092, 14532, 40441, 21031297, 167422, 41887, 1424309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 36 ], [ 42, 49 ], [ 51, 56 ], [ 78, 91 ], [ 112, 117 ], [ 161, 184 ], [ 266, 271 ], [ 307, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vidav's main research interest were differential equations, functional analysis, and algebra. He was a regular member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. He received the Prešeren Award in recognition of his work.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1424309, 11180, 18716923, 1424235, 16761905 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 58 ], [ 60, 79 ], [ 85, 92 ], [ 125, 163 ], [ 181, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1988, he became an honorary member of the Society of Mathematicians, Physicists and Astronomers of Slovenia (DMFA).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1569587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 110 ] ] } ]

[ "1918_births", "2015_deaths", "Slovenian_mathematicians", "Yugoslav_mathematicians", "Scientists_from_Trieste", "Prešeren_Award_laureates", "University_of_Ljubljana_alumni", "Members_of_the_Slovenian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Monterey ( ; ; Ohlone: ) is a city located in Monterey County on the southern edge of Monterey Bay on the U.S. state of California's Central Coast. Founded on June 3, 1770, it functioned as the capital of Alta California under both Spain (1804 to 1821) and Mexico (1822 to 1846). During this period, Monterey hosted California's first theater, public building, public library, publicly-funded school, printing-press, and newspaper. It was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California. In 1846, during the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848, the United States Flag was raised over the Customs House. After Mexico ceded California to the U.S. at the end of the war, Monterey hosted California's first constitutional convention in 1849.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 288302, 82025, 98570, 5407, 292425, 62723, 64485, 3966054, 21073732, 11447, 18485168, 448063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 21 ], [ 46, 61 ], [ 86, 98 ], [ 120, 130 ], [ 133, 146 ], [ 205, 220 ], [ 232, 237 ], [ 257, 263 ], [ 530, 550 ], [ 569, 587 ], [ 608, 621 ], [ 636, 664 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city occupies a land area of and the city hall is at above sea level. The 2020 census recorded a population of 30,218.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23962196 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey and the surrounding area have attracted artists since the late 19th-century, and many celebrated painters and writers have lived in the area. Until the 1950s there was an abundant fishery. Monterey's present-day attractions include the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Cannery Row, Fisherman's Wharf, California Roots Music and Arts Festival, and the annual Monterey Jazz Festival.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 307491, 88477, 88476, 4556924, 46323871, 2477682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 189, 196 ], [ 245, 266 ], [ 268, 279 ], [ 281, 298 ], [ 300, 340 ], [ 357, 379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Long before the arrival of Spanish explorers, the Rumsen Ohlone tribe, one of seven linguistically distinct Ohlone groups in California, inhabited the area now known as Monterey. They subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering food on and around the biologically rich Monterey Peninsula. Researchers have found a number of shell middens in the area and, based on the archaeological evidence, concluded the Ohlone's primary marine food consisted at various times of mussels and abalone. A number of midden sites have been located along about of rocky coast on the Monterey Peninsula from the current site of Fishermans' Wharf in Monterey to Carmel.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 36509900, 288302, 30861455, 606465, 144156, 1300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 56 ], [ 57, 63 ], [ 269, 287 ], [ 330, 336 ], [ 466, 472 ], [ 478, 485 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is named after Monterey Bay. The current bay's name was given by Sebastián Vizcaíno in 1602. He anchored in what is now the Monterey harbor on December 16, and named it Puerto de Monterrey, in honor of the Conde de Monterrey, who was then the viceroy of New Spain. Monterrey is an alternate spelling of Monterrei, a municipality in the Galicia region of Spain from which the viceroy and his father (the Fourth Count of Monterrei) originated. Some variants of the city's name are recorded as Monte Rey and Monterey. Monterey Bay had been described earlier by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, but he had given it a different name. Despite the explorations of Cabrillo and Vizcaino, and despite Spain's frequent trading voyages between Asia and Mexico, the Spanish did not make Monterey Bay into a settled permanent harbor before the eighteenth century because it was too exposed to rough ocean currents and winds.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 98570, 1021390, 4695757, 64485, 7013630, 12837, 26667, 160420 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 36 ], [ 74, 92 ], [ 215, 233 ], [ 263, 272 ], [ 312, 321 ], [ 345, 359 ], [ 363, 368 ], [ 567, 590 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite Monterey's limited use as a maritime port, the encroachments of other Europeans near California in the eighteenth century prompted the Spanish monarchy to try to better secure the region. As a result it commissioned the Portola exploration and Alta California mission system. In 1769, the first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolá expedition, traveled north from San Diego. They sought Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey, which he had described as \"a fine harbor sheltered from all winds\" 167 years earlier. The explorers failed to recognize the place when they came to it on October 1, 1769. The party continued north as far as San Francisco Bay before turning back. On the return journey, they camped near one of Monterey's lagoons on November 27, still not convinced they had found the place Vizcaíno had described. Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí noted in his diary, \"We halted in sight of the Point of Pines (recognized, as was said, in the beginning of October) and camped near a small lagoon which has rather muddy water, but abounds in pasture and firewood.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 62723, 2998199, 28504, 26973, 64176, 2585782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 332, 347 ], [ 361, 379 ], [ 401, 410 ], [ 660, 677 ], [ 850, 860 ], [ 872, 883 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gaspar de Portolá returned by land to Monterey the next year, having concluded that he must have been at Vizcaíno's Port of Monterey after all. The land party was met at Monterey by Junípero Serra, who traveled by sea. Portolá erected the Presidio of Monterey to defend the port and, on June 3, 1770, Serra founded the Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo inside the presidio enclosure. Portolá returned to Mexico, replaced in Monterey by Captain Pedro Fages, who had been third in command on the exploratory expeditions. Fages became the second governor of Alta California, serving from 1770 to 1774. San Diego is the only city in California older than Monterey.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 310547, 62237, 873727, 1340426 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 182, 196 ], [ 239, 259 ], [ 443, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Serra's missionary aims soon came into conflict with Fages and the soldiers, so he relocated and built a new mission in Carmel the following year to gain greater independence from Fages. The existing wood and adobe church remained in service to the nearby soldiers and became the Royal Presidio Chapel.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 59605, 682, 4531150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 126 ], [ 209, 214 ], [ 280, 301 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey became the capital of the \"Province of Both Californias\" in 1777, and the chapel was renamed the Royal Presidio Chapel. The original church was destroyed by fire in 1789 and replaced by the present sandstone structure. It was completed in 1794 by Indian labor. In 1840, the chapel was rededicated to the patronage of Saint Charles Borromeo. The cathedral is the oldest continuously operating parish and the oldest stone building in California. It is also the oldest (and smallest) serving cathedral along with St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is the only existing presidio chapel in California and the only surviving building from the original Monterey Presidio.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4531150, 27772, 562802, 1690260, 53842 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 127 ], [ 207, 216 ], [ 326, 348 ], [ 519, 538 ], [ 542, 564 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city was originally the only port of entry for all taxable goods in California. All shipments into California by sea were required to go through the Custom House, the oldest governmental building in the state and California's Historic Landmark Number One. Built in three phases, the Spanish began construction of the Custom House in 1814, the Mexican government completed the center section in 1827, and the United States government finished the lower end in 1846.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 18485168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On November 24, 1818, Argentine corsair Hippolyte Bouchard landed away from the Presidio of Monterey in a hidden creek. The fort's resistance proved ineffective, and after an hour of combat the Argentine flag flew over it. The Argentines took the city for six days, during which time they stole the cattle and burned the fort, the artillery headquarters, the governor's residence and the Spanish houses. The town's residents were unharmed.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 28820502, 50720, 657539, 873727, 1003199, 417422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 31 ], [ 32, 39 ], [ 40, 58 ], [ 82, 102 ], [ 115, 120 ], [ 196, 210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, but the civil and religious institutions of Alta California remained much the same until the 1830s, when the secularization of the missions converted most of the mission pasture lands into private land grant ranchos.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 333225, 11508332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 170 ], [ 255, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey was the site of the Battle of Monterey on July 7, 1846, during the Mexican–American War. It was on this date that John D. Sloat, Commodore in the United States Navy, raised the U.S. flag over the Monterey Custom House and claimed California for the United States.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 253816, 21073732, 189325, 20518076, 11447 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 47 ], [ 76, 96 ], [ 123, 136 ], [ 155, 173 ], [ 186, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition, many historic \"firsts\" occurred in Monterey. These include California's first theater, brick house, publicly funded school, public building, public library, and printing press (which printed The Californian, California's first newspaper.) Larkin House, one of Monterey State Historic Park's National Historic Landmarks, built in the Mexican period by Thomas Oliver Larkin, is an early example of Monterey Colonial architecture. The Old Custom House, the historic district and the Royal Presidio Chapel are also National Historic Landmarks. The Cooper-Molera Adobe is a National Trust Historic Site.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2651870, 23776392, 2651870, 404013, 4517771, 18436868, 18485168, 99105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 98 ], [ 204, 219 ], [ 273, 301 ], [ 304, 330 ], [ 364, 384 ], [ 409, 426 ], [ 445, 461 ], [ 582, 596 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Colton Hall, built in 1849 by Walter Colton, originally served as both a public school and a government meeting place.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 17481287, 3251946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 30, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey hosted California's first constitutional convention in 1849, which composed the documents necessary to apply to the United States for statehood. Today it houses a small museum, while adjacent buildings serve as the seat of local government, and the Monterey post office (opened in 1849). Monterey was incorporated in 1890.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 28151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thomas Albert Work built several of the buildings in Monterey including the three-story Del Mar hotel in 1895, at the corner of Sixteenth, and in 1900, bought into the First National Bank in Monterey, acquiring it in 1906. He was president of the bank for more than twenty years.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 69825907 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey had long been famous for the abundant fishery in Monterey Bay. That changed in the 1950s when the local fishery business collapsed due to overfishing. A few of the old fishermen's cabins from the early 20th century have been preserved as they originally stood along Cannery Row.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 478962, 88476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 158 ], [ 275, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city has a noteworthy history as a center for California painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Such painters as Arthur Frank Mathews, Armin Hansen, Xavier Martinez, Rowena Meeks Abdy and Percy Gray lived or visited to pursue painting in the style of either En plein air or Tonalism.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3832204, 3857250, 3825270, 3849099, 3834639, 24621, 1829102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 150 ], [ 152, 164 ], [ 166, 181 ], [ 183, 200 ], [ 205, 215 ], [ 275, 287 ], [ 291, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to painters, many noted authors have also lived in and around the Monterey area, including Robert Louis Stevenson, John Steinbeck, Ed Ricketts, Robinson Jeffers, Robert A. Heinlein, and Henry Miller.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 26444, 15825, 1422396, 474321, 25389, 63083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 125 ], [ 127, 141 ], [ 143, 154 ], [ 156, 172 ], [ 174, 192 ], [ 198, 210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "More recently, Monterey has been recognized for its significant involvement in post-secondary learning of languages other than English and its major role in delivering translation and interpretation services around the world. In November 1995, California Governor Pete Wilson proclaimed Monterey as \"the Language Capital of the World\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 343170 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 264, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On June 7, 2021, the new macOS Monterey operating system was presented at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC2021) and named after the Monterey region.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 67887573, 409938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 39 ], [ 82, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (28.05%) is water. Sand deposits in the northern coastal area comprise the sole known mineral resources. The city has several distinct districts, such as New Monterey, Del Monte, and Cannery Row.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 57070, 23478779, 23471574, 88476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 44 ], [ 254, 266 ], [ 268, 277 ], [ 283, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Local soil is Quaternary Alluvium. Common soil series include the Baywood fine sand on the east side, Narlon loamy sand on the west side, Sheridan coarse sandy loam on hilly terrain, and the pale Tangair sand on hills supporting closed-cone pine habitat. The city is in a moderate to high seismic risk zone, the principal threat being the active San Andreas Fault approximately 26 miles (42km) to the east. The Monterey Bay fault, which tracks three miles (4.8km) to the north, is also active, as is the Palo Colorado fault seven miles (11.3km) to the south. Also nearby, minor but potentially active, are the Berwick Canyon, Seaside, Tularcitos and Chupines faults.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 25198, 183243, 64460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 24 ], [ 25, 33 ], [ 347, 364 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey Bay's maximum credible tsunami for a 100-year interval has been calculated as a wave nine feet (2.7m) high. The considerable undeveloped area in the northwest part of the city has a high potential for landslides and erosion.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 31161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is adjacent to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, a federally protected ocean area extending along the coast. Sometimes this sanctuary is confused with the local bay which is also termed Monterey Bay.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1992069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soquel Canyon State Marine Conservation Area, Portuguese Ledge State Marine Conservation Area, Pacific Grove Marine Gardens State Marine Conservation Area, Lovers Point State Marine Reserve, Edward F. Ricketts State Marine Conservation Area and Asilomar State Marine Reserve are marine protected areas established by the state of California in Monterey Bay. Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 25871546, 25871336, 25870573, 25869991, 25869470, 20760159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 44 ], [ 46, 93 ], [ 95, 154 ], [ 156, 189 ], [ 191, 240 ], [ 245, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The California sea otter, a threatened subspecies, inhabits the local Monterey Bay marine environment, and a field station of The Marine Mammal Center is located in Monterey to support sea rescue operations in this section of the California coast. The rare San Joaquin kit fox is found in Monterey's oak-forest and chaparral habitats. The chaparral, found mainly on the city's drier eastern slopes, hosts such plants as manzanita, chamise and ceanothus. Additional species of interest (that is, potential candidates for endangered species status) are the Salinas kangaroo rat and the silver-sided legless lizard.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 567471, 5264212, 432268, 7455, 415305, 3365222, 516089, 240003 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 24 ], [ 126, 150 ], [ 269, 276 ], [ 315, 324 ], [ 420, 429 ], [ 431, 438 ], [ 443, 452 ], [ 563, 575 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is a variety of natural habitat in Monterey: littoral zone and sand dunes; closed-cone pine forest; and Monterey Cypress. There are no dairy farms in the city of Monterey; the semi-hard cheese known as Monterey Jack originated in nearby Carmel Valley, California, and is named after businessman and land speculator David Jacks.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 7347628, 436136, 213202, 1979109, 25467031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 104 ], [ 110, 126 ], [ 208, 221 ], [ 243, 268 ], [ 321, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The closed-cone pine habitat is dominated by Monterey pine, Knobcone pine and Bishop pine, and contains the rare Monterey manzanita. In the early 20th century the botanist Willis Linn Jepson characterized Monterey Peninsula's forests as the \"most important silva ever\", and encouraged Samuel F.B. Morse (a century younger than the inventor Samuel F. B. Morse) of the Del Monte Properties Company to explore the possibilities of preserving the unique forest communities. The dune area is no less important, as it hosts endangered species such as the vascular plants Seaside birds beak, Hickman's potentilla and Eastwood's Ericameria. Rare plants also inhabit the chaparral: Hickman's onion, Yadon's piperia (Piperia yadonii) and Sandmat manzanita. Other rare plants in Monterey include Hutchinson's delphinium, Tidestrom lupine, Gardner's yampah and Knotweed, the latter perhaps already extinct.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 320931, 530046, 531958, 19481032, 4484170, 23947716, 27007, 18456296, 5514193, 3779907, 7790955, 409736, 305715, 25625383, 11070813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 58 ], [ 60, 73 ], [ 78, 89 ], [ 113, 131 ], [ 172, 190 ], [ 285, 302 ], [ 340, 358 ], [ 565, 583 ], [ 585, 605 ], [ 621, 631 ], [ 707, 722 ], [ 798, 808 ], [ 820, 826 ], [ 828, 844 ], [ 849, 857 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey's noise pollution has been mapped to define the principal sources of noise and to ascertain the areas of the population exposed to significant levels. Principal sources are the Monterey Regional Airport, State Route 1 and major arterial streets such as Munras Avenue, Fremont Street, Del Monte Boulevard, and Camino Aguajito. While most of Monterey is a quiet residential city, a moderate number of people in the northern part of the city are exposed to aircraft noise at levels in excess of 60dB on the Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL) scale. The most intense source is State Route 1: all residents exposed to levels greater than 65 CNEL—about 1,600 people—live near State Route 1 or one of the principal arterial streets.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1071248, 75245, 44735346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 186, 211 ], [ 213, 226 ], [ 513, 545 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The climate of Monterey is regulated by its proximity to the Pacific Ocean resulting in a cool-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csb) and closely resembles that of an oceanic climate. The average high temperatures in the city range from around in December to in September (which is warmer than both July & August). Average annual precipitation is around , with most rainfall occurring between October and April, with little to no precipitation falling during the summer months. There is an average of 70 days with measurable precipitation annually. Summers in Monterey are often cool and foggy. The cold surface waters cause even summer nights to be unusually cool for the latitude, opposite to on the U.S. east coast where coastal summer days and nights are much warmer. The extreme moderation is further underlined by the fact that Monterey is on a similar latitude in California as Death Valley – one of the hottest areas in the world.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 484254, 560047, 46797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 154 ], [ 194, 209 ], [ 914, 926 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During winter, snow occasionally falls in the higher elevations of the Santa Lucia Mountains and Gabilan Mountains that overlook Monterey, but snow in Monterey itself is extremely rare. A few unusual events in January 1962, February 1976, and December 1997 brought a light coating of snow to Monterey. In March 2006, a total of fell in Monterey, including on March 10, 2006. The snowfall on January 21, 1962, of , is remembered for delaying the Bing Crosby golf tournament in nearby Pebble Beach.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1204821, 4308985, 4010, 487147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 92 ], [ 97, 114 ], [ 449, 460 ], [ 487, 499 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The record lowest temperature was on December 22, 1990. Annually, there are an average of 2.9 days with highs that reach or exceed and an average of 2 days with lows at or below the freezing mark.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The wettest year on record was 1998 with of precipitation. The driest year was 1953 with . The most precipitation in one month was in February 1998. The record maximum 24-hour precipitation was on December 23, 1995.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 2010 United States Census reported that Monterey had a population of 27,810. The population density was . The racial makeup of Monterey was 21,788 (78.3%) White, 777 (2.8%) African American, 149 (0.5%) Native American, 2,204 (7.9%) Asian, 91 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 1,382 (5.0%) from other races, and 1,419 (5.1%) from two or more races. There were 3,817 people (13.7%) of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 3448729, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 29 ], [ 159, 164 ], [ 177, 193 ], [ 206, 221 ], [ 236, 241 ], [ 253, 269 ], [ 289, 300 ], [ 378, 386 ], [ 390, 396 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Census reported that 25,307 people (91.0% of the population) lived in households, 2,210 (7.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 293 (1.1%) were institutionalized.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There were 12,184 households, out of which 2,475 (20.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 4,690 (38.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 902 (7.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 371 (3.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. 4,778 households (39.2%) were made up of individuals, and 1,432 (11.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08. There were 5,963 families (48.9% of all households); the average family size was 2.81.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The population was spread out, with 4,266 people (15.3%) under the age of 18, 3,841 people (13.8%) aged 18 to 24, 8,474 people (30.5%) aged 25 to 44, 6,932 people (24.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 4,297 people (15.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.6 males.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There were 13,584 housing units at an average density of , of which 4,360 (35.8%) were owner-occupied, and 7,824 (64.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.5%. 9,458 people (34.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 15,849 people (57.0%) lived in rental housing units.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As of the census of 2000, there were 29,674 people, 12,600 households, and 6,476 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 13,382 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 80.8% White, 10.9% Hispanic, 7.4% Asian, 2.5% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 3.9% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There were 12,600 households, out of which 21.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.5% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.6% were non-families. 37.0% of all households consisted of individuals, and 11.0% had a lone dweller who is over 64. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.82.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The age distribution is as follows: 16.6% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The median income for a household in the city was $49,109, and the median income for a family was $58,757. Males had a median income of $40,410 versus $31,258 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,133. About 4.4% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to the City's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top private-sector employers in the city are (in alphabetical order):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The top public-sector employers are (in alphabetical order):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Other private-sector employers based in Monterey include Monterey Peninsula Unified School District, and Mapleton Communications. Additional military facilities in Monterey include the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center, and the United States Naval Research Laboratory – Monterey.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 38631789, 14499330, 991181, 411893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 99 ], [ 105, 128 ], [ 185, 236 ], [ 246, 285 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey is the home of the Monterey Museum of Art, its annex museum La Mirada and the Salvador Dalí Museum. There are several commercial galleries located in the historic district of Cannery Row, New Monterey and Customs House Plaza.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 31254946, 88476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 50 ], [ 184, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey is also the site of numerous waterfront arts and crafts festivals held in the Custom House Plaza at the top of Fisherman's Wharf.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 4556924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Steinbeck's friends included some of the city's more colorful characters, among them Ed Ricketts, a marine biologist, and Bruce Ariss, artist and theater enthusiast who designed and built the Wharf Theater.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1422396, 1449987, 12196546 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 96 ], [ 122, 133 ], [ 192, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Ricketts' death, the new owner of his lab and a group of friends assembled each Wednesday at the lab for drinks and jazz music. While visiting with the group, San Francisco disc jockey Jimmy Lyons suggested holding a jazz celebration in Monterey, which eventually became the Monterey Jazz Festival.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 15613, 8683, 13026700, 2477682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 126 ], [ 179, 190 ], [ 191, 202 ], [ 281, 303 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1879, Robert Louis Stevenson spent a short time in Monterey at the French Hotel while writing The Amateur Emigrant, \"The Old Pacific Capital,\" and \"Vendetta of the West.\" The former hotel, now known as the \"Stevenson House\", stands at 530 Houston Street and features items that belonged to the writer.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 26444, 4052855, 2651870 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 31 ], [ 97, 117 ], [ 211, 226 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Monterey Jazz Festival began in 1958, presenting such artists as Louis Armstrong, Dizzy Gillespie, and Billie Holiday, and now claims to be \"the longest running jazz festival in the world\" (the Newport Jazz Festival was established in 1954, but has changed venues since its founding).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 18313, 54403, 50420, 717596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 84 ], [ 86, 101 ], [ 107, 121 ], [ 198, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In June 1967 the city was the venue of the Monterey Pop Festival. Formally known as the Monterey International Pop Music Festival the three-day concert event was held June 16 to 18, 1967, at the Monterey County Fairgrounds. It was the first widely promoted and heavily attended rock festival, attracting an estimated 200,000 total attendees with 55,000 to 90,000 people present at the event's peak at midnight on Sunday. It was notable as hosting the first major American appearances by Jimi Hendrix and The Who, as well as the first major public performances of Janis Joplin and Otis Redding.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 362815, 26933514, 306611, 16095, 36517, 16245, 32817065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 64 ], [ 195, 222 ], [ 278, 291 ], [ 487, 499 ], [ 504, 511 ], [ 563, 575 ], [ 580, 592 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Monterey Pop Festival embodied the themes of San Francisco as a focal point for the counterculture and is generally regarded as one of the beginnings of the \"Summer of Love\" in 1967. It also became the template for future music festivals, notably the Woodstock Festival two years later.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 144633, 29204, 33884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 102 ], [ 162, 176 ], [ 255, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1986, the Monterey Blues Festival was created and ran continuously for over two decades. It filed for bankruptcy in 2012 and was resurrected in 2017 as the Monterey International Blues Festival.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The building in which the first paid public dramatic entertainment in California occurred is located in Monterey and is called, appropriately, \"California's First Theater\". In 1847, a sailor named Jack Swan began construction on an adobe building at the corner of Pacific St. and Scott Ave, near the Pacific House and Fisherman's Wharf. Between 1847 and 1848 several detachments of soldiers were stationed in Monterey and some of the sailors approached Swan with a proposition to lease a section of his building for use as a theater and money-making venture—a proposal that Swan accepted. The enterprise collected $500 on its first performance, a considerable sum at that time. The primary mediums presented were melodramas and Olios (a form of musical revue and audience sing-along). In the spring of 1848, the play Putnam, the Iron Son of '76, was presented. After the California Gold Rush of 1849, much of the population, including Swan, traveled to northern California in search of riches. As a result, by the end that year, the company disbanded. In 1896, Swan died and the building was abandoned until 1906 when it was purchased by the California Historic Landmarks League, who deeded it to the State of California.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 48700279, 58296, 5407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 818, 845 ], [ 872, 892 ], [ 1202, 1221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1937, the building was leased to Denny-Watrous Management, who revived the tradition of melodrama at the now historic building. A resident company was created and named the Troupers of the Gold Coast, who maintained the tradition for over 50 years, closing for renovation in 1999. It is now permanently closed.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Wharf Theater opened on Fisherman's Wharf on May 18, 1950, with a production of Happy Birthday, featuring a set designed by Bruce Ariss. The theater also produced one of Bruce Ariss' original plays and was successful enough to draw the attention of MGM who brought the artist to Hollywood to work for several years. The theater was destroyed by fire on December 31, 1959. The company re-opened in 1960 in a new location on Alvarado Street (formerly \"The Monterey Theater\") which in 1963 was renamed \"The Old Monterey Opera House\". It continued until the mid-1960s when it fell to urban renewal. In the early 1970s, discussions began about rebuilding back on the wharf itself, and theater plans began to take shape. Bruce Ariss and Angelo Di Girolamo, whose brother had the original idea for a theater on the wharf, began construction on The New Wharf Theater in 1975. Designed by Ariss, the New Wharf Theater opened its doors on December 3, 1976, with a community theater production of Guys and Dolls, directed by Monterey Peninsula College Drama Department chairman, Morgan Stock. Located at the northwest end of old Fisherman's Wharf, the theater is now known as the Bruce Ariss Wharf Theater. Girolamo died in September 2014.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 10723743, 18772358, 58819, 329770, 306521, 15449125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 80 ], [ 84, 98 ], [ 253, 256 ], [ 584, 597 ], [ 990, 1004 ], [ 1018, 1044 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, the Golden State Theatre, a former movie palace located on Alvarado Street was refurbished to produce live theatrical events. The Forest Theater Guild produced several plays at the Golden State including: Aida, Grease, Zoot Suit, and Fiddler on the Roof. The theater's new owners, Eric and Lori Lochtefeld, have produced several musicals in the theater in conjunction with Broadway By the Bay.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 40816929, 1558991, 6069646, 1941830, 142898, 1021038, 89444 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 33 ], [ 44, 56 ], [ 139, 159 ], [ 214, 218 ], [ 220, 226 ], [ 228, 237 ], [ 243, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey is well known for the abundance and diversity of its marine life, which includes sea lions, sea otters, harbor seals, bat rays, kelp forests, pelicans and dolphins and several species of whales. Only a few miles offshore is the Monterey Canyon, the largest and deepest (at ) underwater canyon off the Pacific coast of North America, which grants scientists access to the deep sea within hours. The cornucopia of marine life makes Monterey a popular destination for scuba divers of all abilities ranging from novice to expert. Scuba classes are held at San Carlos State Beach, which has been a favorite with divers since the 1960s. The Monterey Bay Aquarium on Cannery Row is one of the largest aquariums in North America, and several marine science laboratories, including Hopkins Marine Station are located in the area.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 60258, 567471, 26555929, 3748507, 1188676, 69785, 9061, 2645022, 1761649, 88477, 44044, 6464587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 98 ], [ 101, 110 ], [ 113, 125 ], [ 127, 134 ], [ 137, 148 ], [ 151, 158 ], [ 164, 171 ], [ 237, 252 ], [ 284, 301 ], [ 645, 666 ], [ 744, 758 ], [ 783, 805 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey's historic Fisherman's Wharf was constructed in 1845, reconstructed in 1870 and is now a commercial shopping and restaurant district with several whale-watching entities operating at the end of its pier.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 4556924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey is home to several museums and more than thirty carefully preserved historic buildings. Most of these buildings are adobes built in the mid-1800s. Some are museums and open to the public, including the Cooper Molera Adobe, Robert Louis Stevenson House, Casa Serrano, The Perry House, The Customs House, Colton Hall, Mayo Hayes O'Donnell Library and The First Brick House. Many others are only open during Monterey's annual adobe tour. The Monterey Museum of Art specializes in Early California Impressionist painting, photography, and contemporary art. Other youth-oriented art attractions include MY Museum, a children's museum, and YAC, an arts organization for teens.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 31254946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 449, 471 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "What may be the only whalebone sidewalk still in existence in the United States lies in front of the Old Whaling Station, left by New England whalers while California was still part of New Spain.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cannery Row is a historic industrial district west of downtown Monterey. Several companies operated large sardine canneries and packing houses from the 1920s until the 1950s when the sardines were overfished and the industry collapsed. The neighborhood was a minor tourist attraction until the late 1980s when the Monterey Bay Aquarium bought the former Hovden Cannery and built their aquarium around it. The Aquarium revitalized the neighborhood and it is now the number one tourist destination on the Monterey Peninsula. It is home to more than 600 species of plants and animals. Several of the canneries burnt down in the 1970s and some of their empty foundations are still visible along the oceanfront. A free heritage trolley transports visitors between downtown Monterey and the Aquarium during the summer.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 235436, 2284678 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 113 ], [ 714, 730 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Once called Ocean View Boulevard, the street was renamed Cannery Row in 1953 in honor of writer John Steinbeck, who had written a well-known novel of the same name. It has now become a tourist attraction with numerous establishments located in former cannery buildings, including Cannery Row Antique Mall which is located in the most historically intact cannery building open to the public. Other historical buildings in this district include Wing Chong Market, The American Tin Cannery which is a shopping mall, Doc Rickett's lab, next door to the aquarium and only open to the public a few times a year, and some of the water tanks written about by Steinbeck. A few privately owned and operated fishing companies still exist on Cannery Row, housed on piers located a short distance from the historic district frequented by tourists. Cannery Row is now considered the historic cannery district from Foam St. to the ocean.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 99863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 185, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lake El Estero is a popular Monterey park. Recreation opportunities include paddle boats, the Dennis the Menace Park (named after the comics character Dennis the Menace), and a skate park designed by local skaters. Birders are especially fond of this park due to its easy accessibility and the diversity of birdlife it attracts.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 11184353, 63568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 151, 168 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city government's Recreation and Community Services department runs the Monterey Sports Center.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The headquarters of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California is in Monterey, and one of the relatively few Oratorian communities in the United States is located in the city. The city is adjacent to the historic Catholic Carmel Mission.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Arts and culture", "target_page_ids": [ 3346622, 1172700, 59605 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 72 ], [ 119, 128 ], [ 232, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Monterey Amberjacks are a professional baseball team that competes in the independent Pecos League which is not affiliated with Major League Baseball or Minor League Baseball. They play their home games at Sollecito Ballpark.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 52656031, 28620191, 38776, 48704155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 23 ], [ 90, 102 ], [ 132, 153 ], [ 157, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Monterey Bay Derby Dames is a non-profit, amateur flat track roller derby league created by skaters for skaters in Monterey County, California. They are a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey Bay FC is an expansion team for the USL Championship league, the 2nd division of professional soccer in the US, to start play in March 2022 at Cardinale Stadium in Seaside, California. The head coach is Frank Yallop.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 66577972, 28811519, 70740447, 107787, 1015963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 45, 61 ], [ 152, 169 ], [ 173, 192 ], [ 212, 224 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey is governed by a mayor and four city council members, all elected by the public.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 101146, 3532493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 31 ], [ 41, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of December 2019, the mayor is Clyde Roberson and the city council members are Dan Albert Jr., Alan Haffa, Ed Smith, and Tyller Williamson.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The City of Monterey provides base maintenance support services for the Presidio of Monterey and the Naval Postgraduate School, including streets, parks, and building maintenance. Additional support services include traffic engineering, inspections, construction engineering and project management. This innovative partnership has become known as the \"Monterey Model\" and is now being adopted by communities across the country. This service reduces maintenance costs by millions of dollars and supports a continued military presence in Monterey.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey is represented on the Monterey County Board of Supervisors by Supervisor Mary Adams.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 65617537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the California State Legislature, Monterey is in , and .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 425922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the United States House of Representatives, Monterey is part of .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 19468510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Local radio stations include KPIG-FM 107.5, KAZU-FM – 90.3 KDON-FM – 102.5, KCDU-FM – 101.7, KWAV-FM – 96.9, KDFG-FM – 103.9, KSUR – 630 AM, KMBY – 1240 AM, KRML 94.7 FM jazz, and 1610-AM the city information station. Television service for the community comes from the Monterey-Salinas-Santa Cruz designated market area (DMA). Local newspapers include the Monterey County Herald and the Monterey County Weekly.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 2345890, 13699309, 3146365, 9179995, 9179306, 11008703, 14093142, 14093313, 14093393, 8858546, 32414425 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 42 ], [ 44, 48 ], [ 59, 74 ], [ 76, 91 ], [ 93, 107 ], [ 109, 124 ], [ 126, 139 ], [ 141, 155 ], [ 157, 161 ], [ 357, 379 ], [ 388, 410 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is serviced by California State Route 1, also known as the Cabrillo Highway, as it runs along the coastline of the rest of Monterey Bay to the north and Big Sur to the south. California State Route 68, also known as the Monterey-Salinas Highway, connects the city to U.S. Route 101 at Salinas and to Pacific Grove.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 75245, 98570, 240894, 2082064, 3868301, 107783, 107780 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 48 ], [ 132, 144 ], [ 162, 169 ], [ 184, 209 ], [ 276, 290 ], [ 294, 301 ], [ 309, 322 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Local bus service is provided by Monterey-Salinas Transit.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 3663719 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey Regional Airport connects the city to the large metropolitan areas in California, Arizona, Colorado, and Nevada.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 1071248 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey train station was served until 1971, when Amtrak took over intercity train service and the Del Monte was discontinued.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 62295465, 12027678 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ], [ 100, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are several institutions of higher education in the area: the Defense Language Institute, located on the Presidio of Monterey, California; the Naval Postgraduate School, on the site of a former resort hotel; the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey (a graduate school of Middlebury College); and Monterey Peninsula College, part of the California Community Colleges system. The federal institutions (the Defense Language Institute (DLI) and the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS)) are important employers in and strongly associated with the city.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 936948, 873727, 827618, 2772300, 488840, 15449125, 1824186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 94 ], [ 111, 143 ], [ 149, 174 ], [ 218, 275 ], [ 298, 316 ], [ 323, 349 ], [ 363, 399 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "California State University, Monterey Bay and the Monterey College of Law are located at the site of the former Fort Ord in neighboring Seaside. CSU Monterey Bay has developed several programs in marine and watershed sciences.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 700121, 4923642, 2120650, 107787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 41 ], [ 50, 73 ], [ 112, 120 ], [ 136, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Monterey Peninsula Unified School District operates a high school, a middle school and three elementary schools. Private schools include Santa Catalina School (girls, co-ed elementary and middle school) and Trinity Christian High School (co-ed).", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 38631789, 12446698, 1846154, 25914254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 46 ], [ 56, 69 ], [ 141, 162 ], [ 211, 240 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mike Aldrete, major league baseball player (1986–96); coach, St. Louis Cardinals", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 4149934, 38776, 23408844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 36 ], [ 62, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gina Aliotti, IFBB professional figure champion", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 25774030, 1974156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Whitby Allen, model railroader", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1291778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Paul Anka, singer, songwriter", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 100691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bruce Ariss, artist ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1449987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jean Arthur, actress", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 181316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Art Bell, resident in the 1970s", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 309935 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tory Belleci, MythBusters presenter", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1864221, 627304 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Josh Billings (pen name of Henry Wheeler Shaw), second most famous humorist (after Mark Twain) of the mid-to-late 19th century; died at Monterey", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 591421, 46043 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 16, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lisa Bruce, film producer", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 45489598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Beverly Cleary, author", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 181227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Walter Colton (1797–1851), first Alcalde (mayor) of Monterey", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 3251946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Juan B. R. Cooper, rancher, merchant, land owner, builder of the Cooper-Molera Adobe", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 23904206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Claude Crabb pro football player 1962 – 1968", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 8028796 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nick Cunningham, Team USA bobsledder; 2010–2014 Winter Olympian (2-Man & 4-Man)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 25850928 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peter J. 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Schwab, businessman", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1319448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jean Bruce Scott, actress", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 10824611 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vera Steadman, actress", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 14277388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Steinbeck, Nobel Prize-winning author of The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 15825, 42645, 62120 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 47, 66 ], [ 71, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish author of The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and Treasure Island; stayed in Monterey, 1879", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 26444, 42829172, 167963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ], [ 44, 85 ], [ 90, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jeremy Sumpter, actor", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 409747 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Edward Weston, photographer", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 232541 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Frank Zappa, musician", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 10672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterey is twinned with:", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 1155299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dubrovnik, Croatia (2006)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 55116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Isola delle Femmine, Italy (2017)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 6101324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cervia, Italy (2014)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 4916404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kuşadası, Turkey (2007)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 1386609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lankaran, Azerbaijan (2011)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 2621236 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lleida, Spain (1980)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 18729 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nanao, Japan (1995)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 1358674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Coastal California", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 11493722 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Monterey\", a famous song by Eric Burdon & The Animals", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 13714502, 77003 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 10 ], [ 30, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Monterey's Fish House", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 59467701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hula's Island Grill", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 59470641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Montrio Bistro", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 59474241 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " macOS Monterey", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 67887573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Augusta Fink, Monterey: The Presence of the Past, Chronicle Books, San Francisco, California (1972) ", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " California State Waters Map Series—Offshore of Monterey, California, U.S. Geological Survey (2015)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " City of Monterey Parks and Recreation Master Plan, City of Monterey Parks and Recreation Department (1986)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " * ", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Environmental Hazards Element, city of Monterey, A part of the General Plan, February 1977", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Flora and Fauna Resources: City of Monterey General Plan Technical Study, prepared for City of Monterey by Bainbridge Behrens Moore Inc., November 2, 1977", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " General Plan, the City of Monterey, (1980)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Helen Spangenberg, Yesterday's Artists of the Monterey Peninsula, Monterey museum of Art (1976)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Prehistoric Sources Technical Study, prepared for the city of Monterey by Bainbridge Behrens Moore Inc., May 23, 1977", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Monterey,_California", "Cities_in_Monterey_County,_California", "Monterey_Bay", "Populated_coastal_places_in_California", "Former_colonial_and_territorial_capitals_in_the_United_States", "Former_state_capitals_in_the_United_States", "Populated_places_established_in_1770", "1770_in_Alta_California", "1770_establishments_in_Alta_California", "Populated_places_established_in_1890", "1890_establishments_in_California", "Incorporated_cities_and_towns_in_California" ]

[ "City of Monterey", "Monterey, California", "Monterey, CA" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1788–89 United States presidential election was the first quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Monday, December 15, 1788, to Saturday, January 10, 1789, under the new Constitution ratified that same year. George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 31644, 11968, 24113, 10410626, 32759, 52185316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 95 ], [ 186, 198 ], [ 224, 241 ], [ 300, 309 ], [ 314, 324 ], [ 342, 356 ], [ 445, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Under the Articles of Confederation, which was ratified in 1781, the United States had no head of state. Separation of the executive function of government from the legislative was incomplete similar to countries that use a parliamentary system. Federal power, strictly limited, was reserved to the Congress of the Confederation whose \"President of the United States in Congress Assembled\" was also chair of the Committee of the States which aimed to fulfill a function similar to that of the modern Cabinet.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 691, 13456, 182113, 3470589, 2410754, 32290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 35 ], [ 90, 103 ], [ 224, 244 ], [ 299, 328 ], [ 412, 435 ], [ 500, 507 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Constitution created the offices of President and Vice President, fully separating these offices from Congress. The Constitution established an Electoral College, based on each state's Congressional representation, in which each elector would cast two votes for two candidates, a procedure modified in 1804 by the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment. States had varying methods for choosing presidential electors. In five states, the state legislature chose electors. The other six chose electors through some form involving a popular vote, though in only two states did the choice depend directly on a statewide vote in a way even roughly resembling the modern method in all states.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31644, 24113, 32759, 85533, 31664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ], [ 40, 49 ], [ 54, 68 ], [ 148, 165 ], [ 338, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The enormously popular Washington was distinguished as the former Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. After he agreed to come out of retirement, it was known that he would be elected by virtual acclaim; Washington did not select a running mate as that concept was not yet developed.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 168210, 771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 99 ], [ 111, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "No formal political parties existed, though an informally organized consistent difference of opinion had already manifested between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Thus, the contest for the Vice-Presidency was open. Thomas Jefferson predicted that a popular Northern leader such as Governor John Hancock of Massachusetts or John Adams, a former minister to Great Britain who had represented Massachusetts in Congress, would be elected vice president. Anti-Federalist leaders such as Patrick Henry, who did not run, and George Clinton, who had opposed ratification of the Constitution, also represented potential choices.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23996, 29922, 16324, 1645518, 10410626, 158019, 349889, 76747, 147872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 27 ], [ 218, 234 ], [ 293, 305 ], [ 309, 322 ], [ 326, 336 ], [ 359, 372 ], [ 453, 468 ], [ 485, 498 ], [ 521, 535 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "All 69 electors cast one vote for Washington, making his election unanimous. Adams won 34 electoral votes and the vice presidency. The remaining 35 electoral votes were split among 10 candidates, including John Jay, who finished third with nine electoral votes. Three states were ineligible to participate in the election: New York's legislature did not choose electors on time, and North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the constitution yet. Washington was inaugurated in New York City on April 30, 1789, 57 days after the First Congress convened.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21816397, 426458, 8702096, 224807 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 206, 214 ], [ 323, 345 ], [ 469, 480 ], [ 535, 549 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Though no organized political parties yet existed, political opinion loosely divided between those who had more stridently and enthusiastically endorsed ratification of the Constitution, called Federalists or Cosmopolitans, and Anti-Federalists or Localists who had only more reluctantly, skeptically, or conditionally supported, or who had outright opposed ratification. Both factions supported Washington for president. Limited, primitive political campaigning occurred in states and localities where swaying public opinion might matter. For example, in Maryland, a state with a statewide popular vote, unofficial parties campaigned locally, advertising.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 2405873, 349889, 18858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 194, 205 ], [ 228, 244 ], [ 556, 564 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "No nomination process existed at the time of planning, and thus, the framers of the Constitution presumed that Washington would be elected unopposed. For example, Alexander Hamilton spoke for national opinion when in a letter to Washington attempting to persuade him to leave retirement on his farm in Mount Vernon to serve as the first President, he wrote that \"...the point of light in which you stand at home and abroad will make an infinite difference in the respectability in which the government will begin its operations in the alternative of your being or not being the head of state.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40597, 137584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 181 ], [ 302, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another uncertainty was the choice for the vice presidency, which contained no definite job description beyond being the President's designated successor while presiding over the Senate. The Constitution stipulated that the position would be awarded to the runner-up in the Presidential election. Because Washington was from Virginia, then the largest state, many assumed that electors would choose a vice president from a northern state. In an August 1788 letter, U.S. Minister to France Thomas Jefferson wrote that he considered John Adams and John Hancock, both from Massachusetts, to be the top contenders. Jefferson suggested John Jay, John Rutledge, and Virginian James Madison as other possible candidates. Adams received 34 electoral votes, one short of a majority – because the Constitution did not require an outright majority in the Electoral College prior to ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to elect a runner-up as vice president, Adams was elected to that post.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 32759, 29922, 21830463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 58 ], [ 490, 506 ], [ 642, 655 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Voter turnout comprised a low single-digit percentage of the adult population. Though all states allowed some rudimentary form of popular vote, only six ratifying states allowed any form of popular vote specifically for presidential electors. In most states only white men, and in many only those who owned property, could vote. Free black men could vote in four Northern states, and women could vote in New Jersey until 1807. In some states, there was a nominal religious test for voting. For example, in Massachusetts and Connecticut, the Congregational Church was established, supported by taxes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 549462, 667785, 596325 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 130, 142 ], [ 568, 579 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Voting was hampered by poor communications and infrastructure and the labor demands imposed by farming. Two months passed after the election before the votes were counted and Washington was notified that he had been elected president. Washington spent one week traveling from Virginia to New York for the inauguration. Similarly, Congress took weeks to assemble.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As the electors were selected, politics intruded, and the process was not free of rumors and intrigue. For example, Hamilton aimed to ensure that Adams did not inadvertently tie Washington in the electoral vote. Also, Federalists spread rumors that Anti-Federalists plotted to elect Richard Henry Lee or Patrick Henry president, with George Clinton as vice president. However, Clinton received only three electoral votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 26289, 76747, 147872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 284, 301 ], [ 305, 318 ], [ 335, 349 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source: United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860: The Official Results by Michael J. Dubin", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Only six of the 11 states eligible to cast electoral votes chose electors by any form of popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 Census would count a total population of 3.0 million with a free population of 2.4 million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (popular vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Only 6 of the 10 states casting electoral votes chose electors by any form of the popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Less than 1.8% of the population voted: the 1790 Census would count a total population of 3.0million with a free population of 2.4million and 600,000 slaves in those states casting electoral votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " As the New York legislature failed to appoint its allotted eight electors in time, there were no voting electors from New York.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Two electors from Maryland did not vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " One elector from Virginia did not vote and another elector from Virginia was not chosen because an election district failed to submit returns.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The identity of this candidate comes from The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections (Gordon DenBoer (ed.), University of Wisconsin Press, 1984, p.441). Several respected sources, including the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress and the Political Graveyard, instead show this individual to be James Armstrong of Pennsylvania. However, primary sources, such as the Senate Journal, list only Armstrong's name, not his state. Skeptics observe that Armstrong received his single vote from a Georgia elector. They find this improbable because Armstrong of Pennsylvania was not nationally famous—his public service to that date consisted of being a medical officer during the American Revolution and, at most, a single year as a Pennsylvania judge.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 9944909, 603004, 702062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 150 ], [ 207, 259 ], [ 268, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest vote totals. The vote totals of Virginia appear to be incomplete.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [ 44194904 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Due to feuding political factions, New York's legislative branches could not come to agreement on how Presidential Electors would be chosen. The Anti-federalists (championing the middling-classes and state prerogatives) controlled the Assembly and were resentful that they had been forced by events to agree to ratify the Constitution of the United States of America without amendments, while the Federalists had gone from being conservative patriots during the war to nationalists who, backed by the great landed families and New York City commercial interests, controlled the Senate. Bills on how the state should appoint Presidential Electors were crafted by each of the legislative bodies and rejected by the other body. This was not resolved by January 7, 1789, which was the required date for all presidential Electors to be chosen by the states.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [ 349889, 581663, 497752, 32086, 1393764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 161 ], [ 235, 243 ], [ 311, 385 ], [ 397, 408 ], [ 578, 584 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. State legislatures chose different methods:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Electoral college selection", "target_page_ids": [ 31647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " New York's legislature did not choose electors on time.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Electoral college selection", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " One electoral district failed to choose an elector.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Electoral college selection", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1788 and 1789 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1788 and 1789 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 29443705 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bowling, Kenneth R., and Donald R. Kennon. \"A New Matrix for National Politics.\" Inventing Congress: Origins and Establishment of the First Federal Congress. Athens, O.: United States Capitol Historical Society by Ohio U, 1999. 110–37. Print.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chernow, Ron (2004). \"Alexander Hamilton\". London, UK: Penguin Books. .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Collier, Christopher. \"Voting and American Democracy.\" The American People as Christian White Men of Property:Suffrage and Elections in Colonial and Early National America. N.p.: U of Connecticut, n.d, 1999.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dinkin, Robert J. Voting in Revolutionary America: A Study of Elections in the Original Thirteen States, 1776–1789. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Novotny, Patrick. The Parties in American Politics, 1789–2016''.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Paullin, Charles O. \"The First Elections Under The Constitution.\" The Iowa Journal of History and Politics 2 (1904): 3-33. Web. February 20, 2017.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shade, William G., and Ballard C. Campbell. \"The Election of 1788-89.\" American Presidential Campaigns and Elections. Ed. Craig R. Coenen. Vol. 1. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference, 2003. 65–77. Print.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1789: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1789 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "George_Washington", "John_Adams", "1789_United_States_presidential_election", "Non-partisan_elections", "Presidency_of_George_Washington", "Unanimity" ]

[ "1788 US presidential election", "1788 United States presidential election", "1788-1789 US presidential election", "1788-1789 United States presidential election", "1st US presidential election", "United States presidential election, 1788–1789" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1792 United States presidential election was the second quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, November 2, to Wednesday, December 5, 1792. Incumbent President George Washington was elected to a second term by a unanimous vote in the electoral college, while John Adams was re-elected as vice president. Washington was essentially unopposed, but Adams faced a competitive re-election against Governor George Clinton of New York.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 24113, 11968, 85533, 10410626, 32759, 147872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 93 ], [ 174, 183 ], [ 184, 201 ], [ 258, 275 ], [ 283, 293 ], [ 312, 326 ], [ 425, 439 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Electoral rules of the time required each presidential elector to cast two votes without distinguishing which was for president and which for vice president. The recipient of the most votes would then become president, and the runner-up vice president. The Democratic-Republican Party, which had organized in opposition to the policies of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, supported Clinton for the position of vice president. Adams, meanwhile, was backed by the Federalist Party in his bid for another term. Neither party had fully organized, and partisan divisions had not yet solidified.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32759, 32080, 40597, 32086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 156 ], [ 257, 284 ], [ 365, 383 ], [ 475, 491 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Washington received 132 electoral votes, one from each elector. Adams won 77 electoral votes, enough to win re-election. Clinton finished in third place with 50 electoral votes, taking his home state of New York as well as three Southern states. Two other candidates won the five remaining electoral votes. This election was the first in which each of the original 13 states appointed electors, as did the newly added states of Kentucky and Vermont.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 179553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 229, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While it was also the only presidential election that was not held approximately four years after the previous election, most of the previous election was held four years prior.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 40449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1792, presidential elections were still conducted according to the original method established under the U.S. Constitution. Under this system, each elector cast two votes: the candidate who received the greatest number of votes (so long as they won a majority) became president, while the runner-up became vice president. The Twelfth Amendment would eventually replace this system, requiring electors to cast one vote for president and one vote for vice president, but this change did not take effect until 1804. Because of this, it is difficult to use modern-day terminology to describe the relationship among the candidates in this election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 216313, 31664, 40474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 254, 262 ], [ 329, 346 ], [ 510, 514 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Washington is generally held by historians to have run unopposed. Indeed, the incumbent president enjoyed bipartisan support and received one vote from every elector. The choice for vice president was more divisive. The Federalist Party threw its support behind the incumbent vice president, John Adams of Massachusetts, while the Democratic-Republican Party backed the candidacy of New York Governor George Clinton. Because few doubted that Washington would receive the greatest number of votes, Adams and Clinton were effectively competing for the vice presidency; under the letter of the law, however, they were technically candidates for president competing against Washington.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 32086, 32080, 12861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 220, 236 ], [ 331, 358 ], [ 383, 400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George Washington, President of the United States (1789-1797)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 11968, 24113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 20, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Adams, Vice President of the United States (1789-1797)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 10410626, 32759 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George Clinton, Governor of New York (1777-1795, 1801–1804)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 147872, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 29, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George Washington, President of the United States (1789-1797)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 11968, 24113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 20, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born out of the Anti-Federalist faction that had opposed the Constitution in 1788, the Democratic-Republican Party was the main opposition to the agenda of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. They had no chance of unseating Washington, but hoped to win the vice presidency by defeating the incumbent, Adams. Many Democratic-Republicans would have preferred to nominate Thomas Jefferson, their ideological leader and Washington's Secretary of State. However, this would have cost them the state of Virginia, as electors were not permitted to vote for two candidates from their home state and Washington was also a Virginian. Clinton, the Governor of New York and a former anti-Federalist leader, became the party's nominee after he won the backing of Jefferson and James Madison. Clinton was from an electorally important swing state, and he convinced party leaders that he would be a stronger candidate than another New Yorker, Senator Aaron Burr. A group of Democratic-Republican leaders met in Philadelphia in October 1792 and selected Clinton as the party's vice presidential candidate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 349889, 15950, 57454, 50585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 674, 689 ], [ 767, 780 ], [ 939, 949 ], [ 999, 1011 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1792, a party division had emerged between Federalists led by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, who desired a stronger federal government with a leading role in the economy, and the Democratic-Republicans led by Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Representative James Madison of Virginia, who favored states' rights and opposed Hamilton's economic program. Madison was at first a Federalist until he opposed the establishment of Hamilton's First Bank of the United States in 1791. He formed the Democratic-Republican Party along with Anti-Federalist Thomas Jefferson in 1792.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 32086, 43338, 40597, 32080, 32293, 2421624, 55569, 349889 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 57 ], [ 65, 83 ], [ 84, 102 ], [ 190, 212 ], [ 220, 238 ], [ 341, 368 ], [ 453, 484 ], [ 547, 562 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States to be contested on anything resembling a partisan basis. In most states, the congressional elections were recognized in some sense as a \"struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest,\" to use the words of Jefferson strategist John Beckley. In New York, the race for governor was fought along these lines. The candidates were Chief Justice John Jay, a Hamiltonian, and incumbent George Clinton, the party's vice presidential nominee.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 1075560, 31739, 21816397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 312, 324 ], [ 411, 424 ], [ 425, 433 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although Washington had been considering retiring, both sides encouraged him to remain in office to bridge factional differences. Washington was supported by practically all sides throughout his presidency and gained more popularity with the passage of the Bill of Rights. However, the Democratic-Republicans and the Federalists contested the vice-presidency, with incumbent John Adams as the Federalist nominee and George Clinton as the Democratic-Republican nominee. Federalists attacked Clinton for his past association with the anti-Federalists. With some Democratic-Republican electors voting against their nominee George Clinton – voting instead for Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr – Adams easily secured re-election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 9119240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 257, 271 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the time, there were 15 states in the United States: the 13 original states and the two recently admitted states of Vermont (March 1791) and Kentucky (June 1792). The Electoral College consisted of 132 electors, with each elector having two votes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 32578, 16846, 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 126 ], [ 144, 152 ], [ 170, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Electoral College chose Washington unanimously. John Adams was again elected vice-president as the runner-up, this time getting the vote of a majority of electors. George Clinton won the votes of only Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, his native New York, and a single elector in Pennsylvania. Thomas Jefferson won the votes of Kentucky, newly separated from Jefferson's home state of Virginia. A single South Carolina elector voted for Aaron Burr. All five of these candidates would eventually win election to the offices of president or vice president.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 10410626, 147872, 29922, 57454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 62 ], [ 168, 182 ], [ 299, 315 ], [ 442, 452 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source: ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) Only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(b) Pre-Twelfth Amendment electoral vote rules obscure the intentions of the voters", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Six of the fifteen states chose electors by any form of popular vote. The vote totals of Kentucky and Virginia appear to be lost. Vote totals for 13 of 76 Virginia counties exist.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) Only 6 of the 15 states chose electors by any form of popular vote, while pre-Twelfth Amendment electoral vote rules obscure the intentions of the voters, and those states that did choose electors by popular vote restricted the vote via property requirements.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(b) Two electors from Maryland and one elector from Vermont did not cast votes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 18858, 32578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 30 ], [ 52, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 44194904 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. Different state legislatures chose different methods:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Electoral college selection", "target_page_ids": [ 31647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First Party System", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3612962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Presidency of George Washington", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8702096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668424 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27042900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of 1792 United States presidential electors", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 50651806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of George Washington articles", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 58949250 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787-1825", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1792: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1792 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1792_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_George_Washington", "George_Washington", "John_Adams", "Unanimity", "Uncontested_elections" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1792" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1796 United States presidential election was the third quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, November 4 to Wednesday, December 7, 1796. It was the first contested American presidential election, the first presidential election in which political parties played a dominant role, and the only presidential election in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing tickets. Incumbent Vice President John Adams of the Federalist Party defeated former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32759, 10410626, 32086, 29922, 32080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 92 ], [ 425, 439 ], [ 440, 450 ], [ 458, 474 ], [ 510, 526 ], [ 534, 561 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With incumbent President George Washington having refused a third term in office, the 1796 election became the first U.S. presidential election in which political parties competed for the presidency. The Federalists coalesced behind Adams and the Democratic-Republicans supported Jefferson, but each party ran multiple candidates. Under the electoral rules in place prior to the Twelfth Amendment, the members of the Electoral College each cast two votes, with no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes for vice president. The individual with the majority of the total votes cast became president, and the runner-up became vice president. If there was a tie for first place or no person won a majority, the House of Representatives would hold a contingent election. Also, if there were a tie for second place, the vice presidency, the Senate would hold a contingent election to break the tie.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11968, 31664, 85533, 19468510, 52185316, 24909346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 42 ], [ 379, 396 ], [ 417, 434 ], [ 743, 767 ], [ 781, 800 ], [ 871, 877 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The campaign was a bitter one, with Federalists attempting to identify the Democratic-Republicans with the violence of the French Revolution and the Democratic-Republicans accusing the Federalists of favoring monarchism and aristocracy. Republicans sought to associate Adams with the policies developed by fellow Federalist Alexander Hamilton during the Washington administration, which they declaimed were too much in favor of Great Britain and a centralized national government. In foreign policy, Republicans denounced the Federalists over the Jay Treaty, which had established a temporary peace with Great Britain. Federalists attacked Jefferson's moral character, alleging he was an atheist and that he had been a coward during the American Revolutionary War. Adams supporters also accused Jefferson of being too pro-France; the accusation was underscored when the French ambassador embarrassed the Republicans by publicly backing Jefferson and attacking the Federalists right before the election. Despite the hostility between their respective camps, neither Adams nor Jefferson actively campaigned for the presidency.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11188, 40597, 8702096, 158019, 193600, 771, 5843419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 140 ], [ 324, 342 ], [ 354, 379 ], [ 428, 441 ], [ 547, 557 ], [ 737, 763 ], [ 822, 828 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adams was elected president with 71 electoral votes, one more than was needed for a majority. He became the first incumbent vice president to be elected president. He won by sweeping the electoral votes of New England and winning votes from several other swing states, especially the states of the Mid-Atlantic region. Jefferson received 68 electoral votes and was elected vice president. Former Governor Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina, a Federalist, finished with 59 electoral votes, while Senator Aaron Burr, a Democratic-Republican from New York, won 30 electoral votes. The remaining 48 electoral votes were dispersed among nine other candidates. Reflecting the evolving nature of both parties, several electors cast one vote for a Federalist candidate and one for a Democratic-Republican. The election marked the formation of the First Party System, and established a rivalry between Federalist New England and the Democratic-Republican South, with the middle states holding the balance of power (New York and Maryland were the crucial swing states, and between them only voted for a loser once between 1789 and 1820).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764, 181779, 317971, 57454, 3612962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 206, 217 ], [ 298, 310 ], [ 405, 420 ], [ 502, 512 ], [ 838, 856 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With Washington retiring after two terms, both parties sought the presidency for the first time. Before the ratification of the 12th Amendment in 1804, each elector was to vote for two persons but was not able to indicate which vote was for president and which for vice president. Instead, the recipient of the most electoral votes would become president and the runner-up vice president. As a result, both parties ran multiple candidates for president, in hopes of keeping one of their opponents from being the runner-up. These candidates were the equivalent of modern-day running mates, but under the law, they were all candidates for president. Thus, both Adams and Jefferson were technically opposed by several members of their own parties. The plan was for one of the electors to cast a vote for the main party nominee (Adams or Jefferson) and a candidate besides the primary running mate, thus ensuring that the main nominee would have one more vote than his running mate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 31664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Federalists' nominee was John Adams of Massachusetts, the incumbent vice president and a leading voice during the Revolutionary period. Most Federalist leaders viewed Adams, who had twice been elected vice president, as Washington's natural heir. Adams's main running mate was Thomas Pinckney, a former governor of South Carolina who had negotiated the Treaty of San Lorenzo with Spain. Pinckney agreed to run after the first choice of many party leaders, former Governor Patrick Henry of Virginia, declined. Alexander Hamilton, who competed with Adams for leadership of the party, worked behind the scenes to elect Pinckney over Adams by convincing Jefferson electors from South Carolina to cast their second votes for Pinckney. Hamilton did prefer Adams to Jefferson, and urged Federalist electors to cast their votes for Adams and Pinckney.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 317971, 271972, 26667, 76747, 40597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 281, 296 ], [ 357, 378 ], [ 384, 389 ], [ 476, 489 ], [ 513, 531 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic-Republicans united behind former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, who had co-founded the party with James Madison and others in opposition to Hamilton's policies. Congressional Democratic-Republicans sought to also unite behind one vice-presidential nominee. With Jefferson's popularity strongest in the South, many party leaders wanted a Northern candidate as Jefferson's running mate. Popular choices included Senator Pierce Butler of South Carolina and three New Yorkers: Senator Aaron Burr, Chancellor Robert R. Livingston, and former Governor George Clinton. A group of Democratic-Republican leaders met in June 1796 and agreed to support Jefferson for president and Burr for vice president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 29922, 15950, 560363, 57454, 193877, 147872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 83 ], [ 119, 132 ], [ 439, 452 ], [ 502, 512 ], [ 525, 545 ], [ 567, 581 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tennessee was admitted into the United States after the 1792 election, increasing the Electoral College to 138 electors.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 30395, 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 86, 103 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Under the system in place before the 1804 ratification of the Twelfth Amendment, electors were to cast votes for two persons for president; the runner-up in the presidential race was elected vice president. If no candidate won votes from a majority of the Electoral College, the House of Representatives would hold a contingent election to select the winner. Each party intended to manipulate the results by having some of their electors cast one vote for the intended presidential candidate and one vote for someone besides the intended vice-presidential candidate, leaving their vice-presidential candidate a few votes shy of their presidential candidate. But all electoral votes were cast on the same day, and communications between states were extremely slow at that time, making it very difficult to coordinate which electors were to manipulate their vote for vice president. Additionally, there were rumors that Hamilton had coerced southern electors pledged to Jefferson to give their second vote to Pinckney in hope of electing him president instead of Adams.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 31664, 19468510, 52185316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 79 ], [ 279, 303 ], [ 317, 336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Campaigning centered in the swing states of New York and Pennsylvania. Adams and Jefferson won a combined 139 electoral votes from the 138 members of the Electoral College. The Federalists swept every state north of the Mason-Dixon line except Pennsylvania, though one Pennsylvania elector voted for Adams. The Democratic-Republicans won the votes of most Southern electors, but the electors of Maryland and Delaware gave a majority of their votes to Federalist candidates, while North Carolina and Virginia each gave Adams one electoral vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 429249, 23332, 82334, 179553, 18858, 7930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 39 ], [ 57, 69 ], [ 220, 236 ], [ 356, 364 ], [ 395, 403 ], [ 408, 416 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nationwide, most electors voted for Adams and a second Federalist or for Jefferson and a second Democratic-Republican, but there were several exceptions to this. One elector in Maryland voted for both Adams and Jefferson, and two electors cast votes for Washington, who had not campaigned and was not formally affiliated with either party. Pinckney won the second votes from most of the electors who voted for Adams, but 21 electors from New England and Maryland cast their second votes for other candidates, including Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth. Those who voted for Jefferson were significantly less united in their second choice, though Burr won a plurality of the Jefferson electors. All eight electors in Pinckney's home state of South Carolina, as well as at least one Pennsylvania elector, cast their ballots for Jefferson and Pinckney. In North Carolina, Jefferson won 11 votes, but the remaining 13 were spread among six different candidates from both parties. In Virginia, most electors voted for Jefferson and Governor Samuel Adams of Massachusetts.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764, 27057637, 15124855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 438, 449 ], [ 533, 549 ], [ 1033, 1045 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The result was that Adams received 71 electoral votes, one more than required to be elected president. If any two of the three Adams electors in Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina had voted with the rest of their states, it would have flipped the election. Jefferson received 68 votes, nine more than Pinckney, and was elected vice president. Burr finished in a distant fourth place with 30 votes. Nine other candidates received the remaining 48 electoral votes. If Pinckney had won the second votes of all of the New England electors who voted for Adams, he would have been elected president over Adams and Jefferson.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) Votes for Federalist electors have been assigned to John Adams and votes for Democratic-Republican electors have been assigned to Thomas Jefferson.(b) Only 9 of the 16 states used any form of popular vote.(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Compiling reliable popular vote statistics for elections of the First Party System poses a challenge to historians. Election procedures of the late 18th century differed greatly from those of later campaigns: rather than vote for a presidential candidate, voters chose from candidates running to represent their state in the electoral college. Candidates for elector did not always advertise a party preference or even for whom they intended to vote; in some districts, candidates from the same party were in direct competition, while in others, inconsistent support for all candidates of a party led states to split their electoral votes. These conditions make it difficult or impossible to determine voter intent in some cases. Moreover, some states' returns have not survived to the present day, meaning that national popular vote totals in this article are necessarily incomplete.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 3612962, 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 82 ], [ 325, 342 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The table below calculates each state's popular vote by comparing the vote for the most popular Adams elector to that for the most popular Jefferson elector.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sources: Vote Archive; Dubin, p. xii.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5% (15 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10% (11 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The following four years were the only time (as of ) that the president and vice president were from different parties. John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun were later elected president and vice-president as political opponents, but they were both Democratic-Republicans, and while Andrew Johnson, Abraham Lincoln's second vice-president, was a Democrat, Lincoln ran on a combined National Union Party ticket in 1864, not as a strict Republican.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Consequences", "target_page_ids": [ 15654, 52110, 1624, 307, 5238368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 137 ], [ 142, 157 ], [ 283, 297 ], [ 299, 314 ], [ 382, 402 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jefferson leveraged his position as vice president to attack Adams's policies, and this helped him reach the White House in the 1800 election.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Consequences", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This election provided part of the impetus for the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1804.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Consequences", "target_page_ids": [ 31664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On January 6, 1797, Representative William L. Smith of South Carolina presented a resolution on the floor of the House of Representatives for an amendment to the Constitution by which the presidential electors would designate which candidate would be president and which vice president. No action was taken on his proposal, setting the stage for the deadlocked election of 1800.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Consequences", "target_page_ids": [ 3342280, 40454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 51 ], [ 361, 377 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their Electors were chosen. Different state legislatures chose different methods:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Electoral college selection", "target_page_ids": [ 31647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Inauguration of John Adams", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21211256 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33632911 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "First Party System", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3612962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1796 and 1797 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668416 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1796 and 1797 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27042798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Web references", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. ed. The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809 (1965), short excerpts from primary sources", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Primary sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., ed. Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents 1789-1829 (1978), 3 vol; political reports sent by Congressmen to local newspapers", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Primary sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Encyclopedia of the New American Nation, 1754–1829 ed. by Paul Finkelman (2005), 1600 pp.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 6079113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Banning, Lance. The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (1978)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 25822393 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chambers, William Nisbet, ed. The First Party System (1972)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chambers, William Nisbet. Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776–1809 (1963)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Charles, Joseph. The Origins of the American Party System (1956), reprints articles in William and Mary Quarterly", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization: 1789–1801 (1957)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cunningham, Noble E., Jr., \"John Beckley: An Early American Party Manager,\" William and Mary Quarterly, 13 (Jan. 1956), 40–52, in JSTOR", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dawson, Matthew Q. Partisanship and the Birth of America's Second Party, 1796-1800: Stop the Wheels of Government. Greenwood, (2000) online version", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " DeConde, Alexander. \"Washington's Farewell, the French Alliance, and the Election of 1796,\" Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 43, No. 4 (Mar. 1957), pp.641–658 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 34369794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dinkin, Robert J. Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices. (Greenwood 1989) online version", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Elkins, Stanley and Eric McKitrick. The Age of Federalism (1995) online version, the standard highly detailed political history of 1790s", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 1313954, 25591092 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 21, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Freeman, Joanne. \"The Presidential Election of 1796,\" in Richard Alan Ryerson, ed. John Adams and the Founding of the Republic (2001).", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Miller, John C. The Federalist Era: 1789-1801 (1960).", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 41061979 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pasley, Jeffrey L. The First Presidential Contest: 1796 and the Founding of American Democracy. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2013.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–1984 (Vol 1) (1986), essay and primary sources on 1796", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 1013900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wood, Gordon S. Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815 (2009)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 1512283 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1796: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1796 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1796_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_John_Adams", "John_Adams", "Thomas_Jefferson" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1796" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1800 United States presidential election was the fourth quadrennial presidential election. It was held from October 31 to December 3, 1800. In what is sometimes called the \"Revolution of 1800\", Vice President Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party defeated incumbent President John Adams of the Federalist Party. The election was a political realignment that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican leadership.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32759, 29922, 32080, 24113, 10410626, 32086, 440517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 93 ], [ 198, 212 ], [ 213, 229 ], [ 237, 264 ], [ 284, 293 ], [ 294, 304 ], [ 312, 328 ], [ 349, 370 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adams had narrowly defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election. Under the rules of the electoral system in place before the 1804 ratification of the 12th Amendment, each member of the Electoral College cast two votes, with no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes for vice president. As Jefferson received the second-most votes in 1796, he was elected vice president. In 1800, unlike in 1796, both parties formally nominated tickets. The Democratic-Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of Jefferson and Aaron Burr, while the Federalists nominated a ticket consisting of Adams and Charles C. Pinckney. Each party formed a plan by which one of their respective electors would vote for a third candidate or abstain so that its preferred presidential candidate (Adams for the Federalists and Jefferson for the Democratic-Republicans) would win one more vote than the party's other nominee.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 40452, 31664, 85533, 57454, 368096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 58 ], [ 145, 159 ], [ 180, 197 ], [ 541, 551 ], [ 618, 637 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The chief political issues revolved around the fallout from the French Revolution and the Quasi-War. The Federalists favored a strong central government and close relations with Great Britain. The Democratic-Republicans favored decentralization to the state governments, and the party attacked the taxes the Federalists imposed. The Democratic-Republicans also denounced the Alien and Sedition Acts, which the Federalists had passed to make it harder for immigrants to become citizens and to restrict statements critical of the federal government. The Democratic-Republicans were well organized at the state and local levels, while the Federalists were disorganized and suffered a bitter split between their two major leaders, Adams and Alexander Hamilton. According to historian John Ferling, the jockeying for electoral votes, regional divisions, and the propaganda smear campaigns created by both parties made the election recognizably modern.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11188, 25343, 158019, 3173, 40597, 23501054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 81 ], [ 90, 99 ], [ 178, 191 ], [ 375, 398 ], [ 737, 755 ], [ 780, 792 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the end of a long and bitter campaign, Jefferson and Burr each won 73 electoral votes, Adams won 65, and Pinckney won 64. The Federalists swept New England, the Democratic-Republicans dominated the South, and the parties split the Mid-Atlantic states of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764, 179553, 181779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 158 ], [ 201, 206 ], [ 234, 253 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic-Republicans' failure to execute their plan to award Jefferson one more vote than Burr resulted in a tie, which necessitated a contingent election in the House of Representatives. Under the terms laid out in the Constitution, the outgoing House of Representatives chose between Jefferson and Burr. Burr was accused of campaigning for the presidency himself in the contingent election despite being a member of Jefferson's party. Each state delegation cast one vote, and a victory in the contingent election required one candidate to win a majority of the state delegations. Neither Burr nor Jefferson was able to win on the first 35 ballots of the contingent election, as most Federalist representatives backed Burr and all Democratic-Republican representatives backed Jefferson. Hamilton favored Jefferson over Burr, and he convinced several Federalists to switch their support to Jefferson, giving Jefferson a victory on the 36th ballot. Jefferson became the second incumbent vice president to be elected president.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 52185316, 19468510, 31644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 160 ], [ 168, 192 ], [ 226, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both parties used congressional nominating caucuses to formally nominate tickets for the first time. The Federalists nominated a ticket consisting of incumbent President John Adams of Massachusetts and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina. Pinckney had fought in the American Revolutionary War and later served as the minister to France. The Democratic-Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of Vice President Thomas Jefferson of Virginia and former Senator Aaron Burr of New York. Jefferson had been the runner-up in the previous election and had co-founded the party with James Madison and others, while Burr was popular in the electorally important state of New York.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 2666720, 10410626, 1645518, 368096, 27956, 771, 2630379, 5843419, 29922, 32432, 57454, 8210131, 15950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 49 ], [ 170, 180 ], [ 184, 197 ], [ 202, 229 ], [ 233, 247 ], [ 276, 302 ], [ 327, 335 ], [ 339, 345 ], [ 422, 438 ], [ 442, 450 ], [ 470, 480 ], [ 484, 492 ], [ 586, 599 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While the 1800 election was a re-match of the 1796 election, it ushered in a new type of American politics, a two-party republic and acrimonious campaigning behind the scenes and through the press. On top of this, the election pitted the \"larger than life\" Adams and Jefferson, who were formerly close allies turned political enemies.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40452 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The campaign was bitter and characterized by slander and personal attacks on both sides. Federalists spread rumors that the Democratic-Republicans were radical atheists who would ruin the country (based on the Democratic-Republican support for the French Revolution). In 1798, George Washington had complained \"that you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white, as to change the principles of a professed Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country\". Meanwhile, the Democratic-Republicans accused Federalists of subverting republican principles with the Alien and Sedition Acts, some of which were later declared unconstitutional after their expiration by the Supreme Court, and relying for their support on foreign immigrants; they also accused Federalists of favoring Britain and the other coalition countries in their war with France in order to promote aristocratic, anti-democratic values.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 11188, 11968, 7359319, 3173, 233039 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 248, 265 ], [ 277, 294 ], [ 344, 354 ], [ 606, 629 ], [ 867, 888 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adams was attacked by both the opposition Democratic-Republicans and a group of so-called \"High Federalists\" aligned with Alexander Hamilton. The Democratic-Republicans felt that the Adams foreign policy was too favorable toward Britain; feared that the new army called up for the Quasi-War would oppress the people; opposed new taxes to pay for war; and attacked the Alien and Sedition Acts as violations of states' rights and the Constitution. \"High Federalists\" considered Adams too moderate and would have preferred the leadership of Alexander Hamilton instead.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40597, 25343, 407755 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 140 ], [ 281, 290 ], [ 409, 423 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hamilton had apparently grown impatient with Adams and wanted a new president who was more receptive to his goals. During Washington's presidency, Hamilton had been able to influence the federal response to the Whiskey Rebellion (which threatened the government's power to tax citizens). When Washington announced that he would not seek a third term, Adams and the Federalists regarded himself as next-in-line.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 143541 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 211, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hamilton appears to have hoped in 1796 that his influence within an Adams administration would be as great as or greater than in Washington's. By 1800, Hamilton had come to realize that Adams was too independent and thought the Federalist vice presidential candidate, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina, more suited to serving Hamilton's interests. In his third sabotage attempt toward Adams, Hamilton quietly schemed to elect Pinckney to the presidency. Given Pinckney's lack of political experience, he would have been expected to be open to Hamilton's influence. However, Hamilton's plan backfired and hurt the Federalist party, particularly after one of his letters, a scathing criticism of Adams that was fifty-four pages long, fell into the hands of a Democratic-Republican and soon after became public. It embarrassed Adams and damaged Hamilton's efforts on behalf of Pinckney, not to mention speeding Hamilton's own political decline.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 368096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 268, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The contemporarily unorthodox public campaigning methods employed in 1800 were first employed by Jefferson's running mate and campaign manager, Aaron Burr, who is credited by some historians with inventing the modern electioneering process.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Partisans on both sides sought any advantage they could find. In several states, this included changing the process of selecting electors to ensure the desired result. In Georgia, Democratic-Republican legislators replaced the popular vote with selection by the state legislature. Federalist legislators did the same in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. This may have had some unintended consequences in Massachusetts, where the makeup of the delegation to the House of Representatives changed from 12 Federalists and 2 Democratic-Republicans to 8 Federalists and 6 Democratic-Republicans, perhaps the result of backlash on the part of the electorate. Pennsylvania also switched to legislative choice, but this resulted in an almost evenly split set of electors. Virginia switched from electoral districts to winner-take-all, a move that probably switched one or two votes out of the Federalist column.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 97517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 376, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because each state could choose its own election day in 1800, voting lasted from April to October. In April, Burr's mobilization of the vote in New York City succeeded in reversing the Federalist majority in the state legislature to provide decisive support for the Democratic-Republican ticket. With the two parties tied 63–63 in the Electoral College in the autumn of 1800, the last state to vote, South Carolina, chose eight Democratic-Republicans to award the election to Jefferson and Burr.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Under the United States Constitution as it then stood, each elector cast two votes, and the candidate with a majority of the votes was elected president, with the vice presidency going to the runner-up. The Federalists therefore arranged for one of their electors to vote for John Jay rather than for Pinckney. The Democratic-Republicans had a similar plan to have one of their electors cast a vote for another candidate instead of Burr but failed to execute it, thus all of the Democratic-Republican electors cast their votes for both Jefferson and Burr, 73 in all for each of them. According to a provision of the United States Constitution, a tie in a case of this type had to be resolved by the House of Representatives, with each state casting one vote. Although the congressional election of 1800 turned over majority control of the House of Representatives to the Democratic-Republicans by 68 seats to 38, the presidential election had to be decided by the outgoing House that had been elected in the congressional election of 1798 (at that time, the new presidential and congressional terms all started on March 4 of the year after a national election). In the outgoing House, the Federalists retained a majority of 60 seats to 46.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 31644, 21816397, 19468510, 2668401, 2668405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 36 ], [ 276, 284 ], [ 699, 723 ], [ 772, 802 ], [ 1008, 1038 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the electoral ballots were opened and counted on February 11, 1801, it turned out that the certificate of election from Georgia was defective: while it was clear that the electors had cast their votes for Jefferson and Burr, the certificate did not take the constitutionally mandated form of a \"List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each\". Vice President Jefferson, who was counting the votes in his role as President of the Senate, immediately counted the votes from Georgia as votes for Jefferson and Burr, and no objections were raised.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If the disputed Georgia ballots were rejected on these technicalities, Jefferson and Burr would have been left with 69 votes each, or one short of the 70 votes required for a majority, meaning a contingent election would have been required between the top five finishers (Jefferson, Burr, incumbent president John Adams, Charles C. Pickney, and John Jay) in the House of Representatives. With these votes, the total number of votes for Jefferson and Burr was 73, which gave them a majority of the total, but they were tied.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During President Donald Trump's attempts to overturn his defeat in the 2020 United States presidential election, Jefferson's action to count Georgia's votes was cited as precedent by Trump allies such as Congressman Louie Gohmert, White House personnel director Johnny McEntee, and attorney John C. Eastman. Eastman wrote a series of memoranda outlining a theory whereby the Vice President has the power to unilaterally overturn the results of a presidential election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 4848272, 65905202, 48410011, 1131926, 53126777, 13128305, 68855613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 29 ], [ 44, 63 ], [ 71, 111 ], [ 216, 229 ], [ 262, 276 ], [ 291, 306 ], [ 324, 343 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jefferson and Burr carried every state that had supported the Democratic-Republicans in 1796, made gains in Maryland, and picked up Burr's home state of New York. In the six states choosing electors by some form of popular vote, they won a landslide over Adams and Pinckney, polling 15,846 more votes than the Federalist ticket. Adams made gains in Pennsylvania and North Carolina, but these votes were not enough to offset the Democratic-Republican gains elsewhere. Of the 155 counties and independent cities making returns, Jefferson and Burr won in 115 (74.19%), whereas the Adams ticket carried 40 (25.81%). This was the last time that Vermont voted for the Federalists, and the last time a Federalist won electoral votes from Pennsylvania.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) Votes for Federalist electors have been assigned to John Adams and votes for Democratic-Republican electors have been assigned to Thomas Jefferson.(b) Only 6 of the 16 states chose electors by any form of popular vote.(c) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.(d) Eight votes were cast for electors pledged to both Adams and Jefferson; 46 votes were cast for electors of unknown affiliation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 16 states that took part in the 1800 election, six (Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Tennessee, and Virginia) used some kind of popular vote. In Rhode Island and Virginia, voters elected their state's entire Electoral College delegation at large; Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee all used some variation of single-member districts. In the rest, electors were chosen by the state legislature. Popular vote records for several states are incomplete, and the returns from Kentucky and Tennessee appear to have been lost. Below are the surviving popular vote figures as published in A New Nation Votes.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, and Tennessee chose each of their electors from specially-drawn single-member districts, the results from which are as follows.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States and districts where the margin of victory was under 1%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States and districts where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States and districts where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In February 1801, the members of the House of Representatives balloted as states to determine whether Jefferson or Burr would become president. There were sixteen states, each with one vote; an absolute majority of nine was required for victory. It was the outgoing House of Representatives, controlled by the Federalist Party, that was charged with electing the new president. Jefferson was the great enemy of the Federalists, and a faction of Federalist representatives tried to block him and elect Burr. Most Federalists voted for Burr, giving Burr six of the eight states controlled by Federalists. The seven delegations controlled by Democratic-Republicans all voted for Jefferson, and Georgia's sole Federalist representative also voted for him, giving him eight states. The Vermont delegation was evenly split and cast a blank ballot. The remaining state, Maryland, had five Federalist representatives to three Democratic-Republicans; one of its Federalist representatives voted for Jefferson, forcing that state delegation also to cast a blank ballot.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1801 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Publicly, Burr remained quiet between mid-December 1800 and mid-February 1801, when the electoral votes were counted. Behind the scenes, he faced mounting pressure from within the party to step aside if he and Jefferson should tie in electoral votes. However, there was confusion as to whether or not Burr could simply concede the presidency to Jefferson and become vice-president, or whether he would have been forced to withdraw entirely and allow one of the Federalist candidates to become vice-president, as the Constitution was unclear on the matter. Regardless, he refused to disavow the presidency, writing in December 1800 to Representative Samuel Smith (R-MD) that he would not \"engage to resign\" if chosen president, adding that the question was \"unnecessary, unreasonable and impertinent.\" Rumors circulated that Representative James A. Bayard (F-DE) had—purportedly in Burr's name—approached Smith and Edward Livingston (R-NY) with offers of political appointments if they voted for Burr.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1801 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [ 1331251, 661547, 196365 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 649, 661 ], [ 839, 854 ], [ 914, 931 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "True or not, House Democratic-Republicans, who from the start of the 1800 campaign viewed Jefferson as their candidate for president and Burr for vice president, faced two abhorrent possible outcomes when the House met to vote: the Federalists could engineer a victory for Burr; or the Federalists could refuse to break the deadlock, leaving Federalist Secretary of State John Marshall as Acting President. Neither came to pass however, chiefly due to Hamilton's energetic opposition to Burr. Hamilton embarked on a frenzied letter-writing campaign to get Federalist Representatives to switch votes. He urged the Federalists to support Jefferson because he was \"by far not so dangerous a man\" as Burr; in short, he would much rather have someone with wrong principles than someone devoid of any.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1801 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [ 21825423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 372, 385 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From February 11 to 17, the House cast a total of 35 ballots; each time eight state delegations voted for Jefferson, one short of the necessary majority of nine.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1801 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On February 17, on the 36th ballot, Bayard changed his vote from Burr to no selection, joined by his allies in Maryland and Vermont. This changed the Maryland and Vermont votes from no selection to Jefferson, giving him the votes of 10 states and the presidency. The four representatives present from South Carolina, all Federalists, also changed their 3–1 selection of Burr to four abstentions.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1801 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Due to the experiences of this and the previous election, sentiment for a new way of selecting the president and vice president rose significantly, resulting in the 12th Amendment.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1801 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [ 31664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(a) The votes of the representatives is typical and may have fluctuated from ballot to ballot, but the result for each state did not change.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1801 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(b) Even though Georgia had two representatives apportioned, one seat was vacant due to the death of James Jones.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1801 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [ 7139594 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(c) Even though South Carolina had six representatives apportioned, Thomas Sumter was absent due to illness, and Abraham Nott departed for South Carolina between the first and final ballots.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1801 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [ 579066, 7575702 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 81 ], [ 113, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Constitution, in Article II, Section 1, provided that the state legislatures should decide the manner in which their electors were chosen. Different state legislatures chose different methods:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Electoral College selection", "target_page_ids": [ 31647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election's story and the eventual reconciliation between Jefferson and Adams was also retold in a second-season episode of Comedy Central's Drunk History, with Jerry O'Connell portraying Jefferson and Joe Lo Truglio as Adams.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 235879, 39949337, 266534, 12984330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 127, 141 ], [ 144, 157 ], [ 164, 179 ], [ 205, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election was featured in the HBO miniseries John Adams.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 14145137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 2015 musical Hamilton by Lin Manuel Miranda, the contest between Jefferson and Burr is recounted in \"The Election of 1800.\" The song focuses on Alexander Hamilton's role in deciding the outcome of the 1801 contingent election. The musical simplifies the complicated multiple elections somewhat, portraying Adams's unpopularity as making the real choice between Jefferson and Burr. Historians wrote that Adams did not lose that badly in the original election, with the musical inflating the size of Jefferson's victory. It implies Hamilton's support for Jefferson over Burr was the catalyst for the Burr-Hamilton duel; in fact, while that helped sour relations between Burr and Hamilton, the duel was ultimately provoked by Hamilton's statements about Burr in the 1804 New York gubernatorial election.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 20572, 45433681, 13072534, 40597, 3445146, 15647290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 19 ], [ 20, 28 ], [ 32, 50 ], [ 151, 169 ], [ 605, 623 ], [ 770, 806 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The story of the 1801 contingent election between Burr and Jefferson is told in Gore Vidal's 1973 novel Burr.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 62169, 187644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 90 ], [ 104, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21205353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33632911 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1800 and 1801 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1800 and 1801 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27031661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stephen Simpson (writer) (editor of the Aurora, a Philadelphia newspaper Jefferson credited for his victory in 1800)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 43865198 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Der Linden, Frank Van. (2000) \"The Turning Point: Jefferson's Battle for the Presidency.\" (Washington D.C.: Robert B. Luce). ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " , essay and primary sources on 1800.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sharp, James Roger. The Deadlocked Election of 1800: Jefferson, Burr, and the Union in the Balance (University Press of Kansas; 2010) 239 pages;", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ... also listed (in at least one source) as from Mariner Books (Boston) in 2004", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Weisberger, Bernard A. (2000) \"America Afire: Jefferson, Adams, and the Revolutionary Election of 1800\" (New York: William Morrow).", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1800 U.S. Presidential Election at VoteArchive.com Extant popular vote data and county-by-county maps for four states", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vote Archive: County-level results for Maryland", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vote Archive: County-level results for North Carolina", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vote Archive: County-level results for Rhode Island", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vote Archive: County-level results for Virginia", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1800: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Documentary Timeline 1787-1800 Lesson plans from NEH", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Overview at Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Booknotes interview with Bernard Weisberger on America Afire: Jefferson, Adams, and the First Contested Election, February 25, 2001.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Booknotes interview with John Ferling on Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, October 3, 2004.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1800 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1800_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson", "Thomas_Jefferson", "John_Adams", "Aaron_Burr" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1800" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Monterrey ( , ) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León, Mexico. Located at the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental, the city is anchor to the Monterrey metropolitan area, the second most productive in Mexico with a GDP (PPP) of US$140 billion in 2015, and the second-largest metropolitan area in Mexico with an estimated population of 5,341,171 people as of 2020. According to the 2020 census, the city itself has a population of 1,142,194. Monterrey is one of the most livable cities in Mexico, and a 2018 study found that suburb San Pedro Garza García is the city with the best quality of life in Mexico. It serves as a commercial center of northern Mexico and is the base of many significant international corporations. Its purchasing power parity-adjusted GDP per capita is considerably higher than the rest of Mexico's at around US$35,500, compared to the country's US$18,800. It is considered a Beta World City, cosmopolitan and competitive. Rich in history and culture, it is one of the most developed cities in Mexico.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 222247, 3966054, 1152400, 4546853, 64489, 28908, 1011237, 64489, 784781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 87 ], [ 89, 95 ], [ 129, 150 ], [ 178, 205 ], [ 256, 259 ], [ 560, 566 ], [ 567, 589 ], [ 763, 786 ], [ 937, 952 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As an important industrial and business center, the city is also home to many Mexican companies, including Arca Continental, Grupo Avante, Lanix Electronics, Ocresa, Cemex, Vitro, OXXO, FEMSA, DINA S.A., Gamesa, Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery, and Grupo ALFA. Multiple international companies, including Cognizant, Siemens, Accenture, MSCI, Ternium, Sony, Toshiba, Carrier, Whirlpool, Samsung, Toyota, Babcock & Wilcox, Daewoo, British American Tobacco, Nokia, Dell, Boeing, HTC, General Electric, Johnson Controls, LG, SAS Institute, Grundfos, Danfoss, Qualfon and Teleperformance, also have regional offices in Monterrey.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7223935, 13265673, 1208870, 5734105, 4262547, 59568136, 1811455, 4535716, 1264539, 17851301, 774282, 168632, 299134, 2193073, 11032409, 26989, 59703, 2728694, 1171850, 46445121, 30984, 1751523, 306128, 361345, 21242, 102490, 18933266, 1963405, 12730, 1359818, 46264087, 194872, 2368507, 1834182, 27617926, 2204874 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 123 ], [ 139, 156 ], [ 166, 171 ], [ 173, 178 ], [ 180, 184 ], [ 186, 191 ], [ 193, 202 ], [ 204, 210 ], [ 212, 240 ], [ 246, 256 ], [ 302, 311 ], [ 313, 320 ], [ 322, 331 ], [ 333, 337 ], [ 339, 346 ], [ 348, 352 ], [ 354, 361 ], [ 363, 370 ], [ 372, 381 ], [ 383, 390 ], [ 392, 398 ], [ 400, 416 ], [ 418, 424 ], [ 426, 450 ], [ 452, 457 ], [ 459, 463 ], [ 465, 471 ], [ 473, 476 ], [ 478, 494 ], [ 496, 512 ], [ 514, 516 ], [ 518, 531 ], [ 533, 541 ], [ 543, 550 ], [ 552, 559 ], [ 564, 579 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The uninterrupted settlement of Monterrey was founded by Diego de Montemayor in 1596. In the years after the Mexican War of Independence, Monterrey became an important business center. With the establishment of Fundidora Monterrey, the city has experienced great industrial growth.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2900519, 785587, 581644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 76 ], [ 109, 136 ], [ 211, 230 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before the European foundation of the city, there was no established nation-state, and the population consisted of some indigenous semi-nomadic groups. Carved stone and cave painting in surrounding mountains and caves have allowed historians to identify four major groups in present-day Monterrey: Azalapas, Huachichiles, Coahuiltecos and Borrados.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 89908, 615075, 182028, 34787482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 143 ], [ 152, 164 ], [ 169, 182 ], [ 322, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 16th century, the valley in which Monterrey sits was known as the Extremadura Valley, an area largely unexplored by the Spanish colonizers. The first expeditions and colonization attempts were led by conquistador Alberto del Canto, who named the city Santa Lucia, but they were unsuccessful because the Spanish were attacked by the natives and fled. The Spanish expeditionary Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva negotiated with King Philip II of Spain to establish a territory in northern New Spain that would be called Nuevo León, the \"New Kingdom of León\". In 1580, he arrived in the newly granted lands but it was not until 1582 that he established a settlement called San Luis Rey de Francia (named for Saint Louis IX of France) within present-day Monterrey. The New Kingdom of León extended westward from the port of Tampico to the limits of Nueva Vizcaya (\"New Biscay\", now State of Chihuahua), and around 1,000kilometers northward. For eight years Nuevo León was abandoned and uninhabited, until a third expedition of 13 families led by conquistador Diego de Montemayor founded Ciudad Metropolitana de Nuestra Señora de Monterrey (\"Metropolitan City of Our Lady of Monterrey\") on September 20, 1596, next to a water spring called Ojos de Agua de Santa Lucia, where the Museum of Mexican History and Santa Lucía riverwalk are now. The new city's name was chosen to honor the wife of Gaspar de Zúñiga, 5th Count of Monterrey, ninth Viceroy of New Spain.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 12713097, 10466967, 54386, 64485, 222247, 20887105, 18549, 224093, 2749163, 23962301, 2900519, 16010339, 4695757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 220, 237 ], [ 383, 410 ], [ 427, 441 ], [ 488, 497 ], [ 519, 529 ], [ 536, 555 ], [ 706, 730 ], [ 821, 828 ], [ 846, 859 ], [ 888, 897 ], [ 1056, 1075 ], [ 1305, 1326 ], [ 1388, 1428 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey's Coat of Arms shows an Indian throwing an arrow to the sun in front of Cerro de la Silla mountain. This represents a native ceremony performed at sunrise.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the years of Spanish rule, Monterrey remained a small city, and its population varied from a few hundred to only dozens. The city facilitated trade between San Antonio (now in Texas), Tampico and from Saltillo to the center of the country. Tampico's port brought many products from Europe, while Saltillo concentrated the Northern Territories' trade with the capital, Mexico City. San Antonio was the key trade point with the northern foreign colonies (British and French).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 53848, 224093, 18952913, 18987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 174 ], [ 191, 198 ], [ 208, 216 ], [ 375, 386 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 19th century, after the Mexican Independence War, Monterrey rose as a key economic center for the newly formed nation, especially due to its balanced ties between Europe (with its connections to Tampico), the United States (with its connections to San Antonio), and the capital (through Saltillo). In 1824, the \"New Kingdom of León\" became the State of Nuevo León, and Monterrey was selected as its capital. But the political instability that followed the first 50 years of the new country allowed two American invasions and an internal secession war, during which the governor of the state annexed Coahuila and Tamaulipas states, designating Monterrey as the capital of the Republic of the Sierra Madre as it did before in 1840 for the Republic of the Rio Grande.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 785587, 222247, 160592, 222254, 2107399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 55 ], [ 360, 370 ], [ 606, 614 ], [ 619, 629 ], [ 744, 770 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1846, the earliest large-scale engagement of the Mexican–American War took place in the city, known as the Battle of Monterrey. Mexican forces were forced to surrender but only after successfully repelling U.S. forces' first few advances on the city. The battle inflicted high casualties on both sides, much of them resulting from hand-to-hand combat within the walls of the city center.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21073732, 251244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 72 ], [ 110, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many of the generals in the Mexican War against France were natives of the city, including Mariano Escobedo, Juan Zuazua (b. Lampazos de Naranjo, NL) and Jerónimo Treviño.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2628928, 30862964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 54 ], [ 91, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the last decade of the 19th century, Monterrey was linked by railroad, which benefitted industry. It was during this period that José Eleuterio González founded the University Hospital, now one of northeast Mexico's best public hospitals, affiliated with the School of Medicine of the Autonomous University of Nuevo León (UANL). Antonio Basagoiti and other citizens founded the Fundidora de Fierro y Acero de Monterrey. A steel-producing company that accelerated the already fast industrialization of the city was founded in 1900 and became one of the world's biggest. The brewery Cervecería Cuauhtémoc, one of the milestone local enterprises, was founded in 1890. In 1986, Monterrey hosted several games of the 1986 FIFA World Cup.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6532480, 66494203, 1688989, 1264539, 157231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 159 ], [ 172, 191 ], [ 292, 334 ], [ 589, 610 ], [ 720, 739 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1988, Hurricane Gilbert caused great damage to the city; the Santa Catarina River overflowed, causing about 100 deaths and economic damage.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 598523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city has hosted international events such as the 2002 United Nations Conference on Financing for Development with the participation of more than 50 heads of state and government, as well as other ministers and senior delegates from over 150 countries. The conference resulted in the adoption of the Monterrey Consensus, which has become a reference point for international development and cooperation. In 2004, the OAS Special Summit of the Americas was attended by almost all the presidents of the Americas.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 31769, 3900350, 22788, 11483756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 112 ], [ 303, 322 ], [ 419, 422 ], [ 423, 453 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2007, Monterrey held the Universal Forum of Cultures, with four million visitors. In 2008, Monterrey held the FINA World Junior Championships.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2329282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2010, Monterrey was hit by another damaging storm, Hurricane Alex which was considered worse than Hurricane Gilbert, with record-breaking rain bringing floods and causing severe economic damage. Damage estimates totaled US$1.885 billion and $16.9 billion MXN. Reconstruction and urban renewal ensued. Recently, the Nuevo León Development Plan 2030 was presented, along with some other metropolitan projects.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 27838241, 598523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 68 ], [ 101, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In August 2011 the city was the scene of a terror attack on a casino, in which more than 50 people were killed.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32871794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey and its metropolitan area are municipalities governed by a democratically elected Presidente Municipal (Municipal President), or mayor, for a period of three years. The political environment is one of civility and in the last decade political parties have been alternating office. The current mayor of Monterrey is Luis Donaldo Colosio Riojas.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Governance", "target_page_ids": [ 4546853, 3161610, 66982286 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 35 ], [ 303, 321 ], [ 325, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The City Council of Monterrey (Cabildo de Monterrey) is an organ integrated by the mayor, the Regidores and the Síndicos. The mayor is the executor of the determinations of the City Council and the person directly in charge of public municipal administration. The Regidores represent the community and collectively define city policies. The Síndicos are in charge of watching and legally defending city interests, as well as of monitoring the treasury and the municipal patrimony.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Governance", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The political parties with representation in the city are the Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI, the National Action Party or PAN, the Party of the Democratic Revolution or PRD, the Labor Party or PT, the Green Party, Citizens' Movement, Socialdemocratic Party and Nueva Alianza.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Governance", "target_page_ids": [ 88382, 199859, 396462, 1229155, 441421, 1607076, 30865746, 3681888 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 102 ], [ 108, 136 ], [ 142, 183 ], [ 189, 206 ], [ 212, 223 ], [ 225, 243 ], [ 245, 267 ], [ 272, 285 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, Monterrey was ranked one of the safest cities in Mexico, and one of the two safest in 2006. But since 2008 it has experienced violence related to turf battles between warring drug cartels. The year 2011 was the most violent in history. Drug dealers are a major concern, although military offensives and police captures of important drug-cartel chiefs have weakened cartels trying to settle in the city. The city is safe to travel by day and night. In 2019, cartels were still fighting for control of the city, potentially making Monterrey dangerous.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Governance", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are two police departments in the city, the Police of the City of Monterrey (locally known as the Policía Regia), dependent on the municipal government, and the State Public Safety. The Policía Regia protects the city's downtown and main areas, while the State Public Safety is in charge of remoter areas. Since the 2011 attack on the Casino Royale, security has been reinforced by military and federal police.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Governance", "target_page_ids": [ 32871794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 322, 354 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city of Monterrey is above sea level in the northeastern state of Nuevo León. Monterrey translated from Spanish to English is \"King Mount\" or \"King mountain\", which refers to the city's topography and the large mountains that surround it. The Santa Catarina River—dry most of the year on the surface but with flowing underground water—bisects Monterrey from east to west, separating the city into north and south halves, and drains the city to the San Juan River and Rio Grande.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 10397282, 222247, 6491583, 43005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 41 ], [ 71, 81 ], [ 453, 467 ], [ 472, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey is adjacent to San Nicolás de los Garza, García and General Escobedo to the north; Guadalupe, Juárez and Cadereyta Jiménez to the east; Santiago to the south; and San Pedro Garza García and Santa Catarina to the west. Their combined metropolitan population is over 4,080,329 people.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1517866, 10343148, 2111263, 1663265, 10254575, 8422049, 7459408, 1011237, 410598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 49 ], [ 51, 57 ], [ 62, 78 ], [ 93, 102 ], [ 104, 110 ], [ 115, 132 ], [ 146, 154 ], [ 173, 195 ], [ 200, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey lies north of the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range. A small hill, the Cerro del Topo, and the smaller Topo Chico are in the suburbs of San Nicolás de los Garza and Escobedo. West of the city rises the Cerro de las Mitras (Mountain of the Mitres), which resemble the profile of several bishops with their mitres.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1152400, 19338, 10026250, 10026250, 9867608, 497082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 66 ], [ 67, 81 ], [ 101, 115 ], [ 133, 143 ], [ 232, 251 ], [ 335, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cerro de la Silla (Saddle Mountain) dominates the view at the east of the city and is considered a major symbol of the city. Cerro de la Loma Larga—South of the Santa Catarina river—separates Monterrey from the suburb of San Pedro Garza García. At the summit of the Cerro del Obispado, north of the river, is the historic Bishopric Palace, site of one of the most important battles of the Mexican–American War.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1163284, 10093675, 3909288, 3909288, 21073732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 125, 147 ], [ 266, 284 ], [ 322, 338 ], [ 389, 409 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mountains surrounding Monterrey contain many canyons, trails and roads that cross deserts and forests and suitable trails are available to the general public. The Sierra Madre Oriental mountains south of the city are included in the \"Parque Nacional Cumbres de Monterrey\" (National Park), which was added to UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program of Biosphere Reserves in 2006.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 18556854 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 238, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cumbres de Monterrey includes:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Parque Ecológico Chipinque, which contains forested areas (oak and oak-pine mainly).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " La Estanzuela state park, about south of Monterrey, a river and forested area.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " La Huasteca, west of the city, in the municipality of Santa Catarina.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 4379436, 410598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 55, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " El Potrero Chico Climbing Area, north east of the city, in the municipality of Hidalgo.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1662530, 1662564 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 31 ], [ 80, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Garcia Caves – these caves are situated in Garcia, Nuevo Leon and were discovered in 1843. Inside you can see amazing stalagmites formations and snail fossils.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 25857517, 10343148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 44, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Matacanes – can be found in the municipality of Potrero Redondo in Santiago, Nuevo Leon. It is a 10 hrs walking tour in which you can find rappel descents, underground rivers, waterfalls, among other obstacles.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 7459408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hydrophobia Canyon – similar to Matacanes with the only difference this is a 100% aquatic area.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cascade Cola de Caballo – a spectacular waterfall in Santiago Nuevo Leon, formed by water that runs down from the mountains of nearby Parque Nacional Cumbres de Monterrey, impressive rock formations and sprawling forests.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh). It is one of the warmest major cities in Mexico. Summers are generally hot, spring and fall temperate, and winters mild, with temperatures rarely below freezing. The average high in August is and the average low is . The average January high is and the average low in January is . Rainfall is scarce in winter, but more frequent during May through September.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 569881, 484254, 3966054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 33 ], [ 35, 64 ], [ 112, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey frequently experiences extreme weather changes; for example, it sometimes reaches in January and February, the coldest months. The most extreme weather changes in summer occur with rainfall, which can reduce temperatures significantly, and the temporary absence of the northern winds in winter, which can lead to abnormally high temperatures. Seasons are not well defined; the warm season may start in February and may last until September. In April and May 2011 temperatures reached or higher, causing fires and extreme heat. Snow is a very rare event, although an accumulation of in 8hours occurred in January 1967. The most recent snowfall was in February 2021, Sleet and ice events occurred in January 2007, December 2009, January and February 2010 and February 2011, caused by temperatures around .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From June 30 to July 2, 2010, Monterrey was hit by the worst natural disaster in the city's history when Hurricane Alex delivered more than of rain in 72hours, with areas reaching up to of rain during that same period, destroying homes, avenues, highways and infrastructure, and leaving up to 200,000 families without water for a week or more. The amount of water that fell was equivalent to the average precipitation for a year. This was about 3–4 times as much rain as Hurricane Gilbert produced in the city on September 15, 1988. The death toll of Hurricane Alex was estimated to be around 20.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 27838241, 598523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 119 ], [ 473, 490 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey has several neighborhoods. The most populous include:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Independencia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 26269484 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cumbres", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Obispado", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Contry", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mitras Centro, Norte & Sur", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " San Jerónimo", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " San Bernabé", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Valle Alto", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 17513468 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Del Paseo", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Valle", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 1011237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Centrito", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 1011237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Loma Larga", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " San Agustin", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Satélite", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vista Hermosa", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Anáhuac", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Florida", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Primavera", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Moderna", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Alta Vista", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The commercial areas include:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Centro", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carretera Nacional", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to the national INEGI population census of 2010, of the total population of the state of Nuevo León, 87.3% lived in the Monterrey metropolitan area.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 4070894, 222247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 31 ], [ 99, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Monterrey metropolitan area is the second most populous in Mexico with more than 5 million. It comprises the municipalities of Monterrey, Apodaca, Escobedo, García, Guadalupe, Santiago, Juárez, San Nicolás de los Garza, San Pedro Garza García, Santa Catarina and Salinas Victoria.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 4546853, 8271956, 2364547, 2111263, 10343148, 1663265, 10254575, 1517866, 1011237, 410598, 10347421 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 31 ], [ 39, 59 ], [ 142, 149 ], [ 151, 159 ], [ 161, 167 ], [ 169, 178 ], [ 190, 196 ], [ 198, 222 ], [ 224, 246 ], [ 248, 262 ], [ 267, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey is connected with the United States–Mexico border, the sea and inland Mexico through different roads, including the Carretera Nacional (also known as the Panamerican Highway) that runs from Nuevo Laredo to Mexico City and south, and the Carretera Interoceánica connecting Matamoros with the port of Mazatlán on the Pacific; it is also crossed by highways 40, 45, 57. The divided highway Monterrey-Saltillo-Matehuala-Mexico City is the main land corridor to interior Mexico.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 2817606, 2536640, 301108, 1436627, 18987, 3868136, 196681, 540686, 18952913, 18987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 59 ], [ 126, 144 ], [ 164, 183 ], [ 200, 212 ], [ 216, 227 ], [ 247, 270 ], [ 282, 291 ], [ 309, 317 ], [ 407, 415 ], [ 426, 437 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are several between-cities bus lines at the bus station downtown. There are arrivals and departures into deeper Mexico, to the U.S. border and into the United States.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey is also connected by at least three important railroad freight lines: Nuevo Laredo-Mexico City, Monterrey-Tampico, and Monterrey-Pacific (Mazatlán).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 1436627, 540686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 92 ], [ 148, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city has a rapid transit system called Metrorrey, which currently has 2 lines. and a BRT called Ecovía.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 18361733, 1810536, 333625, 41806691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 35 ], [ 43, 52 ], [ 89, 92 ], [ 100, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is served by two international airports: General Mariano Escobedo International Airport (served by major international carriers and moving more than 6.5 million passengers in 2007) and Del Norte International Airport, a primarily private airport.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 1588843, 2190740 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 96 ], [ 194, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey is linked through frequent non-stop flights to many Mexican cities and to key United States hubs (Atlanta, Chicago-O'Hare, Dallas/Fort Worth, Detroit, Houston-Intercontinental, JFK/New York, and Las Vegas). Monterrey is the second most important city for the operating routes of Aeroméxico.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 84578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 289, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Four airlines have their operational bases and headquarters in Monterrey, Volaris, Aeroméxico Connect, VivaAerobus and Magnicharters. There is no public transportation from Monterrey International Airport to the city. However, the Miguel Aleman highway interchange where public transportation is readily available is approximately 3 kilometers from the airport and can easily be reached on foot. A cartel of taxi services link the airport with the city and charge around US$20 for a one-way ride to the city. From this airport, there is a bus shuttle to nearby Saltillo. Inter-city bus services run daily into the interior, as well as north to the US border and points beyond.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 3717400, 1235860, 4395127, 3601227, 36526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 81 ], [ 83, 101 ], [ 103, 114 ], [ 119, 132 ], [ 399, 405 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey generally has a very highly ranked medical infrastructure with some internationally acclaimed hospitals,", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "including three with Joint Commission accreditation.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 1644744 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Joint Commission is a private healthcare accreditation group. There are both public and private hospitals. The Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) has two major regional hospitals in the city, the Specialties Regional Hospital # 33, the cardiac centre (Hospital #34), and the Gynecology and Obstetrics Regional Hospital, serving also the northeastern states of Coahuila and Tamaulipas. Several smaller IMSS hospitals can be found such as the Traumatology and Orthopedics Hospital and the General Hospital # 25. State government owns the Metropolitan Hospital, located in the suburb of San Nicolás de los Garza and the Hospital of the Children and Mother Care in Guadalupe suburb.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 2685621, 160592, 222254, 1517866, 1663265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 155 ], [ 370, 378 ], [ 383, 393 ], [ 594, 618 ], [ 671, 680 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Autonomous University of Nuevo León runs the public University Hospital, with a high-level shock-trauma unit and a specialized clinic for child cancer treatment. It is recognized as the best public hospital in the northeast of Mexico and the UANL School of Medicine as one of the best in the country. On the other hand, the Tecnológico de Monterrey runs the Hospital San José-Tec de Monterrey private hospital.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 1688989, 322850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 328, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey has healthcare standards above the average for Mexico. It has several hospitals, including Hospital Cima (formerly Santa Engracia) of the International Hospital Corporation. Its convenient location, low prices and quality of medical care have made of Monterrey a very popular medical tourism destination for United States patients.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [ 676718 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 286, 301 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Monterrey, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 85 min. 25% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 17 min, while 29.% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9.5km, while 25% travel for over 12km in a single direction.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Infrastructure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey is a major industrial center in northern Mexico, with a GDP (PPP) of US$140 billion and a GDP (PPP) per capita of US$31,900 in 2015. The city was rated by Fortune magazine in 1999 as the best city in Latin America for business and is currently ranked third best by the América Economía magazine.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 64489, 172717, 3015915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 74 ], [ 165, 172 ], [ 279, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city has prominent positions in sectors such as steel, cement, glass, auto parts, and brewing. The city's economic wealth has been attributed in part to its proximity to the United States-Mexico border and economic links to the United States.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Industrialization was accelerated in the mid-19th century by the Compañia Fundidora de Fierro y Acero Monterrey, a steel-processing company. Today, Monterrey is home to transnational conglomerates such as Cemex (the world's third largest cement company), FEMSA (Coca-Cola Latin America, largest independent Coca-Cola bottler in the world), Alfa (petrochemicals, food, telecommunications and auto parts), Axtel (telecommunications), Vitro (glass), Selther (leading mattress and rest systems firm in Latin America), Gruma (food), and Banorte (financial services). The FEMSA corporation owned a large brewery, the Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery (Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma) that produces the brands Sol, Tecate, Indio, Dos Equis and Carta Blanca among others, in the beginning of the year Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery was sold to Dutch-based company Heineken. By the end of the same year, there were more than 13,000 manufacturing companies, 55,000 retail stores, and more than 52,000 service firms in Monterrey.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 1208870, 59568136, 17851301, 9849780, 12752979, 9495790, 586125, 59568136, 1264539, 1264539, 1264539, 1264539, 4793292, 39388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 205, 210 ], [ 255, 260 ], [ 340, 344 ], [ 404, 409 ], [ 447, 454 ], [ 514, 519 ], [ 532, 539 ], [ 566, 571 ], [ 611, 639 ], [ 704, 710 ], [ 719, 728 ], [ 733, 745 ], [ 850, 858 ], [ 917, 930 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The metals sector, dominated by iron and steel, accounted for 6 percent of manufacturing GNP in 1994. Mexico's steel industry is centered in Monterrey, where the country's first steel mills opened in 1903. Steel processing plants in Monterrey, privatized in 1986, accounted for about half of Mexico's total steel output in the early 1990s.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 1242956, 27058 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 92 ], [ 111, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey was ranked 94th worldwide and fifth in Latin America in terms of Quality of Life according to Mercer Human Resource Consulting (2006), and was ranked second in 2005 and fourth in 2006, according to América Economía.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some of the shopping malls in the city include Paseo San Pedro, Paseo La Fe, Plaza Fiesta San Agustín, Galerías Monterrey, and Galerías Valle Oriente, which distribute goods and services to the Mexican population.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 7680618, 7676058, 7676091, 7676201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 62 ], [ 77, 101 ], [ 103, 121 ], [ 127, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey has an estimated 3.7% rate of illiteracy. In 2005, of an estimated 983,359 inhabitants above 6 years of age, 36,689 were illiterate.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 18456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, the city had 72 public libraries, with 298,207 books available, serving an estimated 478,047 readers.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Autonomous University of Nuevo León, UANL) is the third-largest Mexican university and is ranked by the Reader's Digest-AC Nielsen Survey 2005 as the top public university in northeast Mexico. Its main campus, Ciudad Universitaria (University City), covers approximately . The UANL system comprises 26 colleges (faculties), 22 graduate divisions, 24 high schools, 1 center of bilingual education and 3 technical high schools. Its medical school is considered one of the most advanced in Latin America.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 1688989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey is also the headquarters of the Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Studies), which ranked #291 at the 2013 QS World University Rankings in Engineering and Information Technology, #201 in Social Sciences and #279 overall. It also holds a \"QS Stars Rated for Excellence\" of 5 stars.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 322850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Universidad Regiomontana was founded in 1969 with the support of local leading multinational corporations such as Cemex, Alfa, Femsa, Gamesa, Protexa and CYDSA. It is a private educational institution offering university-preparatory school, undergraduate and graduate programs. It has agreements with more than 350 universities across the globe (such as the recent expanded agreement with Texas A&M International University). It is member of GATE (Global Alliance for Transnational Education) and FIMPES (Federación de Instituciones Mexicanas Particulares de Educación Superior) and its administration holds an ISO 9001 Certification. The university is nationally recognized, so its degree equivalency is comparable to that of a regionally accredited university in the United States. The university is dedicated to educating students in an atmosphere of freedom and humanism, and providing students hands-on experience in their field of study. Its urban campus further stimulates the city's vibrant economy and attracts working professionals who complement and enrich the academic experience.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 26606491 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Universidad de Monterrey was founded by the religious congregations of the Sisters of Immaculate Mary of Guadalupe, the nuns of the Sacred Heart and the Marist and La Salle brothers, all of them supported by an association of Catholic citizens. In December 2001 it was accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) to deliver bachelor and master level educational programs.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 2940340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey also practices Model United Nations. The most popular conferences at the high school level are MUNterrey, UdeMUN and IMMUNS. The activity started developing in the city in the late 1990s due to American influence. It is now practiced in most private schools. Some of the reasons Model UN is very popular among schools are English speaking, public speaking and international affairs.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 62513 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is home to the Monterrey College of Music and Dance, which offers degrees in performing arts.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 23466177 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The most traditional dish from Monterrey is cabrito, kid goat cooked on embers. Other local dishes and customs that perhaps date back to the Crypto-Judaism of Monterrey's founding families are the \"semita\" (bread without leavening), the capirotada dessert (a mix of cooked bread, cheese, raisins, peanuts, and crystallized sugarcane juice), and the relative absence of pork dishes. Another famous local dish is machacado con huevo.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 2178682, 213517, 1556850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 51 ], [ 141, 155 ], [ 411, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carne asada on weekends remains a tradition among Monterrey families. It is usually served with grilled onions, baked potatoes and sausages or chopped as tacos. Locally brewed beer and cola are an almost mandatory part of the weekly ritual. \"Glorias\" and \"obleas,\" made from goat milk, are both traditional Nuevo León desserts.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1608912, 78056, 29985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 131, 138 ], [ 154, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey has a wide gastronomic variety due to its climate geography, climate, texture, a mixture of ethnics groups, and their influences, a series of unique dishes have been created through more than 400 years of history. Monterrey cuisine can be described as spicy, salty, and tasty.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey has two football teams in the Mexican league. The C.F. Monterrey, commonly known as the Rayados del Monterrey, uses the Estadio BBVA Bancomer, a facility sponsored by BBVA Bancomer and other important businesses. The Tigres UANL, owned by CEMEX, host matches at Estadio Universitario, on the main campus of the UANL. Both teams are related to the city on the derby, called Clásico Regiomontano. During the match, most of the city watches in bars, clubs, and family homes. It was proposed to build a stadium for both teams, the \"Estadio Internacional Monterrey\", but both teams rejected the idea. The project is still being promoted, but the UANL Tigres have yet to finish their stadium contract and the Rayados just inaugurated a new stadium of their own. Club de Fútbol Monterrey recently opened a new stadium with a capacity of 50,000. It was scheduled to be finished by 2014, named \"Estadio de Fútbol Monterrey\", but was inaugurated on August 2, 2015, in a match with the Benfica FC. Rayados won, 3–0. Before the inauguration, the name was changed to Estadio BBVA Bancomer. It will remain the club's property for 50 years before becoming government property. The city hosted 8 matches during the 1986 FIFA World Cup. The city will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 10568, 547412, 17130610, 3855373, 1511127, 1208870, 1131033, 1688989, 2140677, 3566044, 17130610, 17130610, 157231, 36581929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 26 ], [ 60, 74 ], [ 130, 151 ], [ 177, 190 ], [ 227, 238 ], [ 249, 254 ], [ 272, 293 ], [ 321, 325 ], [ 369, 374 ], [ 383, 403 ], [ 896, 923 ], [ 1064, 1085 ], [ 1209, 1228 ], [ 1268, 1287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "UANL's women's team defeated Monterrey's women's on penalty kicks to win the Clausura 2018 final for the Primera División Femenil de México in May 2018.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition, two professional indoor soccer teams were hosted in the past, the Monterrey La Raza, members of the Continental Indoor Soccer League and World Indoor Soccer League and the Monterrey Fury, members of the Major Indoor Soccer League. The city was awarded another franchise to begin play in the fall of 2007 in the MISL.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 459505, 14020247, 889198, 587353, 1084946, 554798, 4705806, 554798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 43 ], [ 79, 96 ], [ 113, 145 ], [ 150, 176 ], [ 185, 199 ], [ 216, 242 ], [ 257, 316 ], [ 324, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Baseball has a long history in the city, where it became the most popular sport during the early 20th century. Monterrey has been champion of the Little League World Series three times (1957, 1958 and 1997), and has been host of Major League Baseball games. The Sultanes de Monterrey are a Mexican League baseball team in the Northern Division. They have won the national title several times. The team was formed May 20, 1939, as Carta Blanca (a local beer brand, owned by Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery which owned the team). The team was also known as the gray ghosts. Soon, they became one of the most important teams in the league, winning its first championship in 1943. The Sultanes play in the Estadio de Béisbol Monterrey, the largest baseball stadium in Mexico. In 2003, the city unsuccessfully attempted to buy (and relocate to Monterrey) the Montreal Expos franchise of Major League Baseball.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 674587, 38776, 5126099, 53771311, 20153, 38776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 172 ], [ 229, 250 ], [ 262, 283 ], [ 699, 727 ], [ 851, 875 ], [ 879, 900 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are two professional basketball teams: Fuerza Regia that plays in the national league, Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional, and the Monterrey Venom that plays in the minor league American Basketball Association. Fuerza Regia used to play at the Monterrey Arena and now is doing this at Gimnasio Nuevo León while the Monterrey Poison plays at the gymnasium of the ITESM.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 7474345, 4666038, 1997358, 2299701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 57 ], [ 93, 132 ], [ 189, 220 ], [ 255, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city has hosted the Champ Car race in Fundidora Park from 2001 to 2005 and hosted the A1 Grand Prix of Nations in February 2006.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1689989, 581644, 1029473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 33 ], [ 42, 56 ], [ 90, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2004, Monterrey hosted the World Karate Federation Senior World Championships.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 5596331 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In April 2004, Monterrey's Arena Monterrey became the first city to host WWE in Mexico.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 2299701, 62676 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 42 ], [ 73, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2007, Monterrey hosted the Women's WTBA World Tenpin Bowling Championships", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 10773296 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city has two college American football teams, the Auténticos Tigres (UANL) and the Borregos Salvajes (ITESM) that play in the National College League (ONEFA). There is also a local children's league called AFAIM.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 18951490, 2477696, 1742589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 42 ], [ 87, 104 ], [ 155, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "People can also find golf, fishing, camping, and extreme-sports outdoors near the city (bungee jumping at Cola de Caballo, rock-climbing, hiking, mountain bike). In particular there is international-level rock-climbing places like la Huasteca, Potrero Chico and many other canyons.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 47425, 3640617, 929786, 929786, 1662530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 102 ], [ 106, 121 ], [ 123, 136 ], [ 205, 218 ], [ 244, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Starting 2009 the Monterrey Open has been held at Monterrey. It is a professional women's tennis tournament affiliated with the Women's Tennis Association (WTA), and is part of the International tournaments on the WTA Tour.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 19873436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Monterrey Open was also a golf tournament on the U.S.-based second tier professional Nike Tour, later named the Nationwide Tour and the Korn Ferry Tour, from 1993 to 2001. It was played at the Club Campestre in San Pedro Garza García, a suburb of Monterrey.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 21495421, 19568112, 665426, 1011237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ], [ 30, 34 ], [ 89, 98 ], [ 215, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2010, Monterrey hosted the International Ice Hockey Federation World U18 Championship at the Monterrey Ice Complex.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 16760449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Centauros Rugby Club Monterrey was founded in 2010 and is affiliated with the FMRU (Federacion Mexicana de Rugby).", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since the 1960s, Monterrey has been known for \"Norteño\" music. Bands like Ramon Ayala, Pesado, Duelo and other Mexican \"regional\" bands perform at the clubs. Monterrey has witnessed the birth of several bands that have become internationally acclaimed. Their genres vary considerably. Bands include Plastilina Mosh, Control Machete, Kinky, El Gran Silencio, Celso Pina, Jumbo, Division Minuscula, Genitallica, 3Ball MTY, The Warning, GAMA, Los Claxons. The song \"Los Oxidados\" by Plastilina Mosh opened the 2005 movie Mr. & Mrs. Smith.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 3138665, 340623, 232977, 1163850, 26566409, 2022810, 10695325, 35713607, 47033000, 1745050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 299, 314 ], [ 316, 331 ], [ 333, 338 ], [ 340, 356 ], [ 358, 368 ], [ 370, 375 ], [ 377, 395 ], [ 410, 419 ], [ 421, 432 ], [ 518, 534 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Santa Lucía artificial river, built between 1996 and 2007. It currently joins the Macroplaza with the Fundidora Park.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 16010339, 4228819, 581644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 16 ], [ 87, 97 ], [ 107, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Cerro de la Silla (Saddle Mountain).", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1163284 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Macroplaza, the 8th largest city square int the world, is the cultural and administrative heart of the city featuring remarkable monuments, green areas and buildings.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 4228819, 6812040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 15 ], [ 17, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Faro del Comercio (Lighthouse of Commerce), another trademark of the city. This monument beams a green laser around the city at night.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1021289, 17556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 98, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Barrio Antiguo (lit. Old neighborhood or old town) is the historical urban center of the city of Monterrey. There are preserved houses from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Nowadays bars, cafes, art galleries and restaurants can be found there. In November of every year the Festival Cultural Barrio Antiguo takes place with national and international artists and performers. In recent years this festival has been replaced with the Festival Internacional de Santa Lucia, which now takes place in September.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 13870929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Museum of Modern Art is a post-modern Mexican architecture designed by Ricardo Legorreta with the objective of creating different ambiances for artists and visitors from all around the world.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 13803481, 1453393 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ], [ 76, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Monterrey's Inukshuk is one of only a handful of authentic examples to be found outside Canada of these stone monuments from the high Arctic. The sculpture was created in situ by the renowned Inuit artist Bill Nasogaluak in 2007 and was a gift to the state of Nuevo León from the Canadian Chamber of Commerce and the Government of Canada.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 386916 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fundidora Park is a large urban park that contains old foundry buildings, 120hectares of natural ambiance, artificial lakes, playgrounds, alternative cinema (Cineteca), museum (Photo Collection, the State Plastic Arts Collection, Exhibits and Spaces), hotel, auditorium and convention center.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 581644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Puente de la Unidad (sometimes called Puente Atirantado) is a suspension bridge that crosses the Santa Catarina River and joins San Pedro Garza García with Monterrey.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 7508208, 1011237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 129, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Alfa Planetarium is the first IMAX dome built in Latin America and fourth in the world.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 13870266, 173787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 21 ], [ 35, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Government Palace of Nuevo León is a pink marble of Neoclassical architecture where the governor's office is located.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 4423191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " El Cerro del Obispado (Bishopric Hill) which includes a public, scenic lookout called Mirador del Obispado, a Monumental flag and the museum inside the Palacio del Obispado (the Bishopric Palace).", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 3909288, 3798060, 3585515, 4062975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 22 ], [ 87, 107 ], [ 111, 126 ], [ 153, 173 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " ITESM, ITESM has two distinctive buildings CEDES which houses the administration of the ITESM nationwide system and the CETEC which houses the main computer classroom and other offices.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 322850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery (Cervecería Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma), with its 19th-century buildings and where the national Baseball Hall of Fame (Salón de la Fama) is located.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1264539, 15503062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ], [ 143, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Cola de Caballo (Horse Tail) waterfall, on the mountains near the towns of Santiago and El Cercado, about south.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 3640617 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " On the way to the Cola de Caballo waterfall (Carretera Nacional going to Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas), in Santiago, the Presa Rodrigo Gomez or \"La Boca\" (\"La Boca\" Dam) lays nested between green hills.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Museum of Mexican History is the most representative and visited museum of the North of the Republic, fulfilling its purpose of spreading the historical content of the Mexican cultural heritage.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " LABNL Lab Cultural Ciudadano is a citizen laboratory located in the center of the city. This public space of collective creation develops projects for the common benefit of local communities. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey is an important producer and broadcaster of media and entertainment in Mexico. Grupo Multimedios operates 4 television channels in the city, one of them also broadcasting to the Mexican states of Coahuila, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Chihuahua and Guanajuato, and several cities within the United States. National broadcasting networks Televisa and Azteca have local stations for all of their major channels, along with the non-commercial broadcasters such as Once", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 10586843, 160592, 222254, 63125, 23962301, 412827, 763006, 537551, 1516488 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 106 ], [ 206, 214 ], [ 216, 226 ], [ 228, 236 ], [ 238, 247 ], [ 252, 262 ], [ 340, 348 ], [ 353, 359 ], [ 464, 468 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "and Canal 22 networks. The state of Nuevo León and UANL also maintain television stations.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 6833579, 1688989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ], [ 51, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grupo Reforma, one of the most widely read newsources in Mexico originated in the city with the newspaper El Norte. Milenio Diario de Monterrey, published by Grupo Multimedios, is another newspaper of high distribution, daily printing local editions in the most important Mexican cities. Other local newspapers include El Porvenir, El Horizonte, and ABC. Northern Mexico's weekly business newspaper Biznews is also headquartered in Monterrey.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 3436940, 32476737, 10664326, 10586843, 25428083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 106, 114 ], [ 116, 143 ], [ 158, 175 ], [ 399, 406 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey also has several radio stations broadcasting news, music, entertainment, and culture for the city. The main radio broadcasting groups are Multimedios Radio, Grupo Radio Alegría and Nucleo Radio Monterrey.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 4572115, 10586843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 41 ], [ 148, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The free-to-air TV channels broadcasting in the city:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 2007 Universal Forum of Cultures was an international cultural event held in Monterrey from September 20 to December 8, 2007.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "International development", "target_page_ids": [ 2329282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The FINA World Junior Swimming Championships were held in Monterrey in the summer of 2008 at the University of Nuevo Leon (UANL), after the completion of a world-class and FINA-approved Aquatic Center.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "International development", "target_page_ids": [ 10758004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Also the city wanted to bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, but the Mexican Olympic Committee refused to support it.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "International development", "target_page_ids": [ 961522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Backed by a young people's movement, students of the universities of Monterrey formed the Monterrey 2014 Foundation with the purpose of hosting the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics. In 2009, the Mexican Olympic Committee gave the bid to Guadalajara which later on withdrew the bid late January 2010. Monterrey was bidding for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "International development", "target_page_ids": [ 16015626, 73209, 33381293, 21690928 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 174 ], [ 231, 242 ], [ 308, 315 ], [ 324, 350 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Again, in February 2012, the Mexican Olympic Committee chose Guadalajara as a candidate for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics, but was eliminated by the International Olympic Committee to advance to the final round.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "International development", "target_page_ids": [ 48535163, 73209, 21690928, 15147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 54 ], [ 61, 72 ], [ 96, 122 ], [ 150, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since then, the Foundation Monterrey Olympic City A.C., the new name of this group of young citizens, are working on a project bid for the 2023 Summer Youth Olympics and then apply for the 2028 Summer Olympics.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "International development", "target_page_ids": [ 64557687, 12695048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 165 ], [ 189, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monterrey is twinned with:", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 1155299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Barcelona, Spain (1992)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 4443 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bethlehem, Palestine (1999)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 4312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bilbao, Spain (1993)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 68029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cape Town, South Africa (2016)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 6653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Concepción, Chile (1997)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 75735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dallas, United States (1992)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 53838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Guatemala City, Guatemala (1998)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 11874 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hamilton, Canada (1993)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 14288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Iași, Romania (1993)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 215076 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " McAllen, United States (1999)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 136095 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medellín, Colombia (1996)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 340197 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Monterrei, Spain (1999)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 7013630 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Olongapo, Philippines (1993)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 712463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Orlando, United States (2002)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 100582 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rosario, Argentina (1993)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 592784 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " San Antonio, United States (1953)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 53848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " San Salvador, El Salvador (1996)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 57631 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shenyang, China (2015)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 180264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Surabaya, Indonesia (2001)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 212635 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of tallest buildings in Monterrey", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 32472899 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Michael Snodgrass, Deference and Defiance in Monterrey: Workers, Paternalism, and Revolution in Mexico, 1890–1950 (Cambridge University Press, 2003) ()", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Government of the City of Monterrey", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Monterrey", "Cities_in_Mexico", "Monterrey_metropolitan_area", "Populated_places_in_Nuevo_León", "Capitals_of_states_of_Mexico", "Populated_places_established_in_1596", "1596_establishments_in_New_Spain", "1590s_establishments_in_Mexico", "1596_in_New_Spain" ]

[ "Monterrey, Nuevo Leon", "Monterrey, Mexico", "La sultana del norte", "La ciudad de las montañas" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Presbyterorum ordinis, subtitled the \"Decree on the Ministry and Life of Priests\", is one of the documents produced by the Second Vatican Council. On 7 December 1965, the document was promulgated by Pope Paul VI, after an approval vote of 2,390 to 4 among the assembled bishops. The title means \"Order of Priests\" in Latin. As is customary for such documents in the Catholic Church, it is taken from the first line of the decree (its incipit).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28134, 24028, 17730, 606848, 952907 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 145 ], [ 199, 211 ], [ 317, 322 ], [ 366, 381 ], [ 434, 441 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agitation among the Council Fathers for a separate and distinct conciliar decree on the priesthood began in the second session of the council (1963), in the course of the discussions about the drafts concerning the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen gentium). Presbyterorum ordinis has come to be one of the defining documents on the role and duties of the priesthood in the modern era.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 40135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 252, 265 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The period that followed the promulgation of Presbyterorum ordinis was marked by a severe drop in the number of priestly vocations in the Western World. Church leaders argued age-old secularization was to blame and that it was not directly related to the documents of the council. Historians also pointed to the damage caused in 1968, by the sexual revolution, and the strong backlash over Humanae vitae. Yet, other authors asserted the drop in vocations was at least partly deliberate as part of an attempt to de-clericalize the Church and allow for a more pluralistic clergy. In 1995, according to the Congregation for the Clergy, in recent years, \"despite various persistent difficulties, there is a positive quantitative and qualitative recovery which makes one hope for a priestly second spring.\" ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 333225, 37056, 14071 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 183, 197 ], [ 342, 359 ], [ 390, 403 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There was a related exodus from the priesthood, which began under Paul VI and continued during the papacy of John Paul II. In 2007, \"La Civilta Cattolica\" reported 69,063 priests left the ministry between 1964 and 2004; 11,213 later returned.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In November 2015 Pope Francis addressed a conference sponsored by the Congregation for the Clergy marking the fiftieth anniversary of the proclamation of the Vatican II decree Presbyterorum ordinis. He told delegates attending the conference, \"The good that priests can do comes primarily from their proximity to– and a tender love for– their people. They are not philanthropists or functionaries, but fathers and brothers. ...Even priests have a biography, and are not 'mushrooms' which sprout up suddenly at the Cathedral on their day of ordination.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 1687680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pastores dabo vobis", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12445594 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Full text in Englishat the Vatican website.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1965_documents", "1965_in_Christianity", "Documents_of_the_Second_Vatican_Council", "Catholic_priesthood" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Buckingham Fountain is a Chicago Landmark in the center of Grant Park, between Queen's Landing and Ida B. Wells Drive. Dedicated in 1927 and donated to the city by philanthropist Kate S. Buckingham, it is one of the largest fountains in the world. Built in a rococo wedding cake style and inspired by the Latona Fountain at the Palace of Versailles, its design allegorically represents nearby Lake Michigan. The fountain operates from May to mid-October, with regular water shows and evening colored-light shows. During the winter, the fountain is decorated with festival lights.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1757115, 41963, 64251562, 35586455, 57719710, 36886, 23426683, 53316, 17948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 41 ], [ 59, 69 ], [ 79, 94 ], [ 99, 117 ], [ 180, 198 ], [ 261, 267 ], [ 307, 322 ], [ 330, 350 ], [ 395, 408 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fountain area is considered Chicago's front door, since it is located in the center of Grant Park, the city's front yard near the intersection of Columbus Drive and Ida B. Wells Drive. The fountain itself represents Lake Michigan, with four sets of sea horses (two per set) symbolizing the four states—Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan and Indiana—that border the lake. The fountain was designed by beaux arts architect Edward H. Bennett. The statues were created by the French sculptor Marcel F. Loyau. The design of the fountain was inspired by the Bassin de Latone and modeled after Latona Fountain at Versailles.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 384701, 41963, 17948, 14849, 33127, 18859, 21883857, 440475, 6477792, 23426683, 53316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ], [ 91, 101 ], [ 221, 234 ], [ 307, 315 ], [ 317, 326 ], [ 328, 336 ], [ 341, 348 ], [ 400, 410 ], [ 421, 438 ], [ 587, 602 ], [ 606, 616 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fountain was donated to the city by Kate Sturges Buckingham in memory of her brother, Clarence Buckingham, and was constructed at a cost of $750,000. The fountain's official name is the Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain. Kate Buckingham also established the Buckingham Fountain Endowment Fund with an initial investment of $300,000 to pay for maintenance. Buckingham Fountain was dedicated on August 26, 1927.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 57719710, 1306551 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 63 ], [ 286, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In August 2016, in a partnership with the City of Chicago, the Chicago Parks District and Everywhere Wireless, the Buckingham Fountain viewing area joined many Chicago beaches and the Museum Campus in providing free Wi-Fi to visitors.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3209887, 1884995, 63973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 160, 175 ], [ 184, 197 ], [ 216, 221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many tourists and Chicagoans visit the fountain each year. The fountain operates daily 8:00a.m. to 11:00p.m. from mid-April through mid-October, unless below freezing weather conditions dictate otherwise. Water shows occur every hour on-the-hour and last 20 minutes. During shows, the center jet shoots up vertically to , and after dusk shows are choreographed with lights and music. The last show begins at 10:00p.m. nightly.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The fountain is constructed of Georgia pink marble and contains of water. During a display, more than are pushed through its 193 jets. The bottom pool of the fountain is in diameter, the lower basin is , the middle basin is and the upper basin is . The lip of the upper basin is above the water in the lower basin.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The fountain's pumps are controlled by a Honeywell computer which was previously located in Atlanta, Georgia, until the 1994 renovation when it was moved to the pump house of the fountain. The fountain's security system is monitored from Arlington Heights (a Chicago suburb).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Operation", "target_page_ids": [ 225721, 3138, 48830 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 50 ], [ 92, 99 ], [ 101, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1994, the fountain received a $2.8 million restoration to its three smallest basins which developed leaks due to Chicago's harsh winters.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Renovations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The latest renovation project on Buckingham Fountain began in September 2008. This three-phase project will modernize aging internal systems in the fountain and restore deteriorated features. Funding is a combination from the Buckingham endowment, city and park district funds and a grant from the Lollapalooza music festival which is held annually near the fountain.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Renovations", "target_page_ids": [ 270602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 299, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Phase I was dedicated April 3, 2009. This phase included permeable pavers to surround the fountain. This replaced the crushed stone that was used since the fountain was constructed. The pavers make a safer and smoother surface and complies with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Renovations", "target_page_ids": [ 1338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 250, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Phase II began in the winter of 2009. This phase included the demolition of the fountain table, installation of extensive underdrainage system, new landscaping, site lighting, signs, site furnishings, sewer system, selective demolition within or adjacent to the fountain's outer basin, repairs of some existing cast-in-place concrete elements and installation of new cast-in-place elements. Work was not completed due to lack of funds and the Chicago Park District has not announced when it expects to finish this phase.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Renovations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Phase III updates have not been scheduled until Phase II projects are completed. This phase will include the restoration of Buckingham Fountain and fountain table, the construction of a new equipment room with selective demolition, structural construction and repair, masonry restoration and repair, mechanical and electrical work, bronze restoration and repair and installation of site improvements and amenities.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Renovations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Buckingham Fountain was featured in the title sequences of TV shows Married... with Children and Crime Story. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 18943, 1687832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 92 ], [ 97, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fountain was the starting point for the television show The Amazing Race 6 in 2004 and was featured in a task 13 years later on The Amazing Race 29.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 900692, 49965547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 78 ], [ 132, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fountain can be seen for a handful of seconds about nine minutes into the 1983 film National Lampoon's Vacation as the Griswolds are pulling out of Chicago.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 511622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is also seen when the French criminals arrive in Chicago to do the job for their boss in the 2003 comedy Crime Spree.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1471306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is also shown in the TV show Shameless.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 29108688 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fountain appeared on the fourth and sixth seasons of The Great Food Truck Race.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 28356646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Features twice in the film Undertow 1949", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 20475330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fountain is also featured in the 2021 movie Thunder Force.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 61882494 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Buckingham Fountain is often incorrectly identified as the eastern terminus of historic U.S. Route 66 (the road to California), but, although near, it was not the end point of that historic route. The original eastern terminus was nearby at the intersection of Jackson Boulevard and Michigan Avenue in downtown Chicago. In a later alignment, the terminus was moved east two blocks through Grant Park to the intersection of Jackson and Lake Shore Drive after the latter was designated as U.S. Route 41. It remained there until the eastern terminus of Interstate 55 was completed at Lake Shore Drive, and then that also became the eastern terminus of Route 66 until I-55 completely replaced the route in Illinois and Route 66 was decommissioned. Nevertheless, many people still associate Buckingham Fountain with the start of Route 66, even though it had not been built yet when the route opened on November 11, 1926 — whereas the Fountain of the Great Lakes in the South Garden of the Art Institute of Chicago, which has been near the intersection of Jackson and Michigan since 1913, actually preceded Route 66 by 13 years and Buckingham Fountain by 14 years. Because Jackson is now a one way street going east, the historic commemorative signs for Route 66 now show \"End\" at Jackson, but \"Begin\" is moved one block north to Adams Street (in front of the Art Institute), which is a one way going west.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 79717, 503172, 6886, 41963, 508248, 447879, 11619449, 8758450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 101 ], [ 283, 298 ], [ 311, 318 ], [ 389, 399 ], [ 435, 451 ], [ 487, 500 ], [ 930, 957 ], [ 985, 1009 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of fountains in the United States", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 31900850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chicago Landmarks: Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain and Garden", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chicago Park District: Buckingham Fountain", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Restore Buckingham Fountain", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Fountains_in_Illinois", "Chicago_Landmarks", "Buildings_and_structures_completed_in_1927", "Buildings_and_structures_in_Chicago", "Historic_district_contributing_properties_in_Illinois", "1927_establishments_in_Illinois", "Buildings_and_structures_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Chicago", "Fish_in_art" ]

[ "Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain and Garden" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Daniel Hudson Burnham (September 4, 1846 – June 1, 1912) was an American architect and urban designer. A proponent of the Beaux-Arts movement, he may have been, \"the most successful power broker the American architectural profession has ever produced.\"", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1170, 50345, 440475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 83 ], [ 88, 102 ], [ 123, 133 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A successful Chicago architect, he was selected as Director of Works for the 1892–93 World's Columbian Exposition, colloquially referred to as \"The White City\". He had prominent roles in the creation of master plans for the development of a number of cities, including the Plan of Chicago, and plans for Manila, Baguio and downtown Washington, D.C. He also designed several famous buildings, including a number of notable skyscrapers in Chicago, the Flatiron Building of triangular shape in New York City, Union Station in Washington D.C., London's Selfridges department store, and San Francisco's Merchants Exchange.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6886, 41960, 6301655, 184334, 162480, 108956, 253850, 411203, 38092115, 31729088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 20 ], [ 85, 113 ], [ 273, 288 ], [ 304, 310 ], [ 312, 318 ], [ 332, 348 ], [ 450, 467 ], [ 506, 519 ], [ 549, 559 ], [ 598, 616 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although best known for his skyscrapers, city planning, and for the White City, almost one third of Burnham's total output 14.7 million square feet (1.37 million square meters) consisted of buildings for shopping.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Burnham was born in Henderson, New York, the son of Elizabeth Keith (Weeks) and Edwin Arnold Burnham. He was raised in the teachings of the Swedenborgian, also called The New Church which ingrained in him the strong belief that man should strive to be of service to others. At the age of eight, Burnham moved to Chicago and his father established there a wholesale drug business which became a success.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 126551, 4907523, 4907523, 6886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 39 ], [ 140, 153 ], [ 167, 181 ], [ 312, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Burnham was not a good student, but he was good at drawing. He moved to the eastern part of the country at the age of 18 to be taught by private tutors in order to pass the admissions examinations for Harvard and Yale, failing both apparently because of a bad case of test anxiety. In 1867, when he was 21 he returned to Chicago and took an apprenticeship as a draftsman under William LeBaron Jenney of the architectural firm Loring & Jenney. Architecture seemed to be the calling he was looking for, and he told his parents that he wanted to become \"the greatest architect in the city or country\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 18426501, 34273, 18948474, 951184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 201, 208 ], [ 213, 217 ], [ 361, 370 ], [ 377, 399 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nevertheless, the young Burnham still had a streak of wanderlust in him, and in 1869 he left his apprenticeship to go to Nevada with friends to try mining gold, at which he failed. He then ran for the Nevada state legislature and failed to be elected. Broke, he returned again to Chicago and took a position with the architect L. G. Laurean. When the Great Chicago Fire hit the city in October 1871, it seemed as if there would be endless work for architects, but Burnham chose to strike out again, becoming first a salesman of plate glass windows, then a druggist. He failed at the first and quit the second. He later remarked on \"a family tendency to get tired of doing the same thing for very long\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 40311 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 351, 369 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At age 26, Burnham moved on to the Chicago offices of Carter, Drake and Wight where he met future business partner John Wellborn Root, who was 21 and four years younger than Burnham. The two became friends and then opened an architectural office together in 1873. Unlike his previous ventures, Burnham stuck to this one. Burnham and Root went on to become a very successful firm. Their first major commission came from John B. Sherman, the superintendent of the massive Union Stock Yards in Chicago, which provided the livelihood directly or indirectly for one-fifth of the city's population. Sherman hired the firm to build for him a mansion on Prairie Avenue at Twenty-first Street among the mansions of Chicago's other merchant barons. Root made the initial design. Burnham refined it and supervised the construction. It was on the construction site that he met Sherman's daughter, Margaret, whom Burnham married in 1876 after a short courtship. Sherman commissioned other projects from Burnham and Root, including the Stone Gate, an entry portal to the stockyards which became a Chicago landmark.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 25735326, 746874, 4886158, 1758558, 4963996 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 77 ], [ 115, 133 ], [ 321, 337 ], [ 470, 487 ], [ 1024, 1034 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1881, the firm was commissioned to build the Montauk Building, which was then the tallest building in Chicago at the time. To solve the problem of the city's water-saturated sandy soil and bedrock below the surface, Root came up with a plan to dig down to a \"hardpan\" layer of clay on which was laid a thick pad of concrete overlaid with steel rails placed at right-angles to form a lattice \"grill\", which was then filled with Portland cement. This \"floating foundation\" was, in effect, artificially-created bedrock on which the building could be constructed. The completed building was so tall compared to existing buildings that it defied easy description, and the name \"skyscraper\" was coined to describe it. Thomas Talmadge, an architect and architectural critic said of the building, \"What Chartres was to the Gothic cathedral, the Montauk Block was to the high commercial building.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 3605795, 40318 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 64 ], [ 432, 447 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Burnham and Root went on to build more of the first American skyscrapers, such as the Masonic Temple Building in Chicago. Measuring 21 stories and 302 feet, the temple held claims as the tallest building of its time, but was torn down in 1939.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 6062125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The talents of the two partners were complementary. Both men were artists and gifted architects, but Root had a knack for conceiving elegant designs and was able to see almost at once the totality of the necessary structure. Burnham, on the other hand, excelled at bringing in clients and supervising the building of Root's designs. They each appreciated the value of the other to the firm. Burnham also took steps to ensure their employees were happy: he installed a gym in the office, gave fencing lessons and let employees play handball at lunch time. Root, a pianist and organist, gave piano recitals in the office on a rented piano. Paul Starrett, who joined the office in 1888 said \"The office was full of a rush of work, but the spirit of the place was delightfully free and easy and human in comparison to other offices I had worked in.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 4894608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 638, 651 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although the firm was extremely successful, there were several notable setbacks. One of their designs, the Grannis Block in which their office was located, burned down in 1885 necessitating a move to the top floor of The Rookery, another of their designs. Then, in 1888, a Kansas City, Missouri, hotel they had designed collapsed during construction, killing one man and injuring several others. At the coroner's inquest, the building's design came in for criticism. The negative publicity shook and depressed Burnham. Then in a further setback, Burnham and Root also failed to win the commission for design of the giant Auditorium Building, which went instead to their rivals, Adler & Sullivan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 3843627, 17454, 561560, 31299617 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 228 ], [ 273, 294 ], [ 621, 640 ], [ 678, 694 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On January 15, 1891, while the firm was deep in meetings for the design of ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "the World's Columbian Exposition, Root died after a three-day course of pneumonia. As Root had been only 41 years old, his death stunned both Burnham and Chicago society. After Root's death, the firm of Burnham and Root, which had had tremendous success producing modern buildings as part of the Chicago School of architecture, was renamed D.H. Burnham & Company. After that the firm continued its successes and Burnham extended his reach into city design.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 41960, 52135, 304484, 4997996 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 32 ], [ 72, 81 ], [ 296, 310 ], [ 340, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Burnham and Root had accepted responsibility to oversee the design and construction of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago's then-desolate Jackson Park on the south lakefront. The largest world's fair to that date (1893), it celebrated the 400-year anniversary of Christopher Columbus's famous voyage. After Root's sudden and unexpected death, a team of distinguished American architects and landscape architects, including Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, Charles McKim, Richard M. Hunt, George B. Post, Henry Van Brunt, and Louis Sullivan radically changed Root's modern and colorful style to a Classical Revival style. To ensure the project's success, Burnham moved his personal residence into a wooden headquarters, called \"the shanty\" on the burgeoning fairgrounds to improve his ability to oversee construction. The construction of the fair faced huge financial and logistical hurdles, including a worldwide financial panic and an extremely tight timeframe, to open on time.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 41960, 6886, 593069, 50268, 5635, 53321, 380497, 612549, 765106, 23467650, 52717, 2682331 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 119 ], [ 123, 130 ], [ 147, 159 ], [ 196, 208 ], [ 272, 292 ], [ 441, 462 ], [ 464, 477 ], [ 479, 494 ], [ 496, 510 ], [ 512, 527 ], [ 533, 547 ], [ 604, 621 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Considered the first example of a comprehensive planning document in the nation, the fairground featured grand boulevards, classical building facades, and lush gardens. Often called the \"White City,\" it popularized neoclassical architecture in a monumental, yet rational Beaux-Arts style. As a result of the fair's popularity, architects across the U.S. were said to be inundated with requests by clients to incorporate similar elements into their designs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 730393, 332666, 42139, 440475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 120 ], [ 142, 148 ], [ 160, 166 ], [ 271, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The control of the fair's design and construction was a matter of dispute between various entities, particularly the National Commission which was headed by George R. Davis, who served as Director-General of the fair. It was also headed by the Exposition Company which consisted of the city's leading merchants, led by Lyman Gage which had raised the money needed to build the fair, and Burnham as Director of Works. In addition the large number of committees made it difficult for construction to move forward at the pace needed to meet the opening day deadline. After a major accident which destroyed one of the fair's premiere buildings, Burnham moved to take tighter control of construction, distributing a memo to all the fair's department heads which read \"I have assumed personal control of the active work within the grounds of the World's Columbian Exposition... Henceforward, and until further notice, you will report to and receive orders from me exclusively.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 11586362, 790347 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 157, 172 ], [ 319, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the fair opened, Olmsted, who designed the fairgrounds, said of Burnham that \"too high an estimate cannot be placed on the industry, skill and tact with which this result was secured by the master of us all.\" Burnham himself rejected the suggestion that Root had been largely responsible for the fair's design, writing afterwards:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "What was done up to the time of his death was the faintest suggestion of a plan... The impression concerning his part has been gradually built up by a few people, close friends of his and mostly women, who naturally after the Fair proved beautiful desired to more broadly identify his memory with it.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nevertheless, Burnham's reputation was considerably enhanced by the success and beauty of the fair. Harvard and Yale both presented him honorary master's degrees ameliorating his having failed their entrance exams in his youth. The common perception while Root was alive was that he was the architectural artist and Burnham had run the business side of the firm; Root's death, while devastating to Burnham personally, allowed him to develop as an architect in a way it might not have, had Root lived on.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1901, Burnham designed the Flatiron Building in New York City, a trailblazing structure that utilized an internal steel skeleton to provide structural integrity; the exterior masonry walls were not load-bearing. This allowed the building to rise to 22 stories. The design was that of a vertical Renaissance palazzo with Beaux-Arts styling, divided like a classical column, into base, shaft and capital.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 253850, 4735624, 23931, 440475, 6938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 47 ], [ 298, 309 ], [ 310, 317 ], [ 323, 333 ], [ 358, 374 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other Burnham post-fair designs included the Land Title Building (1897) in Philadelphia, the first major building in that city not designed by local architects, and known as \"the finest example of early skyscraper design\" there, John Wanamaker's Department Store (1902–1911) in Philadelphia, now Macy's, which is built around a central court, Wanamaker's Annex (1904, addition: 1907–1910), in New York City, a 19-story full-block building which contains as much floorspace as the Empire State Building, the neo-classical Gimbels Department Store (1908–1912) also in New York, now the Manhattan Mall, with a completely new facade, the stunningly Art Deco Mount Wilson Observatory in the hills above Pasadena, California, and Filene's Department Store (1912) in Boston, the last major building designed by Burnham.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 27050000, 975640, 277872, 44083403, 9736, 2682331, 1311838, 655484, 213583, 92408, 17446627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 64 ], [ 229, 262 ], [ 296, 302 ], [ 343, 360 ], [ 480, 501 ], [ 507, 520 ], [ 521, 545 ], [ 584, 598 ], [ 654, 678 ], [ 698, 718 ], [ 724, 749 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1904, Burnham accepted a commission from Philippines Governor-General William Howard Taft. He had the opportunity to redesign Manila and plan a summer capital to be constructed in Baguio. Due to the Philippines status as a territory, Burnham was able to pursue his vision without having to win local approval. Altogether the project took six months to design, with only six weeks spent in the Philippines. During his time there, Burnham did not interact with Filipino locals concerning the project. After his plans were approved by William Cameron Forbes, Commissioner of Commerce and Police in the Philippines, Burnham was allowed to choose the principal architect, William E. Parsons. Burnham then departed to keep tabs on the project from the mainland. Burnham's plans emphasized improved sanitation, a cohesive aesthetic (Mission Revival), and visual reminders of government authority. In Manila, wide boulevards radiated out from the capital building, while in Baguio government structures loomed from the cliffs above the town. The land for the Baguio project, in total, was seized from local Igorots with approval of the Philippine Supreme Court. In Manila, neighborhoods ravaged by the war for independence were left untouched while a luxury hotel, casino, and boat clubs were designed for visiting mainland dignitaries. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 33522, 184334, 162480, 671274, 35963488, 30865240, 1268730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 92 ], [ 129, 135 ], [ 183, 189 ], [ 535, 557 ], [ 670, 688 ], [ 829, 844 ], [ 1103, 1110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initiated in 1906 and published in 1909, Burnham and his co-author Edward H. Bennett prepared a Plan of Chicago which laid out plans for the future of the city. It was the first comprehensive plan for the controlled growth of an American city and an outgrowth of the City Beautiful movement. The plan included ambitious proposals for the lakefront and river. It also asserted that every citizen should be within walking distance of a park. Sponsored by the Commercial Club of Chicago, Burnham donated his services in hopes of furthering his own cause.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 6477792, 6301655, 544294, 6337483 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 84 ], [ 96, 111 ], [ 267, 290 ], [ 457, 483 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Building off plans and conceptual designs from the World's Fair for the south lakefront, Burnham envisioned Chicago as a \"Paris on the Prairie\". French-inspired public works constructions, fountains and boulevards radiating from a central, domed municipal palace became Chicago's new backdrop. Though only parts of the plan were actually implemented, it set the standard for urban design, anticipating the future need to control urban growth and continuing to influence the development of Chicago long after Burnham's death.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 22989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Burnham's city planning projects did not stop at Chicago. Burnham had previously contributed to plans for cities such as Cleveland (the 1903 Group Plan), San Francisco (1905), Manila (1905), and Baguio in the Philippines, details of which appear in the 1909 Plan of Chicago publication. His plans for the redesign of San Francisco were delivered to the Board of Supervisors in September 1905, but in the haste to rebuild the city after the 1906 earthquake and fires Burnham's plans were ultimately ignored. In the Philippines, Burnham's Plan for Manila never materialized due to the outbreak of World War II and the relocation of the capital to another city after the war. Some components of the plan, however, did come into fruition including the shore road which became Dewey Boulevard (now known as Roxas Boulevard) and the various neoclassical government buildings around Luneta Park, which very much resemble a miniature version of Washington, D.C., in their arrangement.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 5951, 7325857, 49728, 184334, 162480, 20110714, 17109448, 1706582 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 130 ], [ 141, 151 ], [ 154, 167 ], [ 176, 182 ], [ 195, 201 ], [ 440, 465 ], [ 802, 817 ], [ 876, 887 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Washington, D.C., Burnham did much to shape the 1901 McMillan Plan which led to the completion of the overall design of the National Mall. The Senate Park Commission, or McMillan Commission established by Michigan Senator James McMillan, brought together Burnham and three of his colleagues from the World's Columbian Exposition: architect Charles Follen McKim, landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., and sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens. Going well beyond Pierre L'Enfant's original vision for the city, the plan provided for the extension of the Mall beyond the Washington Monument to a new Lincoln Memorial and a \"pantheon\" that eventually materialized as the Jefferson Memorial. This plan involved significant reclamation of land from swamp and the Potomac River and the relocation of an existing railroad station, which was replaced by Burnham's design for Union Station. As a result of his service on the McMillan Commission, in 1910 Burnham was appointed a member and first chairman of the United States Commission of Fine Arts helping to ensure implementation of the McMillan Plan's vision. Burnham served on the commission until his death in 1912.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 108956, 6269982, 167796, 380497, 3366732, 766195, 359699, 167585, 52369, 376694, 59308, 411203, 10566965 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 19 ], [ 56, 69 ], [ 127, 140 ], [ 343, 363 ], [ 385, 410 ], [ 425, 447 ], [ 467, 482 ], [ 574, 593 ], [ 603, 619 ], [ 673, 691 ], [ 763, 776 ], [ 872, 885 ], [ 1007, 1044 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his career after the fair, Burnham became one of the country's most prominent advocates for the Beaux-Arts movement as well as the revival of Neo-classical architecture which began with the fair. Much of Burhham's work was based on the classical style of Greece and Rome. In his 1924 autobiography, Louis Sullivan, one of the leading architects of the Chicago School, but one who had a difficult relationship with Burnham over an extended period of time, criticized Burnham for what Sullivan viewed as his lack of original expression and dependence on classicism. Sullivan went on to claim that \"the damage wrought by the World's Fair will last for half a century from its date, if not longer\" a sentiment edged with bitterness, as corporate America of the early 20th century had demonstrated a strong preference for Burnham's architectural style over Sullivan's.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Influence", "target_page_ids": [ 440475, 2682331, 52717, 99260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 109 ], [ 145, 171 ], [ 302, 316 ], [ 555, 565 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Burnham is famously quoted as saying, \"Make no little plans. They have no magic to stir men's blood and probably will not themselves be realized.\" This slogan has been taken to capture the essence of Burnham's spirit.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Influence", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A man of influence, Burnham was considered the pre-eminent architect in America at the start of the 20th century. He held many positions during his lifetime, including the presidency of the American Institute of Architects. Other notable architects began their careers under his aegis, such as Joseph W. McCarthy. Several of his descendants have worked as influential architects and planners in the United States, including his son, Daniel Burnham Jr., and grandchildren Burnham Kelly and Margaret Burnham Geddes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Influence", "target_page_ids": [ 500492, 21792017, 54589694, 58481671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 190, 222 ], [ 294, 312 ], [ 433, 451 ], [ 489, 512 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Burnham married Margaret Sherman, the daughter of his first major client, John B. Sherman, on January 20, 1876. They first met on the construction site of her father's house. Her father had a house built for the couple to live in. During their courtship, there was a scandal in which Burnham's older brother was accused of having forged checks. Burnham immediately went to John Sherman and offered to break the engagement as a matter of honor but Sherman rejected the offer, saying \"There is a black sheep in every family.\" However, Sherman remained wary of his son-in-law, who he thought drank too much.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Burnham and Margaret remained married for the rest of his life. They had five children, two daughters and three sons, including Daniel Burnham Jr. born in February 1886, who became an architect and urban planner like his father. He worked in his father's firm until 1917, and served as the Director of Public Works for the 1933-34 Chicago World's Fair, known as the \"Century of Progress\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 54589694, 42219 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 146 ], [ 323, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Burnham family lived in Chicago until 1886, when he purchased a 16-room farmhouse and estate on Lake Michigan in the suburb of Evanston, Illinois. Burnham had become wary of Chicago which he felt was becoming dirtier and more dangerous as its population increased. Burnham explained to his mother, whom he did not tell of the move in advance, \"I did it, because I can no longer bear to have my children on the streets of Chicago...\" When Burnham moved into \"the shanty\" in Jackson Park to better supervise construction of the fair, his wife, Margaret and their children remained in Evanston.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 17948, 101753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 113 ], [ 131, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Burnham was an early environmentalist, writing: \"Up to our time, strict economy in the use of natural resources has not been practiced, but it must be henceforth unless we are immoral enough to impair conditions in which our children are to live,\" although he also believed the automobile would be a positive environmental factor, with the end of horse-based transportation bringing \"a real step in civilization... With no smoke, no gases, no litter of horses, your air and streets will be clean and pure. This means, does it not, that the health and spirits of men will be better?\" Like many men of his time, he also showed an interest in the supernatural, saying \"If I were able to take the time, I believe that I could prove the continuation of life beyond the grave, reasoning from the necessity, philosophically speaking, of a belief in an absolute and universal power.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Beliefs", "target_page_ids": [ 10184, 13673345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 37 ], [ 278, 288 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Burnham was in his fifties, his health began to decline. He developed colitis and in 1909 was diagnosed with diabetes, which affected his circulatory system and led to an infection in his foot which was to continue for the remainder of his life.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 1072308, 40017873, 57330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 82 ], [ 114, 122 ], [ 143, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On April 14, 1912, Burnham and his wife were aboard the RMS Olympic of the White Star Line, traveling to Europe to tour Heidelberg, Germany. When he attempted to send a telegram to his friend Frank Millet who was traveling the opposite direction, from Europe to the United States, on the RMS Titanic, he learned that the ship had sunk in an accident and Millet did not survive. Burnham died only 47 days later from colitis complicated by his diabetes and food poisoning from a meal eaten in Heidelberg.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 10185776, 83410, 445158, 46743, 103803, 19285924, 531611 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 17 ], [ 56, 67 ], [ 75, 90 ], [ 120, 139 ], [ 192, 204 ], [ 288, 299 ], [ 455, 469 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the time of his death, D.H. Burnham and Co. was the world's largest architectural firm. Even legendary architect Frank Lloyd Wright, although strongly critical of Burnham's Beaux Arts European influences, still admired him as a man and eulogized him, saying: \"[Burnham] made masterful use of the methods and men of his time...[As] an enthusiastic promoter of great construction enterprises...his powerful personality was supreme.\" The successor firm to Burnham's practice was Graham, Anderson, Probst & White, which continued in some form until 2006. Burnham was interred at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 10683, 4153693, 882465 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 134 ], [ 479, 511 ], [ 578, 596 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tributes to Burnham include Burnham Park and Daniel Burnham Court in Chicago, Burnham Park in Baguio City in the Philippines, Daniel Burnham Court in San Francisco (formerly Hemlock Street between Van Ness Avenue and Franklin Street), the annual Daniel Burnham Award for a Comprehensive Plan (run by the American Planning Association), and the Burnham Memorial Competition which was held in 2009 to create a memorial to Burnham and his Plan of Chicago. Collections of Burnham's personal and professional papers, photographs, and other archival materials are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Memorials", "target_page_ids": [ 10041011, 8338795, 14284037, 565928, 6301655, 18063848, 8758450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 40 ], [ 78, 90 ], [ 197, 212 ], [ 304, 333 ], [ 436, 451 ], [ 570, 597 ], [ 605, 629 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition, the Reliance Building in Chicago which was designed by Burnham and Root, is now the Hotel Burnham, although Root was the primary architect before his death in 1891.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Memorials", "target_page_ids": [ 3240361, 3240361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 34 ], [ 97, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Union Stock Yard Gate (1879)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 4963996 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Union Station (1881)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 950469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Montauk Building (1882–1883)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 3605795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kent House (1883)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 11989224 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rookery Building (1886)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 3843627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Reliance Building (1890–1895)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 3240361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Monadnock Building (northern half, 1891)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 2980679 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Marshall Field and Company Building (now Macy's, 1891–1892)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 16031168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fisher Building (1896)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 11109398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Orchestra Hall (1904)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 380325 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Heyworth Building (1904)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 4964626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Boyce Building, on the National Register of Historic Places (1915)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 44566987, 64065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 24, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Butler Brothers Warehouse (now The Gogo Building) (1913)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 47356402 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Union Savings Bank and Trust Building (later the Fifth Third Union Trust Building, the Bartlett Building and now the Renaissance Hotel, 1901)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tri-State Building (1902)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " First National Bank Building (later the Clopay Building and now the Fourth & Walnut Center, 1904)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 17623381 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fourth National Bank Building (1904)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Majestic Building (1896, demolished 1962)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 11947231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ford Building (1907–1908)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 4003588 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dime Building (1912)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 6415398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Indianapolis Traction Terminal, (1903, demolished 1972)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 43401906 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Barnes and Thornburg Building, (formaly the Merchants National Bank Building), (1912)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 18384115 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Flatiron Building (1901)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 253850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wanamaker's Annex, full-city-block department store (1904, addition: 1907–1910)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 44083403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gimbels Department Store (1908–1912)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 1311838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Land Title Building (1897)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 27050000 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Wanamaker's Department Store (now housing a Macy's and offices, 1902–1911)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 975640 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Union Trust Building (1898, 337 Fourth Avenue – not the 1917 structure of the same name on Grant Street)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pennsylvania Union Station (1900–1902)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 951039 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Frick Building (1902)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 2581198 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " McCreery Department Store (now offices – 300 Sixth Avenue Building, 1904)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Highland Building (1910, 121 South Highland Avenue)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 31039889 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Henry W. Oliver Building (1910)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 15086314 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merchants Exchange Building (1904)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 31729088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Mills Building (1892, restoration and expansion: 1907–1909)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 28589520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Daniel Burnham Court San Francisco street that appears at the parking lot exit. (2019 and vice versa)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Union Station (1908)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 411203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Postal Square Building (1911–1914)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 7022372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Columbus Fountain (1912)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 16910443 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Keokuk Union Depot, Keokuk, Iowa (1891)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 48758498, 113982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 21, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pearsons Hall of Science, Beloit, Wisconsin (1892–1893)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 39546337, 95063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ], [ 27, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ellicott Square Building, Buffalo, New York (1896)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 3737984, 3985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ], [ 27, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Columbus Union Station, Columbus, Ohio (1897)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 5324563, 5950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ], [ 25, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wyandotte Building, Columbus, Ohio (1897–1898)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 58690652, 5950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 21, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gilbert M. Simmons Memorial Library, Kenosha, Wisconsin (1900)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 34885357, 139221 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ], [ 38, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Continental Trust Company Building, Baltimore (1901, southeast corner South Calvert and East Baltimore Streets, damaged during Great Baltimore Fire of February 1904, but upon inspection the steel and masonry exterior was deemed sound; the damaged interior was later reconstructed)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 21451830, 26997138, 13504765, 339168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ], [ 37, 46 ], [ 71, 84 ], [ 128, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First National Bank Building (now Fayette Building), Uniontown, Pennsylvania (1902)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 132561 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pennsylvania Railroad Station, Richmond, Indiana (1902)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 17795245, 99000 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ], [ 32, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cleveland Mall with Arnold Brunner and John Carrère, Cleveland (1903)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 7325857, 5951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 54, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Union Station, El Paso, Texas (1905–1906)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 3493723, 135823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 16, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Fleming Building, Des Moines, Iowa (1907)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 34389616, 9163 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 23, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yazoo & Mississippi Valley Railroad station, Vicksburg, Mississippi (1907)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 11050568, 122459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ], [ 46, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Duluth Civic Center Historic District, Duluth, Minnesota, (1908–1909, four buildings)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 25868052, 63503 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ], [ 40, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Selfridge & Co. Department Store, Oxford Street, London (1909)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 38092115, 229195, 17867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 35, 48 ], [ 50, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Miners National Bank Building, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (1911, now Citizens Bank Financial Center)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 46270534, 64585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ], [ 32, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Terminal Arcade, Terre Haute, Indiana (1911)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 20921204, 100584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 18, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Filene's Department Store, Boston (1912)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 17446627, 24437894 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ], [ 28, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Starks Building, Louisville, Kentucky (1912)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 11724565, 58592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 18, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second National Bank Building, Toledo, Ohio (1913, now Riverfront Apartments)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 53889261, 30849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ], [ 32, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " El Granada, California (city master plan)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 108108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First National Bank Building, Milwaukee", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 53117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Joliet Public Library, Joliet, Illinois (1903)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 24925707, 111401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ], [ 24, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kenilworth Train Station, Kenilworth, Illinois", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 111001 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mount Wilson Observatory, Pasadena, California", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 213583, 92408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ], [ 27, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " City planning for Manila", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 184334 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " City planning for Baguio", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 162480 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Provincial Capitol Building in Bacolod, Negros Occidental", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 44406642, 298840, 266813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ], [ 32, 39 ], [ 41, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pangasinan Provincial Capitol", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 46320554 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Burnham Park", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Notable commissions", "target_page_ids": [ 8338795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Make No Little Plans - Daniel Burnham and the American City is the first feature-length documentary film about noted architect and urban planner Daniel Hudson Burnham, produced by the Archimedia Workshop. National distribution in 2009 coincided with the centennial celebration of Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett's 1909 Plan of Chicago.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Devil in the White City, a non-fiction book by Erik Larson, intertwines the true tales of two men: H.H. Holmes, a serial killer famed for his 'murderous hotel' in Chicago, and Daniel Burnham.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 7023665, 1546835, 354237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ], [ 52, 63 ], [ 104, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In the role-playing game Unknown Armies, James K. McGowan, the True King of Chicago, quotes Daniel Burnham and regards him as a paragon of the Windy City's mysterious and magical past.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1542342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In the episode \"Legendaddy\" of TV sitcom How I Met Your Mother, the character Ted, who is professor of architecture, describes Burnham as an \"architectural chameleon\".", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 20913980, 2711314 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 41 ], [ 42, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In the episode \"Household\" of Hulu original The Handmaid's Tale, Daniel Burnham is indirectly mentioned and only named as a Heretic for the reason the Gilead government demolished and replaced Washington, D.C.'s Union Station.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1350109, 50430110, 20611083, 108956, 411203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 35 ], [ 45, 64 ], [ 125, 132 ], [ 194, 210 ], [ 213, 226 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In Joffrey Ballet's version of The Nutcracker, choreographed by Christopher Wheeldon, Daniel Burnham, is the Drosselmeyer character of the ballet.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1811453, 284925, 9223599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ], [ 32, 46 ], [ 65, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Informational notes", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Citations", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bibliography", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Burnham, Daniel H. and Bennett, Edward H. (1910) Plan of Chicago, Chicago: The Commercial Club", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at The Art Institute of Chicago", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Burnham, Beaux-Arts, Plan of Chicago, & Fairs", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Booknotes interview with Erik Larson on The Devil in the White City, September 14, 2003.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "19th-century_American_architects", "Fellows_of_the_American_Institute_of_Architects", "American_urban_planners", "Artists_from_Chicago", "Burnham_and_Root_buildings", "People_from_Henderson,_New_York", "American_expatriates_in_the_Philippines", "American_Swedenborgians", "Burials_at_Graceland_Cemetery_(Chicago)", "1846_births", "1912_deaths", "Western_Association_of_Architects", "World's_Columbian_Exposition", "Presidents_of_the_American_Institute_of_Architects", "Chicago_school_architects" ]

[ "Daniel Hudson Burnham", "D. H. Burnham", "Daniel H. Burnham" ]

[ { "plaintext": "A halophyte is a salt-tolerant plant that grows in soil or waters of high salinity, coming into contact with saline water through its roots or by salt spray, such as in saline semi-deserts, mangrove swamps, marshes and sloughs and seashores. The word derives from Ancient Greek ἅλας (halas) 'salt' and φυτόν (phyton) 'plant'. Halophytes have different anatomy, physiology and biochemistry than glycophytes. An example of a halophyte is the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass). Relatively few plant species are halophytes—perhaps only 2% of all plant species. Information about many of the earth's halophytes can be found in the ehaloph database.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19828134, 26985, 73448, 265062, 3417339 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 36 ], [ 74, 82 ], [ 190, 198 ], [ 440, 450 ], [ 457, 478 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The large majority of plant species are glycophytes, which are not salt-tolerant and are damaged fairly easily by high salinity.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Halophytes can be classified in many ways. According to Stocker (1933), it is mainly of 3 kinds by habitat, viz.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aqua-halines (aquatic plants)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 151922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Emerged Halophytes (most of the stem remains above the water level)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hydro-halophytes (whole or almost whole plant remains under water)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Terrestro-halines (terrestrial plants) ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 5878633 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hygro-halophytes (grow on swamp lands)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mesohalophytes (grow on non-swamp, non-dry lands)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Xero-halophytes (grow on dry or mostly dry lands)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aero-halines (epiphytes and aerophytes)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 57994, 2205147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 24 ], [ 29, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Again, according to Iversen (1936), these plants are classified with respect to the salinity of the soil on which they grow.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Oligo-halophytes (amount of NaCl in the soil is 0.01 to 0.1%)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 80207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Meso-halophytes (amount of NaCl in the soil is 0.1 to 1%)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Euhalophytes (amount of NaCl in the soil is >1%)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For comparison, seawater has a salinity of about 3.5%. See water salinity for other reference levels.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Classification", "target_page_ids": [ 255244, 26985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 24 ], [ 59, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Major habitats where halophytes flourish include mangrove swamps, sand and cliff shorelines in the tropics, salt deserts and semi-deserts, the Sargasso Sea, mudflats and salt marshes, kelp forests and beds, salt lakes and salt steppes of the Pannonian region, wash fringes, isolated inland saline grasslands, and in places where people have brought about salination.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Habitats of halophytes", "target_page_ids": [ 1676371, 36257220 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 242, 251 ], [ 261, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One quantitative measure of salt tolerance (halotolerance) is the total dissolved solids in irrigation water that a plant can tolerate. Seawater typically contains 40grams per litre (g/l) of dissolved salts (mostly sodium chloride). Beans and rice can tolerate about 1–3 g/l, and are considered glycophytes (as are most crop plants). At the other extreme, Salicornia bigelovii (dwarf glasswort) grows well at 70 g/l of dissolved solids, and is a promising halophyte for use as a crop. Plants such as barley (Hordeum vulgare) and the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) can tolerate about 5 g/l, and can be considered as marginal halophytes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Salt tolerance", "target_page_ids": [ 40245, 255244, 80207, 4487, 36979, 7500259, 18758231, 19541428, 87598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 57 ], [ 136, 144 ], [ 215, 230 ], [ 233, 238 ], [ 243, 247 ], [ 320, 330 ], [ 356, 376 ], [ 508, 523 ], [ 544, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adaptation to saline environments by halophytes may take the form of salt tolerance or salt avoidance. Plants that avoid the effects of high salt even though they live in a saline environment may be referred to as facultative halophytes rather than 'true', or obligatory, halophytes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Salt tolerance", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For example, a short-lived plant species that completes its reproductive life cycle during periods (such as a rainy season) when the salt concentration is low would be avoiding salt rather than tolerating it. Or a plant species may maintain a 'normal' internal salt concentration by excreting excess salts through its leaves, by way of salt glands, or by concentrating salts salt bladders in leaves that later die and drop off.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Salt tolerance", "target_page_ids": [ 1228152, 12109751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 122 ], [ 336, 347 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In an effort to improve agricultural production in regions where crops are exposed to salinity, research is focused on improving understanding of the various mechanisms whereby plants respond to salinity stress, so that more robust crop halophytes may be developed. Adaptive responses to salinity stress have been identified at molecular, cellular, metabolic, and physiological levels.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Salt tolerance", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some halophytes are:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some halophytes are being studied for use as \"3rd-generation\" biofuel precursors. Halophytes such as Salicornia bigelovii can be grown in harsh environments and typically do not compete with food crops for resources, making them promising sources of biodiesel or bioalcohol.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 18758231, 188551, 3398741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 121 ], [ 250, 259 ], [ 263, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Halophytes like Suaeda salsa can store salt ions and rare-earth elements absorbed from soils in their tissues. Halophytes can therefore be used in Phytoremediation measures to adjust salinity levels of surrounding soils. These measures aim to allow glycophytes to survive in previously uninhabitable areas through an environmentally safe, and cost effective process. A higher concentration of halophyte plants in one area leads to higher salt uptake and lower soil salinity levels.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 11317516, 145440, 1068768 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 22 ], [ 53, 71 ], [ 147, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Different species of halophytes have different absorption capabilities. Three different halophyte species (Atriplex patula, Atriplex hortensis, and Atriplex canescans) have been found to rehabilitate soils contaminated with road salt over varying lengths of time.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 17521182, 16373202, 8183626, 80207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 122 ], [ 124, 142 ], [ 148, 166 ], [ 224, 233 ] ] } ]

[ "Halophytes", "Salt_marsh_plants", "Aquatic_ecology", "Plant_ecology" ]

[ "Salt-Tolerant Plants", "Salt-Tolerant Plant" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Vsevolod I Yaroslavich (Russian: Всеволод I Ярославич, Ukrainian: Всеволод I Ярославич, Old Norse: Vissivald) (c. 1030 13 April 1093), ruled as Grand Prince of Kiev (Kyiv) from 1078 until his death.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25431, 46279, 22666, 750917, 585629 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 31 ], [ 56, 65 ], [ 89, 98 ], [ 146, 158 ], [ 168, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was the fifth and favourite son of Yaroslav I the Wise by Ingigerd Olafsdottir. He was born around 1030. On his seal from his last years, he was named \"Andrei Vsevolodu\" in Greek, implying that his baptismal name was Andrew.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 42213, 30874869, 861121 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 57 ], [ 61, 81 ], [ 201, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To back up an armistice signed with the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos in 1046, his father married Vsevolod to a Byzantine princess, who according to tradition was named Anastasia or Maria. That the couple's son Vladimir Monomakh bore the family name of the Byzantine emperor suggests she was a member of his close family, but no contemporary evidence attests to a specific relationship and accounts of the Emperor give him no such daughter.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 8179811, 16972981, 253603, 428291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 23 ], [ 40, 57 ], [ 58, 83 ], [ 226, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon his father's death in 1054, he received in appanage the towns of Pereyaslav, Rostov, Suzdal, and the township of Beloozero which would remain in possession of his descendants until the end of Middle Ages. Together with his elder brothers Iziaslav and Sviatoslav he formed a sort of princely triumvirate which jointly waged war on the steppe nomads, Polovtsy, and compiled the first East Slavic law code. In 1055, Vsevolod launched an expedition against the Turks who had in the previous years expelled the Pechenegs from the Pontic steppes. He also made peace with the Cumans who appeared for the first time in Europe in the same year. The Cumans invaded his principality in 1061 and routed Vsevolod in a battle. Vsevolod persuaded his brother, Iziaslav, and their distant cousin, Vseslav, to join him and they together attacked the Torks in 1060.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 949356, 458018, 486794, 1364929, 18836, 749943, 750220, 217305, 54048, 922690, 747395, 922690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 80 ], [ 82, 88 ], [ 90, 96 ], [ 118, 127 ], [ 197, 207 ], [ 243, 251 ], [ 256, 266 ], [ 296, 307 ], [ 339, 345 ], [ 354, 362 ], [ 381, 407 ], [ 574, 580 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1067, Vsevolod's Greek wife died and he soon married a Kypchak princess, Anna Polovetskaya. She bore him another son, who drowned after the Battle of the Stugna River, and daughters, one becoming a nun and another, Eupraxia of Kiev, marrying Emperor Henry IV.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 483620, 57148097, 1456825, 3117913, 27485413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 65 ], [ 76, 93 ], [ 143, 169 ], [ 218, 234 ], [ 245, 261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Cumans again invaded Kievan Rus' in 1068. The three brothers united their forces against them, but the Cumans routed them on the Alta River. After their defeat, Vsevolod withdrew to Pereyaslav. However, its citizens rose up in open rebellion, dethroned Iziaslav, and liberated and proclaimed Vseslav their grand prince. Vsevolod and Sviatoslav made no attempt to expel the usurper from Kiev.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 13087442, 13101510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 125 ], [ 133, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vsevolod supported Sviatoslav against Iziaslav. They forced their brother to flee from Kiev in 1073. Feodosy, the saintly hegumen or head of the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev remained loyal to Iziaslav, and refused lunch with Sviatoslav and Vsevolod.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 2947872, 1334538, 478837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 108 ], [ 122, 129 ], [ 145, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Iziaslav granted Sviatoslav's former principality to Vsevolod, but Sviatoslav's sons considered the Principality of Chernigov as their own patrimony or otchina. Oleg Sviatoslavich made an alliance with the Cumans and invaded Chernigov. Iziaslav came to Vsevolod's rescue and they forced Oleg to retreat, but Iziaslav was murdered in the battle.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 3037792, 2002499 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 125 ], [ 152, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Iziaslav's death, Vsevolod, as their father's only surviving son, took the Kievan throne, thus uniting the three core principalitiesKiev, Chernigov and Pereyaslavlin Kievan Rus'. He appointed his eldest son, Vladimir Monomach, to administer Chernigov.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 21486360 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 172, 183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Russian Primary Chronicle writes that the \"people no longer had access to the Prince's justice, judges became corrupt and venal\". Vsevolod followed his young councilors' advice instead of that of his old retainers in his last years.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Vsevolod spoke five foreign languages, according to Vladimir Monomach's Autobiography. Historian George Vernadsky believes that these probably included Greek and Cuman, because of the nationality of his two wives, and that he likely spoke Latin, Norse, and Ossetian. He lost most of his battles; his eldest son, Vladimir Monomakh, a grand and famous warrior, did most of the fighting for his father. The last years of his reign were clouded by grave illness, and Vladimir Monomakh presided over the government.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reign", "target_page_ids": [ 428291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 312, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vsevolod and his first wife Anastasia, a relative of Constantine IX Monomachos, had children:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 253603 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vladimir II Monomakh (1053 – 19 May 1125).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 428291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ianka or Anna Vsevolodovna (d. 3 November 1112) who was engaged to Constantine Dukas in 1074, but never married. She became a nun and started a school for girls.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 57147489 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vsevolod and his second wife Anna Polovetskaya had children:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 57148097 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rostislav Vsevolodovich (1070 – 26 May 1093). Drowned while retreating from the Battle of the Stugna River.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 19347420, 1456825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ], [ 80, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eupraxia of Kiev (1071 – 20 July 1109). Married first Henry the Long, Margrave of Nordarm, next Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 3117913, 27485413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 96, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Catherine Vsevolovna (d. 11 August 1108). A nun. Her date of death is recorded in the Primary Chronicle.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [ 45675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 103 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maria Vsevolodovna (d. 1089).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Children", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " List of Ukrainian rulers", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19768852 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Russian rulers", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 971988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text (Translated and edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor) (1953). Medieval Academy of America. .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " His listing in \"Medieval lands\" by Charles Cawley.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vsevolod Yaroslavych in the Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 5 (1993)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Rurik_dynasty", "Grand_Princes_of_Kiev", "1030s_births", "1093_deaths", "Year_of_birth_uncertain", "11th-century_princes_in_Kievan_Rus'", "Burials_at_Saint_Sophia_Cathedral,_Kyiv", "Eastern_Orthodox_monarchs" ]

[ "Vsevolod I Yaroslavich", "Vsevolod Yaroslavych" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Saint Paul (abbreviated St. Paul) is the capital of the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Ramsey County. Situated on high bluffs overlooking a bend in the Mississippi River, Saint Paul is a regional business hub and the center of Minnesota's government. The Minnesota State Capitol and the state government offices all sit on a hill close to the city's downtown district. One of the oldest cities in Minnesota, Saint Paul has several historic neighborhoods and landmarks, such as the Summit Avenue Neighborhood, the James J. Hill House, and the Cathedral of Saint Paul. Like the nearby and larger city of Minneapolis, Saint Paul is known for its cold, snowy winters and humid summers. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 255627, 18618239, 19590, 51509, 94918, 19579, 843545, 13782996, 5990387, 896383, 6097240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 48 ], [ 56, 66 ], [ 70, 79 ], [ 88, 99 ], [ 103, 116 ], [ 168, 185 ], [ 271, 294 ], [ 497, 523 ], [ 529, 548 ], [ 558, 581 ], [ 618, 629 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of the 2021 census estimates, the city's population was 307,193, making it the 67th-largest city in the United States, the 12th-most populous in the Midwest, and the second-most populous in Minnesota. Most of the city lies east of the Mississippi River near its confluence with the Minnesota River. Minneapolis is mostly across the Mississippi River to the west. Together, they are known as the \"Twin Cities\" and make up the core of Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, the third most populous metro in the Midwest.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1649321, 3434750, 104697, 254060, 102607, 75799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 99 ], [ 107, 120 ], [ 152, 159 ], [ 285, 300 ], [ 436, 458 ], [ 459, 476 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Legislative Assembly of the Minnesota Territory established the Town of St. Paul as its capital near existing Dakota Sioux settlements in November 1849. It remained a town until 1854. The Dakota name for where Saint Paul is situated is \"Imnizaska\" for the \"white rock\" bluffs along the river. The city has two sports venues: Xcel Energy Center, home to the Minnesota Wild, and Allianz Field, home to Minnesota United.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 454194, 9113029, 237028, 73132, 49133093, 9114759 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 51 ], [ 114, 126 ], [ 329, 347 ], [ 361, 375 ], [ 381, 394 ], [ 404, 420 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul has a mayor–council government. The current mayor is Melvin Carter III, who was first elected in 2018. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23809142, 55747427 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 41 ], [ 64, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Burial mounds in present-day Indian Mounds Park suggest the area was inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about 2,000 years ago. From the early 17th century to 1837, the Mdewakanton Dakota, a tribe of the Sioux, lived near the mounds after being displaced from their ancestral grounds by Mille Lacs Lake from advancing Ojibwe. The Dakota called the area Imniza-Ska (\"white cliffs\") for its exposed white sandstone cliffs on the river's eastern side. The Imniza-Ska were full of caves that were useful to the Dakota. The explorer Jonathan Carver documented the historic Wakan tipi in the bluff below the burial mounds in 1767. In the Menominee language St. Paul was called Sāēnepān-Menīkān, which means \"ribbon, silk or satin village\", suggesting its role in trade throughout the region after the introduction of European goods.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6840342, 313110, 2595970, 56125, 30863165, 219064, 1646210, 603318 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 47 ], [ 86, 94 ], [ 176, 194 ], [ 211, 216 ], [ 294, 309 ], [ 325, 331 ], [ 535, 550 ], [ 639, 657 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, U.S Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately of land from the indigenous Dakota in 1805 to establish a fort. A military reservation was intended for the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers on both sides of the Mississippi up to Saint Anthony Falls. All of what is now the Highland park neighborhood was included in this. Pike planned a second military reservation at the confluence of the St. Croix and Mississippi rivers. In 1819, Fort Snelling was built at the Minnesota and Mississippi confluence. The 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all tribal lands east of the Mississippi to the U.S. government. Chief Little Crow V moved his village, Kaposia, from south of Mounds Park across the river a few miles onto Dakota land. Fur traders, explorers, and settlers came to the area for the fort's security. Many were French-Canadians who predated American pioneers by some time. A whiskey trade flourished among the squatters and the fort's commander evicted them all from the fort's reservation. Fur trader turned bootlegger \"Pig's Eye\" Parrant, who set up business just outside the reservation, particularly irritated the commander. By the early 1840s, a community had developed nearby that locals called Pig's Eye (French: L'Œil du Cochon) or Pig's Eye Landing after Parrant's popular tavern. In 1842, a raiding party of Ojibwe attacked the Kaposia encampment south of St. Paul. A battle ensued where a creek drained into wetlands two miles south of Wakan Tipi. The creek was thereafter called Battle Creek and is today parkland. In the 1840s-70s the Métis brought their oxen and Red River Carts down Kellogg Street to Lambert's landing to send buffalo hides to market from the Red River of the North. St. Paul was the southern terminus of the Red River Trails. In 1840, Pierre Bottineau became a prominent resident with a claim near the settlement's center.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 17628, 217704, 19579, 254060, 167779, 229539, 150612, 1847686, 8291696, 1672021, 1339719, 1236047, 1682006, 49725, 150045, 10942685, 7120202 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 33 ], [ 55, 67 ], [ 220, 231 ], [ 236, 251 ], [ 292, 311 ], [ 453, 462 ], [ 496, 509 ], [ 667, 686 ], [ 706, 713 ], [ 1075, 1085 ], [ 1086, 1105 ], [ 1614, 1619 ], [ 1643, 1658 ], [ 1708, 1715 ], [ 1741, 1763 ], [ 1807, 1823 ], [ 1834, 1850 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1841, Catholic missionary Lucien Galtier was sent to minister to the French Canadians at Mendota. He had a chapel he named for St. Paul built on the bluff above the riverboat landing downriver from Fort Snelling. Galtier informed the settlers that they were to adopt the chapel's name for the settlement and cease the use of \"Pigs Eye\". In 1847, New York educator Harriet Bishop moved to the settlement and opened the city's first school. The Minnesota Territory was created in 1849 with Saint Paul as the capital. The U.S. Army made the territory's first improved road, Point Douglas Fort Ripley Military Road, in 1850. It passed through what became St. Paul neighborhoods. In 1857, the territorial legislature voted to move the capital to Saint Peter, but Joe Rolette, a territorial legislator, stole the text of the bill and went into hiding, preventing the move. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21260002, 24140, 31104784, 454194, 120960, 3644264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 43 ], [ 130, 138 ], [ 367, 381 ], [ 446, 465 ], [ 744, 755 ], [ 761, 772 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The year 1858 saw more than 1,000 steamboats service Saint Paul, making it a gateway for settlers to the Minnesota frontier or Dakota Territory. Geography was a primary reason the city became a transportation hub. The location was the last good point to land riverboats coming upriver due to the river valley's topography. For a time, Saint Paul was called \"The Last City of the East.\" Fort Snelling was important to St. Paul from the start. Direct access from St. Paul did not happen until the 7th bridge was built in 1880. Before that, there was a cable ferry crossing dating to at latest the 1840s. Once streetcars appeared, a new bridge to St. Paul was built in 1904. Until the town built its first jail the fort's brig served St. Paul. Industrialist James J. Hill founded his railroad empire in St. Paul. The Great Northern Railway and the Northern Pacific Railway were both headquartered in St. Paul until they merged with the Burlington Northern. Today they are part of the BNSF Railway.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 309547, 50628, 156605, 498246, 305983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 127, 143 ], [ 755, 768 ], [ 814, 836 ], [ 845, 869 ], [ 933, 952 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On August 20, 1904, severe thunderstorms and tornadoes damaged hundreds of downtown buildings, causing $1.78 million ($ million today) in damages and ripping spans from the High Bridge. During the 1960s, in conjunction with urban renewal, Saint Paul razed neighborhoods west of downtown for the creation of the interstate freeway system. From 1959 to 1961, the Rondo Neighborhood was demolished for the construction of Interstate 94. The loss of that African American enclave brought attention to racial segregation and unequal housing in northern cities. The annual Rondo Days celebration commemorates the African American community.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 70807, 37530, 3803648, 329770, 56063550, 8711215, 2154, 26316, 3780227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 39 ], [ 45, 52 ], [ 173, 184 ], [ 224, 237 ], [ 361, 379 ], [ 419, 432 ], [ 451, 467 ], [ 497, 515 ], [ 567, 577 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Downtown St. Paul had skyscraper-building booms beginning in the 1970s. Because the city center is directly beneath the flight path into the airport across the river there is a height restriction for all construction. The tallest buildings, such as Galtier Plaza (Jackson and Sibley Towers), The Pointe of Saint Paul condominiums, and the city's tallest building, Wells Fargo Place (formerly Minnesota World Trade Center), were constructed in the late 1980s. In the 1990s and 2000s, the tradition of bringing new immigrant groups to the city continued. As of 2004, nearly 10% of the city's population were recent Hmong immigrants from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar. Saint Paul is the location of the Hmong Archives.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2179413, 29685785, 58294, 202354, 17752, 334751, 30128, 19457, 21951022 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 249, 262 ], [ 364, 381 ], [ 613, 618 ], [ 635, 642 ], [ 644, 648 ], [ 650, 658 ], [ 660, 668 ], [ 674, 681 ], [ 717, 731 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul's history and growth as a landing port are tied to water. The city's defining physical characteristic, the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, was carved into the region during the last ice age, as were the steep river bluffs and dramatic palisades on which the city is built. Receding glaciers and Lake Agassiz forced torrents of water from a glacial river that served the river valleys. The city is situated in east-central Minnesota.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 334332, 12463, 148688, 11030419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 208, 220 ], [ 313, 320 ], [ 326, 338 ], [ 371, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Mississippi River forms a municipal boundary on part of the city's west, southwest, and southeast sides. Minneapolis, the state's largest city, lies to the west. Falcon Heights, Lauderdale, Roseville, and Maplewood are north, with Maplewood lying to the east. The cities of West Saint Paul and South Saint Paul are to the south, as are Lilydale, Mendota, and Mendota Heights, across the river from the city. The city's largest lakes are Pig's Eye Lake, which is part of the Mississippi, Lake Phalen, and Lake Como. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 6097240, 124577, 121454, 121460, 121456, 119920, 119915, 119901, 119903, 119904, 16670736, 647351, 57070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 120 ], [ 166, 180 ], [ 182, 192 ], [ 194, 203 ], [ 209, 218 ], [ 278, 293 ], [ 298, 314 ], [ 340, 348 ], [ 350, 357 ], [ 363, 378 ], [ 491, 502 ], [ 508, 517 ], [ 536, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Parks and Recreation department is responsible for 160 parks and 41 recreation centers. The city ranked #2 in park access and quality, after only Minneapolis, in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 6097240, 7586702 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 161 ], [ 273, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul's Department of Planning and Economic Development divides Saint Paul into seventeen Planning Districts, created in 1979 to allow neighborhoods to participate in governance and use Community Development Block Grants. With a funding agreement directly from the city, the councils share a pool of funds. The councils have significant land-use control, a voice in guiding development, and they organize residents. The boundaries are adjusted depending on population changes; as such, they sometimes overlap established neighborhoods. Though these neighborhoods changed over time, preservationists have saved many of their historically significant structures.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 320098 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 191, 224 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city's 17 Planning Districts are:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sunray-Battle Creek-Highwood", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Greater East Side", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " West Side", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dayton's Bluff", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 14433981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Payne-Phalen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " North End", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 63363524 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas Dale (Frogtown)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 18516049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Summit-University", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 38413142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " West Seventh", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 28625754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Como Park", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hamline-Midway", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Saint Anthony Park", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 8018449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Union Park", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 42532596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Macalester-Groveland", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Highland Park", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 4669097 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Summit Hill", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Downtown", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 16887948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul has a humid continental climate typical of the Upper Midwestern United States. Winters are frigid and snowy, while summers are warm to hot and humid. On the Köppen climate classification, Saint Paul falls in the hot summer humid continental climate zone (Dfa). The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, tornadoes, and fog.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Climate", "target_page_ids": [ 1225918, 432549, 484254, 1225918, 18160997, 70807, 37530, 58991 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 42 ], [ 58, 88 ], [ 168, 197 ], [ 234, 259 ], [ 367, 372 ], [ 385, 397 ], [ 400, 407 ], [ 415, 418 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Due to its northerly location and lack of large bodies of water to moderate the air, Saint Paul is sometimes subjected to cold Arctic air masses, especially during late December, January, and February. The average annual temperature of gives the Minneapolis−Saint Paul metropolitan area the coldest annual mean temperature of any major metropolitan area in the continental U.S.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Climate", "target_page_ids": [ 261690, 83759 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 142 ], [ 362, 378 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The earliest known inhabitants from about 400 A.D. were members of the Hopewell tradition who buried their dead in mounds (now Indian Mounds Park) on the river bluffs. The next known inhabitants were the Mdewakanton Dakota in the 17th century who fled their ancestral home of Mille Lacs Lake in central Minnesota in response to westward expansion of the Ojibwe nation. The Ojibwe later occupied the north (east) bank of the Mississippi River.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 313110, 6840342, 2595970, 56125, 30863165, 219064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 89 ], [ 127, 145 ], [ 204, 215 ], [ 216, 222 ], [ 276, 291 ], [ 354, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1800, French-Canadian explorers came through the region and attracted fur traders to the area. Fort Snelling and Pig's Eye Tavern also brought the first Yankees from New England and English, Irish, and Scottish immigrants who had enlisted in the army and settled nearby after discharge. These early settlers and entrepreneurs built houses on the heights north of the river. The first wave of immigration came with the Irish, who settled at Connemara Patch along the Mississippi, named for their home, Connemara, Ireland. The Irish became prolific in politics, city governance, and public safety, much to the chagrin of the Germans and French who had grown into the majority. In 1850, the first of many groups of Swedish immigrants passed through Saint Paul on their way to farming communities in northern and western regions of the territory. A large group settled in Swede Hollow, which later became home to Poles, Italians, and Mexicans. The last Swedish presence moved up Saint Paul's East Side along Payne Avenue in the 1950s.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 144743, 150612, 21531764, 18803164, 775859, 34850722, 4599312, 8982448, 838619, 16149362, 29380512, 454194, 8982448, 16863398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 24 ], [ 98, 111 ], [ 169, 180 ], [ 185, 192 ], [ 194, 199 ], [ 205, 213 ], [ 214, 223 ], [ 443, 458 ], [ 504, 513 ], [ 534, 549 ], [ 715, 733 ], [ 835, 844 ], [ 871, 883 ], [ 1007, 1019 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of people who specified European ancestry in the 2005–07 American Community Survey of St. Paul, 26.4% were German, 13.8% Irish, 8.4% Norwegian, 7.0% Swedish, and 6.2% English. There is also a visible community of people of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, representing 4.2% of the population. By the 1980s, the Thomas-Dale area, once an Austro-Hungarian enclave known as Frogtown (German: Froschburg), became home to Vietnamese people who had left their war-torn country. A settlement program for the Hmong diaspora came soon after, and by 2000, the Saint Paul Hmong were the largest urban contingent in the United States. Mexican immigrants have settled in Saint Paul's West Side since the 1930s, and have grown enough that Mexico opened a foreign consulate in 2005.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 605581, 592043, 290327, 46284800, 1182314, 1907371, 20557093, 27067, 18516049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 41 ], [ 57, 82 ], [ 107, 113 ], [ 121, 126 ], [ 133, 142 ], [ 149, 156 ], [ 167, 174 ], [ 223, 241 ], [ 368, 376 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The majority of residents claiming religious affiliation are Christian, split between the Roman Catholic Church and various Protestant denominations. The Roman Catholic presence comes from Irish, German, Scottish, and French Canadian settlers, who in time were bolstered by Hispanic immigrants. There are Jewish synagogues such as Mount Zion Temple and relatively small populations of Hindus, Muslims, and Buddhists. The city has been dubbed \"paganistan\" due to its large Wiccan population.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 5211, 606848, 25814008, 15624, 48559, 4961195, 13543, 6037917, 3267529, 33295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 70 ], [ 90, 111 ], [ 124, 134 ], [ 305, 311 ], [ 312, 321 ], [ 331, 348 ], [ 385, 391 ], [ 393, 400 ], [ 406, 415 ], [ 472, 477 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of the 2005–07 American Community Survey, White Americans made up 66.5% of Saint Paul's population, of whom 62.1% were non-Hispanic whites, down from 93.6% in 1970. Blacks or African Americans made up 13.9% of the population, of whom 13.5% were non-Hispanic Blacks. American Indians made up 0.8%, of whom 0.6% were non-Hispanic. Asian Americans made up 12.3%, of whom 12.2% were non-Hispanic. Pacific Islander Americans made up less than 0.1%. People of other races made up 3.4%, of whom 0.2% were non-Hispanic. Individuals from two or more races made up 3.1%, of whom 2.6% were non-Hispanic. In addition, Hispanics and Latinos made up 8.7%.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 592043, 2495537, 24849513, 4745, 2154, 2402376, 148898, 5592475, 20134780, 1007667 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 43 ], [ 45, 59 ], [ 122, 141 ], [ 168, 174 ], [ 178, 194 ], [ 269, 285 ], [ 332, 346 ], [ 396, 421 ], [ 532, 549 ], [ 609, 630 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of the 2000 census, there were 287,151 people, 112,109 households, and 60,999 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 67.0% White, 11.7% African American, 1.1% Native American, 12.4% Asian (mostly Hmong), 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.8% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 7.9% of the population.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 432383, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285, 2316386, 273285, 273285, 273285, 273285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 21 ], [ 152, 157 ], [ 165, 181 ], [ 188, 203 ], [ 211, 216 ], [ 225, 230 ], [ 238, 254 ], [ 266, 277 ], [ 312, 320 ], [ 324, 330 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of the 2010 census, there were 285,068 people, 111,001 households, and 59,689 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 120,795 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 60.1% white, 15.7% African American, 1.1% Native American, 15.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.9% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 9.6% of the population.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 3448729, 128608, 273285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 21 ], [ 116, 134 ], [ 312, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There were 111,001 households, of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.2% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.33.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 19728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The median age in the city was 30.9 years. 25.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.6% were from 25 to 44; 22.6% were from 45 to 64; and 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Minneapolis–Saint Paul–Bloomington area employs 1,570,700 people in the private sector as of July 2008, 82.43% of whom work in private service providing-related jobs.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Major corporations headquartered in Saint Paul include Ecolab, a chemical and cleaning product company that the Minneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal named in 2008 as the eighth-best place to work in the Twin Cites for companies with 1,000 full-time Minnesota employees, and Securian Financial Group Inc.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 7485, 2126008, 8797372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 17 ], [ 55, 61 ], [ 275, 304 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 3M Company moved to St. Paul in 1910. It built a art deco headquarters at 900 Bush that still stands. Headquarters operations moved to the Maplewood campus in 1964. 3M manufacturing continued for a couple more decades until all St. Paul operations ceased.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 7664801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city was home to the Ford Motor Company's Twin Cities Assembly Plant, which opened in 1924 and closed at the end of 2011. The plant was in Highland Park on the Mississippi River, adjacent to Lock and Dam No. 1, Mississippi River, which generates hydroelectric power. The site is now being cleared of buildings and tested for contamination to prepare for redevelopment. The lead developer, the Ryan Company, has released a proposed set of zoning changes that will shape how the land will be used.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 30433662, 3310272, 4669097, 4702715 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 43 ], [ 46, 72 ], [ 143, 156 ], [ 195, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul has financed city development with tax increment financing (TIF). In 2018, it had 55 TIF districts. Projects that have benefited from TIF funding include the St. Paul Saints stadium, and the affordable housing along the Twin Cities Metro Green Line.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 1280596, 43449320, 3531662, 902313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 75 ], [ 169, 192 ], [ 202, 220 ], [ 243, 259 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Every January, Saint Paul hosts the Saint Paul Winter Carnival, a tradition that began in 1886 when a New York reporter called Saint Paul \"another Siberia\". The organizers had a model in the Montreal Winter Carnival the year before. Architect A. C. Hutchinson designed the Montreal ice castle and was hired to design St. Paul's first. The event has now been held 135 times with an attendance of 350,000. It includes an ice sculpting competition, a snow sculpting competition, a medallion treasure hunt, food, activities, and an ice palace when it can be arranged. The Como Zoo and Conservatory and adjoining Japanese Garden are popular year-round. The historic Landmark Center in downtown Saint Paul hosts cultural and arts organizations. The city's recreation sites include Indian Mounds Park, Battle Creek Regional Park, Harriet Island Regional Park, Highland Park, the Wabasha Street Caves, Lake Como, Lake Phalen, and Rice Park, as well as several areas abutting the Mississippi River. The Irish Fair of Minnesota is held annually at the Harriet Island Pavilion area. The country's largest Hmong American sports festival, the Freedom Festival, is held the first weekend of July at McMurray Field near Como Park.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 2570043, 29639, 41752524, 1128738, 2570043, 1598410, 11950627, 6840342, 4669097, 6666450, 647351, 16670736, 35245300, 19579, 16149362, 13738323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 62 ], [ 147, 154 ], [ 191, 215 ], [ 419, 432 ], [ 488, 501 ], [ 568, 593 ], [ 661, 676 ], [ 775, 793 ], [ 853, 866 ], [ 872, 892 ], [ 894, 903 ], [ 905, 916 ], [ 922, 931 ], [ 971, 988 ], [ 994, 1017 ], [ 1042, 1065 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is associated with the Minnesota State Fair in neighboring Falcon Heights just west of Como Park. The fair dates to before statehood. With the competing interests of Minneapolis and St. Paul, it was held on \"neutral ground\" between both. That area refused to become part of St. Paul or Roseville and became Falcon Heights in the 1950s. The University of Minnesota Saint Paul Campus is actually in Falcon Heights.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 920679, 124577, 416813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 52 ], [ 68, 82 ], [ 350, 373 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fort Snelling is often identified as being in St. Paul but is actually its own unorganized territory. The eastern part of Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory (MSP included) has a St. Paul mailing address. The western side has a Minneapolis ZIP code.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 150612, 232346, 263616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 79, 100 ], [ 159, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul is the birthplace of cartoonist Charles M. Schulz, who lived in Merriam Park from infancy until 1960. Schulz's Peanuts inspired giant, decorated sculptures around the city, a Chamber of Commerce promotion in the late 1990s. Other notable residents include writer F. Scott Fitzgerald and playwright August Wilson, who premiered many of the ten plays in his Pittsburgh Cycle at the local Penumbra Theater.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 184579, 42198, 42200, 12505972, 171033, 171033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 42 ], [ 43, 60 ], [ 122, 129 ], [ 274, 293 ], [ 309, 322 ], [ 367, 383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Ordway Center for the Performing Arts hosts theater productions and the Minnesota Opera is a founding tenant. RiverCentre, attached to Xcel Energy Center, serves as the city's convention center. The city has contributed to the music of Minnesota and the Twin Cities music scene through various venues. Great jazz musicians have passed through the influential Artists' Quarter, first established in the 1970s in Whittier, Minneapolis, and moved to downtown Saint Paul in 1994. Artists' Quarter also hosts the Soapboxing Poetry Slam, home of the 2009 National Poetry Slam Champions. At The Black Dog, in Lowertown, many French or European jazz musicians (Evan Parker, Tony Hymas, Benoît Delbecq, François Corneloup) have met Twin Cities musicians and started new groups touring in Europe. Groups and performers such as Fantastic Merlins, Dean Magraw/Davu Seru, Merciless Ghosts, and Willie Murphy are regulars. The Turf Club in Midway has been a music scene landmark since the 1940s. Saint Paul is also the home base of the internationally acclaimed Rose Ensemble. As an Irish stronghold, the city boasts popular Irish pubs with live music, such as Shamrocks, The Dubliner, and until its closure in 2019, O'Gara's. The internationally acclaimed Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra is the nation's only full-time professional chamber orchestra. The Minnesota Centennial Showboat on the Mississippi River began in 1958 with Minnesota's first centennial celebration.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 4802924, 3893536, 772546, 237028, 307406, 6200386, 1106365, 13793358, 29137140, 10607939, 20188565, 102895, 17645408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 41 ], [ 76, 91 ], [ 114, 125 ], [ 139, 157 ], [ 231, 249 ], [ 363, 379 ], [ 415, 436 ], [ 553, 573 ], [ 885, 898 ], [ 917, 926 ], [ 1052, 1065 ], [ 1247, 1275 ], [ 1343, 1372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul hosts a number of museums, including the University of Minnesota's Goldstein Museum of Design, the Minnesota Children's Museum, the Schubert Club Museum of Musical Instruments, the Minnesota Museum of American Art, the Traces Center for History and Culture, the Minnesota History Center, the Alexander Ramsey House, the James J. Hill House, the Minnesota Transportation Museum, the Science Museum of Minnesota, and the Twin City Model Railroad Museum.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 16963305, 36203682, 20185550, 250770, 5990387, 675478, 1411172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 137 ], [ 192, 224 ], [ 273, 297 ], [ 303, 319 ], [ 331, 350 ], [ 356, 387 ], [ 393, 420 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Saint Paul division of Parks and Recreation runs over 1,500 organized sports teams.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul hosts a number of professional, semi-professional, and amateur sports teams. The Minnesota Wild play their home games in downtown Saint Paul's Xcel Energy Center, which opened in 2000. The Wild brought the NHL back to Minnesota for the first time since 1993, when the Minnesota North Stars left the state for Dallas, Texas. (The World Hockey Association's Minnesota Fighting Saints played in Saint Paul from 1972 to 1977.) Citing the history of hockey in the Twin Cities and teams at all levels, Sports Illustrated called Saint Paul the new Hockeytown U.S.A. in 2007.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 73132, 237028, 270840, 53838, 240143, 1316411, 148956, 2608665 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 106 ], [ 154, 172 ], [ 279, 300 ], [ 320, 333 ], [ 340, 364 ], [ 367, 392 ], [ 507, 525 ], [ 552, 569 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Xcel Energy Center, a multipurpose entertainment and sports venue, can host concerts and accommodate nearly all sporting events. It occupies the site of the demolished Saint Paul Civic Center. The Xcel Energy Center hosts the Minnesota high school boys hockey tournament, the Minnesota high school girls' volleyball tournament, and concerts throughout the year. In 2004, it was named the best overall sports venue in the US by ESPN.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 772537, 2002013, 77795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 172, 195 ], [ 230, 263 ], [ 431, 435 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The St. Paul Saints are the city's Minor League Baseball team, which plays in the International League as an affiliate of the Minnesota Twins. There have been several different teams called the Saints over the years. Founded in 1884, they were shut down in 1961 after the Minnesota Twins moved to Bloomington. The Saints were brought back in 1993 as an independent baseball team in the Northern League, moving to the American Association in 2006. They joined affiliated baseball in 2021. Their home games are played at the open-air CHS Field in downtown's Lowertown Historic District. Four noted Major League All-Star baseball players are natives of Saint Paul: Hall of Fame outfielder Dave Winfield, Hall of Fame infielder Paul Molitor, Hall of Fame pitcher Jack Morris, and first baseman Joe Mauer. The all-black St. Paul Colored Gophers played four seasons in Saint Paul from 1907 to 1911.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 254416, 48704155, 4680413, 20050, 124468, 68066, 2896133, 43449320, 16803489, 102799, 37462, 374580, 885448, 2214949 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ], [ 35, 56 ], [ 82, 102 ], [ 126, 141 ], [ 297, 308 ], [ 386, 401 ], [ 417, 437 ], [ 532, 541 ], [ 556, 583 ], [ 686, 699 ], [ 724, 736 ], [ 759, 770 ], [ 790, 799 ], [ 815, 839 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The St. Paul Twin Stars of the National Premier Soccer League play their home games at Macalester Stadium. St. Paul's first curling club was founded in 1888. The current club, the St. Paul Curling Club, was founded in 1912 and is the largest curling club in the United States. Minnesota Roller Derby is a flat-track roller derby league based in the Roy Wilkins Auditorium, made up of women and gender expansive athletes. Minnesota's oldest athletic organization, the Minnesota Boat Club, resides in the Mississippi River on Raspberry Island. Saint Paul is also home to Circus Juventas, the largest circus arts school in North America.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 7561192, 3842324, 6644, 24815321, 10996066, 809210, 4232861, 16710179, 24404491, 1135226, 1415006, 21139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 23 ], [ 31, 61 ], [ 124, 131 ], [ 180, 201 ], [ 277, 299 ], [ 316, 328 ], [ 349, 371 ], [ 467, 486 ], [ 524, 540 ], [ 569, 584 ], [ 598, 609 ], [ 620, 633 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 25, 2015, Major League Soccer announced that it had awarded its 23rd MLS franchise to Minnesota United FC, a team from the lower-level North American Soccer League. Bill McGuire and his ownership group, which includes Jim Pohlad of the Minnesota Twins, Glen Taylor of the Minnesota Timberwolves, former Minnesota Wild investor Glen Nelson, and his daughter Wendy Carlson Nelson of the Carlson hospitality company, had intended to build a privately financed soccer-specific stadium in Downtown Minneapolis near the Minneapolis Farmer's Market. But their plan was met with heavy opposition from former Minneapolis Mayor Betsy Hodges, who said her city was suffering from \"stadium fatigue\" after building three stadiums for the Minnesota Twins, Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Golden Gophers, within a six-year span. On July 1, 2015, after failing to reach an agreement with the city of Minneapolis, McGuire and his partners turned their focus to Saint Paul.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 71802, 9114759, 34063194, 4560850, 20995463, 20050, 1355344, 72887, 73132, 1124730, 1034291, 6790616, 23083054, 20050, 20134, 556127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 38 ], [ 95, 114 ], [ 144, 172 ], [ 174, 186 ], [ 227, 237 ], [ 245, 260 ], [ 262, 273 ], [ 281, 303 ], [ 312, 326 ], [ 394, 401 ], [ 466, 489 ], [ 493, 513 ], [ 627, 639 ], [ 734, 749 ], [ 751, 768 ], [ 777, 801 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On October 23, 2015, Bill McGuire of Minnesota United FC and former Saint Paul Mayor Chris Coleman announced that a privately financed soccer-specific stadium would be built on the vacant Metro Transit bus barn site in Saint Paul's Midway neighborhood near the intersection of Snelling Avenue and University Avenue. It is midway between downtown Saint Paul and downtown Minneapolis. The stadium, Allianz Field, opened in April 2019 and seats 19,400. The team began playing in the MLS in 2017.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 3054746, 669930, 4656336, 1981316, 49133093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 98 ], [ 188, 201 ], [ 277, 292 ], [ 297, 314 ], [ 396, 409 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On May 15, 2018, the Minnesota Whitecaps joined the Premier Hockey Federation (the former National Women's Hockey League) as its fifth franchise. Founded in 2004, the team originally played in the Western Women's Hockey League before going independent in 2010 when that league folded. The Whitecaps play their home games at TRIA Rink, a 1,200-seat arena and practice facility in downtown Saint Paul. The team began playing in the PHF in 2018.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 6269738, 46237413, 2728975, 58225927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 40 ], [ 52, 77 ], [ 197, 226 ], [ 324, 333 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Timberwolves, Twins, Vikings, and Lynx all play in Minneapolis.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 72887, 20050, 20134, 237106, 6097240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ], [ 18, 23 ], [ 25, 32 ], [ 38, 42 ], [ 55, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul has a variant of the strong mayor–council form of government. The mayor is the chief executive and chief administrative officer of the city and the seven-member city council is its legislative body. The mayor is elected by the entire city, while members of the city council are elected from seven different geographic wards of approximately equal population. Both the mayor and council members serve four-year terms. The current mayor is Melvin Carter (DFL), Saint Paul's first African-American mayor. Aside from Norm Coleman, who became a Republican during his second term, Saint Paul has not elected a Republican mayor since 1952.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Government and politics", "target_page_ids": [ 23809142, 52234, 3561800, 804909, 55747427, 75413, 237833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 52 ], [ 90, 105 ], [ 110, 138 ], [ 432, 445 ], [ 449, 462 ], [ 464, 467 ], [ 524, 536 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is also the county seat of Ramsey County, named for Alexander Ramsey, the state's first governor. The county once spanned much of the present-day metropolitan area and was originally to be named Saint Paul County after the city. Today it is geographically the smallest county and the most densely populated. Ramsey is the only home rule county in Minnesota; the seven-member Board of Commissioners appoints a county manager whose office is in the combination city hall/county courthouse along with the Minnesota Second Judicial Courts. The nearby Law Enforcement Center houses the Ramsey County Sheriff's office.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Government and politics", "target_page_ids": [ 94918, 250770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 49 ], [ 61, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul is the capital of Minnesota. The city hosts the capitol building, designed by Saint Paul resident Cass Gilbert, and the House and Senate office buildings. The Minnesota Governor's Residence, which is used for some state functions, is on Summit Avenue. The Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (affiliated with the Democratic Party) is headquartered in Saint Paul. Numerous state departments and services are also headquartered in Saint Paul, such as the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Government and politics", "target_page_ids": [ 53406, 254414, 254415, 1660079, 13782996, 75413, 5043544, 4736398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 121 ], [ 131, 136 ], [ 141, 147 ], [ 170, 200 ], [ 248, 261 ], [ 267, 306 ], [ 328, 344 ], [ 468, 509 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is split into four Minnesota Senate districts (64, 65, 66 and 67) and eight Minnesota House of Representatives districts (64A, 64B, 65A, 65B, 66A, 66B, 67A and 67B), all of which are held by Democrats.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Government and politics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul is the heart of Minnesota's 4th congressional district, represented by Democrat Betty McCollum. The district has been in DFL hands without interruption since 1949. Minnesota is represented in the US Senate by Democrat Amy Klobuchar, a former Hennepin County Attorney, and Democrat Tina Smith, former Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Government and politics", "target_page_ids": [ 5680251, 404905, 24909346, 1596343, 94972, 44307500 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 65 ], [ 91, 105 ], [ 210, 216 ], [ 229, 242 ], [ 253, 268 ], [ 292, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul is second in the United States in the number of higher education institutions per capita, behind Boston. Higher education institutions that call Saint Paul home include three public and eight private colleges and universities and five post-secondary institutions. Well-known colleges and universities include the Saint Catherine University, Concordia University, Hamline University, Macalester College, and the University of St. Thomas. Metropolitan State University and Saint Paul College, which focus on non-traditional students, are based in Saint Paul, as well as a law school, Mitchell Hamline School of Law.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 24437894, 910779, 909460, 717626, 170570, 593223, 238558, 1157625, 48889112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 114 ], [ 324, 350 ], [ 352, 372 ], [ 374, 392 ], [ 394, 412 ], [ 422, 446 ], [ 448, 477 ], [ 482, 500 ], [ 593, 623 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Saint Paul Public Schools district is the state's largest school district and serves approximately 39,000 students. The district is extremely diverse with students from families speaking 90 different languages, although only five languages are used for most school communication: English, Spanish, Hmong, Karen, and Somali. The district runs 82 different schools, including 52 elementary schools, 12 middle schools, seven high schools, ten alternative schools, and one special education school, employing over 6,500 teachers and staff. The school district also oversees community education programs for pre-K and adult learners, including Early Childhood Family Education, GED Diploma, language programs, and various learning opportunities for community members of all ages. In 2006, Saint Paul Public Schools celebrated its 150th anniversary. Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota's open enrollment statute.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 11754793, 1247285, 7037190, 441357, 25058, 234954, 40438730, 419631, 436831, 272903 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 29 ], [ 302, 307 ], [ 309, 314 ], [ 320, 326 ], [ 381, 398 ], [ 404, 417 ], [ 426, 437 ], [ 444, 462 ], [ 473, 490 ], [ 677, 680 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A variety of K-12 private, parochial, and public charter schools are also represented in the city. In 1992, Saint Paul became the first city in the US to sponsor and open a charter school, now found in most states across the nation. Saint Paul is currently home to 21 charter schools as well as 38 private schools. The Saint Paul Public Library system includes a central library, twelve branch locations, and a bookmobile.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 230961, 612857, 490034, 40148490, 8721195 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 17 ], [ 18, 25 ], [ 27, 36 ], [ 49, 63 ], [ 319, 344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Residents of Saint Paul can receive 10 broadcast television stations, five of which broadcast from within Saint Paul. One daily newspaper, the St. Paul Pioneer Press, two weekly neighborhood newspapers, the East Side Review and City Pages (owned by The Star Tribune Company), and several monthly or semimonthly neighborhood papers serve the city. It was the only city in the United States with a population of 250,000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007. Several media outlets based in neighboring Minneapolis also serve the Saint Paul community, including the Star Tribune. Saint Paul is home to Minnesota Public Radio (MPR), a three-format system that broadcasts on nearly 40 stations around the Midwest. MPR locally delivers news and information, classical, and The Current (which plays a wide variety of music). The station has 110,000 regional members and more than 800,000 listeners each week throughout the Upper Midwest, the largest audience of any regional public radio network. Also operating as part of American Public Media, MPR's programming reaches five million listeners, most notably through Live from Here, hosted by Chris Thile (previously known as A Prairie Home Companion, hosted by Garrison Keillor, who also lives in the city). The Fitzgerald Theater, renamed in 1994 for Saint Paul native and novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald, is home to the show.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 629069, 8108734, 47863361, 266197, 266197, 61196, 899519, 52437784, 2139925, 61194, 12743, 1419222, 12505972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 165 ], [ 207, 223 ], [ 228, 238 ], [ 249, 273 ], [ 596, 608 ], [ 632, 654 ], [ 1049, 1070 ], [ 1143, 1157 ], [ 1169, 1180 ], [ 1202, 1226 ], [ 1238, 1254 ], [ 1289, 1307 ], [ 1360, 1379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Interstate Highways", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Interstate 35E", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 3647696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Interstate 94", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 8711215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "US Highways", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " US 10", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 12764142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " US 52", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 9053589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " US 61", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 20653938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Minnesota Highways", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Highway 5", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 1205086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Highway 51", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 4656336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Highway 280", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 4650500 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Residents use Interstate 35E running north–south and Interstate 94 running east–west. Trunk highways include U.S. Highway 52, Minnesota State Highway 280, and Minnesota State Highway 5. St. Paul has several unique roads such as Ayd Mill Road, Phalen Boulevard and Shepard Road/Warner Road, which diagonally follow particular geographic features in the city. Biking is also gaining popularity, due to the creation of more paved bike lanes that connect to other bike routes throughout the metropolitan area and the creation of Nice Ride Minnesota, a seasonally operated nonprofit bicycle sharing and rental system that has over 1,550 bicycles and 170 stations in both Minneapolis and St. Paul. Downtown St. Paul has a five-mile (8km) enclosed skyway system over 25 city blocks. The Avenue of the Saints connects St. Paul with St. Louis, Missouri.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 3647696, 89876, 9053589, 4650500, 1205086, 10372731, 13834190, 33466720, 75253, 27996889, 235463, 871639, 27687 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 28 ], [ 53, 66 ], [ 109, 124 ], [ 126, 153 ], [ 159, 184 ], [ 228, 241 ], [ 264, 288 ], [ 427, 437 ], [ 487, 504 ], [ 525, 544 ], [ 741, 747 ], [ 781, 801 ], [ 825, 844 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The layout of city streets and roads has often drawn complaints. While he was Governor of Minnesota, Jesse Ventura appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman, and remarked that the streets were designed by \"drunken Irishmen\". He later apologized, though people had been complaining about the fractured grid system for more than a century by that point. Some of the city's road design is the result of the curve of the Mississippi River, hilly topography, conflicts between developers of different neighborhoods in the early city, and grand plans only half-realized. Outside of downtown, the roads are less confusing, but most roads are named, rather than numbered, increasing the difficulty for non-natives to navigate.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 214877, 65521, 99955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 99 ], [ 101, 114 ], [ 131, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Metro Transit provides bus service and light rail in the Minneapolis–St. Paul area. The METRO Green Line is an light rail line that connects downtown St. Paul to downtown Minneapolis with 14 stations in St. Paul. The Green Line runs west along University Avenue, through the University of Minnesota campus, until it links up and then shares stations with the METRO Blue Line in downtown Minneapolis. Construction began in November 2010 and the line began service on June 14, 2014. The Green Line averaged 42,500 rides per weekday in 2018. Planning is underway for the Riverview Corridor, a rail line that will connect downtown Saint Paul to the airport and Mall of America.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 669930, 902313, 50943, 1981316, 416813, 446931, 10423013 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 88, 104 ], [ 112, 122 ], [ 245, 262 ], [ 276, 299 ], [ 360, 375 ], [ 569, 587 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The METRO A Line opened in 2016 as Minneapolis–Saint Paul's first arterial bus rapid transit line. The A Line connects the Blue Line at 46th Street station to Rosedale Center with a connection at the Green Line Snelling Avenue station. Future METRO lines are planned that will serve Saint Paul with the B Line and E Line Line running primarily on arterial streets, and the Gold Line and Purple Line running primarily in their own right of way.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 50653286, 333625, 1317016, 11951045, 5468979, 37180260, 62097475, 62326262, 32564945, 7650944 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ], [ 75, 92 ], [ 136, 155 ], [ 159, 174 ], [ 211, 234 ], [ 243, 254 ], [ 303, 309 ], [ 314, 320 ], [ 373, 382 ], [ 387, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Amtrak's Empire Builder between Chicago and Seattle stops twice daily in each direction at the newly renovated Saint Paul Union Depot. Ridership on the train increased about 6% from 2005 to over 505,000 in fiscal year 2007. A Minnesota Department of Transportation study found that increased daily service to Chicago should be economically viable, especially if it originates in St. Paul and does not experience delays from the rest of the western route of the Empire Builder. Saint Paul is the site of the Pig's Eye Yard, a major freight classification yard for Canadian Pacific Railway. As of 2003, the yard handled over 1,000 freight cars per day. Both Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe run trains through the yard, though they are not classified at Pig's Eye. Burlington Northern Santa Fe operates the large Northtown Yard in Minneapolis, which handles about 600 cars per day. There are several other small yards located around the city.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 51928, 449415, 6886, 11388236, 925099, 292863, 5959, 164671, 263483 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ], [ 9, 23 ], [ 32, 39 ], [ 44, 51 ], [ 111, 133 ], [ 539, 558 ], [ 563, 587 ], [ 656, 669 ], [ 674, 702 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Holman Airfield is across the river from downtown St. Paul. Lamprey Lake was there until the Army Corps of Engineers filled it with dredgings starting in the early 1920s. Northwest Airlines began initial operations from Holman in 1926. During WWII Northwest had a contract to install upgraded radar systems in B-24s, employing 5,000 at the airfield. After WWII, Holman Airfield competed with the Speedway Field for the Twin Cities' growing aviation industry and lost out in the end. Today Holman is a reliever airport run by the Metropolitan Airports Commission. It is home to Minnesota's Air National Guard and a flight training school and is tailored to local corporate aviation. There are three runways, with the Holman Field Administration Building and Riverside Hangar on the National Register of Historic Places. The historical importance of the original Northwest Airlines building was realized only after demolition commenced.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 1954774, 146068, 181886, 14074268, 4642212, 849678, 1996121, 15507658, 16998832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 171, 189 ], [ 310, 315 ], [ 396, 410 ], [ 501, 517 ], [ 529, 561 ], [ 656, 671 ], [ 716, 752 ], [ 757, 773 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the most part St. Paul's aviation needs are served by the Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport (MSP), which sits on in the Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory bordering the city to the southwest. MSP serves 17 commercial passenger airlines and is the hub of Delta Air Lines, Mesaba Airlines and Sun Country Airlines.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Transportation", "target_page_ids": [ 263616, 53627863, 77549, 266913, 1241139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 106 ], [ 136, 171 ], [ 271, 286 ], [ 288, 303 ], [ 308, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Paul's sister cities are:", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 1155299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Changsha, China", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 203299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ciudad Romero, El Salvador", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 728149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Culiacán, Mexico", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 224017 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Djibouti City, Djibouti", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 920729 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George, South Africa", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 1527992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Manzanillo, Mexico", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 224102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Modena, Italy", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 62418 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mogadishu, Somalia", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 60154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nagasaki, Japan (from 1955 – the oldest sister city in Japan)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 21790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Neuss, Germany", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 411997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Novosibirsk, Russia", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 63065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tiberias, Israel", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 82886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Walter Abel (1898–1987), actor", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 576437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Claude Henry Allen (1899–1974), Minnesota state legislator and lawyer", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 70629956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Loni Anderson (1946–), actress", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 769659 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Louie Anderson (1953–2022), comedian", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 619910 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wendell Anderson (1933–2016), U.S. Senator", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 137987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Richard Arlen (1899–1976), actor", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1565557 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merrill Ashley (1950–), ballet dancer and répétiteur", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 16382754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Roger Awsumb (1928–2002), TV show host \"Casey Jones\"", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 61591844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Azayamankawin (c. 1803–c. 1873), canoe ferry operator and entrepreneur known as \"Old Bets\"", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 68378993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ernest A. Beedle (1933–1968), Minnesota state legislator and lawyer", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 70869676 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tony L. Bennett (1940–), Minnesota state legislator and police officer", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 70408266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Harry Blackmun (1908–1999), US Supreme Court Associate Justice, grew up in St. Paul", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 344138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Winfield S. 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Scott Fitzgerald (1896–1940), author", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 12505972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George H. Gehan (1901-1968), state legislator and lawyer", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 71286081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Michael J. George (1948–2010), state legislator and businessman", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 70547777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Arthur T. 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[ "Saint_Paul,_Minnesota", "1848_establishments_in_Wisconsin", "Cities_in_Minnesota", "Cities_in_Ramsey_County,_Minnesota", "County_seats_in_Minnesota", "Minneapolis–Saint_Paul", "Minnesota_populated_places_on_the_Mississippi_River", "Populated_places_established_in_1848" ]

[ "St. Paul", "Saint Paul, Minnesota", "St. Paul, Minnesota", "St Paul", "St Paul, Minnesota", "Saint Paul, MN" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki (; , ), also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki or Salonica () is the second-largest city in Greece, with over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace. It is also known in Greek as (), literally \"the co-capital\", a reference to its historical status as the () or \"co-reigning\" city of the Byzantine Empire alongside Constantinople.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12108, 7773654, 181337, 2983750, 2741895, 221397, 460895, 32670752, 11887, 16972981, 5646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 113 ], [ 156, 173 ], [ 183, 190 ], [ 198, 215 ], [ 219, 228 ], [ 234, 255 ], [ 259, 276 ], [ 285, 337 ], [ 359, 364 ], [ 478, 494 ], [ 505, 519 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki is located on the Thermaic Gulf, at the northwest corner of the Aegean Sea. It is bounded on the west by the delta of the Axios. The municipality of Thessaloniki, the historical center, had a population of 325,182 in 2011, while the Thessaloniki metropolitan area had 1,030,338 inhabitants in 2011. It is Greece's second major economic, industrial, commercial and political centre, and a major transportation hub for Greece and southeastern Europe, notably through the Port of Thessaloniki. The city is renowned for its festivals, events and vibrant cultural life in general, and is considered to be Greece's cultural capital. Events such as the Thessaloniki International Fair and the Thessaloniki International Film Festival are held annually, while the city also hosts the largest bi-annual meeting of the Greek diaspora. Thessaloniki was the 2014 European Youth Capital.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1932650, 842, 42075, 47811260, 7773654, 21110750, 19233431, 3064835, 2043532, 31831580 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 44 ], [ 77, 87 ], [ 135, 140 ], [ 146, 174 ], [ 246, 276 ], [ 483, 503 ], [ 660, 691 ], [ 700, 740 ], [ 823, 837 ], [ 865, 887 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city was founded in 315BC by Cassander of Macedon, who named it after his wife Thessalonike, daughter of Philip II of Macedon and sister of Alexander the Great. An important metropolis by the Roman period, Thessaloniki was the second largest and wealthiest city of the Byzantine Empire. It was conquered by the Ottomans in 1430 and remained an important seaport and multi-ethnic metropolis during the nearly five centuries of Turkish rule. It passed from the Ottoman Empire to the Kingdom of Greece on 8 November 1912. Thessaloniki exhibits Byzantine architecture, including numerous Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments, a World Heritage Site, as well as several Roman, Ottoman and Sephardic Jewish structures. The city's main university, Aristotle University, is the largest in Greece and the Balkans.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 164281, 5091009, 54204, 783, 16972981, 11784376, 565613, 22278, 57010779, 307469, 32255367, 44940, 25507, 22278, 150185, 715160, 4829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 53 ], [ 83, 95 ], [ 109, 129 ], [ 144, 163 ], [ 273, 289 ], [ 294, 323 ], [ 430, 442 ], [ 463, 477 ], [ 485, 502 ], [ 545, 567 ], [ 579, 626 ], [ 630, 649 ], [ 670, 675 ], [ 677, 684 ], [ 689, 705 ], [ 746, 766 ], [ 801, 808 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki is a popular tourist destination in Greece. In 2013, National Geographic Magazine included Thessaloniki in its top tourist destinations worldwide, while in 2014 Financial Times FDI magazine (Foreign Direct Investments) declared Thessaloniki as the best mid-sized European city of the future for human capital and lifestyle.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 229466, 136566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 94 ], [ 174, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The original name of the city was . It was named after the princess Thessalonike of Macedon, the half sister of Alexander the Great, whose name means \"Thessalian victory\", from Thessalos, and 'victory' (Nike), honoring the Macedonian victory at the Battle of Crocus Field (353/352BC).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Names and etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 5091009, 783, 11338027, 2636663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 92 ], [ 113, 132 ], [ 206, 210 ], [ 252, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Minor variants are also found, including , , , and .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Names and etymology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The name is first attested in Greek in the Chronicle of the Morea (14th century), and is common in folk songs, but it must have originated earlier, as al-Idrisi called it Salunik already in the 12th century. It is the basis for the city's name in other languages: (Solunŭ) in Old Church Slavonic, () in Judeo-Spanish, () in Hebrew,(Selenik) in Albanian language, (Selânik) in Ottoman Turkish and in modern Turkish, in Italian, Solun or in the local and neighboring South Slavic languages, (Saloníki) in Russian, and Sãrunã in Aromanian.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Names and etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 4534040, 10623, 420360, 42768, 18910757, 13450, 18940550, 554464, 29992, 14708, 17365308, 812724, 25431, 23710609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 67 ], [ 101, 110 ], [ 153, 162 ], [ 279, 298 ], [ 307, 320 ], [ 329, 335 ], [ 349, 366 ], [ 383, 398 ], [ 407, 421 ], [ 427, 434 ], [ 453, 458 ], [ 475, 497 ], [ 514, 521 ], [ 537, 546 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In English, the city can be called Thessaloniki, Salonika, Thessalonica, Salonica, Thessalonika, Saloniki, Thessalonike, or Thessalonice. In printed texts, the most common name and spelling until the early 20th century was Thessalonica; through most of rest of the 20th century, it was Salonika. By about 1985, the most common single name became Thessaloniki. The forms with the Latin ending -a taken together remain more common than those with the phonetic Greek ending -i and much more common than the ancient transliteration -e.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Names and etymology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki was revived as the city's official name in 1912, when it joined the Kingdom of Greece during the Balkan Wars. In local speech, the city's name is typically pronounced with a dark and deep L characteristic of Modern Macedonian accent. The name is often abbreviated as .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Names and etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 57010779, 4823, 524841 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 98 ], [ 110, 121 ], [ 201, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city was founded around 315BC by the King Cassander of Macedon, on or near the site of the ancient town of Therma and 26 other local villages. He named it after his wife Thessalonike, a half-sister of Alexander the Great and princess of Macedonia as daughter of Philip II. Under the kingdom of Macedonia the city retained its own autonomy and parliament and evolved to become the most important city in Macedonia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 164281, 1710774, 5091009, 783, 54204 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 66 ], [ 111, 117 ], [ 174, 186 ], [ 205, 224 ], [ 266, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the fall of the Kingdom of Macedonia in 168BC, in 148 BC Thessalonica was made the capital of the Roman province of Macedonia. Thessalonica became a free city of the Roman Republic under Mark Antony in 41BC. It grew to be an important trade hub located on the Via Egnatia, the road connecting Dyrrhachium with Byzantium, which facilitated trade between Thessaloniki and great centers of commerce such as Rome and Byzantium. Thessaloniki also lays at the southern end of the main north–south route through the Balkans along the valleys of the Morava and Axios river valleys, thereby linking the Balkans with the rest of Greece. The city became the capital of one of the four Roman districts of Macedonia;.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 42012, 2488214, 24641191, 25816, 19960, 297645, 263530, 3719, 25458, 3719, 1073414, 42075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 42 ], [ 104, 131 ], [ 155, 164 ], [ 172, 186 ], [ 193, 204 ], [ 266, 277 ], [ 299, 310 ], [ 316, 325 ], [ 410, 414 ], [ 419, 428 ], [ 548, 554 ], [ 559, 564 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the time of the Roman Empire, about 50 A.D., Thessaloniki was also one of the early centers of Christianity; while on his second missionary journey, Paul the Apostle visited this city's chief synagogue on three Sabbaths and sowed the seeds for Thessaloniki's first Christian church. Later, Paul wrote letters to the new church at Thessaloniki, with two letters to the church under his name appearing in the Biblical canon as First and Second Thessalonians. Some scholars hold that the First Epistle to the Thessalonians is the first written book of the New Testament.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 25727573, 24140, 27857492, 9952, 28827, 21433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 110 ], [ 152, 168 ], [ 410, 424 ], [ 428, 433 ], [ 438, 458 ], [ 556, 569 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 306 AD, Thessaloniki acquired a patron saint, St. Demetrius, a Christian whom Galerius is said to have put to death. Most scholars agree with Hippolyte Delehaye's theory that Demetrius was not a Thessaloniki native, but his veneration was transferred to Thessaloniki when it replaced Sirmium as the main military base in the Balkans. A basilical church dedicated to St. Demetrius, Hagios Demetrios, was first built in the fifth century AD and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 505162, 3613592, 773735, 54675, 4196468, 44940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 62 ], [ 145, 163 ], [ 287, 294 ], [ 339, 347 ], [ 384, 400 ], [ 455, 481 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the Roman Empire was divided into the tetrarchy, Thessaloniki became the administrative capital of one of the four portions of the Empire under Galerius Maximianus Caesar, where Galerius commissioned an imperial palace, a new hippodrome, a triumphal arch and a mausoleum among others.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 30840, 74631, 82753, 361446, 231168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 52 ], [ 149, 175 ], [ 231, 241 ], [ 245, 259 ], [ 266, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 379, when the Roman Prefecture of Illyricum was divided between the East and West Roman Empires, Thessaloniki became the capital of the new Prefecture of Illyricum. The following year, the Edict of Thessalonica made Christianity the state religion of the Roman Empire. In 390, Gothic troops under the Roman Emperor Theodosius I, led a massacre against the inhabitants of Thessalonica, who had risen in revolt against the Gothic soldiers. By the time of the Fall of Rome in 476, Thessaloniki was the second-largest city of the Eastern Roman Empire.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2489441, 24989327, 5211, 25507, 12641, 31131, 14599493, 923406, 16972981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 46 ], [ 192, 213 ], [ 219, 231 ], [ 258, 270 ], [ 280, 286 ], [ 318, 330 ], [ 338, 386 ], [ 460, 472 ], [ 529, 549 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From the first years of the Byzantine Empire, Thessaloniki was considered the second city in the Empire after Constantinople, both in terms of wealth and size. with a population of 150,000 in the mid-12th century. The city held this status until its transfer to Venetian control in 1423. In the 14th century, the city's population exceeded 100,000 to 150,000, making it larger than London at the time.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 16972981, 5646, 17867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 44 ], [ 110, 124 ], [ 382, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the sixth and seventh centuries, the area around Thessaloniki was invaded by Avars and Slavs, who unsuccessfully laid siege to the city several times, as narrated in the Miracles of Saint Demetrius. Traditional historiography stipulates that many Slavs settled in the hinterland of Thessaloniki; however, modern scholars consider this migration to have been on a much smaller scale than previously thought. In the ninth century, the Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius, both natives of the city, created the first literary language of the Slavs, the Old Church Slavonic, most likely based on the Slavic dialect used in the hinterland of their hometown.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 48525, 38924427, 29161, 646598, 42768 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 89 ], [ 177, 204 ], [ 463, 482 ], [ 528, 545 ], [ 564, 583 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A naval attack led by Byzantine converts to Islam (including Leo of Tripoli) in 904 resulted in the sack of the city.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 35081163, 8317833, 29262455 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 49 ], [ 61, 75 ], [ 100, 116 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The economic expansion of the city continued through the 12th century as the rule of the Komnenoi emperors expanded Byzantine control to the north. Thessaloniki passed out of Byzantine hands in 1204, when Constantinople was captured by the forces of the Fourth Crusade and incorporated the city and its surrounding territories in the Kingdom of Thessalonica — which then became the largest vassal of the Latin Empire. In 1224, the Kingdom of Thessalonica was overrun by the Despotate of Epirus, a remnant of the former Byzantine Empire, under Theodore Komnenos Doukas who crowned himself Emperor, and the city became the capital of the short-lived Empire of Thessalonica. Following his defeat at Klokotnitsa however in 1230, the Empire of Thessalonica became a vassal state of the Second Bulgarian Empire until it was recovered again in 1246, this time by the Nicaean Empire.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1284361, 20431259, 106132, 309810, 268717, 174215, 652533, 4675880, 47259964, 7755670, 2843773, 309758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 97 ], [ 224, 232 ], [ 254, 268 ], [ 334, 357 ], [ 390, 396 ], [ 404, 416 ], [ 474, 493 ], [ 543, 567 ], [ 648, 670 ], [ 696, 707 ], [ 781, 804 ], [ 860, 874 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1342, the city saw the rise of the Commune of the Zealots, an anti-aristocratic party formed of sailors and the poor, which is nowadays described as social-revolutionary. The city was practically independent of the rest of the Empire, as it had its own government, a form of republic. The zealot movement was overthrown in 1350 and the city was reunited with the rest of the Empire.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2657696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The capture of Gallipoli by the Ottomans in 1354 kicked off a rapid Turkish expansion in the southern Balkans, conducted both by the Ottomans themselves and by semi-independent Turkish ghazi warrior-bands. By 1369, the Ottomans were able to conquer Adrianople (modern Edirne), which became their new capital until 1453. Thessalonica, ruled by Manuel II Palaiologos (r. 1391–1425) itself surrendered after a lengthy siege in 1383–1387, along with most of eastern and central Macedonia, to the forces of Sultan Murad I. Initially, the surrendered cities were allowed complete autonomy in exchange for payment of the kharaj poll-tax. Following the death of Emperor John V Palaiologos in 1391, however, Manuel II escaped Ottoman custody and went to Constantinople, where he was crowned emperor, succeeding his father. This angered Sultan Bayezid I, who laid waste to the remaining Byzantine territories, and then turned on Chrysopolis, which was captured by storm and largely destroyed. Thessalonica too submitted again to Ottoman rule at this time, possibly after brief resistance, but was treated more leniently: although the city was brought under full Ottoman control, the Christian population and the Church retained most of their possessions, and the city retained its institutions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 8986992, 684136, 22278, 4829, 1981994, 37939212, 216887, 102674, 44839, 19986, 1872225, 24547, 74224, 4241 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 11 ], [ 15, 24 ], [ 32, 40 ], [ 102, 109 ], [ 185, 190 ], [ 241, 259 ], [ 268, 274 ], [ 314, 318 ], [ 343, 364 ], [ 509, 516 ], [ 614, 620 ], [ 621, 629 ], [ 662, 680 ], [ 834, 843 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessalonica remained in Ottoman hands until 1403, when Emperor Manuel II sided with Bayezid's eldest son Süleyman in the Ottoman succession struggle that broke out following the crushing defeat and capture of Bayezid at the Battle of Ankara against Tamerlane in 1402. In exchange for his support, in the Treaty of Gallipoli the Byzantine emperor secured the return of Thessalonica, part of its hinterland, the Chalcidice peninsula, and the coastal region between the rivers Strymon and Pineios. Thessalonica and the surrounding region were given as an autonomous appanage to John VII Palaiologos. After his death in 1408, he was succeeded by Manuel's third son, the Despot Andronikos Palaiologos, who was supervised by Demetrios Leontares until 1415. Thessalonica enjoyed a period of relative peace and prosperity after 1403, as the Turks were preoccupied with their own civil war, but was attacked by the rival Ottoman pretenders in 1412 (by Musa Çelebi) and 1416 (during the uprising of Mustafa Çelebi against Mehmed I). Once the Ottoman civil war ended, the Turkish pressure on the city began to increase again. Just as during the 1383–1387 siege, this led to a sharp division of opinion within the city between factions supporting resistance, if necessary with Western help, or submission to the Ottomans.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 30505332, 217318, 349872, 25439083, 55147296, 461152, 415437, 2108237, 266499, 74227, 4789521, 2620193, 31663708, 28179319, 30403529, 19987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 114 ], [ 122, 149 ], [ 225, 241 ], [ 250, 259 ], [ 305, 324 ], [ 411, 421 ], [ 475, 482 ], [ 487, 494 ], [ 564, 572 ], [ 576, 596 ], [ 667, 673 ], [ 674, 696 ], [ 720, 739 ], [ 944, 955 ], [ 990, 1004 ], [ 1013, 1021 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1423, Despot Andronikos Palaiologos ceded it to the Republic of Venice with the hope that it could be protected from the Ottomans who were besieging the city. The Venetians held Thessaloniki until it was captured by the Ottoman Sultan Murad II on 29 March 1430.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 613492, 11784376, 22278, 19988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 73 ], [ 142, 160 ], [ 223, 230 ], [ 238, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Sultan Murad II captured Thessaloniki and sacked it in 1430, contemporary reports estimated that about one-fifth of the city's population was enslaved. Ottoman artillery was used to secure the city's capture and bypass its double walls. Upon the conquest of Thessaloniki, some of its inhabitants escaped, including intellectuals such as Theodorus Gaza \"Thessalonicensis\" and Andronicus Callistus. However, the change of sovereignty from the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman one did not affect the city's prestige as a major imperial city and trading hub. Thessaloniki and Smyrna, although smaller in size than Constantinople, were the Ottoman Empire's most important trading hubs. Thessaloniki's importance was mostly in the field of shipping, but also in manufacturing, while most of the city's trade was controlled by Jewish.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 19988, 209811, 17037263, 533346, 6046934, 50562, 5646, 28362, 25955086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 20 ], [ 47, 53 ], [ 157, 174 ], [ 342, 356 ], [ 380, 400 ], [ 576, 582 ], [ 614, 628 ], [ 738, 746 ], [ 824, 830 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the Ottoman period, the city's population of Ottoman Muslims (including those of Turkish origin, as well as Albanian Muslim, Bulgarian Muslim and Greek Muslim of convert origin) grew substantially. According to the 1478 census Selânik (), as the city came to be known in Ottoman Turkish, had 6,094 Christian Orthodox households, 4,320 Muslim ones, and some Catholic. No Jews were recorded in the census suggesting that the subsequent influx of Jewish population was not linked to the already existing Romaniots community. Soon after the turn of the 15th to 16th century, however, nearly 20,000 Sephardic Jews immigrated to Greece from the Iberian Peninsula following their expulsion from Spain by the 1492 Alhambra Decree. By c. 1500, the number of households had grown to 7,986 Christian ones, 8,575 Muslim ones, and 3,770 Jewish. By 1519, Sephardic Jewish households numbered 15,715, 54% of the city's population. Some historians consider the Ottoman regime's invitation to Jewish settlement was a strategy to prevent the Christian population from dominating the city. The city became both the largest Jewish city in the world and the only Jewish majority city in the world in the 16th century. As a result, Thessaloniki attracted persecuted Jews from all over the world.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 22629, 19541, 2088822, 29057227, 1024613, 2370357, 725893, 60837, 150185, 14883, 1464947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 59 ], [ 60, 67 ], [ 88, 95 ], [ 115, 130 ], [ 132, 148 ], [ 153, 165 ], [ 324, 333 ], [ 508, 517 ], [ 601, 615 ], [ 646, 663 ], [ 713, 728 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki was the capital of the Sanjak of Selanik within the wider Rumeli Eyalet (Balkans) until 1826, and subsequently the capital of Selanik Eyalet (after 1867, the Selanik Vilayet). This consisted of the sanjaks of Selanik, Serres and Drama between 1826 and 1912.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 39454922, 30815183, 30801084, 10205135, 41684385, 40101456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 53 ], [ 71, 84 ], [ 139, 153 ], [ 171, 186 ], [ 231, 237 ], [ 242, 247 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the break out of the Greek War of Independence in the spring of 1821, the governor Yusuf Bey imprisoned in his headquarters more than 400 hostages. On 18 May, when Yusuf learned of the insurrection to the villages of Chalkidiki, he ordered half of his hostages to be slaughtered before his eyes. The mulla of Thessaloniki, Hayrıülah, gives the following description of Yusuf's retaliations: \"Every day and every night you hear nothing in the streets of Thessaloniki but shouting and moaning. It seems that Yusuf Bey, the Yeniceri Agasi, the Subaşı, the hocas and the ulemas have all gone raving mad.\" It would take until the end of the century for the city's Greek community to recover.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 200987, 461152 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 51 ], [ 222, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki was also a Janissary stronghold where novice Janissaries were trained. In June 1826, regular Ottoman soldiers attacked and destroyed the Janissary base in Thessaloniki while also killing over 10,000 Janissaries, an event known as The Auspicious Incident in Ottoman history. In 1870–1917, driven by economic growth, the city's population expanded by 70%, reaching 135,000 in 1917.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 166311, 1659279 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 33 ], [ 243, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The last few decades of Ottoman control over the city were an era of revival, particularly in terms of the city's infrastructure. It was at that time that the Ottoman administration of the city acquired an \"official\" face with the creation of the Government House while a number of new public buildings were built in the eclectic style in order to project the European face both of Thessaloniki and the Ottoman Empire. The city walls were torn down between 1869 and 1889, efforts for a planned expansion of the city are evident as early as 1879, the first tram service started in 1888 and the city streets were illuminated with electric lamp posts in 1908. In 1888, the Oriental Railway connected Thessaloniki to Central Europe via rail through Belgrade and to Monastir in 1893, while the Thessaloniki-Istanbul Junction Railway connected it to Constantinople in 1896.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 40279737, 243412, 27793713, 55904, 3789, 23991971, 3391396 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 247, 263 ], [ 321, 335 ], [ 670, 686 ], [ 745, 753 ], [ 761, 769 ], [ 789, 827 ], [ 844, 858 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the early 20th century, Thessaloniki was in the center of radical activities by various groups; the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, founded in 1897, and the Greek Macedonian Committee, founded in 1903. In 1903, an anarchist group known as the Boatmen of Thessaloniki planted bombs in several buildings in Thessaloniki, including the Ottoman Bank, with some assistance from the IMRO. The Greek consulate in Ottoman Thessaloniki (now the Museum of the Macedonian Struggle) served as the center of operations for the Greek guerillas.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 483476, 1206356, 12291956, 4931811, 14692682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 149 ], [ 182, 202 ], [ 262, 285 ], [ 352, 364 ], [ 455, 488 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During this period, and since the 16th century, Thessaloniki's Jewish element was the most dominant; it was the only city in Europe where the Jews were a majority of the total population. The city was ethnically diverse and cosmopolitan. In 1890, its population had risen to 118,000, 47% of which were Jews, followed by Turks (22%), Greeks (14%), Bulgarians (8%), Roma (2%), and others (7%). By 1913, the ethnic composition of the city had changed so that the population stood at 157,889, with Jews at 39%, followed again by Turks (29%), Greeks (25%), Bulgarians (4%), Roma (2%), and others at 1%. Many varied religions were practiced and many languages spoken, including Judeo-Spanish, a dialect of Spanish spoken by the city's Jews.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 599178, 18910757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 224, 236 ], [ 672, 685 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki was also the center of activities of the Young Turks, a political reform movement, which goal was to replace the Ottoman Empire's absolute monarchy with a constitutional government. The Young Turks started out as an underground movement, until finally in 1908, they started the Young Turk Revolution from the city of Thessaloniki, which lead to of them gaining control over the Ottoman Empire and put an end to the Ottoman sultans power. Eleftherias (Liberty) Square, where the Young Turks gathered at the outbreak of the revolution, is named after the event. Turkey's first president Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who was born and raised in Thessaloniki, was a member of the Young Turks in his soldier days and also partook in the Young Turk Revolution.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 288559, 2925017, 46626311, 1329090 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 65 ], [ 291, 312 ], [ 451, 479 ], [ 598, 619 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the First Balkan War broke out, Greece declared war on the Ottoman Empire and expanded its borders. When Eleftherios Venizelos, Prime Minister at the time, was asked if the Greek army should move towards Thessaloniki or Monastir (now Bitola, Republic of North Macedonia), Venizelos replied \"\" (Thessaloniki, at all costs!). As both Greece and Bulgaria wanted Thessaloniki, the Ottoman garrison of the city entered negotiations with both armies. On 8 November 1912 (26 October Old Style), the feast day of the city's patron saint, Saint Demetrius, the Greek Army accepted the surrender of the Ottoman garrison at Thessaloniki. The Bulgarian army arrived one day after the surrender of the city to Greece and Tahsin Pasha, ruler of the city, told the Bulgarian officials that \"I have only one Thessaloniki, which I have surrendered\". After the Second Balkan War, Thessaloniki and the rest of the Greek portion of Macedonia were officially annexed to Greece by the Treaty of Bucharest in 1913. On 18 March 1913 George I of Greece was assassinated in the city by Alexandros Schinas.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 294429, 305256, 273647, 3789, 23564616, 3612475, 44100110, 505162, 294430, 2741895, 19078, 589141, 187387, 6214182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 23 ], [ 108, 129 ], [ 131, 145 ], [ 237, 243 ], [ 245, 272 ], [ 346, 354 ], [ 479, 488 ], [ 533, 548 ], [ 845, 862 ], [ 897, 910 ], [ 914, 923 ], [ 965, 984 ], [ 1011, 1029 ], [ 1062, 1080 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1915, during World War I, a large Allied expeditionary force established a base at Thessaloniki for operations against pro-German Bulgaria. This culminated in the establishment of the Macedonian Front, also known as the Salonika front. And a temporary hospital run by the Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service was set up in a disused factory. In 1916, pro-Venizelist Greek army officers and civilians, with the support of the Allies, launched an uprising, creating a pro-Allied temporary government by the name of the \"Provisional Government of National Defence\" that controlled the \"New Lands\" (lands that were gained by Greece in the Balkan Wars, most of Northern Greece including Greek Macedonia, the North Aegean as well as the island of Crete); the official government of the King in Athens, the \"State of Athens\", controlled \"Old Greece\" which were traditionally monarchist. The State of Thessaloniki was disestablished with the unification of the two opposing Greek governments under Venizelos, following the abdication of King Constantine in 1917.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4764461, 2198871, 10637578, 7618544, 43772008, 2187756, 598010, 3888331, 4823, 27376630, 2741895, 460904, 6591, 1216, 18951402, 160204 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 27 ], [ 37, 43 ], [ 44, 63 ], [ 187, 203 ], [ 275, 321 ], [ 369, 379 ], [ 491, 511 ], [ 532, 574 ], [ 649, 660 ], [ 670, 685 ], [ 696, 711 ], [ 717, 729 ], [ 755, 760 ], [ 802, 808 ], [ 1029, 1039 ], [ 1043, 1059 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 30 December 1915 an Austrian air raid on Thessaloniki alarmed many town civilians and killed at least one person, and in response the Allied troops based there arrested the German, Austrian, Bulgarian and Turkish vice-consuls and their families and dependents and put them on a battleship, and billeted troops in their consulate buildings in Thessaloniki.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2983, 3684583 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 31 ], [ 216, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most of the old center of the city was destroyed by the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, which was started accidentally by an unattended kitchen fire on 18 August 1917. The fire swept through the centre of the city, leaving 72,000 people homeless; according to the Pallis Report, most of them were Jewish (50,000). Many businesses were destroyed, as a result, 70% of the population were unemployed. Two churches and many synagogues and mosques were lost. More than one quarter of the total population of approximately 271,157 became homeless. Following the fire the government prohibited quick rebuilding, so it could implement the new redesign of the city according to the European-style urban plan prepared by a group of architects, including the Briton Thomas Mawson, and headed by French architect Ernest Hébrard. Property values fell from 6.5million Greek drachmas to 750,000.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4841051, 5418727, 994669, 8347 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 87 ], [ 756, 769 ], [ 802, 816 ], [ 855, 868 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the defeat of Greece in the Greco-Turkish War and during the break-up of the Ottoman Empire, a population exchange took place between Greece and Turkey. Over 160,000 ethnic Greeks deported from the former Ottoman Empire – particularly Greeks from Asia Minor and East Thrace were resettled in the city, changing its demographics. Additionally many of the city's Muslims, including Ottoman Greek Muslims, were deported to Turkey, ranging at about 20,000 people. This made the Greek element dominant, while the Jewish population was reduced to a minority for the first time since the 14th century.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 500639, 42175, 9206787, 22278, 854, 7500007, 2370357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 51 ], [ 101, 120 ], [ 179, 194 ], [ 211, 225 ], [ 253, 263 ], [ 268, 279 ], [ 394, 407 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During World War II Thessaloniki was heavily bombarded by Fascist Italy (with 232 people dead, 871 wounded and over 800 buildings damaged or destroyed in November 1940 alone), and, the Italians having failed in their invasion of Greece, it fell to the forces of Nazi Germany on 8 April 1941 and went under German occupation. The Nazis soon forced the Jewish residents into a ghetto near the railroads and on 15 March 1943 began the deportation of the city's Jews to Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. Most were immediately murdered in the gas chambers. Of the 45,000 Jews deported to Auschwitz, only 4% survived.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 9804204, 2025378, 21212, 2006, 150011, 142788 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 19 ], [ 58, 71 ], [ 211, 235 ], [ 262, 274 ], [ 466, 475 ], [ 480, 512 ], [ 553, 565 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During a speech in Reichstag, Hitler claimed that the intention of his Balkan campaign, was to prevent the Allies from establishing \"a new Macedonian front\", as they had during WWI. The importance of Thessaloniki to Nazi Germany can be demonstrated by the fact that, initially, Hitler had planned to incorporate it directly into Nazi Germany and not have it controlled by a puppet state such as the Hellenic State or an ally of Germany (Thessaloniki had been promised to Yugoslavia as a reward for joining the Axis on 25 March 1941).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 34850681, 21212, 2731583, 21212, 14925021, 232269, 43507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 28 ], [ 216, 228 ], [ 278, 284 ], [ 329, 341 ], [ 399, 413 ], [ 471, 481 ], [ 510, 514 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As it was the first major city in Greece to fall to the occupying forces, the first Greek resistance group formed in Thessaloniki (under the name , , \"Freedom\") as well as the first anti-Nazi newspaper in an occupied territory anywhere in Europe, also by the name Eleftheria. Thessaloniki was also home to a military camp-converted-concentration camp, known in German as \"Konzentrationslager Pavlo Mela\" (Pavlos Melas Concentration Camp), where members of the resistance and other anti-fascists were held either to be killed or sent to other concentration camps. On 30 October 1944, after battles with the retreating German army and the Security Battalions of Poulos, forces of ELAS entered Thessaloniki as liberators headed by Markos Vafiadis (who did not obey orders from ELAS leadership in Athens to not enter the city). Pro-EAM celebrations and demonstrations followed in the city. In the 1946 monarchy referendum, the majority of the locals voted in favor of a republic, contrary to the rest of Greece.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2147935, 1204893, 5826747, 2054117, 1417575, 4534825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 100 ], [ 405, 417 ], [ 660, 666 ], [ 678, 682 ], [ 728, 743 ], [ 893, 917 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the war, Thessaloniki was rebuilt with large-scale development of new infrastructure and industry throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. Many of its architectural treasures still remain, adding value to the city as a tourist destination, while several early Christian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki were added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1988. In 1997, Thessaloniki was celebrated as the European Capital of Culture, sponsoring events across the city and the region. Agency established to oversee the cultural activities of that year 1997 was still in existence by 2010. In 2004, the city hosted a number of the football events as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21786641, 44940, 176790, 10568, 77741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 332, 338 ], [ 339, 358 ], [ 412, 439 ], [ 636, 644 ], [ 667, 687 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Today, Thessaloniki has become one of the most important trade and business hubs in Southeastern Europe, with its port, the Port of Thessaloniki being one of the largest in the Aegean and facilitating trade throughout the Balkan hinterland. On 26 October 2012 the city celebrated its centennial since its incorporation into Greece. The city also forms one of the largest student centers in Southeastern Europe, is host to the largest student population in Greece and was the European Youth Capital in 2014.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 888364, 21110750, 31831580 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 103 ], [ 124, 144 ], [ 475, 497 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki is located 502 kilometres (312mi) north of Athens.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki's urban area spreads over 30 kilometres (19mi) from Oraiokastro in the north to Thermi in the south in the direction of Chalkidiki.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 6172996, 6172175, 461152 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 76 ], [ 93, 99 ], [ 133, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki lies on the northern fringe of the Thermaic Gulf on its eastern coast and is bound by Mount Chortiatis on its southeast. Its proximity to imposing mountain ranges, hills and fault lines, especially towards its southeast have historically made the city prone to geological changes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1932650, 31467073, 37754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 61 ], [ 99, 115 ], [ 160, 168 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since medieval times, Thessaloniki was hit by strong earthquakes, notably in 1759, 1902, 1978 and 1995. On 19–20 June 1978, the city suffered a series of powerful earthquakes, registering 5.5 and 6.5 on the Richter scale. The tremors caused considerable damage to a number of buildings and ancient monuments, but the city withstood the catastrophe without any major problems. One apartment building in central Thessaloniki collapsed during the second earthquake, killing many, raising the final death toll to 51.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 10106, 31167412, 19467352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 63 ], [ 142, 174 ], [ 207, 220 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki's climate is directly affected by the Aegean Sea, on which it is situated. The city lies in a transitional climatic zone, so its climate displays characteristics of several climates. According to the Köppen climate classification, the city has a Mediterranean climate (Csa), bordering on a semi-arid climate (BSk), observed on the periphery of the region. Its average annual precipitation of is due to the Pindus rain shadow drying the westerly winds. However, the city has a summer precipitation between , which prevents it from qualifying as a Mediterranean climate (Csa), and increases gradually towards the north and west, turning humid subtropical.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 484254, 349628, 569881, 876099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 213, 242 ], [ 259, 280 ], [ 303, 320 ], [ 420, 426 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Winters are relatively dry, with common morning frost. Snowfalls occur sporadically more or less every winter, but the snow cover does not last for more than a few days. Fog is common, with an average of 193 foggy days in a year. During the coldest winters, temperatures can drop to . The record minimum temperature in Thessaloniki was . On average, Thessaloniki experiences frost (sub-zero temperature) 32 days a year. The coldest month of the year in the city is January, with an average 24-hour temperature of . Wind is also usual in the winter months, with December and January having an average wind speed of .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki's summers are hot and quite dry. Maximum temperatures usually rise above , but they rarely approach or go over ; the average number of days the temperature is above is 32. The maximum recorded temperature in the city was . Rain seldom falls in summer, mainly during thunderstorms. In the summer months Thessaloniki also experiences strong heat waves. The hottest month of the year in the city is July, with an average 24-hour temperature of .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 293270 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 353, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2021, Greece had been taken to task by the European Commission for failing to curb consistently high air pollution levels in Thessaloniki.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 10934212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the Kallikratis reform, as of 1 January 2011 the Thessaloniki Urban Area () which makes up the \"City of Thessaloniki\", is made up of six self-governing municipalities () and one municipal unit (). The municipalities that are included in the Thessaloniki Urban Area are those of Thessaloniki (the city center and largest in population size), Kalamaria, Neapoli-Sykies, Pavlos Melas, Kordelio-Evosmos, Ampelokipoi-Menemeni, and the municipal units of Pylaia and Panorama, part of the municipality of Pylaia-Chortiatis. Prior to the Kallikratis reform, the Thessaloniki Urban Area was made up of twice as many municipalities, considerably smaller in size, which created bureaucratic problems.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 45620559, 7773654, 30710501, 30710501, 7773654, 2309519, 31222985, 31223051, 31222838, 31222699, 5988771, 1376049, 31223082, 45620559, 7773654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 35 ], [ 62, 85 ], [ 165, 179 ], [ 214, 228 ], [ 254, 277 ], [ 354, 363 ], [ 365, 379 ], [ 381, 393 ], [ 395, 411 ], [ 413, 433 ], [ 462, 468 ], [ 473, 481 ], [ 511, 528 ], [ 543, 561 ], [ 567, 590 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The municipality of Thessaloniki () is the second most populous in Greece, after Athens, with a resident population of 325,182 (in 2011) and an area of . The municipality forms the core of the Thessaloniki Urban Area, with its central district (the city center), referred to as the Kentro, meaning 'center' or 'downtown'.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 47811260, 1216, 7773654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 32 ], [ 81, 87 ], [ 193, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city's first mayor, Osman Sait Bey, was appointed when the institution of mayor was inaugurated under the Ottoman Empire in 1912. The incumbent mayor is Konstantinos Zervas. In 2011, the municipality of Thessaloniki had a budget of €464.33million while the budget of 2012 stands at €409.00million.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 22278, 67251894 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 124 ], [ 157, 176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki is the second largest city in Greece. It is an influential city for the northern parts of the country and is the capital of the region of Central Macedonia and the Thessaloniki regional unit. The Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace is also based in Thessaloniki, since the city is the de facto capital of the Greek region of Macedonia.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 460895, 1716075, 2983750, 2741895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 168 ], [ 177, 203 ], [ 319, 331 ], [ 335, 344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is customary every year for the Prime Minister of Greece to announce his administration's policies on a number of issues, such as the economy, at the opening night of the Thessaloniki International Fair. In 2010, during the first months of the 2010 Greek debt crisis, the entire cabinet of Greece met in Thessaloniki to discuss the country's future.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 273647, 19233431, 12113, 2066093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 59 ], [ 174, 205 ], [ 247, 269 ], [ 282, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Hellenic Parliament, the Thessaloniki urban area constitutes a 16-seat constituency. As of the 2019 Greek legislative election the largest party in Thessaloniki is the New Democracy with 35.55% of the vote, followed by the Coalition of the Radical Left (31.29%) and the Movement for Change (6.05%). The table below summarizes the results of the latest elections.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Government", "target_page_ids": [ 2449826, 47578753, 424225, 3809165, 44932142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 26 ], [ 102, 133 ], [ 175, 188 ], [ 230, 259 ], [ 277, 296 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Architecture in Thessaloniki is the direct result of the city's position at the centre of all historical developments in the Balkans. Aside from its commercial importance, Thessaloniki was also for many centuries the military and administrative hub of the region, and beyond this the transportation link between Europe and the Levant.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 18138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 323, 333 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Merchants, traders and refugees from all over Europe settled in the city. The need for commercial and public buildings in this new era of prosperity led to the construction of large edifices in the city center. During this time, the city saw the building of banks, large hotels, theatres, warehouses, and factories. Architects who designed some of the most notable buildings of the city, in the late 19th and early 20th century, include Vitaliano Poselli, Pietro Arrigoni, Xenophon Paionidis, Salvatore Poselli, Leonardo Gennari, Eli Modiano, Moshé Jacques, Joseph Pleyber, Frederic Charnot, Ernst Ziller, Max Rubens, Filimon Paionidis, Dimitris Andronikos, Levi Ernst, Angelos Siagas, Alexandros Tzonis and more, using mainly the styles of Eclecticism, Art Nouveau and Neobaroque.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 42488800, 63031951, 42585424, 3959206, 243412, 59551, 3081172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 437, 454 ], [ 456, 471 ], [ 473, 491 ], [ 592, 604 ], [ 741, 752 ], [ 754, 765 ], [ 770, 780 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city layout changed after 1870, when the seaside fortifications gave way to extensive piers, and many of the oldest walls of the city were demolished, including those surrounding the White Tower, which today stands as the main landmark of the city. As parts of the early Byzantine walls were demolished, this allowed the city to expand east and west along the coast.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 339521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The expansion of Eleftherias Square towards the sea completed the new commercial hub of the city and at the time was considered one of the most vibrant squares of the city. As the city grew, workers moved to the western districts, because of their proximity to factories and industrial activities; while the middle and upper classes gradually moved from the city-center to the eastern suburbs, leaving mainly businesses. In 1917, a devastating fire swept through the city and burned uncontrollably for 32 hours. It destroyed the city's historic center and a large part of its architectural heritage, but paved the way for modern development featuring wider diagonal avenues and monumental squares.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 46626311, 29174 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 35 ], [ 319, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, a team of architects and urban planners including Thomas Mawson and Ernest Hebrard, a French architect, chose the Byzantine era as the basis of their (re)building designs for Thessaloniki's city centre. The new city plan included axes, diagonal streets and monumental squares, with a street grid that would channel traffic smoothly. The plan of 1917 included provisions for future population expansions and a street and road network that would be, and still is sufficient today. It contained sites for public buildings and provided for the restoration of Byzantine churches and Ottoman mosques.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 5418727, 994669, 16972981, 129332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 106 ], [ 111, 125 ], [ 157, 166 ], [ 327, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Also called the historic centre, it is divided into several districts, including Dimokratias Square (Democracy Sq. known also as Vardaris) Ladadika (where many entertainment venues and tavernas are located), Kapani (where the city's central Modiano market is located), Diagonios, Navarinou, Rotonda, Agia Sofia and Hippodromio, which are all located around Thessaloniki's most central point, Aristotelous Square.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 41952085, 41865707, 41277256, 339450, 41277489, 6311410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 147 ], [ 226, 255 ], [ 280, 289 ], [ 291, 298 ], [ 300, 310 ], [ 392, 411 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Various commercial stoas around Aristotelous are named from the city's past and historic personalities of the city, like stoa Hirsch, stoa Carasso/Ermou, Pelosov, Colombou, Levi, Modiano, Morpurgo, Mordoch, Simcha, Kastoria, Malakopi, Olympios, Emboron, Rogoti, Vyzantio, Tatti, Agiou Mina, Karipi etc.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 1682549, 3640202, 41865707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 132 ], [ 139, 146 ], [ 179, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The western portion of the city centre is home to Thessaloniki's law courts, its central international railway station and the port, while its eastern side hosts the city's two universities, the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Centre, the city's main stadium, its archaeological and Byzantine museums, the new city hall and its central parks and gardens, namely those of the ΧΑΝΘ and Pedion tou Areos.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 31494061, 21110750, 19233431, 924773 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 118 ], [ 127, 131 ], [ 195, 239 ], [ 252, 264 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ano Poli (also called Old Town and literally the Upper Town) is the heritage listed district north of Thessaloniki's city center that was not engulfed by the great fire of 1917 and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site by ministerial actions of Melina Merkouri, during the 1980s. It consists of Thessaloniki's most traditional part of the city, still featuring small stone paved streets, old squares and homes featuring old Greek and Ottoman architecture. It is the favorite area of Thessaloniki's poets, intellectuals and bohemians.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 4841051, 21786641, 44940, 193870, 52684, 2801823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 176 ], [ 196, 202 ], [ 203, 222 ], [ 249, 264 ], [ 428, 433 ], [ 438, 458 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ano Poli also, is the highest point in Thessaloniki and as such, is the location of the city's acropolis, its Byzantine fort, the Heptapyrgion, a large portion of the city's remaining walls, and with many of its additional Ottoman and Byzantine structures still standing. With the capture of Thessaloniki by the Ottomans in 1430, after a lengthy siege of the city from 1422 to 1430, the Ottomans settled in Ano Poli. This geographical choice was attributed to the higher level of Ano Poli, which was convenient to control the rest of the population remotely, and the microclimate of the area, which favoured better living conditions in terms of hygiene compared to the areas of the centre.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 24319160, 36494617, 11784376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 142 ], [ 167, 189 ], [ 346, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Today, the area provides access to the Seich Sou Forest National Park and features panoramic views of the whole city and the Thermaic Gulf. On clear days Mount Olympus, at about away across the gulf, can also be seen towering the horizon.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 58376821, 1932650, 12418604 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 48 ], [ 125, 138 ], [ 154, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Municipality of Thessaloniki, in addition to the historic center and the Upper Town, are included the following districts: Xirokrini, Dikastiria (Courts), Ichthioskala, Palaios Stathmos, Lachanokipoi, Behtsinari, Panagia Faneromeni, Doxa, Saranta Ekklisies, Evangelistria, Triandria, Agia Triada-Faliro, Ippokrateio, Charilaou, Analipsi, Depot and Toumba.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the area of the Old Railway Station (Palaios Stathmos) began the construction of the Holocaust Museum of Greece. In this area are located the Railway Museum of Thessaloniki, the Water Supply Museum and large entertainment venues of the city, such as Milos, Fix, Vilka (which are housed in converted old factories). The New Thessaloniki Railway Station is located on Monastiriou street.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 58475831, 16812962, 16812806, 31494061 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 114 ], [ 145, 175 ], [ 181, 200 ], [ 322, 354 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other extended and densely built-up residential areas are Charilaou and Toumba, which is divided in \"Ano Toumpa\" and \"Kato Toumpa\". Toumba was named after the homonymous hill of Toumba where extensive archaeological research takes place. It was created by refugees after the 1922 Asia Minor disaster and the population exchange (1923–24).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 58375004, 2770664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 67 ], [ 72, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On Exochon avenue (Rue des Campagnes, today Vasilissis Olgas and Vasileos Georgiou Avenues), was up until the 1920s home to the city's most affluent residents and formed the outermost suburbs of the city at the time, with the area close to the Thermaic Gulf, from the 19th century holiday villas which defined the area.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 1932650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 245, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other districts of the wider urban area of Thessaloniki are Ampelokipi, Eleftherio - Kordelio, Menemeni, Evosmos, Ilioupoli, Stavroupoli, Nikopoli, Neapoli, Polichni, Paeglos, Meteora, Agios Pavlos, Kalamaria, Pylaia and the Sykies.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Northwestern Thessaloniki is home to Moni Lazariston, located in Stavroupoli, which today forms one of the most important cultural centers for the city, including MOMus–Museum of Modern Art–Costakis Collection and two theatres of the National Theatre of Northern Greece.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 3936586, 10106673, 35549599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 76 ], [ 163, 209 ], [ 234, 269 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In northwestern Thessaloniki exist many cultural premises such as the open-air Theater Manos Katrakis in Sykies, the Museum of Refugee Hellenism in Neapolis, the municipal theater and the open-air theater in Neapoli and the New Cultural Center of Menemeni (Ellis Alexiou Street). The Stavroupolis Botanical Garden on Perikleous Street includes 1,000 species of plants and is an oasis of 5 acres of greenery. The Environmental Education Center in Kordelio was designed in 1997 and is one of a few public buildings of bioclimatic design in Thessaloniki.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Northwest Thessaloniki forms the main entry point into the city of Thessaloniki with the avenues of Monastiriou, Lagkada and 26is Octovriou passing through it, as well as the extension of the A1 motorway, feeding into Thessaloniki's city center. The area is home to the Macedonia InterCity Bus Terminal (KTEL), the New Thessaloniki Railway Station, the Zeitenlik Allied memorial military cemetery.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 46599811, 32945238, 31494061, 22480854, 2198871, 1240953 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 270, 302 ], [ 304, 308 ], [ 315, 347 ], [ 353, 362 ], [ 363, 369 ], [ 379, 396 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monuments have also been erected in honor of the fighters of the Greek Resistance, as in these areas the Resistance was very active: the monument of Greek National Resistance in Sykies, the monument of Greek National Resistance in Stavroupolis, the Statue of the struggling Mother in Eptalofos Sq. and the monument of the young Greeks that were executed on May 11, 1944, by the Nazis in Xirokrini. In Eptalofos, on May 15, 1941, one month after the occupation of the country, was founded the first resistance organization in Greece, \"Eleftheria\", with its newspaper and the first illegal printing house in the city of Thessaloniki.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 2147935 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Today southeastern Thessaloniki has in some way become an extension of the city center, with the avenues of Megalou Alexandrou, Georgiou Papandreou (Antheon), Vasileos Georgiou, Vasilissis Olgas, Delfon, Konstantinou Karamanli (Nea Egnatia) and Papanastasiou passing through it, enclosing an area traditionally called (, Dépôt), from the name of the old tram station, owned by a French company.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The municipality of Kalamaria is also located in southeastern Thessaloniki and was firstly inhabited mainly by Greek refugees from Asia Minor and East Thrace after 1922. There are built the Northern Greece Naval Command and the old royal palace (called Palataki), located on the most westerly point of Mikro Emvolo cape.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 2309519, 854, 7500007, 52049817, 41139443, 2351623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 29 ], [ 131, 141 ], [ 146, 157 ], [ 190, 219 ], [ 253, 261 ], [ 302, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because of Thessaloniki's importance during the early Christian and Byzantine periods, the city is host to several paleochristian monuments that have significantly contributed to the development of Byzantine art and architecture throughout the Byzantine Empire as well as Serbia. The evolution of Imperial Byzantine architecture and the prosperity of Thessaloniki go hand in hand, especially during the first years of the Empire, when the city continued to flourish. It was at that time that the Complex of Roman emperor Galerius was built, as well as the first church of Hagios Demetrios.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 14117, 16972981, 647630, 307469, 16972981, 29265, 307469, 339450, 219117, 74631, 505162 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 63 ], [ 68, 77 ], [ 198, 211 ], [ 216, 228 ], [ 244, 260 ], [ 272, 278 ], [ 306, 328 ], [ 496, 506 ], [ 507, 520 ], [ 521, 529 ], [ 572, 588 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the eighth century, the city had become an important administrative center of the Byzantine Empire, and handled much of the Empire's Balkan affairs. During that time, the city saw the creation of more notable Christian churches that are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as the Church of Saint Catherine, the Hagia Sophia of Thessaloniki, the Church of the Acheiropoietos, the Church of Panagia Chalkeon. When the Ottoman Empire took control of Thessaloniki in 1430, most of the city's churches were converted into mosques, but have survived to this day. Travelers such as Paul Lucas and Abdulmejid I document the city's wealth in Christian monuments during the years of the Ottoman control of the city.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 16972981, 16972981, 4829, 37182703, 11027152, 27047339, 11145310, 22278, 19894, 13036297, 18950719, 22278 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 101 ], [ 127, 133 ], [ 136, 142 ], [ 285, 310 ], [ 316, 344 ], [ 350, 378 ], [ 384, 410 ], [ 421, 435 ], [ 522, 529 ], [ 580, 590 ], [ 595, 607 ], [ 682, 689 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The church of Hagios Demetrios was burnt down during the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, as did many other of the city's monuments, but it was rebuilt. During World War II, the city was extensively bombed and as such many of Thessaloniki's paleochristian and Byzantine monuments were heavily damaged. Some of the sites were not restored until the 1980s. Thessaloniki has more UNESCO World Heritage Sites listed than any other city in Greece, a total of 15 monuments. They have been listed since 1988.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 4196468, 4841051, 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 30 ], [ 57, 88 ], [ 160, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are around 150 statues or busts in the city. Probably the most famous one is the equestrian statue of Alexander the Great on the promenade, placed in 1973 and created by sculptor Evangelos Moustakas. An equestrian statue of Constantine I, by sculptor Georgios Dimitriades, is located in Demokratias Square. Other notable statues include that of Eleftherios Venizelos by sculptor Giannis Pappas, Pavlos Melas by Natalia Mela, the statue of Emmanouel Pappas by Memos Makris, Chrysostomos of Smyrna by Athanasios Apartis, such as various creations by George Zongolopoulos.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 783, 160204, 305256, 1204893, 61905071, 12104100, 9525217, 4664837, 49491905, 50827226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 127 ], [ 230, 243 ], [ 351, 372 ], [ 401, 413 ], [ 417, 429 ], [ 445, 461 ], [ 465, 477 ], [ 479, 501 ], [ 505, 523 ], [ 554, 574 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the 100th anniversary of the 1912 incorporation of Thessaloniki into Greece, the government announced a large-scale redevelopment program for the city of Thessaloniki, which aims in addressing the current environmental and spatial problems that the city faces. More specifically, the program will drastically change the physiognomy of the city by relocating the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Center and grounds of the Thessaloniki International Fair outside the city centre and turning the current location into a large metropolitan park, redeveloping the coastal front of the city, relocating the city's numerous military camps and using the grounds and facilities to create large parklands and cultural centers; and the complete redevelopment of the harbor and the Lachanokipoi and Dendropotamos districts (behind and near the Port of Thessaloniki) into a commercial business district, with possible highrise developments.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [ 19233431, 21110750, 29485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 431, 462 ], [ 842, 862 ], [ 915, 923 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The plan also envisions the creation of new wide avenues in the outskirts of the city and the creation of pedestrian-only zones in the city centre. Furthermore, the program includes plans to expand the jurisdiction of Seich Sou Forest National Park and the improvement of accessibility to and from the Old Town. The ministry has said that the project will take an estimated 15 years to be completed, in 2025.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Part of the plan has been implemented with extensive pedestrianization's within the city center by the municipality of Thessaloniki and the revitalization the eastern urban waterfront/promenade, (, new promenade), with a modern and vibrant design. Its first section opened in 2008, having been awarded as the best public project in Greece of the last five years by the Hellenic Institute of Architecture.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The municipality of Thessaloniki's budget for the reconstruction of important areas of the city and the completion of the waterfront, opened in January 2014, was estimated at million ( million) for the year 2011 alone.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cityscape", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki rose to economic prominence as a major economic hub in the Balkans during the years of the Roman Empire. The Pax Romana and the city's strategic position allowed for the facilitation of trade between Rome and Byzantium (later Constantinople and now Istanbul) through Thessaloniki by means of the Via Egnatia. The Via Egnatia also functioned as an important line of communication between the Roman Empire and the nations of Asia, particularly in relation to the Silk Road. With the partition of the Roman Emp. into East (Byzantine) and West, Thessaloniki became the second-largest city of the Eastern Roman Empire after New Rome (Constantinople) in terms of economic might. Under the Empire, Thessaloniki was the largest port in the Balkans. As the city passed from Byzantium to the Republic of Venice in 1423, it was subsequently conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Under Ottoman rule the city retained its position as the most important trading hub in the Balkans. Manufacturing, shipping and trade were the most important components of the city's economy during the Ottoman period, and the majority of the city's trade at the time was controlled by ethnic Greeks. Plus, the Jewish community was also an important factor in the trade sector.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 4829, 25507, 44441, 25458, 3719, 5646, 3391396, 297645, 54253, 16972981, 504379, 613492, 22278, 42056, 14030921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 79 ], [ 104, 116 ], [ 122, 132 ], [ 213, 217 ], [ 222, 231 ], [ 239, 253 ], [ 262, 270 ], [ 309, 320 ], [ 474, 483 ], [ 527, 531 ], [ 548, 552 ], [ 795, 813 ], [ 860, 874 ], [ 1168, 1174 ], [ 1186, 1202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historically important industries for the economy of Thessaloniki included tobacco (in 1946 35% of all tobacco companies in Greece were headquartered in the city, and 44% in 1979) and banking (in Ottoman years Thessaloniki was a major center for investment from western Europe, with the Banque de Salonique having a capital of 20million French francs in 1909).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 52631, 19360669, 68130333, 444835 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 82 ], [ 184, 188 ], [ 287, 306 ], [ 337, 349 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The service sector accounts for nearly two thirds of the total labour force of Thessaloniki. Of those working in services, 20% were employed in trade, 13% in education and healthcare, 7.1% in real estate, 6.3% in transport, communications & storing, 6.1% in the finance industry & service-providing organizations, 5.7% in public administration & insurance services and 5.4% in hotels & restaurants.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 14553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city's port, the Port of Thessaloniki, is one of the largest ports in the Aegean and as a free port, it functions as a major gateway to the Balkan hinterland. In 2010, more than 15.8million tons of products went through the city's port, making it the second-largest port in Greece after Aghioi Theodoroi, surpassing Piraeus. At 273,282 TEUs, it is also Greece's second-largest container port after Piraeus. As a result, the city is a major transportation hub for the whole of south-eastern Europe, carrying, among other things, trade to and from the neighbouring countries.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 21110750, 446260, 564460, 98387, 373474, 98387 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 41 ], [ 94, 103 ], [ 291, 307 ], [ 320, 327 ], [ 340, 344 ], [ 402, 409 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In recent years Thessaloniki has begun to turn into a major port for cruising in the eastern Mediterranean. The Greek ministry of tourism considers Thessaloniki to be Greece's second most important commercial port, and companies such as Royal Caribbean International have expressed interest in adding the Port of Thessaloniki to their destinations. A total of 30 cruise ships are expected to arrive at Thessaloniki in 2011.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 7806, 19006, 756754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 77 ], [ 93, 106 ], [ 237, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Recent history", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After WWII and the Greek civil war, heavy industrialization of the city's suburbs began in the middle 1950s.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 28830649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 10 ], [ 19, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1980s a spate of factory shut downs occurred, mostly of automobile manufacters, such as Agricola (vehicles), AutoDiana, EBIAM, Motoemil, Pantelemidis-TITAN and C.AR (automobiles). Since the 1990s, companies took advantage of cheaper labour markets and more lax regulations in other countries, and among the largest companies to shut down factories were Goodyear, AVEZ pasta industry (one of the first industrial factories in northern Greece, built in 1926), Philkeram Johnson, AGNO dairy and VIAMIL.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 4381482, 4381630, 4602938, 4721461, 25690750, 6525112, 677590, 28055445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 118 ], [ 120, 129 ], [ 131, 136 ], [ 138, 146 ], [ 148, 166 ], [ 171, 189 ], [ 364, 372 ], [ 469, 486 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, Thessaloniki still remains a major business hub in the Balkans and Greece, with a number of important Greek companies headquartered in the city, such as the Hellenic Vehicle Industry (ELVO), Namco (automobiles), Astra Airlines, Ellinair, Pyramis and MLS Multimedia, which introduced the first Greek-built smartphone in 2012.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 4365494, 4347253, 17559301, 45653037, 9527595, 36264457, 167079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 191 ], [ 200, 219 ], [ 221, 235 ], [ 237, 245 ], [ 247, 254 ], [ 259, 273 ], [ 314, 324 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Industry", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In early 1960s, with the collaboration of Standard Oil and ESSO-Pappas, a large industrial zone was created, containing refineries, oil refinery and steel production (owned by Hellenic Steel Co.). The zone attracted also a series of different factories during the next decades.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 28931, 195137, 195137, 27058 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 54 ], [ 120, 130 ], [ 132, 144 ], [ 149, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Titan Cement has also facilities outside the city, on the road to Serres, such as the AGET Heracles, a member of the Lafarge group, and Alumil SA.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 5646097, 302619, 36622199, 41902084, 59141761 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 66, 72 ], [ 86, 99 ], [ 117, 124 ], [ 136, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Multinational companies such as Air Liquide, Cyanamid, Nestlé, Pfizer, Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company and Vivartia have also industrial facilities in the suburbs of the city.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 2405447, 3896938, 160227, 62304, 1295230, 11434622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 43 ], [ 45, 53 ], [ 55, 61 ], [ 63, 69 ], [ 71, 106 ], [ 111, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Foodstuff", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Foodstuff or drink companies headquartered in the city include the Macedonian Milk Industry (Mevgal), Allatini, Barbastathis, Hellenic Sugar Industry, Haitoglou Bros, Mythos Brewery, Malamatina, while the Goody's chain started from the city.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 12091616, 43377256, 60899852, 60991508, 40808303, 936872, 61434330, 6803248 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 91 ], [ 102, 110 ], [ 112, 124 ], [ 126, 149 ], [ 151, 165 ], [ 167, 181 ], [ 183, 193 ], [ 205, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The American Farm School also has important contribution in food production.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 11104221 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2011, the regional unit of Thessaloniki had a Gross Domestic Product of €18.293billion (ranked second amongst the country's regional units), comparable to Bahrain or Cyprus, and a per capita of €15,900 (ranked 16th). In Purchasing Power Parity, the same indicators are €19,851billion (2nd) and €17,200 (15th) respectively. In terms of comparison with the European Union average, Thessaloniki's GDP per capita indicator stands at 63% the EU average and 69% in PPP – this is comparable to the German state of Brandenburg. Overall, Thessaloniki accounts for 8.9% of the total economy of Greece. Between 1995 and 2008 Thessaloniki's GDP saw an average growth rate of 4.1% per annum (ranging from +14.5% in 1996 to −11.1% in 2005) while in 2011 the economy contracted by −7.8%.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [ 1716075, 12594, 9472, 18933277, 5593, 64489, 9317, 64489, 3765, 12113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 42 ], [ 49, 71 ], [ 75, 76 ], [ 158, 165 ], [ 169, 175 ], [ 223, 246 ], [ 358, 372 ], [ 462, 465 ], [ 510, 521 ], [ 576, 593 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The tables below show the ethnic statistics of Thessaloniki during the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The municipality of Thessaloniki is the most populous in the Thessaloniki Urban Area. Its population has increased in the latest census and the metropolitan area's population rose to over one million. The city forms the base of the Thessaloniki metropolitan area, with latest census in 2011 giving it a population of 1,030,338.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 7773654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 232, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Jewish population in Greece is the oldest in mainland Europe (see Romaniotes). When Paul the Apostle came in Thessaloniki he taught in the area of what today is called Upper City. Later, during the Ottoman period, with the coming of Sephardic Jews from Spain, the community of Thessaloniki became mostly Sephardic. Thessaloniki became the largest center in Europe of the Sephardic Jews, who nicknamed the city la madre de Israel (Israel's mother) and \"Jerusalem of the Balkans\". It also included the historically significant and ancient Greek-speaking Romaniote community. During the Ottoman era, Thessaloniki's Sephardic community was half of the population according to the Ottoman Census of 1902 and almost 40% the city's population of 157,000 about 1913; Jewish merchants were prominent in commerce until the ethnic Greek population increased after Thessaloniki was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece in 1913. By the 1680s, about 300 families of Sephardic Jews, followers of Sabbatai Zevi, had converted to Islam, becoming a sect known as the Dönmeh (convert), and migrated to Salonika, whose population was majority Jewish. They established an active community that thrived for about 250 years. Many of their descendants later became prominent in trade. Many Jewish inhabitants of Thessaloniki spoke Judeo-Spanish, the Romance language of the Sephardic Jews.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 60837, 24140, 150185, 60837, 22278, 150185, 189972, 6037917, 7259439, 18910757, 25401, 150185 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 80 ], [ 88, 104 ], [ 375, 384 ], [ 556, 565 ], [ 588, 595 ], [ 959, 973 ], [ 988, 1001 ], [ 1020, 1025 ], [ 1056, 1062 ], [ 1314, 1327 ], [ 1333, 1349 ], [ 1357, 1366 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From the second half of the 19th century with the Ottoman reforms, the Jewish community had a new revival. Many French and especially Italian Jews (from Livorno and other cities), influential in introducing new methods of education and developing new schools and intellectual environment for the Jewish population, were established in Thessaloniki. Such modernists introduced also new techniques and ideas from the industrialized Western Europe and from the 1880s the city began to industrialize. The Italian Jews Allatini brothers led Jewish entrepreneurship, establishing milling and other food industries, brickmaking and processing plants for tobacco. Several traders supported the introduction of a large textile-production industry, superseding the weaving of cloth in a system of artisanal production. Notable names of the era include among others the Italo-Jewish Modiano family and the Allatini. Benrubis founded also in 1880 one of the first retail companies in the Balkans.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 2976271, 246305, 1095698, 4526, 30942, 43377256, 62295337 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 146 ], [ 153, 160 ], [ 574, 581 ], [ 609, 614 ], [ 647, 654 ], [ 895, 903 ], [ 905, 913 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the Balkan Wars, Thessaloniki was incorporated into the Kingdom of Greece in 1913. At first the community feared that the annexation would lead to difficulties and during the first years its political stance was, in general, anti-Venizelist and pro-royalist/conservative. The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 during World War I burned much of the center of the city and left 50,000 Jews homeless of the total of 72,000 residents who were burned out. Having lost homes and their businesses, many Jews emigrated: to the United States, Palestine, and Paris. They could not wait for the government to create a new urban plan for rebuilding, which was eventually done.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 4823, 57010779, 2187756, 4841051, 4764461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 21 ], [ 62, 79 ], [ 236, 246 ], [ 282, 313 ], [ 321, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the Greco-Turkish War in 1922 and the bilateral population exchange between Greece and Turkey, many refugees came to Greece. Nearly 100,000 ethnic Greeks resettled in Thessaloniki, reducing the proportion of Jews in the total community. After this, Jews made up about 20% of the city's population. During the interwar period, Greece granted Jewish citizens the same civil rights as other Greek citizens. In March 1926, Greece re-emphasized that all citizens of Greece enjoyed equal rights, and a considerable proportion of the city's Jews decided to stay. During the Metaxas regime, the stance towards Jews became even better.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 500639, 37071, 2362105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 27 ], [ 372, 384 ], [ 573, 587 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "World War II brought a disaster for the Jewish Greeks, since in 1941 the Germans occupied Greece and began actions against the Jewish population. Greeks of the Resistance helped save some of the Jewish residents. By the 1940s, the great majority of the Jewish Greek community firmly identified as both Greek and Jewish. According to Misha Glenny, such Greek Jews had largely not encountered \"anti-Semitism as in its North European form.\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 2147935, 5064426 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 160, 170 ], [ 333, 345 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1943, the Nazis began brutal actions against the historic Jewish population in Thessaloniki, forcing them into a ghetto near the railroad lines and beginning deportation to concentration and labor camps. They deported and exterminated approximately 96% of Thessaloniki's Jews of all ages during the Holocaust. The Thessaloniki Holocaust memorial in Eleftherias (\"Freedom\") Square was built in 1997 in memory of all the Jewish people from Thessaloniki murdered in the Holocaust. The site was chosen because it was the place where Jewish residents were rounded up before embarking to trains for concentration camps. Today, a community of around 1200 remains in the city. Communities of descendants of Thessaloniki Jews– both Sephardic and Romaniote– live in other areas, mainly the United States and Israel. Israeli singer Yehuda Poliker recorded a song about the Jewish people of Thessaloniki, called \"Wait for me, Thessaloniki\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 92903, 412990, 10396793, 10396793, 4549303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 122 ], [ 161, 172 ], [ 302, 311 ], [ 330, 339 ], [ 824, 838 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since the late 19th century, many merchants from Western Europe (mainly from France and Italy) were established in the city. They had an important role in the social and economic life of the city and introduced new industrial techniques. Their main district was what is known today as the \"Frankish district\" (near Ladadika), where the Catholic church designed by Vitaliano Poselli is also situated. A part of them left after the incorporation of the city into the Greek kingdom, while others, who were of Jewish faith, were exterminated by the Nazis.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 41952085, 42488800, 31045316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 315, 323 ], [ 364, 381 ], [ 545, 550 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Albanian community of the city has always been great and important. Albanians belong to two religions and they are Muslims and Christians. This has been the reason that they have never been numbered as a separate community, but sometimes they were numbered as Muslims and sometimes as Christians, then sometimes as Turkish and sometimes as Greek. It is thought that until 1922 the Albanian community was the largest in the city, after the Jewish community. The old Albanian cemeteries of the city are located in what is now called Triandria (they were destroyed in 1983).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 2927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Bulgarian community of the city increased during the late 19th century. The community had a Men's High School, a Girl's High School, a trade union and a gymnastics society. A large part of them were Catholics, as a result of actions by the Lazarists society, which had its base in the city.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 151876, 374397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 244, 253 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another group is the Armenian community which dates back to the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. During the 20th century, after the Armenian genocide and the defeat of the Greek army in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22), many fled to Greece including Thessaloniki. There is also an Armenian cemetery and an Armenian church at the center of the city.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 387816, 140376, 500639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 29 ], [ 130, 147 ], [ 188, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki is regarded not only as the cultural and entertainment capital of northern Greece but also the cultural capital of the country as a whole. The city's main theaters, run by the National Theatre of Northern Greece () which was established in 1961, include the Theater of the Society of Macedonian Studies, where the National Theater is based, the Royal Theater ()-the first base of the National Theater-, Moni Lazariston, and the Earth Theater and Forest Theater, both amphitheatrical open-air theatres overlooking the city.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 35549599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 189, 224 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The title of the European Capital of Culture in 1997 saw the birth of the city's first opera and today forms an independent section of the National Theatre of Northern Greece. The opera is based at the Thessaloniki Concert Hall, one of the largest concert halls in Greece. Recently a second building was also constructed and designed by Japanese architect Arata Isozaki. Thessaloniki is also the seat of two symphony orchestras, the Thessaloniki State Symphony Orchestra and the Symphony Orchestra of the Municipality of Thessaloniki.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 176790, 35549599, 34988625, 1825766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 44 ], [ 139, 174 ], [ 202, 227 ], [ 356, 369 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Olympion Theater, the site of the Thessaloniki International Film Festival and the Plateia Assos Odeon multiplex are the two major cinemas in downtown Thessaloniki. The city also has a number of multiplex cinemas in major shopping malls in the suburbs, most notably in Mediterranean Cosmos, the largest retail and entertainment development in the Balkans.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 3064835, 8785799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 74 ], [ 269, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki is renowned for its major shopping streets and lively laneways. Tsimiski Street, Mitropoleos and Proxenou Koromila avenue are the city's most famous shopping streets and are among Greece's most expensive and exclusive high streets. The city is also home to one of Greece's most famous and prestigious hotels, Makedonia Palace hotel, the Hyatt Regency Casino and hotel (the biggest casino in Greece and one of the biggest in Europe) and Waterland, the largest water park in southeastern Europe.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 8968040, 9658021 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 92 ], [ 322, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city has long been known in Greece for its vibrant city culture, including having the most cafes and bars per capita of any city in Europe; and as having some of the best nightlife and entertainment in the country, thanks to its large young population and multicultural feel. Lonely Planet listed Thessaloniki among the world's \"ultimate party cities\".", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 458290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 280, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although Thessaloniki is not renowned for its parks and greenery throughout its urban area, where green spaces are few, it has several large open spaces around its waterfront, namely the central city gardens of Palios Zoologikos Kipos (which is recently being redeveloped to also include rock climbing facilities, a new skatepark and paintball range), the park of Pedion tou Areos, which also holds the city's annual floral expo; and the parks of the Nea Paralia (waterfront) that span for along the coast, from the White Tower to the concert hall.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 339521, 34988625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 517, 528 ], [ 536, 548 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Nea Paralia parks are used throughout the year for a variety of events, while they open up to the Thessaloniki waterfront, which is lined up with several cafés and bars; and during summer is full of Thessalonians enjoying their long evening walks (referred to as \"the volta\" and is embedded into the culture of the city). Having undergone an extensive revitalization, the city's waterfront today features a total of 12 thematic gardens/parks.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki's proximity to places such as the national parks of Pieria and beaches of Chalkidiki often allow its residents to easily have access to some of the best outdoor recreation in Europe; however, the city is also right next to the Seich Sou forest national park, just away from Thessaloniki's city center; and offers residents and visitors alike, quiet viewpoints towards the city, mountain bike trails and landscaped hiking paths. The city's zoo, which is operated by the municipality of Thessaloniki, is also located nearby the national park.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 461180, 461152, 9096372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 71 ], [ 87, 97 ], [ 453, 456 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other recreation spaces throughout the Thessaloniki metropolitan area include the Fragma Thermis, a landscaped parkland near Thermi and the Delta wetlands west of the city center; while urban beaches that have continuously been awarded the blue flags, are located along the coastline of Thessaloniki's southeastern suburbs of Thermaikos, about away from the city center.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 7773654, 6172175, 3292621, 6172159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 69 ], [ 125, 131 ], [ 240, 250 ], [ 327, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because of the city's rich and diverse history, Thessaloniki houses many museums dealing with many different eras in history. Two of the city's most famous museums include the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki and the Museum of Byzantine Culture.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1201058, 16812776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 176, 213 ], [ 222, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki was established in 1962 and houses some of the most important ancient Macedonian artifacts, including an extensive collection of golden artwork from the royal palaces of Aigai and Pella. It also houses exhibits from Macedon's prehistoric past, dating from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age. The Prehistoric Antiquities Museum of Thessaloniki has exhibits from those periods as well.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1201058, 42012, 58878766, 5245701, 42012, 21189, 4620, 1201058 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 41 ], [ 104, 122 ], [ 212, 217 ], [ 222, 227 ], [ 258, 265 ], [ 302, 311 ], [ 319, 329 ], [ 335, 381 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Museum of Byzantine Culture is one of the city's most famous museums, showcasing the city's glorious Byzantine past. The museum was also awarded Council of Europe's museum prize in 2005. The museum of the White Tower of Thessaloniki houses a series of galleries relating to the city's past, from the creation of the White Tower until recent years.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 16812776, 16972981, 5865, 339521, 339521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 31 ], [ 105, 114 ], [ 149, 166 ], [ 209, 236 ], [ 320, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One of the most modern museums in the city is the Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum and is one of the most high-tech museums in Greece and southeastern Europe. It features the largest planetarium in Greece, a cosmotheater with the country's largest flat screen, an amphitheater, a motion simulator with 3D projection and 6-axis movement and exhibition spaces. Other industrial and technological museums in the city include the Railway Museum of Thessaloniki, which houses an original Orient Express train, the War Museum of Thessaloniki and others. The city also has a number of educational and sports museums, including the Thessaloniki Olympic Museum.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 9830648, 60548, 293396, 54061, 1942022, 16812962, 176124, 16812963, 22727104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 99 ], [ 200, 211 ], [ 265, 276 ], [ 281, 293 ], [ 297, 313 ], [ 443, 473 ], [ 500, 514 ], [ 526, 552 ], [ 641, 668 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Atatürk Museum in Thessaloniki is the historic house where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder of modern-day Turkey, was born. The house is now part of the Turkish consulate complex, but admission to the museum is free. The museum contains historic information about Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his life, especially while he was in Thessaloniki.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 16812938, 1329090, 1329090 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ], [ 63, 84 ], [ 266, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other ethnological museums of the sort include the Historical Museum of the Balkan Wars, the Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki and the Museum of the Macedonian Struggle, containing information about the freedom fighters in Macedonia and their struggle to liberate the region from the Ottoman yoke. Construction on the Holocaust Museum of Greece began in the city in 2018.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 16812941, 16812781, 14692682, 19078, 1206356, 58475831 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 87 ], [ 93, 122 ], [ 131, 164 ], [ 219, 228 ], [ 239, 270 ], [ 314, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city also has a number of important art galleries. Such include the Macedonian Museum of Contemporary Art, housing exhibitions from a number of well-known Greek and foreign artists. The Teloglion Foundation of Art is part of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and includes an extensive collection of works by important artists of the 19th and 20th centuries, including works by prominent Greeks and native Thessalonians. The Thessaloniki Museum of Photography also houses a number of important exhibitions, and is located within the old port of Thessaloniki.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 16812860, 42056, 12972940, 715160, 42056, 16812793 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 109 ], [ 159, 164 ], [ 190, 217 ], [ 229, 265 ], [ 394, 400 ], [ 431, 465 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki is home to a number of prominent archaeological sites. Apart from its recognized UNESCO World Heritage Sites, Thessaloniki features a large two-terraced Roman forum featuring two-storey stoas, dug up by accident in the 1960s. The forum complex also boasts two Roman baths, one of which has been excavated while the other is buried underneath the city. The forum also features a small theater, which was also used for gladiatorial games. Although the initial complex was not built in Roman times, it was largely refurbished in the second century. It is believed that the forum and the theater continued to be used until at least the sixth century.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 42663960, 208583, 432937, 12336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 177 ], [ 199, 203 ], [ 273, 284 ], [ 430, 448 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another important archaeological site is the imperial palace complex which Roman emperor Galerius, located at Navarinou Square, commissioned when he made Thessaloniki the capital of his portion of the Roman Empire. The large octagonal portion of the complex, most of which survives to this day, is believed to have been an imperial throne room. Various mosaics from the palatial complex have also survived. Some historians believe that the complex must have been in use as an imperial residence until the 11th century.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 74631, 41277256, 25507, 61309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 97 ], [ 110, 126 ], [ 201, 213 ], [ 353, 359 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Not far from the palace itself is the Arch of Galerius, known colloquially as the Kamara. The arch was built to commemorate the emperor's campaigns against the Persians. The original structure featured three arches; however, only two full arches and part of the third survive to this day. Many of the arches' marble parts survive as well, although it is mostly the brick interior that can be seen today.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 339450, 14653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 54 ], [ 160, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other monuments of the city's past, such as the Incantadas, a Caryatid portico from the ancient forum, have been removed or destroyed over the years. The Incantadas in particular are on display at the Louvre. Thanks to a private donation of €180,000, it was announced on 6 December 2011 that a replica of the Incantadas would be commissioned and later put on display in Thessaloniki.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 362895, 17546 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 70 ], [ 201, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The construction of the Thessaloniki Metro inadvertently started the largest archaeological dig not only of the city, but of Northern Greece; the dig spans and has unearthed 300,000 individual artefacts from as early as the Roman Empire and as late as the Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917. Ancient Thessaloniki's Decumanus Maximus was also found and of the marble-paved and column-lined road were unearthed along with shops, other buildings, and plumbing, prompting one scholar to describe the discovery as \"the Byzantine Pompeii\". Some of the artefacts will be put on display inside the metro stations, while will feature the world's first open archaeological site located within a metro station.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 2966028, 60697, 27376630, 25507, 4841051, 23859544, 21476593, 147625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 42 ], [ 77, 95 ], [ 125, 140 ], [ 225, 237 ], [ 257, 288 ], [ 313, 330 ], [ 523, 530 ], [ 648, 667 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki is home of a number of festivals and events. The Thessaloniki International Fair is the most important event to be hosted in the city annually, by means of economic development. It was first established in 1926 and takes place every year at the Thessaloniki International Exhibition Center. The event attracts major political attention and it is customary for the Prime Minister of Greece to outline his administration's policies for the next year, during event. Over 250,000 visitors attended the exposition in 2010. The new Art Thessaloniki, is starting first time 29.10. – 1 November 2015 as an international contemporary art fair.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 19233431, 273647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 93 ], [ 378, 402 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Thessaloniki International Film Festival is established as one of the most important film festivals in Southern Europe, with a number of notable film makers such as Francis Ford Coppola, Faye Dunaway, Catherine Deneuve, Irene Papas and Fatih Akın taking part, and was established in 1960. The Documentary Festival, founded in 1999, has focused on documentaries that explore global social and cultural developments, with many of the films presented being candidates for FIPRESCI and Audience Awards.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 3064835, 410666, 10576, 68322, 45379, 436146, 870119, 4459215, 2795898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 44 ], [ 107, 122 ], [ 169, 189 ], [ 191, 203 ], [ 205, 222 ], [ 224, 235 ], [ 240, 250 ], [ 297, 317 ], [ 473, 481 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Dimitria festival, founded in 1966 and named after the city's patron saint of St. Demetrius, has focused on a wide range of events including music, theatre, dance, local happenings, and exhibitions. The \"DMC DJ Championship\" has been hosted at the International Trade Fair of Thessaloniki, has become a worldwide event for aspiring DJs and turntablists. The \"International Festival of Photography\" has taken place every February to mid-April. Exhibitions for the event are sited in museums, heritage landmarks, galleries, bookshops and cafés. Thessaloniki also holds an annual International Book Fair.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 68055, 505162, 14989414 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 78 ], [ 82, 95 ], [ 208, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between 1962–1997 and 2005–2008 the city also hosted the Thessaloniki Song Festival, Greece's most important music festival, at Alexandreio Melathron.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 32714745, 11837929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 83 ], [ 128, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2012, the city hosted its first pride parade, Thessaloniki Pride, which took place between 22 and 23 June. It has been held every year ever since, however in 2013 transgender people participating in the parade became victims of police brutality. The issue was soon settled by the government. The city's Greek Orthodox Church leadership has consistently rallied against the event, but mayor Boutaris sided with Thessaloniki Pride, saying also that Thessaloniki would seek to host EuroPride 2020. The event was given to Thessaloniki in September 2017, beating Bergen, Brussels, and Hamburg.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 58168, 19904525, 166029, 224731, 1872793, 56494, 3708, 13467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 47 ], [ 166, 177 ], [ 231, 247 ], [ 306, 327 ], [ 482, 491 ], [ 561, 567 ], [ 569, 577 ], [ 583, 590 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since 1998, the city host Thessaloniki International G.L.A.D. Film Festival, the first LGBT film festival in Greece.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The main stadium of the city is the Kaftanzoglio Stadium (also home ground of Iraklis F.C.), while other main stadiums of the city include the football Toumba Stadium and Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium home grounds of PAOK FC and Aris F.C., respectively, all of whom are founding members of the Greek league.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 924773, 4221322, 2706719, 3516143, 887670, 25625594, 2192576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 56 ], [ 78, 90 ], [ 152, 166 ], [ 171, 198 ], [ 215, 222 ], [ 227, 236 ], [ 292, 304 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Being the largest \"multi-sport\" stadium in the city, Kaftanzoglio Stadium regularly plays host to athletics events; such as the European Athletics Association event \"Olympic Meeting Thessaloniki\" every year; it has hosted the Greek national championships in 2009 and has been used for athletics at the Mediterranean Games and for the European Cup in athletics. In 2004, the stadium served as an official Athens 2004 venue, while in 2009 the city and the stadium hosted the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 924773, 43719, 1681869, 23801753, 7108659, 77741, 24165535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 73 ], [ 98, 107 ], [ 128, 158 ], [ 285, 321 ], [ 334, 359 ], [ 404, 415 ], [ 473, 504 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki's major indoor arenas include the state-owned Alexandreio Melathron, P.A.O.K. Sports Arena and the YMCA indoor hall. Other sporting clubs in the city include Apollon FC based in Kalamaria, Agrotikos Asteras F.C. based in Evosmos and YMCA. Thessaloniki has a rich sporting history with its teams winning the first ever panhellenic football (Aris FC), basketball (Iraklis BC), and water polo (AC Aris) tournaments.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 11837929, 13652896, 87241, 1784109, 2309519, 11582081, 2408134, 10568, 3921, 47426 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 80 ], [ 82, 103 ], [ 112, 116 ], [ 171, 181 ], [ 191, 200 ], [ 202, 224 ], [ 234, 241 ], [ 343, 351 ], [ 363, 373 ], [ 392, 402 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During recent years, PAOK FC has emerged as the strongest football club of the city, winning also the Greek championship without a defeat (2018–19 season).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 887670, 57372029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 28 ], [ 139, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city played a major role in the development of basketball in Greece. The local YMCA was the first to introduce the sport to the country, while Iraklis B.C. won the first ever Greek championship. From 1982 to 1993 Aris B.C. dominated the league, regularly finishing in first place. In that period Aris won a total of 9 championships, 7 cups and one European Cup Winners' Cup. The city also hosted the 2003 FIBA Under-19 World Championship in which Greece came third. In volleyball, Iraklis has emerged since 2000 as one of the most successful teams in Greece and Europe – see 2005–06 CEV Champions League. In October 2007, Thessaloniki also played host to the first Southeastern European Games.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 15603890, 8715889, 37198954, 16648649, 14128814 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 159 ], [ 217, 226 ], [ 404, 441 ], [ 485, 492 ], [ 579, 607 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is also the finish point of the annual Alexander The Great Marathon, which starts at Pella, in recognition of its Ancient Macedonian heritage.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 27153943, 5245701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 76 ], [ 94, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are also aquatic and athletic complexes such as Ethniko and Poseidonio.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki is home to the ERT3 TV-channel and Radio Macedonia, both services of Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation (ERT) operating in the city and are broadcast all over Greece.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 3755228, 334699 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 32 ], [ 82, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The municipality of Thessaloniki also operates three radio stations, namely FM100, FM101 and FM100.6; and TV100, a television network which was also the first non-state-owned TV station in Greece and opened in 1988. Several private TV-networks also broadcast out from Thessaloniki, with Makedonia TV being the most popular.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 419202, 1976214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 174 ], [ 287, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city's main newspapers and some of the most circulated in Greece, include Makedonia, which was also the first newspaper published in Thessaloniki in 1911 and Aggelioforos. A large number of radio stations also broadcast from Thessaloniki as the city is known for its music contributions.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 22622596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " ERT3 (Panhellenic broadcasting)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 3755228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Makedonia TV (Panhellenic)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1976214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 4E TV (Panhellenic)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 12727136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " TV 100 (Regional)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 47618387 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vergina TV (Regional)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Atlas TV (Regional)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Makedonia (national publication)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 22622596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aggelioforos (national)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Metrosport (sports, national)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fair Play (sports, national)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aris Ise (sports, weekly, national)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Forza (sports, weekly, national)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thessaloniki (weekly, national)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ikonomiki (financial)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Parallaxi (daily, online)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout its history, Thessaloniki has been home to a number of well-known figures. It was also the birthplace or base of various Saints and other religious figures, such as Demetrius of Thessaloniki, Cyril and Methodius (creators of the first Slavic alphabet), Saint Mitre (Saint Demetrius, not to be confused with the previous), Gregorios Palamas, Matthew Blastares, Eustathius of Thessalonica and Patriarch Philotheus I of Constantinople. Other Byzantine-era notable people included jurist Constantine Armenopoulos, historian Ioannis Kaminiates, Demetrius Triclinius, Thomas Magistros, the anti-Palamian theologians Prochoros and Demetrios Kydones, such as scholars Theodorus Gaza (Thessalonicensis) and Matthaios Kamariotis.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 505162, 29161, 12067863, 125307, 6458913, 4159336, 3195990, 8751449, 18243634, 9628574, 3066478, 11790493, 9635528, 533346, 16527562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 176, 201 ], [ 203, 222 ], [ 264, 275 ], [ 333, 350 ], [ 352, 369 ], [ 371, 397 ], [ 402, 442 ], [ 495, 519 ], [ 531, 549 ], [ 551, 571 ], [ 573, 589 ], [ 621, 630 ], [ 635, 652 ], [ 671, 685 ], [ 709, 729 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many of the country's best-known musicians and movie personalities are from Thessaloniki, such as Zoe Laskari, Costas Hajihristos, Stella Haskil, Giannis Dalianidis, Maria Plyta, Harry Klynn, Antonis Remos, Paschalis Terzis, Nikos Papazoglou, Nikolas Asimos, Giorgos Hatzinasios, Alberto Eskenazi, Stavros Kouyioumtzis, Giannis Kalatzis, Natassa Theodoridou, Katia Zygouli, Kostas Voutsas, Takis Kanellopoulos, Titos Vandis, Manolis Chiotis, Dionysis Savvopoulos, Marinella, Yvonne Sanson and the classical composer Emilios Riadis. Additionally, there have been a number of politicians born in the city: Ioannis Skandalidis, Alexandros Zannas, Evangelos Venizelos, Christos Sartzetakis, fourth President of Greece, and Yiannis Boutaris. Sports personalities from the city include Nikos Galis, Georgios Roubanis, Giannis Ioannidis, Faidon Matthaiou, Alketas Panagoulias, Panagiotis Fasoulas, Eleni Daniilidou, Traianos Dellas, Giorgos Koudas, Kleanthis Vikelidis, Christos Kostis, Dimitris Salpingidis and Nikos Zisis. Benefactor Ioannis Papafis, architect Lysandros Kaftanzoglou and writers, such as Grigorios Zalykis, Manolis Anagnostakis, Kleitos Kyrou, Albertos Nar, Elias Petropoulos, Kostis Moskof, Rena Molho and Dinos Christianopoulos are also from Thessaloniki.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 5383044, 20473487, 29217018, 51060727, 19247116, 2073004, 1644506, 31524964, 2289834, 55300690, 3531618, 27166547, 3257101, 10550247, 21732689, 25667826, 9486249, 1232492, 748098, 21135470, 30911877, 61668313, 2066230, 1059622, 516011, 29605743, 3740931, 2021553, 8311826, 18941821, 5942616, 4675781, 2132223, 770436, 8115330, 8160998, 15735924, 2332031, 7161897, 28244279, 62122315, 22371864, 2109842, 50517235, 19626520, 31701481, 65251916 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 109 ], [ 111, 129 ], [ 146, 164 ], [ 166, 177 ], [ 179, 190 ], [ 192, 205 ], [ 207, 223 ], [ 225, 241 ], [ 243, 257 ], [ 259, 278 ], [ 298, 318 ], [ 320, 336 ], [ 338, 357 ], [ 374, 388 ], [ 390, 409 ], [ 411, 423 ], [ 425, 440 ], [ 442, 462 ], [ 464, 473 ], [ 475, 488 ], [ 516, 530 ], [ 604, 623 ], [ 644, 663 ], [ 665, 685 ], [ 694, 713 ], [ 719, 735 ], [ 780, 791 ], [ 793, 810 ], [ 812, 829 ], [ 831, 847 ], [ 849, 868 ], [ 870, 889 ], [ 891, 907 ], [ 909, 924 ], [ 926, 940 ], [ 942, 961 ], [ 963, 978 ], [ 980, 1000 ], [ 1005, 1016 ], [ 1029, 1044 ], [ 1056, 1078 ], [ 1100, 1117 ], [ 1119, 1139 ], [ 1141, 1154 ], [ 1170, 1187 ], [ 1204, 1214 ], [ 1219, 1241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is also the birthplace or base of a number of international personalities, which include Bulgarians (Atanas Dalchev), Jews (Moshe Levy, Maurice Abravanel, Isaak Benrubi, Isaac and Daniel Carasso, Raphaël Salem, Baruch Uziel, Shlomo Halevi Alkabetz, Salamo Arouch, Avraam Benaroya), Slav Macedonians (Dimo Todorovski), Italians (Luisa Poselli, Giacomo Poselli, Vittorio Citterich), French (Louis Dumont), Spanish (Juana Mordó), Turks (Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nâzım Hikmet, Afet İnan, Cahit Arf, Mehmet Cavit Bey, Sabiha Sertel, Abdul Kerim Pasha, Hasan Tahsin Uzer, Hasan Tahsin) and Armenians (Jean Tatlian).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 151876, 3939736, 25955086, 20578480, 1172824, 4035024, 9432117, 10186281, 4412526, 24064686, 5708665, 20340184, 1104589, 432709, 31158036, 385155, 46640651, 962731, 4698158, 963152, 56864580, 2088822, 1329090, 471660, 4850411, 600055, 20425920, 26855415, 11538925, 47616159, 7604999, 387816, 44111463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 108 ], [ 110, 124 ], [ 127, 131 ], [ 133, 143 ], [ 145, 162 ], [ 164, 177 ], [ 179, 184 ], [ 189, 203 ], [ 205, 218 ], [ 220, 232 ], [ 234, 256 ], [ 258, 271 ], [ 273, 288 ], [ 291, 307 ], [ 309, 324 ], [ 327, 335 ], [ 352, 367 ], [ 390, 396 ], [ 398, 410 ], [ 413, 420 ], [ 422, 433 ], [ 436, 441 ], [ 443, 464 ], [ 466, 478 ], [ 480, 489 ], [ 491, 500 ], [ 502, 518 ], [ 520, 533 ], [ 535, 552 ], [ 554, 571 ], [ 573, 585 ], [ 591, 600 ], [ 602, 614 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because Thessaloniki remained under Ottoman rule for about 100 years more than southern Greece, it has retained a lot of its Eastern character, including its culinary tastes. Spices in particular play an important role in the cuisine of Thessaloniki, something which is not true to the same degree about Greece's southern regions. Thessaloniki's Ladadika borough is a particularly busy area in regards to Thessalonian cuisine, with most tavernas serving traditional meze and other such culinary delights.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 22278, 2956801, 351015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 43 ], [ 437, 444 ], [ 466, 470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bougatsa, a breakfast pastry, which can be either sweet or savory, is very popular throughout the city and has spread around other parts of Greece and the Balkans as well. Another popular snack is koulouri.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 4194363, 67062, 2904185 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ], [ 22, 28 ], [ 197, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Notable sweets of the city are Trigona, Roxákia, Kourkoubinia and Armenonville. A stereotypical Thessalonian coffee drink is Frappé coffee. Frappé was invented in the Thessaloniki International Fair in 1957 and has since spread throughout Greece and Cyprus to become a hallmark of the Greek coffee culture.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 604727, 22734446, 19233431, 7687063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 115 ], [ 125, 138 ], [ 167, 198 ], [ 291, 305 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A touristic boom took place in the 2010s, during the years of mayor Boutaris, especially from the neighboring countries, Austria, Israel and Turkey. In 2010, the sleepovers of foreign tourists in the city were around 250,000. In 2018, the sleepovers of foreign tourists was estimated to reach 3,000,000 people. Thessaloniki is known as \"the city that never sleeps\" and a \"party capital\" due to its thriving nightlife, young atmosphere and famous 24-hour culture.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 29605743, 58025019, 951578, 422855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 76 ], [ 337, 363 ], [ 407, 416 ], [ 446, 461 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is viewed as a romantic one in Greece, and as such Thessaloniki is commonly featured in Greek songs. There are a number of famous songs that go by the name 'Thessaloniki' (rebetiko, laïko etc.) or include the name in their title.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 246225, 1281835, 2429035 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 108 ], [ 181, 189 ], [ 191, 196 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1930s and 40s the city became a center of the Rebetiko music, partly because of the Metaxas censorship, which was stricter in Athens. Vassilis Tsitsanis wrote some of his best songs in Thessaloniki.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1281835, 2362105, 752694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 65 ], [ 95, 102 ], [ 145, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city is the birthplace of significant composers in the Greek music scene, such as Manolis Chiotis, Stavros Kouyioumtzis and Dionysis Savvopoulos. It is also notable for its rock music scene and its many rock groups; some became famous such as Xylina Spathia, Trypes or the pop rock group Onirama.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 9486249, 3531618, 1232492, 18803296, 10190892, 1564758, 18377504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 101 ], [ 103, 123 ], [ 128, 148 ], [ 247, 261 ], [ 263, 269 ], [ 277, 285 ], [ 292, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between 1962–1997 and 2005–2008 the city also hosted the Thessaloniki Song Festival. In the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 Greece was represented by Koza Mostra and Agathonas Iakovidis, both from Thessaloniki.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 32714745, 23913127, 38567358, 38567419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 83 ], [ 92, 120 ], [ 147, 158 ], [ 163, 182 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In May 1936, a massive strike by tobacco workers led to general anarchy in the city and Ioannis Metaxas (future dictator, then PM) ordered its repression. The events and the deaths of the protesters inspired Yiannis Ritsos to write the Epitafios.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 236295, 4061354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 104 ], [ 209, 223 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " On 22 May 1963, Grigoris Lambrakis, pacifist and MP, was assassinated by two far-right extremists driving a three-wheeled vehicle. The event led to political crisis. Costa Gavras directed Z (1969 film) based on it, two years after the military junta had seized power in Greece.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1500247, 287007, 75874, 2149822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 35 ], [ 167, 179 ], [ 189, 202 ], [ 236, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Notable films set or shot in Thessaloniki among others include Mademoiselle Docteur/Salonique, nid d'espions (1937) by Georg Wilhelm Pabst, The Barefooted Battalion (1954) by Greg Tallas (Gregory Thalassinos), O Atsídas (1961) by Giannis Dalianidis, Parenthesis (1968) by Takis Kanellopoulos, Triumph of the Spirit (1989) by Robert M. Young, Eternity and a Day by Theo Angelopoulos (1998) and Ouzeri Tsitsanis (2015) by Manousos Manousakis.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 24320634, 416414, 29217018, 21732689, 9574727, 5109064, 4430389, 62211, 67832253, 24512210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 109 ], [ 120, 139 ], [ 231, 249 ], [ 273, 292 ], [ 294, 315 ], [ 326, 341 ], [ 343, 361 ], [ 365, 382 ], [ 394, 410 ], [ 421, 440 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The 1963 book I am David, written by Anne Holm, makes mention of the main character David making his way there after escaping from the Eastern Bloc, before continuing his ultimate journey to Denmark.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 2333244, 4072242, 97477 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 25 ], [ 38, 47 ], [ 136, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki is a major center of education for Greece. Three of the country's largest universities are located in central Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the University of Macedonia and the International Hellenic University. Aristotle University was founded in 1926 and is currently the largest university in Greece by number of students, which number at more than 80,000 in 2010, and is a member of the Utrecht Network. For the academic year 2009–2010, Aristotle University was ranked as one of the 150 best universities in the world for arts and humanities and among the 250 best universities in the world overall by the Times QS World University Rankings, making it one of the top 2% of best universities worldwide. Leiden ranks Aristotle University as one of the top 100 European universities and the best university in Greece, at number 97. Since 2010, Thessaloniki is also home to the Open University of Thessaloniki, which is funded by Aristotle University, the University of Macedonia and the municipality of Thessaloniki.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 715160, 986792, 17020172, 522222, 2814222, 715160, 11736464, 715160, 715160, 986792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 173 ], [ 179, 202 ], [ 211, 244 ], [ 330, 336 ], [ 425, 440 ], [ 475, 495 ], [ 644, 678 ], [ 753, 773 ], [ 964, 984 ], [ 990, 1013 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Additionally, a TEI (Technological Educational Institute), namely the Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, is located in the western suburb of Sindos; home also to the industrial zone of the city. Numerous public and private vocational institutes () provide professional training to young students, while a large number of private colleges offer American and UK academic curriculum, via cooperation with foreign universities. In addition to Greek students, the city hence attracts many foreign students either via the Erasmus programme for public universities, or for a complete degree in public universities or in the city's private colleges. the city's total student population was estimated around 200,000.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 522222, 31171427, 5524096, 420655, 3434750, 31717, 42056, 10152 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 19 ], [ 70, 131 ], [ 169, 175 ], [ 251, 272 ], [ 372, 380 ], [ 385, 387 ], [ 467, 472 ], [ 544, 551 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tram was the main, oldest and most popular public urban mean of Thessalonians in the past. It functioned from 1893 to 1957, when it was disestablished by the government of Konstantinos Karamanlis. The French Compagnie de Tramways et d' Éclairage Électrique de Salonique operated it from 1912 until 1940, when the company was purchased by the Hellenic State. The operating base and tram station was in the district of Dépôt.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 30733, 351050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ], [ 172, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before the economic crisis of 2009, there were various proposals for new tram lines.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 27146868 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki Urban Transport Organization (OASTH) operates buses as the only form of public transport in Thessaloniki. It was founded in 1957 and operates a fleet of 604 vehicles on 75 routes throughout the Thessaloniki metropolitan area. International and regional bus links are provided by KTEL at its Macedonia InterCity Bus Terminal, located to the west of the city centre.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 11435160, 7773654, 32945238, 46599811 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 41 ], [ 207, 237 ], [ 292, 296 ], [ 304, 336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The creation of a metro system for Thessaloniki goes back as far as 1918, when Thomas Hayton Mawson and Ernest Hébrard proposed the creation of a Thessaloniki Metropolitan Railway. In 1968, a circular metro line was proposed, and in 1987 the first serious proposal was presented and construction briefly started in 1988, before stalling and finally being abandoned due to lack of funding. Both the 1918 and 1988 proposals ran almost the identical route to the current Line 1.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 5418727, 994669, 58133183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 99 ], [ 104, 118 ], [ 468, 474 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Construction on Thessaloniki's current metro began in 2006 and is classified as a megaproject: it has a budget of €1.57 billion ($ billion). Line 1 and Line 2 are currently under construction and will enter service, in phases, between 2023 and 2024. Line 1 is long and stops at 13 stations, while Line 2 is long and stops at a further five stations, while also calling at 11 of the Line 1 stations. Important archaeological discoveries have been made during construction, and some of the system's stations will house archaeological exhibitions. One stop, , will house the only open archaeological site within a metro station anywhere in the world.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 6742061, 58133183, 58133440, 58133183, 58133440, 2966028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 93 ], [ 141, 147 ], [ 152, 158 ], [ 250, 256 ], [ 298, 304 ], [ 401, 437 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Line 2 is to be expanded further, with a loop extension to the western suburbs of the city, towards Evosmos and Stavroupoli, and one overground extension towards the Airport. The western extension is more high-priority than the airport one, as the airport will be served by a 10-minute shuttle bus to the terminus of Line 2, .", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 58133440, 2408134, 3936586, 467461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ], [ 100, 107 ], [ 112, 123 ], [ 162, 173 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Once it opens in 2023, it is expected that 320,000 people will use the metro every day, or 116 million people every year.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Commuter rail services have recently been established between Thessaloniki and the city of Larissa (the service is known in Greek as the \"Proastiakos\", meaning \"Suburban Railway\"). The service is operated using Siemens Desiro EMU trains on a modernised electrified double track and stops at 11 refurbished stations, covering the journey in 1 hour and 33 minutes. Furthermore, an additional line has also been established, although with the use of regional trains, between Thessaloniki and the city of Edessa.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 18490, 11887, 1124055, 305637, 1708959, 6268423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 98 ], [ 124, 129 ], [ 138, 149 ], [ 211, 225 ], [ 265, 277 ], [ 501, 507 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "International and domestic air traffic to and from the city is served by Thessaloniki Airport \"Makedonia\". The short length of the airport's two runways means that it does not currently support intercontinental flights, although a major extension – lengthening one of its runways into the Thermaic Gulf – is under construction, despite considerable opposition from local environmental groups. Following the completion of the runway works, the airport will be able to serve intercontinental flights and cater for larger aircraft in the future. After long delays, the new runway of the airport was completed in spring 2019. Construction of a second terminal began in September 2018 and finished in February 2021, three months ahead of schedule.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 48563, 467461, 1932650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 38 ], [ 73, 105 ], [ 289, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because of the Greek economic crisis, all international train links from the city were suspended in February 2011. Until then, the city was a major railway hub for the Balkans, with direct connections to Sofia, Skopje, Belgrade, Moscow, Vienna, Budapest, Bucharest and Istanbul, alongside Athens and other destinations in Greece. Daily through trains to Sofia and Belgrade were restarted in May 2014. Thessaloniki remains one of Greece's most important railway hubs and has the biggest marshalling yard in the country.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 57644, 29618, 55904, 19004, 55866, 36787, 36877, 3391396, 1216, 292863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 204, 209 ], [ 211, 217 ], [ 219, 227 ], [ 229, 235 ], [ 237, 243 ], [ 245, 253 ], [ 255, 264 ], [ 269, 277 ], [ 289, 295 ], [ 486, 502 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Regional train services within Greece (operated by TrainOSE, the Hellenic Railways Organization's train operating company), link the city with other parts of the country, from its central railway passenger station, called the \"New railway station\" located at the western end of Thessaloniki's city center.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 24187566, 1423812, 31494061 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 59 ], [ 65, 95 ], [ 227, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Port of Thessaloniki connects the city with seasonal ferries to the Sporades and other north Aegean islands, with its passenger terminal, being one of the largest in the Aegean Sea basin; having handled around 162,731 passengers in 2007. Meanwhile, ongoing actions have been going on for more connections and the port is recently being upgraded, as Thessaloniki is also slowly turning into a major tourist port for cruising in the eastern Mediterranean.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 21110750, 370152, 4582654, 842, 4582654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 24 ], [ 72, 80 ], [ 122, 140 ], [ 174, 184 ], [ 222, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki lies on the crossroads of the A1/E75, A2/E90 and A25 motorways; which connect the city with other parts of the country, as well as the Republic of North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Turkey.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 1087194, 2107105, 9751394, 8339155, 36908606, 2411002, 23564616, 3415 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 45 ], [ 46, 49 ], [ 51, 53 ], [ 54, 57 ], [ 62, 65 ], [ 66, 74 ], [ 148, 175 ], [ 177, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city itself is bypassed by the C-shaped Thessaloniki Inner Ring Road (Esoteriki Peripheriaki Odos, ), which all of the above motorways connect onto it. The western end of the route begins at the junction with the A1/A2 motorways in Lachanagora District. Clockwise it heads northeast around the city, passing through the northwestern suburbs, the forest of Seich Sou and through to the southeast suburb/borough of Kalamaria. The ring road ends at a large junction with the A25 motorway, which then continues south to Chalkidiki, passing through Thessaloniki's outer southeast suburbs.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 45457799, 1087194, 9751394, 2309519, 36908606, 461152, 7773654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 72 ], [ 217, 219 ], [ 220, 222 ], [ 417, 426 ], [ 476, 479 ], [ 520, 530 ], [ 548, 562 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The speed limit on this motorway is , it currently has three traffic lanes for each direction and forms the city's most vital road link; handling more than 120,000 vehicles daily, instead of 30,000 as it was meant to handle when designed in 1975.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An outer ring road known as Eksoteriki Peripheriaki Odos (, outer ring road) carries all traffic that completely bypasses the city. It is Part of Motorway 2.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 51922, 9751394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 18 ], [ 146, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the large effort that was made in 2004 to improve the motorway features of the Thessaloniki ring road, the motorway is still insufficient to tackle Thessaloniki's increasing traffic and metropolitan population. To tackle this problem, the government has introduced large scale redevelopment plans throughout 2011 with tenders expected to be announced within early 2012; that include the total restructuring of the A16 in the western side of the city, with new junctions and new emergency lanes throughout the whole length of the motorway. In the eastern side an even larger scale project has been announced, for the construction of a new elevated motorway section above the existing, which would allow faster travel for drivers heading through to the airport and Chalkidiki that do not wish to exit into the city, and will decongest the existing motorway for city commuters. The plans also include adding one more lane in each direction on the existing A16 ring road and on the A25 passing through Thessaloniki's southeast suburbs, from its junction with the A16 in Kalamaria, up to the airport exit (ΕΟ67); which will make it an 8 lane highway.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 51922, 533582, 467461, 461152, 36908606, 7773654, 2309519, 5212757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 109 ], [ 486, 501 ], [ 759, 766 ], [ 771, 781 ], [ 986, 989 ], [ 1006, 1020 ], [ 1074, 1083 ], [ 1109, 1113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Additional long-term plans further include the extension of the planned outer ring road known as Eksoteriki Peripheriaki Odos (, outer ring road) to circle around the entire Thessaloniki metropolitan area, crossing over the Thermaic Gulf from the east, to join with the A1/E75 motorway. Preliminary plans have been announced which include a bridge over the gulf, as part of the southern bypass of the city; to cater for the large number of travellers from Macedonia and the rest of Greece heading to the airport, and to the increasingly popular tourist region of Chalkidiki.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 51922, 7773654, 1087194, 2107105, 467461, 461152 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 87 ], [ 174, 204 ], [ 270, 272 ], [ 273, 276 ], [ 505, 512 ], [ 564, 574 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Motorways:", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A1/E75 W (Republic of North Macedonia, Larissa, Athens)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 1087194, 2107105, 23564616, 18490, 1216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 3 ], [ 4, 7 ], [ 11, 38 ], [ 40, 47 ], [ 49, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A2/E90 W (Kozani, Ioannina, Igoumenitsa) N (Kavala, Xanthi, Alexandroupolis, Turkey)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 9751394, 8339155, 302637, 302624, 2621077, 234317, 461208, 1749399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 3 ], [ 4, 7 ], [ 11, 17 ], [ 19, 27 ], [ 29, 40 ], [ 45, 51 ], [ 53, 59 ], [ 61, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A25 (ΕΟ12)/Ε79 Ν (Serres, Bulgaria)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 36908606, 12266394, 4943313, 302619, 3415 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ], [ 6, 10 ], [ 12, 15 ], [ 19, 25 ], [ 27, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A25 (ΕΟ67) S (Airport, Nea Moudania)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 36908606, 5212757, 467461, 1931004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ], [ 6, 10 ], [ 15, 22 ], [ 24, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " National Roads:", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ΕΟ2/Ε86 W (Edessa, Giannitsa)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 3733461, 24504033, 285454, 4982600 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ], [ 5, 8 ], [ 12, 18 ], [ 20, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " ΕΟ12/Ε79 Ν (Serres, Drama)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 12266394, 4943313, 302619, 302618 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 6, 9 ], [ 13, 19 ], [ 21, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " ΕΟ16, SW (Polygyros, Ouranopolis)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 36872113, 1269180, 15341664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 11, 20 ], [ 22, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " ΕΟ65, Ν (Kilkis, Doirani)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Transport", "target_page_ids": [ 25059666, 30861363, 6204181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 10, 16 ], [ 18, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Consulates", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki is twinned with:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 1155299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hartford, United States (1962)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 53678 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alexandria, Egypt (1993)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 3080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bologna, Italy (1984)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 21069333 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Leipzig, Germany (1984)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 17955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Limassol, Cyprus (1984)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 57577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Melbourne, Australia (1984)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 492986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Plovdiv, Bulgaria (1984)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 182553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bratislava, Slovakia (1986)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 18933194 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cologne, Germany (1988)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 6187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Constanţa, Romania (1988)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 265716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " San Francisco, United States (1990)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 49728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nice, France (1992)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 47088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tel Aviv, Israel (1994)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 31453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kolkata, India (2005)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 47905 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Korçë, Albania (2005)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 156505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Busan, South Korea (2010)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 68115 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Durrës, Albania (2012)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 263530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thessaloniki also cooperates with:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Toronto, Canada (1986)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 64646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Budapest, Hungary (1993)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 36787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brooklyn (New York), United States (1993)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 47384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Boston, United States (1996)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 24437894 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shenyang, China (2000)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 180264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gyumri, Armenia (2000)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 1529357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Philadelphia, United States (2002)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 50585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Saint Petersburg, Russia (2002)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 24320051 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dnipro, Ukraine (2003)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 989795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Venice, Italy (2003)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 32616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dongguan, China (2008)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "International relations", "target_page_ids": [ 713742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thessaloniki metropolitan area", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7773654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Battle of Thessalonica (fourteen events at various times)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17874915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Macedonians (Greeks)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22506422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mount Chortiatis, above the city", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 31467073 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lake Koroneia, 14km from the city", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2244005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Delta of Axios National Park, west of the city", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 31222624, 42075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 10, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Apostolos Papagiannopoulos,Monuments of Thessaloniki, Rekos Ltd, date unknown.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Apostolos P. Vacalopoulos, A History of Thessaloniki, Institute for Balkan Studies,1972.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John R. Melville-Jones, 'Venice and Thessalonica 1423–1430 Vol I, The Venetian Accounts, Vol. II, the Greek Accounts, Unipress, Padova, 2002 and 2006 (the latter work contains English translations of accounts of the events of this period by St Symeon of Thessaloniki and John Anagnostes).", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 25156470, 18450763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 245, 267 ], [ 272, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thessaloniki: Tourist guide and street map, A. Kessopoulos, MalliareÌ\"s-Paideia, 1988.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mark Mazower, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430–1950, 2004, .", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 5330680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Naar, Devin E. Jewish Salonica: Between the Ottoman Empire and Modern Greece. Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture Series. Stanford Stanford University Press, 2016. 400 pp. .", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Eugenia Russell, St Demetrius of Thessalonica; Cult and Devotion in the Middle Ages, Peter Lang, Oxford, 2010. ", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " James C. Skedros, Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki: Civic Patron and Divine Protector, 4th-7Th Centuries (Harvard Theological Studies), Trinity Press International (1999).", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vilma Hastaoglou-Martinidis (ed.), Restructuring the City: International Urban Design Competitions for Thessaloniki, Andreas Papadakis, 1999.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Matthieu Ghilardi, Dynamiques spatiales et reconstitutions paléogéographiques de la plaine de Thessalonique (Grèce) à l'Holocène récent, 2007. Thèse de Doctorat de l'Université de Paris 12 Val-de-Marne, 475 p.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Municipality of Thessaloniki", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thessaloniki Port Authority", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ΟΑΣΘ – Organisation of Urban Transport of Thessaloniki (Greek & English)", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " : Official promotional video for Thessaloniki by the Greek National Tourism Organization", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 10778095 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thessaloniki The Official website of the Greek National Tourism Organisation", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Explore Thessaloniki: An open Museum of Early Christian and Byzantine Art in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thessaloniki Concert Hall Organisation", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thessaloniki Film Festival", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thessaloniki Info & Links", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thessaloniki360 Virtual City Guide", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thessaloniki Tsimiski.gr street", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thessaloniki 2012 (celebrations for the 100 years of the incorporation of the city to Greece)", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thessaloniki 2014 (official website of Thessaloniki European Youth Capital 2014)", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Greek Local Yellow Pages of Thessaloniki", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Thessaloniki", "Geography_of_ancient_Mygdonia", "Greek_regional_capitals", "Historic_Jewish_communities", "Mediterranean_port_cities_and_towns_in_Greece", "Municipalities_of_Central_Macedonia", "New_Testament_cities", "Pauline_churches", "Populated_coastal_places_in_Greece", "Populated_places_established_in_the_4th_century_BC", "Populated_places_in_Thessaloniki_(regional_unit)", "Port_cities_of_the_Aegean_Sea", "Capitals_of_Greek_states", "Fortified_settlements", "World_Heritage_Sites_in_Greece", "310s_BC_establishments", "Ancient_Greek_archaeological_sites_in_Greece", "Archaeological_sites_in_Macedonia_(Greece)", "4th-century_BC_establishments_in_Greece", "Jewish_communities_destroyed_in_the_Holocaust" ]

[ "Thessalonica", "Salonica", "Saloniki" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Baker v. Vermont, 744 A.2d 864 (Vt. 1999), was a lawsuit decided by Vermont Supreme Court on December 20, 1999. It was one of the first judicial affirmations of the right of same-sex couples to treatment equivalent to that afforded different-sex couples. The decision held that the state's prohibition on same-sex marriage denied rights granted by the Vermont Constitution. The court ordered the Vermont legislature to either allow same-sex marriages or implement an alternative legal mechanism according similar rights to same-sex couples.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4977336, 19771642, 14084, 92656, 41174, 426260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 89 ], [ 175, 191 ], [ 233, 254 ], [ 306, 323 ], [ 353, 373 ], [ 397, 416 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following their initial success in Hawaii in 1996 that was later undone by a popular referendum in 1998, advocates for same-sex marriage selected Vermont for their lawsuit on the basis of the state's record of establishing rights for gays and lesbians as well as the difficulty of amending its constitution.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 28392898, 754804, 17846, 41174 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 41 ], [ 234, 238 ], [ 243, 250 ], [ 281, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vermont enacted hate crimes legislation in 1990, one of the first states to do so. From the time the legislation that became the Hate Crimes Act was introduced in 1989, it included sexual orientation. Most of the testimony and statistics that supported the legislation related to the gay and lesbian community and one incident of anti-gay violence helped secure its passage. It added sexual orientation to its anti-discrimination statute, the Human Rights Law, in 1992. In 1993, the Vermont Supreme Court ruled unanimously in the case In re B.L.V.B. that a woman could adopt her lesbian partner's natural children. The statute provided that an adoption terminates the rights of natural parents, unless the person adopting is the spouse of the child's natural parent. The Court decided that the statute did not intend to restrict adoption to legal spouses only, that safeguarding the child was its \"general intent and spirit\", and that adoption by a second woman was therefore permissible. In 1995, in the course of reforming the state's adoption statute, a Senate committee first removed language allowing unmarried couples, whatever their sex, to adopt, but after months of work the legislature passed a version that made same-sex couples eligible to adopt.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 29252, 1930288, 38534, 29298 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 384, 402 ], [ 410, 437 ], [ 569, 574 ], [ 729, 735 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 22, 1997, three same-sex couples, who had been denied marriage licenses in the towns of Milton and Shelburne and the city of South Burlington, sued those jurisdictions and the state. They were Stan Baker and Peter Harrigan, Holly Puterbaugh and Lois Farnham, and Nina Beck and Stacy Jolles. Two of the couples had raised children together. The couples sued their respective localities and the state of Vermont, requesting a declaratory judgment that the denial of licenses violated Vermont's marriage statutes and the state Constitution. The plaintiffs were represented by Mary Bonauto, an attorney with Boston-based Gay & Lesbian Advocates and Defenders, and two Vermont attorneys, Susan Murray and Beth Robinson.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Trial court", "target_page_ids": [ 306954, 137291, 137292, 984654, 27193972, 377748, 33611884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 102 ], [ 107, 116 ], [ 133, 149 ], [ 432, 452 ], [ 581, 593 ], [ 625, 662 ], [ 708, 721 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The defendants moved to dismiss the lawsuit on the grounds that no relief could be legally granted for the plaintiffs' grievances. On December 19 at the trial court in Chittenden County, Superior Court Judge Linda Levitt granted the defendants' motion, ruling that the marriage statutes could not be construed to allow same-sex marriages and that the statutes were constitutional because they served the public interest by promoting \"the link between procreation and child rearing\". She disagreed with the defendants' contention that \"history and tradition\" justify the state's interest in preserving marriage. The plaintiffs appealed the decision to the Vermont Supreme Court.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Trial court", "target_page_ids": [ 91383, 4977336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 168, 185 ], [ 656, 677 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On November 3, 1998, voters in Alaska and Hawaii approved referendums in opposition to same-sex marriage. Two weeks later, on the eve of oral arguments in Baker before the Vermont Supreme Court, Tracey Conaty of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force said \"Right now Vermont, in many ways, is our biggest hope\". Discussing the interplay between the courts and public opinion, Greg Johnson, a professor at Vermont Law School, said: \"The reason we have some hope here in Vermont is not just because the jurisprudence is good but the body politic is markedly different than in Alaska and Hawaii\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Trial court", "target_page_ids": [ 38203850, 530686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 216, 251 ], [ 406, 424 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Vermont Supreme Court received amicus briefs from the Vermont Human Rights Commission, Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Vermont Coalition for Lesbian and Gay Rights, Parents and Friends of Lesbian and Gay Men, Vermont Organization for Weddings of the Same-Gender, Vermont NOW, Vermont Psychiatric Association, Take It To the People, New Journey, the American Center for Law and Justice, Specialty Research Associates, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington, Agudath Israel of America, the Christian Legal Society, and a number of U.S. states, groups of professors of law, and individuals. It heard oral arguments on November 18, 1998.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Vermont Supreme Court", "target_page_ids": [ 236334, 265102, 8536948, 996965, 1692203, 166974, 180491 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 47 ], [ 91, 130 ], [ 284, 287 ], [ 362, 397 ], [ 434, 470 ], [ 472, 497 ], [ 503, 526 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Attorney Beth Robinson represented the plaintiffs at the State Supreme Court. She argued that the statutes could be read to provide same-sex couples the right to marry. They also argued that in the absence of such an interpretation of the statutes, the Vermont Constitution's Common Benefits Clause (Chapter I, Article 7), which guarantees all citizens equal benefit and protection of the law, guarantees same-sex couples' right to the substantial benefits and protections of marriage. They questioned the lower court's justification for limiting marital status to male-female couples—linking marital status to procreation and child rearing, noting that Vermont law recognized same-sex couples' right to adopt children and to parent children conceived by natural and artificial means. They questioned how the state could explicitly allow same-sex partners to parent, but deny them and their adopted children the benefits and security of marriage. The justices questioned whether the state's position constituted gender discrimination and whether modern science was undermining the idea that only male-female couples could procreate. The state nevertheless maintained that this was a question of social policy within the purview of the legislature in \"furthering the link between procreation and child rearing.\". When a justice asked if the state saw marriage as a fundamental right, the attorney for the state answered \"Yes, but it's a fundamental right between a man and a woman.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Vermont Supreme Court", "target_page_ids": [ 33611884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On December 20, 1999, the Vermont Supreme Court ruled that the denial of marriage benefits to same-sex partners was a violation of the state constitution. In the majority opinion authored by Chief Justice Jeffrey Amestoy and joined by two other judges, the court held that the state must guarantee the same protections and benefits to same-sex couples that it does to male-female spouses, and added that the legislature should, in a \"reasonable period of time\", find a way to provide same-sex couples with those benefits. Justices John Dooley and Denise R. Johnson each wrote separate opinions concurring that the exclusion of same-sex couples to the state's marriage rights was unconstitutional, but with different rationales.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Opinion of the Court", "target_page_ids": [ 40196823, 40448997, 46773521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 205, 220 ], [ 532, 543 ], [ 548, 565 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The majority opinion was authored by Chief Justice Jeffrey Amestoy and joined by justices James Morse and Marilyn Skoglund. In it, the court dismissed the plaintiff's contention that the denial of same-sex unions violated Vermont marriage statutes. The court held that while the statutes did not explicitly limit marriage to male-female pairs, both the common dictionary definition of marriage and the legislative intent when the relevant statutes were enacted in 1945 favored the interpretation of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. The court also interpreted the terms bride and groom as being gender-specific.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Opinion of the Court", "target_page_ids": [ 40196823, 38019754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 66 ], [ 106, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With respect to the State Constitution's Common Benefit Clause, the court noted that it was an original component of the 1777 Vermont Constitution, predating the Equal Protection Clause of the Federal Constitution's 14th Amendment by several decades. The Court further noted that Vermont is free to provide rights to its citizens not granted by the U.S. Constitution, and that the application of the Common Benefit Clause has historically been significantly different from the federal courts' application of the Equal Protection Clause. While the federal Equal Protection Clause is typically invoked only under very limited circumstances, the Common Benefit Clause has been read to require that \"statutory exclusions from publicly conferred benefits and protections must be 'premised on an appropriate and overriding public interest.'\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Opinion of the Court", "target_page_ids": [ 950939, 31666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 185 ], [ 216, 230 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The court found that the state's marriage policy did not serve such an \"overriding public interest\", rejecting the argument that same-sex marriages would do harm by weakening the link between marriage and child rearing and finding no administrative or pragmatic difficulty with extending the rights of marriage to same-sex couples. The court also noted the state's endorsement of parenting by gays and lesbians in a series of actions, including 1996 legislation promoting same-sex adoption. It also dismissed the argument that legal recognition of same-sex marriage would not conform to the practices of other states, pointing out that Vermont already allowed for certain marriage contracts not recognized by other states (including first-cousin marriages), and that such concerns had not prevented the passage of laws allowing same-sex couples to adopt. The court dismissed the defendant's remaining arguments, such as those concerning the \"stability\" of same-sex couples, as too nebulous or speculative to justify a policy with respect to all same-sex couples and equally applicable to some male-female partnerships.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Opinion of the Court", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The court declined to grant the plaintiffs' request for a marriage license, though it allowed that \"some future case may attempt to establish that notwithstanding equal benefits and protections under Vermont law—the denial of a marriage license operates per se to deny constitutionally protected rights\". Instead, the court directed the State to implement a system to grant same-sex couples statutory rights and privileges equivalent to those enjoyed by male-female couples. This system could be implemented by modifying the marriage statutes to allow for same-sex marriages or by creating a parallel status under another name.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Opinion of the Court", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Justice John Dooley", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Opinion of the Court", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Justice John Dooley wrote a concurrence in which he agreed with the majority opinion in that the denial of marriage benefits to same-sex couples violated the State's Common Benefits Clause, he did not agree with the majority's reliance on federal precedent, which does not hold binding on the Vermont state courts. He accused the majority on relying on the Supreme Court case Bowers v. Hardwick, which held that sodomy laws can be constitutionally criminalized, and not applying a suspect classification to sexual orientation in accordance to Vermont court jurisprudence developments.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Opinion of the Court", "target_page_ids": [ 40448997, 286404, 4347189 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 19 ], [ 377, 395 ], [ 482, 504 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Justice Denise R. Johnson", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Opinion of the Court", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Justice Denise R. Johnson concurred with the majority's holding that the marriage statutes defining marriage between opposite couples violated the state constitution, but dissented from the remedy. Johnson wrote that she believed that the state was required to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples, not just offer the same benefits by a different name. She argued the marriage statutes were a violation of sex classification. She wrote, \"I would grant the requested relief and enjoin defendants from denying plaintiffs a marriage license based solely on the sex of the applicants.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Opinion of the Court", "target_page_ids": [ 46773521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2000, the Legislature responded to the Baker decision by instituting civil unions for same-sex couples after an acrimonious and deeply polarizing debate. The legislation, which took effect on July 1, also defined marriage as the union of a man and a woman, an explicit statement previously not found in Vermont's marriage licensing statute. In response to the court's decision in Baker and the legislature's enactment of civil unions, opponents of the legal recognition of same-sex unions formed an opposition organization called Take Back Vermont.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Later developments", "target_page_ids": [ 1605390, 33279048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 105 ], [ 534, 551 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the elections that fall, six incumbent legislators who supported civil unions lost in the September primaries, five Republicans and one Democrat. In November another 11 civil union supporters lost their seats in the legislature. Exit polls showed voters were evenly split on the question of civil unions.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Later developments", "target_page_ids": [ 1605390 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When GLAD filed a lawsuit seeking same-sex marriage rights in Massachusetts, Bonauto tried to avoid winning a decision like Baker by emphasizing the status of marriage rather than its particular legal benefits and obligations. She said: \"We spent more time in Massachusetts talking about how marriage is a basic civil and human right. It cannot be splintered into state and federal protections. We talked about what marriage is in our culture.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Later developments", "target_page_ids": [ 377748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "New Jersey's highest court ruled unanimously in Lewis v. Harris on October 25, 2006, that excluding same-sex couples from marriage violated the state constitution's guarantee of equal protection. When the justices determined 4 to 3 that the appropriate remedy should be left to the legislature because \"such change must come from the crucible of the democratic process\", the New York Times said New Jersey \"could be considered the new Vermont\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Later developments", "target_page_ids": [ 1265234, 7620136, 2427510, 30680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ], [ 48, 63 ], [ 144, 162 ], [ 375, 389 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vermont legalized same-sex marriage effective September 1, 2009. Civil unions entered into prior to September 1 continued to be recognized as civil unions unless the couple married.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Later developments", "target_page_ids": [ 1605390 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "LGBT rights in Vermont", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 30299166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Same-sex marriage in Vermont", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1605390 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The State of Marriage, a 2015 documentary film on same-sex marriage that focuses in part on the lawsuit", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 46903345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "David Moats, Civil Wars: A Battle for Gay Marriage (Mariner Books, 2005), ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Baker v. Vermont, 744 A.2d 864", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Vermont_state_case_law", "1999_in_United_States_case_law", "LGBT_in_Vermont", "1999_in_Vermont", "United_States_same-sex_union_case_law", "Chittenden_County,_Vermont", "1999_in_LGBT_history" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Berea College is a private liberal arts work college in Berea, Kentucky. Founded in 1855, Berea College was the first college in the Southern United States to be coeducational and racially integrated. Berea College charges no tuition; every admitted student is provided the equivalent of a four-year scholarship. There are still other fees, such as room and board, textbooks, and personal expenses. Most students receive grants or scholarships and do not have to take out many loans, if any at all.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1699468, 12151979, 581421, 115328, 179553, 364118, 911131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 26 ], [ 27, 39 ], [ 40, 52 ], [ 56, 71 ], [ 133, 155 ], [ 162, 173 ], [ 180, 199 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Berea offers bachelor's degrees in 33 majors. It has a full-participation work-study program in which students are required to work at least 10 hours per week in 1,500 campus and service jobs in more than 130 departments. Students are paid a modest salary and typically use the funds to cover the cost of housing, meals and other expenses. Students do not get to choose their work assignment their first year but can choose during subsequent years.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 188874 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Berea's primary service region is Southern Appalachia, but students come from more than 40 states in the United States and 70 other countries, with approximately one in three students identifying as a person of color.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 292598, 3434750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 53 ], [ 105, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mountain Day is a tradition unique to Berea College. On this day, students are given a day free from work and classes. They are encouraged to hike the Pinnacles in the Berea College Forest and enjoy the mountain ranges. Students also do not get the traditional September Labor Day off. Instead, they get a Labor Day in the spring, which is used to find a new labor position for the upcoming academic year.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Founded in 1855 by the abolitionist John Gregg Fee (1816–1901), Berea College admitted both black and white students in a fully integrated curriculum, making it the first non-segregated, coeducational college in the South and one of a handful of institutions of higher learning to admit both male and female students in the mid-19th century. The college began as a one-room schoolhouse that also served as a church on Sundays on land that was granted to Fee by politician and abolitionist Cassius Marcellus Clay. Fee named the new community after the biblical Berea. Although the school's first articles of incorporation were adopted in 1859, founder John Gregg Fee and the teachers were forced out of the area by pro-slavery supporters in that same year.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 40318770, 2397480, 479983, 364118, 5689, 179553, 5689, 40318770, 2393153, 6764256, 253264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 35 ], [ 36, 50 ], [ 139, 149 ], [ 187, 200 ], [ 201, 208 ], [ 212, 221 ], [ 346, 353 ], [ 476, 488 ], [ 489, 511 ], [ 560, 565 ], [ 718, 725 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fee spent the Civil War years raising funds for the school, trying to provide for his family in Cincinnati, Ohio, and working at Camp Nelson. He returned afterward to continue his work at Berea. He spent nearly 18 months working mostly at Camp Nelson, where he helped provide facilities for the freedmen and their families, as well as teaching and preaching. He helped get funds for barracks, a hospital, school and church.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 863, 18522615, 22199, 20091446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 23 ], [ 96, 106 ], [ 108, 112 ], [ 129, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1866, Berea's first full year after the war, it had 187 students, 96 Black and 91 white. It began with preparatory classes to ready students for advanced study at the college level. In 1869, the first college students were admitted, and the first bachelor's degrees were awarded in 1873. Almost all the private and state colleges in the South were racially segregated. Berea was the main exception until a new state law in 1904 forced its segregation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 188874, 38932010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 250, 267 ], [ 407, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The college challenged the law in state court and further appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court in Berea College v. Kentucky. When the challenge failed, the college had to become a segregated school, but it set aside funds to help establish the Lincoln Institute near Louisville to educate Black students. In 1950, when the law was amended to allow integration of schools at the college level, Berea promptly resumed its integrated policies.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 9291755, 12332436, 58592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 121 ], [ 242, 259 ], [ 265, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1925, famed advertiser Bruce Barton, a future congressman, sent a letter to 24 wealthy men in America to raise funds for the college. Every single letter was returned with a minimum of $1,000 in donation. During World War II, Berea was one of 131 colleges nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a navy commission.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2080300, 32927, 452831 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 38 ], [ 215, 227 ], [ 292, 326 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Up until the 1960s, Berea provided pre-college education in addition to college level curriculum. In 1968, the elementary and secondary schools (Foundation School) were discontinued in favor of focusing on undergraduate college education.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(as of 2022)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Berea College offers 33 majors and 39 minors from which its 1,600 students can choose. Students who wish to pursue a field of student that cannot be met through an established Berea College major have the option to submit a proposal for an independent major, provided they meet the criteria in the college catalog's definition of a major. The student must secure independent major advisers (primary and secondary).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "To ensure every student has access to fully experience a liberal arts education, the college provides significant funding to assist students in studying abroad. Berea students are also eligible to win the Thomas J. Watson Fellowship, which provides funding for a year of study abroad following graduation. Like many private colleges, Berea does not enroll students based upon semester hours. Berea College uses a course credit system, which has the following equivalencies:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [ 57105197 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 205, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A 0.25 credit course is the equivalent of 1 semester hour.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A 0.50 credit course is the equivalent of 2 semester hours.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A 0.75 credit course is equivalent to 3 semester hours.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A 1.00 credit course is the equivalent to 4 semester hours.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "All students are required to attend the college on a full-time basis, which is 3.00 course credits of enrollment, or 12 semester hours. Students must be enrolled in at least 4.00 course credits to be considered for the Dean's list. Enrollment in 4.75 or more course credits requires the approval of the Academic Adviser, and a minimum cumulative GPA of 3.30. There are also optional Summer opportunities to engage in study. Students may take between 1 and 2.25 credits during Summer. One Berea course credit is equivalent to four semester hours (6 quarter hours). Part-time enrollment is not permitted except during Summer term. A cumulative GPA of 2.0 is required in all majors in order to graduate with a bachelor's degree.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [ 247805 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 642, 645 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2021, Washington Monthly ranked Berea College 13th in the U.S. among liberal arts colleges based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service. The 2022 annual ranking of U.S. News & World Report categorizes Berea as 'more selective' and rates it 30th overall, 1st in \"Service Learning,\" 2nd for \"Most Innovative Schools,\" tied for 13th in \"Best Undergraduate Teaching\" and tied for 6th in \"Top Performers in Social Mobility\" among liberal arts colleges in the U.S.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [ 325569, 449826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 27 ], [ 239, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kiplinger's Personal Finance places Berea 35th in its 2019 ranking of 149 best value liberal arts colleges in the United States.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [ 1415133 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Berea College provides all students with full-tuition scholarships and many receive support for room and board as well. Berea College charges no tuition; every admitted student is provided the equivalent of a four-year, full-tuition scholarship (currently stated to be worth over $150,000; $39,400 per year for 2018–2019). Admission to the college is granted only to students who need financial assistance (as determined by the FAFSA); in general, applications are accepted only from those whose family income falls within the bottom 40% of U.S. households. About 75% of the college's incoming class is drawn from the Appalachian region of the South and some adjoining areas, and about 8% are international students. Generally, no more than one student is admitted from a given country in a single year (with the exception of countries in distress such as Liberia). This policy ensures that 70 or more nationalities are usually represented in the student body of Berea College. All international students are admitted on full scholarships with the same regard for financial need as U.S. students.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [ 974650, 17791 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 428, 433 ], [ 856, 863 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In order to support its extensive scholarship program, Berea College has one of the largest financial reserves of any American college when measured on a per-student basis. The endowment was $1.6 billion as of June 30, 2021. The base of Berea College's finances is dependent on substantial contributions from individuals, foundations, corporations that support the mission of the college and donations from alumni. A solid investment strategy increased the endowment from $150 million in 1985 to its current amount.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As a work college, Berea has a student work program in which all students work on campus 10 or more hours per week. Berea is one of nine federally recognized work colleges in the United States and one of two in Kentucky (Alice Lloyd College being the other) to have mandatory work study programs. Employment opportunities range from busing tables at the Boone Tavern Hotel, a historic business owned by the college, to leading campus tours for visitors and prospective students, or making brooms, ceramics and woven items in Student Craft. Other job duties include janitorial labor, building management, resident assistant, teaching assistant, food service, gardening and grounds keeping, information technology, woodworking, and secretarial work. Berea College has helped make the town a center for quality arts and crafts.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [ 581421, 3434750, 16846, 447615, 22607580, 36674345, 33118 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 17 ], [ 179, 192 ], [ 211, 219 ], [ 221, 240 ], [ 354, 372 ], [ 689, 711 ], [ 713, 724 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of 2022, students are paid an hourly wage from $5.60 to $8.60 by the college, based on the WLS (\"Work, Learning, and Service\") level attached to individual labor positions. The more complicated reality is that students, with various hourly rates depending on level of responsibility—and in combination with government grants—are actually making more than $30 per hour, with the bulk of that money going toward their tuition in the form of scholarship. A portion of it is returned to the students in the form of a tax-free paycheck to cover their incidentals and other expenses. The college regularly increases student pay on a yearly basis, but it has never been equivalent to the federal minimum wage in the school's history. Because of the scheduling demands of both an academic requirement and a labor requirement, students are not allowed to work at off-campus jobs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Berea was founded by Protestant Christians. It maintains a Christian identity separate from any particular denomination. The college's motto, \"God has made of one blood all peoples of the earth,\" is taken from Acts 26. One General Studies course is focused on Christian faith, as every student is required to take an Understandings of Christianity course. In an effort to be sensitive to the diverse preferences and experiences of students and faculty, these courses are designed to be taught with respect for the unique spiritual journey of each individual, regardless of religious identification.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [ 18337522, 342411, 5042765, 2084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 42 ], [ 107, 119 ], [ 143, 146 ], [ 210, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hutchins Library maintains an extensive collection of books, archives, and music pertaining to the history and culture of the Southern Appalachian region. The Southern Appalachian Archives contain organizational records, personal papers, oral histories, and photographs. Included are the papers of the Council of the Southern Mountains (1912–1989) and the Appalachian Volunteers (1963–1970).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Academics", "target_page_ids": [ 15186968, 15317316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 306, 339 ], [ 360, 382 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since 2002, all students at Berea have received laptops that they take with them when they graduate. Students are not required to pay for the computers, though they do provide a small fee to support the technological infrastructure. Students must have a special permit to have a car on campus. Such permits are rarely granted to first- or second-year students. The college provides students with supplemental transport through a shuttle bus system.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Berea athletic teams are called the Mountaineers. The college is of the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Collegiate Conference of the South (CCS) starting in the 2022–23 academic year. They were also a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA). The Mountaineers previously competed in the USA South Athletic Conference (USA South) from 2017–18 to 2021–22; as an NCAA D-III Independent from 2014–15 to 2016–17; and in the Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC; now currently known as the River States Conference (RSC) since the 2016–17 school year) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1916–17 to 2013–14.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Athletics", "target_page_ids": [ 874503, 60706, 70115519, 4313592, 255188, 522861, 10581768, 393991 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 88 ], [ 102, 142 ], [ 178, 212 ], [ 289, 334 ], [ 388, 417 ], [ 461, 483 ], [ 520, 564 ], [ 667, 716 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Berea competes in 14 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, soccer, tennis and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field and volleyball.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Athletics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On February 20, 2012, the NCAA announced it had granted Berea permission to begin a one-year period exploring membership in its Division III, non-scholarship athletic program.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Athletics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On May 4, 2016, the USA South announced that Berea would join the league effective in the 2017–18 school year.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Athletics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The USA South announced in February 2022 that it would split into two leagues the following July, with eight of its then 19 members, including Berea, establishing the new Collegiate Conference of the South.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Athletics", "target_page_ids": [ 70115519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On February 4, 1954, Irvine Shanks was in the lineup for Berea against Ohio Wilmington, breaking the color barrier in college basketball in Kentucky.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Athletics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "John \"Bam\" Carney – educator; member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from Campbellsville", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 68283739, 2958505, 115430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 44, 77 ], [ 83, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dean W. Colvard – former president of Mississippi State University, notable for his role in a 1963 controversy surrounding the participation of the university's basketball team in the NCAA Tournament", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 8275337, 64095895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 94, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John Courter – educator; an American composer, organist, and carillonneur, considered one of the leading contemporary composers for the carillon", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 43293011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John Fenn – recipient of 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Despite his future success, Fenn always felt that he was limited by the lack of meaningful math education in his undergrad years.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 427622, 25416893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 30, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Finley Hamilton – United States Representative from Kentucky.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 10829575, 19468510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 18, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "bell hooks (Gloria Jean Watkins) – Distinguished Professor in Residence in Appalachian Studies, author of over thirty books", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 200734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Julia Britton Hooks – second African-American woman in the United States to graduate from college and paternal grandmother of Benjamin Hooks", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 29814646, 3434750, 1072662 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ], [ 59, 72 ], [ 126, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Silas House – NEH Chair in Appalachian Studies, author and activist", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 9163576, 732612 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 14, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "George Samuel Hurst - A health physicist and professor of physics at the University of Kentucky", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 47939619 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Juanita M. Kreps – U.S. Secretary of Commerce under President Jimmy Carter", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 950821, 44272, 15992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 19, 45 ], [ 62, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "C.E. Morgan – author of All the Living and The Sport of Kings", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 28961448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tharon Musser – Tony Award-winning lighting designer known especially for her work on A Chorus Line", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 7296997, 54741, 529355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 16, 26 ], [ 86, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Willie Parker – abortion provider and reproductive rights activist", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 53984679, 765, 706186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 16, 24 ], [ 38, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "K.C. Potter – academic administrator and LGBT rights activist", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 62052597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jeffrey Reddick – American screenwriter, best known for creating the Final Destination series", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 3759467, 4416127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 69, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jack Roush – founder, CEO, and owner of Roush Fenway Racing, a NASCAR team", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 2332125, 2087552, 21114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 40, 59 ], [ 63, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tijan Sallah - Gambian poet, short story writer, biographer and economist at the World Bank", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 38842852, 45358446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 81, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Helen Maynor Scheirbeck – Assistant Director for Public Programs at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of the American Indian", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 6190261, 419375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ], [ 98, 136 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Djuan Trent – Miss Kentucky 2010", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 35299173, 5710748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 14, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Horace M. Trent - American physicist", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 53579058 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rocky Tuan – vice-chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 54023989, 268964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 36, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "C. C. Vaughn - Kentucky educator and minister", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 52498447 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Muse Watson – American actor", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 682265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Billy Edd Wheeler – songwriter, performer and writer", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 9876372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carter G. Woodson – African-American historian, author, journalist and co-founder of Black History Month", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 1064397, 1030599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 85, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chris Thomas Hayes – American film and television actor, writer, and puppeteer. Performs the characters of Hoots the Owl and Elijah, father of Wes, on Sesame Street", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable alumni and faculty", "target_page_ids": [ 48064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 151, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gott v. Berea College", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1000379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peck, Elizabeth. Berea's First Century, 1855–1955. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1955.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wilson, Shannon H. Berea College: An Illustrated History. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2006. ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Official athletic website", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Berea_College", "Liberal_arts_colleges_in_Kentucky", "Educational_institutions_established_in_1855", "Universities_and_colleges_accredited_by_the_Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools", "Buildings_and_structures_in_Madison_County,_Kentucky", "Appalachian_culture_in_Kentucky", "Education_in_Madison_County,_Kentucky", "1855_establishments_in_Kentucky", "Work_colleges", "American_Missionary_Association", "USCAA_member_institutions", "Private_universities_and_colleges_in_Kentucky" ]

[ "Kentucky's Second Fair Trade University" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1804 United States presidential election was the fifth quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, November 2, to Wednesday, December 5, 1804. Incumbent Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson defeated Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina. It was the first presidential election conducted following the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which reformed procedures for electing presidents and vice presidents.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32080, 24113, 29922, 32086, 368096, 31664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 92 ], [ 166, 187 ], [ 188, 197 ], [ 198, 214 ], [ 224, 234 ], [ 235, 262 ], [ 365, 416 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jefferson was re-nominated by his party's congressional nominating caucus without opposition, and the party nominated Governor George Clinton of New York to replace Aaron Burr as Jefferson's running mate. With former President John Adams in retirement, the Federalists turned to Pinckney, a former ambassador and Revolutionary War hero who had been Adams's running mate in the 1800 election.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2666720, 147872, 57454, 24113, 10410626, 771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 73 ], [ 127, 141 ], [ 165, 175 ], [ 217, 226 ], [ 227, 237 ], [ 313, 330 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Though Jefferson had only narrowly defeated Adams in 1800, he was widely popular due to the Louisiana Purchase and a strong economy. He carried almost every state, including most states in the Federalist stronghold of New England. Several states did not hold a popular vote for president, but Jefferson dominated the popular vote in the states that did. Jefferson's 45.6 percentage point victory margin in the popular vote remains the highest victory margin in a presidential election in which there were multiple major party candidates.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 17628, 21531764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 110 ], [ 218, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although the presidential election of 1800 was a close one, Jefferson steadily gained popularity during his term. American trade boomed due to the temporary suspension of hostilities during the French Revolutionary Wars in Europe, and the Louisiana Purchase was heralded as a great achievement.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 40454, 233039, 9239, 17628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 42 ], [ 194, 219 ], [ 223, 229 ], [ 239, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The congressional nominating caucus of the Democratic-Republican Party was held in February 1804, with 108 members of the United States Congress in attendance and Senator Stephen R. Bradley as its chair. Jefferson was renominated by acclamation while Vice President Aaron Burr was not considered for renomination. The caucus selected to give the vice-presidential nomination to Governor George Clinton whose main opponent was Senator John Breckinridge. A thirteen member committee was selected to manage Jefferson's presidential campaign.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2666720, 32080, 31756, 3024456, 57454, 147872, 177871 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 35 ], [ 43, 70 ], [ 122, 144 ], [ 171, 189 ], [ 266, 276 ], [ 387, 401 ], [ 434, 451 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Breckinridge (Kentucky), U.S. Senator", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 177871, 16846 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 20, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George Clinton (New York), Governor", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 147872, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gideon Granger (Connecticut), Postmaster General", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 974757, 6466 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Langdon (New Hampshire), former U.S. Senator", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 465479, 21134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Levi Lincoln (Massachusetts), U.S. Attorney General", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 626522, 1645518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William Maclay (Pennsylvania), former U.S. Senator", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 468650, 23332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Federalists did not hold a nominating caucus, but Federalist Congressional leaders informally agreed to nominate a ticket consisting of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina and former Senator Rufus King of New York. Pinckney's public service during and after the American Revolutionary War had won him national stature, and Federalists hoped that Pinckney would win some Southern votes away from Jefferson, who had dominated the Southern vote in the previous election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 368096, 261268, 771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 167 ], [ 205, 215 ], [ 276, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Federalist leader Alexander Hamilton's death in July 1804 following the Burr–Hamilton duel destroyed whatever hope the Federalists had of defeating the popular Jefferson. Leaderless and disorganized, the Federalists failed to attract much support outside of New England. The Federalists attacked the Louisiana Purchase as unconstitutional, criticized Jefferson's gunboat navy, and alleged that Jefferson had fathered children with his slave, Sally Hemings, but the party failed to galvanize opposition to Jefferson. Jefferson's policies of expansionism and reduced government spending were widely popular. Jefferson was aided by an effective Democratic-Republican party organization, which had continued to develop since 1800, especially in the Federalist stronghold of New England.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40597, 3445146, 21531764, 274471, 253264, 102282, 21531764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 36 ], [ 72, 90 ], [ 258, 269 ], [ 363, 370 ], [ 435, 440 ], [ 442, 455 ], [ 770, 781 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jefferson's victory was overwhelming, and he even won four of the five New England states. Pinckney won only two states, Connecticut and Delaware. This was the first election where the Democratic-Republicans won in Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 6466, 7930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 132 ], [ 137, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (electoral vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) Only 11 of the 17 states chose electors by popular vote.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(b) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.''", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest total of votes. The vote totals of North Carolina and Tennessee appear to be incomplete.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33632911 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21211310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1804 and 1805 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668387 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1804 and 1805 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26783816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1804: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1804 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1804_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson", "Thomas_Jefferson" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1804" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1808 United States presidential election was the sixth quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, November 4, to Wednesday, December 7, 1808. The Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney decisively. Madison's victory made him the first individual to succeed a president of the same party.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32080, 15950, 32086, 368096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 92 ], [ 160, 181 ], [ 192, 205 ], [ 215, 225 ], [ 236, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Madison had served as Secretary of State since President Thomas Jefferson took office in 1801. Jefferson, who had declined to run for a third term, threw his strong support behind Madison, a fellow Virginian. Sitting Vice President George Clinton and former Ambassador James Monroe both challenged Madison for leadership of the party, but Madison won his party's nomination and Clinton was re-nominated as vice president. The Federalists chose to re-nominate Pinckney, a former ambassador who had served as the party's 1804 nominee.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32293, 24113, 29922, 32432, 32759, 147872, 15978, 40474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 40 ], [ 47, 56 ], [ 57, 73 ], [ 198, 206 ], [ 217, 231 ], [ 232, 246 ], [ 269, 281 ], [ 519, 523 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the unpopularity of the Embargo Act of 1807, Madison won the vast majority of electoral votes outside of the Federalist stronghold of New England. Clinton received six electoral votes for president from his home state of New York. This election was the first of two instances in American history in which a new president was selected but the incumbent vice president won re-election, the other being in 1828.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 55564, 21531764, 40510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 51 ], [ 142, 153 ], [ 411, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " James Madison (Virginia), Secretary of State", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 15950, 32432, 32293 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 16, 24 ], [ 27, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " James Monroe (Virginia), Former U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 15978, 32432, 31717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 23 ], [ 56, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George Clinton (New York), Vice President of the United States", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 147872, 8210131, 32759 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 25 ], [ 28, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George Clinton (New York), Vice President of the United States", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 147872, 8210131, 32759 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 25 ], [ 28, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Langdon (New Hampshire), Governor", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 465479, 21134, 253081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 28 ], [ 31, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Henry Dearborn (Massachusetts), Secretary of War", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 240104, 1645518, 44000 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 30 ], [ 33, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Quincy Adams (Massachusetts), United States Senator", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 15654, 1645518, 24909346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 20, 33 ], [ 36, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Senator Stephen R. Bradley, who had chaired the congressional nominating caucus during the 1804 presidential election, made a call for the 1808 caucus to the 146 Democratic-Republican members of the United States Congress and Federalist allies. The caucus was attended by 89 to 94 members of Congress.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3024456, 2666720, 32080, 31756, 32086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 26 ], [ 48, 79 ], [ 162, 183 ], [ 199, 221 ], [ 226, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The caucus was held in January 1808, and Secretary of State James Madison won the presidential nomination with the support of President Thomas Jefferson against James Monroe and Vice President George Clinton. The caucus voted to give the vice-presidential nomination to Clinton against his main opponent John Langdon although Clinton's supporters believed that he would receive the Federalist's presidential nomination, but it instead went to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. A committee of fifteen members was selected to manage Madison's campaign.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 15950, 29922, 15978, 147872, 465479, 368096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 73 ], [ 136, 152 ], [ 161, 173 ], [ 193, 207 ], [ 304, 316 ], [ 443, 470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Seventeen Democratic-Republicans in Congress opposed Madison's selection and the caucus system whose authority to select presidential and vice-presidential candidates was disputed. Clinton also opposed the caucus system. Monroe was nominated by a group of Virginia Democratic-Republicans, and although he did not actively try to defeat Madison, he also refused to withdraw from the race. Clinton was also supported by a group of New York Democratic-Republicans for president even as he remained the party's official vice presidential candidate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Federalist caucus met in September 1808 and re-nominated the party's 1804 ticket, which consisted of General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina and former Senator Rufus King of New York.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 368096, 27956, 261268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 140 ], [ 144, 158 ], [ 178, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election was marked by opposition to Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807, a halt to trade with Europe that disproportionately hurt New England merchants and was perceived as favoring France over Britain. Nonetheless, Jefferson was still very popular with Americans generally and Pinckney was soundly defeated by Madison, though not as badly as in 1804. Pinckney received few electoral votes outside of New England.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 55564, 21531764, 152256, 21531764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 72 ], [ 131, 142 ], [ 195, 202 ], [ 402, 413 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pinckney retained the electoral votes of the two states that he carried in 1804 (Connecticut and Delaware), and he also picked up New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and three electoral districts in North Carolina besides the two electoral districts in Maryland that he carried earlier. Except for the North Carolina districts, all of the improvement was in New England.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 366, 377 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monroe won a portion of the popular vote in Virginia and North Carolina, while the New York legislature split its electoral votes between Madison and Clinton.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860: The Official Results by County and State", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) Only 10 of the 17 states chose electors by popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(b) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(c) One Elector from Kentucky did not vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest total of votes. The vote totals of North Carolina and Tennessee appear to be incomplete.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First inauguration of James Madison", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21211417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1808 and 1809 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1808 and 1809 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26803180 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brant, Irving, \"Election of 1808\" in Arthur Meier Schlesinger and Fred L. Israel, eds. History of American presidential elections, 1789-1968: Volume 1 (1971) pp 185-249", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carson, David A. \"Quiddism and the Reluctant Candidacy of James Monroe in the Election of 1808,\" Mid-America 1988 70(2): 79–89", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1808 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1808: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787-1825", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1808_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_James_Madison", "James_Madison" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1808" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1812 United States presidential election was the seventh quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, October 30, 1812 to Wednesday, December 2, 1812. Taking place in the shadow of the War of 1812, incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Madison defeated DeWitt Clinton, who drew support from dissident Democratic-Republicans in the North as well as Federalists. It was the first presidential election to be held during a major war involving the United States.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 34059, 32080, 24113, 15950, 55467, 32086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 94 ], [ 204, 215 ], [ 227, 248 ], [ 249, 258 ], [ 259, 272 ], [ 282, 296 ], [ 377, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Northern Democratic-Republicans had long been dissatisfied by the Southern dominance of their party, and DeWitt Clinton's uncle, Vice President George Clinton, had unsuccessfully challenged Madison for the party's 1808 presidential nomination. While the May 1812 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus re-nominated Madison, the party's New York caucus, also held in May, nominated Clinton for president. After the United States declared war on the United Kingdom in June 1812, Clinton sought to create a coalition of anti-war Democratic-Republicans and Federalists. With Clinton in the race, the Federalist Party declined to formally put forth a nominee, hoping its members would vote for Clinton, but they did not formally endorse him, fearing that an explicit endorsement of Clinton would hurt the party's fortunes in other races. Federalist Jared Ingersoll of Pennsylvania became Clinton's de facto running mate. A dissident faction of the Federalist Party attempted to nominate former Vice-Presidential candidate Rufus King over Clinton, but only succeeded in doing so in Virginia.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32759, 147872, 2666720, 31717, 547738, 23332, 261268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 143 ], [ 144, 158 ], [ 285, 316 ], [ 463, 477 ], [ 860, 875 ], [ 879, 891 ], [ 1033, 1043 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite Clinton's success at attracting Federalist support, Madison was re-elected with 50.4 percent of the popular vote to his opponent's 47.6%, making the 1812 election the closest election up to that point in the popular vote. Clinton won the Federalist bastion of New England as well as three Mid-Atlantic states, but Madison dominated the South and took Pennsylvania.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764, 181779, 179553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 268, 279 ], [ 297, 316 ], [ 344, 349 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Residual military conflict resulting from the Napoleonic Wars in Europe had been steadily worsening throughout James Madison's first term, with the British Empire and the French Empire both ignoring the neutrality rights of the United States at sea by seizing American ships and looking for supposed British deserters in a practice known as impressment. The British provided additional provocations by impressing American seamen, maintaining forts within United States territory in the Northwest, and supporting American Indians at war with the United States in both the Northwest and Southwest.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 45420, 456207, 21217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 61 ], [ 341, 352 ], [ 512, 528 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Meanwhile, expansionists in the south and west of the United States coveted British Canada and Spanish Florida and wanted to use British provocations as a pretext to seize both areas. The pressure steadily built, with the result that the United States declared war on the United Kingdom on June 12, 1812. This occurred after Madison had been nominated by the Democratic-Republicans, but before the Federalists had made their nomination. He won the nomination with 128 votes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 3434750, 2716954, 3434750, 152256 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 67 ], [ 95, 110 ], [ 238, 251 ], [ 272, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic-Republican candidates:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Many Democratic-Republicans in the northern states were unhappy over the perceived dominance of the presidency by the state of Virginia (three of the last four presidents had been Virginians), and they wished instead to nominate one of their own rather than re-nominate President Madison. Initially, these hopes were pinned upon Vice President George Clinton, but his poor health and advanced age (72) eliminated his chances. Even before Clinton's death on April 20, 1812, his nephew New York Lieutenant Governor DeWitt Clinton was considered the preferred candidate to move against Madison by the northern Democratic-Republicans.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 55467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 513, 527 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hoping to forestall a serious movement against President James Madison and a division of the Democratic-Republican Party, some proposed making DeWitt Clinton the nominee for the vice presidency, taking over the same office his uncle now held. DeWitt Clinton was not opposed to the offer, but preferred to wait until after the conclusion of the New York caucus, which would not be held until after the Congressional Caucus had met, to finalize his decision. Early caucuses were held in the states of Virginia and Pennsylvania, both of which pledged their support to Madison.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 15950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eighty-three of the one hundred thirty-eight of the Democratic-Republican members of the United States Congress attended the nominating caucus in May 1812. The delegations from New York and New England had less representation due to the New York members supporting DeWitt Clinton's attempt to gain the support of the Federalists and the New England members opposing Madison's foreign policy. Eighty-two of the delegates voted to give the presidential nomination to Madison while John Langdon won the vice-presidential nomination against Elbridge Gerry by a vote of sixty-four to sixteen. However, Langdon declined the nomination citing his age and it was instead given to Gerry after another vote was held with seventy-four delegates voting for him.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 31756, 55467, 465479, 10293 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 111 ], [ 265, 279 ], [ 479, 491 ], [ 537, 551 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the New York caucus did meet on May 29, it was dominated by anti-war Democratic-Republicans, and nominated DeWitt Clinton for the presidency almost unanimously. Clinton's now open candidacy was opposed by many who, while not friends of James Madison, feared that Clinton was now apt to tear the Democratic-Republican party asunder. The matter of how to conduct his campaign also became a major problem for Clinton, especially with regards to the war with the British after June 12. Many of Clinton's supporters were war-hawks who advocated extreme measures to force the British into negotiations favorable to the United States, while Clinton knew he would have to appeal to Federalists to win, and they were almost wholly opposed to the war.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Federalist candidates:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Before Clinton entered the race as an alternative to President Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall was a favorite for the Federalist presidential nomination, a relatively popular figure who could carry much of the Northeast while potentially taking Virginia and North Carolina as well. But with Clinton in the race, the Federalists would no longer be able to count on the electoral votes of New York, possibly throwing the election into the House of Representatives, dominated by Democratic-Republicans, where Madison would almost certainly be elected.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 31739, 21825423, 19468510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 85 ], [ 86, 99 ], [ 442, 466 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the face of these facts, the Federalist party considered endorsing Clinton's candidacy for a time, but at their caucus in September it was decided that the party simply would not field a presidential candidate that year and did not endorse Clinton. Though there was much support among the Federalists for Clinton, it was felt that openly endorsing him as the party's choice for president would damage his chances in states where the Federalists remained unpopular and drive away Democratic-Republicans who would normally be supportive of his candidacy. A Federalist caucus in Pennsylvania chose to nominate Jared Ingersoll, the Attorney General of the state, as Clinton's vice presidential running-mate, a move Clinton decided to support considering the importance of Pennsylvania's electors.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 547738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 610, 625 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While many Federalists were supportive of DeWitt Clinton's candidacy, others were not so keen, skeptical of Clinton's positions regarding the war and other matters. Rufus King, a former diplomat and Representative, had led an effort at the September Caucus to nominate a Federalist ticket for the election that year, though he was ultimately unsuccessful. Still, some wished to enter King's name into the race under the Federalist label, and while very little came of it, it caused problems for the Clinton campaign in two states.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 261268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the case of Virginia, Clinton was rejected entirely by the state Federalist Party, which instead chose to nominate Rufus King for president and William Richardson Davie for vice president. The ticket would acquire about 27% of the vote in the state. In New York, with the Federalists having gained control of the state legislature that summer, it was planned that the Federalists would nominate a slate pledged to Rufus King now that they had the majority. However, a coalition of Democratic-Republicans and Federalists would defeat the motion and succeed in nominating a slate pledged to Clinton.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 502686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The war heavily overshadowed the campaign. Clinton continued his regional campaigning, adopting an anti-war stance in the Northeast (which was most harmed by the war), and a pro-war stance in the South and West. The election ultimately hinged on New York and Pennsylvania, and while Clinton took his home state, he failed to take Pennsylvania and thus lost the election. Though Clinton lost, the election was the best showing for the Federalists since that of Adams, as the party made gains in Congress and kept the presidential election reasonably close. Clintonite Democratic-Republicans in many states refused to work with their Federalist counterparts (notably in Pennsylvania) and Clinton was generally regarded by most as the Federalist candidate, though he was not formally nominated by them. Madison was the first of just four presidents in United States history to win re-election with a lower percentage of the electoral vote than in their prior elections, as Madison won 69.3% of the electoral vote in 1808, but only won 58.7% of the electoral vote in 1812. The other three were Woodrow Wilson in 1916, Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944 and Barack Obama in 2012. Additionally, Madison was the first of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in prior elections, although in 1812, only 6 of the 18 states chose electors by popular vote. The other four are Andrew Jackson in 1832, Grover Cleveland in 1892, Franklin Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944 and Obama in 2012.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 34059, 8210131, 23332, 33523, 40535, 10979, 40559, 40560, 534366, 20102947, 1623, 40511, 12495, 40528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 7 ], [ 246, 254 ], [ 259, 271 ], [ 1090, 1104 ], [ 1108, 1112 ], [ 1114, 1135 ], [ 1139, 1143 ], [ 1148, 1152 ], [ 1157, 1169 ], [ 1173, 1177 ], [ 1422, 1436 ], [ 1440, 1444 ], [ 1446, 1462 ], [ 1466, 1470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860: The Official Results by Michael J. Dubin", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) Only 9 of the 18 states chose electors by popular vote.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(b) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(c) One Elector from Ohio did not vote.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The popular vote totals used are the elector from each party with the highest total of votes. The vote totals of Kentucky appear to be incomplete, and those of Tennessee appear to be lost.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In New Jersey, Federalists had just taken over the state legislature and decided to change the method of choosing electors from a general election to appointment by state legislature. Some towns, possibly too far away to get the news, or in open defiance of the switch, held elections anyway. These were not counted nor reported by the newspapers. In the unofficial elections, Madison received 1,672 votes while Clinton only received 2, suggesting these were protest votes (New Jersey was far more competitive than this at the time).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Electoral college selection", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1812 and 1813 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1812 and 1813 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26984844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second inauguration of James Madison", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21211465 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1812: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1812 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1812_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_James_Madison", "James_Madison" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1812" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Minardi was an Italian automobile racing team and constructor founded in Faenza in 1979 by Giancarlo Minardi. It competed in the Formula One World Championship from 1985 until 2005 with little success, nevertheless acquiring a loyal following of fans. In 2001, to save the team from folding, Minardi sold it to Australian businessman Paul Stoddart, who ran the team for five years before selling it on to Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed it Scuderia Toro Rosso. From 2001, all of Minardi chassis were called \"PS\" then a number, the PS being the initials of team owner, Paul Stoddart.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1022, 1837397, 1161145, 10854, 167568, 12844752, 2911567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 40 ], [ 73, 79 ], [ 91, 108 ], [ 129, 140 ], [ 334, 347 ], [ 405, 418 ], [ 442, 461 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During its time in F1, the team scored a total of 38 championship points; 16 of these were earned by the team's first driver, Pierluigi Martini. Martini also recorded the team's only front row start, qualifying 2nd at the 1990 United States Grand Prix, and he led a lap during the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix, the only time a Minardi led a lap. The team never achieved a podium finish, only managing three 4th-place finishes: Martini twice in 1991 and Christian Fittipaldi in 1993.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1201750, 1123069, 1123057, 343014 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 143 ], [ 222, 251 ], [ 281, 307 ], [ 451, 471 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 21 seasons, Minardi entered 37 drivers. Thirteen had Italian nationality, the others came with 13 different nationalities (discounting Doornbos racing under a Monaco license in 2005). Martini started in 103 Grands Prix for the team, while Morbidelli and Gené started 33 times.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Before Minardi's demise, the team was a particularly well-liked team within Formula One circles for its friendliness, accessibility, and lack of corporate culture. On the track, their cars were regarded by many as well-designed for their tiny budget, their low position recognised as a result of a lack of funds (and engine power) rather than a poor car. They also resisted employing pay-drivers more than most other financially strapped teams. Former Minardi drivers include double World Champion Fernando Alonso, Grand Prix winners Alessandro Nannini, Giancarlo Fisichella, Jarno Trulli and Mark Webber; CART IndyCar World Series double champion Alessandro Zanardi and race winners Justin Wilson and Christian Fittipaldi; and 24 Hours of Le Mans overall winners Michele Alboreto and Marc Gené.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6039423, 240390, 1218385, 636954, 647260, 564161, 225290, 348734, 875897, 343014, 1018650, 800391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 384, 395 ], [ 499, 514 ], [ 535, 553 ], [ 555, 575 ], [ 577, 589 ], [ 594, 605 ], [ 607, 632 ], [ 649, 667 ], [ 685, 698 ], [ 703, 723 ], [ 765, 781 ], [ 786, 795 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Minardi family has a longstanding involvement in motorsport. Giancarlo Minardi's grandfather had a Fiat dealership in Faenza since 1927, while his father, Giovanni Minardi, competed in his own cars in the late 1940s. The first Minardi car ever was the GM75 built by Giovanni Minardi: it had a 6 cylinder engine designed by Oberdan Golfieri and built by Antonio Lotti. Rino Ferniani drove it at the Circuito del Garda, retiring when he was leading the race.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 19553302, 23464156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 107 ], [ 402, 420 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After his father’s death, Giancarlo took over the racing part of the family business. He took the reins of the Scuderia del Passatore in the early 1970s. He decided to start competing with a Brabham BT28 chassis and an Alfa Romeo engine in Formula Italia rather than Formula 3, like it was decided before. In 1972, the team finished runner-up with Giancarlo Martini, but he won in the following season. In 1974, Lamberto Leoni lost the championship due to a controversial black flag. In 1975, the team was renamed “Scuderia Everest” for sponsorship reasons. The promising Elio De Angelis raced for the team in 1977 and 1978 while Clay Regazzoni raced in 1978 and 1979. He ran with March chassis and BMW engines in Formula Two from 1975 to 1979.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4996, 10905708, 13224919, 1234983, 1048978, 1172362, 1347020, 1464818, 550495 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 191, 198 ], [ 219, 229 ], [ 267, 276 ], [ 412, 426 ], [ 572, 587 ], [ 630, 644 ], [ 681, 686 ], [ 699, 702 ], [ 714, 725 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1976, the team briefly ran a customer Formula One Ferrari 312T with Giancarlo Martini, uncle of Pierluigi Martini. Martini Sr. qualified 15th for the Race of Champions at Brands Hatch but failed to start the race after an accident during the opening lap. The team then competed at the BRDC International Trophy in Silverstone where Martini finished 10th. In 1979, Minardi received financial backing from well known Italian motor racing patron Piero Mancini and set up the Minardi racing team as a Formula Two constructor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5121902, 38936262, 1171936, 1068202, 8000999, 522676 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 65 ], [ 71, 88 ], [ 153, 170 ], [ 174, 186 ], [ 288, 313 ], [ 317, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The team first competed under the Minardi name in the 1980 European Formula Two championship. Rather than using a customer chassis, the team commissioned a BMW powered design from Giacomo Caliri's FLY studios — previously responsible for the Fittipaldi Automotive team's F5A Formula One car. The first Minardi’s driver was Miguel Ángel Guerra, who achieved the 9th place in the standings with 10 points. In 1981, Caliri and Marmiroli designed the Minardi M281 driven by Michele Alboreto, Johnny Cecotto, Miguel Ángel Guerra, Roberto Farneti and Enzo Coloni: Alboreto won the Misano race and finished 8th with 13 points, Cecotto gained 3 points and moved to March in summer. A Ferrari Dino 206 engine was used for the new Minardi M282. The drivers were Alessandro Nannini and Paolo Barilla. Barilla didn’t score any point, Nannini got the 10th place with 8 points. The 1983 season saw several drivers racing with the Minardi M283: Alessandro Nannini (11 points), Pierluigi Martini (6 points), Paolo Barilla (0 points), Enzo Coloni (1 race), Emilio De Villota (2 races), Oscar Larrauri (1 race) and Aldo Bertuzzi (1 race). The last season in Formula 2 was in 1984. Nannini (finished 10th with 9 points) was the first driver, the others were Roberto Del Castello (14th, 1 point), Pierre Chauvet (1 race) and Lamberto Leoni (3 races). The team's most notable result remains the 1981 win at the Misano round by Michele Alboreto. Minardi left the lower division at the end of 1984, although in 1986 a modified version of their final Formula Two car, the 283, was entered without success in two rounds of the Formula 3000 championship which had replaced Formula Two in 1985.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [ 9350851, 9991721, 1262596, 1235081, 1018650, 1235917, 7333308, 1347020, 1188428, 1218385, 1235356, 1201750, 1228326, 1235149, 36356880, 36354071, 30705076, 1234983, 7876335, 1018650, 11724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 79 ], [ 180, 194 ], [ 242, 263 ], [ 323, 342 ], [ 470, 486 ], [ 488, 502 ], [ 545, 556 ], [ 657, 662 ], [ 684, 692 ], [ 752, 770 ], [ 775, 788 ], [ 962, 979 ], [ 1040, 1057 ], [ 1069, 1083 ], [ 1097, 1110 ], [ 1239, 1259 ], [ 1277, 1291 ], [ 1305, 1319 ], [ 1390, 1396 ], [ 1406, 1422 ], [ 1602, 1614 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During 1984, Minardi took the decision to enter Formula One the following year. Caliri designed the M184, the team's prototype Formula One car (intended as a dual purpose design for the new Formula 3000) around Alfa Romeo's V8 turbocharged engine but when engineer Carlo Chiti left Alfa Romeo to found Motori Moderni, Minardi became the only customer for his new V6 engine design. The engine was not ready for the start of the season, so the team converted their M185 chassis to accept a Cosworth DFV engine for the first two races. The single car team was unsuccessful in its first year, scoring no points. The new engine was underpowered and driver Pierluigi Martini finished only two races, although he was also classified 11th at the German Grand Prix despite stopping with engine problems. Martini's best position was 8th in the 1985 Australian Grand Prix, behind Huub Rothengatter in an Osella.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [ 19350818, 8969584, 7903411, 1226710, 43273775, 968553, 1201750, 1122926, 1122942, 1226462, 1218151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 190, 202 ], [ 211, 223 ], [ 265, 276 ], [ 302, 316 ], [ 464, 468 ], [ 489, 501 ], [ 652, 669 ], [ 739, 756 ], [ 835, 861 ], [ 870, 887 ], [ 894, 900 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nonetheless, the team expanded to two cars for the season. In 1988, Minardi switched to Cosworth engines, and in 1989 it became top entrant for Pirelli's return to Formula One. The team was moderately successful in the midfield through the late 1980s and early 1990s, giving a succession of Italian drivers their first chance at the top level, including Alessandro Nannini, Pierluigi Martini and Gianni Morbidelli. Martini in particular was synonymous with Minardi, eventually having three spells with the team. He drove for them on their debut in 1985, scored their first point in the 1988 United States Grand Prix, although he had been running 5th for quite a long time during the race until being passed by Tyrrell's Jonathan Palmer, took their only front-row start at 1990 USA Grand Prix (aided by special Pirelli tyres; several of their other drivers had surprise qualifying results that day), their only lap leading a race in the 1989 Portuguese Grand Prix, where he finished 5th, and scored their joint-best F1 result up to that point (the other being at the British Grand Prix the same year).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [ 164104, 49662, 1218385, 1201750, 1226455, 30873115, 1226340, 1123057, 1123033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 97 ], [ 145, 152 ], [ 355, 373 ], [ 375, 392 ], [ 397, 414 ], [ 587, 616 ], [ 721, 736 ], [ 937, 963 ], [ 1067, 1085 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1991, Minardi became the first team in modern times to make use of customer engines from Ferrari and in 1992 they used Lamborghini V12s. In 1993, Minardi enjoyed a good campaign, collecting seven points thanks to Christian Fittipaldi's fourth place in the 1993 South African Grand Prix and fifth place in the 1993 Monaco Grand Prix and Fabrizio Barbazza sixth places in the 1993 European Grand Prix and 1993 San Marino Grand Prix.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [ 173009, 18271, 32660, 343014, 1123152, 1123165, 1219789, 1123155, 1123162 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 99 ], [ 122, 133 ], [ 134, 137 ], [ 216, 236 ], [ 259, 288 ], [ 312, 334 ], [ 339, 356 ], [ 377, 401 ], [ 406, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the number of small teams shrank, Minardi slipped from the mid-field towards the back of the grid. Money woes hit and in 1994 Minardi merged with BMS Scuderia Italia in an effort to survive. Giancarlo Minardi retained 14.5% with the remaining 85.5% distributed between the Scuderia Italia investors (Emilio Gnutti, Giuseppe Lucchini and Vittorio Palazzani) and Defendente Marniga. In 1994, Martini finished 5th at both the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix and 1994 French Grand Prix, while Michele Alboreto scored his last point in Formula 1 with a 6th place in the 1994 Monaco Grand Prix. Acknowledging that the team was struggling, Bernie Ecclestone spoke to Flavio Briatore, who agreed to buy a share in the team in 1995. In 1996, Italian businessman Gabriele Rumi, former owner of the Fondmetal team switched his sponsorship support from Tyrrell to Minardi. He gradually increased his interest in the Faenza outfit, becoming co-owner and chairman. In 1997, Minardi teamed up with engine manufacturer Brian Hart. For the season the team were forced to use 1998-spec Ford Zetec-R V10 engines, which were rebadged as Fondmetal engines in deference to his financial input. However, Rumi's poor health forced him to withdraw his backing at the end of the season.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [ 1226647, 1123211, 14573364, 1018650, 1123210, 411352, 614426, 1226700, 342015, 1837397, 4613472, 30433662 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 168 ], [ 426, 449 ], [ 454, 476 ], [ 484, 500 ], [ 560, 582 ], [ 628, 645 ], [ 655, 670 ], [ 783, 792 ], [ 836, 843 ], [ 899, 905 ], [ 998, 1008 ], [ 1064, 1068 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Points were rare during this time; Pedro Lamy scored his one and only point in Formula 1 with a 6th place in the 1995 Australian Grand Prix; this result was followed by a long barren spell until Marc Gené finished 6th in the 1999 European Grand Prix. That same race, Luca Badoer had been running fourth until his gearbox failed with 13 laps to go, at which point the Italian burst into tears next to his stricken car. Other Minardi drivers also came close to scoring points, including Shinji Nakano who finished 7th at the 1998 Canadian Grand Prix and Esteban Tuero, who finished 8th at the 1998 San Marino Grand Prix.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [ 909656, 1123259, 800391, 1123371, 1226492, 1226567, 1123330, 1228342, 1123327 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 45 ], [ 113, 139 ], [ 195, 204 ], [ 225, 249 ], [ 267, 278 ], [ 485, 498 ], [ 523, 547 ], [ 552, 565 ], [ 591, 617 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Minardi was known for not using pay drivers, but for the 2000 season, the team signed Argentinian Gastón Mazzacane, who only acquired the seat thanks to backing from the short-lived pay television channel Pan-American Sports Network.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [ 1219801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The team, now near collapse, was purchased by Australian businessman Paul Stoddart in early 2001, merging it with his European Racing Formula 3000 team. That season saw Fernando Alonso make his F1 debut for the team at the age of 19; though he (and the team) failed to score any points that year, his performance was impressive enough that the reborn Renault F1 team signed him for 2002. He was replaced by Mark Webber, another future race winner, and heavy attrition at his debut race in Melbourne saw him finish in the points in 5th, with teammate Alex Yoong just outside the points in 7th. During the season the team used Asiatech branded engines (formerly Peugeot), the rest of the season did not yield any further points for the team. The team finished above the newly debuted Toyota factory team who arguably had a much more sizable budget for the debut campaign than Minardi's budgets over several seasons combined. Minardi also finished ahead of the Arrows team who went bankrupt halfway through the season due to mounting debts and several mounting court cases against them. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [ 4689264, 167568, 11724, 240390, 240378, 564161, 978896, 771774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 55 ], [ 69, 82 ], [ 134, 146 ], [ 169, 184 ], [ 351, 361 ], [ 407, 418 ], [ 471, 498 ], [ 550, 560 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 2003 until their final season in 2005, Minardi used Ford Cosworth/Cosworth branded engines due to Asiatech folding at the end of the previous season. The Cosworth engines though not very reliable did help Minardi to some decent points scoring positions now and again. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another memorable episode happened during the 2003 Brazilian Grand Prix. The race was stopped just after 75% distance, after treacherous weather and a sequence of accidents, including a spin into the grass for lead Minardi driver Jos Verstappen. Stoddart later claimed that Verstappen had enough fuel on board to last until just after the time the red flag was eventually waved, due to the large number of safety car laps. Assuming Stoddart was being truthful, Verstappen may well have won this race had he not spun.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [ 1123502, 1148735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 71 ], [ 230, 244 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During its final years, the Minardi team was almost as famous for its politics as for its racing. Stoddart was described as the Formula One teams' unofficial shop steward. During his time as team principal, Stoddart campaigned for reduced costs in the sport. He appealed to the competing car manufacturers for an agreement where the independent (and, on the whole, financially weaker) teams in Formula One would get cheaper engine deals than at present. In return, the team principals who would benefit from this would support the works teams when it came to opposing new rule changes enforced by the FIA, such as the proposed ban on traction control. Before the start of the 2004 season, however, Stoddart threatened to withdraw his support against the ban on traction control, but later changed his mind. Midway through the 2004 season, the other teams voted to change the unpopular single lap qualifying system back to the old 1 hour format, but Stoddart voted against because it would also mean the 107% rule being reintroduced; this meant the change never occurred, as a unanimous vote was required to change something so significant in the middle of a season. Before the 2005 Australian Grand Prix, Stoddart initially threatened to withdraw his cars if they were made to comply with the revised regulations for 2005, claiming Minardi could not afford to do so. Once again Stoddart ended up withdrawing his threat. Stoddart also repeatedly called for the resignation of the FIA's President, Max Mosley, particularly in the aftermath of the 2005 United States Grand Prix where the majority of teams withdrew from the race due to safety concerns about their Michelin tyres. While Minardi had run Bridgestone tyres, Stoddart had offered to compromise with the Michelin teams but Mosley had rejected it.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [ 248019, 1574545, 606199, 2074655, 79732, 307525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 601, 604 ], [ 1177, 1203 ], [ 1496, 1506 ], [ 1545, 1574 ], [ 1661, 1669 ], [ 1699, 1710 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2004, Minardi was represented by two rookies, Italian Gianmaria \"Gimmi\" Bruni and Hungarian Zsolt Baumgartner. During the year, they celebrated their 20th season in F1. Baumgartner scored Minardi's first point in more than 2 years at the United States Grand Prix, finishing 8th (albeit last). Baumgartner was also the first Hungarian to score a point in a World Championship F1 race.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [ 14532, 647276, 13275, 647277, 248865 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 56 ], [ 57, 80 ], [ 85, 94 ], [ 95, 112 ], [ 241, 265 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, Minardi's drivers were Christijan Albers and Patrick Friesacher. They amassed a total of seven points following the debacle of the 2005 United States Grand Prix, in which they finished fifth and sixth (of six runners) respectively. After losing financial backing from his sponsors before the 2005 German Grand Prix, Friesacher was replaced by Dutch Jordan test driver Robert Doornbos, creating the first all-Dutch driver line-up in Formula one since Carel Godin de Beaufort and Ben Pon drove together for the Ecurie Maarsbergen team at the 1962 Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Racing history", "target_page_ids": [ 1328270, 1515927, 2074655, 2296142, 2277332, 1219705, 1228224, 1122247, 7767 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 49 ], [ 54, 72 ], [ 140, 169 ], [ 301, 323 ], [ 377, 392 ], [ 459, 482 ], [ 487, 494 ], [ 549, 570 ], [ 574, 583 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, Paul Stoddart stated that he would sell Minardi if he could find the right buyer. Stoddart claimed that he had 41 approaches. His criterion for a sale was the ability of a buyer to move the team forward and leave the team based in Faenza. The drinks manufacturer Red Bull GmbH, which already owned another Formula One team, Red Bull Racing, decided to set up a second team to promote drivers who had risen through its young driver programme, Red Bull Driver Search.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Red Bull purchase and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1837397, 12844752, 1173193, 2633660 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 240, 246 ], [ 272, 285 ], [ 333, 348 ], [ 451, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ending several weeks of speculation on 10 September 2005 Red Bull announced it would take control of Minardi in November and run it as their \"rookie team\" from 2006.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Red Bull purchase and legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Minardi fans worldwide immediately started an online petition to save the Minardi team name and the team's 20-year heritage in F1 after the news broke. The petition was not successful and the team was renamed Scuderia Toro Rosso for the 2006 season. The greatly increased funding from Red Bull, including the use of the Red Bull chassis and Ferrari engines, gradually led to improved results, culminating in Toro Rosso's only pole position and win by Sebastian Vettel at the 2008 Italian Grand Prix. The team was further renamed Scuderia AlphaTauri in 2020 to promote the clothing brand of Red Bull. The team won as AlphaTauri at Monza in 2020, with Pierre Gasly.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Red Bull purchase and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2911567, 173009, 6437759, 14270662, 62721911, 64345694, 40843850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 209, 228 ], [ 341, 348 ], [ 451, 467 ], [ 475, 498 ], [ 529, 548 ], [ 639, 643 ], [ 650, 662 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Giancarlo Minardi and Paul Stoddart have both made use of the Minardi name in new motorsport ventures.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Racing return for Minardi", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On 1 January 2006, Giancarlo Minardi re-acquired certain rights to use the Minardi name in racing. He also announced that he was licensing the Minardi name to established team GP Racing in the junior Euro Formula 3000 series, to be entitled 'Minardi Team by GP Racing'. The team raced with moderate success, scoring a podium in each leg of the Spa round in June 2006. For 2007, Minardi Team by GP Racing combined forces with GP2 team Piquet Sports, to form Minardi Piquet Sports. For 2008 the team was known simply as Piquet Sports.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Racing return for Minardi", "target_page_ids": [ 948477, 1430822, 25132591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 344, 347 ], [ 425, 428 ], [ 457, 478 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2006, Paul Stoddart declared his intention to enter a new team called 'European Minardi F1 Team Ltd' into Formula One beginning in . His application was unsuccessful, with the 12th place on the grid being awarded to Prodrive. Instead, Stoddart turned his attentions to the U.S.-based Champ Car series. On 18 December 2006, it was confirmed that he had purchased a controlling interest in the CTE Racing-HVM Champ Car team and that the team would be renamed Minardi Team USA. In 2007, the team had reasonable success. Robert Doornbos took two wins and several podium places on his way to third in the series, winning Rookie of the Year honours. When the series folded before its planned 2008 season, Stoddart's involvement ceased, with the team entering the IndyCar Series under the HVM name.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Racing return for Minardi", "target_page_ids": [ 10910298, 1689989, 5474431, 2277332, 8511358 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 219, 227 ], [ 287, 296 ], [ 460, 476 ], [ 520, 535 ], [ 760, 774 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stoddart retains the right to use the Minardi name for a British-registered company.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Racing return for Minardi", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Owners", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1985–1995 Giancarlo Minardi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [ 1161145 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1996–1997 Giancarlo Minardi and Flavio Briatore", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [ 614426 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1997–2000 Giancarlo Minardi and Gabriele Rumi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [ 42288658 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2001–2005 Paul Stoddart", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [ 167568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Technical Directors", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1985–1988 Giacomo Caliri", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [ 9991721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1989–1995 Aldo Costa", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [ 1536836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1996–1998 Gabriele Tredozi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [ 2282124 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1999–2000 Gustav Brunner", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [ 2888339 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2001–2005 Gabriele Tredozi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sporting Director", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1998–2000 Cesare Fiorio", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [ 12780884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2001–2004 John Walton", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Commercial / Marketing Directors", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1998–2000 Massimo Rivola", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2001–2002 Rupert Manwaring", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2003–2005 Paul Jordan", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Heads of Minardi F1", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(key)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Complete Formula One results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " List of Formula One constructors", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 248994 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Minardi Sito Ufficale", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Minardi Team International Site Minardi Team International Site", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Minardi's F1 history Chequered Flag Motorsport", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ForzaMinardi.com - English fan site", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Formula Two championship results", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Minardi F1 Chassis Design Case History NEI Software", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Formula_One_constructors", "Formula_One_entrants", "Formula_Two_constructors", "Formula_Two_entrants", "Faenza", "Italian_auto_racing_teams", "Italian_racecar_constructors", "Auto_racing_teams_established_in_1979" ]

[ "Minardi F1 team", "Minardi Formula One team" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Benetton Group S.r.l. () is a global fashion brand based in Ponzano Veneto, Italy, founded in 1965. Benetton Group has a network of about 5,000 stores worldwide. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Benetton family's holding company Edizione.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18950900, 6716787, 2688218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 50 ], [ 60, 74 ], [ 201, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1965, the Benettons opened their first store in Belluno and three years after in Paris. The company's core business consists of clothing brands United Colors of Benetton and Sisley.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1663191, 22989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 58 ], [ 84, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Benetton was an iconic brand in the 1980s and 1990s, but has since struggled to regain this position. In 2000, it ranked 75th in Interbrand's ranking of the best global brands; however, by 2002, it had dropped out of the list.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2012, Benetton Group was delisted from the stock exchange and is now a fully owned subsidiary of the Benetton family company Edizione holding.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 13322752, 2688218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 36 ], [ 105, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2017, the group posted a loss of €180 million. Prompted by the heavy losses, Luciano Benetton, who was then 83 years old, returned from retirement as Executive Chairman for the brand.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1313706, 3452243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 96 ], [ 153, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Revival efforts also included appointing Jean-Charles de Castelbajac as artistic director and re-appointing photographer Oliviero Toscani. As of 2020, United Colors of Benetton has 1,500 employees and uses 25,000 workers through subcontractors. In March 2020, Massimo Renon was named CEO of the company.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4742302, 925874, 789820, 71635757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 70 ], [ 124, 140 ], [ 234, 247 ], [ 265, 278 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Benetton is known for its sports sponsorships, and for its \"United Colors\" advertising campaign. In 1982, Benetton hired Oliviero Toscani as creative director, which led to a change in advertising focus towards raising awareness for various issues worldwide. In 1984, Toscani photographed the first multiracial ad for the brand.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Marketing", "target_page_ids": [ 2861, 925874, 1744532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 86 ], [ 121, 137 ], [ 141, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1989, Toscani refocused Benetton's advertising strategy under the \"United Colors of Benetton\" campaign. The campaign's graphic, billboard-sized ads depicted a variety of shocking subjects, including the deathbed scene of a man (AIDS activist David Kirby) dying from AIDS. Another ad featured a bloodied, unwashed newborn baby with umbilical cord still attached. The newborn ad prompted roughly 650 complaints to the British Advertising Standards Authority, which noted in its 1991 annual report that the Benetton baby ad \"attracted more complaints than we have ever previously known.\" A third ad included a black stallion copulating with a white mare, while a fourth advert showed a light-skinned girl with blond hair hugging a dark-skinned boy whose hair was shaped into devil horns.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Marketing", "target_page_ids": [ 5069516, 37807141, 18950683, 357632, 15177796, 38079914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 231, 235 ], [ 245, 256 ], [ 419, 458 ], [ 625, 635 ], [ 686, 699 ], [ 731, 743 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2000, Benetton was included in the reference publication Guinness World Records for the \"Most Controversial Campaign.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Marketing", "target_page_ids": [ 100796 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 2011, Benetton created the UNHATE Foundation, launching a worldwide communication campaign described as an invitation to leaders and citizens of the world to combat the \"culture of hatred.\" Benetton claimed the campaign was created to serve as its corporate social responsibility strategy. The UNHATE poster series uses altered images of political and religious leaders, such as then-President of the United States Barack Obama and Hugo Chávez, then President of Venezuela, kissing each other. Following Vatican protests, Benetton removed an ad purportedly showing Pope Benedict XVI kissing Ahmed Mohamed el Tayeb, the imam of Egypt's Al Azhar mosque.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Marketing", "target_page_ids": [ 24113, 534366, 48874, 32374, 13393, 39660, 26644621, 8087628, 24290834, 19894 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 396, 426 ], [ 427, 439 ], [ 444, 455 ], [ 475, 484 ], [ 516, 523 ], [ 577, 594 ], [ 603, 625 ], [ 639, 644 ], [ 647, 655 ], [ 656, 662 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Benetton won the Press Grand Prix at the 2012 Cannes Ad festival for its Unhate campaign.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Marketing", "target_page_ids": [ 3153634 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 2017, Benetton launched a campaign in collaboration with Devbhumi, a company owned by rural women from India's remote Uttarakhand region. The initiative claimed to have empowered more than 6,000 rural women artisans in India.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Marketing", "target_page_ids": [ 14533, 1429154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 120 ], [ 130, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2019, Benetton Group announced it would be hosting one of the four days of talks and presentations which makes up the 88th annual International Wool Textile Organisation (IWTO) congress.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Marketing", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Benetton Group entered Formula One as a sponsor of Tyrrell in , then Alfa Romeo in ; this arrangement was extended to both Alfa and Toleman in . Benetton Formula Ltd. was formed at the end of 1985 when the Toleman and Spirit teams were sold to the Benetton family. The team saw its greatest success under Flavio Briatore, who managed the team from to . Michael Schumacher won his first Drivers' Championships with the team in and , and the team won their only Constructors' title in 1995. From , the team raced under an Italian licence, although it continued to be based, like Toleman, in Oxfordshire in England. The team was bought by Renault for US$120 million in and was rebranded Renault F1 in 2002.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sport and sponsorship", "target_page_ids": [ 10854, 342015, 10905708, 1262640, 445741, 1262631, 614426, 20396, 3437295, 3437393, 53518, 162292, 240378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 34 ], [ 51, 58 ], [ 69, 79 ], [ 132, 139 ], [ 145, 161 ], [ 218, 224 ], [ 305, 320 ], [ 354, 372 ], [ 387, 409 ], [ 462, 481 ], [ 591, 602 ], [ 638, 645 ], [ 687, 697 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1979, Benetton first sponsored their (then amateur) local rugby team, A.S. Rugby Treviso. Benetton Rugby has since become a major force in Italian rugby, with 11 league titles and supplying many players to the national team. Benetton Group has also sponsored Treviso Basket (1982–2012) and Sisley Volley (1987–2012).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sport and sponsorship", "target_page_ids": [ 1730072, 48561365, 7199693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 107 ], [ 262, 276 ], [ 293, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1991, Edizone Holding International, a Benetton subsidiary, bought Compañía de Tierras del Sud Argentino S. A. and became the largest private landowner in Argentina after taking over the land the company had inherited from the 19th century Conquest of the Desert. Benetton has faced criticism, particularly from Mapuche organizations, over its ownership and management of traditional Mapuche lands in Patagonia. In 1997, Benetton invested in a museum in Leleque which presented the Mapuche as migrants from Chile, which was interpreted as an attempt to diminish the Mapuche's traditional claims. The Curiñanco-Nahuelquir family was evicted from their land in 2002 following Benetton's claim to it, but the land was restored in 2007. The company published a position statement regarding the Mapuche in Patagonia in 2012. Protests and occupations began again in 2015. Activist Santiago Maldonado was last seen being evicted by the Argentine National Gendarmerie from the disputed area in August 2017. His body was found two months later.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Criticisms", "target_page_ids": [ 18951905, 2645480, 392305, 65433, 27244597, 392305, 55074456, 3391372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 167 ], [ 243, 265 ], [ 315, 322 ], [ 404, 413 ], [ 457, 464 ], [ 485, 515 ], [ 878, 896 ], [ 932, 962 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Benetton aroused suspicion when they considered using RFID tracking chips on clothes to monitor inventory. A boycott site alleges the tracking chips \"can be read from a distance and used to monitor the people wearing them.\" Issues of consumer privacy were raised, and the plan was shelved. Benetton's position on RFID technology is also available on their website.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Criticisms", "target_page_ids": [ 169320 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "PETA launched a boycott campaign against Benetton for buying wool from farmers who practiced mulesing. Benetton has since agreed to buy nonmulesed wool and has further urged the wool industry to adopt the PETA and Australian Wool Growers Association agreement to end mulesing. Benetton's position statement on the mulesing controversy is available on their website.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Criticisms", "target_page_ids": [ 60857, 38431, 1078440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ], [ 61, 65 ], [ 93, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 24 April 2013, the eight-storey Rana Plaza commercial building collapsed outside Dhaka. It housed one of the factories in which Benetton clothing was made. At least 1,130 people died. Benetton first denied reports linking production of their clothing at the factory, but clothes and documents linked to Benetton were discovered at the disaster site. Of the 29 brands identified as having sourced products from the Rana Plaza factories, only nine attended meetings held in November 2013 to agree a proposal on compensation to the victims. Several companies refused to sign including Walmart, Carrefour, Bonmarché, Mango, Auchan and Kik. The agreement was signed by Primark, Loblaw, Bonmarche and El Corte Ingles. A year after the collapse, Benetton faced international protests after failing to pay any compensation to the Rana Plaza Donors Trust Fund. Protests included shutting down Benetton's flagship Oxford Street store in London.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Criticisms", "target_page_ids": [ 39204317, 56656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 75 ], [ 84, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In April 2015, Benetton Group announced that it has doubled compensation for Rana Plaza victims recommended by independent assessors (PWC AND WRAP) and applied the principles of the Accord on Fire and Building Safety to global suppliers. Benetton's engagement for Bangladesh is available on their website.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Criticisms", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Benetton refused to join the international community and withdraw from the Russian market. Research from Yale University published on August 10, 2022 identifying how companies were reacting to Russia's invasion identified Benetton in the worst category of \"Digging in\", meaning Defying Demands for Exit: companies defying demands for exit/reduction of activities.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Criticisms", "target_page_ids": [ 70149799, 34273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 43 ], [ 150, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Benetton family", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2688218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Colors (magazine)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6698577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] } ]

[ "Benetton_Group", "Advertising_and_marketing_controversies", "Italian_companies_established_in_1965", "Clothing_companies_established_in_1965", "Clothing_manufacturers", "Clothing_retailers_of_Italy", "Companies_based_in_Veneto", "Companies_listed_on_the_Borsa_Italiana", "Design_companies_established_in_1965", "Eyewear_brands_of_Italy", "Fashion_accessory_brands", "Multinational_companies_headquartered_in_Italy", "Retail_companies_established_in_1965", "Underwear_brands", "Watch_manufacturing_companies_of_Italy" ]

[ "United Colors of Benetton", "Benetton Group S.r.l.", "Benetton" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Bullshit (also bullshite or bullcrap) is a common English expletive which may be shortened to the euphemism bull or the initialism B.S. In British English, \"bollocks\" is a comparable expletive. It is mostly a slang term and a profanity which means \"nonsense\", especially as a rebuke in response to communication or actions viewed as deceptive, misleading, disingenuous, unfair or false. As with many expletives, the term can be used as an interjection, or as many other parts of speech, and can carry a wide variety of meanings. A person who excels at communicating nonsense on a given subject is sometimes referred to as a \"bullshit artist\" instead of a \"liar.\"", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8569916, 33634720, 9534, 1052571, 4179, 457621, 27181, 24209, 387403, 151604, 181347, 45059, 29107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 57 ], [ 58, 67 ], [ 98, 107 ], [ 120, 130 ], [ 139, 154 ], [ 157, 165 ], [ 209, 214 ], [ 226, 235 ], [ 249, 257 ], [ 333, 342 ], [ 439, 451 ], [ 470, 485 ], [ 519, 527 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In philosophy and psychology of cognition the term \"bullshit\" is sometimes used to specifically refer to statements produced without particular concern of truth, to distinguish from a deliberate, manipulative lie intended to subvert the truth. In business and management, guidance for comprehending, recognizing, acting on and preventing bullshit, are proposed for stifling the production and spread of this form of misrepresentation in the workplace, media and society. Within organizations bullshitting is considered to be a social practice that people engage with to become part of a speech community, to get things done in that community, and to reinforce their identity. Research has also produced the Organizational Bullshit Perception Scale (OBPS) that reveals three factors of organizational bullshit (regard for truth, the boss, and bullshit language) that can be used to gauge perceptions of the extent of organizational bullshit that exists in a workplace.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 106238, 229723 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 41 ], [ 209, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The word is generally used in a depreciatory sense, but it may imply a measure of respect for language skills or frivolity, among various other benign usages. In philosophy, Harry Frankfurt, among others, analyzed the concept of bullshit as related to, but distinct from, lying; the liar tells untruth, the bullshitter aims to convey a certain impression of themselves without being concerned about whether anything at all is true—it may be.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13692155, 1311139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 172 ], [ 174, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As an exclamation, \"Bullshit!\" conveys a measure of dissatisfaction with something or someone, but this usage need not be a comment on the truth of the matter.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 29920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Bull\", meaning nonsense, dates from the 17th century, while the term \"bullshit\" has been used as early as 1915 in British and American slang, and came into popular usage only during World War II. The word \"bull\" itself may have derived from the Old French bole meaning \"fraud, deceit\". The term \"horseshit\" is a near synonym. An occasionally used South African English equivalent, though more common in Australian slang, is \"bull dust\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 27181, 32927, 320082, 28447, 1580640, 56275440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 141 ], [ 183, 195 ], [ 246, 256 ], [ 348, 369 ], [ 404, 420 ], [ 426, 435 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although there is no confirmed etymological connection, these older meanings are synonymous with the modern expression \"bull\", generally considered and used as a contraction of \"bullshit\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another proposal, according to the lexicographer Eric Partridge, is that the term was popularized by the Australian and New Zealand troops from about 1916 arriving at the front during World War I. Partridge claims that the British commanding officers placed emphasis on bull; that is, attention to appearances, even when it was a hindrance to waging war. The Diggers allegedly ridiculed the British by calling it bullshit.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 348119, 617658 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 63 ], [ 359, 366 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Bullshit\" is commonly used to describe statements made by people concerned with the response of the audience rather than with truth and accuracy. On one prominent occasion, the word itself was part of a controversial advertisement. During the 1980 U.S. presidential campaign, the Citizens Party candidate Barry Commoner ran a radio advertisement that began with an actor exclaiming: \"Bullshit! Carter, Reagan and Anderson, it's all bullshit!\" NBC refused to run the advertisement because of its use of the expletive, but Commoner's campaign successfully appealed to the Federal Communications Commission to allow the advertisement to run unedited.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the philosophy of truth and rhetoric", "target_page_ids": [ 40570, 362817, 1074406, 15992, 25433, 43424, 21780, 55974 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 244, 275 ], [ 281, 295 ], [ 306, 320 ], [ 395, 401 ], [ 403, 409 ], [ 414, 422 ], [ 444, 447 ], [ 571, 604 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his essay On Bullshit (originally written in 1986, and published as a monograph in 2005), philosopher Harry Frankfurt of Princeton University characterizes bullshit as a form of falsehood distinct from lying. The liar, Frankfurt holds, knows and cares about the truth, but deliberately sets out to mislead instead of telling the truth. The \"bullshitter\", on the other hand, does not care about the truth and is only seeking to impress:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the philosophy of truth and rhetoric", "target_page_ids": [ 2270689, 1311139, 23922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 24 ], [ 105, 120 ], [ 124, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Frankfurt connects this analysis of bullshit with Ludwig Wittgenstein's disdain of \"non-sense\" talk, and with the popular concept of a \"bull session\" in which speakers may try out unusual views without commitment. He fixes the blame for the prevalence of \"bullshit\" in modern society upon anti-realism and upon the growing frequency of situations in which people are expected to speak or have opinions without appropriate knowledge of the subject matter.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the philosophy of truth and rhetoric", "target_page_ids": [ 17741, 2171 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 69 ], [ 289, 301 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several political commentators have seen that Frankfurt's concept of bullshit provides insights into political campaigns. Gerald Cohen, in \"Deeper into Bullshit\", contrasted the kind of \"bullshit\" Frankfurt describes with a different sort: nonsense discourse presented as sense. Cohen points out that this sort of bullshit can be produced either accidentally or deliberately. While some writers do deliberately produce bullshit, a person can also aim at sense and produce nonsense by mistake; or a person deceived by a piece of bullshit can repeat it innocently, without intent to deceive others.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the philosophy of truth and rhetoric", "target_page_ids": [ 40980045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cohen gives the example of Alan Sokal's \"Transgressing the Boundaries\" as a piece of deliberate bullshit. Sokal's aim in creating it, however, was to show that the \"postmodernist\" editors who accepted his paper for publication could not distinguish nonsense from sense, and thereby by implication that their field was \"bullshit\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the philosophy of truth and rhetoric", "target_page_ids": [ 326674, 28547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 37 ], [ 40, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Anthropologist David Graeber's book A Theory argues the existence and societal harm of meaningless jobs. He contends that over half of societal work is pointless, which becomes psychologically destructive.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the philosophy of truth and rhetoric", "target_page_ids": [ 57340772 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Brandolini's law, also known as the “bullshit asymmetry principle,” holds that “the amount of energy needed to refute bullshit is an order of magnitude bigger than what’s needed to produce it.” This truism highlights that while the battle against misinformation more generally must be fought “face to face,” the larger war against belief in misinformation won’t be won without prevention. Once people are set in their ways, beliefs are notoriously hard to change. Building immunity against false beliefs in the first place is the more effective long-term strategy.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the philosophy of truth and rhetoric", "target_page_ids": [ 51426494 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Almost 20 years before Dr. Frankfurt, NYU professor Neil Postman gave a talk entitled, “Bullshit and the Art of Crap Detection” at the 1969 National Convention for Teachers of English in Washington DC. He started by telling his audience that “helping kids to activate their crap-detectors should take precedence over any other legitimate educational aim.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the philosophy of truth and rhetoric", "target_page_ids": [ 298312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "University of Washington biologist Carl Bergstrom and professor Jevin West started teaching “data reasoning in a digital world” within a college course they called “Calling Bullshit.” They then launched the Calling Bullshit website and published a book with the same title.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the philosophy of truth and rhetoric", "target_page_ids": [ 29981183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While Dr. Frankfurt sparked the academic study of bullshit and bullshitting, few have advanced our knowledge of “bullshittees”, those who consume bullshit, more than University of Regina psychology professor Dr. Gordon Pennycook. He and his colleagues won the 2016 Ig Nobel Prize (for Peace) for developing a questionnaire designed to quantify receptiveness to a particular kind of bullshit that they called “pseudoprofound bullshit.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an object of psychological research", "target_page_ids": [ 434157, 70441322, 15207, 1449144 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 186 ], [ 212, 228 ], [ 265, 279 ], [ 285, 290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wake Forest University psychologists found evidence to support that beyond the Dunning-Kruger effect (unwarranted high self-confidence), bullshitting tends to happen when there’s social pressure to provide an opinion and a social “pass” that will allow someone to get away with it. Psychology research from Yale University demonstrated that the Dunning-Kruger effect is amplified by access to the internet: we tend to conflate the ability to look up information on the internet with actual personal knowledge. Social media also offers an environment that combines the social pressure to bullshit with an anonymity that provides the social “pass.” In 2018, education experts from Queen’s University in Belfast summed it up this way: “…along with a pervasive and balkanized social media ecosystem and high internet immersion, public life provides abundant opportunities to bullshit and lie on a scale we could have scarcely credited 30 years ago.”", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an object of psychological research", "target_page_ids": [ 2288777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Psychologists at Vanderbilt University, Duke University and University of North Carolina researched the Illusory truth effect, or the tendency to believe false information to be correct after repeated exposure. The listener is likely to let it override their prior knowledge on the subject and believe it.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an object of psychological research", "target_page_ids": [ 40903837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Research by psychologists at the University of Waterloo tested the familiar adage that “you can’t bullshit a bullshitter.” To do so, they explored correlations between a scale that measures “bullshitting” (the Bullshitting Frequency Scale or BFS) and a scale that measures “bullshit receptivity” (the Bullshit Receptivity Scale or BRS) and found that higher scores on the former were correlated with higher scores on the latter. In other words, those who are most likely to bullshit are in turn more likely to believe bullshit, suggesting that you can indeed bullshit a bullshitter after all.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an object of psychological research", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Outside of the academic world, among natural speakers of North American English, as an interjection or adjective, bullshit conveys general displeasure, an objection to, or points to unfairness within, some state of affairs. This colloquial usage of \"bullshit\", which began in the 20th century, \"bullshit\" does not give a truth score to another's discourse. It simply labels something that the speaker does not like & feels he is unable to change.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In everyday language", "target_page_ids": [ 149170, 21173, 21673, 181347, 37512, 68765, 161711 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 23 ], [ 37, 44 ], [ 57, 79 ], [ 87, 99 ], [ 103, 112 ], [ 229, 239 ], [ 321, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the colloquial English of the Boston, Massachusetts area, \"bullshit\" can be used as an adjective to communicate that one is angry or upset, for example, \"I was wicked bullshit after someone parked in my spot\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In everyday language", "target_page_ids": [ 730207, 24437894, 1645518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 25 ], [ 33, 39 ], [ 41, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Showtime TV series Bullshit! debunks many common beliefs and often criticizes specific people's comments. Penn Jillette stated the name was chosen because you could be sued for saying someone is a liar, but not if you said they were talking bullshit.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 77877, 348378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ], [ 112, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A running joke in the Channel 4 series The Last Leg is that the host, Adam Hills, has a series of \"bullshit buttons\" on his desk that are pressed whenever an appropriate event occurs. Upon doing so, the speaker system will play the word \"bullshit\". These are normally programmed with the voices of celebrity guests, except for the \"People's Bullshit Button\", which is programmed with the collective voices of a past audience.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 252984, 6321, 36956823, 2236881, 45871 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 15 ], [ 23, 32 ], [ 40, 52 ], [ 71, 81 ], [ 204, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wooden versions of the Trammel of Archimedes are sold as novelty items under the name of bullshit grinders.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 24365561 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Buzzword bingo, also known as bullshit bingo", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 182912 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chicken shit", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 45436535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Confabulation", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33132746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fake news", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 52881503 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gish gallop", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 31617810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Holy cow", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5452632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Humbug", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1861353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Not even wrong", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 30858407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sacred cow", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 28740481 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shibai", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7155774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tall tale", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 339202 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Waffle (speech)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2838403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eliot, T. S. (1997). Inventions of the March Hare: Poems 1909–1917. Harcourt. ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " – Harry Frankfurt's detailed analysis of the concept of bullshit.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Holt, Jim, Say Anything, one of his Critic At Large essays from The New Yorker, (August 22, 2005)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 31365 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " – Halifax academic Laura Penny's study of the phenomenon of bullshit and its impact on modern society.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Weingartner, C.. \"Public doublespeak: every little movement has a meaning all of its own\". College English, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Sep., 1975), pp.54–61.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "English_profanity", "Feces", "Interjections", "Deception", "English_words" ]

[ "bullcrap", "BS", "bull" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Andreas Nikolaus \"Niki\" Lauda (22 February 1949– 20 May 2019) was an Austrian Formula One driver and aviation entrepreneur. He was a three-time F1 World Drivers' Champion, winning in , and , and is the only driver in F1 history to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, two of the sport's most successful constructors.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 37101212, 3437295, 173009, 20994 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 96 ], [ 144, 170 ], [ 260, 267 ], [ 272, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was an aviation entrepreneur who founded and ran three airlines: Lauda Air, Niki and Lauda. He was also a consultant for Scuderia Ferrari and team manager of the Jaguar Formula One racing team for two years. Afterwards, he worked as a pundit for German TV during Grand Prix weekends and acted as non-executive chairman of Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport, of which Lauda owned 10%.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 335696, 1254826, 56386254, 173009, 1118425, 25098794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 77 ], [ 79, 83 ], [ 88, 93 ], [ 124, 140 ], [ 165, 171 ], [ 325, 357 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda emerged as Formula One's star driver amid a title win and leading the championship battle. Lauda was seriously injured in a crash at the 1976 German Grand Prix while racing at the Nürburgring; during the crash his Ferrari 312T2 burst into flames nearly resulting in his death after inhaling hot toxic fumes and suffering severe burns. He survived and recovered sufficiently to race again just six weeks later at the Italian Grand Prix. Although he lost that year's title by just one point to James Hunt, he won his second championship the year after, during his final season at Ferrari. After a couple of years at Brabham and two years' hiatus, Lauda returned and raced four seasons for McLaren between 1982 and 1985, during which he won the title by half a point over his teammate Alain Prost.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1122668, 22122, 5121902, 1122677, 287740, 4996, 36917 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 167 ], [ 188, 199 ], [ 222, 235 ], [ 424, 442 ], [ 500, 510 ], [ 622, 629 ], [ 791, 802 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Niki Lauda was born on 22 February 1949 in Vienna, Austria, to a wealthy paper manufacturing family. His paternal grandfather was the Viennese-born industrialist Hans Lauda.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years in racing", "target_page_ids": [ 55866, 61178277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 49 ], [ 162, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda became a racing driver despite his family's disapproval. After starting out with a Mini, Lauda moved on into Formula Vee, as was normal in Central Europe, but rapidly moved up to drive in private Porsche and Chevron sports cars. With his career stalled, he took out a £30,000 bank loan, secured by a life insurance policy, to buy his way into the fledgling March team as a Formula Two (F2) driver in 1971. Because of his family's disapproval, he had an ongoing feud with them over his racing ambitions and abandoned further contact.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years in racing", "target_page_ids": [ 65684, 960018, 5188, 10618702, 3922327, 270673, 1347020, 550495 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 93 ], [ 115, 126 ], [ 145, 159 ], [ 202, 209 ], [ 214, 221 ], [ 274, 275 ], [ 363, 368 ], [ 379, 390 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda was quickly promoted to the F1 team, but drove for March in F1 and F2 in 1972. Although the F2 cars were good (and Lauda's driving skills impressed March principal Robin Herd), March's 1972 F1 season was catastrophic. Perhaps the lowest point of the team's season came at the Canadian Grand Prix at Mosport Park, where both March cars were disqualified within three laps of each other, just past 3/4 of the race distance. Lauda took out another bank loan to buy his way into the BRM team in 1973. Lauda was instantly quick, but the team was in decline; although the BRM P160E was fast and easy to drive it was not reliable and its engine lacked power. Lauda's popularity was on the rise after he finished in 3rd at the Monaco Grand Prix that year, resulting in Enzo Ferrari becoming interested. When his BRM teammate Clay Regazzoni left to rejoin Ferrari in 1974, team owner Enzo Ferrari asked him what he thought of Lauda. Regazzoni spoke so favorably of Lauda that Ferrari promptly signed him, paying him enough to clear his debts.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years in racing", "target_page_ids": [ 874041, 60090, 1172362, 173009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 485, 488 ], [ 767, 779 ], [ 823, 837 ], [ 853, 860 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After an unsuccessful start to the 1970s, culminating in a disastrous start to the 1973 season, Ferrari regrouped completely under Luca di Montezemolo and were resurgent in 1974. The team's faith in the little-known Lauda was quickly rewarded by a second-place finish in his debut race for the team, the season-opening Argentine Grand Prix. His first Grand Prix (GP) victory – and the first for Ferrari since 1972 – followed only three races later in the Spanish Grand Prix. Although Lauda became the season's pacesetter, achieving six consecutive pole positions, a mixture of inexperience and mechanical unreliability meant Lauda won only one more race that year, the Dutch GP. He finished fourth in the Drivers' Championship and demonstrated immense commitment to testing and improving the car.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ferrari (1974–1977)", "target_page_ids": [ 700275, 1140086, 1122599, 348674, 1122604, 630713, 1122622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 150 ], [ 173, 177 ], [ 319, 339 ], [ 351, 361 ], [ 455, 473 ], [ 548, 561 ], [ 669, 677 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1975 F1 season started slowly for Lauda; after no better than a fifth-place finish in the first four races, he won four of the next five driving the new Ferrari 312T. His first World Championship was confirmed with a third-place finish at the Italian Grand Prix at Monza; Lauda's teammate Regazzoni won the race and Ferrari clinched their first Constructors' Championship in 11 years. Lauda then picked up a fifth win at the last race of the year, the United States GP at Watkins Glen. He also became the first driver to lap the Nürburgring Nordschleife in under seven minutes, which was considered a huge feat as the Nordschleife section of the Nürburgring was two miles longer than it is today. Lauda did not win the German Grand Prix from pole position there that year; after battling hard with Patrick Depailler for the lead for the first half of the race, Lauda led for the first 9 laps but suffered a puncture at the Wippermann, 9 miles into the 10th lap and was passed by Carlos Reutemann, James Hunt, Tom Pryce and Jacques Laffite; Lauda made it back to the pits with a damaged front wing and a destroyed left front tyre. The Ferrari pit changed the destroyed tyre and Lauda managed to make it to the podium in 3rd behind Reutemann and Laffite after Hunt retired and Pryce had to slow down because of a fuel leak. Lauda was known for giving away any trophies he won to his local garage in exchange for his car to be washed and serviced.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ferrari (1974–1977)", "target_page_ids": [ 1140085, 5121902, 1122652, 518142, 22122, 1226335, 7859379, 287740, 767658, 701324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ], [ 157, 169 ], [ 456, 472 ], [ 476, 488 ], [ 533, 544 ], [ 802, 819 ], [ 983, 999 ], [ 1001, 1011 ], [ 1013, 1022 ], [ 1027, 1042 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unlike 1975 and despite tensions between Lauda and Montezemolo's successor, Daniele Audetto, Lauda dominated the start of the 1976 F1 season, winning four of the first six races and finishing second in the other two. By the time of his fifth win of the year at the British GP, he had more than double the points of his closest challengers Jody Scheckter and James Hunt, and a second consecutive World Championship appeared a formality. It was a feat not achieved since Jack Brabham's victories in 1959 and 1960. He also looked set to win the most races in a season, a record held by the late Jim Clark since 1963.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ferrari (1974–1977)", "target_page_ids": [ 9596978, 1140084, 1122667, 243054, 287740, 16564, 1140108, 1140106, 181892, 1140103 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 91 ], [ 126, 140 ], [ 265, 275 ], [ 339, 353 ], [ 358, 368 ], [ 469, 481 ], [ 497, 501 ], [ 506, 510 ], [ 592, 601 ], [ 608, 612 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A week before the 1976 German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, even though he was the fastest driver on that circuit at the time, Lauda urged his fellow drivers to boycott the race, largely because of the circuit's safety arrangements, citing the organisers' lack of resources to properly manage such a huge circuit, including lack of fire marshals, fire and safety equipment and safety vehicles. Formula One was quite dangerous at the time (three of the drivers that day later died in Formula One incidents: Tom Pryce in 1977; Ronnie Peterson in 1978; and Patrick Depailler in 1980), but a majority of the drivers voted against the boycott and the race went ahead.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ferrari (1974–1977)", "target_page_ids": [ 1122668, 22122, 767658, 387446, 1226335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 40 ], [ 48, 59 ], [ 509, 518 ], [ 528, 543 ], [ 557, 574 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 1 August 1976, during the second lap at the very fast left kink before Bergwerk, Lauda was involved in an accident where his Ferrari swerved off the track, hit an embankment, burst into flames, and made contact with Brett Lunger's Surtees-Ford car. Unlike Lunger, Lauda was trapped in the wreckage. Drivers Arturo Merzario, Lunger, Guy Edwards, and Harald Ertl arrived at the scene a few moments later, but before Merzario was able to pull Lauda from his car, he suffered severe burns to his head and hands and inhaled hot toxic gases that damaged his lungs and blood. In an interview with BBC Radio 5 Live (\"I Was There -- May 21, 2019\"; \"Niki Lauda speaks in 2015\"), Lauda said, \"...there were basically two or three drivers trying to get me out of the car, but one was Arturo Merzario, the Italian guy, who also had to stop there at the scene, because I blocked the road; and he really came into the car himself, and uh, triggered my, my seatbelt loose, and then pulled me out. It was unbelievable, how he could do that, and I met him afterwards, and I said, 'How could you do it?!'. He said, 'Honestly, I do not know, but to open your seatbelt was so difficult, because you were pushing so hard against it, and when it was open, I got you out of the car like a feather...'.\" As Lauda was wearing a modified helmet, it didn't fit him properly; the foam had compressed and it slid off his head after the accident, leaving his face exposed to the fire. Although Lauda was conscious and able to stand immediately after the accident, he later lapsed into a coma. While in hospital he was given the last rites, but he survived.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ferrari (1974–1977)", "target_page_ids": [ 1219630, 523126, 30433662, 1219447, 1228457, 1226456, 18337 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 219, 231 ], [ 234, 241 ], [ 242, 246 ], [ 310, 325 ], [ 335, 346 ], [ 352, 363 ], [ 1604, 1614 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda suffered extensive scarring from the burns to his head, losing most of his right ear as well as the hair on the right side of his head, his eyebrows, and his eyelids. He chose to limit reconstructive surgery to replacing the eyelids and restoring their functionality. After the accident he always wore a cap to cover the scars on his head. He arranged for sponsors to use the cap for advertising.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ferrari (1974–1977)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With Lauda out of the contest, Carlos Reutemann was taken on as his replacement. Ferrari boycotted the Austrian Grand Prix in protest at what they saw as preferential treatment shown towards McLaren driver James Hunt at the Spanish and British Grands Prix.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ferrari (1974–1977)", "target_page_ids": [ 1122672, 20994, 287740 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 122 ], [ 191, 198 ], [ 206, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda missed only two races, appearing at the Monza press conference six weeks after the accident with his fresh burns still bandaged. He finished fourth in the Italian GP, despite being, by his own admission, absolutely petrified. F1 journalist Nigel Roebuck recalls seeing Lauda in the pits, peeling the blood-soaked bandages off his scarred scalp. He also had to wear a specially adapted crash helmet so as not to be in too much discomfort. In Lauda's absence, Hunt had mounted a late charge to reduce Lauda's lead in the World Championship standings. Hunt and Lauda were friends away from the circuit, and their personal on-track rivalry, while intense, was cleanly contested and fair. Following wins in the Canadian and United States Grands Prix, Hunt stood only three points behind Lauda before the final race of the season, the Japanese Grand Prix.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ferrari (1974–1977)", "target_page_ids": [ 1122677, 3757055, 1122678, 30873075, 1122685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 161, 171 ], [ 246, 259 ], [ 712, 720 ], [ 725, 738 ], [ 835, 854 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda qualified third, one place behind Hunt, but on race day there was torrential rain and Lauda retired after two laps. He later said that he felt it was unsafe to continue under these conditions, especially since his eyes were watering excessively because of his fire-damaged tear ducts and inability to blink. Hunt led much of the race before his tyres blistered and a pit stop dropped him down the order. He recovered to third, thus winning the title by a single point.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ferrari (1974–1977)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda's previously good relationship with Ferrari was severely affected by his decision to withdraw from the Japanese Grand Prix, and he endured a difficult 1977 season, despite easily winning the championship through consistency rather than outright pace. Lauda disliked his new teammate, Reutemann, who had served as his replacement driver. Lauda was not comfortable with this move and felt he had been let down by Ferrari. \"We never could stand each other, and instead of taking pressure off me, they put on even more by bringing Carlos Reutemann into the team.\" Having announced his decision to quit Ferrari at season's end, Lauda left earlier after he won the Drivers' Championship at the United States Grand Prix because of the team's decision to run the unknown Gilles Villeneuve in a third car at the Canadian Grand Prix.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ferrari (1974–1977)", "target_page_ids": [ 1140083, 1262455, 86632, 1122713 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 157, 168 ], [ 694, 718 ], [ 770, 787 ], [ 810, 829 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Joining Parmalat-sponsored Brabham-Alfa Romeo in 1978 for a $1million salary, Lauda endured two unsuccessful seasons, remembered mainly for his one race in the Brabham BT46B, a radical design known as the Fan Car: it won its first and only race at the Swedish GP, but Brabham did not use the car in F1 again; other teams vigorously protested the fan car's legality and Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone, who at the time was maneuvering for acquisition of Formula One's commercial rights, did not want to fight a protracted battle over the car, but the victory in Sweden remained official. The Brabham BT46 Alfa Romeo flat-12 began the 1978 season at the third race in South Africa. It suffered from a variety of troubles that forced Lauda to retire the car 9 out of 14 races. Lauda's best results, apart from the wins in Sweden and Italy after the penalization of Mario Andretti and Gilles Villeneuve, were 2nd in Monaco and Great Britain, and a 3rd in the Netherlands.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Brabham and first retirement (1978–1979)", "target_page_ids": [ 4996, 10905708, 4345872, 411352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 34 ], [ 35, 45 ], [ 160, 172 ], [ 388, 405 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Alfa flat-12 engine was too wide for ground effect designs in that the opposed cylinder banks impeded with the venturi tunnels, so Alfa designed a V12 for 1979. It was the fourth 12-cylinder engine design that propelled the Austrian in F1 since 1973. Lauda's 1979 F1 season was again marred by retirements and poor pace, even though he won the non-championship 1979 Dino Ferrari Grand Prix with the Brabham-Alfa. In the single-make BMW M1 Procar Championship, driving for the British Formula Two team Project Four Racing (led by Ron Dennis) when not in a factory entry, Lauda won three races for P4 plus the series. Decades later, Lauda won a BMW Procar exhibition race event before the 2008 German Grand Prix.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Brabham and first retirement (1978–1979)", "target_page_ids": [ 20374837, 18261246, 36220669, 743649, 12481353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 365, 393 ], [ 436, 462 ], [ 505, 524 ], [ 533, 543 ], [ 691, 713 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September, Lauda finished 4th in Monza, and won the non-WC Imola event, still with the Alfa V12 engine. After that, Brabham returned to the familiar Cosworth V8. In late September, during practice for the 1979 Canadian Grand Prix, Lauda cut short a practice session and promptly informed team principal Ecclestone, that he wished to retire immediately, as he had no more desire to \"continue the silliness of driving around in circles\". Lauda, who in the meantime had founded Lauda Air, a charter airline, returned to Austria to run the company full-time.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Brabham and first retirement (1978–1979)", "target_page_ids": [ 1122772 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 208, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1982, Lauda returned to racing, for an unprecedented $3million salary. After a successful test with McLaren, the only problem was to convince then team sponsor Marlboro that he was still capable of winning. Lauda proved he was when, in his third race back, he won the Long Beach Grand Prix. Before the opening race of the season at Kyalami race track in South Africa, Lauda was the organiser of the so-called \"drivers' strike\"; Lauda had seen that the new Super Licence required the drivers to commit themselves to their present teams and realised that this could hinder a driver's negotiating position. The drivers, with the exception of Teo Fabi, barricaded themselves in a banqueting suite at Sunnyside Park Hotel until they had won the day.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "McLaren comeback, third world title, and second retirement (1982–1985)", "target_page_ids": [ 20994, 404590, 1262249, 1336190, 17416221, 1359205, 1218368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 110 ], [ 163, 171 ], [ 271, 292 ], [ 335, 342 ], [ 357, 369 ], [ 459, 472 ], [ 642, 650 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1983 season proved to be transitional for the McLaren team as they were making a change from Ford-Cosworth engines, to TAG-badged Porsche turbo engines, and Lauda did not win a race that year, with his best finish being second at Long Beach behind his teammate John Watson. Some political maneuvering by Lauda forced a furious chief designer John Barnard to design an interim car earlier than expected to get the TAG-Porsche engine some much-needed race testing; Lauda nearly won the last race of the season in South Africa.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "McLaren comeback, third world title, and second retirement (1982–1985)", "target_page_ids": [ 30433662, 164104, 1741756, 24365, 30874971, 763681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 101 ], [ 102, 110 ], [ 123, 126 ], [ 134, 141 ], [ 265, 276 ], [ 346, 358 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda won a third world championship in 1984 by half a point over teammate Alain Prost, due only to half points being awarded for the shortened 1984 Monaco Grand Prix. His Austrian Grand Prix victory that year is so far the only time an Austrian has won his home Grand Prix. Initially, Lauda did not want Prost to become his teammate, as he presented a much faster rival. However, during the two seasons together, they had a good relationship and Lauda later said that beating the talented Frenchman was a big motivator for him. The whole season continued to be dominated by Lauda and Prost, who won 12 of 16 races. Lauda won five races, while Prost won seven. However, Lauda, who set a record for the most pole positions in a season during the 1975 season, rarely matched his teammate in qualifying. Despite this, Lauda's championship win came in Portugal, when he had to start in eleventh place on the grid, while Prost qualified on the front row. Prost did everything he could, starting from second and winning his seventh race of the season, but Lauda's calculating drive (which included setting the fastest race lap), passing car after car, saw him finish second behind his teammate which gave him enough points to win his third title. His second place was a lucky one though as Nigel Mansell was in second for much of the race. However, as it was his last race with Lotus before joining Williams in 1985, Lotus boss Peter Warr refused to give Mansell the brakes he wanted for his car and the Englishman retired with brake failure on lap 52. As Lauda had passed the Toleman of F1 rookie Ayrton Senna for third place only a few laps earlier, Mansell's retirement elevated him to second behind Prost.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "McLaren comeback, third world title, and second retirement (1982–1985)", "target_page_ids": [ 1140073, 36917, 1122874, 1122898, 1122903, 228615, 2599977, 34104, 22286536, 8739691, 26014101, 146638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 44 ], [ 75, 86 ], [ 144, 166 ], [ 172, 191 ], [ 848, 856 ], [ 1284, 1297 ], [ 1372, 1377 ], [ 1393, 1401 ], [ 1422, 1432 ], [ 1482, 1489 ], [ 1571, 1578 ], [ 1592, 1604 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1985 season was a disappointment for Lauda, with eleven retirements from the fourteen races he started. He did not start the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps after crashing and breaking his wrist during practice, and he later missed the European Grand Prix at Brands Hatch; John Watson replaced him for that race. He did manage fourth at the San Marino Grand Prix, 5th at the German Grand Prix, and a single race win at the Dutch Grand Prix where he held off a fast-finishing Prost late in the race. This proved to be his last Grand Prix victory, as after announcing his impending retirement at the 1985 Austrian Grand Prix, he retired for good at the end of that season.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "McLaren comeback, third world title, and second retirement (1982–1985)", "target_page_ids": [ 1122936, 948477, 1122937, 1068202, 1122914, 1122926, 1122933, 1122927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 147 ], [ 151, 168 ], [ 248, 267 ], [ 271, 283 ], [ 353, 374 ], [ 387, 404 ], [ 435, 451 ], [ 610, 634 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda's final Formula One Grand Prix drive was the inaugural Australian Grand Prix in Adelaide, South Australia. After qualifying 16th, a steady drive saw him leading by lap 53. However, the McLaren's ceramic brakes suffered on the street circuit and he crashed out of the lead at the end of the long Brabham Straight on lap 57 when his brakes finally failed. He was one of only two drivers in the race who had driven in the non-championship 1984 Australian Grand Prix, the other being World Champion Keke Rosberg, who won in Adelaide in 1985 and took Lauda's place at McLaren in 1986.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "McLaren comeback, third world title, and second retirement (1982–1985)", "target_page_ids": [ 291626, 1148, 26716, 1885482, 13094027, 230197 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 82 ], [ 86, 94 ], [ 96, 111 ], [ 232, 246 ], [ 442, 468 ], [ 502, 514 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda's helmet was originally painted plain red with his full name written on both sides and the Raiffeisen Bank logo in the chin area. He wore a modified AGV helmet in the weeks following his Nürburgring accident so as the lining would not aggravate his burned scalp too badly. In 1982, upon his return to McLaren, his helmet was white and featured the red \"L\" logo of Lauda Air instead of his name on both sides, complete with branding from his personal sponsor Parmalat on the top. From 1983 to 1985, the red and white were reversed to evoke memories of his earlier helmet design.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "McLaren comeback, third world title, and second retirement (1982–1985)", "target_page_ids": [ 41150394, 8710897, 375172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 112 ], [ 155, 158 ], [ 464, 472 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1993, Lauda returned to Formula One in a managerial position when Luca di Montezemolo offered him a consulting role at Ferrari. Halfway through the 2001 season, Lauda assumed the role of team principal of the Jaguar Formula One team. The team, however, failed to improve and Lauda was made redundant, together with 70 other key figures, at the end of 2002.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Later management roles", "target_page_ids": [ 173009, 1118425 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 129 ], [ 212, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 2012 he was appointed non-executive chairman of the Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 Team. He took part in negotiations to sign Lewis Hamilton to a three-year deal with Mercedes in 2013.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Later management roles", "target_page_ids": [ 3452243, 25098794, 675561 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 57 ], [ 65, 94 ], [ 133, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda returned to running his airline, Lauda Air, on his second Formula One retirement in 1985. During his time as airline manager, he was appointed consultant at Ferrari as part of an effort by Montezemolo to rejuvenate the team. After selling his Lauda Air shares to majority partner Austrian Airlines in 1999, he managed the Jaguar Formula One racing team from 2001 to 2002. In late 2003, he started a new airline, Niki. Similar to Lauda Air, Niki was merged with its major partner Air Berlin in 2011. In early 2016, Lauda took over chartered airline Amira Air and renamed the company LaudaMotion. As a result of Air Berlin's insolvency in 2017, LaudaMotion took over the Niki brand and asset after an unsuccessful bid by Lufthansa and IAG. Lauda held a commercial pilot's licence and from time to time acted as a captain on the flights of his airline.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Roles beyond Formula One", "target_page_ids": [ 335696, 3368467, 1118425, 1254826, 463700, 56386254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 48 ], [ 286, 303 ], [ 328, 334 ], [ 418, 422 ], [ 485, 495 ], [ 588, 599 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1993 and from 1996 provided commentary on Grands Prix for Austrian and German television on RTL. He was, however, criticized for calling Robert Kubica a \"polack\" (an ethnic slur for Polish people) on air in May 2010 at the Monaco Grand Prix.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Roles beyond Formula One", "target_page_ids": [ 1178583, 644736, 1841727, 24169160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 63 ], [ 159, 162 ], [ 204, 217 ], [ 290, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda is sometimes known by the nickname \"the Rat\", \"SuperRat\" or \"King Rat\" because of his prominent buck teeth. He was associated with both Parmalat and Viessmann, sponsoring the ever-present cap he wore from 1976 to hide the severe burns he sustained in his Nürburgring accident. Lauda said in a 2009 interview with the German newspaper Die Zeit that an advertiser was paying €1.2million for the space on his red cap.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Roles beyond Formula One", "target_page_ids": [ 53430, 2156884, 375172, 23730245, 265409 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 40 ], [ 102, 112 ], [ 142, 150 ], [ 155, 164 ], [ 340, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, the Austrian post office issued a stamp honouring him. In 2008, American sports television network ESPN ranked him 22nd on their \"top drivers of all-time\" list.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Roles beyond Formula One", "target_page_ids": [ 77795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Niki Lauda wrote five books: The Art and Science of Grand Prix Driving (titled Formula 1: The Art and Technicalities of Grand Prix Driving in some markets) (1975); My Years With Ferrari (1978); The New Formula One: A Turbo Age (1984); Meine Story (titled To Hell and Back in some markets) (1986); Das dritte Leben (en. The third life) (1996). Lauda credited Austrian journalist Herbert Volker with editing the books.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Roles beyond Formula One", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 1976 F1 battle between Niki Lauda and James Hunt was dramatized in the film Rush (2013), where Lauda was played by Daniel Brühl—a portrayal that was nominated for a BAFTA Film Award for Best Supporting Actor. Lauda made a cameo appearance at the end of the film. Lauda said of Hunt's death, \"When I heard he'd died age 45 of a heart attack I wasn't surprised, I was just sad.\" He also said that Hunt was one of the very few he liked, one of a smaller number of people he respected and the only person he had envied.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Film and television", "target_page_ids": [ 287740, 35460624, 2154746, 150200 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 52 ], [ 80, 84 ], [ 119, 131 ], [ 169, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda appeared in an episode of Mayday titled \" Testing the Limits\" regarding the events of Lauda Air Flight 004, and described running an airline as more difficult than winning three Formula 1 championships.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Film and television", "target_page_ids": [ 4218485, 8096136, 1203342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 38 ], [ 47, 66 ], [ 92, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His mother was called Elisabeth. Lauda had two sons with first wife the Chilean-Austrian Marlene Knaus (married 1976, divorced 1991): Mathias, a race driver himself, and Lukas, who acted as Mathias's manager. In 2008, he married Birgit Wetzinger, a flight attendant for his airline. In 2005, she donated a kidney to Lauda when the kidney he received from his brother in 1997 failed. In September 2009, Birgit gave birth to twins.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 1628378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 2 August 2018 it was announced that Lauda had successfully undergone a lung transplant operation in his native Austria.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda spoke fluent Austrian German, English and Italian.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 825, 8569916, 14708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 34 ], [ 36, 43 ], [ 48, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda came from a Roman Catholic family. In an interview with Zeit he stated that he left the church for a time to avoid paying church taxes, but went back when he had his two children baptised.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 2555092 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 20 May 2019, Lauda died in his sleep, aged 70, at the University Hospital of Zürich, where he had been undergoing dialysis treatment for kidney problems, following a period of ill health. A statement issued on behalf of his family reported that he had died peacefully, surrounded by family members.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Death and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 19266411, 56511 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 86 ], [ 117, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Various current and former drivers and teams paid tributes on social media and during the Wednesday press conference session before the 2019 Monaco Grand Prix. A moment of silence was held before the race. Throughout the weekend, fans and drivers were encouraged to wear red caps in his honour, with the Mercedes team painting their halo device red with a sticker stating \"Niki we miss you\" instead of their usual silver scheme. His funeral, at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, was attended by many prominent Formula One figures (including Gerhard Berger, Jackie Stewart, Alain Prost, Nelson Piquet, Jean Alesi, Sebastian Vettel, Lewis Hamilton, David Coulthard, Nico Rosberg and Valtteri Bottas), Arnold Schwarzenegger and many Austrian politicians, including Alexander Van der Bellen. Lauda asked to be buried wearing his Ferrari racing suit from 1974-1977.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Death and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 58402076, 56962872, 214393, 343833, 294240, 36917, 204645, 341553, 6437759, 675561, 19636733, 1628331, 19846772, 1806, 1691577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 158 ], [ 333, 337 ], [ 445, 468 ], [ 542, 556 ], [ 558, 572 ], [ 574, 585 ], [ 587, 600 ], [ 602, 612 ], [ 614, 630 ], [ 632, 646 ], [ 648, 663 ], [ 665, 677 ], [ 682, 697 ], [ 700, 721 ], [ 763, 787 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Haas VF-19's mini shark fin section of the engine cover (the top) was painted red with Lauda's name and his years of birth and death. Both Lewis Hamilton and Sebastian Vettel wore special helmets in remembrance.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Death and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 59882149, 675561, 6437759 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ], [ 143, 157 ], [ 162, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lauda is widely considered to be one of the greatest F1 drivers of all time.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Death and legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Racing record", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Racing record", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Racing record", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Racing record", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nürburgring 24 Hours: 1st,1973", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Racing record", "target_page_ids": [ 3673393 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1000km of Spa Francorchamps: 1st,1973", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Racing record", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 4 hours of Monza: 1st,1973", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Racing record", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 4 hours of Zandvoort: 1st,1974, 3rd,1972", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Racing record", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Diepholz SRP/GT: 1st,1970", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Racing record", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 6 hours of Nurbugring: 2nd,1971", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Racing record", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 9 hours of Kyalami: 3rd,1972", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Racing record", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Taurenpokal Salzburgring: 1st,1971", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Racing record", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " AKA For the Record: My Years with Ferrari (British edition).", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of Formula One", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 640098 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hunt–Lauda rivalry", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 58067439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lauda Air Italy", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8232863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sport in Austria", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26732895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] } ]

[ "1949_births", "2019_deaths", "A1_Grand_Prix_team_owners", "Austrian_aviators", "Austrian_expatriates_in_Spain", "Austrian_Formula_One_drivers", "Austrian_racing_drivers", "Austrian_Roman_Catholics", "Austrian_motorsport_people", "BBC_Sports_Personality_World_Sport_Star_of_the_Year_winners", "Brabham_Formula_One_drivers", "BRDC_Gold_Star_winners", "BRM_Formula_One_drivers", "Chief_executives_in_the_airline_industry", "Commercial_aviators", "European_Formula_Two_Championship_drivers", "Ferrari_Formula_One_drivers", "Ferrari_people", "Formula_One_World_Drivers'_Champions", "Formula_One_race_winners", "International_Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame_inductees", "International_Race_of_Champions_drivers", "Kidney_transplant_recipients", "March_Formula_One_drivers", "McLaren_Formula_One_drivers", "Sportspeople_from_Vienna", "World_Sportscar_Championship_drivers", "Lauda_family", "Airline_founders", "Jaguar_in_Formula_One", "Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One", "Niki_Lauda" ]

[ "Andreas Nikolaus \"Niki\" Lauda", "Nikolaus Lauda", "Andreas Nikolaus Lauda" ]

[ { "plaintext": "A squad automatic weapon (SAW), also known as a section automatic weapon or light support weapon (LSW), is a man-portable automatic firearm attached to infantry squads or sections as a source of rapid direct firepower. Weapons fulfilling this role can be light machine guns, or modified selective-fire rifles fitted with a heavier barrel, bipod and a belt/drum-fed design.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 768511, 15068, 166655, 619757, 30044172, 482194, 768586, 640755, 1263697, 1813642, 3863294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 139 ], [ 152, 160 ], [ 161, 166 ], [ 171, 178 ], [ 201, 212 ], [ 255, 272 ], [ 287, 301 ], [ 331, 337 ], [ 339, 344 ], [ 351, 355 ], [ 356, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Squad automatic weapons usually fire the same cartridge (though heavier-bullet variants are preferred) as the assault rifles or battle rifles carried by other members of the unit. This reduces logistical requirements by making it only necessary to supply one type of service ammunition to a unit. These weapons are light enough to be carried and operated by one infantryman, unlike medium machine guns (such as the M1919 Browning) that require a crew to operate at full effectiveness; or heavy machine guns (such as the M2 Browning or the DShK) which fire more powerful cartridges but are also crew-served and typically also require a mounting platform to be operable.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 79270, 67679, 18950865, 1036892, 2726726, 2346917, 30863956, 2153617, 1862461, 246727, 1181211, 1131674, 596518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 55 ], [ 72, 78 ], [ 110, 123 ], [ 128, 140 ], [ 193, 203 ], [ 382, 400 ], [ 415, 429 ], [ 444, 450 ], [ 488, 505 ], [ 520, 531 ], [ 539, 543 ], [ 561, 569 ], [ 635, 652 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One of the first weapons used in this role was the Madsen machine gun. Although limited in today's terms, the Madsen was introduced in an era when the standard infantry rifle was a bolt-action repeater with fixed magazines reloaded with single rounds or chargers; sustained rapid fire with these weapons could be maintained only for very short periods of time. The Madsen was capable of fully automatic fire; despite having only limited magazine capacity, this was still more than that of the infantry rifle, and it was of the quick change detachable box magazine type. Though over 100 years old, the Madsen is still in limited use today. The standard machine guns of this era were of the Maxim type. Used by the British, Germans, and the Russians, these weapons were bulky, heavy, tripod-based, and water-cooled, they required a team of four men and, although excellent in the defence, were not suited to manoeuvre warfare.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 6499347, 94166, 1838554, 896497, 302393 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 69 ], [ 181, 192 ], [ 254, 262 ], [ 540, 563 ], [ 689, 694 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another pioneering weapon in this role was the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR). Introduced late in World War I, it remained in front-line service into the Vietnam War. Intended originally as an automatic rifle capable of delivering suppressing \"walking fire\" in the advance, the BAR came to be used in the light machine gun role. During World War II, as the importance of having a source of mobile automatic fire increased, the number of BARs in a unit also increased, until in some units it represented 1 in 4 of the weapons present in a squad. During its long service in the US military, it was pivotal in the evolution of U.S. fireteam tactics and doctrine that continues to the present day.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 378838, 4764461, 32611, 33949147, 32927, 166656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 71 ], [ 98, 109 ], [ 154, 165 ], [ 244, 256 ], [ 336, 348 ], [ 629, 637 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Modern squad automatic weapons (such as the RPK and L86) are modified assault rifles or battle rifles (e.g. FN FAL 50.41 and M14A1) that may have increased ammunition capacity and heavier barrels to withstand continued fire and will almost always have a bipod. In the case of some assault rifles, such as the H&K G36 or Steyr AUG, the SAW is simply the standard rifle with a few parts replaced. However, the Austrian Army, though issuing the Steyr AUG rifle, does not issue the HBAR (heavy barrel) variant. Instead, the 7.62mm caliber MG74, a derivative of WW2-era German MG 42, is issued.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 1192831, 84350, 18950865, 1036892, 94857, 319543, 698999, 249896, 239556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 47 ], [ 52, 55 ], [ 70, 83 ], [ 88, 100 ], [ 108, 120 ], [ 125, 130 ], [ 309, 316 ], [ 320, 329 ], [ 572, 577 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Light machine guns, either belt-fed or magazine-fed, may be used as squad automatic weapons, as may general-purpose machine guns; for example, during most of the Cold War period, the standard squad automatic weapon in the British Army was the FN Mag-derived L7. The most common squad automatic weapons in use today are derived from two basic patterns: the Kalashnikov-based RPK or the purpose-designed FN Minimi.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 482194, 12664, 325329, 983006, 1192831, 658041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 100, 127 ], [ 162, 170 ], [ 243, 249 ], [ 374, 377 ], [ 402, 411 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FN Minimi", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 658041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " FN SCAR(HAMR)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 1484559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " QBB-95", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 2416408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " QJY-88", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 15141551 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "West Germany's original plan in the late 1980s was to adopt the new 5.56mm Heckler & Koch G41 assault rifle (a variant of the HK33) to replace the 7.62mm Heckler & Koch G3 battle rifle and the 4.7mm Heckler & Koch G11 carbine to replace the 9mm IMI MP2 Uzi and Heckler & Koch MP5. The end of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany in 1990 forced everyone to scramble for a cheap alternative. The G36 family was created from a proof-of-concept prototype rechambered to fire the 5.56mm NATO cartridge. It is composed of an assault rifle (G36), light machine gun (MG36), assault carbine (G36K), and PDW (G36C). Though produced, presented and ordered, the MG36 was never adopted by the German Army as the differences and benefits to the G36 were seen as marginal, resulting in the order being cancelled. MG4 is standard platoon-level support weapon of the German Army, adopted in 2005. MG5 is general-purpose machine gun of the German Army, adopted in 2015.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 5122172, 530178, 529727, 83239, 14297, 325329, 61103, 698999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 93 ], [ 154, 171 ], [ 199, 217 ], [ 245, 256 ], [ 261, 279 ], [ 296, 304 ], [ 313, 345 ], [ 403, 406 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "HK MG36 (Not in Use by the German Army)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 698999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "HK MG4", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 1863239 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "HK MG5", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 28729372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1980s the Italian military considered the idea of adopting a heavy-barrelled magazine-fed 5.56mm automatic rifle. It was to accompany the 5.56mm Beretta AR70/90 assault rifle and supplement the 7.62mm MG 42/59 general purpose machine gun. A rethinking of the concept led to their adoption of the belt-fed FN Minimi instead.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 12047225, 1597085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 152, 167 ], [ 208, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Netherlands Marine Corps is the only part of the Dutch military to use the LOAWNLD (an updated version of the Colt Canada Light Support Weapon) as their squad automatic weapon. All other branches use the FN Minimi for this role.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 508652, 471747, 471747, 658041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 28 ], [ 79, 86 ], [ 114, 146 ], [ 208, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Russian support weapon concept was designed around providing one standard cartridge that could be used by the clip-fed rifle (SKS), magazine-fed assault rifle (AK-47) and belt-fed light machine gun (RPD). The SKS and RPD were dropped as being less effective than hoped. The RPK, with its magazine and parts commonality with the base AK-47, was more effective. It replaced the RPD as soon as manufacturing techniques allowed it to be mass-produced.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 33588624, 420128, 1348, 14840850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 87 ], [ 130, 133 ], [ 164, 169 ], [ 203, 206 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " RPK", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 1192831 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " RPKS", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 1192831 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " RPK-74", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 1192831 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " RPK-74M/RPK-201/RPK-203", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 1192831 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " RPK-16: The RPK-16 squad automatic weapon is a new light support weapon which is expected to take over the role of its predecessor, the RPK-74, in the Russian Armed Forces.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 1192831, 1192831 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ], [ 137, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " RPL-20", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 65833944 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The SA80 program was designed to create a family of light assault weapons that had a commonality of parts, could use the same ammunition and magazines, and would replace the UK military's collection of submachine guns, rifles, and light machine guns. Originally designed around a lighter experimental 4.85mm cartridge, they were forced to redesign the weapon to take the 5.56mm NATO cartridge. The L85 IW (Individual Weapon) was the rifle version and was designed to replace the 9mm L2 Sterling SMG and 7.62mm L1A1 SLR Rifle. The L86 LSW (Light Support Weapon) was the automatic rifle version and was intended to replace the L4 BREN gun and supplement the FN MAG general-purpose machine gun, replacing it at section level. Teething problems, low quality parts, poor ergonomic design and an inability to be wielded left-handed made the SA80 suite unpopular. The magazine-fed L86 was found to not be as capable of sustained fire as a belt-fed system so it was initially supplemented by the L110A1 FN Minimi and then replaced by it. The L86's role was then changed to that of a designated marksman rifle.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 84350, 37123077, 1026674, 30966370, 84350, 240860, 983006, 12664, 658041, 1956141 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 8 ], [ 301, 307 ], [ 483, 498 ], [ 510, 524 ], [ 530, 560 ], [ 625, 636 ], [ 656, 662 ], [ 663, 690 ], [ 988, 1004 ], [ 1075, 1100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In United States usage, the M249 light machine gun is commonly referred to as the Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 22289216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1970s the United States began realizing that they might have to fight a conflict in the deserts and mountains of the Middle East or Near East rather than the jungles of Asia or forests of Europe and Eurasia. The Squad Automatic Weapon program was designed to create an intermediate weapon between the M16 rifle and M60 machine gun. It would have to fire tracer ammunition out to a visible range of 800 meters or more, be capable of accurate high-volume sustained fire, and be lighter and more reliable than the M60. Initially the contenders were built around a new intermediate cartridge, but the problems with approval for a new third American-backed standard NATO cartridge forced its abandonment. The program then selected between the control group weapons: the FN Minimi (XM249) and Heckler & Koch HK 23 (XM262) chambered for the improved 5.56mm SS109 round. The FN Minimi was adopted as the M249 because it could optionally fire from magazines from an integral magazine port rather than requiring an exchange of parts in the field like the HK23.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 658041, 5675033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 772, 781 ], [ 794, 814 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Infantry Automatic Rifle program was launched by the United States Marine Corps in 2005. Its task was to find a replacement for the heavy and cumbersome M249 SAW that was serving as the Squad Automatic weapon in a fireteam at the time. Two of the weapons in the competition were the FN SCAR HAMR and a slightly modified HK416. The weapon chosen to replace the M249 was the modified HK416, later designated the M27 IAR. The M249 SAW is still in use as a squad automatic weapon by the US Army.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 20976347, 17349325, 1484559, 2461059, 22289216, 20976347, 32087 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 28 ], [ 57, 83 ], [ 287, 299 ], [ 324, 329 ], [ 364, 368 ], [ 414, 421 ], [ 487, 494 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " M249", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 22289216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " M27 IAR", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 20976347 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2019, US Army launched Next Generation Squad Weapon Program to find replacement for M249 SAW and replacement for 5.56×45mm NATO round. There are three competitors:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 68510587, 35022 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 62 ], [ 116, 130 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sig Sauer MG-6.8 with 6.8 Sig hybrid round, declared winner of the program as the XM250", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 70580515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "General Dynamics RM277-AR with .277 TVCM polymer cased round manufactured by True Velocity", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "AAI and Textron AR with 6.8mm CT cased telescoped round manufactured by Olin Winchester", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "National examples", "target_page_ids": [ 850800, 814375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 3 ], [ 8, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Crew-served weapon", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2153617 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Heavy machine gun", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1862461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Heavy weapons platoon", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 166668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medium machine gun", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2346917 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] } ]

[ "Squad_automatic_weapons" ]

[ "SAW", "section automatic weapon", "light support weapon", "LSW" ]

[ { "plaintext": "London is a city in and the county seat of Madison County, Ohio, United States. Located about southwest of the Ohio capital of Columbus, London was established in 1811 to serve as the county seat. The population was 10,279 at the 2020 census. The ZIP code is 43140.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 51509, 93055, 22199, 3434750, 5950, 23962196, 51550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 39 ], [ 43, 57 ], [ 59, 63 ], [ 65, 78 ], [ 129, 137 ], [ 232, 243 ], [ 250, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soon after the village was platted in the early 1810s, a Methodist church was founded in the community. Today known as First United Methodist Church, this congregation built a small log church building in 1820; it was London's first church. In the early 1900s, the church added facilities for the storage of human milk to sustain the orphanage it then operated.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 721336, 255748, 28038544, 6325, 795199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 31 ], [ 57, 66 ], [ 119, 148 ], [ 186, 201 ], [ 308, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 57070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the 2010 census London had 9,904 residents, comprising 3,991 households and 2,511 families. The population density was . There were 4,410 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 89.2% White, 6.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 1.7%.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 3448729, 273285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 18 ], [ 186, 199 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There were 3,991 households, 32.8% of which had children under the age of 18. 41.2% of households were married couples living together; 16.2% had a female householder with no husband present; 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present; and 37.1% were non-families. 30.8% of households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.43, and the average family size was 3.00.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The median age was 37.1 years. 25.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.7% were from 25 to 44; 24.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14.6% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At the 2000 census there were 8,771 people in 3,590 households, including 2,301 families, in the city. The population density was 1,031.0 people per square mile (397.9/km). There were 3,848 housing units at an average density of 452.3/sqmi (174.6/km). The racial makeup of the city was 89.96% White, 6.78% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.42% from other races, and 2.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.71%.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 432383, 273285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 18 ], [ 257, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 3,590 households 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 30.8% of households were one person and 13.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.00.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The age distribution was 26.6% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.2 males.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The median household income was $35,641 and the median family income was $42,400. Males had a median income of $33,092 versus $26,048 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,404. About 9.5% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.3% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demographics", "target_page_ids": [ 170584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 262, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "London and Madison County were served by a daily newspaper, The Madison Press, until it folded in early 2019. The county's weekly newspaper, The Madison Messenger, is also headquartered in London. There is also an online-only newspaper alternative, Madison County Spotlight, which was created to replace The Madison Press after it folded.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [ 36112597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is a religiously-based local radio station, Ready FM, or 105.1 FM, operating out of the town's old armory, just across from St. Patrick's Church.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "London is primarily served by the London City School District. Graduating class sizes are usually between 100-150 students. The district partners with other local educational programs, including the Tolles Technical Center.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 9145893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is also a private school run by St. Patrick's Church serving preschool through 8th grade.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nearby four-year universities include The Ohio State University, Wright State University, Wittenberg University, and The University of Dayton. Nearby community colleges include Sinclair, Clark State, and Columbus State Community College.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 22217, 454828, 102123, 454830, 2489820, 17899749, 3314378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 63 ], [ 65, 88 ], [ 90, 111 ], [ 117, 141 ], [ 177, 185 ], [ 187, 198 ], [ 204, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "London is served by the London Public Library. In 2005, the library loaned more than 194,000 items to its 14,000 cardholders. As of 2005, total holdings were over 48,000 volumes with over 145 periodical subscriptions.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The London water tower, fire department, and London High School were featured in a Nike commercial promoting the 2012 Summer Olympics.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 18998781, 2176142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 87 ], [ 113, 133 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Warren Amling, All-American Ohio State football player, and 1945 Heisman Trophy finalist", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 7677725 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bob Bescher, professional baseball player", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 6723440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Satch Davidson, major league baseball umpire", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 28722233 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Richard A. Harrison, U.S. Representative from Ohio", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 11158905, 19468510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ], [ 21, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dick LeBeau, Pro Football Hall of Fame cornerback, NFL assistant head coach and defensive coordinator", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1515505, 272590, 401277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 13, 38 ], [ 39, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chick McGee, radio personality on the Bob and Tom show", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 2990212, 6022145 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 38, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agnes Thomas Morris, Shakespeare promoter, president of War Mothers of America", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 59570760 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rick Renick, professional baseball player and coach", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 15443038 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jeriah Swetland, Ohio state representative", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 30961292 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Clyde Tingley, former governor of New Mexico", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1764929, 21649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 34, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ohio to Erie Trail", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 15866373 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " London Public Library", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Photos of London in 1938", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "London,_Ohio", "Cities_in_Ohio", "Cities_in_Madison_County,_Ohio", "Populated_places_established_in_1810", "County_seats_in_Ohio", "1810_establishments_in_Ohio" ]

[ "London, Ohio", "London, OH" ]

[ { "plaintext": "London is an unincorporated community in northeast Kimble County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had an estimated population of 180 in 2000.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 232346, 91530, 29810, 892023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 37 ], [ 51, 64 ], [ 66, 71 ], [ 105, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Len L. Lewis, a horse trader and former Union Army officer, helped establish the community in the late 1870s or early 1880s. After marrying a local widow, Lewis purchased a half-section of land and proceeded with plans to build a town that he hoped would become a trade center for the region. Ed, Tom, and Robert Stevenson opened a store in 1881 and Lewis laid out a town site that included 40 lots and a town square – he hoped that the town would eventually serve as the seat of government for a new county. When a post office was established in 1882, the site was named London.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The community continued to grow, and by 1896, the population had grown to about 100. The number of residents reached an estimated 360 in 1930. The Great Depression caused a brief decline in London, but by 1943, the population had grown to 400. In the years after World War II, the community again suffered a decline in the number of people and businesses. The low point was reached in the early 1970s, when only around 110 people were living in the community. In the latter years of the 20th century, the population rose to around 180.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2685269, 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 163 ], [ 263, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The London Town Square was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1971, marker number 2988.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 25538461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although London is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 76854.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "London is located approximately 18 miles northeast of Junction along U.S. Highway 377 in northeastern Kimble County, at the south end of FM 1221. Big Saline Creek flows past to the south of the community to its confluence with the Llano River approximately four miles to the southeast.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 136253, 438372, 57437661, 728684 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 62 ], [ 69, 85 ], [ 137, 144 ], [ 231, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Public education in the community of London is provided by the Junction Independent School District.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Education", "target_page_ids": [ 6204109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, London has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Climate", "target_page_ids": [ 484254, 19792392 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 147 ], [ 169, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " London Hammer, artifact", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 41576979 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "London, Texas at HistoricTexas.net", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Unincorporated_communities_in_Texas", "Unincorporated_communities_in_Kimble_County,_Texas", "Recorded_Texas_Historic_Landmarks" ]

[ "London, Texas", "London, TX" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey (24 September 189821 February 1968) was an Australian pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the development of penicillin.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24354, 48791, 52502, 740289, 1937, 23312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 104 ], [ 109, 120 ], [ 136, 173 ], [ 187, 202 ], [ 207, 228 ], [ 264, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although Fleming received most of the credit for the discovery of penicillin, it was Florey who carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin in 1941 at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford on the first patient, a police constable from Oxford. The patient started to recover, but subsequently died because Florey was unable, at that time, to make enough penicillin. It was Florey and Chain who actually made a useful and effective drug out of penicillin, after the task had been abandoned as too difficult.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5815135, 22308, 153928 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 182 ], [ 186, 192 ], [ 217, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Florey's discoveries, along with the discoveries of Fleming and Ernst Chain, are estimated to have saved over 200 million lives, and he is consequently regarded by the Australian scientific and medical community as one of its greatest figures. Sir Robert Menzies, Australia's longest-serving Prime Minister, said, \"In terms of world well-being, Florey was the most important man ever born in Australia.\"", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25839, 24117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 244, 262 ], [ 292, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Howard Florey was born in Malvern, a southern suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, the youngest of three children and the only son. His father, Joseph Florey, was an English immigrant, and his mother Bertha Mary Wadham was a second-generation Australian. His sister Hilda Gardner became a bacteriologist and a pioneer of laboratory medicine.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 3053700, 1148, 26716, 68985895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 33 ], [ 56, 64 ], [ 66, 81 ], [ 266, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Florey was educated at Kyre College Preparatory School (now Scotch College) and then St Peter's College, Adelaide, where he excelled in chemistry and physics, but not mathematics. He also played various sports for the school: cricket, football, athletics, and tennis. He studied medicine at the University of Adelaide from 1917 to 1921, paid entirely by a state scholarship he had achieved.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 3189808, 3189808, 2120259, 206748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 35 ], [ 60, 74 ], [ 85, 113 ], [ 295, 317 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Florey continued his studies at Magdalen College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar under the tutelage of Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, receiving the degrees of BA in 1924 and MA in 1935. In 1925, he left Oxford to attend the University of Cambridge, during which time he won a fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation and studied in the United States for ten months. He returned to England in 1926 and was elected to a fellowship at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and a year later he received the degree of PhD.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 128099, 172209, 772653, 156992, 1445268, 25978572, 227730, 23747745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 56 ], [ 63, 77 ], [ 104, 129 ], [ 156, 158 ], [ 171, 173 ], [ 221, 244 ], [ 293, 315 ], [ 431, 468 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Cambridge, Florey was appointed to the Joseph Hunter Chair of Pathology at the University of Sheffield in 1932. In 1935, he returned to Oxford, as Professor of Pathology and Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, leading a team of researchers. Working with Ernst Boris Chain, Norman Heatley and Edward Abraham, he read Alexander Fleming's paper discussing the antibacterial effects of Penicillium notatum mould.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 48791, 310417, 128353, 740289, 587780, 918984, 1937, 28830965 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 77 ], [ 85, 108 ], [ 190, 213 ], [ 259, 276 ], [ 278, 292 ], [ 297, 311 ], [ 321, 338 ], [ 387, 406 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1941, he and Chain treated their first patient, Albert Alexander, who had had a small sore at the corner of his mouth, which then spread, leading to a severe facial infection involving streptococci and staphylococci. His whole face, eyes and scalp were swollen to the extent that he had had an eye removed to relieve the pain. Within a day of being given penicillin, he started to recover. However, the researchers did not have enough penicillin to help him to a full recovery, and he relapsed and died. Because of this experience and the difficulty in producing penicillin, the researchers changed their focus to children, who could be treated with smaller quantities of penicillin.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 9441960, 29318, 23173149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 67 ], [ 188, 200 ], [ 205, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Florey's research team investigated the large-scale production of the mould and efficient extraction of the active ingredient, succeeding to the point where, by 1945, penicillin production was an industrial process for the Allies in World War II. However, Florey said that the project was originally driven by scientific interests, and that the medicinal discovery was a bonus:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Florey shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Ernst Boris Chain and Alexander Fleming. Fleming first observed the antibiotic properties of the mould that makes penicillin, but it was Chain and Florey who developed it into a useful treatment.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 52502 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1958, Florey opened the John Curtin School of Medical Research at ANU in Canberra. In 1965, the Queen made him Lord Florey and he was offered, and accepted, the role of Chancellor of the Australian National University.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 7216157, 285106 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 65 ], [ 190, 220 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 18 July 1944 Florey was appointed a Knight Bachelor. In 1947, he won the Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Honours and awards", "target_page_ids": [ 390067, 1914245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 54 ], [ 94, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh and the Lister Medal in 1945, for his contributions to surgical science. The corresponding Lister Oration, given at the Royal College of Surgeons of England later that year, was titled \"Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes\". In 1946, the University of Sao Paulo awarded him an honorary doctorate.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Honours and awards", "target_page_ids": [ 53464560, 19780376, 411056, 561499 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 80 ], [ 89, 101 ], [ 201, 237 ], [ 330, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Florey was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1941 and became president in 1958. In 1962, Florey became Provost of The Queen's College, Oxford. During his term as Provost, the college built a new residential block, named the Florey Building in his honour. The building was designed by the British architect Sir James Stirling.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Honours and awards", "target_page_ids": [ 496064, 128372, 420341 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 48 ], [ 121, 148 ], [ 317, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 4 February 1965, Sir Howard was created a life peer and became Baron Florey, of Adelaide in the State of South Australia and Commonwealth of Australia and of Marston in the City of Oxford. This was a higher honour than the knighthood awarded to penicillin's discoverer, Sir Alexander Fleming, and it recognised the monumental work Florey had done in making penicillin available in sufficient quantities to save millions of lives in the war, despite Fleming's doubts that this was feasible. On 15 July 1965 Florey was appointed a Member of The Order of Merit.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Honours and awards", "target_page_ids": [ 610639, 326833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 54 ], [ 532, 560 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Florey was Chancellor of the Australian National University from 1965 until his death in 1968. The lecture theatre at the John Curtin School of Medical Research was named for him during his tenure at the ANU.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Honours and awards", "target_page_ids": [ 285106 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Florey's portrait appeared on the Australian $50 note for 22 years (1973–95), and the suburb of Florey in the Australian Capital Territory is named after him. The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, located at the University of Melbourne, Victoria, and a lecture theatre in the University of Adelaide's medical school are also named after him. The defunct Australian Student Prize, given to outstanding high-school leavers, was previously called the \"Lord Florey Student Prize\" in recognition of Florey.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Posthumous honours and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 5268920, 1876597, 1944, 2285288, 363594, 4689460, 206748, 6472500 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 53 ], [ 96, 102 ], [ 110, 138 ], [ 163, 213 ], [ 230, 253 ], [ 255, 263 ], [ 294, 316 ], [ 372, 396 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Florey Unit of the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading, Berkshire, is named after him.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Posthumous honours and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1873055, 43980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 47 ], [ 51, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Florey Institute for Host–Pathogen Interactions at the University of Sheffield is named in his honour.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Posthumous honours and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 310417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Florey Science Centre at St Peter's College, Adelaide, is named after him, as he attended the college. It was opened post 1950. The building facilitates science classes for students from Year 7 to Year 12. On the lowest floor's concourse there is a commemorative statue and plaque.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Posthumous honours and legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2120259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the University of Adelaide, he met Ethel Reed (Mary Ethel Hayter Reed) (1900-1966), another medical student, who became both his wife and his research colleague. They had two children: Paquita Mary Joanna and Charles du Vé. After the death of his wife Ethel, he married in 1967 his long-time colleague and research assistant Margaret Jennings (1904–1994). He died of a congestive heart failure in 1968 and was honoured with a memorial service at Westminster Abbey, London.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 56723640, 40799745, 20556798, 43245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 225 ], [ 328, 345 ], [ 372, 396 ], [ 449, 466 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His sister Hilda Gardner (1890 – 1953) was an Australian bacteriologist, who was a pioneer of laboratory medicine in Australia, specialising in infections and infectious diseases. Joan Gardner, his niece through Hilda,was also a renowned microbiologist and infection control expert.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 68985895, 68979024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 24 ], [ 180, 192 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Florey was an agnostic.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Penicillin: The Magic Bullet is a 2006 Australian film production written by Gordon Glenn and financed by the Film Finance Corporation and Arcimedia Productions in association with Film Victoria. Breaking The Mould is a 2009 historical drama that tells the story of the development of penicillin in the 1930s and '40s, by the group of scientists at Oxford headed by Florey at the Dunn School of Pathology. The film stars Dominic West as Florey, Denis Lawson, and Oliver Dimsdale; and was written by Kate Brooke and directed by Peter Hoar.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "In film", "target_page_ids": [ 1948469, 1623261, 23431886, 38145767 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 421, 433 ], [ 445, 457 ], [ 463, 478 ], [ 499, 510 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1945 Penicillin", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1898_births", "1968_deaths", "Academics_of_the_University_of_Sheffield", "Alumni_of_Magdalen_College,_Oxford", "Australian_Nobel_laureates", "Australian_agnostics", "Australian_Knights_Bachelor", "Australian_life_peers", "Australian_pharmacologists", "Australian_Rhodes_Scholars", "Australian_scientists", "Australian_pathologists", "Australian_people_of_English_descent", "Fellows_of_Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge", "Fellows_of_Lincoln_College,_Oxford", "Fellows_of_The_Queen's_College,_Oxford", "Foreign_associates_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences", "Provosts_of_The_Queen's_College,_Oxford", "People_educated_at_St_Peter's_College,_Adelaide", "Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine", "Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society", "Royal_Medal_winners", "Recipients_of_the_Copley_Medal", "University_of_Adelaide_Medical_School_alumni", "Chancellors_of_the_Australian_National_University", "Commandeurs_of_the_Légion_d'honneur", "Medal_for_Merit_recipients", "Life_peers_created_by_Elizabeth_II" ]

[ "Lord Florey" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Lac is the resinous secretion of a number of species of lac insects, of which the most commonly cultivated is Kerria lacca.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19325208, 15373450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 67 ], [ 110, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cultivation begins when a farmer gets a stick that contains eggs ready to hatch and ties it to the tree to be infested. Thousands of lac insects colonize the branches of the host trees and secrete the resinous pigment. The coated branches of the host trees are cut and harvested as sticklac.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The harvested sticklac is crushed and sieved to remove impurities. The sieved material is then repeatedly washed to remove insect parts and other material. The resulting product is known as seedlac. The prefix seed refers to its pellet shape. Seedlac, which still contains 3–5% impurity, is processed into shellac by heat treatment or solvent extraction.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 54813, 2393984 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 306, 313 ], [ 335, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The leading producer of lac is Jharkhand, followed by the Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, and Maharashtra states of India. Lac production is also found in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, parts of China, and Mexico.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 197225, 47734, 34040, 20629, 3454, 19457, 30128, 17752, 202354, 5405, 3966054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 40 ], [ 58, 70 ], [ 72, 83 ], [ 89, 100 ], [ 150, 160 ], [ 162, 169 ], [ 171, 179 ], [ 181, 185 ], [ 187, 194 ], [ 205, 210 ], [ 216, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The word Lac is derived from the Sanskrit word lākshā' (लाक्षा) representing the number 100 thousand, which was used for both the Lac insect (because of their enormous number) and the scarlet resinous secretion it produces that was used as wood finish, lacquerware, skin cosmetic, ornaments and dye for wool and silk in ancient India and neighbouring areas. Lac resin was once imported in sizeable quantity into Europe from India along with Eastern woods. These are being used very widely nowadays.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 27698, 27688608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 41 ], [ 47, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kerria lacca can be cultivated on either cultivated or wild host plants.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " In India the most common host plants are:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dhak (Butea monosperma)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [ 3206123 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [ 1981458 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) (reported to give the best quality and yield)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [ 34954967 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In Thailand the most common host plants are", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rain tree (Albizia saman)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [ 4363193 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [ 47863693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In China the common host plants include", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pigeon pea ([Cajanus cajan)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hibiscus species", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [ 227922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In Mexico", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Barbados nut (Jatropha curcas)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [ 10811383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Estimated yields per tree in India are 6–10kg for kusum, 1.5–6kg for ber, and 1–4kg for dhak. The bugs' life cycles can produce two sticklac yields per year, though it may be better to rest for six months to let the host tree recover.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Host trees", "target_page_ids": [ 34954967, 1981458, 3206123 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 55 ], [ 69, 72 ], [ 88, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lac is harvested by cutting the tree branches that hold sticklac. If dye is being produced, the insects are kept in the sticklac because the dye colour comes from the insects rather than their resin. They may be killed by exposure to the sun. On the other hand, if seedlac or shellac is being produced, most insects can escape because less coloured pale lac is generally more desired.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Harvesting", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The use of lac dye goes back to ancient times. It was used in ancient India and neighbouring areas as wood finish, lacquareware, skin cosmetic, lacquerware and dye for wool and silk. In China, it is a traditional dye for leather goods. Lac for dye has been somewhat replaced by the emergence of synthetic dyes, though it remains in use, and some juices, carbonated drinks, wine, jam, sauce, and candy are coloured using it. It is still used as sealing wax by the India Post.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 8179, 635776, 1094923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 18 ], [ 444, 455 ], [ 463, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lac is used in folk medicine as a hepatoprotective and anti-obesity drug. It is used in violin and other varnish and is soluble in alcohol. This type of lac was used in the finishing of 18th-century fowling guns in the United States.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Uses", "target_page_ids": [ 457857, 15046865, 1017976, 32427, 214645, 10048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 28 ], [ 34, 50 ], [ 55, 72 ], [ 89, 95 ], [ 106, 113 ], [ 132, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "India exported significant amounts of sticklac derivatives, especially lac dye, from the 1700s to the late 1800s. Production declined as synthetic dyes emerged, and after the late 1940s, production of seedlac and shellac also declined due to replacement.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Production levels", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the mid-1950s, India annually produced about 50,000 tons of sticklac and exported about 29,000 tons of lac; by the late 1980s the figures were about 12,000 tons and 7,000 tons, respectively. By 1992–93, India's lac exports fell further to 4,500 tons. In the same period, Thailand's production increased somewhat, with annual lac exports of around 7,000 tons in the 1990s, mainly of seedlac. China exported only about 500 tons of shellac per year in the 1990s but produced more lac internally: 4,000-5,000 tons of sticklac and 2,000–3,000 tons of shellac in Yunnan province, with additional, smaller production in Fujian province. While India, Thailand, and China are the major lac producers, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam, and Sri Lanka also play small roles.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Production levels", "target_page_ids": [ 166410, 88585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 560, 566 ], [ 616, 622 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Usage of lac/lah/laksha is described in ancient Hindu literature Atharvaveda also. Kand 5 and Sukta 5 (chapter 5, verse 5) is called as Laksha Sukti - verse related to lac. This entire verse is dedicated to lac and its usage. It has description of many ancient practices.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Description in ancient texts", "target_page_ids": [ 975389 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Mahabharata mentions the Lakshagriha, which was built by the Kauravas to house the Pandavas. The intention of Kauravan was to burn the Pandavas by setting fire to the Lakshagriha.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Description in ancient texts", "target_page_ids": [ 19643, 37312203, 353923, 239649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 29, 40 ], [ 65, 72 ], [ 87, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kerria lacca – the true lac scale", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Species", "target_page_ids": [ 15373450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paratachardina decorella – the rosette lac scale", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Species", "target_page_ids": [ 25125670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paratachardina pseudolobata – the lobate lac scale", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Species", "target_page_ids": [ 14075778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kerria javana", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Species", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carmine (E120) – Another pigment extracted from an insect.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 291338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lacquer – A product that was at one time made from lac, but in modern common usage now refers to a separate product with similar properties.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 216140 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lake pigment", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 376240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shellac – A protective coating made from lac.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 54813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums - IINRG, formerly Indian Lac Research Institute - ILRI", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "FAO - Insect dyes - Lac - Summary of Basic Information", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Insect_products", "Animal_dyes", "Resins", "Kerriidae" ]

[ "gum lac", "gum-lac" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Greater London Authority (GLA), colloquially known by the metonym \"City Hall\", is the devolved regional governance body of Greater London. It consists of two political branches: the executive Mayoralty (currently led by Sadiq Khan) and the 25-member London Assembly, which serves as a means of checks and balances on the former. Since May 2016, both branches have been under the control of the London Labour Party. The authority was established in 2000, following a local referendum, and derives most of its powers from the Greater London Authority Act 1999 and the Greater London Authority Act 2007.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31255115, 23487696, 45367389, 40338, 1847198, 355966, 28561, 42427973, 615625, 3898541, 26636696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 98 ], [ 99, 107 ], [ 127, 141 ], [ 196, 205 ], [ 224, 234 ], [ 254, 269 ], [ 298, 317 ], [ 398, 417 ], [ 470, 486 ], [ 528, 561 ], [ 570, 603 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is a strategic regional authority, with powers over transport, policing, economic development, and fire and emergency planning. Three functional bodies—Transport for London, the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime, and the London Fire Commissioner—are responsible for delivery of services in these areas. The planning policies of the Mayor of London are detailed in a statutory London Plan that is regularly updated and published.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31145, 34397040, 54301354, 3459405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 175 ], [ 181, 218 ], [ 228, 252 ], [ 383, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Greater London Authority is mostly funded by direct government grant and it is also a precepting authority, with some money collected with local Council Tax. The GLA is unique in the British devolved and local government system, in terms of structure (it uses a presidential system-esque model), elections and selection of powers. The authority was established to replace a range of joint boards and quangos and provided an elected upper tier of local government in Greater London for the first time since the abolition of the Greater London Council in 1986.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 156661, 156661, 206578, 25293, 61268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 110 ], [ 149, 160 ], [ 266, 285 ], [ 404, 410 ], [ 531, 553 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The GLA is responsible for the strategic administration of the 1579km2 (610 sq. miles) of Greater London. It shares local government powers with the councils of 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation. It was created to improve the co-ordination between the local authorities in Greater London, and the Mayor of London's role is to give London a single person to represent it. The Mayor proposes policy and the GLA's budget, and makes appointments to the capital's strategic executive such as Transport for London. The primary purpose of the London Assembly is to hold the Mayor of London to account by scrutiny of his or her actions and decisions. The assembly must also accept or amend the mayor's budget on an annual basis. The GLA is based at City Hall, a new building on the south bank of the River Thames, next to Tower Bridge.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Purpose", "target_page_ids": [ 45367389, 52613, 367477, 40338, 31145, 209821, 49031, 60646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 104 ], [ 164, 179 ], [ 188, 214 ], [ 317, 332 ], [ 507, 527 ], [ 761, 770 ], [ 812, 824 ], [ 834, 846 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The GLA is different from the corporation of the City of London with its largely ceremonial lord mayors, which controls only the square mile of the city, London's chief financial centre.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Purpose", "target_page_ids": [ 6883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1986, the Greater London Council was abolished by the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher. Many people have surmised that the decision to abolish the GLC was made because of the existence of a high-spending left-wing Labour administration under Ken Livingstone, although pressure for the abolition of the GLC had arisen before Livingstone took over, and was largely driven by the belief among the outer London borough councils that they could perform the functions of the GLC just as well.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 61268, 32113, 19831, 19279158, 18247224, 52613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 35 ], [ 57, 69 ], [ 84, 101 ], [ 229, 235 ], [ 257, 272 ], [ 415, 437 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On abolition, the strategic functions of the GLC were transferred to bodies controlled by central government or joint boards nominated by the London borough councils. Some of the service delivery functions were transferred down to the councils themselves. For the next 14 years there was no single elected body for the whole of London. The Labour Party never supported the abolition of the GLC and made it a policy to re-establish some form of citywide elected authority.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 52613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Labour party adopted a policy of a single, directly elected mayor (a policy first suggested by Tony Banks in 1990), together with an elected assembly watching over the mayor; this model, based on the mayor–council government of many American cities, was partly aimed at making sure the new body resembled the erstwhile GLC as little as possible. After the Labour party won the 1997 general election, the policy was outlined in a white paper entitled A Mayor and Assembly for London (March 1998).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Creation", "target_page_ids": [ 414437, 23809142, 35519, 291336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 109 ], [ 204, 228 ], [ 381, 402 ], [ 433, 444 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Simultaneously with the elections to the London Borough councils, a referendum was held on the establishment of the GLA in May 1998, which was approved with 72% of the vote. The Greater London Authority Act 1999 passed through Parliament, receiving royal assent in October 1999. In a controversial election campaign, the then prime minister, Tony Blair, attempted to block Livingstone's nomination and imposed his own candidate. In reaction, Livingstone stood as an independent candidate, resulting in his expulsion from the Labour Party and in March 2000, was elected as Mayor of London. Following an interim period in which the mayor and assembly had been elected but had no powers, the GLA was formally established on 3 July 2000.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Creation", "target_page_ids": [ 615625, 3898541, 153067, 3301347, 472535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 78 ], [ 178, 211 ], [ 249, 261 ], [ 342, 352 ], [ 557, 568 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the first two years of its existence, the Greater London Authority was based at Romney House, 47 Marsham Street in Westminster. Meetings of the London Assembly took place at Emmanuel Centre, also on Marsham Street.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Headquarters", "target_page_ids": [ 10556977, 37432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 115 ], [ 119, 130 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Between July 2002 and December 2021, the Greater London Authority was based at a building known as City Hall in Southwark, on the banks of the River Thames, close to Tower Bridge. City Hall was designed by Norman Foster and constructed at a cost of £43 million on a site formerly occupied by wharves serving the Pool of London. This building did not belong to the GLA but was leased under a 25-year rental agreement from the Kuwait Investment Authority.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Headquarters", "target_page_ids": [ 209821, 54062, 49031, 60646, 33174, 453377, 3384308 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 108 ], [ 112, 121 ], [ 143, 155 ], [ 166, 178 ], [ 292, 299 ], [ 312, 326 ], [ 425, 452 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 2020, Mayor of London Sadiq Khan announced plans to vacate City Hall at the end of 2021 and relocate to The Crystal in the Canning Town area of East London. The Crystal building is owned by the Greater London Authority and is currently under-occupied. City Hall was not owned by the authority itself and the proposed move would save the Greater London Authority £12.6 million a year in rental costs. The decision was confirmed on 3 November 2020. Newham Borough Council gave permission for a change of use for the building in December 2020. The authority vacated City Hall on 2 December 2021 and the move is due to completed in the first week of January 2022. The Crystal was renamed \"City Hall\" in December 2021.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Headquarters", "target_page_ids": [ 38049647, 451027, 1429635 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 127 ], [ 135, 147 ], [ 156, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to City Hall, staff of the Greater London Authority are also based at Palestra House on Blackfriars Road and at the London Fire Brigade headquarters on Union Street, both in Southwark.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Headquarters", "target_page_ids": [ 3305712, 3318636, 54062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 116 ], [ 164, 176 ], [ 186, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The predecessors of the Greater London Authority, the Greater London Council and the London County Council, had their headquarters at County Hall, upstream on the South Bank. Although County Hall's old council chamber is still intact, the building is unavailable for use by the GLA because of its conversion into, among other things, a luxury hotel, amusement arcade and aquarium.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Headquarters", "target_page_ids": [ 61268, 353838, 360377, 205026 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 76 ], [ 85, 106 ], [ 134, 145 ], [ 163, 173 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Areas which the GLA has responsibility for include transport, policing, fire and rescue, development and strategic planning. The GLA does not directly provide any services itself. Instead, its work is carried out by functional bodies which come under the GLA umbrella and work under the policy direction of the mayor and assembly. These functional bodies (defined in section 424 (1) of the Greater London Authority Act 1999)are:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Powers and functions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Transport for London (TfL) – Responsible for managing most aspects of London's transport system, including public transport, main roads, and traffic management, and administering the London congestion charge.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Powers and functions", "target_page_ids": [ 31145, 179439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 183, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime – Responsible for overseeing the Metropolitan Police Service, which provides policing throughout Greater London. Replaced the Metropolitan Police Authority in January 2012 under the provisions of the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Powers and functions", "target_page_ids": [ 34397040, 192450, 1733431, 33175803 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ], [ 71, 98 ], [ 164, 193 ], [ 238, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The London Fire Commissioner – Administers the London Fire Brigade and co-ordinates emergency planning. Until April 2017 this was the responsibility of the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority (LFEPA).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Powers and functions", "target_page_ids": [ 54301354, 3088348, 4582929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 28 ], [ 47, 66 ], [ 157, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The London Legacy Development Corporation and Old Oak and Park Royal Development Corporation, which are Mayoral development corporations. Before April 2012 the London Development Agency (LDA) was responsible for development across London but was wound up following the Localism Act 2011. The London Legacy Development Corporation and Old Oak and Park Royal Development Corporation were set up using powers in the Localism Act to create Mayoral development corporations.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Powers and functions", "target_page_ids": [ 36735512, 46489965, 2808904, 30139579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 42 ], [ 47, 93 ], [ 161, 186 ], [ 270, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 2005, the government published a consultation document reviewing the powers of the GLA, making proposals for additional powers, including waste management, planning, housing, and learning and skills. The result of the consultation and final proposals were published by the Department for Communities and Local Government on 13 July 2006.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Powers and functions", "target_page_ids": [ 3411336, 5020191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 166 ], [ 285, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The GLA is responsible for co-ordinating land use planning in Greater London. The mayor produces a strategic plan, the \"London Plan\". The individual London Borough councils are legally bound to comply with the plan. The mayor has the power to over-ride planning decisions made by the London Boroughs if they are believed to be against the interests of London as a whole.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Powers and functions", "target_page_ids": [ 603913, 45367389, 3459405, 52613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 58 ], [ 62, 76 ], [ 120, 131 ], [ 149, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of 2006, London generates 42 million tonnes of carbon emissions per year, 7% of the UK's total. 44% of this comes from housing, 28% from commercial premises, 21% from transport, and 7% from industry.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Powers and functions", "target_page_ids": [ 9528025 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Mayor's energy strategy planned to cut carbon emission levels by 20% by 2010 and 60% by 2050 (although achieving the first of these targets is unlikely). Measures taken to achieve this have included the creation of the London Climate Change Agency, the London Energy Partnership and the founding of the international Large Cities Climate Leadership Group.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Powers and functions", "target_page_ids": [ 7080665, 6227166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 223, 251 ], [ 321, 358 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The London Sustainable Development Commission has calculated that for housing to meet the 60% target, all new developments would have to be constructed to be carbon-neutral with immediate effect (using zero energy building techniques), in addition to cutting energy used in existing housing by 40%.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Powers and functions", "target_page_ids": [ 4211531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 202, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the 2021 elections, Labour has the largest representation on the GLA with the mayor as well as eleven assembly members, followed by nine from the Conservatives, three Greens, and two from the Liberal Democrats.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Political control", "target_page_ids": [ 50643606, 19279158, 32113, 79787, 18933007 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 23 ], [ 26, 32 ], [ 152, 165 ], [ 173, 179 ], [ 198, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2000 London Assembly election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Elections", "target_page_ids": [ 537981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2000 London mayoral election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Elections", "target_page_ids": [ 472535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2004 London Assembly election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Elections", "target_page_ids": [ 539375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2004 London mayoral election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Elections", "target_page_ids": [ 465180 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2008 London Assembly election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Elections", "target_page_ids": [ 15163175 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2008 London mayoral election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Elections", "target_page_ids": [ 6062565 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2012 London Assembly election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Elections", "target_page_ids": [ 32006878 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2012 London mayoral election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Elections", "target_page_ids": [ 16707963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2016 London Assembly election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Elections", "target_page_ids": [ 43414852 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2016 London mayoral election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Elections", "target_page_ids": [ 38291089 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2021 London Assembly election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Elections", "target_page_ids": [ 50643606 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2021 London mayoral election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Elections", "target_page_ids": [ 50483860 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scotland Yard", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27158 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lord Mayor of the City of London", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 40339 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "City of London Corporation", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 367477 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "London boroughs", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 52613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Foreign relations of the Mayor of London", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 16616367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Boundary map", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " About the GLA – Website detailing the powers of the GLA", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " House of Commons Library Briefing Note, June 2018", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Greater London Authority Review, 2005–06 – House of Commons Library Standard Note", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wikisource – Referendum Results", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Greater_London_Authority", "Local_authorities_in_London", "Government_agencies_established_in_2000", "2000_establishments_in_England", "2000_in_London", "Major_precepting_authorities_in_England" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Year 1256 (MCCLVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25657, 321364, 15651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 17 ], [ 25, 55 ], [ 101, 116 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " January 6 Gertrude the Great, German mystic (d. 1302)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 15986, 1846030, 39949 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 12, 30 ], [ 50, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " February 9 William de Warenne, English nobleman (d. 1286)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 11361, 42632968, 28978421, 42320 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 31 ], [ 41, 49 ], [ 54, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " March 21 Henry I (Lackland), German nobleman (d. 1318)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 20329, 34613931, 39962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 11, 18 ], [ 51, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " October 23 Möngke Temür, Mongol ruler of Shiraz (d. 1282)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 22572, 63666006, 37729069, 34723 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 25 ], [ 43, 49 ], [ 54, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati, Andalusian grammarian (d. 1344)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 4832903, 39514 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ], [ 51, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Adolph VI, count of Holstein-Pinneberg-Schauenburg (d. 1315)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 35859900, 37515248, 13294959, 39959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 21, 39 ], [ 40, 51 ], [ 56, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ahmad al-Suhrawardi, Persian calligrapher and musician (d. 1340)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 68651935, 39517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 60, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Al-Dimashqi, Syrian geographer, explorer and writer (d. 1327)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 21766196, 39967 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 57, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Andrea Dotti, Italian nobleman, preacher and saint (d. 1315)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 16898774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ibn al-Banna, Almohad scholar and mathematician (d. 1321)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 5624984, 39964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 53, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jamal al-Din al-Mizzi, Syrian scholar and philologist (d. 1341)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 7103089, 36364 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ], [ 59, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Segrave, English nobleman and seneschal (d. 1325)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 22801931, 858164, 39966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 36, 45 ], [ 50, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Padishah Khatun, Mongol female ruler and writer (d. 1295)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 36227983, 39978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 53, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert of Clermont, French prince and nobleman (d. 1317)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 703386, 39961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 52, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Roger Mortimer, English nobleman and constable (d. 1326)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Births", "target_page_ids": [ 26945260, 34879 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 52, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " January 4 Bernhard von Spanheim, German nobleman", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 15982, 10900276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 12, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " January 18 Maria of Brabant, duchess of Bavaria (b. 1226)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 16202, 20870694, 1463463, 36066 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 29 ], [ 42, 49 ], [ 54, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " January 28 William II of Holland, king of Germany (b. 1227)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 15792, 151033, 3190225, 36262 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 34 ], [ 44, 51 ], [ 56, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " February 9 Alice de Lusigan, English noblewoman (b. 1224)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 11361, 17731010, 36065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 29 ], [ 54, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " February 16 Nicola Paglia, Italian Dominican priest (b. 1197)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 11362, 51274463, 8973, 40060 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 14, 27 ], [ 37, 46 ], [ 58, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " April 12 Margaret of Bourbon, queen of Navarre (b. 1217)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 1009, 20361121, 693507, 39992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 11, 30 ], [ 41, 48 ], [ 53, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " April 23 Sabrisho V, patriarch of the Church of the East", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 1827, 26690127, 26176567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 11, 21 ], [ 40, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " May 1 Mafalda of Portugal, Spanish abbess and queen ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 19348, 2227123, 1301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 8, 27 ], [ 37, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " May 6 Peter Nolasco, French religious leader (b. 1189)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 19514, 3222864, 36215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 8, 21 ], [ 51, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " May 12 Matilda of Amboise, French noblewoman (b. 1200)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 19497, 43152096, 36394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ], [ 9, 27 ], [ 51, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " May 28 Guglielmo Fieschi, Italian deacon and cardinal", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 19672, 12587636 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ], [ 9, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " June 13 Tankei, Japanese Buddhist sculptor (b. 1173)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 15816, 4064810, 297220, 36052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ], [ 10, 16 ], [ 27, 35 ], [ 49, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " September 1 Kujō Yoritsune, Japanese shogun (b. 1218)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 27530, 219508, 10736899, 39993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 14, 28 ], [ 39, 45 ], [ 50, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " September 21 William of Kilkenny, English bishop of Ely", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 27532, 1048629, 3489808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 34 ], [ 54, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " October 14 Kujō Yoritsugu, Japanese shogun (b. 1239)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 22525, 371101, 40069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 27 ], [ 49, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " November 5 Christina de Valognes, Scottish noblewoman", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 21565, 29385582 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bertram de Criol (or Criel), English constable and diplomat", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 1034762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jacob Anatoli, French Jewish translator and writer (b. 1194)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 15999, 40005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 56, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Johannes de Sacrobosco, English scholar and astronomer ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 960620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Klement of Ruszcza, Polish nobleman and knight (b. 1190)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 58244409, 40008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 52, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Najm al-Din Razi, Persian philosopher and writer (b. 1177)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 2318732, 40088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 54, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pandulf of Anagni, Italian bishop and military commander", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 69796633 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peter de Ramsay, Scottish nobleman, cleric and bishop", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 9708010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Þórður kakali Sighvatsson, Icelandic chieftain (b. 1210)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 3910974, 39998 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ], [ 52, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rodrigo González Girón, Spanish nobleman and knight", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 62912778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, Arab preacher and historian (b. 1185)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 3132105, 40094 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 52, 56 ] ] } ]

[ "1256" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Apostolicam Actuositatem (Apostolic Activity), also known as the \"Decree on the Apostolate of the Laity\", is one of the 16 magisterial documents of the Second Vatican Council. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 437043, 28134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 134 ], [ 152, 174 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The final text was approved on 10 November 65 by a vote of 2,201 to 2. On 18 November 1965, it was promulgated by Pope Paul VI, after another vote, this time of 2,340 to 2.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The purpose of the document was to encourage and guide lay Catholics in their Christian service. In this decree the Council sought to describe the nature, character, and diversity of the lay apostolate, to state its basic principles, and to give pastoral directives for its more effective exercise. The specific objectives of lay ministry are: evangelization and sanctification, renewal of the temporal order whereby Christ is first in all things, and charitable works and social aid. The decree quotes Colossians 3:17: \"Whatever you do in word or work, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, giving thanks to God the Father through Him\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3608758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Apostolicam Actuositatem follows upon Lumen gentium, the \"Dogmatic Constitution on the Church\", of 21 November 1964, which in Chapter IV, discusses the laity, by which they mean all the faithful except those in Holy Orders or religious institutes. \"They live in the ordinary circumstances of family and social life, from which the very web of their existence is woven. ...led by the spirit of the Gospel they may work for the sanctification of the world from within as a leaven. In this way they may make Christ known to others, especially by the testimony of a life resplendent in faith, hope and charity.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 40135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Pontifical Council for the Laity had its foundation in Vatican II's Apostolicam Actuositatem, §26. The Pontifical council was created in January 1967 by Pope Paul VI's motu proprio Catholicam Christi Ecclesiam. In December 1976, the council was included as a permanent fixture of the Roman Curia. In September 2016, its functions were shifted to the new Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "After", "target_page_ids": [ 22971877, 24028, 793396, 26538, 51381887 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 36 ], [ 157, 171 ], [ 172, 184 ], [ 288, 299 ], [ 358, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Associations of the faithful", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7546840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Christifideles laici", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 24712103 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lay ecclesial ministry", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3008881 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Ecclesial movements", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12022883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Francis Cardinal Arinze, The Layperson's Distinctive Role, Ignatius Press, 2013 ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " English translation of text at the Vatican", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Original Latin text at EWTN", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Decrees", "Documents_of_the_Second_Vatican_Council", "Latin_texts", "Pontifical_Council_for_the_Laity", "1965_in_Christianity", "1965_documents" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Cnut (; ; ; died 12 November 1035), also known as Cnut the Great and Canute, was King of England from 1016, King of Denmark from 1018, and King of Norway from 1028 until his death in 1035. The three kingdoms united under Cnut's rule are referred to together as the North Sea Empire.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 47063, 20714373, 4154892, 26220980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 97 ], [ 109, 124 ], [ 140, 154 ], [ 266, 282 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a Danish prince, Cnut won the throne of England in 1016 in the wake of centuries of Viking activity in northwestern Europe. His later accession to the Danish throne in 1018 brought the crowns of England and Denmark together. Cnut sought to keep this power-base by uniting Danes and English under cultural bonds of wealth and custom. After a decade of conflict with opponents in Scandinavia, Cnut claimed the crown of Norway in Trondheim in 1028. The Swedish city Sigtuna was held by Cnut (he had coins struck there that called him king, but there is no narrative record of his occupation). In 1031, Malcolm II of Scotland also submitted to him, though Anglo-Norse influence over Scotland was weak and ultimately did not last by the time of Cnut's death.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32538, 26740, 37472, 1021722, 148037, 26220980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 125 ], [ 381, 392 ], [ 430, 439 ], [ 466, 473 ], [ 602, 612 ], [ 655, 666 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dominion of England lent the Danes an important link to the maritime zone between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, where Cnut, like his father before him, had a strong interest and wielded much influence among the Norse–Gaels. Cnut's possession of England's dioceses and the continental Diocese of Denmark—with a claim laid upon it by the Holy Roman Empire's Archdiocese of Hamburg-Bremen—was a source of great prestige and leverage within the Catholic Church and among the magnates of Christendom (gaining notable concessions such as one on the price of the pallium of his bishops, though they still had to travel to obtain the pallium, as well as on the tolls his people had to pay on the way to Rome). After his 1026 victory against Norway and Sweden, and on his way back from Rome where he attended the coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor, Cnut, in a letter written for the benefit of his subjects, deemed himself \"King of all England and Denmark and the Norwegians and of some of the Swedes\". The Anglo-Saxon kings used the title \"king of the English\". Cnut was —\"king of all England\". Medieval historian Norman Cantor called him \"the most effective king in Anglo-Saxon history\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 623153, 13530298, 147575, 3766171, 50549, 13277, 255372, 606848, 6704, 147271, 25458, 23582792, 1005236 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 34 ], [ 97, 110 ], [ 115, 122 ], [ 223, 234 ], [ 267, 274 ], [ 348, 365 ], [ 368, 397 ], [ 453, 468 ], [ 495, 506 ], [ 568, 575 ], [ 707, 711 ], [ 816, 852 ], [ 1120, 1133 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut was a son of the Danish prince Sweyn Forkbeard, who was the son and heir to King Harald Bluetooth and thus came from a line of Scandinavian rulers central to the unification of Denmark. Neither the place nor the date of his birth are known. Harthacnut I was the semi-legendary founder of the Danish royal house at the beginning of the 10th century, and his son, Gorm the Old, became the first in the official line (the 'Old' in his name indicates this). Harald Bluetooth, Gorm's son and Cnut's grandfather, was the Danish king at the time of the Christianization of Denmark; he became one of the first Scandinavian kings to accept Christianity.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and kingship", "target_page_ids": [ 40406, 42419, 2093466, 233507, 7135314 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 51 ], [ 86, 102 ], [ 246, 258 ], [ 367, 379 ], [ 551, 578 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg and the Encomium Emmae report Cnut's mother as having been Świętosława, a daughter of Mieszko I of Poland.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and kingship", "target_page_ids": [ 2953769, 2953769, 5065970, 2241391, 20597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 17, 38 ], [ 47, 61 ], [ 98, 109 ], [ 125, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Norse sources of the High Middle Ages, most prominently Heimskringla by Snorri Sturluson, also give a Polish princess as Cnut's mother, whom they call Gunhild and a daughter of Burislav, the king of Vindland.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and kingship", "target_page_ids": [ 3065444, 503345, 14468, 23408931, 13046850, 596258, 33644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ], [ 21, 37 ], [ 56, 68 ], [ 72, 88 ], [ 151, 158 ], [ 177, 185 ], [ 199, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since in the Norse sagas the king of Vindland is always Burislav, this is reconcilable with the assumption that her father was Mieszko (not his son Bolesław). Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum is unique in equating Cnut's mother (for whom he also produces no name) with the former queen of Sweden, wife of Eric the Victorious and by this marriage mother of Olof Skötkonung.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and kingship", "target_page_ids": [ 300166, 38999, 10710167, 5058739, 454678, 255539 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 23 ], [ 148, 156 ], [ 177, 218 ], [ 316, 322 ], [ 332, 351 ], [ 383, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To complicate the matter, Heimskringla and other sagas also have Sweyn marrying Eric's widow, but she is distinctly another person in these texts, named Sigrid the Haughty, whom Sweyn only marries after Gunhild, the Slavic princess who bore Cnut, has died.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and kingship", "target_page_ids": [ 596238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Different theories regarding the number and ancestry of Sweyn's wives (or wife) have been advanced (see Sigrid the Haughty and Gunhild). But since Adam is the only source to equate the identity of Cnut's and Olof Skötkonung's mother, this is often seen as an error on Adam's part, and it is often assumed that Sweyn had two wives, the first being Cnut's mother, and the second being the former Queen of Sweden. Cnut's brother Harald was the younger of the two brothers according to Encomium Emmae.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and kingship", "target_page_ids": [ 596238, 13046850, 2361955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 122 ], [ 127, 134 ], [ 426, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some hint of Cnut's childhood can be found in the Flateyjarbók, a 13th-century Icelandic source that says he was taught his soldiery by the chieftain Thorkell the Tall, brother to Sigurd, Jarl of Jomsborg, and the legendary Jomsvikings, at their stronghold on the island of Wollin, off the coast of Pomerania. His date of birth, like his mother's name, is unknown. Contemporary works such as the Chronicon and the Encomium Emmae, do not mention this. Even so, in a Knútsdrápa by the skald Óttarr svarti, there is a statement that Cnut was \"of no great age\" when he first went to war. It also mentions a battle identifiable with Sweyn Forkbeard's invasion of England and attack on the city of Norwich, in 1003–04, after the St. Brice's Day massacre of Danes by the English, in 1002. If Cnut indeed accompanied this expedition, his birthdate may be near 990, or even 980. If not, and if the skald's poetic verse references another assault, such as Forkbeard's conquest of England in 1013–14, it may even suggest a birth date nearer 1000. There is a passage of the Encomiast (as the author of the Encomium Emmae is known) with a reference to the force Cnut led in his English conquest of 1015–16. Here (Conquest of England) it says all the Vikings were of \"mature age\" under Cnut \"the king\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and kingship", "target_page_ids": [ 655347, 14531, 1138081, 2186249, 58249, 284782, 2180854, 54497, 24261, 2953769, 5065970, 17422738, 243725, 5045789, 103443, 2654782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 62 ], [ 79, 88 ], [ 150, 167 ], [ 180, 186 ], [ 188, 192 ], [ 196, 204 ], [ 224, 235 ], [ 274, 280 ], [ 299, 308 ], [ 396, 405 ], [ 414, 428 ], [ 465, 475 ], [ 483, 488 ], [ 489, 502 ], [ 692, 699 ], [ 723, 747 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A description of Cnut appears in the 13th-century Icelandic Knýtlinga saga:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and kingship", "target_page_ids": [ 2635020 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hardly anything is known for sure of Cnut's life until the year he was part of a Scandinavian force under his father, King Sweyn, in his invasion of England in summer 1013. Cnut was likely part of his father's 1003 and 1004 campaigns in England, although the evidence is not firm. The 1013 invasion was the climax to a succession of Viking raids spread over a number of decades. Following their landing in the Humber, the kingdom fell to the Vikings quickly, and near the end of the year King Æthelred fled to Normandy, leaving Sweyn Forkbeard in possession of England. In the winter, Sweyn was in the process of consolidating his kingship, with Cnut left in charge of the fleet and the base of the army at Gainsborough in Lincolnshire.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and kingship", "target_page_ids": [ 32610, 143904, 10083, 21724, 366497, 53295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 333, 339 ], [ 410, 416 ], [ 493, 501 ], [ 510, 518 ], [ 707, 719 ], [ 723, 735 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the death of Sweyn Forkbeard after a few months as king, on Candlemas (Sunday 3 February 1014),", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and kingship", "target_page_ids": [ 4592625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Harald succeeded him as King of Denmark, while the Vikings and the people of the Danelaw immediately elected Cnut as king in England. However, the English nobility took a different view, and the Witenagemot recalled Æthelred from Normandy. The restored king swiftly led an army against Cnut, who fled with his army to Denmark, along the way mutilating the hostages they had taken and abandoning them on the beach at Sandwich in Kent. Cnut went to Harald and supposedly made the suggestion they might have a joint kingship, although this found no favour with his brother. Harald is thought to have offered Cnut command of his forces for another invasion of England, on the condition he did not continue to press his claim. In any case, Cnut succeeded in assembling a large fleet with which to launch another invasion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and kingship", "target_page_ids": [ 64946, 40145, 82438, 16766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 88 ], [ 195, 206 ], [ 416, 424 ], [ 428, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Among the allies of Denmark was Bolesław I the Brave, the duke of Poland (later crowned king) and a relative to the Danish royal house. He lent some Polish troops, likely to have been a pledge made to Cnut and Harald Hardrada when, in the winter, they \"went amongst the Wends\" to fetch their mother back to the Danish court. She had been sent away by their father after the death of the Swedish king Eric the Victorious in 995, and his marriage to Sigrid the Haughty, the Swedish queen mother. This wedlock formed a strong alliance between the successor to the throne of Sweden, Olof Skötkonung, and the rulers of Denmark, his in-laws. Swedes were certainly among the allies in the English conquest. Another in-law to the Danish royal house, Eiríkr Hákonarson, was the earl of Lade and the co-ruler of Norway with his brother Sweyn Haakonsson—Norway having been under Danish sovereignty since the Battle of Svolder, in 999. Eiríkr's participation in the invasion left his son Hakon to rule Norway, with Sweyn.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conquest of England", "target_page_ids": [ 38999, 26288, 275297, 66054, 33644, 454678, 596238, 18823806, 255539, 1757535, 6418664, 5044741, 418902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 52 ], [ 58, 72 ], [ 149, 155 ], [ 210, 225 ], [ 270, 275 ], [ 400, 419 ], [ 448, 466 ], [ 480, 492 ], [ 579, 594 ], [ 742, 759 ], [ 769, 781 ], [ 826, 842 ], [ 897, 914 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the summer of 1015, Cnut's fleet set sail for England with a Danish army of perhaps 10,000 in 200 longships. Cnut was at the head of an array of Vikings from all over Scandinavia. The invading army was composed primarily of mercenaries. The invasion force was to engage in often close and grisly warfare with the English for the next fourteen months. Practically all of the battles were fought against the eldest son of Æthelred, Edmund Ironside.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conquest of England", "target_page_ids": [ 32610, 26740, 47092 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 155 ], [ 170, 181 ], [ 433, 448 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the Peterborough Chronicle manuscript, one of the major witnesses of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, early in September 1015 \"[Cnut] came into Sandwich, and straightway sailed around Kent to Wessex, until he came to the mouth of the Frome, and harried in Dorset and Wiltshire and Somerset\", beginning a campaign of an intensity not seen since the days of Alfred the Great. A passage from Queen Emma's Encomium provides a picture of Cnut's fleet:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conquest of England", "target_page_ids": [ 743870, 24222749, 33658, 153653, 37589, 51231, 51763, 1640, 5065970 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 39 ], [ 86, 107 ], [ 199, 205 ], [ 241, 246 ], [ 263, 269 ], [ 274, 283 ], [ 288, 296 ], [ 363, 379 ], [ 396, 417 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wessex, long ruled by the dynasty of Alfred and Æthelred, submitted to Cnut late in 1015, as it had to his father two years earlier. At this point Eadric Streona, the Ealdorman of Mercia, deserted Æthelred together with 40 ships and their crews and joined forces with Cnut. Another defector was Thorkell the Tall, a Jomsviking chief who had fought against the Viking invasion of Sweyn Forkbeard, with a pledge of allegiance to the English in 1012—some explanation for this shift of allegiance may be found in a stanza of the Jómsvíkinga saga that mentions two attacks against Jomsborg's mercenaries while they were in England, with a man known as Henninge, a brother of Thorkell, among their casualties. If the Flateyjarbók is correct that this man was Cnut's childhood mentor, it explains his acceptance of his allegiance—with Jomvikings ultimately in the service of Jomsborg. The 40 ships Eadric came with, often thought to be of the Danelaw, were probably Thorkell's.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conquest of England", "target_page_ids": [ 33658, 1750167, 7828713, 1138081, 40406, 2186117, 655347, 2180854, 284782, 64946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ], [ 147, 161 ], [ 167, 186 ], [ 295, 312 ], [ 379, 394 ], [ 525, 541 ], [ 711, 723 ], [ 828, 838 ], [ 868, 876 ], [ 936, 943 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Early in 1016, the Vikings crossed the Thames and harried Warwickshire, while Edmund Ironside's attempts at opposition seem to have come to nothing—the chronicler says the English army disbanded because the king and the citizenry of London were not present. The mid-winter assault by Cnut devastated its way northwards across eastern Mercia. Another summons of the army brought the Englishmen together, and they were met this time by the king, although \"it came to nothing as so often before\", and Æthelred returned to London with fears of betrayal. Edmund then went north to join Uhtred the Earl of Northumbria and together they harried Staffordshire, Shropshire and Cheshire in western Mercia, possibly targeting the estates of Eadric Streona. Cnut's occupation of Northumbria meant Uhtred returned home to submit himself to Cnut, who seems to have sent a Northumbrian rival, Thurbrand the Hold, to massacre Uhtred and his retinue. Eiríkr Hákonarson, most likely with another force of Scandinavians, came to support Cnut at this point, and the veteran Norwegian jarl was put in charge of Northumbria.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conquest of England", "target_page_ids": [ 49031, 383648, 38769, 3804310, 3651601, 58733, 51611, 7406, 36717, 25563866, 1757535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 45 ], [ 58, 70 ], [ 334, 340 ], [ 581, 587 ], [ 592, 611 ], [ 638, 651 ], [ 653, 663 ], [ 668, 676 ], [ 767, 778 ], [ 878, 896 ], [ 934, 951 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prince Edmund remained in London, still unsubdued behind its walls, and was elected king after the death of Æthelred on 23 April 1016.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conquest of England", "target_page_ids": [ 381305 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut returned southward, and the Danish army evidently divided, some dealing with Edmund, who had broken out of London before Cnut's encirclement of the city was complete, and had gone to gather an army in Wessex, the traditional heartland of the English monarchy. Part of the Danish army besieged London, constructing dikes on the northern and southern flanks and a channel dug across the banks of the Thames to the south of the city, enabling their longships to cut off communications up-river.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conquest of England", "target_page_ids": [ 33658 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 206, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There was a battle fought at Penselwood in Somerset – with a hill in Selwood Forest as the likely location – and a subsequent battle at Sherston, in Wiltshire, which was fought over two days but left neither side victorious.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conquest of England", "target_page_ids": [ 6068243, 51763, 6515902, 1074836, 51231 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 39 ], [ 43, 51 ], [ 69, 83 ], [ 136, 144 ], [ 149, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Edmund was able to temporarily relieve London, driving the enemy away and defeating them after crossing the Thames at Brentford. Suffering heavy losses, he withdrew to Wessex to gather fresh troops, and the Danes again brought London under siege, but after another unsuccessful assault they withdrew into Kent under attack by the English, with a battle fought at Otford. At this point Eadric Streona went over to King Edmund, and Cnut set sail northwards across the Thames estuary to Essex, and went from the landing of the ships up the River Orwell to ravage Mercia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conquest of England", "target_page_ids": [ 93899, 382688, 40100758, 150362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 127 ], [ 363, 369 ], [ 484, 489 ], [ 537, 549 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 18 October 1016, the Danes were engaged by Edmund's army as they retired towards their ships, leading to the Battle of Assandun, fought at either Ashingdon, in south-east, or Ashdon, in north-west Essex. In the ensuing struggle, Eadric Streona, whose return to the English side had perhaps only been a ruse, withdrew his forces from the fray, bringing about a decisive English defeat. Edmund fled westwards, and Cnut pursued him into Gloucestershire, with another battle probably fought near the Forest of Dean, for Edmund had an alliance with some of the Welsh.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conquest of England", "target_page_ids": [ 6464529, 3183243, 3166080, 40100758, 47751, 229665 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 130 ], [ 149, 158 ], [ 178, 184 ], [ 200, 205 ], [ 437, 452 ], [ 499, 513 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On an island near Deerhurst, Cnut and Edmund, who had been wounded, met to negotiate terms of peace. It was agreed that all of England north of the Thames was to be the domain of the Danish prince, while all to the south was kept by the English king, along with London. Accession to the reign of the entire realm was set to pass to Cnut upon Edmund's death. Edmund died on 30 November, within weeks of the arrangement. Some sources claim Edmund was murdered, although the circumstances of his death are unknown. The West Saxons now accepted Cnut as king of all of England, and he was crowned by Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury, in London in 1017.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conquest of England", "target_page_ids": [ 77403, 98076 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 27 ], [ 595, 627 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut ruled England for nearly two decades. The protection he lent against Viking raiders—many of them under his command—restored the prosperity that had been increasingly impaired since the resumption of Viking attacks in the 980s. In turn the English helped him to establish control over the majority of Scandinavia, too. Under his rule, England did not experience serious external attacks.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of England", "target_page_ids": [ 407950, 15047972, 26740 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 18 ], [ 226, 230 ], [ 305, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As Danish King of England, Cnut was quick to eliminate any prospective challenge from the survivors of the mighty Wessex dynasty. The first year of his reign was marked by the executions of a number of English noblemen whom he considered suspect. Æthelred's son Eadwig Ætheling fled from England but was killed on Cnut's orders. Edmund Ironside's sons likewise fled abroad. Æthelred's sons by Emma of Normandy went under the protection of their relatives in the Duchy of Normandy.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of England", "target_page_ids": [ 10083, 6200974, 47092, 40236, 379489 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 247, 255 ], [ 262, 277 ], [ 329, 346 ], [ 393, 409 ], [ 462, 479 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 1017, Cnut wed Queen Emma, the widow of Æthelred and daughter of Richard I, Duke of Normandy. In 1018, having collected a Danegeld amounting to the colossal sum of £72,000 levied nationwide, with an additional £10,500 extracted from London, Cnut paid off his army and sent most of them home. He retained 40 ships and their crews as a standing force in England. An annual tax called heregeld (army payment) was collected through the same system Æthelred had instituted in 1012 to reward Scandinavians in his service.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of England", "target_page_ids": [ 912351, 212073, 25780640 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 100 ], [ 130, 138 ], [ 390, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut built on the existing English trend for multiple shires to be grouped together under a single ealdorman, thusly dividing the country into four large administrative units whose geographical extent was based on the largest and most durable of the separate kingdoms that had preceded the unification of England. The officials responsible for these provinces were designated earls, a title of Scandinavian origin already in localised use in England, which now everywhere replaced that of ealdorman. Wessex was initially kept under Cnut's personal control, while Northumbria went to Erik of Hlathir, East Anglia to Thorkell the Tall, and Mercia remained in the hands of Eadric Streona.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of England", "target_page_ids": [ 26995, 408497, 58249, 1757535, 46379, 1138081, 1750167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 59 ], [ 99, 108 ], [ 376, 380 ], [ 583, 598 ], [ 600, 611 ], [ 615, 632 ], [ 670, 684 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This initial distribution of power was short-lived. The chronically treacherous Eadric was executed within a year of Cnut's accession. Mercia passed to one of the leading families of the region, probably first to Leofwine, ealdorman of the Hwicce under Æthelred, but certainly soon to his son Leofric. In 1021, Thorkel also fell from favour and was outlawed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of England", "target_page_ids": [ 1199155, 145827, 957758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 213, 221 ], [ 240, 246 ], [ 293, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following his death in the 1020s, Erik of Hlathir was succeeded as Earl of Northumbria by Siward, whose grandmother, Estrid (married to Úlfr Thorgilsson), was Cnut's sister. Bernicia, the northern part of Northumbria, was theoretically part of Erik and Siward's earldom, but throughout Cnut's reign it effectively remained under the control of the English dynasty based at Bamburgh, which had dominated the area at least since the early 10th century. They served as junior Earls of Bernicia under the titular authority of the Earl of Northumbria. By the 1030s Cnut's direct administration of Wessex had come to an end, with the establishment of an earldom under Godwin, an Englishman from a powerful Sussex family. In general, after initial reliance on his Scandinavian followers in the first years of his reign, Cnut allowed those Anglo-Saxon families of the existing English nobility who had earned his trust to assume rulership of his Earldoms.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of England", "target_page_ids": [ 1945901, 149239, 60554, 40149, 49699 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 96 ], [ 174, 182 ], [ 373, 381 ], [ 662, 668 ], [ 700, 706 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the Battle of Nesjar, in 1016, Olaf Haraldsson won the kingdom of Norway from the Danes. It was at some time after Erik left for England, and on the death of Svein while retreating to Sweden, maybe intent on returning to Norway with reinforcements, that Erik's son Hakon went to join his father and support Cnut in England, too.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of England", "target_page_ids": [ 2634390, 150695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 23 ], [ 34, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut's brother Harald may have been at Cnut's coronation, in 1016, returning to Denmark as its king, with part of the fleet, at some point thereafter. It is only certain, though, that there was an entry of his name, alongside Cnut's, in confraternity with Christ Church, Canterbury, in 1018. This is not conclusive, though, for the entry may have been made in Harald's absence, perhaps by the hand of Cnut himself, which means that, while it is usually thought that Harald died in 1018, it is unsure whether he was still alive at this point. Entry of his brother's name in the Canterbury codex may have been Cnut's attempt to make his vengeance for Harald's murder good with the Church. This may have been just a gesture for a soul to be under the protection of God. There is evidence Cnut was in battle with \"pirates\" in 1018, with his destruction of the crews of thirty ships, although it is unknown if this was off the English or Danish shores. He himself mentions troubles in his 1019 letter (to England, from Denmark), written as the King of England and Denmark. These events can be seen, with plausibility, to be in connection with the death of Harald. Cnut says he dealt with dissenters to ensure Denmark was free to assist England:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of England", "target_page_ids": [ 72987, 5691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 256, 281 ], [ 588, 593 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut was generally remembered as a wise and successful king of England, although this view may in part be attributable to his good treatment of the Church, keeper of the historic record. Accordingly, we hear of him, even today, as a religious man despite the fact that he was in an arguably sinful relationship, with two wives, and the harsh treatment he dealt his fellow Christian opponents.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of England", "target_page_ids": [ 28307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 291, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Under his reign, Cnut brought together the English and Danish kingdoms, and the Scandinavic and Saxon peoples saw a period of dominance across Scandinavia, as well as within the British Isles. His campaigns abroad meant the tables of Viking supremacy were stacked in favour of the English, turning the prows of the longships towards Scandinavia. He reinstated the Laws of King Edgar to allow for the constitution of a Danelaw, and for the activity of Scandinavians at large.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of England", "target_page_ids": [ 26740, 3736, 47399, 64946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 154 ], [ 178, 191 ], [ 372, 382 ], [ 418, 425 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut reinstituted the extant laws with a series of proclamations to assuage common grievances brought to his attention, including: On Inheritance in case of Intestacy, and On Heriots and Reliefs. He also strengthened the currency, initiating a series of coins of equal weight to those being used in Denmark and other parts of Scandinavia. He issued the Law codes of Cnut known now as I Cnut and II Cnut, though these seem primarily to have been produced by Wulfstan of York.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of England", "target_page_ids": [ 15430, 181508, 848329, 62234826, 848148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 145 ], [ 157, 166 ], [ 175, 181 ], [ 353, 370 ], [ 457, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his royal court, there were both Englishmen and Scandinavians.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "King of England", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Harald II died in 1018, and Cnut went to Denmark to affirm his succession to the Danish crown, stating his intention to avert attacks against England in a letter in 1019 (Affairs to the East). It seems there were Danes in opposition to him, and an attack he carried out on the Wends of Pomerania may have had something to do with this. In this expedition, at least one of Cnut's Englishmen, Godwin, apparently won the king's trust after a night-time raid he personally led against a Wendish encampment.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "King of Denmark", "target_page_ids": [ 33644, 24261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 277, 282 ], [ 286, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His hold on the Danish throne presumably stable, Cnut was back in England in 1020. He appointed Ulf Jarl, the husband of his sister Estrid Svendsdatter, as regent of Denmark, further entrusting him with his young son by Queen Emma, Harthacnut, whom he had designated the heir of his kingdom. The banishment of Thorkell the Tall in 1021 may be seen in relation to the attack on the Wends. With the death of Olof Skötkonung in 1022, and the succession to the Swedish throne of his son Anund Jacob bringing Sweden into alliance with Norway, there was cause for a demonstration of Danish strength in the Baltic. Jomsborg, the legendary stronghold of the Jomsvikings (thought to be on an island off the coast of Pomerania), was probably the target of Cnut's expedition. Successful, after this clear display of Cnut's intentions to dominate Scandinavian affairs, it seems that Thorkell reconciled with Cnut in 1023.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "King of Denmark", "target_page_ids": [ 2193184, 15839844, 40236, 40259, 255539, 904281, 284782, 24261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 104 ], [ 132, 151 ], [ 220, 230 ], [ 232, 242 ], [ 406, 421 ], [ 483, 494 ], [ 608, 616 ], [ 707, 716 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When, in spite of this, the Norwegian king Olaf Haraldsson and Anund Jakob took advantage of Cnut's commitment to England and began to launch attacks against Denmark, Ulf gave the Danish freemen cause to accept Harthacnut, still a child, as king. This was a ruse on Ulf's part since his role as caretaker of Harthacnut gave him the reign of the kingdom. Upon news of these events, Cnut set sail for Denmark to restore himself and to deal with Ulf, who then got back in line. In a battle known as the Battle of the Helgeå, Cnut and his men fought the Norwegians and Swedes at the mouth of the river Helgea, probably in 1026, and the apparent victory left Cnut as the dominant leader in Scandinavia. Ulf the usurper's realignment and participation in the battle did not, in the end, earn him Cnut's forgiveness. Some sources state that the brothers-in-law were playing chess at a banquet in Roskilde when an argument arose between them, and the next day, Christmas 1026, one of Cnut's housecarls killed the jarl with his blessing, in Trinity Church, the predecessor to Roskilde Cathedral.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "King of Denmark", "target_page_ids": [ 150695, 2654889, 5134, 80269, 6237, 436644, 2107564 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 58 ], [ 500, 520 ], [ 867, 872 ], [ 889, 897 ], [ 953, 962 ], [ 983, 992 ], [ 1067, 1085 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His enemies in Scandinavia subdued, and apparently at his leisure, Cnut was able to accept an invitation to witness the accession in Rome of the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II. He left his affairs in the north and went from Denmark to the coronation at Easter 1027, which would have been of considerable prestige for rulers of Europe in the Middle Ages. On the return journey he wrote his letter of 1027, like his letter of 1019, informing his subjects in England of his intentions from abroad and proclaiming himself \"king of all England and Denmark and the Norwegians and of some of the Swedes\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "King of Denmark", "target_page_ids": [ 25458, 44399, 18836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 137 ], [ 164, 173 ], [ 339, 350 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Consistent with his role as a Christian king, Cnut says he went to Rome to repent for his sins, to pray for redemption and the security of his subjects, and to negotiate with the Pope for a reduction in the costs of the pallium for English archbishops, and for a resolution to the competition between the archdioceses of Canterbury and Hamburg-Bremen for superiority over the Danish dioceses. He also sought to improve the conditions for pilgrims, as well as merchants, on the road to Rome. In his own words:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "King of Denmark", "target_page_ids": [ 25458, 147271, 48274, 255372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 71 ], [ 220, 227 ], [ 321, 331 ], [ 336, 350 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Robert\" in Cnut's text is probably a clerical error for Rudolph, the last ruler of an independent Kingdom of Burgundy. Hence, the solemn word of the Pope, the Emperor and Rudolph was given with the witness of four archbishops, twenty bishops, and \"innumerable multitudes of dukes and nobles\", suggesting it was before the ceremonies were completed. Cnut without doubt threw himself into his role with zest. His image as a just Christian king, statesman and diplomat and crusader against unjustness, seems rooted in reality, as well as one he sought to project.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "King of Denmark", "target_page_ids": [ 1418565, 2875095 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 64 ], [ 99, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A good illustration of his status within Europe is the fact that Cnut and the King of Burgundy went alongside the emperor in the imperial procession and stood shoulder-to-shoulder with him on the same pedestal. Cnut and the emperor, in accord with various sources, took to one another's company like brothers, for they were of a similar age. Conrad gave Cnut lands in the Mark of Schleswig—the land-bridge between the Scandinavian kingdoms and the continent—as a token of their treaty of friendship. Centuries of conflict in this area between the Danes and the Germans led to construction of the Danevirke, from Schleswig, on the Schlei, an inlet of the Baltic Sea, to the North Sea.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "King of Denmark", "target_page_ids": [ 1468681, 317549, 45582, 816386, 179407, 3335, 21179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 94 ], [ 372, 376 ], [ 380, 389 ], [ 596, 605 ], [ 630, 636 ], [ 654, 664 ], [ 673, 682 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut's visit to Rome was a triumph. In the verse of Knútsdrápa, Sigvatr Þórðarson praises Cnut, his king, as being \"dear to the Emperor, close to Peter\". In the days of Christendom, a king seen to be in favour with God could expect to be ruler over a happy kingdom. He was surely in a stronger position, not only with the Church and the people, but also in the alliance with his southern rivals he was able to conclude his conflicts with his rivals in the north. His letter not only tells his countrymen of his achievements in Rome, but also of his ambitions within the Scandinavian world at his arrival home:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "King of Denmark", "target_page_ids": [ 17420964, 2161533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 62 ], [ 64, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut was to return to Denmark from Rome, arrange for its security, and afterwards sail to England.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "King of Denmark", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In his 1027 letter, Cnut refers to himself as king of \"the Norwegians, and of some of the Swedes\" – his victory over Swedes suggests Helgea to be the river in Uppland and not the one in eastern Scania— while the king of Sweden appears to have been made a renegade. Cnut also stated his intention of proceeding to Denmark to secure peace between the kingdoms of Scandinavia, which fits the account of John of Worcester that in 1027 Cnut heard some Norwegians were discontented and sent them sums of gold and silver to gain their support for his claim to the throne.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "King of Norway and part of Sweden", "target_page_ids": [ 190847, 113242, 16749103, 26740, 9394042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 159, 166 ], [ 175, 182 ], [ 194, 200 ], [ 361, 372 ], [ 400, 417 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1028, Cnut set off from England to Norway, and the city of Trondheim, with a fleet of fifty ships. King Olaf Haraldsson was unable to put up a serious fight, both as his nobles had been bribed by Cnut and (according to Adam of Bremen) because he tended to apprehend their wives for sorcery. Cnut was crowned king, now of England, Denmark and Norway as well as part of Sweden. He entrusted the Earldom of Lade to the former line of earls, in Håkon Eiriksson, with Eiríkr Hákonarson probably dead by this time. Hakon was possibly the Earl of Northumbria after Erik as well.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "King of Norway and part of Sweden", "target_page_ids": [ 37472, 150695, 9005767, 1759377 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 71 ], [ 107, 122 ], [ 407, 411 ], [ 444, 459 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hakon, a member of a family with a long tradition of hostility towards the independent Norwegian kings, and a relative of Cnut's, was already in lordship over the Isles with the earldom of Worcester, possibly from 1016 to 1017. The sea-lanes through the Irish Sea and the Hebrides led to Orkney and Norway, and were central to Cnut's ambitions for dominance of Scandinavia and the British Isles. Hakon was meant to be Cnut's lieutenant in this strategic chain, and the final component was his installation as the king's deputy in Norway, after the expulsion of Olaf Haraldsson in 1028. Unfortunately, he was drowned in a shipwreck in the Pentland Firth (between the Orkney Islands and the mainland coast) either late 1029 or early 1030.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "King of Norway and part of Sweden", "target_page_ids": [ 58681, 23248420, 14155, 22645, 21241, 3736, 161312, 22645 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 189, 198 ], [ 254, 263 ], [ 272, 280 ], [ 288, 294 ], [ 299, 305 ], [ 381, 394 ], [ 638, 652 ], [ 666, 680 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon the death of Hakon, Olaf Haraldsson returned to Norway, with Swedes in his army. He died at the hands of his own people, at the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030. Cnut's subsequent attempt to rule Norway without the key support of the Trondejarls, through Ælfgifu of Northampton, and his eldest son by her, Sweyn Knutsson, was not a success. The period is known as Aelfgifu's Time in Norway, with heavy taxation, a rebellion, and the restoration of the former Norwegian dynasty under Saint Olaf's illegitimate son Magnus the Good.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "King of Norway and part of Sweden", "target_page_ids": [ 890421, 6418664, 158199, 7067308, 66279 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 153 ], [ 235, 246 ], [ 256, 278 ], [ 307, 321 ], [ 514, 529 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1014, while Cnut was preparing his re-invasion of England, the Battle of Clontarf pitted an array of armies laid out on the fields before the walls of Dublin. Máel Mórda mac Murchada, king of Leinster, and Sigtrygg Silkbeard, ruler of the Norse-Gaelic kingdom of Dublin, had sent out emissaries to all the Viking kingdoms to request assistance in their rebellion against Brian Bóruma, the High King of Ireland. Sigurd the Stout, the Earl of Orkney, was offered command of all the Norse forces, while the High King had sought assistance from the Albannaich, who were led by Domnall mac Eimín meic Cainnig, the Mormaer of Mar. The Leinster-Norse alliance was defeated, and both commanders, Sigurd and Máel Mórda, were killed. Brian, his son, his grandson, and the Mormaer Domhnall were slain as well. Sigtrygg's alliance was broken, although he was left alive, and the high-kingship of Ireland went back to the Uí Néill, again under Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Influence in the western sea-ways", "target_page_ids": [ 155550, 8504, 13938341, 74203, 3081547, 1450475, 77931, 841919, 3064221, 445892, 22216220, 62652539, 431058, 1458066, 7075822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 84 ], [ 154, 160 ], [ 162, 185 ], [ 195, 203 ], [ 209, 227 ], [ 255, 272 ], [ 374, 386 ], [ 392, 412 ], [ 414, 430 ], [ 436, 450 ], [ 548, 558 ], [ 576, 606 ], [ 612, 626 ], [ 912, 920 ], [ 934, 961 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There was a brief period of freedom in the Irish Sea zone for the Vikings of Dublin, with a political vacuum felt throughout the entire Western Maritime Zone of the North Atlantic Archipelago. Prominent among those who stood to fill the void was Cnut, \"whose leadership of the Scandinavian world gave him a unique influence over the western colonies and whose control of their commercial arteries gave an economic edge to political domination\". Coinage struck by the king in Dublin, Silkbeard, bearing Cnut's quatrefoil type—in issue c. 1017–25—sporadically replacing the legend with one bearing his own name and styling him as ruler either 'of Dublin' or 'among the Irish' provides evidence of Cnut's influence. Further evidence is the entry of one Sihtric dux in three of Cnut's charters.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Influence in the western sea-ways", "target_page_ids": [ 23248420 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In one of his verses, Cnut's court poet Sigvatr Þórðarson recounts that famous princes brought their heads to Cnut and bought peace. This verse mentions Olaf Haraldsson in the past tense, his death at the Battle of Stiklestad having occurred in 1030. It was therefore at some point after this and the consolidation of Norway that Cnut went to Scotland with an army, and the navy in the Irish Sea, in 1031, to receive, without bloodshed, the submission of three Scottish kings: Maelcolm, the future King Maelbeth and Iehmarc. One of these kings, Iehmarc, may be one Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, an Uí Ímair chieftain and the ruler of a sea-kingdom of the Irish Sea, with Galloway among his domains. Nevertheless, it appears that Malcolm adhered to little of Cnut's power, and that influence over Scotland died out by the time of Cnut's death.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Influence in the western sea-ways", "target_page_ids": [ 2161533, 890421, 23248420, 148037, 20604, 2521669, 4970175, 383044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 57 ], [ 205, 225 ], [ 386, 395 ], [ 477, 485 ], [ 503, 511 ], [ 565, 588 ], [ 593, 601 ], [ 666, 674 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Further, a Lausavísa attributable to the skald Óttarr svarti greets the ruler of the Danes, Irish, English and Island-dwellers—use of Irish here being likely to mean the Gall Ghaedil kingdoms rather than the Gaelic kingdoms. It \"brings to mind Sweyn Forkbeard's putative activities in the Irish Sea and Adam of Bremen's story of his stay with a rex Scothorum (? king of the Irish) [&] can also be linked to... Iehmarc, who submitted in 1031 [&] could be relevant to Cnut's relations with the Irish\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Influence in the western sea-ways", "target_page_ids": [ 707539, 243725, 5045789, 3766171, 22216220 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 20 ], [ 41, 46 ], [ 47, 60 ], [ 170, 182 ], [ 208, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut's actions as a conqueror and his ruthless treatment of the overthrown dynasty had made him uneasy with the Church. He was already a Christian before he was king—being named Lambert at his baptism—although the Christianization of Scandinavia was not at all complete. His marriage to Emma of Normandy, even though he was already married to Ælfgifu of Northampton, who was kept in the south with an estate in Exeter, was another conflict with Church teaching. In an effort to reconcile himself with his churchmen, Cnut repaired all the English churches and monasteries that were victims of Viking plunder and refilled their coffers. He also built new churches and was an earnest patron of monastic communities. His homeland of Denmark was a Christian nation on the rise, and the desire to enhance the religion was still fresh. As an example, the first stone church recorded to have been built in Scandinavia was in Roskilde, c. 1027, and its patron was Cnut's sister Estrid.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Relations with the Church", "target_page_ids": [ 7135314, 40236, 158199, 36614585, 80269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 214, 245 ], [ 287, 303 ], [ 343, 365 ], [ 411, 417 ], [ 917, 925 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is difficult to ascertain whether Cnut's attitude towards the Church derived from deep religious devotion or was merely a means to reinforce his regime's hold on the people. There is evidence of respect for the pagan religion in his praise poetry, which he was happy enough for his skalds to embellish in Norse mythology, while other Viking leaders were insistent on the rigid observation of the Christian line, like St Olaf. Yet he also displays the desire for a respectable Christian nationhood within Europe. In 1018, some sources suggest he was at Canterbury on the return of its Archbishop Lyfing from Rome, to receive letters of exhortation from the Pope. If this chronology is correct, he probably went from Canterbury to the Witan at Oxford, with Archbishop Wulfstan of York in attendance, to record the event.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Relations with the Church", "target_page_ids": [ 23417070, 150695, 98076, 848148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 308, 323 ], [ 420, 427 ], [ 598, 604 ], [ 769, 777 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His ecumenical gifts were widespread and often exuberant. Commonly held land was given, along with exemption from taxes as well as relics. Christ Church was probably given rights at the important port of Sandwich as well as tax exemption, with confirmation in the placement of their charters on the altar, while it got the relics of St Ælfheah, at the displeasure of the people of London. Another see in the king's favour was Winchester, second only to the Canterbury see in terms of wealth. New Minster's liber vitae records Cnut as a benefactor of the monastery, and the Winchester Cross, with 500 marks of silver and 30 marks of gold, as well as relics of various saints was given to it. Old Minster was the recipient of a shrine for the relics of St Birinus and the probable confirmation of its privileges. The monastery at Evesham, with its Abbot Ælfweard purportedly a relative of the king through Ælfgifu the Lady (probably Ælfgifu of Northampton, rather than Queen Emma, also known as Ælfgifu), got the relics of St Wigstan. Such generosity towards his subjects, which his skalds called \"destroying treasure\", was popular with the English. Yet it is important to remember that not all Englishmen were in his favour, and the burden of taxation was widely felt. His attitude towards London's see was clearly not benign. The monasteries at Ely and Glastonbury were apparently not on good terms either.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Relations with the Church", "target_page_ids": [ 226651, 72987, 2110, 8420898, 20571337, 6369362, 465979, 1675568, 692974, 23909004, 59617 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 136 ], [ 139, 152 ], [ 333, 343 ], [ 492, 503 ], [ 506, 517 ], [ 691, 702 ], [ 726, 732 ], [ 751, 761 ], [ 1021, 1031 ], [ 1345, 1348 ], [ 1353, 1364 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other gifts were also given to his neighbours. Among these was one to Chartres, of which its bishop wrote: \"When we saw the gift that you sent us, we were amazed at your knowledge as well as your faith... since you, whom we had heard to be a pagan prince, we now know to be not only a Christian, but also a most generous donor to God's churches and servants\". He is known to have sent a psalter and sacramentary made in Peterborough (famous for its illustrations) to Cologne, and a book written in gold, among other gifts, to William the Great of Aquitaine. This golden book was apparently to support Aquitanian claims of St Martial, patron saint of Aquitaine, as an apostle. Of some consequence, its recipient was an avid artisan, scholar and devout Christian, and the Abbey of Saint-Martial was a great library and scriptorium, second only to the one at Cluny. It is likely that Cnut's gifts were well beyond anything we can now know.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Relations with the Church", "target_page_ids": [ 98650, 390503, 1165856, 23906, 92310, 6187, 544544, 46378, 335645, 31663285, 426433, 772062, 5749774, 17727, 286338, 7755 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 78 ], [ 387, 394 ], [ 399, 411 ], [ 420, 432 ], [ 449, 462 ], [ 467, 474 ], [ 526, 543 ], [ 547, 556 ], [ 622, 632 ], [ 667, 674 ], [ 723, 730 ], [ 732, 739 ], [ 770, 792 ], [ 805, 812 ], [ 817, 828 ], [ 856, 861 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut's journey to Rome in 1027 is another sign of his dedication to the Christian religion. It may be that he went to attend the coronation of Conrad II in order to improve relations between the two powers, yet he had previously made a vow to seek the favour of St Peter, the keeper of the keys to the heavenly kingdom. While in Rome, Cnut made an agreement with the Pope to reduce the fees paid by the English archbishops to receive their pallium. He also arranged that travellers from his realm not be straitened by unjust tolls and that they should be safeguarded on their way to and from Rome. Some evidence exists for a second journey in 1030.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Relations with the Church", "target_page_ids": [ 147271 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 440, 447 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut died on 12 November 1035. In Denmark he was succeeded by Harthacnut, reigning as Cnut III, although with a war in Scandinavia against Magnus I of Norway, Harthacnut was \"forsaken [by the English] because he was too long in Denmark\". His mother Queen Emma, previously resident at Winchester with some of her son's housecarls, was made to flee to Bruges in Flanders, under pressure from supporters of Cnut's other son, after Svein, by Ælfgifu of Northampton: Harold Harefoot – regent in England 1035–37 (who went on to claim the English throne in 1037, reigning until his death in 1040). Eventual peace in Scandinavia left Harthacnut free to claim the throne himself in 1040 and to regain for his mother her place. He brought the crowns of Denmark and England together again until his death in 1042. Denmark fell into a period of disorder with a power struggle between the pretender to the throne Sweyn Estridsson, son of Ulf, and the Norwegian king, until the death of Magnus in 1047. The inheritance of England was briefly to return to its Anglo-Saxon lineage.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Death and succession", "target_page_ids": [ 40259, 66279, 40236, 436644, 38334190, 10878, 158199, 40261, 35348624, 272717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 72 ], [ 139, 157 ], [ 249, 259 ], [ 318, 327 ], [ 350, 356 ], [ 360, 368 ], [ 438, 460 ], [ 462, 477 ], [ 480, 486 ], [ 900, 916 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The house of Wessex reigned again as Edward the Confessor was brought out of exile in Normandy and made a treaty with Harthacnut, his half-brother. As in his treaty with Magnus, it was decreed that the throne would go to Edward if Harthacnut died with no legitimate male heir. In 1042, Harthacnut died, and Edward was king. His reign secured Norman influence at court thereafter, and the ambitions of its dukes finally found fruition in 1066 with William the Conqueror's invasion of England and crowning, fifty years after Cnut was crowned in 1017.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Death and succession", "target_page_ids": [ 40243, 33917 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 57 ], [ 447, 468 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If the sons of Cnut had not died within a decade of his death, and if his only known daughter Cunigund, who was to marry Conrad II's son Henry III eight months after his death, had not died in Italy before she became empress consort, Cnut's reign might well have been the foundation for a complete political union between England and Scandinavia, a North Sea Empire with blood ties to the Holy Roman Empire.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Death and succession", "target_page_ids": [ 14532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 193, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut died at Shaftesbury in Dorset and was buried in the Old Minster, Winchester. With the events of 1066 the new regime of Normandy was keen to signal its arrival with an ambitious programme of grandiose cathedrals and castles throughout the High Middle Ages. Winchester Cathedral was built on the old Anglo-Saxon site and the previous burials, including Cnut's, were set in mortuary chests there. During the English Civil War in the 17th century, plundering Roundhead soldiers scattered the bones of Cnut on the floor and they were spread amongst the various other chests, notably those of William Rufus. After the restoration of the monarchy, the bones were collected and replaced in their chests, although somewhat out of order.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Death and succession", "target_page_ids": [ 208480, 37589, 6369362, 45883, 49557, 503345, 125132, 37780, 9709, 69093, 33918, 70804 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 24 ], [ 28, 34 ], [ 57, 80 ], [ 205, 214 ], [ 220, 226 ], [ 243, 259 ], [ 261, 281 ], [ 303, 314 ], [ 410, 427 ], [ 460, 469 ], [ 592, 605 ], [ 617, 644 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1– Ælfgifu of Northampton", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Marriages and children", "target_page_ids": [ 158199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sweyn Knutsson, King of Norway", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Marriages and children", "target_page_ids": [ 7067308 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Harold Harefoot, King of England", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Marriages and children", "target_page_ids": [ 40261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2– Emma of Normandy", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Marriages and children", "target_page_ids": [ 40236 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Harthacnut, King of Denmark and England", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Marriages and children", "target_page_ids": [ 40259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gunhilda of Denmark, wed Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Marriages and children", "target_page_ids": [ 9950248, 27485485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 26, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Old Norse catalogue of skalds known as Skáldatal lists eight skalds who were active at Cnut's court. Four of them, namely Sigvatr Þórðarson, Óttarr svarti, Þórarinn loftunga and Hallvarðr háreksblesi, composed verses in honour of Cnut which have survived in some form, while no such thing is apparent from the four other skalds Bersi Torfuson, Arnórr Þórðarson jarlaskáld (known from other works), Steinn Skaptason and Óðarkeptr (unknown). The principal works for Cnut are the three Knútsdrápur by Sigvatr Þórðarson, Óttarr svarti and Hallvarðr háreksblesi, and the Höfuðlausn and Tøgdrápa by Þórarinn loftunga. Cnut also features in two other contemporary skaldic poems, namely Þórðr Kolbeinsson's Eiríksdrápa and the anonymous Liðsmannaflokkr.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Cnut's skalds", "target_page_ids": [ 243725, 4851026, 2161533, 5045789, 4691551, 20662083, 4986197, 5018919, 17420964, 2161533, 5045789, 20662083, 4691551, 4903024, 42529990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 32 ], [ 43, 52 ], [ 126, 143 ], [ 145, 158 ], [ 160, 177 ], [ 182, 203 ], [ 332, 346 ], [ 348, 375 ], [ 487, 498 ], [ 502, 519 ], [ 521, 534 ], [ 539, 560 ], [ 597, 614 ], [ 683, 700 ], [ 733, 748 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cnut's skalds emphasise the parallelism between Cnut's rule of his earthly kingdom and God's rule of Heaven. This is particularly apparent in their refrains. Thus the refrain of Þórarinn's Höfuðlausn translates to \"Cnut protects the land as the guardian of Byzantium [God] [does] Heaven\" and the refrain of Hallvarðr's Knútsdrápa translates to \"Cnut protects the land as the Lord of all [does] the splendid hall of the mountains [Heaven]\". Despite the Christian message, the poets also make use of traditional pagan references and this is particularly true of Hallvarðr. As an example, one of his half-stanzas translates to \"The Freyr of the noise of weapons [warrior] has also cast under him Norway; the battle-server [warrior] diminishes the hunger of the valcyrie's hawks [ravens].\" The skald here refers to Cnut as \"Freyr of battle\", a kenning using the name of the pagan god Freyr. References of this sort were avoided by poets composing for the contemporary kings of Norway but Cnut seems to have had a more relaxed attitude towards pagan literary allusions.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Cnut's skalds", "target_page_ids": [ 70798, 16788, 11037 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 758, 766 ], [ 840, 847 ], [ 880, 885 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This story of Cnut resisting the incoming tide was first recorded by Henry of Huntingdon in his Historia Anglorum in the early twelfth century:", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "The story of Cnut and the waves", "target_page_ids": [ 1358460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This has become by far the best known story about Cnut, although in modern readings he is usually a wise man who knows from the start that he cannot control the waves.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "The story of Cnut and the waves", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " North Sea Empire", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26220980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Raven banner", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8760105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Viking Age", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 32538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thietmar (1962) Chronik: Chronicon; Neu übertragen und erläutert von Werner Trillmich. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Scandinavica, An International Journal of Scandinavian Studies, (2018) Vol. 57, No 1, issue on 'Remembering Cnut the Great', ", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Canute (Knud) The Great – From Viking warrior to English king", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vikingworld (Danish) – Canute the Great (Knud den Store)", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Cnut_the_Great", "990s_births", "1035_deaths", "11th-century_English_monarchs", "10th-century_Danish_people", "11th-century_kings_of_Denmark", "11th-century_Norwegian_monarchs", "Anglo-Norse_monarchs", "Burials_at_Winchester_Cathedral", "Danish_people_of_Polish_descent", "English_people_of_Polish_descent", "Christian_monarchs", "House_of_Knýtlinga", "House_of_Wessex", "Monarchs_of_England_before_1066", "Danish_princes" ]

[ "Canute", "Canute II Sveynsson, King of England and Denmark", "Cnut" ]

[ { "plaintext": "In Greek mythology, Proetus (; Ancient Greek: Προῖτος Proitos) may refer to the following personages:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23416994, 148363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 18 ], [ 31, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Proetus, king of Argos and Tiryns, son of Abas and twin brother of Acrisius.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 54154623, 70011, 252193, 2696971, 81101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 17, 22 ], [ 27, 33 ], [ 42, 46 ], [ 67, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Proetus, son of Thersander, son of Sisyphus. He was the father of Maera who died a maiden. Scholiasts on the Odyssey confound him with the Argive Proetus.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 84722, 75864, 67344194, 1269346, 22349 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 26 ], [ 35, 43 ], [ 66, 71 ], [ 91, 101 ], [ 109, 116 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Proetus of Thebes, eponym of the Proetid Gates, and father of Galanthis.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 65806, 45811, 84221 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 17 ], [ 19, 25 ], [ 62, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Proetus of Nauplia, a son of Nauplius I and father of Lernus.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 966904, 3476868, 66691572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 18 ], [ 29, 39 ], [ 54, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Proetus, a son of Agenor (?). It is unclear whether Stephanus is referring to a son of Agenor named Proetus, or to the Argive Proetus as a descendant of Agenor.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 78367, 164306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 24 ], [ 52, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Antoninus Liberalis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992). Online version at the Topos Text Project.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 310260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 85577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853-1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. Online version at the Topos Text Project.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 314182, 5228263 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 20, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica. George W. Mooney. London. Longmans, Green. 1912. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 416255 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stephanus of Byzantium, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, edited by August Meineike (1790-1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 164306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] } ]

[ "Argive_characters_in_Greek_mythology", "Corinthian_characters_in_Greek_mythology", "Theban_characters_in_Greek_mythology", "Characters_in_Greek_mythology" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Julian Karol Sochocki (; ; February 2, 1842 in Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire – December 14, 1927 in Leningrad, Soviet Union) was a Russian-Polish mathematician. His name is sometimes transliterated from Russian in several different ways (e.g. Sokhotski or Sochotski).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32908, 375568, 20611504, 24320051, 26779, 275297, 18902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 53 ], [ 55, 70 ], [ 72, 86 ], [ 110, 119 ], [ 121, 133 ], [ 149, 155 ], [ 156, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sochocki was born in Warsaw under the Russian domination to a Polish family, where he attended state gymnasium. In 1860 he registered at the physico-mathematical department of St Petersburg University. His study there", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and work", "target_page_ids": [ 32908, 25391, 649879 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 27 ], [ 38, 44 ], [ 176, 200 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "was interrupted for the period 1860–1865 because of his involvement with Polish nationalist movement: he had to return to Warsaw to escape prosecution.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and work", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1866 he graduated from the Department of Physics and Mathematics at the University of Saint Petersburg. In 1868 he received his master's degree and in 1873 his doctorate. His master's dissertation, practically the first text in Russian mathematical literature on Cauchy method of residues, was published in 1868. The dissertation itself contains many original grasps, which have been also ascribed to other mathematicians. His doctoral thesis contains the famous Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and work", "target_page_ids": [ 649879, 21031297, 1842, 73390, 12237167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 105 ], [ 163, 172 ], [ 266, 272 ], [ 283, 291 ], [ 466, 491 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1868 Sochotcki lectured at the St Petersburg university, first as the \"privat-docent\", from 1882 as an ordinary professor, and from 1893 as a merited professor. In 1894 he was elected corresponding member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and work", "target_page_ids": [ 1275558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 252 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sochocki died on December 14, 1927 in a nursing home in Leningrad.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and work", "target_page_ids": [ 24320051 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sochocki is mainly remembered for the Casorati–Sokhotski–Weierstrass theorem and for the Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and work", "target_page_ids": [ 33868, 12237167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 76 ], [ 89, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Теорiя интегральныхъ вычетовъ с нѣкоторыми приложенiями (A Theory of Integral Residues with Some Applications) (1868)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Объ определенныхъ интегралахъ и функцiяхъ употребляемыхъ при разложенiяхъ въ ряды (On Definite Integrals and Functions Used in Series Expansions) (1873)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " О суммахъ Гаусса и о законе взаимности символа Лежандра (On Gauss Sums and the Reciprocity Law of the Legendre Symbol) (1877)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Высшая алгебра (Higher Algebra) (St. Petersburg, 1882)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Теорiя чиселъ (Number Theory) (St. Petersburg, 1888)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Начало общего наибольшего делителя въ применении к теорiи делимости алгебраическихъ чиселъ (The Principle of the Greatest Common Divisor Applied to Divisibility Theory of Algebraic Numbers) (1893), , ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Yulian Vasilievich Sokhotski (in Russian)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Julian Karol Sochocki Zentralblatt profile", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Number_theorists", "Saint_Petersburg_State_University_alumni", "Russian_people_of_Polish_descent", "Scientists_from_Warsaw", "Polish_mathematicians", "19th-century_mathematicians_of_the_Russian_Empire", "20th-century_Russian_mathematicians", "1842_births", "1927_deaths" ]

[ "Julian Sochocki", "Yulian Vasilievich Sokhotski", "Julian Karol Sochocki" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1816 United States presidential election was the eighth quadrennial presidential election. It was held from November 1 to December 4, 1816. In the first election following the end of the War of 1812, Democratic-Republican candidate James Monroe defeated Federalist Rufus King. The election was the last in which the Federalist Party fielded a presidential candidate.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 34059, 32080, 15978, 32086, 261268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 93 ], [ 191, 202 ], [ 204, 225 ], [ 236, 248 ], [ 258, 268 ], [ 269, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As President James Madison chose to retire after serving two terms, the Democratic-Republicans held a congressional nominating caucus in March 1816. With the support of Madison and former President Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State Monroe defeated Secretary of War William H. Crawford to win his party's presidential nomination. Governor Daniel D. Tompkins of New York won the Democratic-Republican vice presidential nomination, continuing the party's tradition of balancing a presidential nominee from Virginia with a vice presidential nominee from either New York or New England. The Federalists did not formally nominate a ticket, but Senator King of New York emerged as the de facto Federalist candidate.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24113, 15950, 2666720, 24113, 29922, 380656, 89099, 21531764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 12 ], [ 13, 26 ], [ 102, 133 ], [ 188, 197 ], [ 198, 214 ], [ 268, 287 ], [ 341, 359 ], [ 572, 583 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The previous four years of American politics were dominated by the effects of the War of 1812. Its drawn outcome and the peace concluded in 1815 were satisfactory to the American people, and the Democratic-Republicans received credit for the results. Federalists were discredited by having opposed the war and by radical rhetoric from New England Federalists at the Hartford Convention. Also, President Madison had adopted certain measures favored by Federalists, including a national bank and protective tariffs. The Federalists had little to campaign on, and Monroe easily won the Electoral College, carrying 16 of the 19 states.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 34059, 150246, 790065, 55568, 3873491, 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 93 ], [ 121, 144 ], [ 366, 385 ], [ 476, 489 ], [ 505, 512 ], [ 583, 600 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "James Monroe was the favorite candidate of both former President Jefferson and retiring President Madison. However, Monroe faced stiff competition from Secretary of War William H. Crawford of Georgia. Also, there was widespread sentiment, especially in New York, that it was time to end the Virginia dynasty of presidents, resulting in Daniel D. Tompkins and Simon Snyder, the governors of New York and Pennsylvania respectively, briefly considering running for the presidential nomination. But Monroe's long record of service at home and abroad made him a fitting candidate to succeed Madison. Crawford never formally declared himself a candidate, because he believed that he had little chance against Monroe and feared such a contest might deny him a place in the new cabinet. Tompkins and Snyder realized they had even less chance of beating Monroe to the nomination, and instead positioned themselves to run for the vice presidency. Still, Crawford's supporters posed a significant challenge to Monroe.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 29922, 15950, 44000, 380656, 789971, 89099, 443227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 74 ], [ 98, 105 ], [ 152, 168 ], [ 169, 188 ], [ 291, 307 ], [ 336, 354 ], [ 359, 371 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fifty-eight of the Democratic-Republican members of the United States Congress attended the first nominating caucus. A second caucus in March 1816 was attended by one hundred nineteen members of Congress. Monroe won the presidential nomination against Crawford by a vote of sixty-five to fifty-four while Tompkins won the vice-presidential nomination against Snyder by a vote of eighty-five to thirty.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 31756, 2666720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 78 ], [ 98, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In hopes of uniting with disaffected Democratic-Republicans, as they had in the previous election, the Federalists initially planned to hold their own congressional nominating caucus after that of the Democratic-Republicans. With the end of the war and the nomination of Monroe, the Federalists abandoned their hopes of another fusion ticket, and the demoralized party failed to formally nominate a candidate. Senator Rufus King of New York, who had been the party's 1804 and 1808 vice presidential nominee, and who had been nominated for president by a dissident faction of the party in 1812, eventually emerged as the de facto Federalist presidential nominee. Several Federalists would receive electoral votes for vice president, with former Senator John Eager Howard of Maryland receiving the most votes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 261268, 51176, 18858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 418, 428 ], [ 752, 769 ], [ 773, 781 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On February 12, 1817, the House and Senate met in joint session to count the electoral votes for president and vice president. The count proceeded without incident until the roll came to the last state to be counted, Indiana. At that point, Representative John W. Taylor of New York objected to the counting of Indiana's votes. He argued that Congress had acknowledged the statehood of Indiana in a joint resolution on December 11, 1816, whereas the ballots of the Electoral College had been cast on December 4, 1816. He claimed that at the time of the balloting, there had been merely a Territory of Indiana, not a State of Indiana. Other representatives contradicted Taylor, asserting that the joint resolution merely recognized that Indiana had already joined the Union by forming a state constitution and government on June 29, 1816. These representatives pointed out that both the House and Senate had seated members from Indiana who had been elected prior to the joint resolution, which would have been unconstitutional had Indiana not been a state at the time of their election. Representative Samuel D. Ingham then moved that the question be postponed indefinitely. The House agreed almost unanimously, and the Senate was brought back in to count the electoral votes from Indiana. The issue had no bearing on the final result.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1014491, 458483, 649072 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 256, 270 ], [ 588, 608 ], [ 1101, 1117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the votes were counted, Monroe had won all but three of the nineteen states. King thought that a Monroe victory was inevitable, and did not seriously contest the election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Each of the three states that were won by King voted for a different person for vice president. Massachusetts electors voted for former United States Senator (and future Governor) John Eager Howard of Maryland. Delaware chose a different Marylander, sitting United States Senator Robert Goodloe Harper. Connecticut split its vote between James Ross of Pennsylvania and Chief Justice John Marshall.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1645518, 51176, 18858, 7930, 1726414, 6466, 1074247, 23332, 21825423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 109 ], [ 180, 197 ], [ 201, 209 ], [ 211, 219 ], [ 280, 301 ], [ 303, 314 ], [ 338, 348 ], [ 352, 364 ], [ 383, 396 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maryland did not choose its electors as a slate; rather, it divided itself into electoral districts, with each district choosing one elector. Three of Maryland's eleven districts were won by Federalist electors. However, these electors did not vote for King or for a Federalist vice president, instead casting blank votes as a protest.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) Only 10 of the 19 states chose electors by popular vote. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(b) Those states that did choose electors by popular vote had widely varying restrictions on suffrage via property requirements. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(c) One Elector from Delaware and three Electors from Maryland did not vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Elections in this period were vastly different from modern day Presidential elections. The actual Presidential candidates were rarely mentioned on tickets and voters were voting for particular electors who were pledged to a particular candidate. There was sometimes confusion as to who the particular elector was actually pledged to. Results are reported as the highest result for an elector for any given candidate. For example, if three Monroe electors received 100, 50, and 25 votes, Monroe would be recorded as having 100 votes. Confusion surrounding the way results are reported may lead to discrepancies between the sum of all state results and national results.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Federalist parties of New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Virginia did not provide a slate of electors, and as such Monroe was virtually unopposed in these states (though trivial Federalist electors received a handful of votes in New Jersey and Virginia).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tennessee cast votes but they have been lost to time.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " First inauguration of James Monroe", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21211574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1789-1849)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1816 and 1817 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668347 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1816 and 1817 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26996514 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " U.S. Congressional Documents", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 30 Annals of Cong.'' 944–949 (1817)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Act of April 19, 1816, ch. 57, 3 Stat. 289", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Resolution of December 11, 1816, res. 1, 3 Stat. 399", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Web", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Elections of 1816 and 1820: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787-1825", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1816 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1816_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_James_Monroe", "James_Monroe" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1816" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1820 United States presidential election was the ninth quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Wednesday, November 1, to Wednesday, December 6, 1820. Taking place at the height of the Era of Good Feelings, the election saw incumbent Democratic-Republican President James Monroe win re-election without a major opponent. It was the third and last United States presidential election in which a presidential candidate ran effectively unopposed. It was also the last election of a president from the revolutionary generation. As of 2022, this is the most recent presidential election where an incumbent president was re-elected who was neither a Democrat nor a Republican, before the Democratic-Republican party split into separate parties.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 1446061, 32080, 24113, 15978, 2390318 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 92 ], [ 200, 220 ], [ 249, 270 ], [ 271, 280 ], [ 281, 293 ], [ 347, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monroe and Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins faced no opposition from other Democratic-Republicans in their quest for a second term. The Federalist Party had fielded a presidential candidate in each election since 1796, but the party's already-waning popularity had declined further following the War of 1812. Although able to field a nominee for vice president, the Federalists could not put forward a presidential candidate, leaving Monroe without organized opposition.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 89099, 32086, 40452, 34059, 232557 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 44 ], [ 137, 153 ], [ 214, 218 ], [ 297, 308 ], [ 333, 361 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monroe won every state and received all but one of the electoral votes. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams received the only other electoral vote, which came from faithless elector William Plumer. Nine different Federalists received electoral votes for vice president, but Tompkins won re-election by a large margin. No other post-Twelfth Amendment presidential candidate has matched Monroe's share of the electoral vote. Monroe and George Washington remain the only presidential candidates to run without any major opposition. Monroe's victory was the last of six straight victories by Virginians in presidential elections (Jefferson twice, Madison twice, and Monroe twice). Monroe was the first presidential candidate to receive at least 200 electoral votes in a victorious campaign. This was the last election in which an incumbent ticket got reelected until the ticket of Woodrow Wilson and Thomas R. Marshall got reelected in 1916.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 85533, 15654, 1387946, 1223340, 31664, 11968, 33523, 31362, 40535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 70 ], [ 91, 108 ], [ 165, 182 ], [ 183, 197 ], [ 333, 350 ], [ 435, 452 ], [ 878, 892 ], [ 897, 915 ], [ 933, 937 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the continuation of single party politics (known in this case as the Era of Good Feelings), serious issues emerged during the election in 1820. The nation had endured a widespread depression following the Panic of 1819 and momentous disagreement about the extension of slavery into the territories was taking center stage. Nevertheless, James Monroe faced no opposition party or candidate in his re-election bid, although he did not receive all of the electoral votes (see below).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 1446061, 228288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 97 ], [ 213, 226 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Massachusetts was entitled to 22 electoral votes in 1816, but cast only 15 in 1820 by reason of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which made the region of Maine, long part of Massachusetts, a free state to balance the pending admission of slave state Missouri. In addition, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and Mississippi also cast one fewer electoral vote than they were entitled to, as one elector from each state died before the electoral meeting. Consequently, this meant that Mississippi cast only two votes, when any state is always entitled to a minimum of three. This is one of only three times a state or district has cast under the minimum of three electoral votes, the others being Nevada in 1864 and the District of Columbia in 2000. In the case of the former, an elector was snowbound and there was no law to replace him (Nevada had only become a state that year). In that of the latter, a faithless elector abstained from voting.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 7743069, 19977, 21216, 40520, 108956, 32009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 119 ], [ 154, 159 ], [ 684, 690 ], [ 694, 698 ], [ 707, 727 ], [ 731, 735 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alabama, Illinois, Maine, Mississippi and Missouri participated in their first presidential election in 1820, Missouri with controversy since it was not yet officially a state (see below). No new states would participate in American presidential elections until 1836, after the admission to the Union of Arkansas in 1836 and Michigan in 1837 (after the main voting, but before the counting of the electoral vote in Congress).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Only fifty of the one hundred ninety-one Democratic-Republican members of the United States Congress attended the nominating caucus and they unanimously voted to not make a nomination as it would be unnecessary to do so. Monroe and Tompkins appeared on the ballot with the support of the Democratic-Republican Party despite not being formally nominated.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 31756, 2666720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 100 ], [ 114, 131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Effectively there was no campaign, since there was no serious opposition to Monroe and Tompkins.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On March 9, 1820, Congress had passed a law directing Missouri to hold a convention to form a constitution and a state government. This law stated that \"the said state, when formed, shall be admitted into the Union, upon an equal footing with the original states, in all respects whatsoever.\" However, when Congress reconvened in November 1820, the admission of Missouri became an issue of contention. Proponents claimed that Missouri had fulfilled the conditions of the law and therefore was a state; detractors contended that certain provisions of the Missouri Constitution violated the United States Constitution.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By the time Congress was due to meet to count the electoral votes from the election, this dispute had lasted over two months. The counting raised a ticklish problem: if Congress counted Missouri's votes, that would count as recognition that Missouri was a state; on the other hand, if Congress failed to count Missouri's vote, it would count as recognition that Missouri was not a state. Knowing ahead of time that Monroe had won in a landslide and that Missouri's vote would therefore make no difference in the final result, the Senate passed a resolution on February 13, 1821 stating that if a protest were made, there would be no consideration of the matter unless the vote of Missouri would change who would become president. Instead, the President of the Senate would announce the final tally twice, once with Missouri included and once with it excluded.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The next day this resolution was introduced in the full House. After a lively debate, it was passed. Nonetheless, during the counting of the electoral votes on February 14, 1821, an objection was raised to the votes from Missouri by Representative Arthur Livermore of New Hampshire. He argued that since Missouri had not yet officially become a state, it had no right to cast any electoral votes. Immediately, Representative John Floyd of Virginia argued that Missouri's votes must be counted. Chaos ensued, and order was restored only with the counting of the vote as per the resolution and then adjournment for the day.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 9326066, 2630897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 248, 264 ], [ 425, 435 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Federalists received a small amount of the popular vote despite having no electoral candidates. Even in Massachusetts, where the Federalist slate of electors was victorious, the electors cast all of their votes for Monroe. This was the first election in which the Democratic-Republicans won in Connecticut and Delaware.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) Only 15 of the 24 states chose electors by popular vote.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(b) Adams received his vote from a faithless elector.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(c) There was a dispute as to whether Missouri's electoral votes were valid, due to the timing of its assumption of statehood. The first figure excludes Missouri's votes and the second figure includes them.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The sole electoral vote against Monroe came from William Plumer, an elector from New Hampshire and former United States senator and New Hampshire governor. Plumer cast his electoral ballot for Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. While legend has it this was to ensure that George Washington would remain the only American president unanimously chosen by the Electoral College, that was not Plumer's goal. In fact, Plumer simply thought that Monroe was a mediocre president and that Adams would be a better one. Plumer also refused to vote for Tompkins for Vice President as \"grossly intemperate\", not having \"that weight of character which his office requires,\" and \"because he grossly neglected his duty\" in his \"only\" official role as President of the Senate by being \"absent nearly three-fourths of the time\"; Plumer instead voted for Richard Rush.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 1223340, 85533, 24909346, 253081, 32293, 663486 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 63 ], [ 68, 75 ], [ 106, 127 ], [ 132, 154 ], [ 193, 211 ], [ 840, 852 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Even though every member of the Electoral College was pledged to Monroe, there were still a number of Federalist electors who voted for a Federalist vice president rather than Monroe's running mate Daniel D. Tompkins: those for Richard Stockton came from Massachusetts, while the entire Delaware delegation voted for Daniel Rodney for vice president, and Robert Goodloe Harper's vice presidential vote was cast by an elector from his home state of Maryland. In any case, these breaks in ranks were not enough to deny Tompkins a substantial electoral college victory.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 232557, 1645518, 7930, 2421177, 1726414, 18858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 228, 244 ], [ 255, 268 ], [ 287, 295 ], [ 317, 330 ], [ 355, 376 ], [ 448, 456 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monroe's share of the electoral vote has not been exceeded by any candidate since, with the closest competition coming from Franklin D. Roosevelt's landslide 1936 victory.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 2390318, 10979, 40558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 36 ], [ 124, 145 ], [ 158, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Only Washington, who won the vote of each presidential elector in the 1789 and 1792 presidential elections, can claim to have swept the Electoral College. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 40449, 40451 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 74 ], [ 79, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source: ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) There was a dispute over the validity of Missouri's electoral votes, due to the timing of its assumption of statehood. The first figure excludes Missouri's votes and the second figure includes them.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(b) These votes are from electors who voted for a Federalist vice president rather than Monroe's running mate Daniel D. Tompkins; combined, these votes represent only 5.6% of the electoral vote.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Elections in this period were vastly different from modern day Presidential elections. The actual Presidential candidates were rarely mentioned on tickets and voters were voting for particular electors who were pledged to a particular candidate. There was sometimes confusion as to who the particular elector was actually pledged to. Results are reported as the highest result for an elector for any given candidate. For example, if three Monroe electors received 100, 50, and 25 votes, Monroe would be recorded as having 100 votes. Confusion surrounding the way results are reported may lead to discrepancies between the sum of all state results and national results.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In Massachusetts, Federalist electors won 62.06% of the vote. However, only 7,902 of these votes went to Federalist electors who did not cast their votes for Monroe (this being most likely because these Federalist electors lost). Similarly, In Kentucky, 1,941 ballots were cast for an elector labelled as Federalist who proceeded to vote for Monroe. All of the Federalist Monroe votes have been placed in the Federalist column, as the Federalist party fielded no presidential candidate and therefore it is likely these electors simply cast their votes for Monroe because the overwhelming majority he achieved made their votes irrelevant. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " One-party state", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 102459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second inauguration of James Monroe", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21211654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1820 and 1821 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1820 and 1821 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27029089 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Elections of 1816 and 1820: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787-1825", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1820 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1820_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_James_Monroe", "James_Monroe", "Uncontested_elections" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1820" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1824 United States presidential election was the tenth quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Tuesday, October 26 to Wednesday, December 1, 1824. Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and William Crawford were the primary contenders for the presidency. The result of the election was inconclusive, as no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote. In the election for vice president, John C. Calhoun was elected with a comfortable majority of the vote. Because none of the candidates for president garnered an electoral vote majority, the U.S. House of Representatives, under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment, held a contingent election. On February 9, 1825, John Quincy Adams was elected as president without getting the majority of the electoral vote or the popular vote, being the only president to do so.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 1623, 15654, 47620, 380656, 24113, 85533, 32759, 52110, 19468510, 31664, 52185316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 92 ], [ 163, 177 ], [ 179, 196 ], [ 198, 208 ], [ 213, 229 ], [ 266, 276 ], [ 361, 375 ], [ 397, 411 ], [ 413, 428 ], [ 568, 597 ], [ 627, 644 ], [ 653, 672 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic-Republican Party had won six consecutive presidential elections and by 1824 was the only national political party. However, as the election approached, the presence of multiple viable candidates resulted in there being multiple nominations by the contending factions, signaling the splintering of the party and an end to the Era of Good Feelings.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32080, 1446061 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 31 ], [ 340, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adams won New England, Jackson and Adams split the mid-Atlantic states, Jackson and Clay split the Western states, and Jackson and Crawford split the Southern states. Jackson finished with a plurality of the electoral and popular vote, while the other three candidates each finished with a significant share of the votes. Clay, who had finished fourth, was eliminated. Because he shared many of Adams's positions on the major issues, he lent him his support, allowing Adams to win the contingent election on the first ballot.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764, 181779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 21 ], [ 51, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This is one of two presidential elections (along with the 1800 election) that have been decided in the House. It is also one of five elections in which the winner did not achieve at least a plurality of the national popular vote. Adams was the only candidate who achieved victory in this way without also being a member of the Republican Party. Rutherford B. Hayes, Benjamin Harrison, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump were all Republicans who won their presidential elections, while losing the popular vote. This was also the only U.S. election in which the candidate who had the plurality of votes in the Electoral College did not win the election.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 40454, 47350955, 32070, 19729241, 7766419, 3414021, 4848272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 71 ], [ 156, 228 ], [ 327, 343 ], [ 345, 364 ], [ 366, 383 ], [ 385, 399 ], [ 405, 417 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Era of Good Feelings, associated with the administration of President James Monroe, was a time of reduced emphasis on political party identity. With the Federalists discredited, Democratic-Republicans adopted some key Federalist economic programs and institutions. The economic nationalism of the Era of Good Feelings that would authorize the Tariff of 1816 and incorporate the Second Bank of the United States portended abandonment of the Jeffersonian political formula for strict construction of the Constitution, limited central government, and primacy of Southern slaveholding interests.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 1446061, 15978, 790065, 3091152, 55568, 376560 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 24 ], [ 74, 86 ], [ 169, 180 ], [ 347, 361 ], [ 382, 414 ], [ 479, 498 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An unintended consequence of wide single-party identification was reduced party discipline. Rather than political harmony, factions arose within the party. Monroe attempted to improve discipline by appointing leading statesmen to his Cabinet, including Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford of Georgia, and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee led high-profile military missions. Only House Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky held political power independent of Monroe. He refused to join the cabinet and remained critical of the administration.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 32293, 15654, 43338, 380656, 44000, 52110, 1623, 46023, 47620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 253, 271 ], [ 272, 289 ], [ 308, 333 ], [ 334, 353 ], [ 370, 386 ], [ 387, 402 ], [ 430, 444 ], [ 499, 512 ], [ 513, 523 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two key events, the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri crisis of 1820, influenced and reshaped politics. The economic downturn broadly harmed workers, the sectional disputes over slavery expansion raised tensions, and both events plus other factors drove demand for increased democratic control. Social disaffection would help motivate revival of rivalrous political parties in the near future, though these had not yet formed at the time of the 1824 election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 228288, 7743069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 33 ], [ 42, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The previous competition between the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party collapsed after the War of 1812 due to the disintegration of the Federalists' popular appeal. President James Monroe of the Democratic-Republicans was able to run without opposition in the 1820 election. Like previous presidents who had been elected to two terms, Monroe declined to seek re-nomination for a third term. Vice President Daniel D. Tompkins had long-since been dismissed as a viable successor to Monroe due to a combination of health problems and a financial dispute with the federal government, and he formally ruled himself out of making a presidential run at the start of 1824. The presidential nomination was thus left wide open within the Democratic-Republican Party, the only major national political entity remaining in the United States.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nomination process", "target_page_ids": [ 32086, 32080, 34059, 15978, 89099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 53 ], [ 62, 89 ], [ 110, 121 ], [ 194, 206 ], [ 425, 443 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Congressional caucus nominated Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice president, but it was sparsely attended and was widely attacked as undemocratic. Gallatin had not sought the vice presidential nomination and soon withdrew at Crawford's request. Gallatin was also dissatisfied with repeated attacks on his credibility made by the other candidates. He was replaced by North Carolina Senator Nathaniel Macon. State legislatures also convened state caucuses to nominate candidates.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nomination process", "target_page_ids": [ 2666720, 274102, 265829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 24 ], [ 62, 77 ], [ 410, 425 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "All four candidates were nominated by at least one state legislature. Andrew Jackson was recruited to run for the office of the president by the state legislature of Tennessee. Jackson did not seek the task of running for president. Instead, he wished to retire to his estate on the outskirts of Nashville called the Hermitage. However, Jackson was not one to decline such a request.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Candidates drew voter support by different states and sections. Adams dominated the popular vote in New England and won some support elsewhere, Clay dominated his home state of Kentucky and won pluralities in two neighboring states, and Crawford won the Virginia vote overwhelmingly and polled well in North Carolina. Jackson had geographically the broadest support, though there were heavy vote concentrations in his home state of Tennessee and in Pennsylvania and populous areas where even he ran poorly.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 479232, 21531764, 16846, 32432, 21650, 30395, 23332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 62 ], [ 100, 111 ], [ 177, 185 ], [ 254, 262 ], [ 302, 316 ], [ 432, 441 ], [ 449, 461 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Policy played a reduced role in the election, though positions on tariffs and internal improvements did create significant disagreements. Both Adams and Jackson supporters backed Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina for vice president. He easily secured the majority of electoral votes for that office. In reality, Calhoun was vehemently opposed to nearly all of Adams's policies, but he did nothing to dissuade Adams supporters from voting for him for vice president.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 838942, 44000, 52110, 27956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 99 ], [ 179, 195 ], [ 196, 211 ], [ 215, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The campaigning for presidential election of 1824 took many forms. Contrafacta, or well known songs and tunes whose lyrics have been altered, were used to promote political agendas and presidential candidates. Below can be found a sound clip featuring \"Hunters of Kentucky\", a tune written by Samuel Woodsworth in 1815 under the title \"The Unfortunate Miss Bailey\". Contrafacta such as this one, which promoted Andrew Jackson as a national hero, have been a long-standing tradition in presidential elections. Another form of campaigning during this election was through newsprint. Political cartoons and partisan writings were best circulated among the voting public through newspapers. Presidential candidate John C. Calhoun was one of the candidates most directly involved through his participation in the publishing of the newspaper The Patriot as a member of the editorial staff. This was a sure way to promote his own political agendas and campaign. In contrast, most candidates involved in early 19th century elections did not run their own political campaigns. Instead it was left to volunteer citizens and partisans to speak on their behalf.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 6120422, 21218685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 78 ], [ 253, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican-Federalist political framework. The electoral map confirmed the candidates' sectional support, with Adams winning in New England, Jackson having wide voter appeal, Clay attracting votes from the West, and Crawford attracting votes from the eastern South. Jackson earned only a plurality of electoral votes. Thus, the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams on the first ballot. John C. Calhoun, supported by Adams and Jackson, easily won the vice presidency, not requiring a contingent election in the Senate.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 15654, 52110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 473, 490 ], [ 512, 527 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 1%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As no presidential candidate had won an absolute electoral vote majority, the responsibility for electing a new president devolved upon the U.S. House of Representatives, which held a contingent election on February 9, 1825. As prescribed by the Twelfth Amendment, the House was limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Crawford; Henry Clay, who had finished fourth, was eliminated. Each state delegation, voting en bloc, had a single vote. There were 24 states at the time, thus an absolute majority of 13 votes was required for victory.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1825 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [ 19468510, 52185316, 31664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 169 ], [ 184, 203 ], [ 246, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Clay detested Jackson and had said of him, \"I cannot believe that killing 2,500 Englishmen at New Orleans qualifies for the various, difficult, and complicated duties of the Chief Magistracy.\" Moreover, Clay's American System was closer to Adams's position on tariffs and internal improvements than Jackson's. Even if Clay had wished to align with Crawford over Jackson, which was highly unlikely in any event since Clay's policy differences with Crawford were even deeper, especially on matters of the tariff, and the fact Crawford had been in poor health, no path to victory was evident.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1825 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [ 147394, 5727912, 838942 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 105 ], [ 210, 225 ], [ 272, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ignoring the nonbinding directive of the Kentucky legislature that its House delegation choose Jackson, the delegation voted 8–4 for Adams instead. Clay used his political influence in the House to motivate House delegations in states where he had won at least a voting plurality to vote for Adams. Thus, Adams was elected president on the first ballot, with 13 states, followed by Jackson with seven, and Crawford with four.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1825 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Adams' victory shocked Jackson, who, as the winner of a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes, expected the House to choose him. Not long before the contingent House election, an anonymous statement appeared in a Philadelphia paper, called the Columbian Observer. The statement, said to be from a member of Congress, essentially accused Clay of selling Adams his support for the office of Secretary of State. No formal investigation was conducted, so the matter was neither confirmed nor denied. When Clay was indeed offered the position after Adams was victorious, he opted to accept and continue to support the administration he voted for, knowing that declining the position would not have helped to dispel the rumors brought against him.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By appointing Clay his Secretary of State, President Adams essentially declared him heir to the presidency, as Adams and his three predecessors had all served as Secretary of State. Jackson and his followers accused Adams and Clay of striking a \"corrupt bargain\", and the Jacksonians would campaign on this claim for the next four years, ultimately helping Jackson defeat Adams in 1828.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 1506148, 40510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 246, 261 ], [ 381, 385 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 47350955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1876 United States presidential election", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 40402 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1888 United States presidential election", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 40527 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2000 United States presidential election", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 32009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2016 United States presidential election", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21377251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ammons, Harry. 1959. \"James Monroe and the Era of Good Feelings\". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, LXVI, No. 4 (October 1958), pp.387–398, in Essays on Jacksonian America, Ed. Frank Otto Gatell. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Brown, Richard H. 1966. \"The Missouri Crisis, Slavery, and the Politics of Jacksonianism\". South Atlantic Quarterly, pp.55–72, in Essays on Jacksonian America, Ed. Frank Otto Gatell. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dangerfield, George. 1965. The Awakening of American Nationalism: 1815-1828. New York: Harper & Row. online", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kolodny, Robin. \"The Several Elections of 1824.\" Congress & the Presidency: A Journal of Capital Studies 23#2 (1996) online.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wilentz, Sean. 2008. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. New York: Horton.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ratcliffe, Donald J. The One-Party Presidential Contest: Adams, Jackson, and 1824's Five-Horse Race (University Press of Kansas, 2015) xiv, 354 pp.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Murphy, Sharon Ann. \"A Not-So-Corrupt Bargain\". Review of The One-Party Presidential Contest: Adams, Jackson and 1824's Five-Horse Race by Donald Ratcliffe. Common-place, Vol. 16, No. 4.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1824: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1824 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1824_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams", "John_Quincy_Adams", "Andrew_Jackson", "Henry_Clay", "John_C._Calhoun" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1824" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1828 United States presidential election was the 11th quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, October 31 to Tuesday, December 2, 1828. It featured a repetition of the 1824 election, as President John Quincy Adams of the National Republican Party faced Andrew Jackson of the Democratic Party. Both parties were new organizations, and this was the first presidential election their nominees contested.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 40509, 24113, 15654, 307320, 1623, 5043544 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 191, 204 ], [ 209, 218 ], [ 219, 236 ], [ 244, 269 ], [ 276, 290 ], [ 298, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the collapse of the Federalist Party, four members of the Democratic-Republican Party, including Jackson and Adams, had sought the presidency in the 1824 election. Jackson had won a plurality (but not majority) of both the electoral vote and popular vote in the 1824 election, but had lost the contingent election that was held in the House of Representatives. In the aftermath of the election, Jackson's supporters accused Adams and Henry Clay of having reached a \"corrupt bargain\" in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for the position of Secretary of State. After the 1824 election, Jackson's supporters immediately began plans for a campaign in 1828, and the Democratic-Republican Party fractured into the National Republican Party and the Democratic Party during Adams's presidency.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32086, 32080, 85533, 52185316, 19468510, 47620, 1506148, 32293, 14458770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 41 ], [ 63, 90 ], [ 228, 237 ], [ 299, 318 ], [ 340, 364 ], [ 439, 449 ], [ 471, 486 ], [ 573, 591 ], [ 800, 818 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1828 campaign was marked by large amounts of \"mudslinging\", as both parties attacked the personal qualities of the opposing party's candidate. Jackson dominated in the South and the West, aided in part by the passage of the Tariff of 1828. With the ongoing expansion of the right to vote to most white men, the election marked a dramatic expansion of the electorate, with 9.5% of Americans casting a vote for president, compared with 3.4% in 1824. Several states transitioned to a popular vote for president, leaving South Carolina and Delaware as the only states in which the legislature chose presidential electors.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 677516, 179553, 55572, 667785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 61 ], [ 172, 177 ], [ 228, 242 ], [ 278, 291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election marked the rise of Jacksonian Democracy and the transition from the First Party System to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics by removing key barriers to voter participation and establishing a stable two-party system. Jackson became the first president whose home state was neither Massachusetts nor Virginia, while Adams was the second to lose re-election, following his father John Adams. Adams was also the first of three elected presidents to lose the popular vote in two consecutive elections, the next two being Benjamin Harrison in the late 19th century and Donald Trump in the early 21st century. Martin Van Buren also lost the popular vote twice in 1840 and 1848 after winning both the popular and electoral vote in the 1836 United States presidential election.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 372347, 3612962, 3652251, 10410626, 7766419, 4848272, 19763, 40512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 52 ], [ 81, 99 ], [ 107, 126 ], [ 508, 518 ], [ 647, 664 ], [ 694, 706 ], [ 734, 750 ], [ 858, 898 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While Andrew Jackson won a plurality of electoral votes and the popular vote in the election of 1824, he lost to John Quincy Adams as the election was deferred to the House of Representatives (by the terms of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a presidential election in which no candidate wins a majority of the electoral vote is decided by a contingent election in the House of Representatives). Henry Clay, unsuccessful candidate and Speaker of the House at the time, despised Jackson, in part due to their fight for Western votes during the election, and he chose to support Adams, which led to Adams being elected president on the first ballot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A few days after the election, Adams appointed Clay his Secretary of State, a position held by Adams and his three immediate predecessors prior to becoming president. Jackson and his followers promptly accused Clay and Adams of striking a \"corrupt bargain,\" and continued to lambaste the president until the 1828 election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 1506148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 240, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the aftermath of the 1824 election, the national Democratic-Republican Party collapsed as national politics became increasingly polarized between supporters of Adams and supporters of Jackson. In a prelude to the presidential election, the Jacksonians bolstered their numbers in Congress in the 1826 Congressional elections, with Jackson ally Andrew Stevenson chosen as the new Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1827 over Adams ally Speaker, John W. Taylor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 32080, 2668254, 794363, 46023, 1014491 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 79 ], [ 298, 326 ], [ 346, 362 ], [ 381, 420 ], [ 454, 468 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Within months after the inauguration of John Quincy Adams in 1825, the Tennessee legislature re-nominated Jackson for president. Congressional opponents of Adams, including former William H. Crawford supporter Martin Van Buren, rallied around Jackson's candidacy. Jackson's supporters called themselves Democrats, and would formally organize as the Democratic Party shortly after his election. In hopes of uniting those opposed to Adams, Jackson ran on a ticket with sitting Vice President John C. Calhoun. Calhoun would decline the invitation to join the Democratic Party, however, and instead formed the Nullifier Party after the election; the Nullifiers would remain largely aligned with the Democrats for the next few years, but ultimately broke with Jackson over the issue of states' rights during his first term. No congressional nominating caucus or national convention was held.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 380656, 19763, 5043544, 52110, 2492437, 407755, 2666720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 180, 199 ], [ 210, 226 ], [ 349, 365 ], [ 490, 505 ], [ 606, 621 ], [ 781, 795 ], [ 822, 853 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "President Adams and his allies, including Secretary of State Clay and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, became known as the National Republicans. The National Republicans were significantly less organized than the Democrats, and many party leaders did not embrace the new era of popular campaigning. Adams was re-nominated on the endorsement of state legislatures and partisan rallies. As with the Democrats, no nominating caucus or national convention was held. Adams chose Secretary of the Treasury Richard Rush, a Pennsylvanian known for his protectionist views, as his running mate. Adams, who was personally popular in New England, hoped to assemble a coalition in which Clay attracted Western voters, Rush attracted voters in the middle states, and Webster won over former members of the Federalist Party.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 51613, 307320, 43338, 663486, 32086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 92 ], [ 131, 151 ], [ 482, 507 ], [ 508, 520 ], [ 801, 817 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The campaign was marked by large amounts of nasty \"mudslinging.\" Jackson's marriage, for example, came in for vicious attack. When Jackson married his wife Rachel in 1791, the couple believed that she was divorced, but the divorce was not yet finalized, so he had to remarry her once the legal papers were complete. In the Adams campaign managers' hands, this became a scandal. Charles Hammond, in his Cincinnati Gazette, asked: \"Ought a convicted adulteress and her paramour husband be placed in the highest offices of this free and Christian land?\" Jackson's campaigners fired back by claiming that while serving as minister to Russia, Adams had procured a young girl to serve as a prostitute for Emperor Alexander I. They also stated that Adams had a billiard table in the White House and that he had charged the government for it. (in fact Adams while minister to Russia had employed a young girl as a maid to his wife; the girl had written a letter which had been intercepted by the Russian postal services. Alexander I had been curious to meet the letter writer publicly at court and Adams had done so. The billiard table was Adams' personal property; a bill for repairing it had been accidentally included in the White House expense accounts. Adams also came under attack for having a chess set). Jackson also came under heavy attack as a slave trader who bought and sold slaves and moved them about in defiance of modern standards of morality (he was not attacked for merely owning slaves used in plantation work). The Coffin Handbills attacked Jackson for his courts-martial, execution of deserters and massacres of Indian villages, and also his habit of dueling and that he supposedly fought over 100 duels. In fact Jackson had only fought three duels: in the first both men had fired at each other but made up; in the second duel, Jackson vs John Sevier, it had taken place but only two persons not connected with either party had been slightly injured. The third duel was with Charles Dickinson in which Dickinson was mortally wounded while Jackson was left with a bullet in his chest. A so-called fourth duel between Jackson and Thomas Hart Benton was in fact a frontier brawl which left Jackson badly wounded in the shoulder.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 677516, 644222, 15157915, 27126603, 1962418, 3249585, 534471, 3540657, 271656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 62 ], [ 156, 162 ], [ 684, 694 ], [ 699, 718 ], [ 1292, 1301 ], [ 1527, 1543 ], [ 1853, 1864 ], [ 1989, 2006 ], [ 2142, 2160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jackson avoided articulating issue positions, instead campaigning on his personal qualities and his opposition to Adams. Adams avoided popular campaigning, instead emphasizing his support of specific issues. Adams's praise of internal improvements in Europe, such as \"lighthouses of the skies\" (observatories), in his first annual message to Congress, and his suggestion that Congress not be \"palsied by the will of our constituents\" were given attention in and out of the press. John Randolph stated on the floor of the Senate that he \"never will be palsied by any power save the constitution, and the will of my constituents.\" Jackson wrote that a lavish government combined with contempt of the constituents could lead to despotism, if not checked by the \"voice of the people.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 838942, 58968, 318004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 226, 247 ], [ 295, 308 ], [ 480, 493 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Modern campaigning was also introduced by Jackson. People kissed babies, had picnics, and started many other traditions during the campaign.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thomas Jefferson wrote favorably in response to Jackson in December 1823 and extended an invitation to his estate of Monticello: \"I recall with pleasure the remembrance of our joint labors while in the Senate together in times of great trial and of hard battling, battles indeed of words, not of blood, as those you have since fought so much for your own glory & that of your country; with the assurance that my attempts continue undiminished, accept that of my great respect & consideration.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 29922, 52302 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 117, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jefferson wrote of the outcome of the contingent election of 1825 in a letter to William H. Crawford, who had been the nominee of the congressional caucus of Democratic-Republicans, saying that he had hoped to congratulate Crawford on his election to the presidency but \"events had not been what we had wished.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the next election, Jackson's and Adams's supporters saw value in establishing the opinion of Jefferson in regards to their respective candidates and against their opposition. Jefferson died on July 4, 1826 on the same day as his predecessor, John Adams, Adam's father.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A goal of the pro-Adams was to depict Jackson as a \"mere military chieftain.\" Edward Coles recounted that Jefferson told him in a conversation in August 1825 that he feared the popular enthusiasm for Jackson: \"It has caused me to doubt more than anything that has occurred since our Revolution.\" Coles used the opinion of Thomas Gilmer to back himself up; Gilmer said Jefferson told him at Monticello before the election of Adams in 1825, \"One might as well make a sailor of a cock, or a soldier of a goose, as a President of Andrew Jackson.\" Daniel Webster, who was also at Monticello at the time, made the same report. Webster recorded that Jefferson told him in December 1824 that Jackson was a dangerous man unfit for the presidency. Historian Sean Wilentz described Webster's account of the meeting as \"not wholly reliable.\" Biographer Robert V. Remini said that Jefferson \"had no great love for Jackson.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1942948, 1000485, 51613, 5095780, 1981274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 90 ], [ 322, 335 ], [ 543, 557 ], [ 748, 760 ], [ 841, 857 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gilmer accused Coles of misrepresentation, in Jefferson's opinion had changed, Gilmer said. Jefferson's son-in-law, former Virginia Governor Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., said in 1826 that Jefferson had a \"strong repugnance\" to Henry Clay. Randolph publicly stated that Jefferson became friendly to Jackson's candidacy as early as the summer of 1825, perhaps because of the \"corrupt bargain\" charge, and thought of Jackson as \"an honest, sincere, clear-headed and strong-minded man; of the soundest political principles\" and \"the only hope left\" to reverse the increasing powers assumed by the federal government. Others said the same thing, but Coles could not believe Jefferson's opinion had changed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 2585509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1827, Virginia Governor William B. Giles released a letter from Jefferson meant to be kept private to Thomas Ritchie's Richmond Enquirer. It was written after Adams's first annual message to Congress and it contained an attack from Jefferson on the incumbent administration. Giles said Jefferson's alarm was with the usurpation of the rights of the states, not with a \"military chieftain.\" Jefferson wrote, \"take together the decisions of the federal court, the doctrines of the President, and the misconstructions of the constitutional compact acted on by the legislature of the federal bench, and it is but too evident, that the three ruling branches of that department are in combination to strip their colleagues, the State authorities, of the powers reserved by them, and to exercise themselves all functions foreign and domestic.\" Of the Federalists, he continued, \"But this opens with a vast accession of strength from their younger recruits, who, having nothing in them of the feelings or principles of '76, now look to a single and splendid government of an aristocracy, founded on banking institutions, and moneyed incorporations under the guise and cloak of their favored branches of manufactures, commerce, and navigation, riding and ruling over the plundered plowman and beggared yeomanry.\" The Jacksonians and states' rights men heralded its publication; the Adams men felt it a symptom of senility. Giles omitted a prior letter of Jefferson's praise of Adams for his role in the embargo of 1808. Thomas Jefferson Randolph soon collected and published Jefferson's correspondence.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 652627, 5913127, 407755, 55564, 8284162 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 43 ], [ 105, 119 ], [ 1327, 1341 ], [ 1497, 1512 ], [ 1514, 1539 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The selection of electors began on October 31 with elections in Ohio and Pennsylvania and ended on November 13 with elections in North Carolina. The Electoral College met on December 3.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Adams won the same states that his father had won in the election of 1800 (the New England states, New Jersey, and Delaware) and Maryland, but Jackson won all other states and won the election in a landslide.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic Party in Georgia was hopelessly divided into two factions (Troup and Clark) at the time. Despite this, both factions nominated Jackson for President, with the election being primarily a test of the strength of these two factions - the Adams electors ran a very poor third, with just 3.21% of the vote. The winning slate, which received a 3,000 vote majority, was not pledged to any Vice-Presidential candidate; consequently, seven of the nine Presidential Electors who voted for Jackson for President chose William Smith for Vice President.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This was the first election in American history in which the incumbent president lost re-election despite winning a greater share of the popular vote than they did the previous election. This would not happen again until 2020.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 48410011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 221, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which the Democrats won Kentucky until 1856. It is also the only election where Maine, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Vermont voted for the National Republicans, and the last time that New Hampshire voted against the Democrats until 1856.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It was also the only election in which an electoral vote split occurred in Maine until the election of 2016, the first election in which the winning ticket did not have a north–south balance, and the first election in which two northerners ran against two southerners.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 38671907, 21377251, 1558297, 509638, 179553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 80 ], [ 91, 107 ], [ 183, 190 ], [ 228, 239 ], [ 256, 267 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): Dubin, Michael J. United States Presidential Elections, 1788-1860", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) The popular vote figures exclude Delaware and South Carolina: both states' electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by a popular vote.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 7930, 27956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 45 ], [ 50, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(b) The other vote was from Georgia where two slates pledged to Jackson, representing factions of the party, ran. The winning slate was Jackson with Smith - the Troup Faction - and the other was Jackson with Calhoun - the Clark faction. Many sources combine the vote when reporting the Georgia results, but this is legally incorrect.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 2241323, 5849937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 175 ], [ 223, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Districts where the margin of victory was under 1%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States and Districts where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States and Districts where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "John Quincy Adams received a similar number of electoral college votes in 1824 and 1828.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " a Stated total was 1,993", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " b Stated total was 4,448", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " c There were two Jackson tickets in Georgia representing different factions of the party. The Troup faction \"won\" with 9,712 votes and the Clarke faction lost with 7,991. They are combined here, though legally this is incorrect. The state rejected returns from 10 counties and 8 others submitted none. Including the rejected returns, the total votes are Jackson (Troup) 10,508, Jackson (Clarke) 8,854 and Adams, 642.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " d Stated total was 13,927", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " e In Maryland's 3rd and 4th districts, voters voted for two electors, with each pledged to one candidate or another. The votes in the 3rd were 6,177 for William Fitzhugh, Jr. and 6,164 for William Tyler, both for Jackson, versus 6,117 for George Baltzell and William Price for Adams. In the 4th the votes were 6,058 for Benjamin Chew Howard and James Sewell for Jackson versus 5,743 and 5,742 for the Adams electors. [Note: Dubin mistakenly swapped the 3rd and 4th districts in his book, but that has been corrected here]. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [ 969323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 322, 342 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " f Stated total was 29,836", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " g Stated total was 7,088", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " h Two statewide electors were chosen by the electors elected at the district level.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rachel Jackson had been having chest pains throughout the campaign, and she was traumatized by the personal attacks on her marriage. She became ill and died on December 22, 1828. Jackson accused the Adams campaign, and Henry Clay even more so, of causing her death, saying, \"I can and do forgive all my enemies. But those vile wretches who have slandered her must look to God for mercy.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Andrew Jackson was sworn in as president on March 4, 1829. After the inauguration, a mob entered the White House to shake the new president's hand, damaging the furniture and lights. Jackson escaped through the back, and large punch bowls were set up to lure the crowd outside. Conservatives were horrified at this event, and held it up as a portent of terrible things to come from the first Democratic president. When Jackson arrived in Washington DC, he was to pay the customary courtesy call on the outgoing president, but he refused to do so. John Quincy Adams responded by refusing to go to the inauguration of Andrew Jackson. Similar to his father who did not attend the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson 30 years before. While Jackson did not hold J. Quincy Adams among those who had slandered Rachel Jackson social relations between the two men were cold and impersonal: for example, when Adams heard from a third party that Jackson would invite him to a social dinner he responded that Jackson should send the invitation personally. In his diary Adams also revealed his disgust that not only was his Alma Mater Harvard College was going to award Jackson a honorary Doctor of Law degree (Jackson had not gone to study law in college but had learned law as a law clerk to a Judge) but that they were doing to do so to a \"barbarian\" [i.e., someone who had not studied the classical languages of Latin and Greek].", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 21176523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First inauguration of Andrew Jackson", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21176523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jacksonian democracy", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 372347 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1828 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1828 and 1829 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27111372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " excerpt and text search", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " examines the campaign literature of 1828", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " excerpt and text search", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1828: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Historian James Parton describes election", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The 1828 Campaign of Andrew Jackson and the Growth of Party Politics", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1828 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1828_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson", "Andrew_Jackson", "John_Quincy_Adams", "John_C._Calhoun" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1828" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1832 United States presidential election was the 12th quadrennial presidential election, held from November 2 to December 5, 1832. Incumbent president Andrew Jackson, candidate of the Democratic Party, defeated Henry Clay, candidate of the National Republican Party.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 24113, 1623, 5043544, 47620, 307320 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 145, 154 ], [ 155, 169 ], [ 188, 204 ], [ 215, 225 ], [ 244, 269 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election saw the first use of the presidential nominating conventions, and the Democrats, National Republicans, and the Anti-Masonic Party all used conventions to select their candidates. Jackson won re-nomination with no opposition, and the 1832 Democratic National Convention replaced Vice President John C. Calhoun with Martin Van Buren. The National Republican Convention nominated a ticket led by Clay, a Kentuckian who had served as Secretary of State under President John Quincy Adams. The Anti-Masonic Party, one of the first major U.S. third parties, nominated former Attorney General William Wirt.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 505341, 32301, 9585024, 32759, 52110, 19763, 16846, 32293, 15654, 319501, 680589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 73 ], [ 124, 142 ], [ 246, 281 ], [ 291, 305 ], [ 306, 321 ], [ 327, 343 ], [ 414, 424 ], [ 443, 461 ], [ 478, 495 ], [ 549, 562 ], [ 598, 610 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jackson faced heavy criticism for his actions in the Bank War, but remained popular among the general public. He won a majority of the popular vote and 219 of the 286 electoral votes, carrying most states outside New England. Clay won 37.4% of the popular vote and 49 electoral votes, while Wirt won 7.8% of the popular vote and carried the state of Vermont. Virginia Governor John Floyd, who had not actively campaigned, won South Carolina's electoral votes. After the election, members of the National Republican Party and the Anti-Masonic Party formed the Whig Party, which became the Democrats' primary opponent over the next two decades. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4021104, 85533, 21531764, 32578, 253093, 2630897, 27956, 32078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 61 ], [ 167, 182 ], [ 213, 224 ], [ 350, 357 ], [ 359, 376 ], [ 377, 387 ], [ 426, 440 ], [ 559, 569 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "No other Democrat would win re-election until 1892, when Grover Cleveland did so (albeit the party did win two elections in a row in 1852 and 1856, but with two different nominees). However, Cleveland's two terms were not consecutive– he won in 1884, then lost in 1888, before winning again in 1892. Because of this, Jackson proved to be the last Democrat to serve 8 consecutive years until Woodrow Wilson, 80 years later. This was the last election until 1864 in which an incumbent president was re-elected to a 2nd term.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 40528, 40516, 40517, 40526, 40527, 33523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 50 ], [ 133, 137 ], [ 142, 146 ], [ 245, 249 ], [ 264, 268 ], [ 391, 405 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the demise of the Congressional nominating caucus in the election of 1824, the political system was left without an institutional method on the national level for determining presidential nominations. For this reason, the candidates of 1832 were chosen by national conventions. The first national convention was held by the Anti-Masonic Party in Baltimore, Maryland, in September 1831. The National Republican Party and the Democratic Party soon imitated them, also holding conventions in Baltimore, which would remain a favored venue for national political conventions for decades.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2666720, 40509, 505341, 32301, 26997138, 307320, 5043544 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 54 ], [ 74, 78 ], [ 261, 281 ], [ 329, 347 ], [ 351, 370 ], [ 395, 420 ], [ 429, 445 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "President Jackson and Vice President Calhoun had a strained relationship for a number of reasons, most notably a difference in opinion about the Nullification Crisis and the involvement of Calhoun's wife Floride in the Eaton affair. As a result, Secretary of State Martin Van Buren and Secretary of War John H. Eaton resigned from office in April 1831, and Jackson requested the resignation of all other cabinet officers except one. Van Buren instigated the procedure as a means of removing Calhoun supporters from the Cabinet. Calhoun further aggravated Jackson in the summer of 1831 when he issued his \"Fort Hill Letter,\" in which he outlined the constitutional basis for a state's ability to nullify an act of Congress. The final blow to the Jackson-Calhoun relationship came when Jackson nominated Van Buren to serve as Minister to Great Britain and the vote in the Senate ended in a tie, which Calhoun broke by voting against confirmation on January 25, 1832.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 376083, 4141618, 649143, 313260, 13872629 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 165 ], [ 204, 211 ], [ 219, 231 ], [ 303, 316 ], [ 695, 702 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In January it was not clear who the Democrats' candidates would be in the election later that year. Jackson had already been nominated by several state legislatures, following the pattern in 1824 and 1828, but he worried that the various state parties would not unite on a vice-presidential nominee. As a result, the Democratic Party followed the pattern of the opposition and called a national convention.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 1832 Democratic National Convention, the Democratic Party's first, was held in the Athenaeum in Baltimore (the same venue as the two opposition parties) from May 21 to May 23, 1832. Several decisions were made at the convention. On the first day, a committee was appointed to provide a list of delegates from each state. This committee, later called the Credentials Committee, reported that all states were represented. Delegates were present from the District of Columbia, and on the first contested roll call vote in convention history, the convention voted 126–153 to deprive the District of Columbia of its voting rights in the convention. The Rules Committee gave a brief report that established several other customs. Each state was allotted as many votes as it had presidential electors; several states were overrepresented and many were underrepresented. Second, balloting was taken by states and not by individual delegates. Third, two-thirds of the delegates would have to support a candidate for nomination, a measure intended to reduce sectional strife. The fourth rule, which banned nomination speeches, was the only one the party quickly abandoned.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 9585024, 5043544 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 45, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "No roll call vote was taken to nominate Jackson for a second term. Instead, the convention passed a resolution stating that \"we most cordially concur in the repeated nominations which he has received in various parts of the union.\" Martin Van Buren was nominated for vice president on the first ballot, receiving 208 votes to 49 for Philip P. Barbour and 26 for Richard Mentor Johnson. Afterward, the convention approved an address to the nation and adjourned.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 404090, 89110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 333, 350 ], [ 362, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Barbour Democratic National Convention was held in June 1832 in Staunton, Virginia. Jackson was nominated for president and Philip P. Barbour for vice president. Barbour withdrew, but the ticket appeared on the ballot in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Virginia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 708259, 404090 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 86 ], [ 128, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soon after the Anti-Masonic Party held its national convention, supporters of Henry Clay called a national convention of the National Republican Party. 18 of the 24 states sent delegations to the convention, which convened on December 12, 1831. The convention was attended by 168 delegates from eighteen states although one-fourth of the delegates were late due to winter weather.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On the convention's fourth day, the roll call ballot for president took place. The chairman of the convention called the name of each delegate, who gave his vote orally. Clay received 155 votes, with delegate Frederick H. Shuman of North Carolina abstaining because he believed that Clay could not win and should wait until 1836. As additional delegates arrived, they were allowed to cast their votes for Clay, and by the end of the convention he had 167 votes to one abstention. A similar procedure was used for the vice-presidential ballot. Former Congressman John Sergeant of Pennsylvania was nominated with 64 votes to six abstentions. A prominent Philadelphia attorney with connections to the Second Bank of the United States and a reputation as an opponent of slavery, Sergeant gave the ticket geographical balance.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1717172, 50585, 55568, 253264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 562, 575 ], [ 652, 664 ], [ 698, 730 ], [ 766, 773 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first national nominating convention for a presidential candidate in American history was held by the Anti-Masonic Party in Baltimore, Maryland from September 26–28, 1831. The convention was attended by 116 delegates from thirteen states with Maryland being the furthest state in the South represented. The leaders of the party attempted to give the presidential nomination to Clay and Supreme Court Justice John McLean, but both declined.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 21826300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 412, 423 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several prominent politicians were considered for the presidential nomination. Richard Rush would have been the nominee, but pointedly refused. As a result of this action, along with his softness toward Jackson, former President John Quincy Adams never forgave him. Adams was willing to run as the Anti-Masonic candidate, but the party leaders did not want to risk running someone so unpopular.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 663486, 15654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 91 ], [ 229, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The delegates met behind closed doors for several days before the convention officially opened, making some initial decisions. Several unofficial presidential ballots and one official ballot were taken, in which William Wirt defeated Rush and John McLean for the nomination. Ironically, Wirt was a Mason and even defended the Order in a speech before the convention that nominated him. Wirt hoped for an endorsement from the National Republicans. When the National Republican Party nominated Henry Clay, Wirt's position became awkward. He did not withdraw, even though he had no chance of being elected.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 21826300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 243, 254 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The convention was organized on September 26 and heard reports of its committees on the 27th. The 28th was spent on the official roll call for president and vice president. During the balloting, each delegate's name was called, after which that delegate placed a written ballot in a special box. Wirt was nominated for president with 108 votes to one for Rush and two abstentions. Amos Ellmaker was nominated for vice president with 108 votes to one for John C. Spencer (chairman of the convention) and two abstentions.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 779284, 371476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 381, 394 ], [ 454, 469 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While the South Carolina state legislature remained nominally under Democratic control, it refused to support Jackson's reelection due to the ongoing Nullification Crisis, and instead opted to back a ticket proposed by the Nullifier Party led by John C. Calhoun. The Nullifiers were made up of former members of the Democratic-Republican Party who had largely supported Jackson at the previous election, but were much stauncher proponents of states' rights, which ultimately led them to repudiate Jackson during his first term. Calhoun himself declined to head the ticket, instead nominating Governor of Virginia John Floyd, who also opposed Jackson's stance on states' rights. Merchant and economist Henry Lee was nominated as Floyd's running mate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 27956, 376083, 2492437, 52110, 32080, 407755, 253093, 2630897, 6572895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 24 ], [ 150, 170 ], [ 223, 238 ], [ 246, 261 ], [ 316, 343 ], [ 442, 456 ], [ 592, 612 ], [ 613, 623 ], [ 701, 710 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ultimately, Floyd's candidacy amounted to little more than a protest against Jackson, as his ticket did not run in any state outside of South Carolina. He nonetheless received all the state's electoral votes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The election campaign revolved around the Second Bank of the United States. Jackson, who disliked banks and paper money in general, vetoed the renewal of the Bank's charter and withdrew federal deposits from the bank. Clay hoped to divide Jackson's supporters and curry favor in Pennsylvania, the bank's headquarters, by attacking Jackson. His supporters criticized Jackson's use of presidential veto power, portraying him as \"King Andrew.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 55568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, the attacks on Jackson generally failed, in spite of heavy funding by the bank, as Jackson convinced the ordinary population that he was defending them against a privileged elite. Jackson campaign events were marked by enormous turnout, and he swept Pennsylvania and the vast majority of the country.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jackson won the election in an electoral college landslide. Jackson received 219 electoral votes, defeating Clay (49), Floyd (11), and Wirt (7) by a large margin.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jackson's popularity with the American public and the vitality of the political movement with which he was associated is confirmed by the fact that no president was again able to secure a majority of the popular vote in two consecutive elections until Ulysses S. Grant in 1872.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 31752, 40522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 252, 268 ], [ 272, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To date, only two other presidents from the Democratic party were ever able to replicate this feat: Franklin D. Roosevelt (for the first time in 1936) and Barack Obama (in 2012). Furthermore, no president succeeded in securing re-election again until Abraham Lincoln in 1864.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 10979, 40558, 534366, 20102947, 307, 40520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 121 ], [ 145, 149 ], [ 155, 167 ], [ 172, 176 ], [ 251, 266 ], [ 270, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In spite of his achievement, Jackson was the second of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in the prior election. The other four are James Madison in 1812, Grover Cleveland in 1892, Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944, and Barack Obama in 2012.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 15950, 40476, 12495, 40528, 10979, 40559, 40560, 534366, 20102947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 188, 201 ], [ 205, 209 ], [ 211, 227 ], [ 231, 235 ], [ 237, 258 ], [ 262, 266 ], [ 271, 275 ], [ 281, 293 ], [ 297, 301 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the election and Clay's defeat, an Anti-Jackson coalition would be formed out of National Republicans, Anti-Masons, disaffected Jacksonians, and small remnants of the Federalist Party whose last political activity was with them a decade before. In the short term, it formed the Whig Party in a coalition against President Jackson and his reforms.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 32086, 32078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 177, 193 ], [ 288, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 27956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(b) 66,706 Pennsylvanians voted for the Union slate, which represented both Clay and Wirt. These voters have been assigned to Wirt and not Clay.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(c) All of John Floyd's electoral votes came from South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(d) Two electors from Maryland for Clay failed to cast votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 1832 presidential election results, by state, are displayed in the map below.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align:right\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! colspan=2 |", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center colspan=3 | Andrew JacksonDemocratic", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center colspan=3 | Henry ClayNational Republican", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center colspan=3 | William WirtAnti-Masonic", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center colspan=3 | John FloydNullifier", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! colspan=\"2\" |Margin", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center colspan=2 | State Total", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center | State", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! style=\"text-align:center; font-size: 60%\" | electoralvotes", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center | #", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center | %", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! style=\"text-align:center; font-size: 60%\" | electoralvotes", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center | #", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center | %", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! style=\"text-align:center; font-size: 60%\" | electoralvotes", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center | #", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center | %", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! style=\"text-align:center; font-size: 60%\" | electoralvotes", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center | #", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center | %", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! style=\"text-align:center; font-size: 60%\" | electoralvotes", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center | #", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center | %", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! align=center | #", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! style\"text-align:left\" | Alabama", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 39075322 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "! 7", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| 14,286", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| 99.97", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| 7", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| 5", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| 0.03", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| -", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| colspan=3 align=center | no ballots", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| colspan=3 align=center | no ballots", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|14,281", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|99.94", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| 14,291", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! 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TO WIN:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! 145", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! colspan=\"17\" |", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|}", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 1%:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tipping point states:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for a Jackson victory)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for a Clay victory)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21211974 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States (1789-1849)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1832 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1832 and 1833 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27099082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Belko, William S. \"Toward the Second American Party System: Southern Jacksonians, the Election of 1832, and the Rise of the Democratic Party.\" Ohio Valley History 14.1 (2014): 28–50. online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cheathem, Mark R. The Coming of Democracy: Presidential Campaigning in the Age of Jackson (2018)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cole, Donald B. \"The Presidential Election of 1832 in New Hampshire.\" Historical New Hampshire 21#1 (1966) pp: 32–50.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Eriksson, Erik McKinley. \"Official Newspaper Organs and Jackson's Re-election, 1832.\" Tennessee Historical Magazine 9.1 (1925): 37-58 online.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Folsom, Burton W. \"Party Formation and Development in Jacksonian America: The Old South.\" Journal of American Studies 7#3 (1973): 217–229.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Holt, Michael F. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (Oxford University Press, 1999)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Remini, Robert V. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1993)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 1981274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Remini, Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom 1822-1832 (1981), detailed biography", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Remini, Robert V. \"Election of 1832.\" in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. ed. History of American Presidential Elections (1968) vol 1 pp 494–516, Detailed coverage plus primary source", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ward, John William.(1955) Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age. New York: Oxford University Press.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 816872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1832: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Note: the account of the convention in Niles' Weekly Register has more information than the printed proceedings.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The proceedings of the United States Anti-Masonic Convention: held at Philadelphia, September 11, 1830.''", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " source for \"Electoral college selection\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1832 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1832_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson", "Andrew_Jackson", "Martin_Van_Buren", "Henry_Clay", "November_1832_events", "December_1832_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1832" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1836 United States presidential election was the 13th quadrennial presidential election, held from Thursday, November 3 to Wednesday, December 7, 1836. In the third consecutive election victory for the Democratic Party, incumbent Vice President Martin Van Buren defeated four candidates fielded by the nascent Whig Party.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 5043544, 32759, 19763, 32078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 206, 222 ], [ 234, 248 ], [ 249, 265 ], [ 314, 324 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1835 Democratic National Convention chose a ticket of Van Buren (President Andrew Jackson's handpicked successor) and U.S. Representative Richard Mentor Johnson of Kentucky. The Whig Party, which had only recently emerged and was primarily united by opposition to Jackson, was not yet sufficiently organized to agree on a single candidate. Hoping to compel a contingent election in the House of Representatives by denying the Democrats an electoral majority, the Whigs ran multiple candidates. Most Northern and border state Whigs supported the ticket led by former Senator William Henry Harrison of Ohio, while most Southern Whigs supported the ticket led by Senator Hugh Lawson White of Tennessee. Two other Whigs, Daniel Webster and Willie Person Mangum, carried Massachusetts and South Carolina respectively on single-state tickets.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13471160, 1623, 89110, 52185316, 19468510, 33299, 360931, 51613, 516498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 79, 93 ], [ 142, 164 ], [ 363, 382 ], [ 390, 414 ], [ 578, 600 ], [ 672, 689 ], [ 721, 735 ], [ 740, 760 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite facing multiple candidates, Van Buren won a majority of the electoral vote, and he won a majority of the popular vote in both the North and the South. Nonetheless, the Whig strategy came very close to success, as Van Buren won the decisive state of Pennsylvania by just over two points. As Virginia's electors voted for Van Buren but refused to vote for Johnson, Johnson fell one vote short of an electoral majority, compelling a contingent election for vice president. In that contingent election, the United States Senate elected Johnson over Harrison's running mate, Francis Granger, on the first ballot.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24909346, 1223923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 511, 531 ], [ 578, 593 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Van Buren was the third incumbent vice president to win election as president, an event which would not happen again until 1988, when George H. W. Bush was elected president. Harrison finished second in both the popular and electoral vote, and his strong performance helped him win the Whig nomination in the 1840 presidential election. The election of 1836 was crucial in developing the Second Party System and a stable two-party system more generally. By the end of the election, nearly every independent faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 39531, 11955, 40513, 3652251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 127 ], [ 134, 151 ], [ 309, 335 ], [ 388, 407 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1835 Democratic National Convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland, from 20–22 May 1835. The early date of the convention was selected by President Andrew Jackson to prevent the formation of opposition to Martin Van Buren. Twenty-two states and two territories were represented at the convention with Alabama, Illinois, and South Carolina being unrepresented. The delegate amount per state varied from Maryland having 188 delegates to cast its ten votes while Tennessee's fifteen votes were cast by one delegate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 13471160, 26997138, 18858, 1623, 19763, 303, 14849, 27956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 52, 61 ], [ 63, 71 ], [ 153, 167 ], [ 210, 226 ], [ 306, 313 ], [ 315, 323 ], [ 329, 343 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The convention saw the first credentials dispute in American history with two rival delegations from Pennsylvania claiming the state's votes. The issue was solved by seating both delegations and having them share the state's votes. An attempt to remove the two-thirds requirement for the selection of a candidate was passed by a vote of 231 to 210, but was later restored through a voice vote.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some Southerners opposed Johnson's nomination, due to his open relationship with an enslaved woman, whom he had regarded as his common-law wife. At the convention, Van Buren was nominated unanimously with all 265 delegates in favor, but the Virginia delegates supported Senator William Cabell Rives against Johnson. However, Rives got little support and Johnson was nominated with one more vote than the two-thirds requirement.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 194261, 2900581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 143 ], [ 278, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Whig Party emerged during the 1834 mid-term elections as the chief opposition to the Democratic Party. The party was formed from members of the National Republican Party, the Anti-Masonic Party, disaffected Jacksonians, and small remnants of the Federalist Party (people whose last political activity was with them a decade before). Some Southerners who were angered by Jackson's opposition to states' rights, including Sen. John C. Calhoun and the Nullifiers, also temporarily joined the Whig coalition.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 43184669, 307320, 32301, 372347, 32086, 407755, 52110, 376083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 57 ], [ 148, 173 ], [ 179, 197 ], [ 211, 222 ], [ 250, 266 ], [ 398, 412 ], [ 429, 444 ], [ 453, 463 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unlike the Democrats, the Whigs did not hold a national convention. Instead, state legislatures and state conventions nominated candidates, being the reason why so many candidates from the Whig party ran in the general election. Southern Nullifiers placed Tennessee Senator Hugh Lawson White into contention for the presidency in 1834 soon after his break with Jackson. White was a moderate on the states' rights issue, which made him acceptable in the South, but not in the North. The state legislatures of Alabama and Tennessee officially nominated White. The South Carolina state legislature nominated Senator Willie Person Mangum of North Carolina. By early 1835, Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster was building support among Northern Whigs. Both Webster and White used Senate debates to establish their positions on the issues of the day, as newspapers carried the text of their speeches nationwide. The Pennsylvania legislature nominated popular former general William Henry Harrison, who had led American forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe. The Whigs hoped that Harrison's reputation as a military hero could win voter support. Harrison soon displaced Webster as the preferred candidate of Northern Whigs. State legislatures, particularly in larger states, also nominated various vice presidential candidates.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 360931, 407755, 516498, 51613, 33299, 91853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 274, 291 ], [ 398, 412 ], [ 613, 633 ], [ 690, 704 ], [ 969, 991 ], [ 1028, 1048 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite multiple candidates, there was only one Whig ticket in each state. The Whigs ended up with two main tickets: William Henry Harrison for president and Francis Granger for vice president in the North and the border states, and Hugh Lawson White for president and John Tyler for vice president in the middle and lower South. In Massachusetts, the ticket was Daniel Webster for president and Granger for vice president. In South Carolina, the ticket was Mangum for president and Tyler for vice president. Of the four Whig presidential candidates, only Harrison was on the ballot in enough states for it to be mathematically possible for him to win a majority in the Electoral College, and even then, it would have required him to win Van Buren's home state of New York.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1223923, 19732690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 173 ], [ 269, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the negative views of Freemasonry among a large segment of the public began to wane in the mid 1830s, the Anti-Masonic Party began to disintegrate. Some of its members began moving to the Whig Party, which had a broader issue base than the Anti-Masons. The Whigs were also regarded as a better alternative to the Democrats.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 11227, 32301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 39 ], [ 112, 130 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A state convention for the Anti-Masonic Party was held in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania from December 14–17, 1835, to choose Presidential Electors for the 1836 election. The convention unanimously nominated William Henry Harrison for president and Francis Granger for vice president. The Vermont state Anti-Masonic convention followed suit on February 24, 1836. Anti-Masonic leaders were unable to obtain assurance from Harrison that he was not a Mason, so they called a national convention. The second national Anti-Masonic nominating convention was held in Philadelphia on May 4, 1836. The meeting was divisive, but a majority of the delegates officially stated that the party was not sponsoring a national ticket for the presidential election of 1836 and proposed a meeting in 1837 to discuss the future of the party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 57849, 23332, 50585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 68 ], [ 70, 82 ], [ 554, 566 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Nullifier Party had also begun to decline sharply since the previous election, after it became clear that the doctrine of nullification lacked sufficient support outside of the party's political base of South Carolina to ever make the Nullifiers more than a fringe party nationwide. Many party members began to drift towards the Democratic Party, but there was no question of the party endorsing Van Buren's bid for the presidency, as he and Calhoun were sworn enemies. Seeing little point in running their own ticket, Calhoun pushed the party into backing the White/Tyler ticket, as White had previously sided against Jackson during the Nullification Crisis.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2492437, 13872629, 27956, 376083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ], [ 126, 139 ], [ 207, 221 ], [ 642, 662 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the aftermath of the Nat Turner slave rebellion and other events, slavery emerged as an increasingly prominent political issue. Calhoun attacked Van Buren, saying that he could not be trusted to protect Southern interests and accusing the sitting Vice President of affiliating with abolitionists. Van Buren defeated Harrison by a margin of 51.4% to 48.6% in the North, and he defeated White by a similar margin of 50.7% to 49.3% in the South.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 7124229 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A dispute similar to that of Indiana in 1817 and Missouri in 1821 arose during the counting of the electoral votes. Michigan only became a state on January 26, 1837, and had cast its electoral votes for president before that date. Anticipating a challenge to the results, Congress resolved on February 4, 1837, that during the counting four days later the final tally was read twice, once with Michigan and once without Michigan. The counting proceeded in accordance with the resolution. The dispute had no bearing on the final result: either way Van Buren was elected, and either way no candidate had a majority for vice-president.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40507, 40508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 44 ], [ 61, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Whigs' strategy narrowly failed to prevent Van Buren's election as president, though he earned a somewhat lower share of the popular vote and fewer electoral votes than Andrew Jackson had in either of the previous two elections.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The key state in this election was ultimately Pennsylvania, which Van Buren won from Harrison with a narrow majority of just 4,222 votes. Had Harrison won the state, Van Buren would have been left eight votes short of an Electoral College majority - despite receiving a majority (50.48%) in the popular vote - and the Whig goal to force the election into the House of Representatives (in accordance with the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution) would have succeeded.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 31664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 408, 459 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a contingent election, the House would have been required to choose between Van Buren, Harrison, and White as the three candidates with the most electoral votes. Jacksonians controlled enough state delegations (14 out of 26) and enough Senate seats (31 out of 52) to win both the Presidency and the Vice-Presidency in a contingent election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which the Democrats won Connecticut, Rhode Island, and North Carolina until 1852. This was also the only election where South Carolina voted for the Whigs, and the last time it voted against the Democrats until 1868. It was also the last time that a Democrat was elected to the U.S. presidency succeeding a Democrat who had served two terms as U.S. president.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In an unusual turn of events, Virginia's 23 electors, who were all pledged to Van Buren and his running mate Richard Mentor Johnson, became faithless electors due to dissention related to Johnson's interracial relationship with a slave and refused to vote for Johnson, instead casting their vice-presidential votes for former South Carolina senator William Smith.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1387946, 2874726 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 157 ], [ 349, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This left Johnson one electoral vote short of an Electoral College majority, forcing a contingent election in the Senate decided between the top two vote recipients, Johnson and Francis Granger. Since no vice presidential candidate received a majority of electoral votes, and for the only time in American history, the Senate decided a vice presidential race, selecting Democratic candidate Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 27956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(b) Mangum received his electoral votes from South Carolina where the electors were chosen by the state legislatures rather than by popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836-1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for a Van Buren victory)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for a Harrison victory)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since no candidate for vice president received a majority of the electoral votes, the U.S. Senate held a contingent election in which the top two electoral vote recipients, Richard Johnson and Francis Granger, were the candidates. On February 8, 1837, Johnson was elected on the first ballot by a vote of 33 to 16; the vote proceeded largely along party lines, albeit with three Whigs voting for Johnson, one Democrat voting for Granger, and three abstentions (Hugh L. White declined to vote out of respect for his own running-mate, John Tyler, while the two Nullifier Party senators refused to back either candidate). This is the only time that the Senate has exercised this power.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "1837 contingent election", "target_page_ids": [ 52185316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inauguration of Martin Van Buren", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21212042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1836 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668173 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1836 and 1837 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27085582 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brown, Thomas. \"The miscegenation of Richard Mentor Johnson as an issue in the national election campaign of 1835-1836.\" Civil War History 39.1 (1993): 5-30. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cheathem, Mark. R. The Coming of Democracy: Presidential Campaigning in the Age of Jackson (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ershkowitz, Herbert B. \"The Election of 1836.\" in American Presidential Campaigns and Elections;; (Routledge, 2020) pp. 270-288.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hoffmann, William S. \"The Election of 1836 in North Carolina.\" North Carolina Historical Review 32.1 (1955): 31–51. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " McCormick, Richard P. \"Was There a\" Whig Strategy\" in 1836?.\" Journal of the Early Republic 4.1 (1984): 47-70. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shade, William G. \"'The Most Delicate and Exciting Topics': Martin Van Buren, Slavery, and the Election of 1836.\" Journal of the Early Republic 18.3 (1998): 459-484 online.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Silbey, Joel H. \"Election of 1836,\" in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and Fred L. Israel, eds. History of American Presidential Elections (4 vols., 1971), I, 577–64, history plus primary sources", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Towers, Frank. \"The Rise of the Whig Party.\" in A Companion to the Era of Andrew Jackson (2013): 328–347.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1836 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1836: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1836 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1836_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren", "Martin_Van_Buren", "William_Henry_Harrison", "John_Tyler", "November_1836_events", "December_1836_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1836" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1840 United States presidential election was the 14th quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, October 30 to Wednesday, December 2, 1840. Economic recovery from the Panic of 1837 was incomplete, and Whig nominee William Henry Harrison defeated incumbent President Martin Van Buren of the Democratic Party. The election marked the first of two Whig victories in presidential elections.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 225600, 32078, 33299, 24113, 19763, 5043544 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 181, 194 ], [ 215, 219 ], [ 228, 250 ], [ 270, 279 ], [ 280, 296 ], [ 304, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1839, the Whigs held a national convention for the first time. The 1839 Whig National Convention saw 1836 nominee William Henry Harrison defeat former Secretary of State Henry Clay and General Winfield Scott. Van Buren faced little opposition at the 1840 Democratic National Convention, but controversial Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson was not re-nominated. The Democrats thus became the only major party since the passage of the Twelfth Amendment to fail to select a vice presidential nominee.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4189005, 47620, 61403, 22455184, 89110, 31664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 99 ], [ 173, 183 ], [ 196, 210 ], [ 253, 288 ], [ 323, 345 ], [ 440, 457 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Referencing vice presidential nominee John Tyler and Harrison's participation in the Battle of Tippecanoe, the Whigs campaigned on the slogan of \"Tippecanoe and Tyler Too.\" With Van Buren weakened by economic woes, Harrison won a popular majority and 234 of 294 electoral votes. Voter participation surged as white male suffrage became nearly universal, and a contemporary record of 42.4% of the voting age population voted for Harrison. Van Buren's loss made him the third president, and the first outside the Adams family, to lose re-election.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19732690, 91853, 9871019, 85533, 635995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 48 ], [ 85, 105 ], [ 146, 170 ], [ 262, 277 ], [ 511, 523 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Whigs did not enjoy the benefits of victory. The 67-year-old Harrison, the oldest U.S. president elected until Ronald Reagan won the 1980 presidential election, died a little more than a month after inauguration. Harrison was succeeded by John Tyler, who unexpectedly proved not to be a Whig. While Tyler had been a staunch supporter of Clay at the convention, he was a former Democrat, a passionate supporter of states' rights, and effectively an independent. As President, Tyler blocked the Whigs' legislative agenda and was expelled from the Whig Party, subsequently the second independent (after Washington) to serve as president. This is the only election where the Whigs won a majority of the vote, and the last time a non-Democratic or Republican candidate has done so.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25433, 40570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 128 ], [ 137, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first national convention of the Whig Party was called for by members of the party in Congress and it was attended by almost 250 delegates in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Henry Clay, William Henry Harrison, and Winfield Scott ran for the party's presidential nomination. The delegations of each state balloted separately before meeting together with the other representatives of the states. Clay initially led on the first ballot, but Harrison won on the final ballot with 148 votes compared to Clay's 90 votes and Scott's 16 votes after supporters from Scott switched to Harrison. John Tyler was selected as a fractional and geographical balance to Harrison.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 57849, 47620, 33299, 61403, 19732690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 170 ], [ 172, 182 ], [ 184, 206 ], [ 212, 226 ], [ 583, 593 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic members of the New Hampshire General Court made a call for the 1840 Democratic National Convention which was held in Baltimore, Maryland in May 1840. Delegates from twenty-two states attended the convention, but the sizes of the delegations varied with New Jersey having fifty-nine delegates to cast its eight votes while Massachusetts only had one delegate to cast its fourteen votes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 426255, 22455184, 26997138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 53 ], [ 74, 109 ], [ 128, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A committee was formed to make recommendations for the nominations and the committee supported Van Buren for renomination which was approved by acclamation. However, the vice-presidential nomination was left vacant due to opposition to Vice President Richard M. Johnson's personal life.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 89110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 251, 269 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the negative views of Freemasonry among a large segment of the public began to wane in the mid 1830s, the Anti-Masonic Party had begun to disintegrate. Its leaders began to move one by one to the Whig party. Party leaders met in September 1837 in Washington, D.C., and agreed to maintain the party. The third Anti-Masonic Party National Convention was held in Philadelphia on November 13–14, 1838. By this time, the party had been almost entirely supplanted by the Whigs. The delegates unanimously voted to nominate William Henry Harrison for president (who the party had supported for president the previous election along with Francis Granger for vice president) and Daniel Webster for vice president. However, when the Whig National Convention nominated Harrison with John Tyler as his running mate, the Anti-Masonic Party did not make an alternate nomination and ceased to function and was fully absorbed into the Whigs by 1840.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 32301, 108956, 1223923, 51613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 130 ], [ 253, 269 ], [ 635, 650 ], [ 675, 689 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "James G. Birney, Myron Holley, Joshua Leavitt, and Gerrit Smith proposed the creation of an anti-slavery party. In July 1839, two resolutions proposed by Holley at the American Anti-Slavery Society's meeting Cleveland, which called for the creation of an abolitionist party, failed. Members of the society who supported the creation of a party nominated Birney and Francis Julius LeMoyne as a presidential ticket at a meeting in Warsaw, New York. However, Birney declined the presidential nomination as he preferred a nomination to be made by a regular body of abolitionists and LeyMoyne also declined the vice-presidential nomination. Smith and Holley made a call for an abolitionist nominating convention to be held on April 1, 1840, in Albany, New York. 121 delegates attended the delegation and selected a presidential ticket of Birney and Thomas Earle. which was accepted. and the name Liberty Party was selected.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 380657, 18390408, 17720791, 1165403, 364528, 5951, 12585967, 260198, 52106, 2901335, 19118138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 17, 29 ], [ 31, 45 ], [ 51, 63 ], [ 168, 197 ], [ 208, 217 ], [ 365, 387 ], [ 429, 445 ], [ 739, 755 ], [ 844, 856 ], [ 891, 904 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Birney was unable to campaign during the election as he was in England until November. The Liberty Party received opposition from followers of William Lloyd Garrison and abolitionist Whigs. The party did not produce enough ballots and received 7,453 votes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 9316, 149837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 70 ], [ 143, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the wake of the Panic of 1837, Van Buren was widely unpopular, and Harrison, following Andrew Jackson's strategy, ran as a war hero and man of the people while presenting Van Buren as a wealthy snob living in luxury at the public expense. Although Harrison was comfortably wealthy and well educated, his \"log cabin\" image caught fire, sweeping all sections of the country.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 225600, 1623, 639823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 32 ], [ 90, 104 ], [ 308, 317 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Harrison avoided campaigning on the issues, with his Whig Party attracting a broad coalition with few common ideals. The Whig strategy overall was to win the election by avoiding discussion of difficult national issues such as slavery or the national bank and concentrate instead on exploiting dissatisfaction over the failed policies of the Van Buren administration with colorful campaigning techniques.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Harrison was the first president to campaign actively for office. He did so with the slogan \"Tippecanoe and Tyler too\". Tippecanoe referred to Harrison's military victory over a group of Shawnee Native Americans at a river in Indiana called Tippecanoe in 1811. For their part, Democrats laughed at Harrison for being too old for the presidency, and referred to him as \"Granny\", hinting that he was senile. Said one Democratic newspaper: \"Give him a barrel of hard cider, and ... a pension of two thousand [dollars] a year ... and ... he will sit the remainder of his days in his log cabin.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 9871019, 91853, 586227, 182461, 19614253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 117 ], [ 143, 170 ], [ 187, 194 ], [ 241, 251 ], [ 459, 469 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whigs took advantage of this quip and declared that Harrison was \"the log cabin and hard cider candidate\", a man of the common people from the rough-and-tumble West. They depicted Harrison's opponent, President Martin Van Buren, as a wealthy snob who was out of touch with the people. In fact, it was Harrison who came from a family of wealthy planters, while Van Buren's father was a tavernkeeper. Harrison however moved to the frontier and for years lived in a log cabin, while Van Buren had been a well-paid government official.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 19763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 211, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nonetheless, the election was held during the worst economic depression in the nation's history, and voters blamed Van Buren, seeing him as unsympathetic to struggling citizens. Harrison campaigned vigorously and won.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Harrison won the support of western settlers and eastern bankers alike. The extent of Van Buren's unpopularity was evident in Harrison's victories in New York, the president's home state, and in Tennessee, where Andrew Jackson himself had come out of retirement to stump for his former vice-president.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Few Americans were surprised when Van Buren lost in the electoral vote by 234 to 60, but many were amazed by the closeness of the popular vote: of 2.41million votes cast, Van Buren lost by only 146,500, and a shift of 20,000 votes to Van Buren in Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania would have left the electoral college in a 147–147 tie, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Given all the circumstances, it is surprising that the Democrats performed as well as they did.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 1,179 counties/independent cities making returns, Harrison won in 699 (59.29%) while Van Buren carried 477 (40.46%). Three counties (0.25%) in the South split evenly between Harrison and Van Buren.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Harrison's victory won him precious little time as chief executive of the United States. After giving the longest inauguration speech in U.S. history (lasting about 1 hour and 45 minutes, in cold weather and rain), Harrison served only one month as president before dying of pneumonia on April 4, 1841. This was also the first election in US history in which a candidate won more than a million popular votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21198201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 133 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election where Indiana voted for the Whigs. It is also the only election where the Whigs won Maine, Michigan, and Mississippi. The election was also the last time that Mississippi voted against the Democrats until 1872, the last in which Indiana did so until 1860 and the last in which Maine and Michigan did so until 1856.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 1840 presidential election was the only U.S. presidential election in which four people who either had been or would become a U.S. President (Van Buren, Harrison, Tyler, and Polk) received at least one vote in the Electoral College.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 27956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–257.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 1%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Tippecanoe and Tyler too\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Campaign songs/slogans", "target_page_ids": [ 9871019 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the film Amistad, Van Buren (played by Nigel Hawthorne) is seen campaigning for re-election. These scenes have been criticized for their historical inaccuracy.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 418110, 93754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 19 ], [ 42, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1840 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1840 and 1841 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26996436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second Party System", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3652251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chambers, William Nisbet. \"The Election of 1840\" in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (ed.) History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–1968 (1971) vol 2; analysis plus primary sources", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cheathem, Mark. R. The Coming of Democracy: Presidential Campaigning in the Age of Jackson (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2018)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ellis, Richard J. Old Tip vs. the Sly Fox: The 1840 Election and the Making of a Partisan Nation (U of Kansas Press, 2020) online review", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Formisano, Ronald P. \"The new political history and the election of 1840,\" Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Spring 1993, Vol. 23 Issue 4, pp.661–82 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Greeley's description of the 1840 election is posted on Wikisource.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Holt, Michael F. \"The Election of 1840, Voter Mobilization, and the Emergence of the Second American Party System: A Reappraisal of Jacksonian Voting Behavior\", in Holt and John McCardell, eds. A Master's Due: Essays in Honor of David Herbert Donald (1986); emphasizes economic factors; See Formisano (1993) for criticism", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Leahy, Christopher J. President without a Party: The Life of John Tyler (LSU, 2020), a major scholarly biography; excerpt also online review", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shade, William G. \"Politics and Parties in Jacksonian America\", Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 110, No. 4 (Oct. 1986), pp.483–507 online", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Zboray, Ronald J., and Mary Saracino Zboray. \"Whig Women, Politics, and Culture in the Campaign of 1840: Three Perspectives from Massachusetts\", Journal of the Early Republic Vol. 17, No. 2 (Summer, 1997), pp.277–315 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1840: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Campaign of 1840: William Henry Harrison and Tyler, Too\" high school level lesson plans and documents", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1840 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1840 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1840 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1840_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_William_Henry_Harrison", "William_Henry_Harrison", "Martin_Van_Buren", "John_Tyler" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1840" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1844 United States presidential election was the 15th quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, November 1 to Wednesday, December 4, 1844. Democrat James K. Polk defeated Whig Henry Clay in a close contest turning on the controversial issues of slavery and the annexation of the Republic of Texas. As of 2022, this is the most recent presidential election where the election took place on different days in different states.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 5043544, 15980, 32078, 47620, 253264, 355738, 25457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 154, 162 ], [ 163, 176 ], [ 186, 190 ], [ 191, 201 ], [ 260, 267 ], [ 276, 286 ], [ 294, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "President John Tyler's pursuit of Texas annexation threatened the unity of both major parties. Annexation would geographically expand American slavery. It also risked war with Mexico while the United States engaged in sensitive possession and boundary negotiations with the United Kingdom, which controlled Canada, over Oregon. Texas annexation thus posed both domestic and foreign policy risks. Both major parties had wings in the North and the South, but the possibility of the expansion of slavery threatened a sectional split in each party. Expelled by the Whig Party after vetoing key Whig legislation and lacking a firm political base, Tyler hoped to use the annexation of Texas to win re-election as an independent or at least to have decisive, pro-Texas influence over the election.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19732690, 21073732, 152256, 5042916, 327342, 509638, 179553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 20 ], [ 169, 184 ], [ 276, 290 ], [ 309, 315 ], [ 322, 328 ], [ 436, 441 ], [ 450, 455 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The early leader for the Democratic nomination was former President Martin Van Buren, but his rejection of Texas annexation damaged his candidacy. Opposition from former President Andrew Jackson and most Southern delegations, plus a nomination rule change likely specifically aimed to block him, prevented Van Buren from winning the necessary two-thirds vote of delegates to the 1844 Democratic National Convention. The convention instead chose James K. Polk, former Governor of Tennessee and U. S. House Speaker, who emerged as the first dark horse nominee. Polk ran on a platform embracing popular commitment to expansion, often referred to as Manifest Destiny. Tyler dropped out of the race and endorsed Polk. The Whigs nominated Henry Clay, a famous, long-time party leader who was the early favorite but who conspicuously waffled on Texas annexation. Though a Southerner from Kentucky and a slave owner, Clay chose to focus on the risks of annexation while claiming not to oppose it personally. His awkward, repeated attempts to adjust and finesse his position on Texas confused and alienated voters, contrasting negatively with Polk's consistent clarity.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19763, 1623, 22455051, 15980, 233847, 46023, 314017, 90664, 47620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 84 ], [ 180, 194 ], [ 379, 414 ], [ 445, 458 ], [ 467, 488 ], [ 493, 512 ], [ 539, 549 ], [ 646, 662 ], [ 733, 743 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Polk successfully linked the dispute with the United Kingdom over Oregon with the Texas issue. The Democratic nominee thus united anti-slavery Northern expansionists, who demanded Oregon, with pro-slavery Southern expansionists who demanded Texas. In the national popular vote, Polk beat Clay by fewer than 40,000 votes, a margin of 1.4%. James G. Birney of the anti-slavery Liberty Party won 2.3% of the vote. As President, Polk completed American annexation of Texas, which was the proximate cause of the Mexican–American War.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 474389, 327342, 380657, 19118138, 21073732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 36 ], [ 66, 72 ], [ 339, 354 ], [ 375, 388 ], [ 507, 527 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whigs and Democrats embarked upon their campaigns during the climax of the congressional gag rule controversies in 1844, which prompted Southern congressmen to suppress northern petitions to end the slave trade in the District of Columbia. Anti-annexation petitions to Congress sent from northern anti-slavery forces, including state legislatures, were similarly suppressed. Intra-party sectional compromises and maneuvering on slavery politics during these divisive debates placed significant strain on the northern and southern wings that comprised each political organization. The question as to whether the institution of slavery and its aristocratic principles of social authority were compatible with democratic republicanism was becoming \"a permanent issue in national politics\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 62967886, 108956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 97 ], [ 218, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1836, a portion of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas declared its independence to form the Republic of Texas. Texans, mostly American immigrants from the Deep South, many of whom owned slaves, sought to bring their republic into the Union as a state. At first, the subject of annexing Texas to the United States was shunned by both major American political parties. Although they recognized Texas sovereignty, Presidents Andrew Jackson (1829–1837) and Martin Van Buren (1837–1841) declined to pursue annexation. The prospect of bringing another slave state into the Union was fraught with problems. Both major parties – the Democrats and Whigs – viewed Texas statehood as something \"not worth a foreign war [with Mexico]\" or the \"sectional combat\" that annexation would provoke in the United States.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 668382, 25457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 59 ], [ 98, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The incumbent President John Tyler, formerly vice-president, had assumed the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison in 1841. Tyler, a Whig in name only, emerged as a states' rights advocate committed to slavery expansion in defiance of his party's principles. After he vetoed the Whig domestic legislative agenda, he was expelled from his own party on September 13, 1841. Politically isolated, but unencumbered by party restraints, Tyler aligned himself with a small faction of Texas annexationists in a bid for election to a full term in 1844.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 19732690, 33299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 34 ], [ 106, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyler became convinced that Great Britain was encouraging a Texas–Mexico rapprochement that might lead to slave emancipation in the Texas republic. Accordingly, he directed Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur of Virginia to initiate, then relentlessly pursue, secret annexation talks with Texas minister to the United States Isaac Van Zandt, beginning on October 16, 1843.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 32293, 603088, 323265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 173, 191 ], [ 192, 206 ], [ 323, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyler submitted his Texas-US treaty for annexation to the US Senate, delivered April 22, 1844, where a two-thirds majority was required for ratification. The newly appointed Secretary of State John C. Calhoun of South Carolina (assuming his post March 29, 1844) included a document known as the Packenham Letter with the Tyler bill that was calculated to inject a sense of crisis in Southern Democrats of the Deep South. In it, he characterized slavery as a social blessing and the acquisition of Texas as an emergency measure necessary to safeguard the \"peculiar institution\" in the United States. In doing so, Tyler and Calhoun sought to unite the South in a crusade that would present the North with an ultimatum: support Texas annexation or lose the South. Anti-slavery Whigs considered Texas annexation particularly egregious, since Mexico had outlawed slavery in Coahuila y Tejas in 1829, before Texas independence had been declared.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 52110, 401342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 193, 208 ], [ 409, 419 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1844 presidential campaigns evolved within the context of this struggle over Texas annexation, which was tied to the question of slavery expansion and national security. All candidates in the 1844 presidential election had to declare a position on this explosive issue.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Martin Van Buren, President of the United States between 1837 and 1841, and chief architect of Jacksonian democracy, was the presumptive Democratic presidential contender in the spring of 1844. With Secretary of State John C. Calhoun withdrawing his bid for the presidency in January 1844, the campaign was expected to focus on domestic issues. All this changed with the Tyler treaty. Van Buren regarded the Tyler annexation measure as an attempt to sabotage his bid for the White House by exacerbating the already strained North-South Democratic alliance regarding slavery expansion. Calhoun's Packenham Letter would serve to spur Democrats of the South to the task of forcing the Northern wing of the party to submit to Texas annexation, despite the high risk of \"aggressively injecting slavery into their political campaign over Texas.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 372347, 52110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 116 ], [ 219, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The annexation of Texas was the chief political issue of the day. Van Buren, initially the leading candidate, opposed immediate annexation because it might lead to a sectional crisis over the status of slavery in the West and lead to war with Mexico. This position cost Van Buren the support of southern and expansionist Democrats; as a result, he failed to win the nomination. The delegates likewise could not settle on Lewis Cass, the former Secretary of War, whose credentials also included past service as a U.S. minister to France.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 261824, 44000, 2630379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 422, 432 ], [ 445, 461 ], [ 513, 536 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the eighth ballot, the historian George Bancroft, a delegate from Massachusetts, proposed former House Speaker James K. Polk as a compromise candidate. Polk argued that Texas and Oregon had always belonged to the United States by right. He called for \"the immediate re-annexation of Texas\" and for the \"re-occupation\" of the disputed Oregon territory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 142785, 46023, 15980, 474389 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 51 ], [ 100, 113 ], [ 114, 127 ], [ 328, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the next roll call, the convention unanimously accepted Polk, who became the first dark horse, or little-known, presidential candidate. The delegates selected Senator Silas Wright of New York for Vice President, but Wright, an admirer of Van Buren, declined the nomination to become the first person to decline a vice presidential nomination. The Democrats then nominated George M. Dallas, a Pennsylvania lawyer.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 314017, 636049, 32759, 89117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 96 ], [ 170, 182 ], [ 199, 213 ], [ 375, 391 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Van Buren realized that accommodating slavery expansionists in the South would open the Northern Democrats to charges of appeasement to the Slave power from the strongly anti-annexation Northern Whigs and some Democrats. He crafted an emphatically anti-Texas position that temporized with expansionist southern Democrats, laying out a highly conditional scenario that delayed Texas annexation indefinitely. In the Hammett Letter, published April 27, 1844 (penned April 20), he counseled his party to reject Texas under a Tyler administration. Furthermore, annexation of Texas as a territory would proceed, tentatively, under a Van Buren administration, only when the American public had been consulted on the matter and Mexico's cooperation had been pursued to avoid an unnecessary war. A military option might be advanced if a groundswell of popular support arose for Texas, certified with a congressional mandate. In these respects, Martin Van Buren differed from Henry Clay, who would never tolerate annexation without Mexico's assent.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3645215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the publication of Clay's Raleigh Letter and Van Buren's Hammett Letter, Van Burenite Democrats hoped that their candidate's posture on Texas would leave southern pro-annexationists with exactly one choice for president: Martin Van Buren. In this, they misjudged the political situation. Tyler and the southern pro-annexationists posed a potentially far greater threat than Clay, in that the Tyler-Calhoun treaty would put immense pressure on the northern Democrats to comply with southern Democrats' demands for Texas.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Hammett Letter utterly failed to reassure Middle and Deep South extremists who had responded favorably to Calhoun's Pakenham Letter. A minority of the southern Democrat leadership remained obdurate that Northern Democratic legislators would ignore their constituents' opposition to slavery expansion and unite in support of Texas annexation once exposed to sufficient southern pressure.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The extent to which Southern Democrat support for Martin Van Buren had eroded over the Texas annexation crisis became evident when Van Buren's southern counterpart in the rise of the Democratic Party, Thomas Ritchie of the Richmond Enquirer, terminated their 20-year political alliance in favor of immediate annexation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 5913127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 201, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Calhoun gained significant credibility when his former nemesis, ex-President Andrew Jackson, publicly announced his support for immediate Texas annexation in May 1844. Jackson had facilitated Tyler's Texas negotiations in February 1844 by reassuring President of the Texas Republic Sam Houston that the US Senate ratification of the Tyler treaty was likely. As the Senate debated the Tyler treaty, Jackson declared that the popular support among Texans for annexation should be respected, and any delay would result in a British dominated Texas Republic that would promote slave emancipation and pose a foreign military threat to the southwest United States.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1623, 70530, 60024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 91 ], [ 250, 281 ], [ 282, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The former military hero went further, urging all Jacksonian Democrats to block Martin Van Buren from the party ticket and seek a Democratic presidential candidate fully committed to the immediate annexation of Texas. In doing so, Jackson abandoned the traditional Jeffersonian-Jacksonian formula that had required its Northern and Southern wings to compromise on constitutional slavery disputes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 372347 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Texas was fracturing Van Buren's support among Democrats and would \"derail\" his bid for President of the United States.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Historian Sean Wilentz describes some of the Democrat campaign tactics:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 5095780 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Beyond his actual platform, Polk pledged to serve only one term as president. He would keep this promise, and would die less than three months after leaving office.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Tyler-Texas annexation treaty, submitted to the Senate in April 1844, was defeated in the Whig controlled Senate, largely along partisan lines, 16 to 35 – a two-thirds majority against passage – on June 8, 1844. Whigs voted 27–1 against the treaty: all northern Whig Senators voted nay, and fourteen of fifteen southern Whig Senators had joined them. Democrats voted for the treaty 15–8, with a slight majority of Northern Democrats opposing. Southern Democrats affirmed the treaty 10–1, with only one slave state Senator, Thomas Hart Benton, voting against.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 271656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 527, 545 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Three days later, Tyler and his supporters in Congress began exploring means to bypass the supermajority requirement for Senate treaty approval. Substituting the constitutional protocols for admitting regions of the United States into the Union as states, Tyler proposed that alternative, yet constitutional, means be used to bring the Republic of Texas – a foreign country – into the Union.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 638313, 25457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 104 ], [ 336, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyler and Calhoun, formerly staunch supporters of minority safeguards based on the supermajority requirements for national legislation, now altered their position to facilitate passage of the Tyler treaty. Tyler's attempt to evade the Senate vote launched a spirited congressional debate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Former Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, effectively the leader of the Whig Party since its inception in 1834, was selected as the Whig presidential nominee at the party's convention in Baltimore, Maryland, on May 1, 1844. Clay, a slaveholder, presided over a party in which its Southern wing was sufficiently committed to the national platform to put partisan loyalties above slavery expansionist proposals that might undermine its north–south alliance. Whigs felt confident that Clay could duplicate Harrison's landslide victory of 1840 against any opposition candidate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Southern Whigs feared that the acquisition of the fertile lands in Texas would produce a huge market for slave labor, inflating the price of slaves and deflating land values in their home states.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Northern Whigs feared that Texas statehood would initiate the opening of a vast \"Empire for Slavery\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Two weeks before the Whig convention in Baltimore, in reaction to Calhoun's Packenham Letter, Clay issued a document known as the Raleigh Letter (issued April 17, 1844) that presented his views on Texas to his fellow southern Whigs. In it, he flatly denounced the Tyler annexation bill and predicted that its passage would provoke a war with Mexico, whose government had never recognized Texas independence. Clay underlined his position, warning that even with Mexico's consent, he would block annexation in the event that substantial sectional opposition existed anywhere in the United States.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Whig party leadership was acutely aware that any proslavery legislation advanced by its southern wing would alienate its anti-slavery northern wing and cripple the party in the general election. In order to preserve their party, Whigs would need to stand squarely against acquiring a new slave state. As such, Whigs were content to restrict their 1844 campaign platform to less divisive issues such as internal improvements and national finance.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 838942 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 406, 427 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whigs picked Theodore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey – \"the Christian Statesman\" – as Clay's running mate. An advocate of the colonization of emancipated slaves, he was acceptable to southern Whigs as an opponent of the abolitionists. His pious reputation balanced Clay's image as a slave-holding, hard-drinking duelist.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 728856, 259151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 35 ], [ 123, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Their party slogan was \"Hurray, Hurray, the Country's Risin' – Vote for Clay and Frelinghuysen!\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On July 27, 1844, Henry Clay, in the midst of his campaign against James K. Polk, released a position statement, the so-called Alabama Letter. In it, he counseled his Whig constituency to regard Texas annexation and statehood as merely a short phase in the decline of slavery in the United States, rather than a long term advance for the Slave Power. Clay qualified his stance on Texas annexation, declaring \"no personal objection to the annexation\" of the republic. He would move back to his original orientation in September 1844. Northern Whigs expressed outrage at any détente with the Slave Power and accused him of equivocating on Texas annexation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3645215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 338, 349 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Clay's central position, however, had not altered: no annexation without northern acquiescence. Clay's commitment brought Southern Whigs under extreme pressure in their home states and congressional districts, threatening to tarnish their credentials as supporters of slavery.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Historian Sean Wilentz describes some of the Whig campaign tactics:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After the closed session Senate debates on the Tyler-Texas treaty were leaked to the public on April 27, 1844, President Tyler's only hope of success in influencing passage of his treaty was to intervene directly as candidate in the 1844 election as Kingmaker. His \"Democratic-Republican Party\", a recycling of the name of Thomas Jefferson's party, held its convention on May 27, 1844, in Baltimore, Maryland, a short distance from the unfolding Democratic Party convention that would select James K. Polk as nominee. Tyler was nominated the same day without challenge, accepting the honor on May 30, 1844. He designated no vice-presidential running mate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 593439, 57453163, 29922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 250, 259 ], [ 265, 294 ], [ 323, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic Party nominee James K. Polk was faced with the possibility that a Tyler ticket might shift votes away from the Democrats and provide Clay with the margin of victory in a close race. Tyler made clear in his convention acceptance speech that his overriding concern was the ratification of his Texas annexation treaty. Moreover, he hinted that he would drop out of the race once that end was assured, informing Polk, through Senator Robert J. Walker of Mississippi, that his campaign efforts were simply a vehicle to mobilize support for Texas annexation. Tyler concentrated his resources in the states of New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, all highly contested states in the election. Securing enough Democratic support, his withdrawal might prove indispensable to Polk.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 765080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 441, 457 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Polk was receptive as long as Tyler could withdraw without raising suspicion of a secret bargain. To solidify Tyler's cooperation, Polk enlisted Andrew Jackson to reassure Tyler that Texas annexation would be consummated under a Polk administration. On August 20, 1844, Tyler dropped out of the presidential race, and Tylerites moved quickly to support the Democratic Party nominee.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Liberty Party held its 1843 national convention on August 30 in Buffalo, New York, with 148 delegates from twelve states in attendance. James G. Birney, the party's presidential nominee in the 1840 election, was renominated with 108 votes on the first ballot (Thomas Morris and William Jay received 2 and 1 votes respectively). Morris would go on to be nominated for vice-president with 83 votes compared to Gerrit Smith's 22 and Alvan Stewart's 1. The party received 2.3% of the popular vote in the election which was the highest it ever received.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19118138, 3985, 380657, 715108, 9941206, 1165403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 17 ], [ 68, 85 ], [ 140, 155 ], [ 264, 277 ], [ 282, 293 ], [ 412, 424 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Joseph Smith, the mayor of Nauvoo, Illinois, and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, ran as an independent under the newly-created Reform Party with Sidney Rigdon as his running mate. He proposed the abolition of slavery through compensation by selling public lands and decreasing the size and salary of Congress; the closure of prisons; the annexation of Texas, Oregon, and parts of Canada; the securing of international rights on high seas; free trade; and the re-establishment of a national bank. His top aide Brigham Young campaigned for Smith saying, \"He it is that God of Heaven designs to save this nation from destruction and preserve the Constitution.\" The campaign ended when he was attacked and killed by a mob while in the Carthage, Illinois, jail on June 27, 1844.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 32387701, 111261, 420883, 54668928, 307520, 59212, 603356, 5048, 9045538, 111255 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 27, 43 ], [ 64, 89 ], [ 137, 149 ], [ 155, 168 ], [ 449, 459 ], [ 491, 504 ], [ 520, 533 ], [ 700, 728 ], [ 742, 760 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Polk's adoption of Manifest Destiny paid dividends at the polls. No longer identified with the Tyler-Calhoun \"southern crusade for slavery\", the western Democrats could embrace Texas annexation. The Democrats enjoyed a huge upsurge in voter turnout, up to 20% over the figures from 1840, especially in the Northwest and Mid-Atlantic regions. The Whigs showed only a 4% increase.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 181779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 320, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democrats won Michigan, Illinois and Indiana and nearly took Ohio, where the concept of Manifest Destiny was most admired.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 90664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Deep South, Clay lost every state to Polk, a huge reversal from the 1840 race, but carried most of the Middle and Border South.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 401342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Clay's \"waffling\" on Texas may have cost him the 41 electoral votes of New York and Michigan. The former slaveholder, now abolitionist, James Birney of the Liberty Party, received 15,812 and 3,632 votes, respectively, on the basis of his unwavering stand against Texas annexation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Celebratory shots rang out in Washington on November 7 as returns came in from western New York which clinched the state and the presidency for Polk. Polk won by a mere 5,106 out of 470,062 cast in New York, and only 3,422 out of 52,096 votes in Michigan. Had enough of these voting blocks cast their ballots for the anti-annexationist Clay in either state, he would have defeated Polk. Still, Clay's opposition to annexation and western slavery expansion served him well among Northern Whigs and nearly secured him the election.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which Ohio voted for the Whigs. It was also the only presidential election in which the winner, Polk, lost both his birth state of North Carolina and his state of residence, Tennessee, (which he lost by only 123 votes) prior to Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election. It is the only presidential election in which both major party nominees were former Speakers of the House.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 4848272, 21377251, 46023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 258, 272 ], [ 288, 314 ], [ 400, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon the conclusion of the election, Whig publications disheartened at the loss of Henry Clay alleged fraud against the Clay ticket. The Whig Almanac, a yearly collection of political statistics and events of interest to the party, contained in 1845 a column alleging fraud in Louisiana. It noted that, in one Louisiana parish, Plaquemines, the vote tally exploded from a 240 to 40 vote victory for the Van Buren ticket in 1840 to a 1007 to 37 vote victory for the Polk ticket in 1844. The 970 vote margin was greater than Polk's margin statewide. The 1,007 votes received by Polk exceeded the total number of all white males in the parish in 1840, despite Louisiana having a property requirement to vote. A steward, pilot, and passenger of the steamboat Agnes reportedly said that the ship ferried voters from New Orleans to Plaquemines parish where the steward was pushed by the Captain to vote for the Polk ticket three times, despite not being of voting age. A man named Charles Bruland was seen driven out of the voting booth wounded and bloody after attempting to cast a vote for the Clay ticket in Plaquemines parish.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 97681, 53842 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 328, 339 ], [ 811, 822 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ultimately, these allegations of fraud would not have changed the election (though the Whig Almanac makes a slippery slope argument that if this fraud occurred in Louisiana, it must also have occurred in New York, which had Clay won he would have won the election), as Louisiana switching its vote would make the final count 164 electoral vote for Polk to 111 for Clay.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 27956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836-1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 1%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Polk's election confirmed the American public's desire for westward expansion. The annexation of Texas was formalized on March 1, 1845, before Polk even took office. As feared, Mexico refused to accept the annexation and the Mexican–American War broke out in 1846. With Polk's main issue of Texas settled, instead of demanding all of Oregon, he compromised and the United States and United Kingdom negotiated the Buchanan–Pakenham Treaty, which divided up the Oregon Territory between the two countries.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Consequences", "target_page_ids": [ 21073732, 327318 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 225, 245 ], [ 413, 437 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Inauguration of James K. Polk", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21212259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Second Party System", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3652251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1844 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1844 and 1845 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26962666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bicknell, John. America 1844: Religious Fervor, Westward Expansion and the Presidential Election That Transformed the Nation. Chicago Review Press, 2014.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Brown, Richard H. 1966. The Missouri Crisis, Slavery, and the Politics of Jacksonianism. South Atlantic Quarterly. pp.55–72 in Essays on Jacksonian America, Ed. Frank Otto Gatell. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. New York . 1970.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Crapol, Edward P. 2006. John Tyler: the accidental president. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Finkelman, Paul. 2011. Millard Fillmore. New York: Times Books", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 6079113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freehling, William W. 1991. The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854. Oxford University Press. 1991. .", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 25821572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Henderson, Timothy S. 2007. A Glorious Defeat\" Mexico and its war with the United States. Hill and Wang, New York. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Holt, Michael F. 2005. The fate of their country: politicians, slavery extension, and the coming of the Civil War. New York: Hill and Wang.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "May, Gary. 2008. John Tyler. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt and Co.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Merk, Frederick. 1978. History of the Westward Movement. Alfred A. Knopf. New York. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 34130132 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Meacham, Jon. 2008. American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House. Random House, New York.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 4723251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Miller, William Lee. 1996. Arguing about slavery: the great battle in the United States Congress. New York : A.A. Knopf, 1996.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 38040413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Widmer, Edward L. 2005. Martin Van Buren. New York: Times Books", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wilentz, Sean. 2008. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. W.W. Horton and Company. New York.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 5095780 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History (2015) pp.36–58.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union: Volume I. Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852 (1947).", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 556446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pearson, Joseph W. The Whigs' America: Middle-Class Political Thought in the Age of Jackson and Clay (University Press of Kentucky, 2020).", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rayback, Joseph G. Free Soil: The Election of 1848. (1970).", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 8183409 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roach, George W. \"The Presidential Campaign of 1844 in New York State.\" New York History (1938) 19#2 pp: 153–172.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Silbey, Joel H. Party Over Section: The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848 (2009). 205 pp.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Smith, Laura Ellyn. \"Through the Eyes of the Enemy: Why Henry Clay Lost the Presidential Election of 1844 through the Lens of The Daily Argus of Portland, Maine.\" Maine History 50.1 (2016): 58-78 online.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Web sites", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Presidential Election of 1844: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1844 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Overview of Democratic National Convention 1844", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "How close was the 1844 election?, Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Election of 1844 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1844_United_States_presidential_election", "Henry_Clay", "Presidency_of_James_K._Polk", "James_K._Polk" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1844" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1848 United States presidential election was the 16th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1848. In the aftermath of the Mexican–American War, General Zachary Taylor of the Whig Party defeated Senator Lewis Cass of the Democratic Party.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 21073732, 19729624, 32078, 261824, 3088213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 152, 172 ], [ 182, 196 ], [ 204, 214 ], [ 232, 242 ], [ 250, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite Taylor's unclear political affiliations and beliefs, and the Whig opposition to the Mexican–American War, the 1848 Whig National Convention nominated the popular general over party stalwarts such as Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. For vice president, the Whigs nominated Millard Fillmore, a New York Whig known for his moderate views on slavery. Incumbent President James K. Polk, a Democrat, honored his promise not to seek re-election, leaving his party's nomination open. The 1848 Democratic National Convention rejected former President Martin Van Buren's bid for a second term, instead nominating Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan. Van Buren broke from his party to lead the ticket of the Free Soil Party, which opposed the extension of slavery into the territories.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4189527, 47620, 51613, 19729548, 253264, 15980, 17435676, 19763, 195138, 509785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 147 ], [ 207, 217 ], [ 222, 236 ], [ 278, 294 ], [ 344, 351 ], [ 373, 386 ], [ 486, 521 ], [ 549, 565 ], [ 699, 714 ], [ 764, 775 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Whig choice of Zachary Taylor was made almost out of desperation; he was not clearly committed to Whig principles, but he was popular for leading the war effort. The Democrats had a record of prosperity and had acquired the Mexican cession and parts of Oregon country. It appeared almost certain that they would win unless the Whigs picked Taylor. Taylor won a plurality of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote, while Van Buren won 10.1% of the popular vote, a strong showing for a third party candidate.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 448063, 327342, 319501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 228, 243 ], [ 257, 271 ], [ 503, 514 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taylor's victory made him the second of two Whigs to win a presidential election, following William Henry Harrison's victory in the 1840 presidential election. Like Harrison, Taylor died during his term, and he was succeeded by Fillmore. Discounting Republican Abraham Lincoln's 1864 re-election on the National Union ticket, Taylor is the most recent individual who was not a member of the Democratic or Republican parties to win a presidential election. The contest was the first presidential election that took place on the same day in every state, and it was the first time that Election Day was statutorily a Tuesday. It is also the first election in which the two candidates that received electoral votes carried the same number of states and the only time that it happened between Democrat and Whig candidates. This would only happen again twice, in 1880 and 2020.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 33299, 40513, 32070, 307, 40520, 5238368, 40525, 48410011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 114 ], [ 132, 158 ], [ 250, 260 ], [ 261, 276 ], [ 279, 295 ], [ 303, 317 ], [ 857, 861 ], [ 866, 870 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Whig Party held its national convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with delegates from every state except for Texas although the Texas Whigs had selected to make the Louisiana delegates their proxies. Henry Clay, Winfield Scott, Zachary Taylor, and Daniel Webster sought the presidential nomination and Taylor led on every ballot before winning on the fourth ballot. After Webster turned down the vice presidential candidacy, Millard Fillmore received the party's vice-presidential nomination on the second ballot after defeating Abbott Lawrence, a Massachusetts politician whose mild opposition to slavery led him to be dubbed a \"Cotton Whig\". An attempt was made to make both nominations unanimous, but it was unsuccessful due to Taylor's support for the Whig Party being seen as dubious.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 4189527, 47620, 61403, 19729624, 51613, 19729548, 813324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 43 ], [ 209, 219 ], [ 221, 235 ], [ 237, 251 ], [ 257, 271 ], [ 434, 450 ], [ 538, 553 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic Party held its national convention in Baltimore, Maryland. There was a credentials dispute over the New York delegation between the Barnburners and Hunkers factions with the Barnburners being anti-slavery. The delegates voted 126 to 125 to seat both delegations and share their control of New York's votes, but the Barnburners left the convention in disagreement with the compromise while the Hunkers refused to vote.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 17435676, 697941 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 49 ], [ 147, 170 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a result of Van Buren's withdrawal, U.S. Senator Lewis Cass and Secretary of State James Buchanan were seen as the only serious contenders for the presidential nomination, with a draft effort also focusing on Supreme Court associate justice Levi Woodbury. In stark contrast to the highly contested and protracted convention at the previous election, Cass held a wide lead on all four ballots, only being denied victory on the third due to the convention rules requiring a two-thirds majority, before the Buchanan and Woodbury campaigns quietly released enough delegates to allow Cass victory on the fourth ballot. William Orlando Butler won the vice-presidential nomination on the second ballot against John A. Quitman.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 261824, 19732383, 21836300, 728295, 235432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 62 ], [ 86, 100 ], [ 244, 257 ], [ 617, 639 ], [ 706, 721 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Members of the Whig Party who opposed slavery, New York Barnburners, and member of the Liberty Party met in August 1848 in Buffalo, New York, to found a new political party. The Barnburners made a call for the formation of an anti-slavery party at their conclave in June, and by the People's Convention of Friends of Free Territory, which was organized by Salmon P. Chase, in Columbus, Ohio. The convention was attended by 165 delegates from eight states to form the Free Soil Party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 188978, 195138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 356, 371 ], [ 467, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Van Buren won the party's presidential nomination against John P. Hale on the first ballot with 244 votes against Hale's 181 votes. Hale had been nominated by the Liberty Party in October 1847, but withdrew from the election after the Free Soil Party gave its presidential nomination to Van Buren. Charles Francis Adams Sr. won the party's vice-presidential election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 347615, 356269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 70 ], [ 298, 323 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Van Buren knew that the Free Soilers had not the slightest chance of winning, rather that his candidacy would split the Democratic vote and throw the election to the Whigs. Bitter and aging, Van Buren did not care despite the fact that his life had been built upon the rock of party solidarity and party regularity. He loathed Lewis Cass and the principle of popular sovereignty with equal intensity.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 18697878 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 359, 378 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite their significant showing in the prior presidential election, certain events would conspire to remove the Liberty Party from political significance.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19118138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially, the party's presidential nomination was to be decided in the fall of 1847 at a Convention in Buffalo, New York. There, Senator John P. Hale was nominated for president over Gerrit Smith, brother-in-law to the party's previous presidential nominee James G. Birney. Leicester King, a former judge and state senator in Ohio, was nominated for vice president. Anti-slavery Democrats and Whigs, disappointed with their respective nominees, would form a new movement in conjunction with members of the Liberty Party such as John Hale and Salmon Chase to form the Free Soil Party that summer. At this point, both Hale and King withdrew in favor of a Free Soil ticket led by former President Martin Van Buren, and the great majority of members of the Liberty Party followed them into the new political party. A small faction refused to support Van Buren for the presidency, however. They held another convention in June 1848 as the \"National Liberty Party.\" Gerrit Smith was nominated for president almost unanimously with Charles Foote, a religious minister from Michigan, as his vice presidential running mate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 347615, 1165403, 380657, 35011110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 150 ], [ 184, 196 ], [ 258, 273 ], [ 275, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Native American Party, a precursor to the Know Nothings, which had split from the Whig Party in 1845, met in September 1847 in Philadelphia, where they nominated Zachary Taylor for president and Henry A. S. Dearborn of Massachusetts for vice president. However, when the Whig Party nominated Taylor for the presidency with Millard Fillmore as his running mate the following year, this rendered his previous nomination moot and the Native American Party failed to make an alternate nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 13698725, 50585, 19729624, 563027 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 58 ], [ 131, 143 ], [ 166, 180 ], [ 199, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Industrial Congress held in Philadelphia on June 13, 1848, nominating Gerrit Smith, nominee of the Liberty Party, as their Presidential candidate, and William S. Wait of Illinois for Vice President. This meeting, inspired by the National Reform Association, was primarily focused on workers rights. It established a platform that included planks on land limitation, the reduction of public official's salaries, abolition of the standing army, tariff reduction, and a reduced work week.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1165403, 69025419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 86 ], [ 233, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The campaign was fought without much enthusiasm, and practically without an issue. Neither of the two great parties made an effort to rally the people to the defense of any important principle.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Whig campaigners, who included Abraham Lincoln and Rutherford B. Hayes, talked up Taylor's \"antiparty\" opposition to the Jacksonian commitment to the spoils system and yellow-dog partisanship. In the South, they stressed that he was a Louisiana slaveholder, while in the North they highlighted his Whiggish willingness to defer to Congress on major issues (which he subsequently did not do).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 307, 19729241, 372347, 55667 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 46 ], [ 51, 70 ], [ 121, 131 ], [ 150, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democrats repeated, as they had for many years, their opposition to a national bank, high tariffs, and federal subsidies for local improvements. The Free Soilers branded both major parties lackeys of the Slave Power, arguing that the rich planters controlled the agenda of both parties, leaving the ordinary white man out of the picture. They had to work around Van Buren's well-known reputation for compromising with slavery.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 3645215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 204, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Whigs had the advantage of highlighting Taylor's military glories. With Taylor remaining vague on the issues, the campaign was dominated by personalities and personal attacks, with the Democrats calling Taylor vulgar, uneducated, cruel and greedy, and the Whigs attacking Cass for graft and dishonesty. The division of the Democrats over slavery allowed Taylor to dominate the Northeast.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Free Soilers were on the ballots in only 17 of the 29 states with the popular vote, making it mathematically possible for Van Buren to win the presidency, but he had no real chance. Still, the party campaigned vigorously, particularly in the traditional Democratic strongholds in the northeast.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "While some Free Soilers were hopeful of taking enough states to throw the election into the House of Representatives, Van Buren himself knew this was a long shot and that the best that his party could do was lay the groundwork for a hopefully improved showing in 1852.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With Taylor as their candidate, the Whigs won their second and last victory in a Presidential election. Taylor won the electoral college by capturing 163 of the 290 electoral votes. Taylor out-polled Cass in the popular vote by 138,000 votes, winning 47% of the popular vote, and was elected president.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A shift of less than 6000 votes to Cass in Georgia and Maryland would have left the electoral college in a 145–145 tie, while a shift of less than 27,000 votes to Van Buren in Connecticut, Maine and Massachusetts would have left both Taylor and Cass short of the 146 electoral votes required to win, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A study of the county returns reveals that Free Soil strength drawn at the expense of the major parties differed by region. In the East North Central States, it appears at least the majority of the Free Soil strength was drawn from the Whig Party.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 920073 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Conversely, in the Middle Atlantic region, Free Soil bases of strength lay in the areas which had hitherto been Democratic, particularly in New York and northern Pennsylvania. The Free Soil Democrats nomination of Van Buren made the victory of Taylor nearly certain in New York. On election day, enough Democratic votes were drawn away by Van Buren to give the Whig ticket all but two Democratic counties, thus enabling it to carry hitherto impregnable parts of upper New York state. The Democrats, confronted with an irreparable schism in New York, lost the election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 181779, 551600, 447990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 41 ], [ 153, 174 ], [ 462, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In New England, the Democratic vote declined by 33,000 from its 1844 level, while the Whig vote likewise declined by 15,000 votes. The third-party vote tripled, and the total vote remained nearly stationary: a partial indication, perhaps, of the derivation of the Free Soil strength in this section. For the first time since the existence of the Whig Party, the Whigs failed to gain an absolute majority of the vote in Massachusetts and Vermont. In addition, the Democrats failed to retain their usual majority in Maine; thus only New Hampshire (Democratic) and Rhode Island (Whig) of the states in this section gave their respective victorious parties clear-cut majorities.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 1,464 counties/independent cities making returns, Cass placed first in 753 (51.43%), Taylor in 676 (46.17%), and Van Buren in 31 (2.12%). Four counties (0.27%) in the West split evenly between Taylor and Cass. This was the first time in the Second Party System in which the victorious party failed to gain at least a plurality of the counties as well as of the popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 3652251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 248, 267 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election has sometimes been described as \"a contest without an issue,\" as both major candidates sought to steer clear of divisive subjects. The historian George Pierce Garrison famously quipped that \"practically the only thing it decided was that a Whig general should be made President because he had done effective work in carrying on a Democratic war.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island voted for the Whigs. It was also the last time that Georgia voted against the Democrats until 1964, the last time Delaware and Louisiana did so until 1872, and the last time Florida and North Carolina did so until 1868.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 27956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the first election where the two leading candidates each carried half of the states. As of 2022, it has subsequently happened twice, in 1880 and again in 2020. Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [ 40525, 48410011, 5077294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 150 ], [ 164, 168 ], [ 188, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Massachusetts law provided that the state legislature would choose the Electors if no slate of Electors could command a majority of voters statewide. In 1848, this provision was triggered, although the legislature ultimately chose the electors of the plurality vote winner, Taylor.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Electoral college selection", "target_page_ids": [ 1645518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1848 and 1849 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668106 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1848 and 1849 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26805258 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " American election campaigns in the 19th century", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3132190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1789–1849)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 539672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inauguration of Zachary Taylor", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21212336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Blue, Frederick J. The Free Soilers: Third Party Politics, 1848–54 (1973).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Boritt, G. S. \"Lincoln's Opposition to the Mexican War,\" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society Vol. 67, No. 1, Abraham Lincoln Issue (Feb. 1974), pp.79–100 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 8861305 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Earle, Jonathan H. Jacksonian Antislavery and the Politics of Free Soil, 1828–1854 (2004).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Eyal, Yonatan. \"The 'Party Period' Framework and the Election of 1848\", Reviews in American History Volume 38, Number 1, March 2010, in Project Muse", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 6606638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Graebner, Norman A. \"Thomas Corwin and the Election of 1848: A Study in Conservative Politics.\" Journal of Southern History, 17 (1951), 162–79. in JSTOR", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hamilton, Holman. Zachary Taylor: Soldier in the White House (1951)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Holt; Michael F. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. (1999). online edition", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mieczkowski, Yanek. \"The Election of 1848.\" in The Routledge Historical Atlas of Presidential Elections (Routledge, 2013) pp. 45-46.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Morrison, Michael A. \"New Territory versus No Territory\": The Whig Party and the Politics of Western Expansion, 1846–1848,\" Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Feb. 1992), pp.25–51 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union: Volume I. Fruits of Manifest Destiny, 1847–1852 (1947).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 556446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quist, John W. \"The Election of 1848.\" in American Presidential Campaigns and Elections (Routledge, 2020) pp. 328-348.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rayback, Joseph G. Free Soil: The Election of 1848. (1970).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 8183409 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Silbey, Joel H. Party Over Section: The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848 (2009). 205 pp.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Serio, Anne Marie. Political cartoons in the 1848 election campaign (1972) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1848: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1848 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1848 Election State-by-State popular results", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Election of 1848", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1848 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1848 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1848_United_States_presidential_election", "Martin_Van_Buren", "Millard_Fillmore", "Zachary_Taylor", "Presidency_of_Zachary_Taylor", "November_1848_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1848" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1852 United States presidential election was the 17th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1852. Democrat Franklin Pierce, a former senator from New Hampshire, defeated Whig nominee General Winfield Scott.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 5043544, 19729467, 21134, 32078, 61403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 128, 136 ], [ 137, 152 ], [ 176, 189 ], [ 200, 204 ], [ 221, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Incumbent Whig President Millard Fillmore had succeeded to the presidency in 1850 upon the death of President Zachary Taylor. Endorsement of the Compromise of 1850 and enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law earned Fillmore Southern voter support and Northern voter opposition. On the 53rd ballot of the sectionally divided 1852 Whig National Convention, Scott defeated Fillmore for the nomination. Democrats divided among four major candidates at the 1852 Democratic National Convention. On the 49th ballot, dark horse candidate Franklin Pierce won nomination by consensus compromise. The Free Soil Party, a third party opposed to the extension of slavery in the United States and into the territories, as in their name free-soil meaning land should be free instead of slave, nominated New Hampshire Senator John P. Hale.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19729548, 19729624, 45976, 385486, 4189182, 1817776, 314017, 19729467, 195138, 319501, 509785, 347615 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 41 ], [ 110, 124 ], [ 145, 163 ], [ 187, 205 ], [ 322, 351 ], [ 450, 485 ], [ 507, 517 ], [ 528, 543 ], [ 588, 603 ], [ 607, 618 ], [ 689, 700 ], [ 807, 819 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With few policy differences between the two major candidates, the election became a personality contest. Though Scott had commanded in the Mexican–American War, Pierce also served. Scott strained Whig Party unity as his anti-slavery reputation gravely damaged his campaign in the South. A group of Southern Whigs and a separate group of Southern Democrats each nominated insurgent tickets, but both efforts failed to attract support.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21073732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pierce and running mate William R. King won a comfortable popular majority, carrying 27 of the 31 states. Pierce won the highest share of the electoral vote since James Monroe's uncontested 1820 re-election.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 89133, 2390318, 15978, 40508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 39 ], [ 121, 156 ], [ 163, 175 ], [ 190, 206 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Free Soil Party regressed to less than five percent of the national popular vote, down from more than ten percent in 1848, while overwhelming defeat and disagreement about slavery soon drove the Whig Party to disintegrate. Anti-slavery Whigs and Free Soilers would ultimately coalesce into the new Republican Party, which would quickly become a formidable movement in the free states.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 302, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Not until 1876 would Democrats again win a majority of the popular vote for president, and not until 1932 would they win a majority in both the popular vote and the electoral college.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 40402, 40556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 14 ], [ 101, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Franklin Pierce, former U.S. senator from New Hampshire", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19729467, 24909346, 21134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 25, 37 ], [ 43, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lewis Cass, U.S. senator from Michigan", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 261824, 24909346, 18859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 13, 25 ], [ 31, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " James Buchanan, former U.S. secretary of state from Pennsylvania", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19732383, 32293, 23332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 24, 47 ], [ 53, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William L. Marcy, former U.S. secretary of war from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 603062, 44000, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 26, 47 ], [ 53, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stephen Douglas, U.S. senator from Illinois", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 22418929, 24909346, 14849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 18, 30 ], [ 36, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic Party held its national convention in Baltimore, Maryland, in June 1852. Benjamin F. Hallett, the chair of the Democratic National Committee, limited the sizes of the delegations to their electoral votes and a vote to maintain the two-thirds requirement for the presidential and vice-presidential nomination was passed by a vote of 269 to 13.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1817776, 5554009, 182450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 49 ], [ 88, 107 ], [ 126, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "James Buchanan, Lewis Cass, William L. Marcy, and Stephen A. Douglas were the main candidates for the nomination. All of the candidates led the ballot for the presidential nomination at one point, but all of them failed to meet the two-thirds requirement. Franklin Pierce was put up for the nomination by the Virginia delegation. Pierce won the nomination when the delegates switched their support to him after he had received the unamious support of the delegates from New England. He won on the second day of balloting after forty-nine ballots.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19732383, 261824, 603062, 22418929, 19729467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 16, 26 ], [ 28, 44 ], [ 50, 68 ], [ 256, 271 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The delegation from Maine proposed that the vice-presidential nomination should be given to somebody from the Southern United States with William R. King being specifically named. King led on the first ballot before winning on the second ballot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 89133 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Winfield Scott, commanding general of the U.S. Army from New Jersey", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 32087, 21648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 52 ], [ 58, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Millard Fillmore, president of the United States from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 24113, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 49 ], [ 55, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Daniel Webster, U.S. secretary of state from Massachusetts", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 32293, 1645518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 40 ], [ 46, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Whig Party held its national convention in Baltimore, Maryland, in June 1852. The call for the convention had been made by Whig members of the United States Congress and thirty-one states were represented. A vote to have each state's vote be based on its electoral college strength was passed by a vote of 149 to 144, but it was rescinded due to disagreements from the Southern states and smaller Northern states.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 4189182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The party had been divided by the Compromise of 1850 and was divided over the presidential nomination between incumbent President Millard Fillmore, who received support from the South, and Winfield Scott, who received his support from the North. William H. Seward, who had been the main opponent of the compromise in the United States Senate and advised President Zachary Taylor against it, supported Scott. Fillmore offered to give his delegates to Daniel Webster if he received the support of forty-one delegates on his own, but Webster was unsuccessful. Scott won the nomination on the 53rd ballot. William Alexander Graham won the vice-presidential nomination without a formal vote.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 45976, 19729548, 61403, 81455, 24909346, 19729624, 51613, 502570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 52 ], [ 130, 146 ], [ 189, 203 ], [ 246, 263 ], [ 321, 341 ], [ 364, 378 ], [ 450, 464 ], [ 602, 626 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John P. Hale, U.S. senator from New Hampshire", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 347615, 24909346, 21134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 27 ], [ 33, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Free Soil Party was still the strongest third party in 1852. However, following the Compromise of 1850, most of the \"Barnburners\" who supported it in 1848 had returned to the Democratic Party while most of the Conscience Whigs rejoined the Whig Party. The second Free Soil National Convention assembled in the Masonic Hall in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. New Hampshire senator John P. Hale was nominated for president with 192 delegate votes (sixteen votes were cast for a smattering of candidates). George Washington Julian of Indiana was nominated for vice president over Samuel Lewis of Ohio and Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 195138, 319501, 697941, 32078, 25101, 347615, 7417662, 37546556, 2900440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ], [ 44, 55 ], [ 121, 131 ], [ 214, 230 ], [ 330, 354 ], [ 378, 390 ], [ 501, 525 ], [ 575, 587 ], [ 600, 618 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Union party was formed in 1850, an offshoot of the Whig party in several Southern states, including Georgia. As the 1852 presidential election approached, Union party leaders decided to wait and see who was nominated by the two major parties. The movement to nominate Daniel Webster as a third-party candidate began in earnest following the Whig Convention, largely driven by those who had been strenuously opposed to Winfield Scott's nomination for president, among them Alexander Stephens, Robert Toombs, and George Curtis. While Webster was against what he perceived as a \"revolt\" from the Whig Party and preferred not to be nominated, he let Americans vote for him should the party choose to nominate him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 309515, 142610, 741270 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 476, 494 ], [ 496, 509 ], [ 515, 528 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Union Party held its Georgia state convention on August 9, 1852, and nominated Webster for president and Charles J. Jenkins of Georgia for vice president. A formal convention was held at Faneuil Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, on September 15, affirming the nominations made at the state convention in Georgia and rejecting Winfield Scott as nothing more than a military figure. The Webster/Jenkins ticket received nationwide support, particularly among Southern Whigs, but also in Massachusetts and New York, but it was largely perceived by many as nothing more than getting voters who would, in different circumstances, support Scott.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3081807, 748660, 24437894, 1645518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 127 ], [ 191, 203 ], [ 207, 213 ], [ 215, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Webster had no real chance of winning the election, but even the new Know-Nothing party endorsed Webster and Jenkins, nominating them without even their own permission. However, Webster died nine days before the election of a cerebral hemorrhage on October 24, 1852.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 13698725, 2959528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 87 ], [ 226, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Around the mid-1830s, nativists were present in New York politics, under the aegis of the American Republican Party. The American Republican party was formed in 1843 in major opposition to immigration and Catholicism. In 1845, the party changed its name to the Native American Party. Their opponents nicknamed them the \"Know Nothings\" and the party liked the name and it became the nickname of the party after that until it collapsed in 1860. In 1852, the original presidential nominee planned by the Native American Party was Daniel Webster, the presidential nominee of the Union party as well as Secretary of State. They nominated Webster without his permission, with George Corbin Washington (grandnephew of George Washington) as his vice presidential running mate. Webster died of natural causes nine days before the election, and the Know-Nothings quickly replaced Webster by nominating Jacob Broom as president and replaced Washington with Reynell Coates for vice president. With Webster collecting a few thousand votes, Broom received too few and lost the election. In the future, former President Millard Fillmore would be their presidential nominee in 1856.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 21304605, 4599312, 606848, 13698725, 3858982, 11968, 7807995, 27847618, 19729548, 40517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 31 ], [ 189, 200 ], [ 205, 216 ], [ 320, 332 ], [ 670, 694 ], [ 711, 728 ], [ 892, 903 ], [ 946, 960 ], [ 1105, 1121 ], [ 1161, 1165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George Troup, former U.S. senator from Georgia", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2241323, 24909346, 48830 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 22, 34 ], [ 40, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Southern Rights Party was an offshoot of the Democratic party in several Southern states which advocated secession from the Union, electing a number of Congressmen and holding referendums on secession in a number of southern states, none of which were successful.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It was unclear in early 1852 if the Party would contest the presidential election. When the Alabama state convention was held in early March, only nine counties were represented. The party decided to see who was nominated by the two major national parties and support one of them if possible. When Georgia held its state convention, it acted as the state Democratic Party and sent delegates to the national convention.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After the Democratic National Convention, the Party was not sure that it wanted to support Franklin Pierce and William R. King, the Democratic nominees. Alabama held a state convention from July 13–15 and discussed at length the options of running a separate ticket or supporting Pierce and King. The convention was unable to arrive at a decision, deciding to appoint a committee to review the positions of Scott/Graham and Pierce/King with the option of calling a \"national\" convention if the two major-party tickets appeared deficient. The committee took its time reviewing the positions of Pierce and Scott, finally deciding on August 25 to call a convention for a Southern Rights Party ticket.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The convention assembled in Montgomery, Alabama, with 62 delegates present, a committee to recommend a ticket being appointed while the delegates listened to speeches in the interim. The committee eventually recommended former senator George Troup of Georgia for president, and former Governor John Quitman of Mississippi for vice president; they were unanimously nominated.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2241323, 235432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 235, 247 ], [ 294, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The two nominees accepted their nominations soon after the convention, which was held rather late in the season. Troup stated in a letter, dated September 27 and printed in the New York Times on October 16, that he had planned to vote for Pierce/King and had always wholeheartedly supported William R.D. King. He indicated in the letter that he preferred to decline the honor, as he was rather ill at the time and feared that he would die before the election. The Party's executive committee edited the letter to excise those portions which indicated that Troup preferred to decline, a fact which was revealed after the election. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Liberty Party had ceased to become a significant political force after most of its members joined the Free Soil Party in 1848. Nonetheless, some of those who rejected the fusion strategy held a Liberty Party National Convention in Buffalo, New York. There were few delegates present, so a ticket was recommended and a later convention called. The Convention recommended Gerrit Smith of New York for president and Charles Durkee of Wisconsin for vice president. A second convention was held in Syracuse, New York, in early September 1852, but it too failed to draw enough delegates to select nominees. Yet a third convention gathered in Syracuse later that month and nominated William Goodell of New York for president and S.M. Bell of Virginia for vice president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19118138, 3985, 1165403, 1350422, 28443, 10976638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 17 ], [ 235, 252 ], [ 374, 386 ], [ 417, 431 ], [ 497, 515 ], [ 680, 695 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Whigs' platform was almost indistinguishable from that of the Democrats, reducing the campaign to a contest between the personalities of the two candidates. The lack of clearcut issues between the two parties helped drive voter turnout down to its lowest level since 1836. The decline was further exacerbated by Scott's antislavery reputation, which decimated the Southern Whig vote at the same time as the pro-slavery Whig platform undermined the Northern Whig vote. After the Compromise of 1850 was passed, many of the southern Whig Party members broke with the party's key figure, Henry Clay.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 47620 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 588, 598 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Finally, Scott's status as a war hero was somewhat offset by the fact that Pierce was himself a Mexican–American War brigadier general.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21073732, 11035076 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 116 ], [ 117, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democrats adopted the slogan: The Whigs we Polked in forty-four, We'll Pierce in fifty-two, playing on the names of Pierce and former President James K. Polk.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 15980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Just nine days before the election, Webster died, causing many Union state parties to remove their slates of electors. The Union ticket appeared on the ballot in Georgia and Massachusetts, however.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When American voters went to the polls, Pierce won the electoral college in a landslide; Scott won only the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Massachusetts, and Vermont, while the Free Soil vote collapsed to less than half of what Martin Van Buren had earned in the previous election, with the party taking no states. The fact that Daniel Webster received a substantial share of the vote in Georgia and Massachusetts, even though he was dead, shows how disenchanted voters were with the two main candidates.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 16846, 30395, 1645518, 32578, 19763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 126 ], [ 128, 137 ], [ 139, 152 ], [ 158, 165 ], [ 228, 244 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the popular vote, while Pierce outpolled Scott by 220,000 votes, 17 states were decided by less than 10%, and eight by less than 5%. A shift of 69,000 votes to Scott in Delaware, Maryland, New York, North Carolina, Ohio and Pennsylvania would have left the electoral college in a 148–148 tie, forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As a result of the devastating defeat and the growing tensions within the party between pro-slavery Southerners and anti-slavery Northerners, the Whig Party quickly fell apart after the 1852 election and ceased to exist. Some Southern Whigs would join the Democratic Party, and many Northern Whigs would help to form the new Republican Party in 1854.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 32070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 325, 341 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some Whigs in both sections would support the so-called \"Know-Nothing\" party in the 1856 presidential election. Similarly, the Free Soil Party rapidly fell away into obscurity after the election, and the remaining members mostly opted to join the former Northern Whigs in forming the Republican Party.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 13698725 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Southern Rights Party effectively collapsed following the election, attaining only five percent of the vote in Alabama, and a few hundred in its nominee's home state of Georgia. It would elect a number of Congressmen in 1853, but they would rejoin the Democratic Party upon taking their seats in Congress.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which the Democrats won Michigan until 1932, the last in which the Democrats won Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio or Rhode Island until 1912, the last in which the Democrats won Wisconsin until 1892, the last in which the Democrats won Connecticut until 1876 and the last in which the Democrats won New York until 1868. It was, however, the last election in which the Democrats' chief opponent won Kentucky until 1896, and indeed the last until 1928 in which the Democrats' opponent obtained an absolute majority in the Bluegrass State.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 16846 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 550, 565 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The leading candidates for vice president were both born in North Carolina and in fact both attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, albeit two decades apart. While there, they were members of opposing debate societies: the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies. Both also served in North Carolina politics: King was a representative from North Carolina before he moved to Alabama, and Graham was a governor of North Carolina.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21650, 89510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 75 ], [ 106, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [ 5077294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 1%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1849–65)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 752072 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inauguration of Franklin Pierce", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21212451 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second Party System", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3652251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1852 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2646665 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1852 and 1853 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26804250 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Beeler, Dale. \"The Election of 1852 in Indiana.\" Indiana Magazine of History (1915): 301–323. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Blue, Frederick J. The Free Soilers: Third-Party Politics, 1848-54 (U of Illinois Press, 1973).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chambers, William N., and Philip C. Davis. \"Party, Competition, and Mass Participation: The Case of the Democratizing Party System, 1824-1852.\" in The history of American electoral behavior (Princeton University Press, reprinted 2015) pp. 174-197.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gara, Larry. The Presidency of Franklin Pierce (UP of Kansas, 1991).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gienapp, William E. The origins of the Republican Party, 1852-1856 (Oxford UP, 1987).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Holt, Michael F. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. (Oxford University Press, 1999).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Holt, Michael F. Franklin Pierce: The American Presidents Series: The 14th President, 1853-1857 (Macmillan, 2010).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Huston, James L. \"The Illinois Political Realignment of 1844–1860: Revisiting the Analysis.\" Journal of the Civil War Era 1.4 (2011): 506-535. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Morrison, Michael A. \"The Election of 1852.\" American Presidential Campaigns and Elections (Routledge, 2020) pp.349–366.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Morrill, James R. \"The Presidential Election of 1852: Death Knell of the Whig Party of North Carolina.\" North Carolina Historical Review 44.4 (1967): 342-359 online.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union: A house dividing, 1852-1857. Vol. 2 (1947) pp 3–42.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nichols, Roy Franklin. The Democratic Machine, 1850–1854 (1923) online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 21861317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wilentz, Sean. The rise of American democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (2006) pp 659–667.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1852: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1852 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1852 state-by-state popular vote", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1852 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1852 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1852_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce", "Franklin_Pierce", "November_1852_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1852" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1856 United States presidential election was the 18th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1856. In a three-way election, Democrat James Buchanan defeated Republican nominee John C. Frémont and Know Nothing nominee and former President Millard Fillmore.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 5043544, 19732383, 32070, 91440, 13698725, 19729548 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 153, 161 ], [ 162, 176 ], [ 186, 196 ], [ 205, 220 ], [ 225, 237 ], [ 267, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the only time in U.S. history in which a political party denied renomination to the incumbent president and won. Incumbent Democratic President Franklin Pierce was widely unpopular in the North because of his support for the pro-slavery faction in the ongoing civil war in territorial Kansas, and Buchanan defeated Pierce at the 1856 Democratic National Convention. Buchanan, a former Secretary of State, had avoided the divisive debates over the Kansas–Nebraska Act by virtue of his service as the Ambassador to the United Kingdom.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19729467, 445407, 447560, 5497602, 17042, 857149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 168 ], [ 269, 278 ], [ 282, 300 ], [ 338, 373 ], [ 456, 475 ], [ 508, 540 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Slavery was the main issue, and with it the question of survival of the United States as it then existed. The Democrats were seen as the pro-slavery party; the new Republican party, though certainly in favor of national abolition, limited its efforts to the politically more manageable question of the extension of slavery into federal territories (and its removal from the District of Columbia). The nativist Know Nothings (known formally as the American Party) competed with the Republicans to replace the moribund Whig Party as the primary opposition to the Democrats.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 253264, 40318770, 32175613, 32078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 220, 229 ], [ 357, 394 ], [ 517, 527 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1856 Republican National Convention nominated a ticket led by Frémont, an explorer and military officer who had served in the Mexican–American War. The Know Nothings, who ignored slavery and instead emphasized anti-immigration and anti-Catholic policies, nominated a ticket led by former Whig President Millard Fillmore. Domestic political turmoil was a major factor in the nominations of both Buchanan and Fillmore, who appealed in part because of their recent time abroad, and with it the fact that they had not had to take a position on the divisive questions related to slavery.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3781916, 21073732, 21304605, 14169971, 55469171, 19729548 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 130, 150 ], [ 214, 230 ], [ 235, 248 ], [ 259, 268 ], [ 307, 323 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democrats supported expansionist slave-holding policies generally of varying intensities. They called for \"popular sovereignty\", which in theory would allow the residents in a territory to decide for themselves what the status of enslavement would be before statehood were to be achieved. In practice, in Kansas Territory, it produced a state-level civil war which they blamed on abolitionists in general and John Brown in particular. Frémont opposed the expansion of slavery. Buchanan called that position \"extremist\", warning that a Republican victory would lead to disunion, a then constant issue of political debate which had already been long discussed and advocated. The Know Nothings attempted to present themselves as the one party capable of bridging the sectional divides. All three major parties found support in the North, but the Republicans had virtually no backing in the South.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18697878, 77323, 5264433, 1192801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 130 ], [ 413, 423 ], [ 598, 623 ], [ 652, 675 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Buchanan won a plurality of the popular vote and a majority of the electoral vote, taking all but one slave state and five free states. His popular vote margin of 12.2% was the greatest margin between 1836 and 1904. However, the election was far closer than it appeared: if Fillmore had won any two of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Louisiana (or all three) and Frémont had won Illinois—a total shift of fewer than 25,000 votes—a contingent election would have been required in the House of Representatives, controlled by a new coalition of inchoate parties united in opposing the Democrats.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 85533, 505770, 14619595, 40512, 40532, 31664, 2417308 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 81 ], [ 102, 113 ], [ 140, 159 ], [ 201, 205 ], [ 210, 214 ], [ 424, 443 ], [ 476, 500 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Frémont won a majority of electoral votes from free states and finished second in the nationwide popular vote, while Fillmore took 21.5% of the popular vote and carried Maryland. The Know Nothings soon collapsed as a national party, as most of its anti-slavery members joined the Republican Party after the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford Supreme Court ruling. 1856 also proved to be the last Democratic presidential victory until 1884, as Republicans emerged as the dominant party during and after the Civil War.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 55304545, 105816, 31737, 40526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 169, 177 ], [ 312, 334 ], [ 335, 348 ], [ 427, 431 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1856 presidential election was primarily waged among three political parties, though other parties had been active in the spring of the year. The conventions of these parties are considered below in order of the party's popular vote.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "James Buchanan, Minister to Great Britain and former Secretary of State", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19732383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Franklin Pierce, President of the United States", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19729467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stephen Douglas, U.S. Senator from Illinois", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 22418929, 14849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 35, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lewis Cass, Former U.S. Senator and 1848 presidential nominee from Michigan", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 261824, 18859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 67, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic Party was wounded from its devastating losses in the 1854–1855 midterm elections. U.S. Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, who had sponsored the Kansas-Nebraska Act, entered the race in opposition to President Franklin Pierce. The Pennsylvania delegation continued to sponsor its favorite son, James Buchanan.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 22418929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Seventh Democratic National Convention was held in Smith and Nixon's Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio, on June 2 to 6, 1856. The delegates were deeply divided over slavery. On the first ballot, Buchanan placed first with 135.5 votes to 122.5 for Pierce, 33 for Douglas, and 5 for Senator Lewis Cass, who had been the presidential nominee in 1848. With each succeeding ballot, Douglas gained at Pierce's expense. On the 15th ballot, most of Pierce's delegates shifted to Douglas in an attempt to stop Buchanan, but Douglas withdrew when it became clear Buchanan had the support of the majority of those at the convention, also fearing that his continued participation might lead to divisions within the party that could endanger its chances in the general election. For the first time in American history a man who had been elected president was denied re-nomination after seeking it.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 18522615, 261824, 40515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 91 ], [ 284, 294 ], [ 337, 341 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A host of candidates were nominated for the vice presidency, but a number of them attempted to withdraw themselves from consideration, among them the eventual nominee, John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. Breckinridge, besides having been selected as an elector, was also supporting former Speaker of the House Linn Boyd for the vice presidential nomination. However, following a draft effort led by the delegation from Vermont, Breckinridge was nominated on the second ballot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 89141, 1118748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 168, 188 ], [ 308, 317 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Republican candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John C. Frémont, former United States Senator from California", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 91440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John McLean, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 21826300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republican Party was formed in early 1854 to oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act. During the midterm elections of 1854–1855, the Republican Party was one of the patchwork of anti-administration parties contesting the election, but they were able to win thirteen seats in the House of Representatives for the 34th Congress. However, the party collaborated with other disaffected groups and gradually absorbed them. In the elections of 1855, the Republican Party won three governorships.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1951937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first Republican National Convention was held in the Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 17 to 19, 1856. The convention approved an anti-slavery platform that called for congressional sovereignty in the territories, an end to polygamy in Mormon settlements, and federal assistance for a transcontinental railroad—a political outcome of the Pacific Railroad Surveys. John C. Frémont, John McLean, William Seward, Salmon Chase, and Charles Sumner all were considered by those at the convention, but the latter three requested that their names be withdrawn; Seward and Chase did not feel that the party was yet sufficiently organized to have a realistic chance of taking the White House and were content to wait until the next election, while Sumner, even had he been interested, was in no fit condition to run after being violently assaulted on the Senate floor a month before the convention. McLean's name was initially withdrawn by his manager Rufus Spalding, but the withdrawal was rescinded at the strong behest of the Pennsylvania delegation led by Thaddeus Stevens. Kentucky was the only southern state to have a delegation at the convention. Frémont was nominated for president overwhelmingly on the formal ballot, and William L. Dayton was nominated for vice president over Abraham Lincoln.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 157430, 51916, 4709020, 38537005, 11141638, 365602, 1277065, 307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 251, 281 ], [ 312, 337 ], [ 365, 389 ], [ 845, 864 ], [ 969, 983 ], [ 1077, 1093 ], [ 1249, 1266 ], [ 1305, 1320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "American Party candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Millard Fillmore, former President of the United States from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19729548 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George Law, steamboat entrepreneur from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 23471527 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The American Party, formerly the Native American Party, was the vehicle of the Know Nothing movement. The American Party absorbed most of the former Whig Party that had not gone to either the Republicans or Democrats in 1854, and by 1855 it had established itself as the chief opposition party to the Democrats. In the 82 races for the House of Representatives in 1854, the American Party ran 76 candidates, 35 of whom won. None of the six independents or Whigs who ran in these races were elected. The party then succeeded in electing Nathaniel P. Banks as Speaker of the House in the 34th Congress.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 13698725, 19468510, 149932, 46023, 2417308 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 91 ], [ 336, 360 ], [ 536, 554 ], [ 558, 578 ], [ 586, 599 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The American National Convention was held in National Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on February 22 to 25, 1856. Following the decision by party leaders in 1855 not to press the slavery issue, the convention had to decide how to deal with the Ohio chapter of the party, which was vocally anti-slavery. The convention closed the Ohio chapter and re-opened it under more moderate leadership. Delegates from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, New England, and other northern states bolted when a resolution that would have required all prospective nominees to be in favor of prohibiting slavery north of the 36'30' parallel was voted down. This removed a greater part of the American Party's support in the North outside of New York, where the conservative faction of the Whig Party remained faithful.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 50585, 8778070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 74 ], [ 611, 626 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The only name with much support was former President Millard Fillmore. Historian Allan Nevins says Fillmore was not a Know-Nothing or a nativist. He was out of the country when the presidential nomination came and had not been consulted about running. Furthermore, Fillmore was neither a member of the party nor had he ever attended an American [Know-Nothing] gathering nor had he by \"spoken or written word [...] indicated a subscription to American tenets\". Fillmore was nominated with 179 votes out of the 234 votes cast. The convention chose Andrew Jackson Donelson of Tennessee for vice president with 181 votes to 30 scattered votes and 24 abstentions. Although the nativist argument of the American party had considerable success in local and state elections in 1854–55, Fillmore in 1856 concentrated almost entirely on national unity. Historian Tyler Anbinder says, \"The American party had dropped nativism from its agenda.\" Fillmore won 22% of the national popular vote.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 556446, 1716721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 94 ], [ 547, 570 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "North American Party candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John C. Frémont, former Senator from California", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 91440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nathaniel P. Banks. Speaker of the House from Massachusetts", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 149932 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John McLean, Associate Justice ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 21826300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert F. Stockton, former Senator from New Jersey", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 498652 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William F. Johnston, Governor of Pennsylvania", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 443312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The anti-slavery \"Americans\" from the North formed their own party after the nomination of Fillmore in Philadelphia. This party called for its national convention to be held in New York City, just before the Republican National Convention. Party leaders hoped to nominate a joint ticket with the Republicans to defeat Buchanan. The national convention was held on June 12 to 20, 1856 in New York. As John C. Frémont was the favorite to attain the Republican presidential nomination there was a considerable desire for the North American party to nominate him, but it was feared that in doing so they may possibly injure his chances to actually become the Republican presidential nominee. The delegates voted repeatedly on a nominee for president without a result. Nathaniel P. Banks was nominated for president on the 10th ballot over John C. Frémont and John McLean, with the understanding that he would withdraw from the race and endorse John C. Frémont once he had won the Republican presidential nomination. The delegates, preparing to return home, unanimously nominated Frémont on the 11th ballot shortly after his nomination by the Republican Party in Philadelphia. The chairman of the convention, William F. Johnston, had been nominated to run for vice president, but later withdrew when the North Americans and the Republicans failed to find an acceptable accommodation between him and the Republican vice presidential nominee, William Dayton.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 645042, 1277065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 177, 190 ], [ 1436, 1450 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "North American Seceders Party candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John C. Frémont, former senator from California", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 91440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nathaniel P. Banks. Speaker of the House from Massachusetts", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 149932 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John McLean, Associate Justice from Ohio", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 21826300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert F. Stockton, former Senator from New Jersey", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 498652 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William F. Johnston, Governor of Pennsylvania", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 443312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A group of North American delegates called the North American Seceders withdrew from the North American Party's convention and met separately. They objected to the attempt to work with the Republican Party. The Seceders held their own national convention on June 16 and 17, 1856. 19 delegates unanimously nominated Robert F. Stockton for president and Kenneth Rayner for vice president. The Seceders' ticket later withdrew from the contest, with Stockton endorsing Millard Fillmore for the presidency.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 498652, 1430486 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 315, 333 ], [ 352, 366 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Whig Party was reeling from electoral losses since 1852. Half of its leaders in the South bolted to the Southern Democratic Party. In the North the Whig Party was moribund with most of its anti-slavery members joining the Republican Party. This party remained somewhat alive in states like New York and Pennsylvania by joining the anti-slavery movement.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The fifth (and last) Whig National Convention was held in the Hall of the Maryland Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, on September 17 and 18, 1856. There were one hundred and fifty delegates sent from twenty-six states. Though the leaders of this party wanted to keep the Whig Party alive, it became irretrievably doomed once these one hundred and fifty Whig delegates decided unanimously to endorse the American Party's national ticket of Fillmore and Donelson.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 26997138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1856, very little of the Liberty Party remained. Most of its members joined the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nearly of all what remained of the party joined the Republicans in 1854. What remained of the party ran 1848 candidate Gerrit Smith under the name of the \"National Liberty Party.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19118138, 195138, 40515, 1165403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 41 ], [ 83, 98 ], [ 215, 219 ], [ 230, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "None of the three candidates did any public campaigning. The Republican Party opposed the extension of slavery into the territories: in fact, its slogan was \"Free speech, free press, free soil, free men, Frémont and victory!\" The Republicans thus crusaded against the Slave Power, warning it was destroying republican values. Democrats warned that a Republican victory would bring a civil war.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 195138, 3645215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 183, 192 ], [ 264, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republican platform opposed the repeal of the Missouri Compromise through the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which enacted the policy of popular sovereignty, allowing settlers to decide whether a new state would enter the Union as free or slave. The Republicans also accused the Pierce administration of allowing a fraudulent territorial government to be imposed upon the citizens of the Kansas Territory, thus engendering the violence that had raged in Bleeding Kansas. They advocated the immediate admittance of Kansas as a free state.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 7743069, 17042, 447560, 445407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 69 ], [ 82, 101 ], [ 382, 398 ], [ 448, 463 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Along with opposing the spread of slavery into the continental territories of the United States, the party also opposed the Ostend Manifesto, which advocated the annexation of Cuba from Spain. In sum, the campaign's true focus was against the system of slavery, which they felt was destroying the republican values that the Union had been founded upon.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 588579, 5042481 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 140 ], [ 176, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic platform supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act and popular sovereignty. The party supported the pro-slavery territorial legislature elected in Kansas, opposed the free-state elements within Kansas, and castigated the Topeka Constitution as an illegal document written during an illegal convention. The Democrats also supported the plan to annex Cuba, advocated in the Ostend Manifesto, which Buchanan helped devise while serving as minister to Britain. The most influential aspect of the Democratic campaign was a warning that a Republican victory would lead to the secession of numerous southern states. The main Democratic campaign was a counter-crusade against the Republicans. They ridiculed Frémont's military record and warned that his victory would bring civil war. Much of the private rhetoric of the campaign focused on unfounded rumors regarding Frémont—talk of him as president taking charge of a large army that would support slave insurrections, the likelihood of widespread lynchings of slaves, and whispered hope among slaves for freedom and political equality.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1246317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 228, 247 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because Fillmore was considered by many incapable of securing the presidency on the American ticket, Whigs were urged to support Buchanan. Democrats also called on nativists to make common cause with them against the specter of sectionalism even if they had once attacked their political views.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fillmore and the Americans, meanwhile, insisted that they were the only \"national party\" since the Democrats leaning in favor of the South and the Republicans were fanatically in favor of the North and abolition.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A minor scandal erupted when the Americans, seeking to turn the national dialogue back in the direction of nativism, put out a rumor that Frémont was in fact a Roman Catholic. Because of the Republican candidate's French-Canadian ancestry and surname, many voters accepted the allegation at face value. The Democrats ran with it, and the Republicans found themselves unable to counteract the rumor effectively given that while the statements were false, any stern message against those assertions might have crippled their efforts to attain the votes of German Catholics. Attempts were made to refute it through friends and colleagues, but the issue persisted throughout the campaign and might have cost Frémont the support of a number of American Party members.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 144743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 214, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The campaign had a different nature in the free states and the slave states. In the free states, there was a three-way campaign, which Frémont won with 45.2% of the vote to 41.5% for Buchanan and 13.3% for Fillmore; Frémont received 114 electoral votes to 62 for Buchanan. In the slave states, however, the contest was for all intents and purposes between Buchanan and Fillmore; Buchanan won 56.1% of the vote to 43.8% for Fillmore and 0.1% for Frémont, receiving 112 electoral votes to 8 for Fillmore.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nationwide, Buchanan won 174 electoral votes, a majority, and was thus elected. Frémont received no votes in ten of the fourteen slave states with a popular vote; he obtained 306 in Delaware, 285 in Maryland, 283 in Virginia, and 314 in Kentucky.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 1,713 counties making returns, Buchanan won 1,083 (63.22%), Frémont won 366 (21.37%), and Fillmore won 263 (15.35%). One county (0.06%) in Georgia split evenly between Buchanan and Fillmore.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This would be the final presidential election where the Know Nothing Party put up a campaign, as the party began to splinter. After the Supreme Court's controversial Dred Scott v. Sandford ruling in 1857, most of the anti-slavery members of the party joined the Republicans. The pro-slavery wing of the American Party remained strong on the local and state levels in a few southern states, but by the 1860 election, they were no longer a serious national political movement. Most of their remaining members either joined or supported the Constitutional Union Party in 1860.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 105816, 648570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 188 ], [ 538, 564 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which the Democrats won Pennsylvania until 1936, the last in which the Democrats won Illinois until 1892, the last in which the Democrats won California until 1880, the last in which the Democrats won Indiana and Virginia until 1876 and the last in which the Democrats won Tennessee until 1872. This also started the long Republican trend in Vermont, which would not be broken until 1964, over a century later. The presidential election of 1856 was also the last time to date that a Democrat was elected to succeed a fellow Democrat as president, and the last one in which a former president ran for election to the presidency on a third party ticket until 1912, when Theodore Roosevelt ran on the Progressive Party ticket.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 30535, 3976239 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 698, 716 ], [ 728, 745 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 27956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [ 5077294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for Buchanan victory)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Other tipping point states:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for Fremont victory)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the joint session of Congress to count the electoral votes, a dispute occurred over Wisconsin's slate. The electors of Wisconsin, delayed by a snowstorm, did not cast their votes for Frémont and Dayton until several days after the appointed time and sent a certificate mentioning this fact. When the votes for the state were opened by acting Vice President James Mason, he counted them over the objections of the leadership of both Houses of Congress.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Congressional certification", "target_page_ids": [ 24301284, 49565, 1972351 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 36 ], [ 342, 363 ], [ 364, 375 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Inauguration of James Buchanan", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21212500 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Origins of the American Civil War", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 408840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Third Party System", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4140746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1856 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2668028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26808378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "American election campaigns in the 19th century", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3132190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States (1849–1865)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 752072 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States Democratic Party", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3088213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States Republican Party", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4157940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bicknell, John. Lincoln's Pathfinder (2017) popular history of election from Fremont's perspective. 355 pages", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gienapp, William E. \"Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War.\" Journal of American History 72.3 (1985): 529-559 online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Address of Working Men of Pittsburgh to Their Fellow Working Men in Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh, PA: W.S. Haven, 1856.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840–1964 (1965) online 1840–1956", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Presidential Election of 1856: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nativism in the 1856 Presidential Election", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1856 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1856 state-by-state popular voting results", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "James Buchanan and the Election of 1856", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1856 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1856 Republican Platform", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1856 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1856_United_States_presidential_election", "Utah_War", "Presidency_of_James_Buchanan", "James_Buchanan", "Millard_Fillmore", "John_C._Frémont", "November_1856_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1856" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1860 United States presidential election was the 19th quadrennial presidential election, held on November 6, 1860. In a four-way contest, the Republican Party ticket of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin, absent from the ballot in ten slave states, won a national popular plurality, a popular majority in the North where states already had abolished slavery, and a national electoral majority comprising only Northern electoral votes. Lincoln's election thus served as the main catalyst of the American Civil War. This election resulted in the first Republican president being elected. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32070, 307, 13976, 505770, 85533, 408840, 32070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 92 ], [ 147, 163 ], [ 174, 189 ], [ 194, 209 ], [ 241, 253 ], [ 380, 389 ], [ 484, 518 ], [ 556, 566 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The United States had become increasingly sectionally divided during the 1850s, primarily over extending slavery into the Western territories. The incumbent president, James Buchanan, like his predecessor, Franklin Pierce, was a Northern Democrat with Southern sympathies. From the mid-1850s, the anti-slavery Republican Party became a major political force, driven by Northern voter opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the Supreme Court's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford. From the election of 1856, the Republican Party had replaced the defunct Whig Party as the major opposition to the Democrats. A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the Constitutional Union Party, which sought to avoid disunion by resolving divisions over slavery with some new compromise.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 253264, 509785, 19732383, 19729467, 5043544, 179553, 17042, 31737, 105816, 40517, 32078, 13698725, 648570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 112 ], [ 130, 141 ], [ 168, 182 ], [ 206, 221 ], [ 238, 246 ], [ 252, 260 ], [ 402, 421 ], [ 430, 443 ], [ 463, 485 ], [ 508, 512 ], [ 560, 570 ], [ 641, 653 ], [ 666, 692 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago nominated Lincoln, a moderate former one-term Whig Representative from Illinois. Its platform promised not to interfere with slavery in the South but opposed extension of slavery into the territories. The 1860 Democratic National Convention adjourned in Charleston, South Carolina, without agreeing on a nominee, but a second convention in Baltimore, Maryland, nominated Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas. Douglas's support for the concept of popular sovereignty, which called for each territory's settlers to decide locally on the status of slavery, alienated many radical pro-slavery Southern Democrats, who wanted the territories, and perhaps other lands, open to slavery. With President Buchanan's support, Southern Democrats held their own convention, nominating Vice President John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. The 1860 Constitutional Union Convention nominated a ticket led by former Tennessee Senator John Bell.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 791707, 14849, 1096699, 61024, 26997138, 22418929, 18697878, 1226820, 1205523, 89141, 16846, 4189285, 30395, 724148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 122, 130 ], [ 256, 291 ], [ 305, 331 ], [ 391, 410 ], [ 439, 457 ], [ 496, 515 ], [ 534, 602 ], [ 691, 710 ], [ 836, 856 ], [ 860, 868 ], [ 874, 910 ], [ 944, 953 ], [ 962, 971 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln's main opponent in the North was Douglas, who won the popular vote in two states, Missouri and New Jersey. In the South, Bell won three states and Breckinridge swept the remaining 11. Lincoln's election motivated seven Southern states, all voting for Breckinridge, to secede before the inauguration and the secession of four more, including two that voted for Bell, after Lincoln mobilized Federal troops to protect Federal property and coerce the seven initially seceding states. The election was the first of six consecutive Republican victories. It was also the first presidential election in United States History in which both major party candidates (Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas) were registered in the same home state, and would stay the only election to achieve this feat until 1904.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19571, 21648, 226188, 63876, 307, 22418929, 40532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 98 ], [ 103, 113 ], [ 294, 306 ], [ 604, 625 ], [ 664, 679 ], [ 684, 702 ], [ 804, 808 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1860 presidential election conventions were unusually tumultuous, due in particular to a split in the Democratic Party that led to rival conventions.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Republican candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Abraham Lincoln, former representative from Illinois", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " William Seward, senator from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Simon Cameron, senator from Pennsylvania", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Salmon P. Chase, governor of Ohio", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Edward Bates, former representative from Missouri", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John McLean, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Benjamin Wade, senator from Ohio", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " William L. Dayton, former senator from New Jersey", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Republican National Convention met in mid-May 1860 after the Democrats had been forced to adjourn their convention in Charleston. With the Democrats in disarray and a sweep of the Northern states possible, the Republicans felt confident going into their convention in Chicago. William H. Seward from New York was considered the front-runner, followed by Salmon P. Chase from Ohio, and Missouri's Edward Bates. Abraham Lincoln from Illinois, was lesser-known, and was not considered to have a good chance against Seward. Seward had been governor and senator of New York and was an able politician with a Whig background. Also running were John C. Frémont, William L. Dayton, Cassius M. Clay, and Benjamin Wade, who might be able to win if the convention deadlocked.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6886, 81455, 188978, 651121, 307, 91440, 1277065, 2393153, 354112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 272, 279 ], [ 281, 298 ], [ 358, 373 ], [ 400, 412 ], [ 414, 429 ], [ 642, 657 ], [ 659, 676 ], [ 678, 693 ], [ 699, 712 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the convention developed, however, it was revealed that frontrunners Seward, Chase, and Bates had each alienated factions of the Republican Party. Seward had (undeservingly) been painted as a radical, and his speeches on slavery predicted inevitable conflict, which spooked moderate delegates. He also was firmly opposed to nativism, which further weakened his position. He had also been abandoned by his longtime friend and political ally Horace Greeley, publisher of the influential New-York Tribune.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 21304605, 171486, 360819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 327, 335 ], [ 443, 457 ], [ 488, 504 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chase, a former Democrat, had alienated many of the former Whigs by his coalition with the Democrats in the late 1840s. He had also opposed tariffs demanded by Pennsylvania and even had opposition from his own delegation from Ohio. However, Chase's firm antislavery stance made him popular with the radical Republicans. But what he offered in policy he lacked in charisma and political acumen.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The conservative Bates was an unlikely candidate but found support from Horace Greeley, who sought any chance to defeat Seward, with whom he now had a bitter feud. Bates outlined his positions on the extension of slavery into the territories and equal constitutional rights for all citizens, positions that alienated his supporters in the border states and Southern conservatives, while German Americans in the party opposed Bates because of his past association with the Know Nothings.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 290327, 13698725 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 387, 403 ], [ 472, 484 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Into this mix came Lincoln. Lincoln was not unknown; he had gained prominence in the Lincoln–Douglas debates and had represented Illinois in the House of Representatives. He had been quietly eyeing a run since the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858, ensuring that the debates were widely published and that a biography of himself was published. He gained great notability with his February 1860 Cooper Union speech, which may have ensured him the nomination. He had not yet announced his intentions to run, but it was a superb speech. Delivered in Seward's home state and attended by Greeley, Lincoln used the speech to show that the Republican party was a party of moderates, not crazed fanatics, as the South and Democrats claimed. Afterward, Lincoln was in much demand for speaking engagements. As the convention approached, Lincoln did not campaign actively, as the \"office was expected to seek the man\". So it did at the Illinois state convention, a week before the national convention. Young politician Richard Oglesby had secretly found several fence rails from the Hanks-Lincoln farm that Lincoln may have split as a youngster and paraded them into the convention with a banner that proclaimed Lincoln to be \"The Rail Candidate\" for president. Lincoln received a thunderous ovation, surpassing his and his political allies' expectations. Lincoln's campaign managers had printed and distributed thousands of fake convention admission tickets to Lincoln supporters to ensure and increase the crowd's support.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 447485, 14462245, 758233 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 108 ], [ 392, 411 ], [ 1006, 1021 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Even with such support from his home state, Lincoln faced a difficult task if he was to win the nomination. He set about ensuring that he was the second choice of most delegates, realizing that the first round of voting at the convention was unlikely to produce a clear winner. He engineered that the convention would happen in Chicago, which would be inherently friendly to the Illinois-based Lincoln. He also made sure that the Illinois delegation would vote as a bloc for him. Lincoln did not attend the convention in person and left the task of delegate wrangling to several close friends.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first round of voting predictably produced a lead for Seward, but not a majority, with Lincoln in second place. The second round eliminated most of the minor contenders, with voters switching to Seward or mostly to Lincoln. The convention remained deadlocked, however, and skillful political maneuvering by Lincoln's delegate wranglers convinced the delegates to abandon Seward in favor of Lincoln. Lincoln's combination of a moderate stance on slavery, long support for economic issues, his western origins, and strong oratory proved to be exactly what the delegates wanted in a president. On the third ballot on May 18, Lincoln secured the presidential nomination overwhelmingly. Senator Hannibal Hamlin from Maine was nominated for vice president, defeating Cassius M. Clay. Hamlin was surprised by his nomination, saying he was \"astonished\" and that he \"neither expected nor desired it.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 13976 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 694, 709 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The party platform promised not to interfere with slavery in the states, but opposed slavery in the territories. The platform promised tariffs protecting industry and workers, a Homestead Act granting free farmland in the West to settlers, and the funding of a transcontinental railroad. There was no mention of Mormonism (which had been condemned in the Party's 1856 platform), the Fugitive Slave Act, personal liberty laws, or the Dred Scott decision. While the Seward forces were disappointed at the nomination of a little-known western upstart, they rallied behind Lincoln, while abolitionists were angry at the selection of a moderate and had little faith in Lincoln.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 55589, 51916, 2063080, 105816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 178, 191 ], [ 261, 286 ], [ 383, 401 ], [ 433, 452 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Northern Democratic candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stephen Douglas, senator from Illinois", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " James Guthrie, former treasury secretary from Kentucky", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, senator from Virginia", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Joseph Lane, senator from Oregon", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Daniel S. Dickinson, former senator from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Andrew Johnson, senator from Tennessee", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At the Democratic National Convention held in Institute Hall in Charleston, South Carolina, in April 1860, 50 Southern Democrats walked out over a platform dispute, led by the extreme pro-slavery \"Fire-Eater\" William Lowndes Yancey and the Alabama delegation: following them were the entire delegations of Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas, three of the four delegates from Arkansas, and one of the three delegates from Delaware.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 61024, 1192801, 1209820 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 90 ], [ 197, 207 ], [ 209, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Six candidates were nominated: Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois, James Guthrie from Kentucky, Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter from Virginia, Joseph Lane from Oregon, Daniel S. Dickinson from New York, and Andrew Johnson from Tennessee, while three other candidates, Isaac Toucey from Connecticut, James Pearce from Maryland, and Jefferson Davis from Mississippi (the future president of the Confederate States) also received votes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 22418929, 770920, 1329305, 887459, 1159357, 1624, 710474, 1733710, 16134, 636208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 49 ], [ 65, 78 ], [ 94, 125 ], [ 141, 152 ], [ 166, 185 ], [ 205, 219 ], [ 266, 278 ], [ 297, 309 ], [ 329, 344 ], [ 374, 409 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Douglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored \"popular sovereignty\", was ahead on the first ballot, but was 56½ votes short of securing the nomination. On the 57th ballot, with Douglas was still ahead, but 51½ votes short of the nomination, the exhausted and desperate delegates agreed on May 3 to cease voting and adjourn the convention.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 18697878 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While the Democrats convened again at the Front Street Theater in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18, 110 Southern delegates (led by \"Fire-Eaters\") boycotted the convention or walked out after the convention informed them they would not adopt a resolution supporting extending slavery into territories whose voters did not want it.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 26997138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While some considered Horatio Seymour a compromise candidate for the National Democratic nomination at the reconvening convention in Baltimore, Seymour wrote a letter to the editor of his local newspaper declaring unreservedly that he was not a candidate for either spot on the ticket. After two ballots - the 59th ballot overall - the remaining Democrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois for president. The election would now pit Lincoln against his longtime political rival, whom Lincoln had lost to in the Illinois senate race just two years earlier. That two candidates were from Illinois showed the importance of the West in the election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2477454, 22418929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 37 ], [ 366, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While Benjamin Fitzpatrick from Alabama was nominated for vice president, he refused the nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 823867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the convention concluded with no vice presidential nominee, Douglas offered the vice presidential nomination to Herschel V. Johnson from Georgia, who accepted.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 774228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Southern Democratic candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John C. Breckinridge, Vice President of the United States", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Daniel S. Dickinson, former senator from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter, senator from Virginia", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Joseph Lane, senator from Oregon", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jefferson Davis, senator from Mississippi", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The delegates who walked out of the convention at Charleston reconvened in Richmond, Virginia on June 11. When the Democrats reconvened in Baltimore, they rejoined (except South Carolina and Florida, who had stayed in Richmond).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 53274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the convention seated two replacement delegations on June 18, they walked out again or boycotted the convention, accompanied by nearly all other Southern delegates and erstwhile Convention chair Caleb Cushing, a New Englander and former member of Franklin Pierce's cabinet.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 683850, 19729467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 200, 213 ], [ 252, 267 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This larger group met immediately in Baltimore's Institute Hall, with Cushing again presiding. They adopted the pro-slavery platform rejected at Charleston, and nominated Vice President John C. Breckinridge for president, and Senator Joseph Lane from Oregon for vice president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 32759, 89141, 887459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 185 ], [ 186, 206 ], [ 234, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yancey and some (less than half) of the bolters - almost entirely from the Lower South - met on June 28 in Richmond, along with the South Carolina and Florida delegations, at a convention that affirmed the nominations of Breckinridge and Lane.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Besides the Democratic Parties in the Southern states, the Breckinridge/Lane ticket was also supported by the Buchanan administration. Buchanan's own continued prestige in his home state of Pennsylvania ensured that Breckinridge would be the principal Democratic candidate in that populous state. Breckinridge was the last sitting vice president nominated for president until Richard Nixon in 1960.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 23332, 25473, 40565 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 190, 202 ], [ 376, 389 ], [ 393, 397 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Constitutional Union candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John Bell, former senator from Tennessee", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sam Houston, governor of Texas", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John J. Crittenden, senator from Kentucky", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Edward Everett, former senator from Massachusetts", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " William A. Graham, former senator from North Carolina", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " William C. Rives, former senator from Virginia", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Constitutional Union Party was formed by remnants of both the defunct Know Nothing and Whig Parties who were unwilling to join either the Republicans or the Democrats. The new party's members hoped to stave off Southern secession by avoiding the slavery issue. They met in the Eastside District Courthouse of Baltimore and nominated John Bell from Tennessee for president over Governor Sam Houston of Texas on the second ballot. Edward Everett was nominated for vice president at the convention on May 9, 1860, one week before Lincoln.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 648570, 13698725, 32078, 724148, 70530, 60024, 303944 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 30 ], [ 74, 86 ], [ 91, 103 ], [ 337, 346 ], [ 381, 389 ], [ 390, 401 ], [ 433, 447 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John Bell was a former Whig who had opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the Lecompton Constitution. Edward Everett had been president of Harvard University and Secretary of State in the Millard Fillmore administration. The party platform advocated compromise to save the Union with the slogan \"The Union as it is, and the Constitution as it is.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 17042, 447568, 18426501, 32293, 19729548 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 67 ], [ 76, 98 ], [ 137, 155 ], [ 160, 178 ], [ 186, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Liberty (Union) candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gerrit Smith, former representative from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By 1860, very little remained of the Liberty Party, after most of its membership left to join the Free Soil Party in 1848 and nearly all of what remained of it joined the Republicans in 1854. The remaining party was also called the Radical Abolitionists. A convention of one hundred delegates was held in Convention Hall, Syracuse, New York, on August 29, 1860. Delegates were in attendance from New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Kentucky, and Massachusetts. Several of the delegates were women.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19118138, 195138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 50 ], [ 98, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gerrit Smith, a prominent abolitionist and the 1848 presidential nominee of the original Liberty Party, had sent a letter in which he stated that his health had been so poor that he had not been able to be away from home since 1858. Nonetheless, he remained popular in the party because he had helped inspire some of John Brown's supporters at the Raid on Harpers Ferry. In his letter, Smith donated $50 to pay for the printing of ballots in the various states.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1165403, 46606123, 77323, 19825348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 47, 102 ], [ 317, 329 ], [ 348, 369 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There was quite a spirited contest between the friends of Gerrit Smith and William Goodell in regard to the nomination for the presidency. In spite of his professed ill health, Gerrit Smith was nominated for president and Samuel McFarland from Pennsylvania was nominated for vice president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 10976638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, slates of presidential electors pledged to Smith and McFarland ran with the name of the Union Party. They received a total of 176 votes in the general election, 0.004% of the total.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The People's Party was a loose association of the supporters of Governor Samuel Houston. On April 20, 1860, the party held what it termed a national convention to nominate Houston for president on the San Jacinto Battlefield in Texas. Houston's supporters at the gathering did not nominate a vice presidential candidate, since they expected later gatherings to carry out that function. Later mass meetings were held in northern cities, such as New York City on May 30, 1860, but they too failed to nominate a vice presidential candidate. Houston, never enthusiastic about running for the presidency, soon became convinced that he had no chance of winning and that his candidacy would only make it easier for the Republican candidate to win. He withdrew from the race on August 16, and urged the formation of a Unified \"Union\" ticket in opposition to Lincoln.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 60024, 13023061, 29810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 87 ], [ 201, 224 ], [ 228, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In their campaigning, Bell and Douglas both claimed that disunion would not necessarily follow a Lincoln election. Nonetheless, loyal army officers in Virginia, Kansas and South Carolina warned Lincoln of military preparations to the contrary. Secessionists threw their support behind Breckinridge in an attempt either to force the anti-Republican candidates to coordinate their electoral votes or throw the election into the House of Representatives, where the selection of the president would be made by the representatives elected in 1858, before the Republican majorities in both House and Senate achieved in 1860 were seated in the new 37th Congress. Mexican War hero Winfield Scott suggested to Lincoln that he assume the powers of a commander-in-chief before inauguration. However, historian Bruce Chadwick observes that Lincoln and his advisors ignored the widespread alarms and threats of secession as mere election trickery.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political considerations", "target_page_ids": [ 2417330, 61403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 641, 654 ], [ 673, 687 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Indeed, voting in the South was not as monolithic as the Electoral College map would make it seem. Economically, culturally, and politically, the South was made up of three regions. In the states of the \"Upper\" South, later known as the \"Border States\" (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri along with the Kansas territories), unionist popular votes were scattered among Lincoln, Douglas, and Bell, to form a majority in all four. In the \"Middle\" South states, there was a unionist majority divided between Douglas and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee; in North Carolina and Arkansas, the unionist (Bell and Douglas) vote approached a majority. Texas was the only Middle South state that Breckinridge carried convincingly. In three of the six \"Deep\" South states, unionists (Bell and Douglas) won divided majorities in Georgia and Louisiana or neared it in Alabama. Breckinridge convincingly carried only three of the six states of the Deep South (South Carolina, Florida, and Mississippi). These three Deep South states were all among the four Southern states with the lowest white populations; together, they held only nine percent of Southern whites.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political considerations", "target_page_ids": [ 427798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 238, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Among the slave states, the three states with the highest voter turnouts voted the most one-sided. Texas, with five percent of the total wartime South's population, voted 75 percent Breckinridge. Kentucky and Missouri, with one-fourth the total population, voted 73 percent pro-union Bell, Douglas and Lincoln. In comparison, the six states of the Deep South making up one-fourth the Confederate voting population, split 57 percent Breckinridge versus 43 percent for the two pro-union candidates. The four states that were admitted to the Confederacy after Fort Sumter held almost half its population, and voted a narrow combined majority of 53 percent for the pro-union candidates.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political considerations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the eleven states that would later declare their secession from the Union and be controlled by Confederate armies, ballots for Lincoln were cast only in Virginia,", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political considerations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where he received 1,929 votes (1.15 percent of the total). Unsurprisingly, the vast majority of the votes Lincoln received were cast in border counties of what would soon become West Virginia – the future state accounted for 1,832 of Lincoln's 1,929 votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political considerations", "target_page_ids": [ 32905 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 178, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln received no votes at all in 121 of the state's then-145 counties (including 31 of the 50 that would form West Virginia), received a single vote in three counties and received ten or fewer votes in nine of the 24 counties where he polled votes. Lincoln's best results, by far, were in the four counties that comprised the state's northern panhandle, a region which had long felt alienated from Richmond, was economically and culturally linked to its neighbors Ohio and Pennsylvania and would become the key driver in the successful effort to form a separate state. Hancock County (Virginia's northernmost at the time) returned Lincoln's best result – he polled over 40% of the vote there and finished in second place (Lincoln polled only eight votes fewer than Breckinridge). Of the 97 votes cast for Lincoln in the state's post-1863 boundaries, 93 were polled in four counties along the Potomac River and four were tallied in the coastal city of Portsmouth.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political considerations", "target_page_ids": [ 452394, 91043, 59308, 91265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 337, 355 ], [ 572, 586 ], [ 895, 908 ], [ 954, 964 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some key differences between modern elections and the those of the mid-nineteenth century are that at the time, not only was there was no secret ballot anywhere in the United States, but the state did not print and distribute ballots. In theory, any document containing a valid or at least non-excessive number names of citizens of a particular state (provided they were eligible to vote in the electoral college within that state) might have been accepted as a valid presidential ballot, however what this meant in practice was that a candidate's campaign was responsible for printing and distributing their own ballots (this service was typically done by supportive newspaper publishers). Moreover, since voters did not choose the president directly, but rather presidential electors, the only way for a voter to meaningfully support a particular candidate for president was cast a ballot for citizens of his state who would have pledged to vote for the candidate in the Electoral College. In ten southern slave states, no citizen would publicly pledge to vote for Abraham Lincoln, so citizens there had no legal means to vote for the Republican nominee. In most of Virginia, no publisher would print ballots for Lincoln's pledged electors. While a citizen without access to a ballot for Lincoln could theoretically have still voted for him by means of a write-in ballot provided his state had electors pledged to Lincoln and the voter knew their identities, casting a ballot in favor of the Republican candidate in a strongly pro-slavery county would have incurred (at minimum) social ostracization (of course, casting a vote for Breckinridge in a strongly abolitionist county ran a voter the same risk).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political considerations", "target_page_ids": [ 480905 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1357, 1372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the four slave states that did not secede (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware), Lincoln came in fourth in every state except Delaware (where he finished third). Within the fifteen slave states, Lincoln won only two counties out of 996, Missouri's St. Louis and Gasconade Counties. In the 1856 election, the Republican candidate for president had received no votes at all in twelve of the fourteen slave states with a popular vote (these being the same states as in the 1860 election, plus Missouri and Virginia).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political considerations", "target_page_ids": [ 94524, 94649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 258, 267 ], [ 272, 290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860, and was noteworthy for the exaggerated sectionalism and voter enthusiasm in a country that was soon to dissolve into civil war. Voter turnout was 81.2%, the highest in American history up to that time, and the second-highest overall (exceeded only in the election of 1876).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 549462, 20072937, 40402 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 180, 193 ], [ 209, 236 ], [ 307, 323 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since Andrew Jackson had won re-election in 1832, all six subsequent presidents had only won one term, while the last four of those had won with a popular vote under 51 percent.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 1623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln won the Electoral College with less than 40 percent of the popular vote nationwide by carrying states above the Mason–Dixon line and north of the Ohio River, plus the states of California and Oregon in the Far West. Unlike every preceding president-elect, Lincoln did not carry even one slave state.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 82334, 179578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 136 ], [ 214, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There were no ballots distributed for Lincoln in ten of the Southern states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln was therefore the second President-elect to poll no votes in some states which had a popular vote (the first was John Quincy Adams, who polled no ballots in the popular votes of two states in the election of 1824, the only other election in which there were four major candidates, none of whom distributed ballots in every state). It should be further noted that, prior to introduction of the secret ballot in the 1880s, the concept of ballot access did not exist in the sense it does today: there was no standardized state-issued ballot for a candidate to \"appear\" on. Instead, presidential ballots were printed and distributed by agents of the candidates and their parties, who organized slates of would-be electors publicly pledged to vote for a particular candidate. The 1824 and 1860 presidential elections were the only two prior to the introduction of the secret ballot where a winning candidate was so unpopular in a particular region that it was impossible to organize and print ballots for a slate of eligible voters pledged to vote for that candidate in an entire state.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 15654, 40509, 479210, 361354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 138 ], [ 204, 220 ], [ 401, 414 ], [ 444, 457 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since 1860, and excluding unreconstructed Southern states in 1868 and 1872, there have been two occasions where a Republican presidential candidate failed to poll votes in every state, while national Democratic candidates have failed to appear on all state ballots in three elections since the introduction of the secret ballot, though in all three, the Democratic candidate nonetheless won the presidency , but none of them were off the ballot in as many states as Lincoln in 1860.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln won the second-lowest share of the popular vote among all winning presidential candidates in U.S. history. Lincoln's share of the popular vote would likely have been even lower if there had been a popular vote in South Carolina, though conversely it would likely have been marginally higher had he been on the ballot in all of the Southern states. The Republican victory resulted from the concentration of votes in the free states, which together controlled a majority of the presidential electors.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 14619595 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln's strategy was deliberately focused, in collaboration with Republican Party Chairman Thurlow Weed, on expanding on the states Frémont won four years earlier: New York was critical with 35 Electoral College votes, 11.5 percent of the total, and with Pennsylvania (27) and Ohio (23) as well, a candidate could collect 85 votes, whereas 152 were required to win. The Wide Awakes young Republican men's organization massively expanded registered voter lists, and although Lincoln was not even on the ballot in most Southern states, population increases in the free states had far exceeded those seen in the slave states for many years before the election of 1860, hence free states dominated in the Electoral College.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 1005941, 1268739, 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 105 ], [ 372, 383 ], [ 703, 720 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The split in the Democratic party is sometimes held responsible for Lincoln's victory despite the fact that Lincoln won the election with less than 40% of the popular vote, as much of the anti-Republican vote was \"wasted\" in Southern states in which no ballots for Lincoln were circulated. Lincoln also won outright majorities in enough states, that if he lost all states that he took with pluralities, he would still have enough electoral votes to win.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At most, a single opponent nationwide would have deprived Lincoln of only California, Oregon, and four New Jersey electors, whose combined total of eleven electoral votes would have made no difference to the result since every other state won by the Republicans was won by a clear majority of the vote: in this scenario, Lincoln would have received 169 electoral votes, 17 more than the 152 required to win.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the four states of New York, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and New Jersey where anti-Lincoln votes were combined into fusion tickets, Lincoln still won three and split New Jersey; despite this, a shift of 25,000 votes to the fusion ticket in New York would have left Lincoln with 145 electoral votes - seven votes short of winning the Electoral College - and forced a contingent election in the House of Representatives. Of the five states that Lincoln failed to carry despite polling votes, he received 20 percent of the vote in only one (Delaware), and 10 percent of the vote in only one more (Missouri).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 46699 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Like Lincoln, Breckinridge and Bell won no electoral votes outside of their respective sections. While Bell retired to his family business, quietly supporting his state's secession, Breckinridge served as a Confederate general. He finished second in the Electoral College with 72 votes, carrying eleven of fifteen slave states (including South Carolina, whose electors were chosen by the state legislature, not popular vote). Breckinridge stood a distant third in national popular vote at eighteen percent, but accrued 50 to 75 percent in the first seven states that would form the Confederate States of America. He took nine of the eleven states that eventually joined, plus the border slave states of Delaware and Maryland, losing only Virginia and Tennessee. Breckinridge received very little support in the free states, showing some strength only in California, Oregon, Pennsylvania and Connecticut.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 7023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 582, 611 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bell carried three slave states (Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia) and lost Maryland by only 722 votes. Nevertheless, he finished a remarkable second in all slave states won by Breckinridge or Douglas. He won 45 to 47 percent in Maryland, Tennessee and North Carolina and canvassed respectably with 36 to 40 percent in Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Georgia, and Florida. Bell himself had hoped that he would take over the former support of the extinct Whig Party in free states, but the majority of this support went to Lincoln. Thus, except for running mate Everett's home state of Massachusetts, and California, Bell received even less support in the free states than did Breckinridge, and consequently came in last in the national popular vote, at 12.62%.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 32078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 454, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Douglas was the only candidate who won electoral votes in both slave and free states (free New Jersey and slave Missouri). His support was the most widespread geographically; he finished second behind Lincoln in the popular vote with 29.52%, but last in the Electoral College. Douglas attained a 28 to 47% share in the states of the Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, and Trans-Mississippi West, but slipped to 19 to 39% in New England. Outside his regional section, Douglas took 15 to 17% of the popular vote total in the slave states of Kentucky, Alabama, and Louisiana, then 10 percent or less in the nine remaining slave states. Douglas, in his \"Norfolk Doctrine\", reiterated in North Carolina, promised to keep the Union together by coercion if states proceeded to secede: the popular vote for Lincoln and Douglas combined was 69.17% of the turnout.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 1860 Republican ticket was the first successful national ticket that did not feature a Southerner, and the election marked the end of Southern political dominance in the United States. Between 1789 and 1860, Southerners had been president for two-thirds of the era, and had held the offices of Speaker of the House and President pro tem of the Senate during much of that time. Moreover, since 1791, Southerners had comprised a majority of the Supreme Court.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 46023, 49565, 31737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 298, 318 ], [ 323, 354 ], [ 447, 460 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) The popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 27956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [ 5077294, 3726095 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ], [ 72, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 1%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10%:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for Lincoln's victory)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results by state", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln's victory and imminent inauguration as president was the immediate cause for declarations of secession by seven Southern states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas) from 20 December 1860 to 1 February 1861. They then formed the Confederate States of America.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trigger for the Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 7023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 278, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several other states also considered declaring secession at the time:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trigger for the Civil War", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Missouri convened a secession convention, which voted against secession and adjourned permanently.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trigger for the Civil War", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Arkansas convened a secession convention, which voted against secession and adjourned temporarily.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trigger for the Civil War", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Virginia convened a secession convention, which voted against secession but remained in session.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trigger for the Civil War", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tennessee held a referendum on having a secession convention, which failed.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trigger for the Civil War", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " North Carolina held a referendum on having a secession convention, which failed.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trigger for the Civil War", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "All of the secessionist activity was motivated by fear for the institution of slavery in the South. If the President (and, by extension, the appointed federal officials in the South, such as district attorneys, marshals, postmasters, and judges) opposed slavery, it might collapse. There were fears that abolitionist agents would infiltrate the South and foment slave insurrections. (The noted secessionist William Lowndes Yancey, speaking at New York's Cooper Institute in October 1860, asserted that with abolitionists in power, \"Emissaries will percolate between master [and] slave as water between the crevices of rocks underground. They will be found everywhere, with strychnine to put in our wells.\") Less radical Southerners thought that with Northern antislavery dominance of the federal government, slavery would eventually be abolished, regardless of present constitutional limits.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trigger for the Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 1209820 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 407, 429 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bertram Wyatt-Brown argues that secessionists desired independence as necessary for their honor. They could no longer tolerate Northern state attitudes that regarded slave ownership as a great sin and Northern politicians who insisted on stopping the spread of slavery.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trigger for the Civil War", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another bloc of Southerners resented Northern criticism of slavery and restrictions on slavery but opposed secession as dangerous and unnecessary. However, the \"conditional Unionists\" also hoped that when faced with secession, Northerners would stifle anti-slavery rhetoric and accept pro-slavery rules for the territories. It was that group that prevented immediate secession in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas when", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trigger for the Civil War", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln took office on 4 March 1861. He took no action against the secessionists in the seven \"Confederate\" states but also declared that secession had no legal validity and refused to surrender federal property in those states. (He also reiterated his opposition to slavery anywhere in the territories.) The standoff continued until mid-April, when Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered Confederate troops to bombard and capture Fort Sumter.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trigger for the Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 16134, 81464 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 372, 387 ], [ 438, 449 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln then called for troops to put down rebellion, which wiped out the possibility that the crisis could be resolved by compromise. Nearly all \"conditional Unionists\" joined the secessionists. The Virginia convention and the reconvened Arkansas convention both declared secession, as did the legislatures of Tennessee and North Carolina; all four states joined the Confederacy.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trigger for the Civil War", "target_page_ids": [ 38278941 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1434986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 29443645 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " American election campaigns in the 19th century", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3132190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21580576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21196068 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Hanks", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 30029317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1849–1865)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 752072 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States Democratic Party", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3088213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States Republican Party", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4157940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Third Party System", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4140746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Decredico, Mary A. \"Sectionalism and the Secession Crisis,\" in John B. Boles, ed., A Companion to the American South (2004) pp. 231-248, on the historiography of Southend motivations", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fuller, A. James, ed. The Election of 1860 Reconsidered (Kent State Univ Press, 2013); 288 pp; essays by scholars; online", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Grinspan, Jon, \"'Young Men for War': The Wide Awakes and Lincoln's 1860 Presidential Campaign,\" Journal of American History 96.2 (2009): online.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Holt, Michael F. The Election of 1860: \"A Campaign Fraught with Consequences (2017) ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Johannsen, Robert W. Stephen A. Douglas (1973), standard biography", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " along with Nevins, the most detailed narrative of the election", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union (10 volumes, Macmillan, 1979–2018), detailed scholarly coverage of every election, 1848 to 1864.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 556446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nichols, Roy Franklin. The Disruption of American Democracy (1948), pp.348–506, focused on the Democratic party", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 21861317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Parks, Joseph Howard. John Bell of Tennessee (1950), standard biography", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " vol. 2, ch. 11. highly detailed narrative covering 1856–60", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W. A Guide to Political Platforms (1977), pp. 72–79 online", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National Party Platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1860 election: State-by-state Popular vote results", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1860 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " United States Presidential Election of 1860 in Encyclopedia Virginia", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1860", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Electoral Map from 1860", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts, 1860 Shapell Manuscript Foundation", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lincoln's election – details", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Report on 1860 Republican convention", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " — Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1860: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bill Bigelow, \"The Election of 1860 Role Play\", 12-page lesson plan for high school students, Zinn Education Project/Rethinking Schools", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1860 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War", "1860_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln", "Abraham_Lincoln", "Secession_crisis_of_1860–61", "November_1860_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1860" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1864 United States presidential election, the 20th quadrennial presidential election, was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1864. Near the end of the American Civil War, incumbent President Abraham Lincoln of the National Union Party easily defeated the Democratic nominee, former General George B. McClellan, by a wide margin of 212–21 in the electoral college, with 55% of the popular vote. For the election, the Republican Party and some Democrats created the National Union Party, especially to attract War Democrats.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 863, 24113, 307, 5238368, 5043544, 104977, 32070, 30872339 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 88 ], [ 149, 167 ], [ 179, 188 ], [ 189, 204 ], [ 212, 232 ], [ 253, 263 ], [ 288, 307 ], [ 414, 430 ], [ 506, 518 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite some intra-party opposition from Salmon Chase and the Radical Republicans, Lincoln won his party's nomination at the 1864 National Union National Convention. Rather than re-nominate Vice President Hannibal Hamlin, the convention selected Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, a War Democrat, as Lincoln's running mate. John C. Frémont ran as the nominee of the Radical Democracy Party, which criticized Lincoln for being too moderate on the issue of racial equality, but Frémont withdrew from the race in September. The Democrats were divided between the Copperheads, who favored immediate peace with the Confederacy, and War Democrats, who supported the war. The 1864 Democratic National Convention nominated McClellan, a War Democrat, but adopted a platform advocating peace with the Confederacy, which McClellan rejected.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 188978, 352697, 22479129, 13976, 1624, 91440, 54891874, 303134, 7023, 4818764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 53 ], [ 62, 81 ], [ 125, 164 ], [ 205, 220 ], [ 246, 260 ], [ 318, 333 ], [ 360, 383 ], [ 554, 565 ], [ 604, 615 ], [ 663, 698 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite his early fears of defeat, Lincoln won strong majorities in the popular and electoral vote, partly as a result of the recent Union victory at the Battle of Atlanta. As the Civil War was still raging, no electoral votes were counted from any of the eleven southern states that had joined the Confederate States of America. Lincoln's re-election ensured that he would preside over the successful conclusion of the Civil War.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 176263, 7023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 171 ], [ 299, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln's victory made him the first president to win re-election since Andrew Jackson in 1832, as well as the first Northern president to ever win re-election. Lincoln was assassinated less than two months into his second term, and he was succeeded by his vice president, Andrew Johnson, who favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the former slaves. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1623, 40511, 1624, 9583338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 86 ], [ 90, 94 ], [ 273, 287 ], [ 472, 487 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1864 presidential election took place during the American Civil War. According to the Miller Center for the study of the presidency, the election was noteworthy for occurring at all, an unprecedented democratic exercise in the midst of a civil war.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 863, 12487961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 71 ], [ 90, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A group of Republican dissidents who called themselves Radical Republicans formed a party named the Radical Democracy Party and nominated John C. Frémont as their candidate for president. Frémont later withdrew and endorsed Lincoln. In the Border States, War Democrats joined with Republicans as the National Union Party, with Lincoln at the head of the ticket. The National Union Party was a temporary name used to attract War Democrats and Border State Unionists who would not vote for the Republican Party. It faced off against the regular Democratic Party, including Peace Democrats.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 352697, 91440, 427798, 30872339, 5238368, 303134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 73 ], [ 138, 153 ], [ 240, 253 ], [ 255, 268 ], [ 300, 320 ], [ 571, 586 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1864 presidential election conventions of the parties are considered below in order of the party's popular vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "National Union candidates:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ulysses S. Grant, Commanding General from Illinois", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As the Civil War progressed, political opinions within the Republican Party began to diverge. Senators Charles Sumner and Henry Wilson from Massachusetts wanted the Republican Party to advocate constitutional amendments to prohibit slavery and guarantee racial equality before the law. Initially, not all northern Republicans supported such measures.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 273845, 89160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 117 ], [ 122, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic leaders hoped that the radical Republicans would put forth their own ticket in the election. The New York World newspaper, particularly interested in undermining the National Union Party, ran a series of articles predicting a delay for the National Union Convention until late in 1864 to allow Frémont time to collect delegates to win the nomination. Frémont supporters in New York City established a newspaper called the New Nation, which declared in one of its initial issues that the National Union Convention would be a \"nonentity\". The New York World also published false information (further purported by Samuel S. Cox) to limit Lincoln's popularity.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 593160, 11042967 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 122 ], [ 622, 635 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before the election, some War Democrats joined the Republicans to form the National Union Party. With the outcome of the Civil War still in doubt, some political leaders, including Salmon P. Chase, Benjamin Wade, and Horace Greeley, opposed Lincoln's re-nomination on the grounds that he could not win. Chase himself became the only candidate to contest Lincoln's re-nomination actively, but he withdrew in March when a slew of Republican officials, including some within the state of Ohio upon whom Chase's campaign depended, endorsed Lincoln for re-nomination. Lincoln was still popular with most members of the Republican Party, and the National Union Party nominated him for a second term as president at their convention in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 7–8, 1864. The party platform included these goals: \"pursuit of the war, until the Confederacy surrendered unconditionally; a constitutional amendment for the abolition of slavery; aid to disabled Union veterans; continued European neutrality; enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine; encouragement of immigration; and construction of a transcontinental railroad.\" It also praised the use of black troops and Lincoln's management of the war.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 188978, 354112, 171486, 26997138, 8316190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 181, 196 ], [ 198, 211 ], [ 217, 231 ], [ 729, 748 ], [ 1021, 1036 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With incumbent vice president Hannibal Hamlin remaining indifferent about the prospect of a second term in office, Andrew Johnson, the former senator from and current military governor of Tennessee, was named as Lincoln's vice presidential running-mate. He had been governor of Tennessee from 1853 to 1857 and was elected by the legislature to the Senate in 1857. In his congressional service, he sought passage of the Homestead Bill which was enacted soon after he left his Senate seat in 1862. When the Southern slave states, including Tennessee, seceded, he remained firmly with the Union. He was the only sitting senator from a Confederate state who did not resign his seat upon learning of his state's secession. In 1862, Lincoln appointed him as military governor of Tennessee after most of it had been retaken. In 1864, Johnson was a logical choice as running mate for Lincoln, who wished to send a message of national unity in his re-election campaign, especially to ensure the electoral votes of the border states.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 13976, 1624, 30395, 55589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 45 ], [ 115, 129 ], [ 188, 197 ], [ 419, 433 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Others who were considered for the nomination, at one point or another, were former Senator Daniel Dickinson, Major General Benjamin Butler, Major General William Rosecrans, Joseph Holt, and former Treasury Secretary and Senator John Dix.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1159357, 732946, 375983, 1412477, 876478 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 108 ], [ 124, 139 ], [ 155, 172 ], [ 174, 185 ], [ 229, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic presidential candidates:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " George B. McClellan, General from New Jersey", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas H. Seymour, Former Governor of Connecticut", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic Party was bitterly split between War Democrats and Peace Democrats, a group further divided among competing factions. Moderate Peace Democrats who supported the war against the Confederacy, such as Horatio Seymour, were preaching the wisdom of a negotiated peace. After the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, moderate Peace Democrats proposed a negotiated peace that would secure Union victory. They believed this was the best course of action, because an armistice could finish the war without devastating the South. Radical Peace Democrats known as Copperheads, such as Thomas H. Seymour, declared the war to be a failure and favored an immediate end to hostilities without securing Union victory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 303134, 2477454, 4849, 303134, 11579795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 81 ], [ 213, 228 ], [ 310, 330 ], [ 582, 593 ], [ 603, 620 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "George B. McClellan vied for the presidential nomination. Additionally, friends of Horatio Seymour insisted on placing his name before the convention, which was held in Chicago, Illinois, on August 29–31, 1864. But on the day before the organization of that body, Horatio Seymour announced positively that he would not be a candidate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 104977, 6886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ], [ 169, 176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since the Democrats were divided by issues of war and peace, they sought a strong candidate who could unify the party. The compromise was to nominate pro-war General George B. McClellan for president and anti-war Representative George H. Pendleton for vice president. McClellan, a War Democrat, was nominated for president over the Copperhead Thomas H. Seymour. Pendleton, a close associate of the Copperhead Clement Vallandigham, balanced the ticket, since he was known for having strongly opposed the Union war effort. The convention adopted a peace platform – a platform McClellan personally rejected. McClellan supported the continuation of the war and restoration of the Union, but the party platform, written by Vallandigham, opposed this position.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 174233, 370649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 228, 247 ], [ 409, 429 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Radical Democracy Convention assembled in Ohio with delegates arriving on May 29, 1864. The New York Times reported that the hall which the convention organizers had planned to use had been double-booked by an opera troupe. Almost all delegates were instructed to support Frémont, with a major exception being the New York delegation, which was composed of War Democrats who supported Ulysses S. Grant. Various estimates of the number of delegates were reported in the press; The New York Times reported 156 delegates, but the number generally reported elsewhere was 350 delegates. The delegates came from 15 states and the District of Columbia. They adopted the name \"Radical Democracy Party\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 54891874, 30680, 31752, 30680, 108956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 92, 110 ], [ 389, 405 ], [ 480, 498 ], [ 628, 648 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A supporter of Grant was appointed chairman. The platform was passed with little discussion, and a series of resolutions that bogged down the convention proceedings were voted down decisively. The convention nominated Frémont for president, and he accepted the nomination on June 4, 1864. In his letter, he stated that he would step aside if the National Union Convention would nominate someone other than Lincoln for president. John Cochrane was nominated for vice president.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 14607954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 429, 442 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1864 election was the first time since 1812 that a presidential election took place during a war.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For much of 1864, Lincoln himself believed he had little chance of being re-elected. Confederate forces had triumphed at the Battle of Mansfield, the Battle of Cold Harbor, the Battle of Brices Cross Roads, the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain and the Battle of the Crater. In addition, the war was continuing to take a very high toll in terms of casualties with campaigns such as Grant's Overland Campaign and the perceived lack of progress. The prospect of a long and bloody war started to make the idea of \"peace at all cost\" offered by the Copperheads look more desirable. Because of this, McClellan was thought to be a heavy favorite to win the election. Unfortunately for Lincoln, Frémont's campaign got off to a good start.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 374985, 48965, 65342, 1253121, 51051, 1375548, 303134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 144 ], [ 150, 171 ], [ 177, 205 ], [ 211, 238 ], [ 247, 267 ], [ 376, 401 ], [ 539, 550 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, several political and military events eventually made Lincoln's re-election inevitable. In the first place, the Democrats had to confront the severe internal strains within their party at the Democratic National Convention. The political compromises made at the Democratic National Convention were contradictory and made McClellan's efforts to campaign seem inconsistent.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 4818764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 201, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Secondly, the Democratic National Convention influenced Frémont's campaign. Frémont was appalled at the Democratic platform, which he described as \"union with slavery\". After three weeks of discussions with Cochrane and his supporters, Frémont withdrew from the race in September 1864. In his statement, Frémont declared that winning the Civil War was too important to divide the Republican vote. Although he still felt that Lincoln was not going far enough, the defeat of McClellan was of the greatest necessity. General Cochrane, who was a War Democrat, agreed and withdrew with Frémont. On September 23, 1864, Frémont also brokered a political deal in which Lincoln removed U.S. Postmaster General Montgomery Blair from office, and on September 24 Abraham Lincoln relieved Blair of his duty as Postmaster General. McClellan's chances of victory faded after Frémont withdrew from the presidential race.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 45556, 292126 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 677, 700 ], [ 701, 717 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lastly, with the fall of Atlanta on September 2, there was no longer any question that a Union military victory was inevitable and close at hand.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 651663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the end, the Union Party mobilized the full strength of both the Republicans and the War Democrats under the slogan \"Don't change horses in the middle of a stream\". It was energized as Lincoln made emancipation the central issue, and state Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The American Civil War was in progress and unfinished during this election. Because eleven Southern states had declared secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America, only twenty-five states participated in the election.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 863, 7023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 22 ], [ 160, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Louisiana and Tennessee had recently been re-captured. They chose presidential electors, but their votes were rejected by Congress due to having recently seceded from the Union. Both states had voted for Lincoln, so it would not have changed the result in any case.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 8968660, 6696479 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 14, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Three new states participated for the first time: Kansas, West Virginia, and Nevada.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Despite Kentucky's state government never seceding from the Union, the Commonwealth had an election participation rate decrease of almost 40% compared to the election of 1860.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "McClellan won just three states: Kentucky, Delaware, and his home state of New Jersey. Lincoln won in every state he carried in 1860 except New Jersey, and also carried a state won four years earlier by Stephen Douglas (Missouri), one carried by John C. Breckinridge (Maryland) and all three newly admitted states (Kansas, Nevada and West Virginia). Altogether, 212 electoral votes were counted in Congress for Lincoln – more than enough to win the presidency even if all of the states in rebellion had participated and voted against him.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 22418929, 89141 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 203, 218 ], [ 246, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln was highly popular with soldiers and they in turn recommended him to their families back home. The following states allowed soldiers to cast ballots: California, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. Out of the 40,247 army votes cast, Lincoln received 30,503 (75.8%) and McClellan 9,201 (22.9%), with the rest (543 votes) scattering (1.3%). Only soldiers from Kentucky gave McClellan a majority of their votes, and he carried the army vote in the state by a vote of 2,823 (70.3%) to 1,194 (29.7%).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 1,129 counties making returns, Lincoln won in 728 (64.5%), while McClellan carried 400 (35.4%). One county (0.1%) in Iowa split evenly between Lincoln and McClellan.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election the Republicans won in Maryland until 1896.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) The states in rebellion did not participate in the election of 1864.(b) The 17 electoral votes from Tennessee and Louisiana were rejected. Had they not been rejected, Lincoln would have received 229 electoral votes out of a total of 250, well in excess of the 126 required to win.(c) One elector from Nevada did not vote.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Source (most states): Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp.247–57.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 5077294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Source (Tennessee): contemporary Chicago Tribune newspaper.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 60961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States in red were won by Republican Abraham Lincoln; states in blue were won by Democrat George B. McClellan.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "State where the margin of victory was under 1% (33 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5% (35 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10% (65 electoral vote):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (Tipping-Point State)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "See also:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " American election campaigns in the 19th century", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 3132190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21580576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1849–1865)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 752072 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21207243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Third Party System", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 4140746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1864 and 1865 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1434834 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Balsamo, Larry T. We Cannot Have Free Government without Elections': Abraham Lincoln and the Election of 1864\", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (2001): 181–99.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Donald, David. Lincoln (1995) pp.516–544 online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 1053958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dudley, Harold M. \"The Election of 1864,\" Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Mar. 1932), pp.500–18 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fehrenbacher, Don E. \"The Making of a Myth: Lincoln and the Vice-Presidential Nomination in 1864\". Civil War History 41.4 (1995): 273–290.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Long, David E. Jewel of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln's Re-election and the End of Slavery (1994).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Merrill, Louis Taylor. \"General Benjamin F. Butler in the Presidential Campaign of 1864\". Mississippi Valley Historical Review 33 (March 1947): 537–70. in JSTOR", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nelson, Larry E. Bullets, Ballots, and Rhetoric: Confederate Policy for the United States Presidential Contest of 1864 University of Alabama Press, 1980.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nevins, Allan. The War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865 (vol 8 1971). pp 97–143.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 556446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Newman, Leonard. \"Opposition to Lincoln in the Elections of 1864\", Science & Society, vol. 8, no. 4 (Fall 1944), pp.305–27. In JSTOR.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Phillip Shaw Paludan. The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln (University Press of Kansas, 1994) pp.274–93.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 12597492 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " James G. Randall and Richard N. Current. Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure. Vol. 4 of Lincoln the President. 1955.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 6921449, 25868363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 22, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vorenberg, Michael. The Deformed Child': Slavery and the Election of 1864\" Civil War History 2001 47(3): 240–57.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Waugh, John C. Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency (1998).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 16867982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " White, Jonathan W. \"Canvassing the Troops: the Federal Government and the Soldiers' Right to Vote\" Civil War History 2004 50(3): 291–317.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " White, Jonathan W. Emancipation, the Union Army, and the Reelection of Abraham Lincoln (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2014).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Winther, Oscar O. \"The soldier vote in the election of 1864.\" New York History 25.4 (1944): 440-458. online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Zornow, William Frank. Lincoln and the Party Divided (1954). online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W. A guide to political platforms (1977) pp. 80–85 online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1864 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1864 State-by-state popular results", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transcript of the 1864 Democratic Party Platform", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Harper's Weekly – Overview", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " more from Harper's Weekly", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1864 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1864: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1864 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1864_United_States_presidential_election", "Andrew_Johnson", "Abraham_Lincoln", "George_B._McClellan", "Politics_of_the_American_Civil_War", "Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln", "November_1864_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1864" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1868 United States presidential election was the 21st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1868. In the first election of the Reconstruction Era, Republican nominee Ulysses S. Grant defeated Horatio Seymour of the Democratic Party. It was the first presidential election to take place after the conclusion of the American Civil War and the abolition of slavery. It was the first election in which African Americans could vote in the reconstructed Southern states, in accordance with the First Reconstruction Act.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 55040, 32070, 31752, 2477454, 5043544, 863, 253264, 2154, 632122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 157, 175 ], [ 177, 187 ], [ 196, 212 ], [ 222, 237 ], [ 245, 261 ], [ 344, 362 ], [ 384, 391 ], [ 428, 444 ], [ 518, 542 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Incumbent president Andrew Johnson had succeeded to the presidency in 1865 following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, a Republican. Johnson, a War Democrat from Tennessee, had served as Lincoln's running mate in 1864 on the National Union ticket, which was designed to attract Republicans and War Democrats. Upon accession to office, Johnson clashed with the Republican Congress over Reconstruction policies and was impeached and nearly removed from office. Johnson received some support for another term at the 1868 Democratic National Convention, but, after several ballots, the convention nominated Seymour, who had formerly served as Governor of New York. The 1868 Republican National Convention unanimously nominated Grant, who had been the highest-ranking Union general at the end of the Civil War. The Democrats criticized the Republican Reconstruction policies, and \"campaigned explicitly on an anti-black, pro-white platform,\" while Republicans campaigned on Grant's popularity and the Union victory in the Civil War.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1624, 4924254, 30872339, 30395, 40520, 5238368, 9583338, 2848963, 12861, 1867526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 34 ], [ 89, 121 ], [ 148, 160 ], [ 166, 175 ], [ 217, 221 ], [ 229, 243 ], [ 421, 430 ], [ 517, 552 ], [ 643, 663 ], [ 669, 704 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant decisively won the electoral vote, but his margin was narrower in the popular vote. In addition to his appeal in the North, Grant benefited from votes among the newly enfranchised freedmen in the South, while the temporary political disfranchisement of many Southern whites helped Republican margins. As three of the former Confederate states (Texas, Mississippi, and Virginia) were not yet restored to the Union, their electors could not vote in the election.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 85533, 13149886, 179553, 7023, 29810, 16949861, 32432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 39 ], [ 186, 194 ], [ 202, 207 ], [ 330, 341 ], [ 350, 355 ], [ 357, 368 ], [ 374, 382 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Reconstruction and civil rights of former slaves was a hotly debated issue in the Union. Grant supported the Reconstruction plans of the Radical Republicans in Congress, which favored the 14th Amendment, with full citizenship and civil rights for freedmen, including manhood suffrage. The Democratic platform condemned \"Negro supremacy\" and demanded a restoration of states' rights, including the right of southern states to determine for themselves whether to allow suffrage for adult freedmen. Republicans charged that Democrats were determined to deny any freedman the vote, regardless of fitness. Democrats charged that Republicans wanted to give all freedmen the vote, regardless of fitness.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 352697 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 1868, the Republicans felt strong enough to drop the Union Party label, but wanted to nominate a popular hero for their presidential candidate. The Democratic Party controlled many large Northern states that had a great percentage of the electoral votes. General Ulysses S. Grant announced he was a Republican and was unanimously nominated on the first ballot as the party's standard-bearer at the Republican convention in Chicago, Illinois, held on May 20–21, 1868. House Speaker Schuyler Colfax, a Radical Republican from Indiana, was nominated for vice president on the sixth ballot, beating out the early favorite, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6886, 46023, 89151, 352697, 354112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 426, 433 ], [ 470, 483 ], [ 484, 499 ], [ 503, 521 ], [ 630, 643 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republican platform supported black suffrage in the South as part of the passage to full citizenship for former slaves. It agreed to let northern states decide individually whether to enfranchise blacks. It opposed using greenbacks to redeem U.S. bonds, encouraged immigration, endorsed full rights for naturalized citizens, and favored Radical Reconstruction as distinct from the more lenient policy of President Andrew Johnson.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 12472957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 225, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic National Convention was held in New York City on July 4–9, 1868. The front-runner in the early balloting was George H. Pendleton (1864 Democratic vice presidential nominee), who led on the first 15 ballots, followed in varying order by President Andrew Johnson, Winfield Scott Hancock, Sanford Church, Asa Packer, Joel Parker, James E. English, James Rood Doolittle, and Thomas A. Hendricks. The unpopular Johnson, having narrowly survived impeachment, won 65 votes on the first ballot, less than one-third of the total necessary for nomination, and thus lost his bid for election as president in his own right.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 645042, 174233, 1624, 171498, 6753902, 1531851, 3429600, 4083425, 2062722, 89170 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 60 ], [ 124, 143 ], [ 261, 275 ], [ 277, 299 ], [ 301, 315 ], [ 317, 327 ], [ 329, 340 ], [ 342, 358 ], [ 360, 380 ], [ 386, 405 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Meanwhile, the convention chairman Horatio Seymour, former governor of New York, received nine votes on the fourth ballot from the state of North Carolina. This unexpected move caused \"loud and enthusiastic cheering,\" but Seymour refused, saying,", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2477454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the seventh ballot Pendleton and Hendricks had emerged as the two front-runners, with Hancock the only other candidate with much support by this point. After numerous indecisive ballots, the names of John T. Hoffman, Francis P. Blair, and Stephen Johnson Field were placed in nomination, but none of these candidates gained substantial support.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 695285, 706323, 912055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 203, 218 ], [ 220, 236 ], [ 242, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For 21 ballots, the opposing candidates battled it out: the East battling the West for control, the conservatives battling the radicals. Pendleton's support collapsed after the 15th ballot, but went to Hancock rather than Hendricks, leaving the convention still deadlocked. The two leading candidates were determined that the other should not receive the presidential nomination; because of the two-thirds rule of the convention, a compromise candidate was needed. Seymour still hoped it would be Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, but on the 22nd ballot, the chairman of the Ohio delegation announced, \"at the unanimous request and demand of the delegation I place Horatio Seymour in nomination with 21 votes—against his inclination, but no longer against his honor.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 188978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 511, 526 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Seymour had to wait for the rousing cheers to die down before he could address the delegates and decline.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Take the nomination, then!\" cried someone from the floor.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Seymour left the platform to cool off and rest. No sooner had he left the hall than the Ohio chairman cried that his delegation would not accept Seymour's declination; Utah's chairman rose to say that Seymour was the man they had to have. While Seymour was waiting in the vestibule, the convention nominated him for president unanimously.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Exhausted, the delegates unanimously nominated General Francis Preston Blair, Jr., for vice president on the first ballot after John A. McClernand, Augustus C. Dodge, and Thomas Ewing, Jr., withdrew their names from consideration. Blair's nomination reflected a desire to balance the ticket east and west as well as north and south.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 706323, 1553314, 350392, 5116929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 81 ], [ 128, 146 ], [ 148, 165 ], [ 171, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Blair had worked hard for the Democratic vice presidential nomination and accepted second place on the ticket, finding himself in controversy. He had gained attention for an inflammatory letter addressed to Colonel James O. Broadhead, dated a few days before the convention met, in which he wrote that the \"real and only issue in this contest was the overthrow of Reconstruction, as the radical Republicans had forced it in the South.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 10223876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 215, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1868 campaign of Horatio Seymour versus Ulysses S. Grant was conducted vigorously, being fought out largely on the question of how Reconstruction should be conducted.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Republicans were fearful as late as October that they might be beaten.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Grant's antisemitic General Order No. 11 during the Civil War became a campaign issue. He apologized in a letter for the controversial order. In his army days he had traded at a local store operated by the Seligman brothers, two Jewish merchants who became Grant's lifelong friends. They became wealthy bankers who donated substantially to Grant's presidential campaign.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 900453, 7229801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 40 ], [ 295, 310 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant took no part in the campaign and made no promises. The Republican campaign theme, \"Let us have peace,\" was taken from his letter of acceptance. After four years of civil war, three years of wrangling over Reconstruction, and the attempted impeachment of a president, the nation craved the peace Grant pledged to achieve.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Seymour answered none of the charges made against him, but made a few key speeches. Some newspapers exaggerated his faults. As governor, Seymour had sent troops to Gettysburg, but some press tried to portray him as disloyal to the Union. The New York Tribune led the cartoon campaign with the picture of Seymour standing on the steps of the City Hall calling a mob of New York draft rioters \"my friends.\" The Hartford Post called him \"almost as much of a corpse\" as ex-President James Buchanan, who had just died. Additionally, Republicans alleged that insanity ran through the Seymour family, citing as evidence the suicide of his father.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 4849, 360819, 266455, 19732383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 164, 174 ], [ 242, 258 ], [ 368, 390 ], [ 479, 493 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Blair went on a national speaking tour in which he framed the contest with Ulysses S. Grant and the pro-Reconstruction Republicans in stark racial terms, warning of the rule of \"a semi-barbarous race of blacks who are worshipers of fetishes and poligamists\" and wanted to \"subject the white women to their unbridled lust.\" Republicans advised Americans not to vote for Seymour, as Blair might succeed him.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 24025 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 245, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Blair had a reputation for outspokenness and his campaign speeches in 1868 attacked Radical Republicans. Samuel J. Tilden, a member of the national committee, asked Blair to confine his campaigning to Missouri and Illinois for fear he \"would hurt the ticket\" because of his stance on Reconstruction.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 60048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Seymour, who had not taken an active role in the campaign to this point, went into the canvass, seeking to steer the campaign away from the harshness of Blair's attacks on Radical Reconstruction. Seymour emphasized his idea that change in the South should be accomplished at the state level, without national interference. The Democrats campaigned for immediate restoration of all states, the \"regulation of the elective franchise in the states by their citizens\", and amnesty for past political offenses, while State civil authority should take precedence over military action. The president and the Supreme Court should be respected rather than attacked, as he claimed the Republicans had done. The Democrats would be careful to reorder national priorities.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Horatio Seymour polled 2,708,744 votes and Grant 3,013,650.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The closeness of the popular vote surprised the political elite at the time. Republican Representative James G. Blaine called the slender popular majority for Grant \"a very startling fact.\" Blaine, an acute judge of popular sentiment, was at a loss to explain the size of the Democratic vote. Ethnic Irish Catholic and other immigrants had been settling in New York for nearly a quarter century. The narrow margins by which Seymour lost several of the northern states like Indiana, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, and the effects of new black votes in the South provoked the suspicion that a majority of white men voted for Seymour.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 16208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democrats did not fare well in the South, where newly freed African Americans voted in large numbers. Republicans carried every southern state except Georgia and Louisiana, where Ku Klux Klan and Knights of the White Camelia violence and fraud gave Democrats majorities.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 16779, 515842 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 191 ], [ 196, 224 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Along the border, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware went overwhelmingly Democratic, in Kentucky's case influenced by hostility toward the Radical Reconstructionists, which had led to the state's first postwar government being almost entirely composed of former Confederates. No Democratic presidential candidate before or since has attained a higher percentage of the vote in Kentucky or Maryland, where hostility toward black suffrage was very widespread. As for Delaware, only the Democratic tickets of Johnson/Humphrey in 1964 (which was elected with the largest percentage of the popular vote since 1824) and Obama/Biden in 2008 (which had the first Delawarean on a national ticket) carried the state with a larger percentage of the vote.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 55040, 54533, 42636, 40566, 40509, 534366, 145422, 20687570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 159 ], [ 504, 511 ], [ 512, 520 ], [ 524, 528 ], [ 602, 606 ], [ 612, 617 ], [ 618, 623 ], [ 627, 631 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two border states, Missouri and West Virginia, both under Republican control, gave their electoral votes to Grant. Seymour narrowly carried his home state of New York, but Blair, largely because of the Radicals' registry system, failed to carry Missouri. The Missouri Democrat exulted: \"General Blair is beaten in his ward, his city, his county and his State.\" In West Virginia, former Confederates were temporarily forbidden from voting or holding public office. It is estimated that 15,000 to 25,000 white residents were disfranchised as a result.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 427798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 1,708 counties making returns, Grant won 991 (58.02%) and Seymour 713 (41.74%). Four counties (0.23%) split evenly between Grant and Seymour. Hence the Democrats, even with all the burdens of the war, still carried only 278 fewer counties than the Republicans. That cemented a solid party comeback at the grassroots level that had begun in local elections in 1867.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 1868 election is the only election since the Civil War in which the two major party candidates won over 99.9% of the vote. Out of a total of over 5.7 million votes, just 46 ballots were cast for anyone other than Grant and Seymour.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "That was the last election in which the Republicans won Tennessee until 1920, the last in which the Democrats won Oregon until 1912, and the last in which the Republicans won Missouri until 1904.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "That Grant lost New York to Seymour by 10,000 votes was a source of shame and anger to Republicans. Seymour's victory in New York was made the subject of a federal investigation. On November 4, Horace Greeley spoke at the Union League Club. The ULC promptly petitioned Congress to look into the state vote. The petition was presented to the House of Representatives on December 14 and accepted by a vote of 134-35 (52 abstained). Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax, the Republican candidate for vice president, appointed a committee of seven: five Republicans and two Democrats. The committee was most likely created because the Republicans could not lose New York without a protest. It reported to the House of Representatives on February 23, 1869. The committee decided to take no action, and Seymour retained New York's 33 electoral votes. He was willing to return to the subject as long as he lived.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 171486, 8043015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 194, 208 ], [ 222, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a 1943 book, novelist Irving Stone suggested that if Seymour had carried all four of the October states (Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Iowa), the Republican-controlled Congress would have acted to prevent the possibility of any Southern states supporting the Democratic ticket. Stone claimed that the only way the Democrats could have won was by carrying every close state in the North and retaining both Georgia and Louisiana. Georgia's vote was contested at the electoral count, with the Republicans claiming the Democrats won only by \"violence, fraud and intimidation,\" and it likely would have been disallowed if the Democratic victory had been decisive.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 647738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to Seymour's biographer, Stewart Mitchell, the Republican Party claimed credit for saving the Union and was bound, bent, and determined to continue to rule it. The margin of Grant's popular majority resulted largely from winning a high percentage of the half-million newly enfranchised men or color. This strategy contrasted strongly with later years, when Republicans permitted complete black disfranchisement in the former Confederate states, since they had many new and secure votes in new states in the Western United States.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 179578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 517, 538 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia did not participate in the election of 1868 due to Reconstruction. In Florida, the state legislature cast its electoral vote for Grant by a vote of 40 to 9.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 16949861, 29810, 32432, 18933066 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ], [ 17, 22 ], [ 28, 36 ], [ 107, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 5077294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Red font color denotes states won by Republican Ulysses S. Grant; blue denotes those won by Democrat Horatio Seymour.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 1% (8 electoral votes)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 5% (93 electoral votes)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 10% (35 electoral votes)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for a Grant victory)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for a Seymour victory)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with highest percent of vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with highest percent of vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with highest percent of vote (Other)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "American election campaigns in the 19th century", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3132190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21214398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States (1865–1918)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States Democratic Party", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3088213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States Republican Party", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4157940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Reconstruction era", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 55040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Third Party System", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4140746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1868 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1434788 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1868 and 1869 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26847663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ohio idea", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1436348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " American Annual Cyclopedia ... 1868 (1869), online, highly detailed compendium of facts and primary sources", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Coleman, Charles Hubert. The election of 1868 : the Democratic effort to regain control (1933) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Gambill, Edward. Conservative Ordeal: Northern Democrats and Reconstruction, 1865-1868. (Iowa State University Press: 1981).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Edward McPherson. The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction (1875) large collection of speeches and primary documents, 1865–1870, complete text online.[The copyright has expired.]", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Prymak, Andrew. \"The 1868 and 1872 Elections,\" in Edward O. Frantz, ed. A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865-1881 (Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History) (2014) pp 235–56 online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rhodes, James G. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. Volume: 6. (1920). 1865–72; detailed narrative history", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Simpson, Brooks D. Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861-1868 (1991).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 10431825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Summers, Mark Wahlgren.The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865-1878 (1994)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Era of Good Stealings (1993), covers corruption 1868-1877", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) pp 86–89 online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Official proceedings of the National Democratic convention, held at New York, July 4-9, 1868", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Presidential Election of 1868: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1868 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1868 State-by-state Popular vote", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"How close were the US Presidential elections?\"— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1868 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1868_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant", "Ulysses_S._Grant", "November_1868_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1868" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1872 United States presidential election was the 22nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1872. Despite a split in the Republican Party, incumbent President Ulysses S. Grant defeated Democratic-endorsed Liberal Republican nominee Horace Greeley.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32070, 24113, 31752, 5043544, 742475, 171486 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 151, 167 ], [ 179, 188 ], [ 189, 205 ], [ 215, 225 ], [ 235, 253 ], [ 262, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant was unanimously re-nominated at the 1872 Republican National Convention, but his intra-party opponents organized the Liberal Republican Party and held their own convention. The 1872 Liberal Republican convention nominated Greeley, a New York newspaper publisher, and wrote a platform calling for civil service reform and an end to Reconstruction. Democratic Party leaders believed that their only hope of defeating Grant was to unite around Greeley, and the 1872 Democratic National Convention nominated the Liberal Republican ticket.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11248012, 46426837, 23453186, 55040, 5043544, 16242567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 77 ], [ 183, 217 ], [ 302, 322 ], [ 337, 351 ], [ 353, 369 ], [ 464, 499 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the union between the Liberal Republicans and Democrats, Greeley proved to be an ineffective campaigner and Grant remained widely popular. Grant decisively won re-election, carrying 31 of the 37 states, including several Southern states that would not again vote Republican until the 20th century. Grant would be the last incumbent to win a second consecutive term until William McKinley's victory in the 1900 presidential election, and his popular vote margin of 11.8% was the largest margin between 1856 and 1904.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 179553, 33521, 40531, 14619595, 40517, 40532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 229, 237 ], [ 379, 395 ], [ 413, 439 ], [ 449, 468 ], [ 509, 513 ], [ 518, 522 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On November 29, 1872, after the popular vote was counted, but before the Electoral College cast its votes, Greeley died. As a result, electors previously committed to Greeley voted for four candidates for president and eight candidates for vice president. It was the last instance until the 1960 presidential election in which more than one presidential elector voted for a candidate to whom they were not pledged. The Election of 1872 also remains the only instance in U.S. history in which a major presidential candidate died during the election process.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32759, 40565, 1387946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 240, 254 ], [ 291, 317 ], [ 362, 413 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the convention the Republicans nominated President Ulysses S. Grant for re-election, but nominated Senator Henry Wilson from Massachusetts for vice president instead of the incumbent Schuyler Colfax, although both were implicated in the Credit Mobilier scandal which erupted two months after the Republican convention. Others, who had grown weary of the corruption of the Grant administration, bolted to form the Liberal Republican Party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 24113, 31752, 24909346, 89160, 1645518, 89151, 463102, 742475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 53 ], [ 54, 70 ], [ 102, 109 ], [ 110, 122 ], [ 128, 141 ], [ 186, 201 ], [ 240, 255 ], [ 416, 440 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the hope of defeating Grant, the Democratic Party endorsed the nominees of the Liberal Republican Party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An influential group of dissident Republicans split from the party to form the Liberal Republican Party in 1870. At the party's only national convention, held in Cincinnati in 1872, New York Tribune editor and former representative Horace Greeley was nominated for president on the sixth ballot, defeating Charles Francis Adams. Missouri Governor Benjamin Gratz Brown was nominated for vice president on the second ballot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 742475, 18522615, 360819, 171486, 356269, 741906 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 103 ], [ 162, 172 ], [ 182, 198 ], [ 232, 246 ], [ 306, 327 ], [ 347, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Convention met in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 9–10. Because of its strong desire to defeat Ulysses S. Grant, the Democratic Party also nominated the Liberal Republicans' Greeley/Brown ticket and adopted their platform. Greeley received 686 of the 732 delegate votes cast, while Brown received 713. Accepting the Liberal platform meant the Democrats had accepted the New Departure strategy, which rejected the anti-Reconstruction platform of 1868. They realized that to win the election they had to look forward, and not try to re-fight the Civil War. They also realized that they would only split the anti-Grant vote if they nominated a candidate other than Greeley. However, Greeley's long reputation as the most aggressive antagonist of the Democratic Party, its principles, its leadership, and its activists, cooled Democrats' enthusiasm for the presidential nominee.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 26997138, 18858, 23746295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 31 ], [ 33, 41 ], [ 371, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some Democrats were worried that backing Greeley would effectively bring the party to extinction, much like how the moribund Whig Party had been doomed by endorsing the Know Nothing candidacy of Millard Fillmore in 1856, though others felt that the Democrats were in a much stronger position on a regional level than the Whigs had been at the time of their demise, and predicted (correctly, as it turned out) that the Liberal Republicans would not be viable in the long-term due to their lack of distinctive positions compared to the main Republican Party. A sizable minority led by James A. Bayard sought to act independently of the Liberal Republican ticket, but the bulk of the party agreed to endorse Greeley's candidacy. The convention, which lasted only six hours stretched over two days, is the shortest major political party convention in history.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 32078, 13698725, 19729548, 40517, 1887483 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 135 ], [ 169, 181 ], [ 195, 211 ], [ 215, 219 ], [ 583, 598 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Liberal Republican Party fused with the Democratic Party in all states except for Louisiana and Texas. In states where Republicans were stronger, the Liberal Republicans fielded a majority of the joint slate of candidates for lower offices; while in states where Democrats were stronger, the Democrats fielded the most candidates. In many states, such as Ohio, each party nominated half of a joint slate of candidates. Even initially reluctant Democratic leaders like Thomas F. Bayard came to support Greeley.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 44613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 472, 488 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Presidential Candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Labor Reform Party had only been organized in 1870 at the National Labor Union Convention, which organized the Labor Reform Party in anticipation of its participation in the 1872 presidential election. In the lead-up to the 1872 presidential election, state-level affiliates of the party formed and saw limited success. One of its major victories was forming a majority coalition with the Democratic Party in the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1871 in which William Gove, one of its members, was elected Speaker of the House.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2167686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 417, 455 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The party's first National Convention meeting was held in Columbus, Ohio, on February 22, 1872. Initially, there was a fair amount of discussion as to whether the party should actually nominate anyone for the presidency at that time, or if they should wait at least for the Liberal Republicans to nominate their own ticket first. Every motion to that effect lost, and a number of ballots were taken that resulted in the nomination of David Davis for president, who was the frontrunner for the Liberal Republican presidential nomination at that time. Joel Parker, the Governor of New Jersey, was nominated for vice president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 5950, 21808276, 3429600 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 72 ], [ 434, 445 ], [ 550, 561 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While Davis did not decline the presidential nomination of the Labor Reform party, he decided to hinge his campaign in large part on the success of attaining the Liberal Republican presidential nomination, so that he might at least have their resources behind him. After their convention, in which he failed to attain their presidential nomination, Davis telegraphed the Labor Reform party and informed them of his intention to withdraw from the presidential contest entirely. Joel Parker soon followed suit.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A second convention was called on August 22 in Philadelphia, where it was decided, rather than making the same mistake again, that the party would cooperate with the new Straight-Out Democratic Party that had recently formed. After the election, the various state affiliates grew less and less active, and by the following year, the party ceased to exist. Labor Reform party activity continued to 1878, when the Greenback and Labor Reform parties, with other organizations, formed a National Party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 55464371 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 170, 199 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unwilling to support the Democratic party ticket (Greeley/Brown), a group of mostly Southern Democrats held what they called a Straight-Out Democratic Party convention in Louisville, Kentucky, on August 11, 1872. They nominated as presidential candidate Charles O'Conor, who declined their nomination by telegram; for vice president they nominated John Quincy Adams II. Without time to choose a substitute, the party ran the two candidates anyway. They received 0.36% of the popular votes, and no Electoral College votes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 55464371, 58592, 1326731, 10433983, 652583, 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 127, 156 ], [ 171, 191 ], [ 254, 269 ], [ 348, 368 ], [ 475, 487 ], [ 497, 514 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Victoria Woodhull is recognized as the first woman to run for president. She was nominated for president by the small Equal Rights Party. Frederick Douglass was nominated for vice president, although he did not attend the convention, acknowledge his nomination, or take an active role in the campaign.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 32737, 18919727, 11033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 118, 136 ], [ 139, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant's administration and his Radical Republican supporters had been widely accused of corruption, and the Liberal Republicans demanded civil service reform and an end to the Reconstruction process, including withdrawal of federal troops from the South. Both Liberal Republicans and Democrats were disappointed in their candidate Greeley. As wits asked, \"Why turn out a knave just to replace him with a fool?\" A poor campaigner with little political experience, Greeley's career as a newspaper editor gave his opponents a long history of eccentric public positions to attack. With memories of his victories in the Civil War to run on, Grant was unassailable. Grant also had a large campaign budget to work with. One historian was quoted saying, \"Never before was a candidate placed under such great obligation to men of wealth as was Grant.\" A large portion of Grant's campaign funds came from entrepreneurs, including Jay Cooke, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Alexander Turney Stewart, Henry Hilton, and John Astor.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 352697, 179553, 18950003, 181343, 165599, 928041, 38975825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 49 ], [ 248, 253 ], [ 895, 908 ], [ 920, 929 ], [ 931, 951 ], [ 953, 977 ], [ 979, 991 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the first election after the formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. As a result, protests for women's suffrage became more prevalent. The National Woman's Suffrage Association held its annual convention in New York City on May 9, 1872. Some of the delegates supported Victoria Woodhull, who had spent the year since the previous NWSA annual meeting touring the New York City environs and giving speeches on why women should be allowed to vote. The delegates selected Victoria Woodhull to run for president, and named Frederick Douglass for vice- president. He did not attend the convention and never acknowledged the nomination, though he would serve as a presidential elector in the United States Electoral College for the State of New York. Woodhull gave a series of speeches around New York City during the campaign. Her finances were very thin, and when she borrowed money from supporters, she often was unable to repay them. On the day before the election, Woodhull was arrested for \"publishing an obscene newspaper\" and so was unable to cast a vote for herself. Woodhull was ineligible to be president on Inauguration Day, not because she was a woman (the Constitution and the law were silent on the issue), but because she would not reach the constitutionally prescribed minimum age of 35 until September 23, 1873; historians have debated whether to consider her activities a true election campaign. Woodhull and Douglass are not listed in \"Election results\" below, as the ticket received a negligible percentage of the popular vote and no electoral votes. In addition, several suffragists would attempt to vote in the election. Susan B. Anthony was arrested when she tried to vote and was fined $100 in a widely publicized trial.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 228921, 5110833, 175581, 228921, 32737, 11033, 31644, 27954, 56403921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 90 ], [ 99, 134 ], [ 170, 186 ], [ 214, 251 ], [ 344, 361 ], [ 593, 611 ], [ 1238, 1250 ], [ 1712, 1728 ], [ 1789, 1812 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grant won an easy re-election over Greeley, with a popular vote margin of 11.8% and 763,000 votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Grant also won the electoral college with 286 electoral votes; while Greeley won 66 electoral votes, he died on November 29, 1872, twenty-four days after the election and before any of his pledged electors (from Texas, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, and Maryland) could cast their votes. Subsequently, 63 of Greeley's electors cast their votes for other Democrats: 18 of them cast their presidential votes for Greeley's running mate, Benjamin Gratz Brown, and 45 cast their presidential votes for three non-candidates.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 2,171 counties making returns, Grant won in 1,335 while Greeley carried 833. Three counties were split evenly between Grant and Greeley.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the joint session of Congress for the counting of the electoral vote on February 12, 1873, five states had objections that were raised regarding their results. However, unlike the objections which would be made in 1877, these did not affect the outcome of the election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40402 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 221, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This election was the last in which Arkansas voted for a Republican until 1972, and the last in which it voted against the Democrats until 1968. Alabama and Mississippi would not be carried by a Republican again until 1964, and they would not vote against the Democrats until 1948. North Carolina and Virginia would not vote Republican again until 1928. West Virginia, Delaware and New Jersey would not vote Republican again until 1896.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40568, 40566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 78 ], [ 218, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (popular vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (electoral vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) These candidates received votes from Electors who were pledged to Horace Greeley, who died before the electoral votes were cast.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(b) Brown's vice-presidential votes were counted, but the presidential votes for Horace Greeley were rejected since he was ineligible for the office of President due to his death.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(c) See Breakdown by ticket below.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(d) The 14 electoral votes from Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected. Had they not been rejected, Grant would have received 300 electoral votes out of a total of 366, well in excess of the 184 required to win.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 5077294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Red font color denotes states won by Republican Ulysses S. Grant; pink denotes those won by Democrat/Liberal Republican Horace Greeley.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "States where the margin of victory was under 1% (19 electoral votes)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (32 electoral votes)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (133 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state with rejection of electors in Arkansas and Louisiana)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state if electors of Arkansas and Louisiana were not rejected)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) The used sources had insufficient data to determine the pairings of 4 electoral votes in Missouri; therefore, the possible tickets are listed with the minimum and maximum possible number of electoral votes each.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(b) Brown's vice-presidential votes were counted, but the presidential votes for Horace Greeley were rejected since he was ineligible for the office of President due to his death.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Though the national party organization disappeared after 1872, several Liberal Republican members continued to serve in Congress after the 1872 elections. Most Liberal Republican Congressmen eventually joined the Democratic Party. Outside of the South, some Liberal Republicans sought the creation of a new party opposed to Republicans, but Democrats were unwilling to abandon their old party affiliation and even relatively successful efforts like Wisconsin's Reform Party collapsed. Even the strong Missouri Liberal Republican Party collapsed as the Democrats re-established themselves as the major opposition party to the Republicans. In the following years, former Liberal Republicans became members in good standing of both major parties.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demise of the Liberal Republicans", "target_page_ids": [ 36563663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 461, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1872 and 1873 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26832766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1872 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1434761 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " American election campaigns in the 19th century", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3132190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1865–1918)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 25775809 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Reconstruction era", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 55040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21214464 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Third Party System", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4140746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Donald, David Herbert. Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man (1970).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 1053958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Downey, Matthew T. \"Horace Greeley and the Politicians: The Liberal Republican Convention in 1872,\" The Journal of American History, Vol. 53, No. 4. (Mar. 1967), pp.727–750. in JSTOR", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " online edition", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lunde, Erik S. \"The Ambiguity of the National Idea: the Presidential Campaign of 1872\" Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism 1978 5(1): 1-23. .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " McPherson, James M. \"Grant or Greeley? The Abolitionist Dilemma in the Election of 1872\" American Historical Review 1965 71(1): 43–61. in JSTOR", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 480182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Prymak, Andrew. \"The 1868 and 1872 Elections,\" in Edward O. Frantz, ed. A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865–1881 (Wiley Blackwell Companions to American History) (2014) pp.235–56 online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Republican Campaign Clubs, Horace Greeley Unmasked. New York: Republican Campaign Clubs, 1872. ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896. Volume: 7 ch 39–40. (1920)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Slap, Andrew L. The Doom of Reconstruction: The Liberal Republicans in the Civil War Era (2006) online edition", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Strauss, Dafnah. \"Ideological closure in newspaper political language during the US 1872 election campaign.\" Journal of Historical Pragmatics 15.2 (2014): 255–291. DOI: 10.1075/jhp.15.2.06str online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Press Gang: Newspapers and Politics, 1865–1878 (1994) ch 15", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Summers, Mark Wahlgren. The Era of Good Stealings (1993), covers corruption 1868–1877", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Van Deusen, Glyndon G. Horace Greeley, Nineteenth-Century Crusader (1953) online edition", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " American Annual Cyclopedia...for 1872 (1873), comprehensive collection of facts online edition", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " online edition", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1872: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1872 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1872 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1872 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1872_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant", "Ulysses_S._Grant", "November_1872_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1872" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Banglades can refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bangladesh, country in South Asia", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bangladeš, suburban settlement near Novi Sad, Serbia", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6112551 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] } ]

[]

[ "Bangladeš" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1880 United States presidential election was the 24th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1880. The voter turnout rate was one of the highest in the nation's history.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Incumbent President Rutherford B. Hayes did not seek re-election, keeping a promise made during the 1876 campaign. After the longest convention in the party's history, the divided Republicans chose another Ohioan, Representative James A. Garfield, as their standard-bearer. The Democratic Party chose General Winfield Scott Hancock of Pennsylvania as their nominee. The dominance of the two major parties began to fray as an upstart left-wing party, the Greenback Party, nominated another Civil War general for president, Iowa Congressman James B. Weaver. In a campaign fought mainly over issues of Civil War loyalties, tariffs, and Chinese immigration, Garfield and Hancock each took just over 48 percent of the popular vote. Weaver and two other minor candidates, Neal Dow and John W. Phelps, together made up the remaining percentage. The election of 1880 was the sixth and final consecutive presidential election won by the Republicans, the second longest winning streak in American history after the Democratic-Republican Party during the period 1800–1824.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19729241, 40402, 32070, 22199, 40400, 5043544, 171498, 23332, 307385, 26810748, 149246, 863, 3873491, 3612404, 392871, 6137190, 32080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 39 ], [ 100, 113 ], [ 180, 191 ], [ 206, 210 ], [ 229, 246 ], [ 278, 294 ], [ 309, 331 ], [ 335, 347 ], [ 454, 469 ], [ 522, 526 ], [ 539, 554 ], [ 599, 608 ], [ 620, 627 ], [ 633, 652 ], [ 766, 774 ], [ 779, 793 ], [ 1005, 1032 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the end, the popular vote totals of the two main candidates were separated by 1,898 votes (0.11%), the smallest victory in the national popular vote ever recorded, and the smallest ever for Republicans. In the electoral college, however, Garfield's victory was much larger; he won the decisive state of New York by 21,033 votes (1.91%). Hancock's sweep of the Southern states was not enough for victory, but it cemented his party's dominance of the region for generations. This was the first presidential election in which people in every state were able to vote directly for presidential electors. With each candidate carrying exactly 19 states, this was the second of three presidential elections in which the top-two candidates won an equal number of states, the others being 1848 and 2020.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14619595, 723054, 40515, 48410011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 151 ], [ 423, 474 ], [ 782, 786 ], [ 791, 795 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since before the Civil War, the two major parties were the Republicans and the Democrats, and after the end of the Reconstruction Era in 1877, the national electorate was closely divided between them. Party membership was only partly based on ideology; party identification often reflected ethnic and religious background, as well as Civil War loyalties that were still keenly felt by many voters. Most Northern Protestants voted Republican, as did black Southerners. On the other hand, white Southerners and Northern Catholics generally voted Democratic.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 32070, 5043544, 55040, 25814008, 606848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 70 ], [ 79, 88 ], [ 115, 133 ], [ 412, 423 ], [ 518, 527 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tariff reform and the gold standard also divided the country and the major parties. The monetary debate was over the basis for the value of the United States dollar. Nothing but gold and silver coin had ever been legal tender in the United States until the Civil War, when the mounting costs of the war forced the United States Congress to issue \"greenbacks\" (dollar bills backed by government bonds). Greenbacks helped pay for the war, but resulted in the most severe inflation since the American Revolution. After the war, bondholders and other creditors (especially in the North) wanted to return to a gold standard. At the same time, debtors (often in the South and West) benefited from the way inflation reduced the real value of their debts, and workers and some businessmen liked the way inflation made for easy credit. The issue cut across parties, producing dissension among Republicans and Democrats alike and spawning a third party, the Greenback Party, in 1876, when both major parties nominated \"hard money\" candidates (i.e., candidates who favored the gold-backed currency instead of \"soft money\" greenbacks that generated inflation). Monetary debate intensified as Congress effectively demonetized silver in 1873 and began redeeming greenbacks in gold by 1879, while limiting their circulation. As the 1880 election season began, the nation's money was backed by gold alone, but the issue was far from settled.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 55551, 37412, 31756, 180847, 38286, 1973, 307385, 180923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ], [ 22, 35 ], [ 314, 336 ], [ 347, 357 ], [ 469, 478 ], [ 489, 508 ], [ 948, 963 ], [ 1201, 1227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tariff policy was a source of conflict in late 19th-century American politics. During the Civil War, Congress raised protective tariffs to new heights. This was done partly to pay for the war, but partly because high tariffs were popular in the North. A high tariff meant that foreign goods were more expensive, which made it easier for American businesses to sell goods domestically. Republicans supported high tariffs as a way to protect American jobs and increase prosperity. Democrats generally condemned them as a source of higher prices for goods, whereas the higher revenues that they generated for the federal government were not needed after the conclusion of the Civil War. Many Northern Democrats supported high tariffs, however, for the same economic reasons that Northern Republicans did. In the interest of party unity, they often sought to avoid the question as much as possible.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 153023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 397, 419 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Four years earlier, in the election of 1876, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio defeated Democrat Samuel J. Tilden of New York in one of the most hotly contested presidential elections in the nation's history. The results initially indicated a Democratic victory, but the electoral votes of several states were disputed until just a few days before the new president was to be inaugurated. Members of both parties in Congress agreed to convene a bipartisan Electoral Commission, which ultimately decided the race for Hayes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 40402, 19729241, 60048, 8210131, 1543317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 43 ], [ 56, 75 ], [ 102, 118 ], [ 122, 130 ], [ 461, 481 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For Democrats, the \"stolen election\" became a rallying cry, and the Democratic majority in the House of Representatives spent much of 1878 investigating it, although they failed to turn up any new evidence against their Republican foes. At first, Tilden was seen as the front-runner for the 1880 nomination. For leading Republicans, Hayes's inauguration in 1877 signaled the start of backroom maneuverings for the nomination in 1880. Even before his election, Hayes had pledged not to run for a second term, leaving the path to the White House open in 1880. His cabinet selections alienated many party leaders as well, deepening the growing divide within the Republican party between forces loyal to New York Senator Roscoe Conkling and those loyal to Maine Senator James G. Blaine.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 988494, 16208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 717, 732 ], [ 766, 781 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The parties agreed on their respective platforms and nominees at conventions, which met in the summer before the election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conventions", "target_page_ids": [ 284941, 505341 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 48 ], [ 65, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republican convention met first, convening in Chicago, Illinois, on June 2. Of the men vying for the Republican nomination, the three strongest candidates leading up to the convention were former president Ulysses S. Grant, Senator James G. Blaine and Treasury Secretary John Sherman. Grant had been the leading military commander for the Northern forces during the Civil War, and had served two terms as president from 1869 to 1877. He was seeking an unprecedented third term in the office. He was backed by Conkling's faction of the Republican Party, now known as the Stalwarts. They were mainly known for their opposition to the civil service reforms sought by President Hayes. Blaine, a senator and former representative from Maine, was backed by the Half-Breed faction of the party, which did support civil service reform. Sherman, the brother of Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman, was a former senator from Ohio serving in Hayes's cabinet. He was backed by a smaller delegation that supported neither of the major factions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conventions", "target_page_ids": [ 6886, 31752, 40332979, 483128, 160793, 11792399, 46720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 67 ], [ 210, 226 ], [ 275, 287 ], [ 574, 583 ], [ 636, 649 ], [ 759, 769 ], [ 874, 898 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the first ballot, Grant and Blaine gleaned 304 and 285 votes, respectively, while Sherman received 93. None of the candidates were close to victory, and the balloting continued in order to determine a winner. Many more ballots were taken, but no candidate prevailed. After the thirty-fifth ballot, Blaine and Sherman delegates switched their support to the new \"dark horse\" candidate, Representative James A. Garfield from Ohio. On the next ballot, Garfield won the nomination when he received 399 votes, most of them former Blaine and Sherman delegates. To placate the Grant faction, Garfield's Ohio supporters suggested Levi P. Morton for vice president. Morton declined, based on Conkling's advice. They next offered the nomination to Chester A. Arthur, another New York Stalwart. Conkling also advised him to decline, but he accepted. He was nominated, and the longest-ever Republican National Convention was adjourned on June 8, 1880.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conventions", "target_page_ids": [ 89182, 21490963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 625, 639 ], [ 741, 758 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Later that month, the Democrats held their convention in Cincinnati, Ohio. Six men were officially candidates for nomination at the convention, and several others also received votes. Of these, the two leading candidates were Major General Winfield Scott Hancock from Pennsylvania and Senator Thomas F. Bayard from Delaware. Tilden was not officially a candidate, but he wielded a heavy influence over the convention. Tilden was ambiguous about his willingness to participate in another campaign, leading some delegates to defect to other candidates, while others stayed loyal to their old standard-bearer.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conventions", "target_page_ids": [ 18522615, 171498, 44613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 73 ], [ 240, 262 ], [ 293, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the convention opened, some delegates favored Bayard, a conservative senator, while others supported Hancock, a career soldier and Civil War hero. Still others flocked to men they saw as surrogates for Tilden, including Henry B. Payne from Ohio, an attorney and former congressman, and Samuel J. Randall from Pennsylvania, the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives. The first round of balloting was inconclusive, with Hancock and Bayard leading the count. Before the second round, Tilden's withdrawal from the campaign became known for certain; delegates then shifted to Hancock, who was nominated. William Hayden English, a conservative politician and businessman from the swing state of Indiana, was nominated for vice president.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conventions", "target_page_ids": [ 712844, 1118975, 46023, 765328, 429249, 21883857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 223, 237 ], [ 289, 306 ], [ 330, 383 ], [ 618, 640 ], [ 693, 704 ], [ 708, 715 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Greenback Party convention gathered in Chicago in mid-June, using the hall recently vacated by the Republicans. The party was a newcomer to the political scene in 1880, having arisen as a response to the economic depression that followed the Panic of 1873, mostly in the nation's West and South. During the Civil War, Congress had authorized \"greenbacks\", a form of money redeemable in government bonds, rather than in gold, as was traditional. After the war, many Democrats and Republicans in the East sought to return to the gold standard, and the government began to withdraw greenbacks from circulation. The reduction of the money supply, combined with the economic depression, made life harder for debtors, farmers, and industrial laborers; the Greenback Party hoped to draw support from these groups. Beyond their support for a larger money supply, they also favored an eight-hour work day, safety regulations in factories, and an end to child labor.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conventions", "target_page_ids": [ 184959, 180847, 168706, 2100109, 101942 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 246, 259 ], [ 347, 357 ], [ 633, 645 ], [ 880, 899 ], [ 948, 959 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Six men were candidates for the Greenback nomination. James B. Weaver, an Iowa congressman and Civil War general, was the clear favorite, but two other congressmen, Benjamin F. Butler from Massachusetts and Hendrick B. Wright from Pennsylvania, also commanded considerable followings. Weaver triumphed quickly, winning a majority of the 850 delegates' votes on the first ballot. Barzillai J. Chambers, a Texas businessman and Confederate veteran, was likewise nominated for vice president on the initial vote. More tumultuous was the fight over the platform, as delegates from disparate factions of the left-wing movement clashed over women's suffrage, Chinese immigration, and the extent to which the government should regulate working conditions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conventions", "target_page_ids": [ 149246, 732946, 7600991, 14064355, 7023, 3289982, 3612404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 69 ], [ 165, 183 ], [ 207, 225 ], [ 379, 400 ], [ 426, 437 ], [ 635, 651 ], [ 653, 672 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A convention of the Prohibition Party also met that month in Cleveland, Ohio. The Prohibitionists, more of a movement than a party, focused their efforts on banning alcohol. Most party members came from pietist churches, and most were former Republicans. Only twelve states sent delegates to the convention, and the platform they agreed on was silent on most issues of the day, focusing instead on the evils of alcohol. For president, the Prohibitionists nominated Neal Dow, a Civil War general from Maine. As mayor of Portland, Dow helped to pass the \"Maine law\", which banned the sale of alcohol in the city; it became the model for temperance laws around the country. Finally, a revived Anti-Masonic Party nominated John W. Phelps, another Civil War general, on a platform of opposition to Freemasonry. Political prognosticators gave Weaver little chance of victory, and Dow and Phelps none at all.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Conventions", "target_page_ids": [ 307316, 5951, 22418955, 180781, 392871, 44591, 433463, 32301, 6137190, 11227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 37 ], [ 61, 76 ], [ 157, 172 ], [ 203, 210 ], [ 465, 473 ], [ 519, 527 ], [ 553, 562 ], [ 690, 708 ], [ 719, 733 ], [ 793, 804 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "James Abram Garfield was raised in humble circumstances on an Ohio farm by his widowed mother. He worked at various jobs, including on a canal boat, in his youth. Beginning at age 17, he studied at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican. He married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and served as a member of the Ohio State Senate (1859–1861). Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a major general in the Union Army during the Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh, and Chickamauga. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio's 19th District. Throughout Garfield's extended congressional service after the Civil War, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction, but later favored a moderate approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 4177, 34105, 259401, 416322, 832509, 360126, 1619883, 144155, 204642, 767381, 352697, 55040, 13149886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 147 ], [ 198, 214 ], [ 218, 245 ], [ 348, 364 ], [ 404, 421 ], [ 508, 518 ], [ 570, 582 ], [ 584, 590 ], [ 596, 607 ], [ 663, 683 ], [ 873, 891 ], [ 908, 922 ], [ 995, 1003 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After his nomination, Garfield met with party leaders in an attempt to heal the schism between the Stalwarts and Half-Breeds. In his formal letter to the party accepting his nomination, written with advice from party leaders, he endorsed the ideas of high tariffs and sound money, but drew particular attention to the issues of Chinese immigration and civil service reform. On both, Garfield sought a moderate path. He called for some restrictions on the former, through treaty renegotiation with the Chinese government. He straddled the divide on civil service reform, saying that he agreed with the concept, while promising to make no appointments without consulting party leaders, a position 20th-century biographer Allan Peskin called \"inconsistent\". As was traditional at the time, Garfield conducted a \"front porch campaign\", returning to his home for the duration of the contest, and leaving the actual campaigning to surrogates.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 1845294, 3497312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 809, 829 ], [ 845, 853 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Winfield Scott Hancock was born and raised in Pennsylvania. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point and served in the Army for four decades, including service in the Mexican–American War and as a Union general in the Civil War. Known to his Army colleagues as \"Hancock the Superb\", he was noted in particular for his personal leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, where he led the defense of Pickett's Charge, getting wounded in the process. His military service continued after the Civil War, as Hancock participated in the military Reconstruction of the South and the Army's presence at the Western frontier. During Reconstruction, he sided with then-President Andrew Johnson in working for a quick end to military occupation of the South and a return to government by the pre-war establishment. Hancock's reputation as a war hero at Gettysburg, combined with his status as a prominent Democrat with impeccable Unionist credentials and pro-states' rights views, made him a quadrennial presidential possibility.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 32173, 21073732, 4849, 469583, 179553, 50344, 1624 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 106 ], [ 187, 207 ], [ 365, 385 ], [ 423, 439 ], [ 583, 592 ], [ 632, 640 ], [ 694, 708 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hancock was officially notified of his nomination in July, and responded with the traditional letter of acceptance. As Garfield had, the Democratic nominee sought to cause no controversy in his statement, which according to biographer David M. Jordan was \"bland and general\". After scorning the previous years of Republican rule, Hancock sought to tamp down fears that election of a Democrat would overturn the results of the war and Reconstruction, a common Republican campaign theme. Unlike Garfield, Hancock had no record in elected office, but the acceptance letter gave no further indication of his political preferences. Hancock remained on active duty during the campaign at his post on Governors Island in New York Harbor.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 458437, 276608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 694, 710 ], [ 714, 729 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "James Baird Weaver was born in Ohio, and moved to Iowa as a boy when his family claimed a homestead on the frontier. He became politically active as a young man and was an advocate for farmers and laborers, joining and quitting several political parties in the furtherance of the progressive causes in which he believed. After serving in the Union Army in the Civil War, Weaver returned to Iowa and worked for the election of Republican candidates. After making several unsuccessful attempts at Republican nominations to various offices, and growing dissatisfied with the conservative wing of the party, in 1877 Weaver switched to the Greenback Party, advocating an increased money supply and stricter regulation of big business. As a Greenbacker with Democratic support, Weaver won election to the House of Representatives in 1878.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 55589, 73367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 99 ], [ 716, 728 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unlike the major party candidates, Weaver planned to take the field himself, giving speeches around the country. His running mate, Chambers, was to do the same, until a fall from a train in July disabled him for the duration of the campaign. As the Greenbackers had the only ticket that included a Southerner, he hoped to make inroads in that region. Weaver's path to victory, already unlikely, was made more difficult by his refusal to run a fusion ticket in states where Democratic and Greenbacker strength might have combined to outvote the Republicans. His party's message of racial inclusion also presaged difficulty in the South, as the Greenbackers would face the same obstacles the Republicans did in the face of increasing black disenfranchisement.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 46699 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 443, 449 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hancock and the Democrats expected to carry the Solid South, while much of the North was considered safe territory for Garfield and the Republicans; most of the campaign would involve a handful of close states, including New York and a few of the Midwestern states (national elections in that era were largely decided by closely divided states there). Practical differences between the major party candidates were few, and Republicans began the campaign with the familiar theme of \"waving the bloody shirt\", reminding Northern voters that the Democratic Party was responsible for secession and four years of civil war, and that if they held power they would reverse the gains of that war, dishonor Union veterans, and pay Confederate soldiers' pensions out of the federal treasury. With fifteen years having passed since the end of the war, and Union generals at the head of all of the major and minor party tickets, the appeal to wartime loyalties was of diminishing value in exciting the voters.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 723054, 2333756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 59 ], [ 482, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democrats, for their part, campaigned on the character of the candidates. They attacked Garfield for his connection with the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal of the early 1870s, in which many members of Congress were bribed by the Crédit Mobilier corporation, a railroad construction company. Garfield's precise involvement was unknown, but modern biographers agree that his account of his dealings with the construction syndicate were less than perfectly honest. Democrats used the incident as a contrast with Hancock who, as a career army officer, stood apart from Congress and lobbyists. Many in the Republican Party were reluctant to directly criticize the \"hero of Gettysburg\", but they did characterize Hancock as uninformed on the issues, and some of his former comrades-in-arms gave critical speeches regarding his character. Democrats never made clear what about their victory would improve the nation; Jordan later characterized their message as simply \"our man is better than your man\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 463102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Greenbackers saw the impact of Civil War loyalties more acutely as they vied for Southern votes. Weaver embarked on a speaking tour of the South in July and August. Although the local Greenback parties had seen some recent success, the national party, with an ex-Republican Union general at the head of the ticket, faced more opposition. The party's courtship of black voters, too, threatened the white Democratic establishment, leading to violent outbursts at Weaver's rallies and threats against his supporters. As Weaver campaigned in the North in September and October, Republicans accused him of purposely dividing the vote to help Democrats win a plurality in marginal states. Although Weaver refused to cooperate with Democrats in running fusion slates of presidential electors, in state-level races, Greenback candidates did often combine with Democrats to defeat Republican candidates. In the September gubernatorial race in Maine, one such fusion ticket nominated Harris M. Plaisted, who narrowly defeated the incumbent Republican in what was thought to be a safe state for that party. The surprise defeat sent a shock through the Garfield campaign, and caused them to rethink their strategy of waving the bloody shirt.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 85533, 60941457, 11843290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 767, 788 ], [ 916, 943 ], [ 978, 996 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After their defeat in Maine, the Republicans began to emphasize policy differences more. One significant difference between them and the Democrats was a purposely vague statement in the Democratic platform endorsing \"a tariff for revenue only\". Garfield's campaigners used this statement to paint the Democrats as unsympathetic to the plight of industrial laborers, a group that benefited from a high protective tariff. The tariff issue cut Democratic support in industrialized Northern states, which were essential in establishing a Democratic majority. Hancock made the situation worse when, attempting to strike a moderate stance, he said \"the tariff question is a local question\". While not completely inaccurate—tariff preferences often reflected local concerns—the statement was at odds with the Democrats' platform and suggested that Hancock did not understand the issue.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 3873491 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 219, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The change in tactics appeared to be effective, as October state elections in Ohio and Indiana resulted in Republican victories there, discouraging Democrats about their chances the following month. Democratic party leaders had selected English as Hancock's running mate because of his popularity in Indiana. With their state-level defeat there, some talked of dropping English from the ticket, but he convinced them that the October losses owed more to local issues, and that the Democratic ticket could still carry Indiana, if not Ohio, in November.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Campaign", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the last weeks before the election, the issue of Chinese immigration entered the race. Both major parties (as well as the Greenbackers) pledged in their platforms to limit immigration from China, which native-born workers in the Western states believed was depressing their wages. On October 20, however, a Democratic newspaper published a letter, purportedly from Garfield to a group of businessmen, pledging to keep immigration at the current levels so that industry could keep workers' wages low. Garfield denounced the letter as a ruse, but not before one hundred thousand copies of the newspaper were mailed to California and Oregon. Once the letter was exposed as a forgery, Garfield biographer Peskin believes it may even have gained votes for the Republican in the East, but it likely weakened him in the West.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 2813841 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 331, 349 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The extremely close election, with very high turnout, reflected the typical pattern of the Gilded Age. Democrats were assured of a Solid South electoral vote, as well as most of the border states. Republicans captured the Northeast and Midwest, winning the critical swing states of New York, Ohio and Indiana. The Republicans captured the electoral vote 214–155, but the popular vote margin was under 2000 out of over 9 million votes cast. Republicans won the House of Representatives 147–135, but the Senate was evenly split, with the vice president casting the deciding vote.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When all the ballots were counted, fewer than 2,000 votes separated Garfield and Hancock, the closest popular vote of any American presidential election before or since. The voters showed their interest in the election by turning out in record numbers; 78 percent of eligible voters cast a ballot, among largest percentages in American history. Each major party candidate earned just over 48 percent of the vote. Weaver won more than 3 percent, tripling the Greenback total of four years earlier. The other minor party candidates fared far worse, as Dow and Phelps earned 0.1 and 0.01 percent, respectively. The narrow victory carried over into the Congressional vote, as the Republicans won the House by a twelve-seat margin and the Senate was evenly divided. Garfield carried the crucial state of New York by 20,000 votes out of 1.1 million cast there. Other states were much closer; Hancock's margin of victory in California was only about 144 votes.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the electoral college, the vote was more decisive. As expected, Hancock carried the South and border states, but Garfield swept all but one of the Northern states (the exception was New Jersey, which he lost by just two thousand votes). Both candidates carried nineteen states, but Garfield's triumphs in the more populous North translated into a 214–155 electoral college victory. The sectional divide of the vote more deeply enforced the Republicans' retreat from the South after Reconstruction, and demonstrated that they could win without competing there. Weaver's resistance to fusion had no effect on the result; the combined Democratic and Greenback vote would have carried Indiana, but not any other of the states Garfield won, and the result would still have been a Republican majority in the electoral college. Hancock was convinced that the Republicans won New York by fraud. Lacking evidence, and mindful of the turmoil caused by the disputed election four years earlier, the Democrats did not pursue the matter.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 85533, 427798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 24 ], [ 97, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Virginia, a split in the Democratic Party over the payment of state debts led to two Democratic electoral slates being nominated, one by the regular debt-paying \"Funder\" Democrats, the other by the \"Readjuster\" or anti-debt paying faction of the party. Both slates were pledged to the Hancock ticket. Republicans initially hoped the split could lead Garfield to win the state, but the results were otherwise. The Readjuster ticket received 31,527 votes, but the Funder Democrats took 96,449 votes, enough to defeat the Republicans, whose slate had 84,020.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 1412031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 202, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although Hancock won Georgia's popular vote easily, there was an irregularity in that state's electoral votes. According to Article II, Section 1, clause 3 of the Constitution, \"The Congress may determine the Time of choosing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.\" In 1792, Congress had set the date for the Electoral College to vote on the first Wednesday in December, which in 1880 fell on December 1. However, Georgia's electors failed to cast their ballots on December 1, instead voting on the following Wednesday, December 8. Congress chose to count Georgia's vote in the official tally anyway; had they not done so, Hancock's electoral vote would have been 144, not 155.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 31644, 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 175 ], [ 392, 409 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (15 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (131 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (58 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As Garfield entered office in March 1881, the Republican party schism that had been patched up for the election tore apart once more. Garfield appointed Blaine to the cabinet, and Conkling's Stalwart faction became irked at their lack of control over patronage, even in Conkling's home state of New York. Garfield appointed William H. Robertson, a civil service reform supporter, to the most lucrative government post in New York, and refused to withdraw the nomination despite Conkling's protests; in response, Conkling and his allies brought all legislative action in the closely divided Senate to a halt. In May, Conkling and fellow New York Senator Thomas C. Platt resigned from the Senate in protest. The two Stalwarts expected the New York legislature to reelect them in triumph; instead, the legislature deadlocked for months, eventually declining to return either man to the Senate. Before that result was known, however, Charles Guiteau, a mentally unstable man angry about not receiving a patronage appointment, shot Garfield in Washington, D.C. on July 2, 1881.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 11260303, 1935182, 244924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 324, 344 ], [ 653, 668 ], [ 930, 945 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Garfield lingered for two-and-a-half months before dying on September 19, 1881. Vice President Chester A. Arthur, the New York Stalwart, was sworn in as president that night. Garfield's murder by a spoilsman inspired the nation to reform the civil service—and Arthur, erstwhile member of the Conkling machine, joined the cause. In 1883, a bipartisan majority in Congress passed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act to reform the worst of the office-seeking system, and Arthur signed the measure into law.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 55663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 382, 416 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Congress also settled the issue of Chinese immigration, passing the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882. Arthur initially vetoed a similar measure, which he believed contradicted the United States' treaty with China, but eventually signed a compromise bill, which banned immigration from China for ten years. Tariffs, a major issue in the campaign, remained largely unchanged in the four years that followed, although Congress did pass a minor revision that reduced them by an average of less than 2 percent. After a half-hearted attempt at the nomination in 1884, Arthur retired and died two years later.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 55668, 20300951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 89 ], [ 430, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hancock did not long survive his electoral opponent. After the election, he remained on duty as commander of the Division of the Atlantic. He attended Garfield's inauguration and served loyally under him and Arthur. In 1885, he visited the Gettysburg battlefield, the site of his most famous triumph two decades earlier. Hancock died the following year, after an abscess in his leg became infected. Weaver survived both of his more popular opponents, returning to Congress for four years in the 1880s, and running for president again as the nominee of the Populist Party in 1892.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 177019, 40528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 556, 570 ], [ 574, 578 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " American election campaigns in the 19th century", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3132190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1865–1918)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inauguration of James A. Garfield", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21214635 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1880 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1431558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26972471 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Third Party System", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4140746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Books", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Morgan, H. Wayne. From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 (1969) pp 57–121. By H. Wayne Morgan. (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1969. x + 618 pp.Illustrations ...", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas, Harrison Cook, The return of the Democratic Party to power in 1884 (1919) online ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Articles", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Baumgardner, James L. \"The 1888 Presidential Election: How Corrupt?.\" Presidential Studies Quarterly 14.3 (1984): 416–427.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dinnerstein, Leonard. \"Election of 1880.\" In Arthur Schlesinger Jr, ed. Running for President: The Candidates in their Images (1994) pp 345–83", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Doenecke, Justin. \"Presidential election of 1880\" in ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1880 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Campaign Song: The Old Bloody Shirt", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Campaign Song: Glory of a Reunited Nation", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1880_United_States_presidential_election", "Chester_A._Arthur", "Presidency_of_James_A._Garfield", "James_A._Garfield", "November_1880_events", "Neal_Dow" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1880" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1884 United States presidential election was the 25th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1884. It saw the first Democrat elected President of the United States since James Buchanan in 1856, and the first Democratic president to hold office since Andrew Johnson, who assumed the presidency after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Governor Grover Cleveland of New York defeated Republican James G. Blaine of Maine. The election was set apart by unpleasant mudslinging and shameful personal allegations that eclipsed substantive issues, for example, civil administration change. It was a historically significant election, as Cleveland was the only Democratic president between Andrew Johnson, who left office in 1869, and Woodrow Wilson, who began his first term in 1913, representing a disruption of the period of Republican domination of the presidency between Reconstruction and the Great Depression.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 5043544, 24113, 19732383, 40517, 1624, 307, 12495, 8210131, 32070, 16208, 19977, 33523, 55040, 2685269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 145, 153 ], [ 162, 192 ], [ 199, 213 ], [ 217, 221 ], [ 279, 293 ], [ 349, 364 ], [ 375, 391 ], [ 395, 403 ], [ 413, 423 ], [ 424, 439 ], [ 443, 448 ], [ 757, 771 ], [ 898, 912 ], [ 921, 937 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cleveland won the presidential nomination on the second ballot of the 1884 Democratic National Convention. President Chester A. Arthur had acceded to the presidency in 1881 following the assassination of James A. Garfield, but he was unsuccessful in his bid for nomination to a full term. Blaine, who had served as Secretary of State under President Garfield, defeated Arthur and other candidates on the fourth ballot of the 1884 Republican National Convention. A group of reformist Republicans known as \"Mugwumps\" abandoned Blaine's candidacy, viewing him as corrupt. The campaign was marred by exceptional political acrimony and personal invective. Blaine's reputation for public corruption and his inadvertent last-minute alienation of Catholic voters proved decisive.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22456511, 21490963, 14320018, 16252221, 406240, 606848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 105 ], [ 117, 134 ], [ 187, 221 ], [ 425, 460 ], [ 505, 513 ], [ 739, 747 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the election, Cleveland won 48.8% of the nationwide popular vote and 219 electoral votes, carrying the Solid South and several key swing states. Blaine won 48.3% of the popular vote and 182 electoral votes. Cleveland won his home state by just 1,149 votes; had he lost New York, he would have lost the election. Two third-party candidates, John St. John of the Prohibition Party and Benjamin Butler of the Greenback Party and the Anti-Monopoly Party, each won less than 2% of the popular vote. Blaine was the last former or current Secretary of State to be nominated by a major political party until the nomination of Hillary Clinton in 2016, while Cleveland became the only sitting Democratic president between the end of the civil war and the election of Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 United States presidential election, a span of almost 50 years. Cleveland and Wilson were the only two Democrats to serve as president between 1869 and 1933, when Franklin D. Roosevelt took office.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 85533, 723054, 429249, 1260842, 307316, 732946, 307385, 2415869, 37643953, 5043192, 21377251, 33523, 40534, 10979 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 91 ], [ 106, 117 ], [ 134, 145 ], [ 343, 356 ], [ 364, 381 ], [ 386, 401 ], [ 409, 424 ], [ 433, 452 ], [ 607, 617 ], [ 621, 636 ], [ 640, 644 ], [ 760, 774 ], [ 782, 822 ], [ 950, 971 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democrats convened in Chicago on July 8–11, 1884, with New York Governor Grover Cleveland as clear frontrunner, the candidate of northern reformers and sound-money men (as opposed to inflationists). Although Tammany Hall bitterly opposed his nomination, the machine represented a minority of the New York delegation. Its only chance to block Cleveland was to break the unit rule, which mandated that the votes of an entire delegation be cast for only one candidate, and this it failed to do. Daniel N. Lockwood from New York placed Cleveland's name in nomination. But this rather lackluster address was eclipsed by the seconding speech of Edward S. Bragg from Wisconsin, who roused the delegates with a memorable slap at Tammany. \"They love him, gentlemen,\" Bragg said of Cleveland, \"and they respect him, not only for himself, for his character, for his integrity and judgment and iron will, but they love him most of all for the enemies he has made.\" As the convention rocked with cheers, Tammany boss John Kelly lunged at the platform, screaming that he welcomed the compliment.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 172077, 8351186, 11917918, 3049455 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 224 ], [ 496, 514 ], [ 643, 658 ], [ 1008, 1018 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the first ballot, Cleveland led the field with 392 votes, more than 150 votes short of the nomination. Trailing him were Thomas F. Bayard from Delaware, 170; Allen G. Thurman from Ohio, 88; Samuel J. Randall from Pennsylvania, 78; and Joseph E. McDonald from Indiana, 56; with the rest scattered. Randall then withdrew in Cleveland's favor. This move, together with the Southern bloc scrambling aboard the Cleveland bandwagon, was enough to put him over the top of the second ballot, with 683 votes to 81.5 for Bayard and 45.5 for Thomas A. Hendricks from Indiana. Hendricks was nominated unanimously for vice president on the first ballot after John C. Black, William Rosecrans, and George Washington Glick withdrew their names from consideration.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 44613, 44468, 1118975, 4986834, 89170, 2255655, 375983, 703972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 140 ], [ 161, 177 ], [ 193, 210 ], [ 238, 256 ], [ 534, 553 ], [ 649, 662 ], [ 664, 681 ], [ 687, 710 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1884 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago, Illinois, on June 3–6, with former Secretary of State James G. Blaine from Maine, President Arthur, and Senator George F. Edmunds from Vermont as the frontrunners. Though he was still popular, Arthur did not make a serious bid for a full-term nomination, knowing that his increasing health problems meant he would probably not survive a second term (he ultimately died in November 1886). Blaine led on the first ballot, with Arthur second, and Edmunds third. This order did not change on successive ballots as Blaine increased his lead, and he won a majority on the fourth ballot. After nominating Blaine, the convention chose Senator John A. Logan from Illinois as the vice-presidential nominee. Blaine remains the only Presidential nominee ever to come from Maine.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 16252221, 6886, 21490963, 30871257, 178677 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 52, 59 ], [ 143, 159 ], [ 173, 190 ], [ 696, 709 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Famed Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman was considered a possible Republican candidate, but ruled himself out with what has become known as the Sherman pledge: \"If drafted, I will not run; if nominated, I will not accept; if elected, I will not serve.\" Robert Todd Lincoln, Secretary of War of the United States, and son of the past President Abraham Lincoln, was also strongly courted by politicians and the media of the day to seek the presidential or vice-presidential nomination, but Lincoln was as averse to the nomination as Sherman.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 863, 46720, 5338788, 337019, 44000, 307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 15 ], [ 24, 48 ], [ 153, 167 ], [ 262, 281 ], [ 283, 320 ], [ 352, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Anti-Monopoly candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Anti-Monopoly National Convention assembled in the Hershey Music Hall in Chicago, Illinois on May 14. The party had been formed to express opposition to the business practices of the emerging nationwide companies. There were around 200 delegates from 16 states, but 61 of them were from Michigan and Illinois.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2415869 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alson Streeter was the temporary chairman and John F. Henry was the permanent chairman.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19390384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Benjamin F. Butler was nominated for president on the first ballot. Delegates from New York, Washington D.C. and Maryland bolted the convention when it appeared that no discussion of other candidates would be allowed. Allen G. Thurman and James B. Weaver were put forward as alternatives to Butler, but Weaver declined, not wishing to run another national campaign for political office, and Thurman generated little enthusiasm. Butler, while far from opposed to the nomination, hoped to be nominated by the Democratic or Republican party, or at least in the case of the former, to make its platform more favorable to greenbacks. Ultimately only the Greenback Party endorsed his candidacy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 732946, 44468, 149246, 307385 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 218, 234 ], [ 239, 254 ], [ 649, 664 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The convention chose not to nominate a candidate for vice president, hoping that other conventions would endorse a similar platform and name a suitable vice-presidential nominee. The committee ultimately nominated Absolom Madden West as their vice-presidential candidate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 4989143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 214, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Greenback candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 3rd Greenback Party National Convention assembled in English's Opera House in Indianapolis, Indiana. Delegates from 28 states and the District of Columbia attended. The convention nominated Benjamin F. Butler for president over its Party Chairman Jesse Harper on the first ballot. Absolom M. West was nominated unanimously for vice president, and subsequently was also endorsed by the Anti-Monopoly Party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 108956, 4989143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 158 ], [ 285, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Butler had initially hoped to form a number of fusion slates with the \"minority party\" in each state, Democratic or Republican, and for his supporters of various parties to come together under a single \"People's Party\". But many in the two major parties, while maybe agreeing with Butler's message and platform, were unwilling to place their support beyond the party line. In a number of places, Iowa in particular, fusion slates were nominated; essentially, Butler's and Cleveland's votes would be added together for the total vote of the fusion slate, allowing them to carry the state even if neither won a plurality, with the electoral vote being divided according to the percentage of the vote each party netted.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "But even if Fusion had been carried out in every state in which it was considered possible (Indiana, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Illinois), it would not have changed the result, none of the states flipping from Blaine to Cleveland, with Butler winning a single electoral vote from Indiana.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The American Prohibition Party held its national convention in the YMCA building in Chicago, Illinois. There were 150 delegates, including many non-voting delegates. The party sought to merge the reform movements of anti-masonry, prohibition, anti-polygamy, and direct election of the president into a new party. Jonathan Blanchard was a major figure within the party. He traveled throughout northern states in the spring and gave an address entitled \"The American Party – Its Principles and Its Claims.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2866512, 24856, 24475, 8895501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 216, 228 ], [ 230, 241 ], [ 243, 256 ], [ 313, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the convention, the party name was changed from the American Party to the American Prohibition Party. The party had been known as the Anti-Masonic Party in 1880. Many of the delegates at the convention were initially interested in nominating John St. John, the former governor of Kansas, but it was feared that such a nomination might cost him that of the Prohibition Party, which he was actively seeking. Party leaders met with Samuel C. Pomeroy, a former senator from the same state who was the convention's runner-up for the nomination, and at Pomeroy's suggestion they agreed to withdraw the ticket from the race should St. John win the Prohibition Party nomination. Nominated alongside Pomeroy was John A. Conant from Connecticut.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1260842, 2177752 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 249, 262 ], [ 436, 453 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "St. John later unanimously won the Prohibition Party nomination, with Pomeroy and Conant withdrawing from the presidential contest and endorsing him. The New York Times speculated that the endorsement would \"give him 40,000 votes\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The fourth Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Lafayette Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. There were 505 delegates from 31 states and territories at the convention. The national ticket was nominated unanimously: John St. John for president and William Daniel for vice president. The straightforward single-issue Prohibition Party platform advocated the criminalization of alcoholic beverages.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3016253, 307316, 18948043 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 258, 272 ], [ 326, 343 ], [ 386, 404 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dissatisfied with resistance by the men of the major parties to women's suffrage, a small group of women announced the formation in 1884 of the Equal Rights Party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 4633126 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 144, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Equal Rights Party held its national convention in San Francisco, California, on September 20. The convention nominated Belva Ann Lockwood, an attorney in Washington, D.C., for president. Chairman Marietta Stow, the first woman to preside over a national nominating convention, was nominated for vice president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 755212, 108956, 4158998 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 142 ], [ 159, 175 ], [ 201, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lockwood agreed to be the party's presidential candidate even though most women in the United States did not yet have the right to vote. She said, \"I cannot vote but I can be voted for.\" She was the first woman to run a full campaign for the office (Victoria Woodhull conducted a more limited campaign in 1872). The Equal Rights Party had no treasury, but Lockwood gave lectures to pay for campaign travel. She received approximately 4,194 votes nationally.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 32737, 40522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 250, 267 ], [ 305, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The issue of personal character was paramount in the 1884 campaign. Blaine had been prevented from getting the Republican presidential nomination during the previous two elections because of the stigma of the \"Mulligan letters\": in 1876, a Boston bookkeeper named James Mulligan had located some letters showing that Blaine had sold his influence in Congress to various businesses. One such letter ended with the phrase \"burn this letter\", from which a popular chant of the Democrats arose – \"Burn, burn, burn this letter!\" In just one deal, he had received $110,150 (over $1.5 million in 2010 dollars) from the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad for securing a federal land grant, among other things. Democrats and anti-Blaine Republicans made unrestrained attacks on his integrity as a result.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cleveland, on the other hand, was known as \"Grover the Good\" for his personal integrity; in the space of the three previous years he had become successively the mayor of Buffalo, New York, and then the governor of the state of New York, cleaning up large amounts of Tammany Hall's graft.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 3985, 2717335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 170, 187 ], [ 281, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Commentator Jeff Jacoby notes that, \"Not since George Washington had a candidate for president been so renowned for his rectitude.\" In July the Republicans found a refutation buried in Cleveland's past. Aided by sermons from a minister named George H. Ball, they charged that Cleveland had fathered an illegitimate child while he was a lawyer in Buffalo. When confronted with the scandal, Cleveland immediately instructed his supporters to \"Above all, tell the truth.\" Cleveland admitted to paying child support in 1874 to Maria Crofts Halpin, the woman who claimed he fathered her child, named Oscar Folsom Cleveland after Cleveland's friend and law partner, but asserted that the child's paternity was uncertain. Shortly before election day, the Republican media published an affidavit from Halpin in which she stated that until she met Cleveland her \"life was pure and spotless,\" and \"there is not, and never was, a doubt as to the paternity of our child, and the attempt of Grover Cleveland, or his friends, to couple the name of Oscar Folsom, or any one else, with that boy, for that purpose is simply infamous and false.\" In a supplemental affidavit, Halpin also implied Cleveland had raped her, hence the conception of their child. Republican cartoonists across the land had a field day.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 3209449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cleveland's campaign decided that candor was the best approach to this scandal: it admitted that Cleveland had formed an \"illicit connection\" with the mother and that a child had been born and given the Cleveland surname. They also noted that there was no proof that Cleveland was the father, and claimed that, by assuming responsibility and finding a home for the child, he was merely doing his duty. Finally, they showed that the mother had not been forced into an asylum; her whereabouts were unknown. Blaine's supporters condemned Cleveland in the strongest of terms, singing \"Ma, Ma, Where's my Pa?\" (After Cleveland's victory, Cleveland supporters would respond to the taunt with: \"Gone to the White House, Ha, Ha, Ha.\") However, the Cleveland campaign's damage control worked well enough and the race remained a tossup through Election Day. The greatest threat to the Republicans came from reformers called \"Mugwumps\" who were angrier at Blaine's public corruption than at Cleveland's private affairs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 406240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 915, 922 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the final week of the campaign, the Blaine campaign suffered a catastrophe. At a Republican meeting attended by Blaine, a group of New York preachers castigated the Mugwumps. Their spokesman, Reverend Dr. Samuel Burchard, said, \"We are Republicans, and don't propose to leave our party and identify ourselves with the party whose antecedents have been rum, Romanism, and rebellion.\" Blaine did not notice Burchard's anti-Catholic slur, nor did the assembled newspaper reporters, but a Democratic operative did, and Cleveland's campaign managers made sure it was widely publicized. The statement energized the Irish and Catholic vote in New York City heavily against Blaine, costing him New York state and the election by a narrow margin.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 14807613, 14834691, 2795138, 863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 195, 223 ], [ 355, 358 ], [ 360, 368 ], [ 374, 383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to Burchard's statement, it is also believed that John St. John's campaign was responsible for winning Cleveland the election in New York. Since Prohibitionists tended to ally more with Republicans, the Republican Party attempted to convince St. John to drop out. When they failed, they resorted to slandering him. Because of this, he redoubled his efforts in upstate New York, where Blaine was vulnerable on his prohibition stance, and took votes away from the Republicans.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 28661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 311, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Burke County, Georgia, 897 votes were cast for bolting \"Whig Republican\" electors for president (they were not counted for Blaine). The Republicans won in 20 of the 33 cities with populations over 50,000 outside the southern U.S.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 96821 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 5077294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (55 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (117 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (104 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " American election campaigns in the 19th century", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3132190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1865–1918)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First inauguration of Grover Cleveland", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21214926 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1884 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1431472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1884 and 1885 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26972567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " President of the United States", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 24113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Third Party System", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4140746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hirsch, Mark. \"Election of 1884,\" in History of Presidential Elections: Volume III 1848–1896, ed. Arthur Schlesinger and Fred Israel (1971), 3:1578.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Norgren, Jill. Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would be President (2007). online version, focus on 1884", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Summers, Mark Wahlgren. Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (2000) online version", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"1884 Election Cleveland v. Blaine Overview\", HarpWeek, July 26, 2008. ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thomas, Harrison Cook, The return of the Democratic Party to power in 1884 (1919) online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1884: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1884 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1884 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1884 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1884_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland", "Grover_Cleveland", "James_G._Blaine", "November_1884_events", "1884_in_American_politics" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1884" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1888 United States presidential election was the 26th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1888. Republican nominee Benjamin Harrison, a former Senator from Indiana, defeated incumbent Democratic President Grover Cleveland of New York. It was the third of five U.S. presidential elections (and second within 12 years) in which the winner did not win a plurality of the national popular vote, which would not occur again until the 2000 US presidential election.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32070, 7766419, 21883857, 5043544, 12495, 8210131, 47350955, 32009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 128, 138 ], [ 147, 164 ], [ 188, 195 ], [ 216, 226 ], [ 237, 253 ], [ 257, 265 ], [ 349, 421 ], [ 461, 490 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cleveland, the first Democratic president since the American Civil War, was unanimously re-nominated at the 1888 Democratic National Convention. Harrison, the grandson of former President William Henry Harrison, emerged as the Republican nominee on the eighth ballot of the 1888 Republican National Convention. He defeated other prominent party leaders such as Senator John Sherman and former Governor Russell Alger.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 863, 16188516, 33299, 16833797, 40332979, 13018, 876566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 70 ], [ 108, 143 ], [ 188, 210 ], [ 274, 309 ], [ 369, 381 ], [ 393, 401 ], [ 402, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tariff policy was the principal issue in the election, as Cleveland had proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs, arguing that high tariffs were unfair to consumers. Harrison took the side of industrialists and factory workers who wanted to keep tariffs high. Cleveland's opposition to Civil War pensions and inflated currency also made enemies among veterans and farmers. On the other hand, he held a strong hand in the South and border states, and appealed to former Republican Mugwumps.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3873491, 43613, 406240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 296, 303 ], [ 480, 487 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cleveland won a plurality of the popular vote, but Harrison won the election with a majority in the Electoral College. Harrison swept almost the entire North and Midwest, and narrowly carried the swing states of New York and Indiana.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of 2020, this is the last time both Virginia and West Virginia voted for the losing candidate. It is also the only time that an incumbent president lost re-election despite improving upon his popular vote victory margin.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 39845512, 32432, 32905 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 38 ], [ 39, 47 ], [ 52, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republican candidates were former Senator Benjamin Harrison from Indiana; Senator John Sherman from Ohio; Russell A. Alger, the former governor of Michigan; Walter Q. Gresham from Indiana, the former Secretary of the Treasury; Senator William B. Allison from Iowa; and Chauncey Depew from New York, the president of the New York Central Railroad.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 40332979, 876566, 13018, 602970, 43338, 338466, 412646, 345656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 98 ], [ 110, 126 ], [ 139, 159 ], [ 161, 178 ], [ 204, 229 ], [ 239, 257 ], [ 273, 287 ], [ 324, 349 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the time Republicans met in Chicago on June 19–25, 1888, frontrunner James G. Blaine had withdrawn from the race because he believed that only a harmonious convention would produce a Republican candidate strong enough to upset incumbent President Cleveland. Blaine realized that the party was unlikely to choose him without a bitter struggle. After he withdrew, Blaine expressed confidence in both Benjamin Harrison and John Sherman. Harrison was nominated on the eighth ballot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6886, 16208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 38 ], [ 72, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republicans chose Harrison because of his war record, his popularity with veterans, his ability to express the Republican Party's views, and the fact that he lived in the swing state of Indiana. The Republicans hoped to win Indiana's 15 electoral votes, which had gone to Cleveland in the previous presidential election. Levi P. Morton, a former New York City congressman and ambassador, was nominated for vice-president over William Walter Phelps, his nearest rival.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 89182, 2578987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 325, 339 ], [ 430, 451 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic National Convention held in St. Louis, Missouri, on June 5–7, 1888, was harmonious. Incumbent President Cleveland was re-nominated unanimously without a formal ballot. This was the first time an incumbent Democratic president had been re-nominated since Martin Van Buren in 1840.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 27687, 19763, 40513 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 62 ], [ 269, 285 ], [ 289, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Cleveland was re-nominated, Democrats had to choose a replacement for Thomas A. Hendricks. Hendricks ran unsuccessfully as the Democratic nominee for vice-president in 1876, but won the office when he ran again with Cleveland in 1884. Hendricks served as vice-president for only eight months before he died in office on November 25, 1885. Former Senator Allen G. Thurman from Ohio was nominated for vice-president over Isaac P. Gray, his nearest rival, and John C. Black, who trailed behind. Gray lost the nomination to Thurman primarily because his enemies brought up his actions while a Republican.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 89170, 40402, 40526, 44468, 4197324, 2255655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 95 ], [ 174, 178 ], [ 235, 239 ], [ 360, 376 ], [ 425, 438 ], [ 463, 476 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic platform largely confined itself to a defense of the Cleveland administration, supporting reduction in the tariff and taxes generally as well as statehood for the western territories.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 5th Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Tomlinson Hall in Indianapolis, Indiana. There were 1,029 delegates from all but three states.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 67721252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Clinton B. Fisk was nominated for president unanimously. John A. Brooks was nominated for vice-president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 32719127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Union Labor Party National Convention assembled in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Union Labor Party had been formed in 1887 in Cincinnati.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 21115242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The convention nominated Alson Streeter for president unanimously. He was so widely popular that no ballot was necessary, instead, he was nominated by acclamation. Samuel Evans was nominated for vice president but declined the nomination. Charles E. Cunningham was later selected as the vice-presidential candidate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19390384, 52200480 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 39 ], [ 239, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Union Labor Party garnered nearly 150,000 popular votes, but failed to gain widespread national support. The party did, however, win two counties.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The United Labor Party convention nominated Robert H. Cowdrey for president on the first ballot. W.H.T. Wakefield of Kansas was nominated for vice-president over Victor H. Wilder from New York by a margin of 50–12.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Greenback Party was in decline throughout the entire Cleveland administration. In the election of 1884, the party failed to win any House seats outright, although they did win one seat in conjunction with Plains States Democrats (James B. Weaver) and a handful of other seats by endorsing the Democratic nominee. In the election of 1886, only two dozen Greenback candidates ran for the House, apart from another six who ran on fusion tickets. Again, Weaver was the party's only victor. Much of the Greenback news in early 1888 took place in Michigan, where the party remained active.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 307385, 1431472, 19468510, 149246, 1431467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ], [ 90, 106 ], [ 136, 141 ], [ 234, 249 ], [ 324, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In early 1888, it was not clear if the Greenback Party would hold another national convention. The fourth Greenback Party National Convention assembled in Cincinnati on May 16, 1888. So few delegates attended that no actions were taken. On August 16, 1888, George O. Jones, chairman of the national committee, called a second session of the national convention. The second session of the national convention met in Cincinnati on September 12, 1888. Only seven delegates attended. Chairman Jones issued an address criticizing the two major parties, and the delegates made no nominations.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With the failure of the convention, the Greenback Party ceased to exist.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The American Party held its third and last National Convention in Grand Army Hall in Washington, DC. This was an Anti-Masonic party that ran under various party labels in the northern states.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2866512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the convention assembled, there were 126 delegates; among them were 65 from New York and 15 from California. Delegates from the other states bolted the convention when it appeared that New York and California intended to vote together on all matters and control the convention. By the time the presidential balloting began, there were only 64 delegates present.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The convention nominated James L. Curtis from New York for president and James R. Greer from Tennessee for vice-president. Greer declined to run, so Peter D. Wigginton of California was chosen as his replacement.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 11579224 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The second Equal Rights Party National Convention assembled in Des Moines, Iowa. At the convention, mail-in ballots were counted. The delegates cast 310 of their 350 ballots for the following ticket: Belva A. Lockwood for president and Alfred H. Love for vice-president. Love declined the nomination, and was replaced with Charles S. Welles of NY.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 755212, 4633515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 200, 217 ], [ 236, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Industrial Reform Party National Convention assembled in Grand Army Hall, Washington, DC. There were 49 delegates present. Albert Redstone won the endorsement of some leaders of the disintegrating Greenback Party. He told the Montgomery Advertiser that he hoped to carry several states, including Alabama, New York, North Carolina, Arkansas, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2339617 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 230, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cleveland set the main issue of the campaign when he proposed a dramatic reduction in tariffs in his annual message to Congress in December 1887. Cleveland contended that the tariff was unnecessarily high and that unnecessary taxation was unjust taxation. The Republicans responded that the high tariff would protect American industry from foreign competition and guarantee high wages, high profits, and high economic growth.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 37081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The argument between protectionists and free traders over the size of the tariff was an old one, stretching back to the Tariff of 1816. In practice, the tariff was practically meaningless on industrial products, since the United States was the low-cost producer in most areas (except woolens), and could not be undersold by the less efficient Europeans. Nevertheless, the tariff issue motivated both sides to a remarkable extent.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 153023, 3091152 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 35 ], [ 120, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Besides the obvious economic dimensions, the tariff argument also possessed an ethnic dimension. At the time, the policy of free trade was most strongly promoted by the British Empire, and so any political candidate who ran on free trade instantly was under threat of being labelled pro-British and antagonistic to the Irish-American voting bloc. Cleveland neatly neutralized this threat by pursuing punitive action against Canada (which, although autonomous, was still part of the British Empire) in a fishing rights dispute.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 59212, 46284800 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 134 ], [ 319, 333 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Harrison was well-funded by party activists and mounted an energetic campaign by the standards of the day, giving many speeches from his front porch in Indianapolis that were covered by the newspapers. Cleveland adhered to the tradition of presidential candidates not campaigning, and forbade his cabinet from campaigning as well, leaving his 75-year-old vice-presidential candidate Thurman as the spearhead of his campaign.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election campaign", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "William Wade Dudley (1842–1909), an Indianapolis lawyer, was a tireless campaigner and prosecutor of Democratic election frauds. In 1888, Benjamin Harrison made Dudley Treasurer of the Republican National Committee. The campaign was the most intense in decades, with Indiana dead even. Although the National Committee had no business meddling in state politics, Dudley wrote a circular letter to Indiana's county chairmen, telling them to \"divide the floaters into Blocks of Five, and put a trusted man with the necessary funds in charge of these five, and make them responsible that none get away and that all vote our ticket.\" Dudley promised adequate funding. His pre-emptive strike backfired when Democrats obtained the letter and distributed hundreds of thousands of copies nationwide in the last days of the campaign. Given Dudley's unsavory reputation, few people believed his denials. A few thousand \"floaters\" did exist in Indiana—men who would sell their vote for $2. They always divided 50-50 (or perhaps, $5,000-$5,000) and had no visible impact on the vote. The attack on \"blocks of five\" with the suggestion that pious General Harrison was trying to buy the election did enliven the Democratic campaign, and it stimulated the nationwide movement to replace ballots printed and distributed by the parties with secret ballots.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 2137536, 479210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ], [ 1323, 1336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A California Republican named George Osgoodby wrote a letter to Sir Lionel Sackville-West, the British ambassador to the United States, under the assumed name of \"Charles F. Murchison,\" describing himself as a former Englishman who was now a California citizen and asked how he should vote in the upcoming presidential election. Sir Lionel wrote back and in the \"Murchison letter\" indiscreetly suggested that Cleveland was probably the best man from the British point of view.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 25917517, 611426, 4595067 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 89 ], [ 95, 134 ], [ 364, 380 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republicans published this letter just two weeks before the election, where it had an effect on Irish-American voters exactly comparable to the \"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion\" blunder of the previous election: Cleveland lost New York and Indiana (and as a result, the presidency). Sackville-West was removed as British ambassador.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 40526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 194, 211 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election focused on the swing states of New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Harrison's home state of Indiana. Harrison and Cleveland split these four states, with Harrison winning by means of notoriously fraudulent balloting in New York and Indiana. The Republicans won in twenty-six of the forty-four largest cities outside of the Southern United States.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Had Cleveland won his home state, he would have won the electoral vote by an electoral count of 204-197 (201 electoral votes were needed for victory in 1888). Instead, Cleveland became the third of only five candidates to obtain a plurality or majority of the popular vote but lose their respective presidential elections (Andrew Jackson in 1824, Samuel J. Tilden in 1876, Al Gore in 2000, and Hillary Clinton in 2016).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [ 235892, 1623, 40509, 60048, 40402, 5042706, 32009, 5043192, 21377251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 232, 241 ], [ 324, 338 ], [ 342, 346 ], [ 348, 364 ], [ 368, 372 ], [ 374, 381 ], [ 385, 389 ], [ 395, 410 ], [ 414, 418 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cleveland bested Harrison in the popular vote by slightly more than ninety thousand votes (0.8%), though that margin was only made possible by massive disenfranchisement and voter suppression of hundreds of thousands of Republican blacks in the South. Harrison won the Electoral College by a 233-168 margin, largely by virtue of his 1.09% win in Cleveland's home state of New York.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [ 652563, 9704515, 1125781, 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 45 ], [ 151, 169 ], [ 174, 191 ], [ 270, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Four states returned results where the winner won by less than 1 percent of the popular vote. Cleveland earned 24 of his electoral votes from states he won by less than one percent: Connecticut, Virginia, and West Virginia. Harrison earned fifteen of his electoral votes from a state he won by less than 1 percent: Indiana. Harrison won New York (36 electoral votes) by a margin of 1.09%. Despite the narrow margins in several states, only two states switched sides in comparison to Cleveland's first presidential election (New York and Indiana).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [ 40526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 495, 522 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 2,450 counties/independent cities making returns, Cleveland led in 1,290 (52.65%) while Harrison led in 1,157 (47.22%). Two counties (0.08%) recorded a Streeter plurality while one county (0.04%) in California split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [ 82123 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 184, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon leaving the White House at the end of her husband's first term, First Lady Frances Cleveland is reported to have told the White House staff to take care of the building since the Clevelands would be returning in four years. She proved correct, becoming the only First Lady to preside at two nonconsecutive administrations.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [ 10847, 415642, 33057 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 79 ], [ 80, 97 ], [ 127, 138 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which the Republicans won Colorado and Nevada until 1904. It was also the last election until 1968 when bellwether Coös County, New Hampshire did not support the winning candidate.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [ 93507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [ 5077294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (39 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (150 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (93 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1968 the Michael P. Antoine Company produced the Walt Disney Company musical film The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band which centers around the election of 1888 and the annexing and subdividing of the Dakota Territory into states (which was a major issue of the election).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 37398, 19029, 3925275, 309547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 71 ], [ 72, 84 ], [ 85, 132 ], [ 215, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " American election campaigns in the 19th century", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3132190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1865–1918)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1888 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1431459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1888 and 1889 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26973518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States Democratic Party", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3088213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States Republican Party", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4157940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21212197 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Third Party System", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4140746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bourdon, Jeffrey Normand. \"Trains, Canes, and Replica Log Cabins: Benjamin Harrison's 1888 Front-Porch Campaign for the Presidency.\" Indiana Magazine of History 110.3 (2014): 246–269. online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " online free", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland: a study in courage (1933), the standard biography", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 556446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. A History of the United States since the Civil War. Volume V, 1888–1901 (1937). pp 1–74.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sievers, Harry. Benjamin Harrison: from the Civil War to the White House, 1865–1888 (1959), standard biography", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " excerpt and text search", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The campaign text book of the Democratic party of the United States, for ...1888 (1888) full text online, the compilation of data, texts and political arguments used by stump speakers across the country", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cleveland, Grover. Letters and Addresses of Grover Cleveland (1909) online edition", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cleveland, Grover. The Letters of Grover Cleveland (1937), edited by Allan Nevins.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Harrison, Benjamin. Speeches of Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President of the United States (1890), contains his 1888 campaign speeches full text online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840–1964 (1965) online 1840–1956", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1888: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1888 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1888 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1888 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Vote That Failed. Smithsonian Magazine article on Indiana in the 1888 election.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1888_United_States_presidential_election", "Grover_Cleveland", "Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison", "Benjamin_Harrison", "November_1888_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1888" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1892 United States presidential election was the 27th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1892. In a rematch of the closely contested 1888 presidential election, former Democratic President Grover Cleveland defeated incumbent Republican President Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland's victory made him the first and, to date, the only person in American history to be elected to a non-consecutive second presidential term. It was also the first time incumbents were defeated in consecutive elections—the second being Jimmy Carter's defeat of Gerald Ford in 1976, followed by Carter's subsequent loss to Ronald Reagan in 1980. Additionally, Harrison's loss marked the second time an elected president lost the popular vote twice, the first being John Quincy Adams in the 1820s. This feat was not repeated until Donald Trump lost the popular vote in 2016 and 2020. The election also marks the only time other than Trump's loss in 2020 in which the Republican party was voted out of the White House after a single term.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 40527, 12495, 24113, 7766419, 15992, 5030380, 40569, 25433, 40570, 15654, 4848272, 21377251, 48410011, 33057 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 166, 192 ], [ 222, 238 ], [ 269, 278 ], [ 279, 296 ], [ 542, 554 ], [ 567, 578 ], [ 582, 586 ], [ 628, 641 ], [ 645, 649 ], [ 770, 787 ], [ 835, 847 ], [ 873, 877 ], [ 882, 886 ], [ 1009, 1020 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Though some Republicans opposed Harrison's re-nomination, Harrison defeated James G. Blaine and William McKinley on the first presidential ballot of the 1892 Republican National Convention. Cleveland defeated challenges by David B. Hill and Horace Boies on the first presidential ballot of the 1892 Democratic National Convention, becoming both the first presidential candidate and the first Democrat to win his party's presidential nomination in three elections. Groups from The Grange and the Knights of Labor joined together to form a new party called the Populist Party. It had a ticket led by former Congressman James B. Weaver of Iowa.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 16208, 33521, 601255, 673717, 2060124, 11247106, 376138, 17387, 177019, 149246 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 91 ], [ 96, 112 ], [ 153, 188 ], [ 223, 236 ], [ 241, 253 ], [ 294, 329 ], [ 476, 486 ], [ 495, 511 ], [ 559, 573 ], [ 617, 632 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The campaign centered mainly on economic issues, especially the protectionist 1890 McKinley Tariff. Cleveland ran on a platform of lowering the tariff and opposed the Republicans' 1890 voting rights proposal. Cleveland was also a proponent of the gold standard, while the Republicans and Populists both supported bimetalism.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 55710, 2797201, 37412, 310156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 98 ], [ 180, 207 ], [ 247, 260 ], [ 313, 323 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cleveland swept the Solid South and won several important swing states, taking a majority of the electoral vote and a plurality of the popular vote. As of 2020, he is the fourth of seven presidential nominees to win a significant number of electoral votes in at least three elections, the others being Thomas Jefferson, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, William Jennings Bryan, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Richard Nixon. Of these, Jackson, Cleveland, and Roosevelt also won the popular vote in at least three elections. Weaver won 8.5% of the popular vote and carried several Western states, while John Bidwell of the Prohibition Party won 2.2% of the popular vote. The Democrats did not win another presidential election until 1912. This was the first election since 1832 in which a Democratic president won a 2nd term.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 723054, 85533, 29922, 47620, 1623, 40608, 10979, 25473, 685394, 307316, 40534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 31 ], [ 97, 111 ], [ 302, 318 ], [ 320, 330 ], [ 332, 346 ], [ 348, 370 ], [ 372, 393 ], [ 399, 412 ], [ 591, 603 ], [ 611, 628 ], [ 721, 725 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the beginning of 1892, many Americans were ready to return to Cleveland's political policies. Although he was the clear frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, he was far from the universal choice of the party's supporters; many, such as the journalists Henry Watterson and Charles Anderson Dana, thought that if he were to attain the nomination, their party would lose in November, but few could challenge him effectively. Though he had remained relatively quiet on the issue of silver versus gold, often deferring to bimetalism, Senate Democrats in January 1891 voted for free coinage of silver. Furious, he sent a letter to Ellery Anderson, who headed the New York Reform Club, to condemn the party's apparent drift towards inflation and agrarian control, the \"dangerous and reckless experiment of free, unlimited coinage of silver at our mints.\" Advisors warned that such statements might alienate potential supporters in the South and West and risk his chances for the nomination, but Cleveland felt that being right on the issue was more important than the nomination. After making his position clear, he worked to focus his campaign on tariff reform, hoping that the silver issue would dissipate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1001681, 2312217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 273, 288 ], [ 293, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A challenger emerged in the form of David B. Hill, former governor of and incumbent senator from New York. In favor of bimetalism and tariff reform, Hill hoped to make inroads with Cleveland's supporters while appealing to those in the South and Midwest who were not keen on nominating Cleveland for a third consecutive time. Hill had begun to run for the position of president unofficially as early as 1890, and even offered former Postmaster General Donald M. Dickinson his support for the vice-presidential nomination. But he was not able to escape his past association with Tammany Hall, and lack of confidence in his ability to defeat Cleveland for the nomination kept Hill from attaining the support he needed. By the time of the convention, Cleveland could count on the support of a majority of the state Democratic parties, though his native New York remained pledged to Hill.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 673717, 1068219, 172077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 49 ], [ 452, 471 ], [ 578, 590 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a narrow first-ballot victory, Cleveland received 617.33 votes, barely 10 more than needed, to 114 for Hill, 103 for Governor Horace Boies of Iowa, a populist and former Republican, and the rest scattered. Although the Cleveland forces preferred Isaac P. Gray from Indiana for vice president, Cleveland directed his own support to the convention favorite, Adlai E. Stevenson I from Illinois. As a supporter of using paper greenbacks and free silver to inflate the currency and alleviate economic distress in rural districts, Stevenson balanced the ticket headed by Cleveland, who supported hard-money and the gold standard. At the same time, it was hoped that his nomination represented a promise not to ignore regulars, and so potentially get Hill and Tammany Hall to support the Democratic ticket to their fullest in the coming election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2060124, 4197324, 92199, 180847, 1762386, 1514318, 37412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 141 ], [ 249, 262 ], [ 359, 379 ], [ 425, 435 ], [ 440, 451 ], [ 593, 603 ], [ 612, 625 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Benjamin Harrison's administration was widely viewed as unsuccessful, and as a result, Thomas C. Platt (a political boss in New York) and other disaffected party leaders mounted a dump-Harrison movement coalescing around veteran candidate James G. Blaine from Maine, a favorite of Republican party regulars. Blaine had been the Republican nominee in 1884 when he lost to Cleveland.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1935182, 1830882, 16208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 102 ], [ 106, 120 ], [ 239, 254 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Privately, Harrison did not want to be renominated for the presidency, but he remained opposed to the nomination going to Blaine, who he was convinced intended to run, and thought himself the only candidate capable of preventing that. Blaine, however, did not want another fight for the nomination and a rematch against Cleveland in the general election. His health had begun to fail, and three of his children had recently died (Walker and Alice in 1890, and Emmons in 1892). Blaine refused to run actively, but the cryptic nature of his responses to a draft effort fueled speculation that he was not averse to such a movement. For his part, Harrison curtly demanded that he either renounce his supporters or resign his position as Secretary of State, with Blaine choosing the latter a scant three days before the National Convention. A boom began to build around the \"draft Blaine\" effort, with supporters hoping to cause a break towards their candidate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 29942948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 430, 436 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Senator John Sherman of Ohio, who had been the leading candidate for the nomination at the 1888 Republican Convention before Harrison won it, was also brought up as a possible challenger. Like Blaine, however, he was averse to another bitter battle for the nomination and, \"like the rebels down South, want to be let alone.\" This inevitably turned attention to Ohio Governor William McKinley, who was indecisive as to his intentions in spite of his ill feelings toward Harrison and his popularity among the Republican base. Although not averse to receiving the nomination, he did not expect to win it either. However, should Blaine and Harrison fail to attain the nomination after a number of ballots, he felt he could be brought forth as a harmony candidate. Despite the urging of Republican power broker Mark Hanna, McKinley did not put himself forward as a potential candidate, afraid of offending Harrison and Blaine's supporters, while also feeling that the coming election would not favor the Republicans.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 40332979, 33521, 162249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 20 ], [ 375, 391 ], [ 806, 816 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In any case, the president's forces had the nomination locked up by the time delegates met in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on June 7–10, 1892. Richard Thomas of Indiana delivered Harrison's nominating speech. Harrison was nominated on the first ballot with 535.17 votes to 182 for McKinley, 181.83 for Blaine, and the rest scattered. McKinley protested when the Ohio delegation threw its entire vote in his name, despite not being formally nominated, but Joseph B. Foraker, who headed the delegation, managed to silence him on a point of order. With the ballots counted, many observers were surprised at the strength of the McKinley vote, which almost overtook Blaine. Whitelaw Reid of New York, editor of the New York Tribune and recent United States Ambassador to France, was nominated for vice president. The incumbent vice president, Levi P. Morton, was supported by many at the convention, including Reid himself, but did not wish to serve another term. Harrison also did not want Morton on the ticket.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6097240, 699650, 981256, 360819, 2630379, 89182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 105 ], [ 450, 467 ], [ 664, 677 ], [ 705, 721 ], [ 733, 767 ], [ 833, 847 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Populist candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " James B. Weaver, former U.S. representative from Iowa", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 149246, 26810748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 50, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " James H. Kyle, U.S. senator from South Dakota", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 4756838, 26746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 34, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Leonidas L. Polk, former representative from North Carolina", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2153605, 21650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 46, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Walter Q. Gresham, Appellate judge from Indiana", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 602970, 21883857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 41, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1891, the American farmers' alliances met with delegates from labor and reform groups in Cincinnati, Ohio, to discuss the formation of a new political party. They formed the People's Party, commonly known as the \"Populists\", a year later in St. Louis, Missouri.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 18522615, 177019, 27687 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 102 ], [ 177, 191 ], [ 244, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Leonidas L. Polk was the initial frontrunner for the presidential nomination. He had been instrumental in the party's formation and held great appeal with its agrarian base, but he unexpectedly died while in Washington, D.C., on June 11. Another candidate mentioned frequently for the nomination was Walter Q. Gresham, an appellate judge who had made a number of rulings against the railroads that made him a favorite of some farmer and labor groups, and it was felt that his rather dignified image would make the Populists appear as more than minor contenders. Both Democrats and Republicans feared his nomination for this reason, and while Gresham toyed with the idea, he ultimately was not ready to make a complete break with the two parties, declining petitions for his nomination right up to and during the Populist Convention. Later he would endorse Grover Cleveland for the presidency.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2153605, 108956, 602970 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 208, 224 ], [ 300, 317 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the first Populist national convention in Omaha, Nebraska, in July 1892, James B. Weaver from Iowa was nominated for president on the first ballot, now lacking any serious opposition. While his nomination brought with it significant campaigning experience from over several decades, he also had a longer tract of history for which Republicans and Democrats could criticize him, and he also alienated many potential supporters in the South, having participated in Sherman's March to the Sea. James G. Field from Virginia was nominated for vice-president to try and rectify this problem while also attaining the regional balance often seen in Republican and Democratic tickets.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 46159, 149246, 365093, 19594762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 60 ], [ 76, 91 ], [ 466, 492 ], [ 494, 508 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Populist platform called for nationalization of the telegraph, telephone, and railroads, free coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and creation of postal savings banks.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Prohibition candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John Bidwell, former U.S. representative from California", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 685394, 5407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 47, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gideon T. Stewart, Prohibition Party Chairman from Ohio", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3016028, 22199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 52, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William Jennings Demorest, magazine publisher from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 18716922, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ], [ 52, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The sixth Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Music Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio. There were 972 delegates present from all states except Louisiana and South Carolina.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3964008, 18522615 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 71 ], [ 75, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two major stories about the convention loomed before it assembled. In the first place, some members of the national committee sought to merge the Prohibition and Populist Parties. While there appeared a likelihood that the merger would materialize, it was clear that it was not going to happen by the time that the convention convened. Secondly, the southern states sent a number of black delegates. Cincinnati hotels refused to serve meals to blacks and whites at the same time, and several hotels refused service to the black delegates altogether.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 177019 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 170 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The convention nominated John Bidwell from California for president on the first ballot. Prior to the convention, the race was thought to be close between Bidwell and William Jennings Demorest, but the New York delegation became irritated with Demorest and voted for Bidwell 73–7. James B. Cranfill from Texas was nominated for vice-president on the first ballot with 417 votes to 351 for Joshua Levering from Maryland and 45 for others.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 685394, 18716922, 32719077, 2999841 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 37 ], [ 167, 192 ], [ 281, 298 ], [ 389, 404 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first Socialist Labor Party National Convention assembled in New York City and, despite running on a platform that called for the abolition of the positions of president and vice-president, decided to nominate candidates for those positions: Simon Wing from Massachusetts for president and Charles Matchett from New York for vice-president. They were on the ballot in five states: Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 38777001, 19559915, 21660266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 31 ], [ 246, 256 ], [ 294, 310 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The tariff issue dominated this rather lackluster campaign. Harrison defended the protectionist McKinley Tariff passed during his term. For his part, Cleveland assured voters that he opposed absolute free trade and would continue his campaign for a reduction in the tariff. Cleveland also denounced the Lodge Bill, a voting rights bill that sought to protect the rights of African American voters in the South. William McKinley campaigned extensively for Harrison, setting the stage for his own run four years later.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 55710, 2797201, 667785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 111 ], [ 304, 314 ], [ 318, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The campaign took a somber turn when, in October, First Lady Caroline Harrison died. Despite the ill health that had plagued Mrs. Harrison since her youth and had worsened in the last decade, she often accompanied Mr. Harrison on official travels. On one such trip, to California in the spring of 1891, she caught a cold. It quickly deepened into her chest, and she was eventually diagnosed with tuberculosis. A summer in the Adirondack Mountains failed to restore her to health. An invalid the last six months of her life, she died in the White House on October 25, 1892, just two weeks before the national election. As a result, all of the candidates ceased campaigning.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 10847, 416313, 30653, 54980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 60 ], [ 61, 78 ], [ 396, 408 ], [ 426, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The margin in the popular vote for Cleveland was 400,000, the largest since Grant's re-election in 1872. The Democrats won the presidency and both houses of Congress for the first time since 1856. President Harrison's re-election bid was a decisive loss in both the popular and electoral count, unlike President Cleveland's re-election bid four years earlier, in which he won the popular vote, but lost the electoral vote. Cleveland was the third of only five presidents to win re-election with a smaller percentage of the popular vote than in previous elections, although in the two prior such incidents — James Madison in 1812 and Andrew Jackson in 1832 — not all states held popular elections. Ironically, Cleveland saw his popular support decrease not only from his electoral win in 1884, but also from his electoral loss in 1888. A similar vote decrease would happen again for Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944 and Barack Obama in 2012.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40522, 40517, 15950, 40476, 40511, 40526, 40559, 40560, 534366, 20102947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 103 ], [ 191, 195 ], [ 607, 620 ], [ 624, 628 ], [ 651, 655 ], [ 787, 791 ], [ 907, 911 ], [ 916, 920 ], [ 925, 937 ], [ 941, 945 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the county level, Cleveland fared much better than Harrison. The Republicans' vote was not nearly as widespread as the Democrats. In 1892, it was still a sectionally based party mainly situated in the East, Midwest, and West and was barely visible south of the Mason–Dixon line. In the South, the party was holding on in only a few counties. In East Tennessee and tidewater Virginia, the vote at the county level showed some strength, but it barely existed in Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 82334, 646800, 411307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 264, 280 ], [ 348, 362 ], [ 367, 385 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a continuation of its collapse there during the 1890 Congressional elections, the Republican Party even struggled in its Midwestern strongholds, where general electoral troubles from economic woes were acutely exacerbated by the promotion of temperance laws and, in Wisconsin and Illinois, the aggressive support of state politicians for English-only compulsory education laws. Such policies, which particularly in the case of the latter were associated with an upwelling of nativist and anti-Catholic attitudes amongst their supporters, resulted in the defection of large sections of immigrant communities, especially Germans, to the Democratic Party. Cleveland carried Wisconsin and Illinois with their 36 combined electoral votes, a Democratic victory not seen in those states since 1852 and 1856 respectively, and which would not be repeated until Woodrow Wilson's election in 1912. While not as dramatic a loss as in 1890, it would take until the next election cycle for more moderate Republican leaders to pick up the pieces left by the reformist crusaders and bring alienated immigrants back to the fold.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1431450, 76293, 190008, 21304605, 14169971, 40516, 40517, 40534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 79 ], [ 245, 255 ], [ 341, 353 ], [ 478, 486 ], [ 491, 504 ], [ 789, 793 ], [ 798, 802 ], [ 884, 888 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 2,683 counties making returns, Cleveland won in 1,389 (51.77%), Harrison carried 1,017 (37.91%), while Weaver placed first in 276 (10.29%). One county (0.04%) split evenly between Cleveland and Harrison.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Populist James B. Weaver, calling for free coinage of silver and an inflationary monetary policy, received such strong support in the West that he became the only third-party nominee between 1860 and 1912 to carry a single state. The Democratic Party did not have a presidential ticket on the ballot in the states of Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, North Dakota, or Wyoming, and Weaver won the first four of these states. Weaver also performed well in the South as he won counties in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas. Populists did best in Alabama, where electoral chicanery probably carried the day for the Democrats.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 179553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 449, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Prohibition ticket received 270,879 votes, or 2.2% nationwide. It was the largest total vote and highest percentage of the vote received by any Prohibition Party national ticket.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wyoming, having attained statehood two years earlier, became the first state to allow women to vote in a presidential election since 1804. (Women in New Jersey had the right to vote under the state's original constitution, but this right was rescinded in 1807.)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wyoming was also one of six states (along with North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, and Idaho) participating in their first presidential election. This was the most new states voting since the first election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 205, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election witnessed many states splitting their electoral votes. Electors from the state of Michigan were selected using the congressional district method (the winner in each congressional district wins one electoral vote, the winner of the state wins two electoral votes). This resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: nine for Harrison and five for Cleveland. In Oregon, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the fact that one Weaver elector was endorsed by the Democratic Party and elected as a Fusionist, resulted in a split between the Republican and Populist electors: three for Harrison and one for Weaver. In California, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: eight for Cleveland and one for Harrison. In Ohio, the direct election of presidential electors combined with the close race resulted in a split between the Republican and Democratic electors: 22 for Harrison and one for Cleveland. In North Dakota, two electors from the Democratic-Populist Fusion ticket won and one Republican Elector won. This created a split delegation of electors: one for Weaver, one for Harrison, and one for Cleveland.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This was the first occasion in which incumbent presidents were defeated in two consecutive elections. This would not happen again until 1980.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which the Democrats won California until 1916 (although it voted against the Republicans by supporting the Progressive Party in 1912), and the last in which the Democrats won Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey, New York, West Virginia and Wisconsin until 1912.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: Data from Walter Dean Burnham, Presidential ballots, 1836–1892 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1955) pp 247–57.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 5077294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (35 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 1% and 5% (158 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (margin over James Weaver)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (101 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1892 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1431436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1892 and 1893 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26984826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " American election campaigns in the 19th century", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3132190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1865–1918)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States Democratic Party", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3088213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States Republican Party", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4157940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second inauguration of Grover Cleveland", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21214972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ander, O. Fritiof. \"The Swedish-American Press and the Election of 1892.\" Mississippi Valley Historical Review 23.4 (1937): 533–554. online ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Blaine, James G. \"The Presidential Election of 1892.\" The North American Review 155#432 (1892): 513–525. online, a primary source", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Knoles, George Harmon. \"Populism and Socialism, with Special Reference to the Election of 1892.\" Pacific Historical Review 12.3 (1943): 295–304. online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nevins, Allan. Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (1932) Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, the major resource on Cleveland.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 556446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. A History of the United States since the Civil War. Volume V, 1888–1901 (1937). pp 169–244.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sievers, Harry J. \"The Catholic Indian school issue and the presidential election of 1892.\" Catholic Historical Review 38.2 (1952): 129–155. online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Steelman, Joseph F. \"Vicissitudes of Republican Party Politics: The Campaign of 1892 in North Carolina.\" North Carolina Historical Review 43.4 (1966): 430–442. online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1892: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 18944081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1892 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1892 State-by-state Popular vote", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1892 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 18879 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1892 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1892_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland", "Grover_Cleveland", "Benjamin_Harrison", "November_1892_events", "1892_in_American_politics" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1892" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1896 United States presidential election was the 28th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1896. Former Governor William McKinley, the Republican candidate, defeated former Representative William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic candidate. The 1896 campaign, which took place during an economic depression known as the Panic of 1893, was a political realignment that ended the old Third Party System and began the Fourth Party System.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 252505, 33521, 32070, 19468510, 40608, 5043544, 217756, 440517, 4140746, 5592096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 135, 143 ], [ 144, 160 ], [ 166, 176 ], [ 204, 218 ], [ 219, 241 ], [ 247, 257 ], [ 348, 361 ], [ 369, 390 ], [ 410, 428 ], [ 443, 462 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Incumbent Democratic President Grover Cleveland did not seek election to a second consecutive term (which would have been his third overall), leaving the Democratic nomination open. Bryan, an attorney and former Congressman, galvanized support with his Cross of Gold speech, which called for a reform of the monetary system and attacked business leaders as the cause of ongoing economic depression. The 1896 Democratic National Convention repudiated the Cleveland administration and nominated Bryan on the fifth presidential ballot. Bryan then won the nomination of the Populist Party, which had won several states in 1892 and shared many of Bryan's policies. In opposition to Bryan, some conservative Bourbon Democrats formed the National Democratic Party and nominated Senator John M. Palmer. McKinley prevailed by a wide margin on the first ballot of the 1896 Republican National Convention.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12495, 38725, 3878285, 177019, 40528, 4199901, 4202760, 1468622, 1899677 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 47 ], [ 253, 273 ], [ 403, 438 ], [ 570, 584 ], [ 618, 622 ], [ 702, 718 ], [ 731, 756 ], [ 779, 793 ], [ 858, 893 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since the onset of the Panic of 1893, the nation had been mired in a deep economic depression, marked by low prices, low profits, high unemployment, and violent strikes. Economic issues, especially tariff policy and the question of whether the gold standard should be preserved for the money supply, were central issues. McKinley forged a conservative coalition in which businessmen, professionals, and prosperous farmers, and skilled factory workers turned off by Bryan's agrarian policies were heavily represented. McKinley was strongest in cities and in the Northeast, Upper Midwest, and Pacific Coast. Republican campaign manager Mark Hanna pioneered many modern campaign techniques, facilitated by a $3.5 million budget. Bryan presented his campaign as a crusade of the working man against the rich, who impoverished America by limiting the money supply. Silver, he said, was in ample supply and if coined into money would restore prosperity while undermining the illicit power of the money trust. Bryan was strongest in the South, rural Midwest, and Rocky Mountain states. Bryan's moralistic rhetoric and crusade for inflation (to be generated by the institution of bimetallism) alienated conservatives. This also constitutes the only election since their statehoods when a Republican won the presidency without winning Kansas, South Dakota, Utah, or Wyoming.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3873491, 37412, 168706, 627, 431669, 432549, 174579, 162249, 179553, 104697, 30873819, 310156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 198, 204 ], [ 244, 257 ], [ 286, 298 ], [ 473, 481 ], [ 561, 570 ], [ 572, 585 ], [ 591, 604 ], [ 634, 644 ], [ 1030, 1035 ], [ 1043, 1050 ], [ 1056, 1077 ], [ 1172, 1183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bryan campaigned vigorously throughout the swing states of the Midwest, while McKinley conducted a \"front porch\" campaign. At the end of an intensely heated contest, McKinley won a majority of the popular and electoral vote. Bryan won 46.7% of the popular vote, while Palmer won just under 1% of the vote. Turnout was very high, passing 90% of the eligible voters in many places. The Democratic Party's repudiation of its Bourbon faction largely gave Bryan and his supporters control of the Democratic Party until the 1920s, and set the stage for Republican domination of the Fourth Party System.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 429249, 1845294, 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 55 ], [ 99, 112 ], [ 209, 223 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At their convention in St. Louis, Missouri, held between June 16 and 18, 1896, the Republicans nominated William McKinley for president and New Jersey's Garret Hobart for vice-president. McKinley had just vacated the office of Governor of Ohio. Both candidates were easily nominated on first ballots.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1899677, 27687, 33521, 21648, 89059, 252505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 19 ], [ 23, 42 ], [ 105, 121 ], [ 140, 150 ], [ 153, 166 ], [ 227, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "McKinley's campaign manager, a wealthy and talented Ohio businessman named Mark Hanna, visited the leaders of large corporations and major, influential banks after the Republican Convention to raise funds for the campaign. Given that many businessmen and bankers were terrified of Bryan's populist rhetoric and demand for the end of the gold standard, Hanna had few problems in raising record amounts of money. As a result, Hanna raised a staggering $3.5 million for the campaign and outspent the Democrats by an estimated 5-to-1 margin. Major McKinley was the last veteran of the American Civil War to be nominated for president by either major party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 162249, 37412, 863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 85 ], [ 337, 350 ], [ 581, 599 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One month after McKinley's nomination, supporters of silver-backed currency took control of the Democratic convention held in Chicago on July 7–11. Most of the Southern and Western delegates were committed to implementing the \"free silver\" ideas of the Populist Party. The convention repudiated President Cleveland's gold standard policies and then repudiated Cleveland himself. This, however, left the convention wide open: there was no obvious successor to Cleveland. A two-thirds vote was required for the nomination and the silverites had it in spite of the extreme regional polarization of the delegates. In a test vote on an anti-silver measure, the Eastern states (from Maryland to Maine), with 28% of the delegates, voted 96% in favor. The other delegates voted 91% against, so the silverites could count on a majority of 67% of the delegates.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An attorney, former congressman, and unsuccessful Senate candidate named William Jennings Bryan filled the void. A superb orator, Bryan hailed from Nebraska and spoke for the farmers who were suffering from the economic depression following the Panic of 1893. At the convention, Bryan delivered what has been considered one of the greatest political speeches in American history, the \"Cross of Gold\" Speech. Bryan presented a passionate defense of farmers and factory workers struggling to survive the economic depression, and he attacked big-city business owners and leaders as the cause of much of their suffering. He called for reform of the monetary system, an end to the gold standard, and government relief efforts for farmers and others hurt by the economic depression. Bryan's speech was so dramatic that after he had finished many delegates carried him on their shoulders around the convention hall.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 40608, 38289, 217756, 38725 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 95 ], [ 211, 230 ], [ 245, 258 ], [ 384, 406 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The following day, eight names were placed in nomination: Richard \"Silver Dick\" Bland, William J. Bryan, Claude Matthews, Horace Boies, Joseph Blackburn, John R. McLean, Robert E. Pattison, and Sylvester Pennoyer. Despite a strong initial showing by Bland, who led on the first three ballots, Bryan's electrifying speech helped him gain the momentum required to win the nomination, which he did on the fifth ballot after most of the other candidates withdrew in his favor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1793669, 4300903, 2060124, 2743825, 5903329, 443594, 361573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 85 ], [ 105, 120 ], [ 122, 134 ], [ 136, 152 ], [ 154, 168 ], [ 170, 188 ], [ 194, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following Bland's defeat, his supporters attempted to nominate him as Bryan's running-mate; however, Bland was more interested in winning back his former seat in the House of Representatives, and so withdrew his name from consideration despite leading the early rounds of voting. Arthur Sewall, a wealthy shipbuilder from Maine, was eventually chosen as the vice-presidential nominee. It was felt that Sewall's wealth might encourage him to help pay some campaign expenses. At just 36 years of age, Bryan was only a year older than the minimum age required by the Constitution to be president. Bryan remains the youngest person ever nominated by a major party for president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 981192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 280, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Prohibition Party found itself going into the convention divided into two factions, each unwilling to give ground or compromise with the other. The \"Broad-Gauge\" wing, led by Charles Bentley and former Kansas Governor John St. John, demanded the inclusion of planks endorsing the free coinage of silver at 16:1 and of women's suffrage, the former refusing to accept the nomination if such amendments to the party platform were not approved. The \"Narrow-Gauge\" wing, which was led by Professor Samuel Dickie of Michigan and rallied around the candidacy of Joshua Levering, demanded that the party platform remain exclusively one dedicated to the prohibition of alcohol. It wasn't long into the convention when conflict between the two sides broke out over the nomination of a permanent chairman, with a number of presented candidates for the position withdrawing before Oliver Stewart of Illinois, a \"Broad-Gauger\", was nominated. A minority report made by St. John that supported the free coinage of silver, government control of railroads and telegraphs, an income tax and referendums was prevented from being tabled giving \"Broad-Gaugers\" confidence, but a number of those who voted in favor of the report were actually fence-sitters, undecided on how to vote, or were against gagging the report. After the report was brought forward by a majority of 188, \"Narrow-Gaugers\" campaigned among wavering delegates of the Northeast and Midwest in an effort to convince them of the electoral consequences that would come should the minority report be adopted, that Party gains in States like New York would reverse overnight in the face of free coinage and populism. When St. John's report was brought up to a formal vote the margins had largely reversed, with it being rejected 492 to 310. With the silver delegates still in shock and St. John attempting to move for a reconsideration, a move was made by Illinois \"Narrow-Gaugers\" to offer as a substitute to both the minority and majority reports a single plank platform centered around Prohibition. A rising vote was taken in lieu of a roll call, with the \"Narrow-Gauge\" Platform winning the vote and being adopted.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 307316, 25455084, 1260842, 2999841 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 179, 194 ], [ 222, 235 ], [ 559, 574 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In an attempt to mollify suffragists who were incensed at the lack of a plank endorsing women's suffrage, the plank itself was adopted through a resolution by the convention by a near unanimous vote. By the time it came to the Party's nomination for president, many of the \"Broad-Gaugers\" were already openly considering bolting and running their own candidate as it became increasingly apparent that the \"Narrow-Gaugers\" had brought a majority of the convention under their influence, formal action was deferred until after the nomination for president was made. With Charles Bentley refusing to be nominating under the single-plank platform an attempt was made to nominate the recently retired Governor of the Arizona Territory, Louis Hughes, but as it became apparent that the \"Narrow-Gauger\" Joshua Levering was set to receive the support of most of the convention delegates, they opted to withdraw Hughes's name. Once Levering's nomination was confirmed without any visible opposition, around 200 of those who were suffragists, silverites or populists bolted the convention, led by Charles Bentley and John St. John, and would join with the National Reform \"Party\" to create the National Party. Afterwards the convention nominated with unanimity Hale Johnson of Illinois for the Vice Presidency.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 175581, 454186, 14356627, 3016572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 36 ], [ 712, 729 ], [ 731, 743 ], [ 1251, 1263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially known as the \"National Reform Party\", the convention itself started only a day before the Prohibition National Convention, also being held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Though initially only a gathering of eight or so delegates, it was hoped that any bolters from the Prohibition Party might find their way there and would support the nomination of Representative Joseph C. Sibley for president. A sizable bolt did indeed occur upon the nomination of Joshua Levering by the Prohibition Party to the Presidency, with Charles E. Bentley and former Kansas governor John St. John leading a walkout of \"Broad-Gaugers\" from their convention, St. John himself exclaiming that the regular convention had been \"...bought up by Wall Street.\" The two groups would reorganize as the \"National Party\" and swiftly nominated Charles Bentley for the presidency, with James Southgate, the State Chairman for the North Carolina Prohibition Party, as his running mate. The delegates approved the minority report that had been rejected at the Prohibitionist Convention calling for free coinage and greenbacks, government control of railroads and telegraphs, direct election of senators and the president, and an income tax among others.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6637505, 25455084, 1260842, 32716603 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 373, 389 ], [ 525, 543 ], [ 571, 584 ], [ 860, 875 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Socialist Labor Convention was held in New York City on July 9, 1896. The convention nominated Charles Matchett of New York and Matthew Maguire of New Jersey. Its platform favored reduction in hours of labor; possession by the federal government of mines, railroads, canals, telegraphs, and telephones; possession by municipalities of water-works, gas-works, and electric plants; the issue of money by the federal government alone; the employment of the unemployed by the public authorities; abolition of the veto power; abolition of the United States Senate; women's suffrage; and uniform criminal law throughout the Union.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 38777001, 645042, 21660266, 40405326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ], [ 43, 56 ], [ 99, 115 ], [ 132, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of the several third parties active in 1896, by far the most prominent was the People's Party. Formed in 1892, the Populists represented the philosophy of agrarianism (derived from Jeffersonian democracy), which held that farming was a superior way of life that was being exploited by bankers and middlemen. The Populists attracted cotton farmers in the South and wheat farmers in the West, but significantly few farmers in the Northeast and rural Midwest. In the presidential election of 1892, Populist candidate James B. Weaver carried four states, and in 1894, the Populists scored victories in congressional and state legislature races in a number of Southern and Western states. In the Southern states, including Alabama, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas, the wins were obtained by electoral fusion with the Republicans against the dominant Bourbon Democrats, whereas in the rest of the country, fusion, if practiced, was typically undertaken with the Democrats, as in the state of Washington. By 1896, some Populists believed that they could replace the Democrats as the main opposition party to the Republicans. However, the Democrats' nomination of Bryan, who supported many Populist goals and ideas, placed the party in a dilemma. Torn between choosing their own presidential candidate or supporting Bryan, the party leadership decided that nominating their own candidate would simply divide the forces of reform and hand the election to the more conservative Republicans. At their national convention in 1896, the Populists chose Bryan as their presidential nominee. However, to demonstrate that they were still independent from the Democrats, the Populists also chose former Georgia Representative Thomas E. Watson as their vice-presidential candidate instead of Arthur Sewall. Bryan eagerly accepted the Populist nomination, but was vague as to whether, if elected, he would choose Watson as his vice-president instead of Sewall. With this election, the Populists began to be absorbed into the Democratic Party; within a few elections the party would disappear completely. The 1896 election was particularly detrimental to the Populist Party in the South; the party divided itself between members who favored cooperation with the Democrats to achieve reform at the national level and members who favored cooperation with the Republicans to achieve reform at a state level.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 177019, 1193, 384945, 149246, 46699, 404806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 93 ], [ 155, 166 ], [ 181, 203 ], [ 514, 529 ], [ 791, 807 ], [ 1713, 1729 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a result of the double nomination, both the Bryan-Sewall Democratic ticket and the Bryan-Watson Populist ticket appeared on the ballot in many states. Although the Populist ticket did not win the popular vote in any state, 27 electors for Bryan cast their vice-presidential vote for Watson instead of Sewall. (The votes came from the following states: Arkansas 3, Louisiana 4, Missouri 4, Montana 1, Nebraska 4, North Carolina 5, South Dakota 2, Utah 1, Washington 2, Wyoming 1.)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Silver Party was organized in 1892. Near the beginning of that year, U.S. senators from silver-producing states (Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, and Montana) began objecting to President Benjamin Harrison's economic policies and advocated the free coinage of silver. Senator Henry Teller notified the Senate that if the two major parties did not back down on their financial policies, the four western states would back a third party. The Portland Morning Oregonian reported on June 27, 1892, that a Silver Party was being organized along those lines.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 7766419, 920157 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 184, 203 ], [ 272, 284 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nevada silverites called a state convention to be held on June 5, 1892, just days following the close of the Democratic National Convention. The convention noted that neither the Republicans or Democrats addressed the silver concerns of western states and officially organized the \"Silver Party of Nevada.\" Proceeding by itself, the Silver Party swept the state in 1892; James Weaver, the People's Party nominee for president running on the Silver ticket, won 66.8% of the vote. Francis Newlands was elected to the U.S. House with 72.5% of the vote. The Silverites took control of the legislature, assuring the election of William Stewart to the U.S. Senate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 149246, 177019, 2190479, 3323931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 371, 383 ], [ 389, 403 ], [ 479, 495 ], [ 623, 638 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The success of the Nevada silverites spurred their brethren in Colorado to action; the Colorado Silver Party never materialized, however.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1894 midterm elections, the Silver Party remained a Nevada party. It swept all statewide offices, formerly held by Republicans. John Edward Jones was elected Governor with 50% of the vote; Newlands was re-elected with 44%.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1239978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the Democratic Party debacle in 1894, James Weaver began agitating for the creation of a nationwide Silver Party. He altered the People's Party platform from 1892 and eliminated planks he felt would be divisive for a larger party and began to lobby silver men around the nation. The first major statement by the national Silver Party was an address delivered to the American Bimetallic League, printed in the Emporia Daily Gazette on March 6, 1895. Letterhead for the nascent party promoted U.S. Representative Joseph Sibley of Pennsylvania for president, noting that his endorsement by the Prohibitionists would secure that party's support.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6637505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 521, 534 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Silver leaders met in Washington DC on January 22 to discuss holding a national convention. They decided to wait until after the conventions of the two major parties in case one of them agreed to the 16:1 coinage demands. Just a few days later, however, party regulars convinced the leaders to change course. On January 29, the leaders issued a call for a national convention to be held in St. Louis on July 22. J.J. Mott, the Silver Party National Chairman, went to great lengths to organize state parties, but his efforts did not produce dramatic results. The Silver State convention in Ohio was attended by just 20 people, even though the president of the Bimetallic League, A.J. Warner, lived there.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although most Silverites had been pushing the nomination of Senator Teller, the situation changed with the Democratic nomination of William Jennings Bryan. Congressman Newlands was in Chicago as the official Silver Party visitor, and he announced on July 10 that the Silver Party should endorse the Democratic ticket. Chairman Mott, who was in St. Louis making final arrangements for the Silver National Convention, told a reporter five days later \"All the Silver Party wants is silver, and the Democratic platform will give us that.\" I.B. Stevens, a member of the executive committee, told a reporter that the Silver Party \"will bring to the support of [Bryan] hundreds of thousands who do not wish to vote a Democratic ticket.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On July 25, both Bryan and Arthur Sewall would be nominated by acclamation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 981192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The pro-gold Democrats reacted to Bryan's nomination with a mixture of anger, desperation, and confusion. A number of pro-gold Bourbon Democrats urged a \"bolt\" and the formation of a third party. In response, a hastily arranged assembly on July 24 organized the National Democratic Party. A follow-up meeting in August scheduled a nominating convention for September in Indianapolis and issued an appeal to fellow Democrats. In this document, the National Democratic Party portrayed itself as the legitimate heir to Presidents Jefferson, Jackson, and Cleveland.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 4202760, 57707, 29922, 1623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 262, 287 ], [ 370, 382 ], [ 527, 536 ], [ 538, 545 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Delegates from forty-one states gathered at the National Democratic Party's national nominating convention in Indianapolis on September 2. Some delegates planned to nominate Cleveland, but they relented after a telegram arrived stating that he would not accept. Senator William Freeman Vilas from Wisconsin, the main drafter of the National Democratic Party's platform, was a favorite of the delegates. However, Vilas refused to run as the party's sacrificial lamb. The choice instead was John M. Palmer, a 79-year-old former senator from Illinois. Simon Bolivar Buckner, a 73-year-old former governor of Kentucky, was nominated by acclamation for vice-president. The ticket, symbolic of post-Civil War reconciliation, featured the oldest combined age of the candidates in American history.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 755014, 1468622, 313807 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 270, 291 ], [ 489, 503 ], [ 549, 570 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite their advanced ages, Palmer and Buckner embarked on a busy speaking tour, including visits to most major cities in the East. This won them considerable respect from the party faithful, although some found it hard to take the geriatric campaigning seriously. \"You would laugh yourself sick could you see old Palmer,\" wrote lawyer Kenesaw Mountain Landis. \"He has actually gotten it into his head he is running for office.\" The Palmer ticket was considered to be a vehicle to elect McKinley for some Gold Democrats, such as William Collins Whitney and Abram Hewitt, the treasurer of the National Democratic Party, and they received quiet financial support from Mark Hanna. Palmer himself said at a campaign stop that if \"this vast crowd casts its vote for William McKinley next Tuesday, I shall charge them with no sin.\" There was even some cooperation with the Republican Party, especially in finances. The Republicans hoped that Palmer could draw enough Democratic votes from Bryan to tip marginal Midwestern and border states into McKinley's column. In a private letter, Hewitt underscored the \"entire harmony of action\" between both parties in standing against Bryan.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 16812, 1288104, 1570170 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 337, 360 ], [ 530, 553 ], [ 558, 570 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, the National Democratic Party was not merely an adjunct to the McKinley campaign. An important goal was to nurture a loyal remnant for future victory. Repeatedly they depicted Bryan's prospective defeat, and a credible showing for Palmer, as paving the way for ultimate recapture of the Democratic Party, and this did indeed happen in 1904.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "While the Republican Party entered 1896 assuming that the Democrats were in shambles and victory would be easy, especially after the unprecedented Republican landslide in the congressional elections of 1894, the nationwide emotional response to the Bryan candidacy changed everything. By summer, it appeared that Bryan was ahead in the South and West and probably also in the Midwest. An entirely new strategy was called for by the McKinley campaign. It was designed to educate voters in the money issues, to demonstrate silverite fallacies, and to portray Bryan himself as a dangerous crusader. McKinley would be portrayed as the safe and sound champion of jobs and sound money, with his high tariff proposals guaranteed to return prosperity for everyone. The McKinley campaign would be national and centralized, using the Republican National Committee as the tool of the candidate, instead of the state parties' tool. Furthermore, the McKinley campaign stressed his pluralistic commitment to prosperity for all groups (including minorities).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Campaign strategies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The McKinley campaign invented a new form of campaign financing that has dominated American politics ever since. Instead of asking office holders to return a cut of their pay, Hanna went to financiers and industrialists and made a business proposition. He explained that Bryan would win if nothing happened, and that the McKinley team had a winning counterattack that would be very expensive. He then would ask them how much it was worth to the business not to have Bryan as president. He suggested an amount and was happy to take a check. Hanna had moved beyond partisanship and campaign rhetoric to a businessman's thinking about how to achieve a desired result. He raised $3.5 million. Hanna brought in banker Charles G. Dawes to run his Chicago office and spend about $2 million in the critical region.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Campaign strategies", "target_page_ids": [ 92211 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 713, 729 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Meanwhile, traditional funders of the Democratic Party (mostly financiers from the Northeast) rejected Bryan, although he did manage to raise about $500,000. Some of it came from businessmen with interests in silver mining.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Campaign strategies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The financial disparity grew larger and larger as the Republicans funded more and more rallies, speeches, and torchlight parades, as well as hundreds of millions of pamphlets attacking Bryan and praising McKinley. Lacking a systematic fund-raising system, Bryan was unable to tap his potential supporters, and he had to rely on passing the hat at rallies. National Chairman Jones pleaded, \"No matter in how small sums, no matter by what humble contributions, let the friends of liberty and national honor contribute all they can.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Campaign strategies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Increasingly, the Republicans personalized their attacks on Bryan as a dangerous religious fanatic. The counter-crusading rhetoric focused on Bryan as a reckless revolutionary whose policies would destroy the economic system. Illinois Governor John Peter Altgeld was running for re-election after having pardoned several of the anarchists convicted in the Haymarket affair. Republican posters and speeches linked Altgeld and Bryan as two dangerous anarchists. The Republican Party tried any number of tactics to ridicule Bryan's economic policies. In one case they printed fake dollar bills which had Bryan's face and read \"IN GOD WE TRUST ... FOR THE OTHER 53 CENTS\", illustrating their claim that a dollar bill would be worth only 47 cents if it was backed by silver instead of gold.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Campaign strategies", "target_page_ids": [ 418931, 23466744 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 244, 262 ], [ 356, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic Party in Eastern and Midwestern cities had a strong German Catholic base that was alienated by free silver and inflationist panaceas. They showed little enthusiasm for Bryan, although many were worried that a Republican victory would bring prohibition into play. The Irish Catholics disliked Bryan's revivalistic rhetoric and worried about prohibition as well. However their leaders decided to stick with Bryan, since the departure of so many Bourbon businessmen from the party left the Irish increasingly in control.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Campaign strategies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Bryan campaign appealed first of all to farmers. It told urban workers that their return to prosperity was possible only if the farmers prospered first. Bryan made the point bluntly in the \"Cross of Gold\" speech, delivered in Chicago just 25 years after that city had indeed burned down: \"Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again; but destroy our farms, and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country.\" Juxtaposing \"our farms\" and \"your cities\" did not go over well in cities; they voted 59% for McKinley. Among the industrial cities, Bryan carried only two (Troy, New York, and Fort Wayne, Indiana).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Campaign strategies", "target_page_ids": [ 127058, 11232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 623, 637 ], [ 643, 662 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The main labor unions were reluctant to endorse Bryan because their members feared inflation. Railroad workers especially worried that Bryan's silver programs would bankrupt the railroads, which were in a shaky financial condition in the depression and whose bonds were payable in gold. Factory workers saw no advantage in inflation to help miners and farmers, because their urban cost of living would shoot up and they would be hurt. The McKinley campaign gave special attention to skilled workers, especially in the Midwest and adjacent states. Secret polls show that large majorities of railroad and factory workers voted for McKinley.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Campaign strategies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout the campaign the South and Mountain states appeared certain to vote for Bryan, whereas the East was certain for McKinley. In play were the Midwest and the Border States.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "The fall campaign", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Republican Party amassed an unprecedented war chest at all levels: national, state and local. Outspent and shut out of the party's traditional newspapers, Bryan decided his best chance to win the election was to conduct a vigorous national speaking tour by train. His fiery crusading rhetoric to huge audiences would make his campaign a newsworthy story that the hostile press would have to cover, and he could speak to the voters directly instead of through editorials. He was the first presidential candidate since Stephen Douglas in 1860 to canvass directly, and the first ever to criss-cross the nation and meet voters in person.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "The fall campaign", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The novelty of seeing a visiting presidential candidate, combined with Bryan's spellbinding oratory and the passion of his believers, generated huge crowds. Silverites welcomed their hero with all-day celebrations of parades, band music, picnic meals, endless speeches, and undying demonstrations of support. Bryan focused his efforts on the Midwest, which everyone agreed would be the decisive battleground in the election. In just 100 days, Bryan gave over 500 speeches to several million people. His record was 36 speeches in one day in St. Louis. Relying on just a few hours of sleep a night, he traveled 18,000 miles by rail to address five million people, often in a hoarse voice; he would explain that he left his real voice at the previous stops where it was still rallying the people.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "The fall campaign", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In contrast to Bryan's dramatic efforts, McKinley conducted a \"front porch\" campaign from his home in Canton, Ohio. Instead of having McKinley travel to see the voters, Mark Hanna brought 500,000 voters by train to McKinley's home. Once there, McKinley would greet the men from his porch. His well-organized staff prepared both the remarks of the visiting delegations and the candidate's responses, focusing the comments on the assigned topic of the day. The remarks were issued to the newsmen and telegraphed nationwide to appear in the next day's papers. Bryan, with practically no staff, gave much the same talk over and over again. McKinley labeled Bryan's proposed social and economic reforms as a serious threat to the national economy. With the depression following the Panic of 1893 coming to an end, support for McKinley's more conservative economic policies increased, while Bryan's more radical policies began to lose support among Midwestern farmers and factory workers.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "The fall campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 129826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To ensure victory, Hanna paid large numbers of Republican orators (including Theodore Roosevelt) to travel around the nation denouncing Bryan as a dangerous radical. There were also reports that some potentially Democratic voters were intimidated into voting for McKinley. For example, some factory owners posted signs the day before the election announcing that, if Bryan won the election, the factory would be closed and the workers would lose their jobs.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "The fall campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 30535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bryan's midsummer surge in the Midwest played out as the intense Republican counter-crusade proved effective. Bryan spent most of October in the Midwest, making 160 of his final 250 speeches there. Morgan noted, \"full organization, Republican party harmony, a campaign of education with the printed and spoken word would more than counteract\" Bryan's speechmaking.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "The fall campaign", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Several of Bryan's advisors recommended additional campaigning in the Upper South States of Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland and Delaware. Another plan called for a coastal tour from Washington State to Southern California. Bryan however, opted to concentrate in the Mid-West and to launch a unity tour into the heavily Republican Northeast. Bryan saw no chance of winning in New England, but felt that he needed to make a truly national appeal. On election day the results from the Pacific Coast and Upper South would be the closest of the election.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "The fall campaign", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "McKinley secured a solid victory in the electoral college by carrying the core of the East and Northeast, while Bryan did well among the farmers of the South, West, and rural Midwest. The large German-American voting bloc supported McKinley, who gained large majorities among the middle class, skilled factory workers, railroad workers, and large-scale farmers.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The national popular vote was rather close, as McKinley defeated Bryan by 602,500 votes, receiving 51% to Bryan's 46.7%: a shift of 53,000 votes in California, Kentucky, Ohio and Oregon would have won Bryan the election despite McKinley winning the majority of the popular vote, but due to the joint Democratic-Populist ticket, this also would have left Hobart and Sewell short of the 224 electoral votes required to win the vice-presidency, forcing a contingent election for vice-president in the Senate.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 11593032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 498, 504 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The National Democrats did not carry any states, but they did divide the Democratic vote in some states and helped the Republicans flip Kentucky; Gold Democrats made much of the fact that Palmer's small vote in Kentucky was higher than McKinley's very narrow margin in that state. This was the first time a Republican presidential candidate had ever carried Kentucky, but they did not do so again until Calvin Coolidge in 1924. From this, they concluded that Palmer had siphoned off needed Democratic votes and hence thrown the state to McKinley. However, McKinley would have won the overall election even if he had lost Kentucky to Bryan.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 6195 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 403, 418 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mayor Tom L. Johnson of Cleveland, Ohio, summed up the campaign as the \"first great protest of the American people against monopoly – the first great struggle of the masses in our country against the privileged classes.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 904259, 5951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 20 ], [ 24, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to a 2017 National Bureau of Economic Research paper, \"Bryan did well where mortgage interest rates were high, railroad penetration was low, and crop prices had declined by most over the previous decade. Using our estimates, we show that further declines in crop prices or increases in interest rates would have been enough to tip the Electoral College in Bryan's favor. But to change the outcome, the additional fall in crop prices would have had to be large.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 897777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "McKinley received a little more than seven million votes, Bryan a little less than six and a half million, about 800,000 in excess of the Democratic vote in 1892. It was larger than the Democratic Party was to poll in 1900, 1904, or 1912. It was somewhat less, however, than the combined vote for the Democratic and Populist nominees had been in 1892. In contrast, McKinley received nearly 2,000,000 more votes than had been cast for Benjamin Harrison, the Republican nominee, in 1892. The Republican vote was to be but slightly increased during the next decade.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 40528, 40531, 40532, 40534, 7766419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 157, 161 ], [ 218, 222 ], [ 224, 228 ], [ 233, 237 ], [ 434, 451 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One-half of the total vote of the nation was polled in eight states carried by McKinley (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin). In these states, Bryan not only ran far behind the Republican candidate, but also polled considerably less than half of his total vote.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bryan only won in twelve of the eighty-two cites in the United States with populations above 45,000 with seven of those being in the Solid South. In the states that Bryan won seven of the seventeen cities voted McKinley while in the states that voted for McKinley only three of the sixty-five cities voted for Bryan. Bryan lost in every county in New England and only won one county in New York, with Bryan even losing in traditionally Democratic New York City.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 723054, 40725422, 645042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 144 ], [ 386, 394 ], [ 447, 460 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In only one other section, in the six states of New England, was the Republican lead great; the Republican vote (614,972) was more than twice the Democratic vote (242,938), and every county was carried by the Republicans.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The West North Central section gave a slight lead to McKinley, as did the Pacific section. Nevertheless, within these sections, the states of Missouri, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Washington were carried by Bryan.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 920107, 174579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 22 ], [ 74, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the South Atlantic section and in the East South Central section, the Democratic lead was pronounced, and in the West South Central section and in the Mountain section, the vote for Bryan was overwhelming. In these four sections, comprising 21 states, McKinley carried only 322 counties and four states – Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, and Kentucky.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 914777, 920042, 920048, 30873819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 21 ], [ 41, 59 ], [ 116, 134 ], [ 154, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A striking feature of this examination of the state returns is found in the overwhelming lead for one or the other party in 22 of the 45 states. It was true of the McKinley vote in every New England state and in New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. It was also true of the Bryan vote in eight states of the lower South and five states of the Mountain West. Sectionalism was thus marked in this first election of the Fourth Party System.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 5592096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 417, 436 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which the Democrats won South Dakota until 1932, the last in which the Democrats won Utah and Washington until 1916, and the last in which the Democrats won Kansas and Wyoming until 1912. It was also the last time that South Dakota and Washington voted against the Republicans until they voted for the Progressive Party in 1912. This also constitutes the only election since their statehoods when a Republican won the presidency without winning Kansas, South Dakota, Utah, or Wyoming. Today these are solidly Republican states and have not backed a Democratic nominee since Lyndon Johnson's 1964 landslide over Barry Goldwater.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 54533, 4792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 604, 618 ], [ 641, 656 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the South, there were numerous Republican counties, notably in Texas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Kentucky, northern Alabama and Virginia, representing a mix of white Southern Unionist counties along with majority black counties in areas where black disenfranchisement was not yet complete (such as North Carolina, where a Republican-Populist fusion ticket had captured the General Assembly in 1894). Even in Georgia, a state in the Deep South, there were counties returning Republican majorities.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 12465444, 401342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 169, 186 ], [ 435, 445 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(a) Includes 912,241 votes as the People's nominee", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(b) Sewall was Bryan's Democratic running mate.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(c) Watson was Bryan's People's running mate.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (26 electoral votes; 20 won by Republicans; 6 by Democrats):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (55 electoral votes; 42 won by Republicans; 13 by Democrats):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (66 electoral votes; 6 won by Republicans; 60 by Democrats):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Populist)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " American election campaigns in the 19th century", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3132190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1865–1918)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First inauguration of William McKinley", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21211860 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3641559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Third Party System", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4140746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1896 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1391450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1896 and 1897 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26806684 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Diamond, William, \"Urban and Rural Voting in 1896,\" American Historical Review, (1941) 46#2 pp.281–305 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Durden, Robert Franklin \"The 'Cow-bird' Grounded: The Populist Nomination of Bryan and Tom Watson in 1896,\" Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1963) 50#3 pp.397–423 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 70254873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Edwards, Rebecca. \"The election of 1896.\" OAH Magazine of History 13.4 (1999): 28–30. online brief overview", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fahey, James J. \"Building Populist Discourse: An Analysis of Populist Communication in American Presidential Elections, 1896–2016.\" Social Science Quarterly 102.4 (2021): 1268–1288. online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Harpine, William D. From the Front Porch to the Front Page: McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign (2006) focus on the speeches and rhetoric", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kazin, Michael. A Godly Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan (2006).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 27901927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " detailed narrative of the entire campaign by Karl Rove a prominent 21st-century Republican campaign advisor.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 19329135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stonecash, Jeffrey M.; Silina, Everita. \"The 1896 Realignment,\" American Politics Research, (Jan 2005) 33#1 pp.3–32", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wanat, John and Karen Burke, \"Estimating the Degree of Mobilization and Conversion in the 1890s: An Inquiry into the Nature of Electoral Change,\" American Political Science Review, (1982) 76#2 pp.360–70 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wells, Wyatt. Rhetoric of the standards: The debate over gold and silver in the 1890s,\" Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era (2015). 14#1 pp. 49–68.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Williams, R. Hal. (2010) Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the Remarkable Election of 1896 (University Press of Kansas) 250 pp", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bryan, William Jennings. The First Battle: A Story of the Campaign of 1896 (1897), speeches from 1896 campaign.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " This is the handbook of the Gold Democrats and strongly opposed Bryan.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964'' (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1896: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1896 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1896 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " McKinley & Hobart campaign handkerchief in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1896 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1896_United_States_presidential_election", "People's_Party_(United_States)", "Presidency_of_William_McKinley", "William_McKinley", "William_Jennings_Bryan", "November_1896_events", "1896_in_American_politics" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1896" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1900 United States presidential election was the 29th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1900. In a re-match of the 1896 race, incumbent Republican President William McKinley defeated his Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan. McKinley's victory made him the first president to win a consecutive re-election since Ulysses S. Grant had accomplished the same feat in 1872, Until 1956, this would be the last time in which an incumbent Republican president would win re-election after serving a full term in office.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 40529, 32070, 24113, 33521, 5043544, 40608, 31752, 40522, 40564 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 149, 153 ], [ 170, 180 ], [ 181, 190 ], [ 191, 207 ], [ 221, 231 ], [ 244, 266 ], [ 355, 371 ], [ 406, 410 ], [ 418, 422 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "McKinley and Bryan each faced little opposition within their own party. Although some Gold Democrats explored the possibility of a campaign by Admiral George Dewey, Bryan was easily re-nominated at the 1900 Democratic National Convention after Dewey withdrew from the race. McKinley was unanimously re-nominated at the 1900 Republican National Convention. As Vice President Garret Hobart had died in 1899, the Republican convention chose New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as McKinley's running mate.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4202760, 146875, 6122173, 9643531, 89059, 30535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 100 ], [ 151, 163 ], [ 202, 237 ], [ 319, 354 ], [ 374, 387 ], [ 456, 474 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish–American War helped McKinley to score a decisive victory, while Bryan's anti-imperialist stance and continued support for bimetallism attracted only limited support. McKinley carried most states outside of the Solid South and won 51.6% of the popular vote. The election results were similar to those of 1896, though McKinley picked up several Western states and Bryan picked up Kentucky. It is also the last election in which a Republican won the presidency without winning Idaho and Montana.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28265, 44494572, 310156, 723054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 80 ], [ 140, 156 ], [ 190, 201 ], [ 278, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Six months into his second term, McKinley was assassinated in September 1901 and was succeeded by Vice President Roosevelt.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14157520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 926 delegates to the Republican convention, which met in Philadelphia on June 19–21, re-nominated President William McKinley by acclamation. Thomas C. Platt, the \"boss\" of the New York State Republican Party, did not like Theodore Roosevelt, New York's popular governor, even though he was a fellow Republican. Roosevelt's efforts to reform New York politics – including Republican politics – led Platt and other state Republican leaders to pressure President McKinley to accept Roosevelt as his new vice presidential candidate, thus filling the spot left open when Vice President Garret Hobart died in 1899. By electing Roosevelt vice president, Platt would remove Roosevelt from New York state politics. Although Roosevelt was reluctant to accept the nomination for vice president, which he regarded as a relatively trivial and powerless office, his great popularity among most Republican delegates led McKinley to pick him as his new running mate. Quite unexpectedly, Roosevelt would be elevated to the presidency in September 1901, when McKinley was assassinated in Buffalo, New York.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 9643531, 50585, 1935182, 30535, 89059, 14157520, 3985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 46 ], [ 61, 73 ], [ 145, 160 ], [ 226, 244 ], [ 585, 598 ], [ 1058, 1070 ], [ 1074, 1091 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Admiral George Dewey's return from the Spanish–American War, many suggested that he run for president on the Democratic ticket. Dewey, however, had already angered some Protestants by marrying the Catholic Mildred McLean Hazen (the widow of General William Babcock Hazen and daughter of Washington McLean, owner of The Washington Post) in November 1899 and giving her the house that the nation had given him following the war. His candidacy was also almost immediately plagued by a number of public relations gaffes. Newspapers started attacking him as naïve after he was quoted as saying the job of president would be easy, since the chief executive was merely following orders in executing the laws enacted by Congress, and that he would \"execute the laws of Congress as faithfully as I have always executed the orders of my superiors.\" Shortly thereafter, he admitted never having voted in a presidential election before, mentioning that the only man he ever would have voted for, had he voted, would have been Grover Cleveland. He drew even more criticism when he offhandedly (and prophetically) told a newspaper reporter that, \"Our next war will be with Germany.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 5043544, 25814008, 606848, 881329, 7273991, 102226, 12495 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 125 ], [ 175, 186 ], [ 203, 211 ], [ 255, 276 ], [ 293, 310 ], [ 321, 340 ], [ 1020, 1036 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dewey's campaign was met with a level of pessimism by Gold Democrats on whose support his campaign depended. Some even threw their support to Bryan, since they believed him to be the stronger candidate. As early as three days into his candidacy, his campaign having been damaged by the aforementioned missteps, rumors abounded regarding Dewey's impending withdrawal which proved false. Further injuries, however, were made when it became clear that the Democratic Party leaders of Vermont were hostile to Dewey and wholly committed to Bryan. Ohio similarly went for Bryan, though with the caveat there that some leaders suggested that all mention to silver in the party platform be dropped. By May 5, John Roll McLean, the brother-in-law of and effective campaign manager for Dewey, defected from the campaign and was widely considered to now be silently supporting Bryan. By May 17, Dewey recognized that there was very little chance for him to gather enough delegates among the Western and Southern states to possibly keep Bryan from attaining two-thirds of the delegates at the convention, publicly commenting that he no longer even knew why he had decided to run for president at all; He effectively withdrew around this time. After this there was a major boom for his nomination as vice president on the ticket alongside Bryan; however Dewey resolutely refused to be considered.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 5903329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 701, 717 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "William Jennings Bryan was faced with little real opposition after Dewey withdrew from the race. Bryan won at the 1900 Democratic National Convention held at Kansas City, Missouri, on July 4–6, garnering 936 delegate votes for the nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 17454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official or speculated candidates for the vice-presidential nomination:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Adlai Stevenson I, Former Vice President and former Representative from Illinois", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 92199, 32759, 19468510, 14849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 27, 41 ], [ 53, 67 ], [ 73, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Charles A. Towne, Former Representative from Minnesota", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 256224, 19468510, 19590 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 26, 40 ], [ 46, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Elliott Danforth, Former Democratic State Committee Chairman from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 18541404, 9427527, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 26, 61 ], [ 67, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William Sulzer, Representative from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 661562, 19468510, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 31 ], [ 37, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Joseph C. Sibley, Representative from Pennsylvania", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6637505, 19468510, 23332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 19, 33 ], [ 39, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert E. Pattison, Former Governor of Pennsylvania", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 443594, 252781, 23332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 28, 36 ], [ 40, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George F. Williams, Former Representative from Massachusetts", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 11543196, 19468510, 1645518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 28, 42 ], [ 48, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " James P. Tarvin, Judge from Kentucky", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 16846 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George B. McClellan Jr., Representative from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 980792, 19468510, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ], [ 26, 40 ], [ 46, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John W. Daniel, Senator and Former Representative from Virginia", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3013707, 24909346, 19468510, 32432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 24 ], [ 36, 50 ], [ 56, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John J. Lentz, Representative from Ohio", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 11630533, 19468510, 22199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 16, 30 ], [ 36, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Carter Harrison Jr., Mayor of Chicago, Illinois", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 40292, 310285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 22, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John W. Keller, Charities Commissioner of New York City, from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " David B. Hill, Former Senator from and former Governor of New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 673717, 24909346, 12861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 23, 30 ], [ 47, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Walter Smith, Representative from Maryland", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1119054, 19468510, 18858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 20, 34 ], [ 40, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jim Hogg, Former Governor of Texas", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1331511, 214883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 18, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Edward Atkinson, Economist and founding member of the American Anti-Imperialist League from Massachusetts", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2949894, 57349, 919365, 1645518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 18, 27 ], [ 55, 87 ], [ 93, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Winfield Scott Schley, Rear Admiral in the United States Navy from Maryland", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 488764, 14156671, 20518076, 18858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ], [ 24, 36 ], [ 44, 62 ], [ 68, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Henry Clay Caldwell, Federal Judge from Arkansas", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 5402007, 834368, 1930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 22, 35 ], [ 41, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alton B. Parker, Chief Judge from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 368456, 1531632, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 18, 29 ], [ 35, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Benjamin F. Shively, Former Representative from Indiana", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 4989292, 19468510, 21883857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 29, 43 ], [ 49, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " George Dewey, Admiral of the Navy from Vermont", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 146875, 668052, 32578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 15, 34 ], [ 40, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William Randolph Hearst, Business magnate from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 33536, 416486, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ], [ 26, 42 ], [ 48, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William Frederick \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody, soldier, bison hunter and showman from Colorado", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 152041, 2544948, 5399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ], [ 66, 73 ], [ 79, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Augustus Van Wyck, Former Court Justice from New York", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 17755100, 265108, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 27, 40 ], [ 46, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the nation's third largest party, the Populists had made an organizational decision in 1896 to \"fuse\" with the Democratic Party on the national level - their identity kept separate by the nomination of two different candidates for vice-president. At the state level, local Populist parties were left at liberty to proceed as they saw fit. In the Plains states, the Populists fused with the Democrats, and in some states replaced them entirely. In the South, the Populists fused with the Republican Party. The end result, though Bryan was defeated, was that the Populists greatly enlarged their representation in Congress, from 10 to 26. In several southern states, however, the legislatures were still controlled by the Democrats, and they began passing a series of laws to eliminate the franchise for black voters, with the intention of undermining a significant bloc of the Populist vote. The move had its intended consequences, as in the mid-term election of 1898, Populist representation in the House of Representatives fell to 9, its lowest since the party's founding.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19468510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1002, 1026 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The treatment of Populists by the Democratic Party led to a division in the party. On May 17, 1899, Populist Party leaders met in St. Louis and issued an address calling for a \"Middle of the Road\" policy, in which the party would decline future fusion efforts. The statement was primarily aimed at the party's national chairman, U.S. Senator Marion Butler of North Carolina, who had been elected to the Senate through fusion with North Carolina Republicans, and was already working for the re-nomination of William J. Bryan by the Populists in 1900. The pro-fusion leaders of the Populists fought back in early 1900. The first state party known to have split was the Nebraska party, which divided during its state convention on March 19. Both factions appointed delegates to the national convention, scheduled for Cincinnati. Ultimately, the Fusion Populists decided to hold a separate national convention when it became apparent that the Ohio Populists did not favor fusion, and were working to organize a convention which would not nominate Bryan, but an independent ticket.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 516559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 342, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The \"Fusion\" Populist National Convention assembled in a large tent just west of Sioux Falls, South Dakota, on May 9, and unanimously nominated Bryan for the presidency. Charles Towne, the leader of the Silver Republican Party, was near unanimously nominated as his running mate, facing only weak opposition from Representative John Lentz from Ohio. When Adlai Stevenson won the Democratic vice-presidential nomination over Towne, Towne withdrew from the race, with the Fusion Populists endorsing Stevenson.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 151051, 256224, 11630533, 92199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 106 ], [ 170, 183 ], [ 328, 338 ], [ 355, 370 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio, the \"Middle of the Road\" faction adopted a platform that called for the creation of fiat money, government ownership of key industries, and the opening of conservation lands for economic development. Businessman Wharton Barker was nominated for the presidency, while Representative Ignatius Donnelly was chosen as his running mate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 18522615, 22156522, 7547217, 239320 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 21 ], [ 113, 123 ], [ 241, 255 ], [ 311, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Social Democracy of America was founded by in June 1897, and was later reformed as the Social Democratic Party of America in 1898 while the Socialist Labor Party of America was having internal struggles. James F. Carey, who had been elected to the city council in Haverhill, Massachusetts, was expelled from the Socialist Labor Party. Eugene V. Debs, Carey, and Sylvester Keliher founded the Social Democratic Party. Carey and Louis M. Scates were elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives while John C. Chase was elected as mayor of Haverhill. Victor L. Berger led the party in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and a slate of candidates received almost six percent of the vote in the 1898 election. Twenty members had been elected to office by 1900.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 25938802, 324943, 38777001, 49410203, 116747, 50538, 49425607, 722246, 34491580, 851238, 53117, 33127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ], [ 87, 121 ], [ 140, 172 ], [ 204, 218 ], [ 264, 288 ], [ 335, 349 ], [ 427, 442 ], [ 463, 501 ], [ 508, 521 ], [ 557, 573 ], [ 591, 600 ], [ 602, 611 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Morris Hillquit and members of his faction, the Kangaroos, in the Socialist Labor Party attempted to oust Daniel De Leon from the party's leadership at the 1899 convention. The Kangaroo faction was removed from the party and formed their own Socialist Labor Party. The Kangaroo faction lost a court case against De Leon for control of the party. They nominated Job Harriman for president and Max S. Hayes for vice president although they were not meant to run in the 1900 election and were instead used for a compromise with the Social Democratic Party of America.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1608380, 39606902, 20351098, 20966699, 324943 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 106, 120 ], [ 361, 373 ], [ 392, 404 ], [ 529, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Social Democrats had been invited to the Kangaroo's convention, but declined although the Social Democrats supported unity between the parties. The Social Democratic National Executive Board allowed for the Kangaroo faction to send delegates to its national convention. The Kangaroos passed a resolution supporting unity and created a unity committee. Sixty-seven delegates from thirty-two states attuned the 1900 convention and voted by acclamation to give their presidential nomination to Debs. Hayes and Harriman were both nominated for the vice-presidential nomination and Harriman won it.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The executive board announced on May 12, 1900, that they would not support unity with the Kangaroos after accusing them of being too dogmatic and impeding an unity referendum. The Kangaroo unity committee sent out sent out ballots to members of both groups and both voted in favor of unity. The Kangaroos nominated Debs and Harriman as their presidential ticket which Debs accepted on July 31. Debs and George D. Herron started the party's campaign on September 29, at Chicago's Music Hall. Debs received 87,945 votes with his largest amount of support coming from New York and Illinois. Debs received over ten times the amount of votes in Chicago that the Socialist Labor Party had in the 1896 election. Debs received more votes than any presidential ticket from the Socialist Labor Party. The Kangaroo faction and the Social Democrats later merged into the Socialist Party of America in 1901.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 28100120, 40718528, 57073672, 6886, 243594 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 403, 419 ], [ 565, 573 ], [ 578, 586 ], [ 640, 647 ], [ 859, 885 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Prohibition Party met in Chicago, Illinois on June 28 to nominate their presidential ticket. Hale Johnson, who had been their vice-presidential nominee in 1896, withdrew his name immediately before the balloting was to begin. John G. Woolley was nominated on the first ballot, with Henry B. Metcalf of Rhode Island nominated to be his running mate in short order.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3016572, 28075811, 32719134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 109 ], [ 230, 245 ], [ 286, 302 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Lincoln Republican Party, formally the Silver Republican Party, had by 1900 come to recognize that the issue of bimetallism had been superseded by that of imperialism, and it was hoped that a broader platform in line with the perceived values of Abraham Lincoln would allow the Party to evolve beyond its singular issue of free silver.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 5749288, 310156, 15316, 307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 28 ], [ 116, 127 ], [ 159, 170 ], [ 250, 265 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Lincoln Republicans assembled in Kansas City, Missouri, at the same time as the Democratic National Convention held in the same city. Committed to endorsing William Jennings Bryan for the Presidency, the primary aim of many of those attending was to promote the nomination of national chairman Charles Towne for the Vice Presidency by the Democratic Party, an effort endorsed by Fusionist Populists who had nominated Towne to the same position two months earlier. Unfortunately for those who boomed Towne these efforts may have backfired, pushing away Democratic delegates who might have otherwise been favorable to Towne by presenting the ticket of Bryan and Towne as a fait accompli, with Southern Democratic delegates themselves preferring a Vice-Presidential nominee who'd appeal to voters the Democratic Party lost in the Northeast and Midwest four years prior. Hopes for a personal endorsement of Towne by Bryan were also dashed when Bryan, who personally preferred Towne of those candidates in running and was expected to make mention of this in an acceptance, decided against going to the Convention or involving himself in the Vice-Presidential contest. Ultimately, Towne was a distant third, with Adlai Stevenson winning the nod.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 40608, 256224, 92199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 161, 183 ], [ 298, 311 ], [ 1211, 1226 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The nomination of Stevenson, who'd previously served as Grover Cleveland's vice president, outraged many of the Lincoln Republicans still in attendance, and in the ensuing pandemonium attempts were made to nominate Charles Towne for the Vice Presidency. Only when Charles Towne himself addressed the convention did the anger settle. Declining the efforts to nominate him, Towne pleaded with the delegates present to accept and support the Democratic ticket as it was, noting that Bryan was at the head of it and much of the Democratic Platform was aligned with that of the Lincoln Republicans. Others, such as Senator Fred Dubois, Senator Henry Teller, and John Shafroth made similar speeches calling for support for Bryan and Stevenson. It was eventually decided that the question of the vice presidential nomination would be handled by the National Committee. They would formalize and endorsement of Adlai Stevenson for the Vice Presidency the following day, in deference to Towne's wishes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 12495, 3837814, 920157, 4042738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 72 ], [ 618, 629 ], [ 639, 651 ], [ 657, 670 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The American Anti-Imperialist League had been formed in 1898 in opposition to the acquisition of the Philippine Islands, considering its annexation violating the concept of \"consent of the governed\". While not formalized as a political party, there existed a movement within the League that sought to nominate an independent ticket to run solely on the platform of anti-imperialism or, barring that, to endorse whichever Republican or Democratic presidential nominee that was themselves anti-imperialist. Upon the nominations of McKinley and Bryan however, there were immediate divisions on whether to endorse Bryan and the Democratic Platform, many sympathizing Republicans and Gold Democrats finding it anathema to their own political philosophies beyond its denouncement of imperialism; already by July some were considering supporting McKinley in November. Later that same month a call was made for a National Convention to meet in Indianapolis on August 15 with the intention of either endorsing or nominating a ticket for the general election. Discussions were held with remnants of National Democratic Party about the possibility of a fusion ticket, but this was voted down by their national committee. Then discussed names for possible presidential candidates were former Speaker Thomas Reed, former Secretary of State Richard Olney, former Massachusetts Governor George Boutwell, and former Senator John Henderson", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 919365, 1096446, 4202760, 30908, 602964, 619396, 4998885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 36 ], [ 174, 197 ], [ 1089, 1114 ], [ 1288, 1299 ], [ 1327, 1340 ], [ 1372, 1387 ], [ 1408, 1422 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From the beginning the headwinds were in Bryan's favor, with permanent President George Boutwell addressing the convention and calling for the endorsement of the Democratic ticket, this followed in speeches by former General John Beatty, Edgar Bancroft, and Gamaliel Bradford. The resolution to endorse Bryan however was subject to prolonged debate, its principal opponents being representatives of the \"third-ticket\" movement led by Thomas Osborne. Osborne and those who followed him theorized that many anti-imperialists would not be willing to vote for Bryan or in favor of the Democratic Platform, and would be better served by a candidate of their own. Charles Codman, the author of the resolution, and Edwin Burritt Smith countered that all issues were secondary to the issue of imperialism, and that the most effective means by which to put an anti-imperialist in office should be used. In a voice vote, the Platform of the \"Liberty Congress\" as it was then known as adopted overwhelmingly, with all amendments to strike the endorsement of the Bryan/Stevenson ticket being voted down. Osborne and other \"third-ticketers\" would then bolt to the then nearby organizing National Party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 619396, 696875, 30640837, 759622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 96 ], [ 225, 236 ], [ 238, 252 ], [ 434, 448 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The National Party was an outgrowth of the \"third-ticket\" movement that existed within the Anti-Imperialist League. The first steps towards its formation were taken after the failure of a number of anti-imperialists, among them Thomas Osborne and John Jay Chapman, to convince the National Democratic Party to either nominate or endorse a third party ticket. A statement was then released by the attending League delegates from New York, denouncing both the Republican and Democratic parties, advocating for the independence of the Philippines and Porto Rico (sic), supporting gold standard and a sound banking system, calling for the abolition of special privileges, and demanding a public service based on merit exclusively. They also called for a national convention to be held from August 14 to 15, which would have placed it alongside the \"national\" League Convention that was being held from August 15 to August 16.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 759622, 7016393, 4202760 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 228, 242 ], [ 247, 263 ], [ 281, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the delegates arrived in Indianapolis, it was hoped that the League could be convinced to nominate a third party ticket, with the National Party then offering its endorsement. It swiftly became clear however that the majority of the delegates to the Anti-Imperialist League Convention were in sympathy with Bryan and prepared to endorse him, and attempts on the part of anti-Bryan delegates to kept the platform at least non-committal on the subject of the presidential race were unsuccessful. Those League delegates that were associated with the National Party then left and proceeded to elect Thomas Osborne as Permanent Chairman, calling for a new national convention to be held on September 5. It is claimed that at the time the National Party presidential nomination was offered to Moorfield Storey, but Storey declined and ultimately opted to run as an Anti-Imperialist Independent in the 11th District of Massachusetts; William Jackson Palmer was suggested as a vice-presidential nominee to run alongside him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 803068, 543169 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 790, 806 ], [ 930, 952 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Meeting in Carnegie Hall (then Chamber Music Hall) on the 5th of September, the National Party was formalized, nominating Senator Donelson Caffery of Louisiana for the Presidency, and historian Archibald Howe of Massachusetts for the Vice Presidency. Though there was some concern over whether Caffery would accept the nomination if offered, Osborne claimed that he had been communicating with Caffrey and that he was both sympathetic to the National Party and willing to be their candidate for the Presidency. The party platform was virtually identical to the one offered by the League committee back in July, though the definition of \"special privileges was defined as \"subsidies, bounties, undeserved pensions, or trust-busting tariffs.\" A strategy was also adopted where, in those States where it was impractical to nominate a full slate of electors, a single elector would be nominated instead, allowing for voters to vote the Nationalist ticket as well as one other of their choice; it was hoped that this might avail concerns that the Nationalists would take votes away from either Bryan or McKinley, depending on the voters' sympathies.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 169321, 4305622, 32717614 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 24 ], [ 130, 146 ], [ 194, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unfortunately for the Nationalist Party Senator Cafferty declined the nomination some weeks later, resulting in a scramble where Arthur Briggs Farquhar, owner of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Works, was considered as a possible replacement. A day later, on September 21, the Massachusetts branch of the Party voted to disband. It was then hoped that unpledged electors could be nominated, but papers were only ever taken out for one, Edward Waldo Emerson of Massachusetts.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 68087952, 18248654, 33713812 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 151 ], [ 166, 197 ], [ 434, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Union Reform Party nominated Seth H. Ellis of Ohio for president and Samuel T. Nicholson for vice president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 57015862 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The United Christian Party nominated Jonah F. R. Leonard for president, and David H. Martin for vice president. Initially, the party had nominated Silas C. Swallow for president and John G. Woolley for vice president, but both men refused, choosing instead to contest the Prohibition Party nomination (of which Woolley would emerge the victor).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 46817531, 310413, 28075811 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 26 ], [ 147, 163 ], [ 182, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The economy was booming in 1900, so the Republican slogan of \"Four More Years of the Full Dinner Pail,\" combined with victory in the brief Spanish–American War in 1898, had a powerful electoral appeal. Teddy Roosevelt had become a national hero fighting in Cuba during the war, and as such he was a popular spokesman for the Republican ticket. Roosevelt proved highly energetic, and an equal match for William Jennings Bryan's famous barnstorming style of campaigning. Roosevelt's theme was that McKinley had brought America peace and prosperity and deserved re-election. In a whirlwind campaign, Roosevelt made 480 stops in 23 states. In his speeches, he repeatedly argued that the war had been just and had liberated the Cubans and Filipinos from Spanish tyranny:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 28265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bryan's campaign was built around a reprise of his major issue from the 1896 campaign: Free Silver. It was not as successful in 1900, because prosperity had replaced severe depression and McKinley claimed credit. Advocates of enlarging the money supply to raise prices had to admit that a great deal of new gold was flowing into the world economy, and deflation (i.e. falling prices) was no longer a threat. Bryan's second major campaign theme attacked McKinley's imperialism; Bryan had supported the war, but opposed the annexation of the Philippines. He said McKinley had simply replaced a cruel Spanish tyranny with a cruel American one. Bryan was especially harsh in his criticisms of the American military effort to suppress a bloody rebellion by Filipino guerillas. This theme won over some previous opponents, especially \"hard money\" Germans, former Gold Democrats, and anti-imperialists such as Andrew Carnegie.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1762386, 15316, 4202760, 1938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 98 ], [ 464, 475 ], [ 857, 871 ], [ 903, 918 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both candidates repeated their 1896 campaign techniques, with McKinley campaigning again from the front porch of his home in Canton, Ohio. At the peak of the campaign, he greeted sixteen delegations and 30,000 cheering supporters in one day. Meanwhile, Bryan took to the rails again, traveling 18,000 miles to hundreds of rallies across the Midwest and East. This time, he was matched by Theodore Roosevelt, who campaigned just as energetically in 24 states, covering 21,000 miles by train.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 129826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The triumph of the American army and navy in the war against Spain was a decisive factor in building Republican support. Democrats tried to argue that the war was not over because of the insurgency in the Philippines; this became their major issue. A perception that the Philippine–American War was coming to an end would be an electoral asset for the Republicans, and the McKinley administration stated that there were reductions of troops there. Republicans pledged that the fighting in the Philippines would die down of its own accord within sixty days of McKinley's re-election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 184779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 271, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, as one lieutenant explained in a letter to his wife, \"It looks good on paper, but there really has been no reduction of the force here. These battalions [being sent home] are made up on men...about to be discharged.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition, Secretary of War Elihu Root had a report from MacArthur of September 1900 that he did not release until after the election. General Arthur MacArthur, Jr., had been in command of the Philippines for four months, warning Washington that the war was not lessening and that the end was not even in sight. MacArthur believed that the guerrilla stage of the war was just beginning and that Filipinos were refining their techniques through experience. Furthermore, Philippine leader Emilio Aguinaldo's strategy had popular support. MacArthur wrote:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 287468, 634298, 144026 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 40 ], [ 145, 166 ], [ 489, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nonetheless, the majority of soldiers in the Philippines did not support Bryan. Any mention of the election of 1900 in the soldiers' letters and diaries indicated overwhelming support for the Republican ticket of McKinley and Roosevelt. According to Sergeant Beverly Daley, even the \"howling Democrats\" favored McKinley. Private Hambleton wrote, \"Of course, there are some boys who think Bryan is the whole cheese, but they don't say too much.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Despite Bryan's energetic efforts, the renewed prosperity under McKinley, combined with the public's approval of the Spanish–American War, allowed McKinley to gain a comfortable victory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 28265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Theodore Roosevelt, the vice-presidential candidate on the Republican ticket, attracted unusual attention in the campaign, and it has been commonly asserted that he brought a considerable number of votes to the Republican ticket.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "McKinley polled roughly 7,200,000 votes. He carried 28 states with a combined 292 electoral votes (65.32%). He slightly increased his national percentage (51.60%) with 120,000 more votes than in 1896. This change is reflected in the gains made in number of counties carried; McKinley had 222 more counties than he had carried in 1896, thus gaining a slight majority of the total number of counties making returns in 1900.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 2,729 counties making returns, McKinley won in 1,385 (50.75%) while Bryan carried 1,340 (49.10%). Two counties (0.07%) were split evenly between McKinley and Bryan, while two counties (0.07%) in Texas recorded more votes cast for \"Other(s)\" than either of the two-party candidates. McKinley had a majority in 1,288 counties while Bryan had a majority in 1,253 counties.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Further examination reveals that changes in counties were even more impressive. Of the 2,729 counties making returns, 2,286 were identical in these two elections; 113 changed from Republican to Democratic; and 328 changed from Democratic to Republican.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A notable feature was the Bryan gains made in the New England and (Northeastern) Mid-Atlantic sections, with also a slight gain in the East North Central section. Bryan even managed to win New York City by almost 30,000 votes when he had lost it by more than 60,000 votes just 4 years earlier. In all other sections, Bryan's vote was less than in 1896, and in the nation his total vote was 23,000 less than in 1896. The percentage of total was 45.52, a slight loss. Kentucky, which he carried this time, showed an increase of 17,005. In 16 states, the Democratic vote increased, but in 29 states it was less than in 1896. Bryan carried only 17 states. This was the only one of his three runs in which he failed to carry his home state of Nebraska.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764, 431669, 181779, 920073, 645042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 61 ], [ 66, 80 ], [ 81, 93 ], [ 135, 153 ], [ 189, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which the Republicans won the majority of electoral votes in Maryland until 1920. It is also the last election in which a Republican won the presidency without winning Idaho and Montana. In addition, this would also be the last election in 100 years when the Republican candidate would win without earning a minimum of 300 electoral votes. That did not occur again until George W. Bush narrowly defeated Al Gore in the 2000 United States Presidential Election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 3414021, 5042706, 32009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 401, 415 ], [ 434, 441 ], [ 449, 489 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (popular vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (electoral vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (42 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (150 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with highest percent of vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with highest percent of vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with highest percent of vote (Other)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with lowest percent of vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with lowest percent of vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with most votes (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with most votes (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with most votes (Other)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with lowest percent of vote and win (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with lowest percent of vote and win (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States (1865–1918)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Newspaper endorsements in the 1900 United States presidential election", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 51880664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1900 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1365841 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1900 and 1901 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26937999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Second inauguration of William McKinley", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21212125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Willis J. Abbot et al.: The Battle of 1900; an official hand-book for every American citizen", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 3006712 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fahey, James J. \"Building Populist Discourse: An Analysis of Populist Communication in American Presidential Elections, 1896–2016.\" Social Science Quarterly 102.4 (2021): 1268-1288. online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hilpert, John M. (2015) American Cyclone: Theodore Roosevelt and His 1900 Whistle-Stop Campaign (U Press of Mississippi, 2015). xii, 349 pp. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bryan, William Jennings. \"The Election of 1900,\" pp.788–801 Bryan gives his analysis of why he lost", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stevenson, Adlai E., et al. \"Bryan or McKinley? The Present Duty of American Citizens,\" The North American Review Vol. 171, No. 527 (Oct. 1900), pp.433–516 in JSTOR political statements by politicians on all sides, including Adlai E. Stevenson, B. R. Tillman, Edward M. Shepard, Richard Croker, Erving Winslow, Charles Emory Smith, G. F. Hoar, T. C. Platt, W. M. Stewart, Andrew Carnegie, and James H. Eckels", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1900: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Opper cartoons for 1900 election ridiculing TR and McKinley as pawns of Trusts and Sen. Hanna", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1900 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1900 State-by-state Popular vote", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1900 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1900 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1900_United_States_presidential_election", "Philippine–American_War", "Presidency_of_William_McKinley", "William_McKinley", "Theodore_Roosevelt", "William_Jennings_Bryan", "November_1900_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1900" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1904 United States presidential election was the 30th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1904. Incumbent Republican President Theodore Roosevelt defeated the Democratic nominee, Alton B. Parker. Roosevelt's victory made him the first president who ascended to the presidency upon the death of his predecessor to win a full term in his own right.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32070, 24113, 30535, 5043544, 368456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 138, 148 ], [ 149, 158 ], [ 159, 177 ], [ 191, 201 ], [ 211, 226 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt took office in September 1901 following the assassination of his predecessor, William McKinley. After the February 1904 death of McKinley's ally, Senator Mark Hanna, Roosevelt faced little opposition at the 1904 Republican National Convention. The conservative Bourbon Democrat allies of former President Grover Cleveland temporarily regained control of the Democratic Party from the followers of William Jennings Bryan, and the 1904 Democratic National Convention nominated Alton B. Parker, Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals. Parker triumphed on the first ballot of the convention, defeating newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21215062, 14157520, 33521, 162249, 1963219, 4199901, 12495, 40608, 12731816, 368456, 21087905, 33536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 14 ], [ 54, 67 ], [ 88, 104 ], [ 164, 174 ], [ 217, 252 ], [ 271, 287 ], [ 315, 331 ], [ 407, 429 ], [ 439, 474 ], [ 485, 500 ], [ 502, 546 ], [ 632, 655 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As there was little difference between the candidates' positions, the race was largely based on their personalities; the Democrats argued the Roosevelt presidency was \"arbitrary\" and \"erratic.\" Republicans emphasized Roosevelt's success in foreign affairs and his record of firmness against monopolies. Roosevelt easily defeated Parker, sweeping every US region except the South, while Parker lost multiple states won by Bryan in 1900, as well as his home state of New York. Two third-party candidates, Eugene V. Debs of the Socialist Party and Silas C. Swallow of the Prohibition Party, each took over 1% of the popular vote. Roosevelt's popular vote margin of 18.8% was the largest since James Monroe's victory in the 1820 presidential election, and would be the biggest popular vote victory in the century between 1820 and Warren Harding's 1920 landslide. With Roosevelt's landslide victory, he became the first presidential candidate in American history to receive at least 300 electoral votes in a victorious campaign in which the votes have not been disallowed. It was also the first presidential election since 1860 and the second presidential election in United States History in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state, the others being 1920, 1940, 1944 and 2016.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18878, 723054, 319501, 50538, 243594, 310413, 307316, 14619595, 15978, 40508, 33060, 40536, 63876, 40519, 63876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 291, 301 ], [ 373, 378 ], [ 479, 490 ], [ 503, 517 ], [ 525, 540 ], [ 545, 561 ], [ 569, 586 ], [ 639, 658 ], [ 690, 702 ], [ 720, 746 ], [ 826, 842 ], [ 843, 847 ], [ 941, 957 ], [ 1118, 1122 ], [ 1163, 1184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Republican candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As Republicans convened in Chicago on June 21–23, 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt's nomination was assured. He had effectively maneuvered throughout 1902 and 1903 to gain control of the party to ensure it. A dump-Roosevelt movement had centered on the candidacy of conservative Senator Mark Hanna from Ohio, but Hanna's death in February 1904 had removed this obstacle. Roosevelt's nomination speech was delivered by former governor Frank S. Black of New York and seconded by Senator Albert J. Beveridge from Indiana. Roosevelt was nominated unanimously on the first ballot with 994 votes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6886, 162249, 878370, 1318903 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 34 ], [ 289, 299 ], [ 436, 450 ], [ 487, 506 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since conservatives in the Republican Party denounced Theodore Roosevelt as a radical, they were allowed to choose the vice-presidential candidate. Senator Charles W. Fairbanks from Indiana was the obvious choice, since conservatives thought highly of him, yet he managed not to offend the party's more progressive elements. Roosevelt was far from pleased with the idea of Fairbanks for vice-president. He would have preferred Representative Robert R. Hitt from Illinois, but he did not consider the vice-presidential nomination worth a fight. With solid support from New York, Pennsylvania, and Indiana, Fairbanks was easily placed on the 1904 Republican ticket in order to appease the Old Guard.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 92201, 7167610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 176 ], [ 442, 456 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republican platform insisted on maintenance of the protective tariff, called for increased foreign trade, pledged to uphold the gold standard, favored expansion of the merchant marine, promoted a strong navy, and praised in detail Roosevelt's foreign and domestic policy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1904, both William Jennings Bryan and former President Grover Cleveland declined to run for president. Since the two Democratic nominees of the past 20 years did not seek the presidential nomination, Alton B. Parker, a Bourbon Democrat from New York, emerged as the frontrunner.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 40608, 12495, 368456, 4199901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 36 ], [ 58, 74 ], [ 203, 218 ], [ 222, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Parker was the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals and was respected by both Democrats and Republicans in his state. On several occasions, the Republicans paid Parker the honor of running no one against him when he ran for various political positions. Parker refused to work actively for the nomination, but did nothing to restrain his conservative supporters, among them the sachems of Tammany Hall. Former President Grover Cleveland endorsed Parker.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 172077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 396, 408 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The delegates from Florida were selected through a primary which was the first time a primary was utilized to select the delegates for a presidential convention.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic Convention that met in St. Louis, Missouri, on July 6–9, 1904, has been called \"one of the most exciting and sensational in the history of the Democratic Party.\" The struggle inside the Democratic Party over the nomination was to prove as contentious as the election itself. Though Parker, out of active politics for twenty years, had neither enemies nor errors to make him unavailable, a bitter battle was waged against Parker by the more liberal wing of the party in the months before the convention.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 27687 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the fact that Parker had supported Bryan in 1896 and 1900, Bryan hated him for being a Gold Democrat. Bryan wanted the weakest man nominated, one who could not take the control of the party away from him. He denounced Judge Parker as a tool of Wall Street before he was nominated and declared that no self-respecting Democrat could vote for him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 40529, 40531, 4202760, 37274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 56 ], [ 61, 65 ], [ 95, 108 ], [ 252, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Inheriting Bryan's support was publisher, now congressman, William Randolph Hearst of New York. Hearst owned eight newspapers, all of them friendly to labor, vigorous in their trust-busting activities, fighting the cause of \"the people who worked for a living.\" Because of this liberalism, Hearst had the Illinois delegation pledged to him and the promise of several other states. Although Hearst's newspaper was the only major publication in the East to support William Jennings Bryan and Bimetallism in 1896, he found that his support for Bryan was not reciprocated. Instead, Bryan seconded the nomination of Francis Cockrell.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 33536, 310156, 1220842 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 82 ], [ 490, 501 ], [ 611, 627 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The prospect of having Hearst for a candidate frightened conservative Democrats so much that they renewed their efforts to get Parker nominated on the first ballot. Parker received 658 votes on the first roll call, 9 short of the necessary two-thirds. Before the result could be announced, 21 more votes were transferred to Parker. As a result, Parker handily won the nomination on the first ballot with 679 votes to 181 for Hearst and the rest scattered.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After Parker's nomination, Bryan charged that it had been dictated by the trusts and secured by \"crooked and indefensible methods.\" Bryan also said that labor had been betrayed in the convention and could look for nothing from the Democratic Party. Indeed, Parker was one of the judges on the New York Court of Appeals who declared the eight-hour law unconstitutional.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Before a vice-presidential candidate could be nominated, Parker sprang into action when he learned that the Democratic platform pointedly omitted reference to the monetary issue. To make his position clear, Parker, after his nomination, informed the convention by letter that he supported the gold standard. The letter read, \"I regard the gold standard as firmly and irrevocably established and shall act accordingly if the action of the convention today shall be ratified by the people. As the platform is silent on the subject, my view should be made known to the convention, and if it is proved to be unsatisfactory to the majority, I request you to decline the nomination for me at once, so that another may be nominated before adjournment.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It was the first time a candidate had made such a move. It was an act of daring that might have lost him the nomination and made him an outcast from the party he had served and believed in all his life.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Former Senator Henry G. Davis from West Virginia was nominated for vice president; at 80, he was the oldest major party candidate ever nominated for national office. Davis received the nomination because party leaders believed that as a millionaire mine owner, railroad magnate, and banker, he could be counted on to help finance the campaign. Their hopes were unrealized, as Davis did not substantially contribute to the party coffers.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 981184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Parker protested against \"the rule of individual caprice,\" the presidential \"usurpation of authority,\" and the \"aggrandizement of personal power.\" But his more positive proposals were so backward-looking, such as his proposal to let state legislatures and the common law develop a remedy for the trust problem, that the New York World characterized the campaign as a struggle of \"conservative and constitutional Democracy against radical and arbitrary Republicanism.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 593160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 320, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic platform called for reduction in government expenditures and a congressional investigation of the executive departments \"already known to teem with corruption\"; condemned monopolies; pledged an end to government contracts with companies violating antitrust laws; opposed imperialism; insisted upon independence for the Philippines; and opposed the protective tariff. It favored strict enforcement of the eight-hour work day; construction of a Panama Canal; the direct election of senators; statehood for the Western territories; the extermination of polygamy; reciprocal trade agreements; cuts in the army; and enforcement of the civil service laws. It condemned the Roosevelt administration in general as \"spasmodic, erratic, sensational, spectacular, and arbitrary.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 23440, 2100109, 24849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 334, 345 ], [ 419, 438 ], [ 458, 470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Socialist Party of America was formed from the Social Democratic Party of America and Kangaroo faction of the Socialist Labor Party of America at a 1901 convention in Indianapolis. The Socialists received over 227,000 votes in the 1902 United States House of Representatives elections which was twice the amount of votes that Eugene V. Debs had received in 1900. Nine Socialists were elected to the city council in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in the 1904 election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 243594, 324943, 38777001, 57707, 1365829, 50538, 53117, 33127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 30 ], [ 51, 85 ], [ 114, 146 ], [ 171, 183 ], [ 235, 288 ], [ 330, 344 ], [ 419, 428 ], [ 430, 439 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On May 5, 1904, George D. Herron nominated Debs for the presidential nomination while Hermon F. Titus nominated Ben Hanford for the vice-presidential nomination. The 183 delegates who attended the convention voted unanimously to give the presidential and vice-presidential nominations to Debs and Hanford. Debs accepted the nomination on May 6, and chair Seymour Stedman referred to Debs as the \"Ferdinand Lassalle of the twentieth century\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 28100120, 26749138, 20352251, 3609746, 197666 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 32 ], [ 86, 101 ], [ 112, 123 ], [ 355, 370 ], [ 396, 414 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Socialists raised $32,700 during the campaign. He received 402,810 votes, which was over four times the amount that he had received in 1900, and he received his largest amount of support from Illinois. Debs received more votes than Parker in Milwaukee.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 57132447 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 196, 204 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Continental Party met in Chicago on August 31, 1904. They nominated Austin Holcomb as their presidential candidate. Initially, George H. Shibley was nominated for vice-president. He turned down the nomination, however, and A. King was nominated in his stead.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Populist Party held their national convention in Springfield, Illinois from July 4 to 6, 1904. Unsatisfied with the Democratic Party's nomination of Alton Parker for president, they chose to nominate their own candidates to contest the office. After two ballots, Thomas Watson was selected as the party's presidential candidate and Thomas Tibbles was selected as his running mate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 177019, 404806, 4049833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ], [ 267, 280 ], [ 336, 350 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Prohibition Party met in Indianapolis from June 29 to July 1. The convention was attended by 758 delegates representing 39 states. Silas C. Swallow was selected as the party's presidential candidate and George W. Carrol was selected as the vice-presidential candidate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 307316, 310413, 33131137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 135, 151 ], [ 207, 223 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Socialist Labor Party met at the Grand Central Palace in New York City from July 2 to July 8. Their convention was attended by 38 delegates representing 18 states. Those delegates nominated Charles H. Corregan and William W. Cox for president and vice-president respectively.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 38777001, 39786277, 645042, 18666374 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 25 ], [ 37, 57 ], [ 61, 74 ], [ 194, 213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The National Liberty Party met in St. Louis, Missouri from July 5 to 6 to nominate a presidential slate. While 28 delegates attended the convention and elected to nominate Stanley P. Mitchell and William C. Payne as their candidates, the party ultimately did not contest the election after Mitchell declined the nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The campaigning done by both parties was much less vigorous than it had been in 1896 and 1900. The campaign season was pervaded by goodwill, and it went a long way toward mending the damage done by the previous class-war elections. This was due to the fact that Parker and Roosevelt, with the exception of charisma, were so similar in political outlook.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40529, 40531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 84 ], [ 89, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "So close were the two candidates that few differences could be detected. Both men were for the gold standard; though the Democrats were more outspokenly against imperialism, both believed in fair treatment for the Filipinos and eventual liberation; and both believed that labor unions had the same rights as individuals before the courts. The radicals in the Democratic Party denounced Parker as a conservative; the conservatives in the Republican Party denounced Theodore Roosevelt as a radical.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the campaign, there were a couple of instances in which Roosevelt was seen as vulnerable. In the first place, Joseph Pulitzer's New York World carried a full page story about alleged corruption in the Bureau of Corporations. President Roosevelt admitted certain payments had been made, but denied any \"blackmail.\" Secondly, in appointing George B. Cortelyou as his campaign manager, Roosevelt had purposely used his former Secretary of Commerce and Labor. This was of importance because Cortelyou, knowing the secrets of the corporations, could extract large contributions from them. The charge created quite a stir and in later years was proven to be sound. In 1907, it was disclosed that the insurance companies had contributed rather too heavily to the Roosevelt campaign. Only a week before the election, Roosevelt himself called E. H. Harriman, the railroad king, to Washington, D.C., for the purpose of raising funds to carry New York.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 184194, 731365, 433394, 108956, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 132 ], [ 345, 364 ], [ 841, 855 ], [ 879, 895 ], [ 939, 947 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Insider money, however, was spent on both candidates. Parker received financial support from the Morgan banking interests, just as Bourbon Democrat Cleveland had before him. Thomas W. Lawson, the Boston millionaire, charged that New York state Senator Patrick Henry McCarren, a prominent Parker backer, was on the payroll of Standard Oil at the rate of twenty thousand dollars a year. Lawson offered Senator McCarren $100,000 (equivalent to $ million today) if he would disprove the charge. According to one account, \"No denial of the charge was ever made by the Senator.\" One paper even referred to McCarren as \"the Standard Oil serpent of Brooklyn politics.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 181579, 4199901, 12495, 9559047, 1393764, 37994118, 28931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 103 ], [ 131, 147 ], [ 148, 157 ], [ 174, 190 ], [ 229, 251 ], [ 252, 274 ], [ 325, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Theodore Roosevelt won a landslide victory, taking every Northern and Western state. He was the first Republican to carry the state of Missouri since Ulysses S. Grant in 1868. In voting Republican, Missouri repositioned itself from being associated with the Solid South to being seen as a bellwether swing state throughout the 20th century. The vote in Maryland was extremely close. For the first time in that state's history, secret paper ballots, supplied at public expense, and without political symbols of any kind, were issued to each voter. Candidates for Electors were listed under the presidential and vice presidential candidates for each party; there were four parties recognized in the election: Democratic, Republican, Prohibition, and Socialist. Voters were free to mark their ballots for up to eight candidates of any party. While Roosevelt's victory nationally was quickly determined, the election in Maryland remained in doubt for several weeks. On November 30, Roosevelt was declared the statewide victor by just 51 votes. However, as voters had voted for individual presidential electors, only one Republican elector, Charles Bonaparte, survived the tally. The other seven top vote recipients were Democrats.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 31752, 40521, 723054, 6338193, 18858, 85533, 62453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 166 ], [ 170, 174 ], [ 258, 269 ], [ 289, 299 ], [ 353, 361 ], [ 1085, 1106 ], [ 1137, 1154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt won the election by more than 2.5 million popular votes, making him the first president to win a primarily two-man race by more than a million votes. Roosevelt won 56.4% of the popular vote; that, along with his popular vote margin of 18.8%, was the largest recorded between James Monroe's uncontested re-election in 1820 and the election of Warren G. Harding in 1920. Of the 2,754 counties making returns, Roosevelt carried 1,611 (58.50%) and won a majority of votes in 1,538; he and Parker were tied in one county (0.04%).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 15978, 40508, 33060, 40536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 285, 297 ], [ 300, 331 ], [ 352, 369 ], [ 373, 377 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thomas Watson, the Populist candidate, received 117,183 votes and won nine counties (0.33%) in his home state of Georgia. He had a majority in five of the counties, and his vote total was double the Populist's showing in 1900 but less than one eighth of the party's total in 1892.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 404806, 40528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 275, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Parker carried 1,133 counties (41.14%) and won a majority in 1,057. The distribution of the vote by counties reveals him to have been a weaker candidate than William Jennings Bryan, the party's nominee four years earlier, in every section of the nation, except for the deep South, where Democratic dominance remained strong, due in large part to pervasive disfranchisement of blacks. In 17 states, the ParkerDavis ticket failed to carry a single county, and outside the South carried only 84.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40608, 40531, 9704515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 180 ], [ 202, 220 ], [ 356, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which the Republicans won Colorado, Nebraska, and Nevada until 1920.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (popular vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (electoral vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (8 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (31 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (3 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tipping point state:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Populist)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1865–1918)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Newspaper endorsements in the 1904 United States presidential election", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 51986462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1904 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1365810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1904 and 1905 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26950413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21215109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biography of Roosevelt during the years 1901–1909.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, and Fred L. Israel, eds. History of American presidential elections, 1789-1968. Vol. 3. (1971), history of the campaign by William Harbaugh, with primary documents.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 1013900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shoemaker, Fred C. \"Alton B. Parker: the images of a gilded age statesman in an era of progressive politics\" (MA thesis, The Ohio State University, 1983) online.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Republican Campaign Text-book, 1904 (1904), handbook for Republican speakers and editorialists; full of arguments, speeches and statistics online free", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Presidential Election of 1904: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1904 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "TheodoreRoosevelt.com", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "How close was the 1904 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Newspaper Article about Judge Parker Nomination For President", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Newspaper Article about President Roosevelt Nomination For President", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1904 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1904_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt", "Theodore_Roosevelt", "November_1904_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1904" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1908 United States presidential election was the 31st quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1908. Secretary of War and Republican Party nominee William Howard Taft defeated three-time Democratic nominee William Jennings Bryan.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 44000, 32070, 33522, 5043544, 40608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 128, 144 ], [ 149, 165 ], [ 174, 193 ], [ 214, 224 ], [ 233, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Popular incumbent President Theodore Roosevelt honored his promise not to seek a third term, and persuaded his close friend, Taft, to become his successor. With Roosevelt's support, Taft won the presidential nomination of the 1908 Republican National Convention on the first ballot. Having lost the 1904 election badly, the Democratic Party re-nominated Bryan, who had been defeated in 1896 and 1900 by Republican William McKinley. Despite his two previous defeats and the waning of the Free Silver issue, Bryan remained extremely popular among the more liberal and populist elements of the Democratic Party.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24113, 30535, 1840853, 40529, 40531, 33521, 1762386, 8939450, 211484 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 27 ], [ 28, 46 ], [ 226, 261 ], [ 386, 390 ], [ 395, 399 ], [ 414, 430 ], [ 487, 498 ], [ 554, 561 ], [ 566, 574 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bryan ran a vigorous campaign against the nation's business elite, but the Democrat suffered the worst loss of his three presidential campaigns in the popular vote, as well as his worst defeat in terms of the electoral vote percentage. Taft won 51.6% of the popular vote and carried most states outside of the Solid South. Taft's triumph gave Republicans their fourth straight presidential election victory. Two third-party candidates, Eugene V. Debs of the Socialist Party and Eugene W. Chafin of the Prohibition Party, each took over 1% of the popular vote. As of 2022, it remains the most recent election where the Republican Party won four presidential elections in a row. This is the last election in which the Republicans won without Nebraska.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 723054, 319501, 50538, 243594, 1260782, 307316, 21647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 310, 321 ], [ 412, 423 ], [ 436, 450 ], [ 458, 473 ], [ 478, 494 ], [ 502, 519 ], [ 740, 748 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republican nomination contest marked the introduction of the presidential preference primary. The idea of the primary to nominate candidates was sponsored by anti-machine politicians such as New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes and Senator Albert B. Cummins. The first state to hold a presidential primary to select delegates to a national convention was Florida in 1904, when Democratic Party voters held a primary among uninstructed candidates for delegate. Early in 1908, the only two Republican contenders running nationwide campaigns for the presidential nomination were Secretary of War William Howard Taft and Governor Joseph B. Foraker, both of Ohio. In the nomination contest, four states held primaries to select national convention delegates. In Ohio, the state Republican Party held a primary on February 11. Candidates pledged to Taft were printed on the ballot in a Taft column, and candidates pledged to Foraker were printed in a column under his name. Taft won a resounding victory in Ohio. The three states holding primaries to select delegates without the preference component were split: California chose a slate of delegates that supported Taft; Wisconsin elected a slate that supported Wisconsin Senator Robert M. La Follette, Sr., and Pennsylvania elected a slate that supported its Senator Philander C. Knox.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 185311, 12861, 7525, 24909346, 741376, 40532, 44000, 33522, 252505, 699650, 509001, 1071840, 255189, 435365 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 96 ], [ 195, 212 ], [ 213, 233 ], [ 238, 245 ], [ 246, 263 ], [ 372, 376 ], [ 582, 598 ], [ 599, 618 ], [ 623, 631 ], [ 632, 649 ], [ 738, 748 ], [ 749, 757 ], [ 1231, 1257 ], [ 1319, 1336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1908 Republican Convention was held in Chicago between June 16 and 19. William Howard Taft was nominated with 702 votes to 68 for Knox, 67 for Hughes, 58 for Cannon, 40 for Fairbanks, 25 for La Follette, 16 for Foraker, 3 for President Roosevelt, and one abstention.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6886, 33522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 50 ], [ 75, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Representative James S. Sherman from New York received the vice-presidential nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 92207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the 1908 election approached, William Jennings Bryan was the front-runner for the Democratic presidential nomination. Bryan's most formidable challenger for the nomination was Minnesota Governor John Albert Johnson. Johnson's rags-to-riches story, honesty, reformist credentials, and ability to win in a heavily Republican state made him popular within the Democratic Party. In March, the Minnesota Democratic State Convention endorsed Johnson for president. By the end of June, however, Bryan had amassed more than the requisite two-thirds of the delegates needed for nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 40608, 214877, 251367, 20183521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 55 ], [ 179, 197 ], [ 198, 217 ], [ 229, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1908 Democratic National Convention was held in Denver between July 7 and 10. Johnson, aware of the fact that Bryan's nomination was a foregone conclusion, released his delegates, thereby allowing Bryan to win the nomination on the first ballot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 5592650, 8522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 52, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bryan left the choice of vice-president to the delegates. John W. Kern from Indiana was unanimously declared the candidate for vice-president without a formal ballot after the names of Charles A. Towne, Archibald McNeil, and Clark Howell were withdrawn from consideration. Kern was a former state senator (1893-1897) and two-time gubernatorial candidate (1900 and 1904).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 980962, 21883857, 256224, 8890228, 4964463, 253071, 55763045, 55763134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 70 ], [ 76, 83 ], [ 185, 201 ], [ 225, 237 ], [ 291, 304 ], [ 330, 343 ], [ 355, 359 ], [ 364, 368 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In response to nomination of Bryan and Kern, The New York Times disparagingly pointed out that the Democratic national ticket was consistent because \"a man twice defeated for the Presidency was at the head of it, and a man twice defeated for governor of his state was at the tail of it.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 30680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1904 the national Populist Party ticket fared fairly well. Its total was twice the party's total in the previous presidential election, and in ten states, it received over 1% of the vote. It also offered 47 candidates for the House of Representatives, though the only ones elected were cross-endorsed by one of the major parties. The party remained in fusion with either the Democrats or the Republicans in many states.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The following three years were a trying time for the party. When Democrats began to call for the nomination of Bryan in 1908, western Populist leader Thomas Tibbles announced that the People's Party would probably not support him since he had gone into the hands of the Eastern business interests. Two months later, Nebraska Democrats decided in their state convention to end fusion with the Populists, but they changed their mind after an all-night conference. In the midterm elections the party only offered 10 candidates for House, and the Kansas People's Party officially disbanded in December when that state party's leader announced that he was joining the Republicans.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 4049833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By late 1907, many Populists were hoping that Thomas Watson would agree to run for president again. The previous three years had been unusual for Watson. He gave a speech to a gathering of farmers in Greensborough, Georgia and while preparing for supper, the house where he was staying was burned. In mid-1906, Watson called on Georgia Populists to vote for Hoke Smith for governor in the Democratic primary, which fueled speculation that Watson was thinking of returning to the Democrats. In early 1907, Watson started a network of Populist-leaning publications to keep the party's principles alive; Tibbles was chosen to serve as the chief editor. One month later, someone fired shots into the Watsons' house in Augusta. He had an altercation with an African-American porter on a train; when the porter said that he was unable to increase the train's speed, Watson hit the man in the face with the cap of his cane.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1900400 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 358, 368 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The People's Party National Committee met on November 26, 1907, to make preparations for the 1908 national convention. National chairman James Ferriss indicated that Thomas Watson was the front runner for the nomination, saying that the party hoped to forge an alliance with one or more of the other minor parties, including possibly the Independence League or the Prohibitionists. In early 1908, however, at least one member of the national committee believed that Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin would win the Populist nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 8138167, 255189 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 150 ], [ 474, 492 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the first day of the convention, the delegation from Nebraska worked to adjourn the convention; they had already decided to support Bryan if he became the Democratic nominee. They managed to delay the official organization of the convention all day. One of their delegates, A.M. Walling of Nebraska, told the New York Times \"we shall bolt if the convention attempts to nominate Thomas E. Watson, or any one else. We are not alone, for we have assurances that Minnesota, Georgia, and possibly Michigan and Kansas will walk out when we do\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The convention was organized on the second day and completed all its relevant business. Watson supporters chose George A. Honnecker of New Jersey to serve as the permanent chairman, defeating the Bryan supporters' choice, Jacob Coxey. The platform called for inflation of the currency, public ownership of railroads, telephones, and telegraphs, labor legislation, and a ban on futures gambling. When the time for nominations began, a schism took place; Watson's name was placed in nomination, and the Nebraska delegation bolted. They were followed by T.J. Weighan, the sole delegate from Minnesota. Watson was then nominated for president; his running mate was Samuel Williams of Indiana.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 877570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 222, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The radical members of the party supported giving the nomination to Bill Haywood. Debs' health was in question until Ben Hanford, a member of the New York delegation, read a letter from Debs stating that he was in good health and would give his support to whoever won the nomination. Seymour Stedman, an opponent of Debs, proposed Algie Martin Simons, who had the support of the right-wing in the party, for the nomination. Victor L. Berger proposed Carl D. Thompson for the nomination and it was seconded by Winfield R. Gaylord and Carolyn Lloyd Strobell. James F. Carey was nominated by Ida Crouch-Hazlett. Max S. Hayes nomination was seconded by Alfred Wagenknecht. Phillip H. Callery nominated Debs on May 14, 1908, and it was seconded by John Spargo and he won the nomination on the first ballot with 159 votes out of the 198 cast. A motion by Berger and Stedman to make the selection unanimous was approved. Carey's name was put up for the vice-presidential nomination by the Massachusetts, Minnesota, and Montana delegations, but he declined to run and Caleb Lipscomb also declined. Hanford won the vice-presidential selection with 106 votes on the first ballot and was later made unanimous. Debs' campaign was managed by J. Mahlon Barnes. This was the first time that a candidate besides Debs had been nominated for the Socialist presidential nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 324935, 20352251, 3609746, 26969606, 851238, 20907605, 22818437, 63139095, 49410203, 33964927, 20966699, 12011335, 2893092, 27153078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 80 ], [ 117, 128 ], [ 284, 299 ], [ 331, 350 ], [ 424, 440 ], [ 450, 466 ], [ 509, 528 ], [ 533, 555 ], [ 557, 571 ], [ 589, 607 ], [ 609, 621 ], [ 649, 667 ], [ 743, 754 ], [ 1229, 1245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lincoln Steffens initially believed that Debs was not suitable for the presidency, but later told Brand Whitlock, the mayor of Toledo, Ohio, to vote for Debs after Steffens interviewed Debs and Berger. Haywood fundraised for the purchase of a train, which had over 200,000 contributors, that was later named the Red Special. Debs' train left on August 30, 1908, and traveled over 9,000 miles and gave 187 speeches over twenty-five days. Twenty-two million copies of Appeal to Reason were distributed during the campaign and the newspaper gained 50,000 subscribers. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 196070, 3398934, 2522445, 30849, 12298703 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 98, 112 ], [ 118, 123 ], [ 127, 139 ], [ 466, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Theodore Roosevelt believed that the Socialists would take progressive votes away from Taft and stated that Debs' speeches were \"mere pieces of the literature of criminal violence\". Samuel Gompers, the president of the American Federation of Labor and who had endorsed Bryan, criticized Debs accusing him of receiving secret funding for his train from the Republicans. The Socialists published the names of every contributor to the train fund and the amount they donated and also challenged Gompers to a debate, but he refused. Former President Grover Cleveland and Chicago Tribune predicted that the Socialists would receive over one million votes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 327155, 350020, 12495, 60961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 196 ], [ 219, 247 ], [ 545, 561 ], [ 566, 581 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Debs hoped to receive over a million votes, but only received 420,852 votes which was a 20,000 vote increase from the 1904 election. Debs stated that the reason for the small increase was due to Democrats who had supported him in 1904 over Parker had voted for Bryan and that those who remained were pure socialist votes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Socialist Labor Party met in New York, New York from July 2 to July 5 in Arlington Hall, St. Mark's Place. While increasingly dwarfed by the growing membership of the Socialist Party led by Eugene Debs and Bill Haywood, Daniel De Leon and his compatriots remained committed to maintaining their separate course, considering Debs and his platform as \"reactionary\". An attempt was made to depose Leon from his position of editor of the Party's papers in favor of a more moderate candidate, fearing that Leon's writings were alienating voters who might otherwise be sympathetic to their cause. The report was overwhelmingly voted down after Leon spoke in defense of his conduct as the Party's editor, with a rival report being adopted praising his leadership. When it came time for the nominations, Leon personally nominated Martin Preston of Nevada, who was currently serving a twenty-five year sentence for the murder of Anton Silva. While noting that Preston was only 32 at the time, Leon remarked that \"it was for the working people to elect Preston, and if he was elected he would be seated\". Preston's nomination was ratified unanimously, with Donald Munro of Virginia winning in a contest against Arthur S. Dower of Texas for the vice presidential nomination. The nominations were later formalized at Cooper Union following the close of the convention.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 243594, 50538, 324935, 39606902, 56133163, 48926961, 275339 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 186 ], [ 194, 205 ], [ 210, 222 ], [ 224, 238 ], [ 880, 935 ], [ 1151, 1163 ], [ 1309, 1321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Only days later however Martin Preston replied in a telegram that he could not accept the Presidential nomination, a declination that had not been expected nor prepared for. August Gillhaus of New York was later then nominated in Preston's stead.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1523961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 174, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Prohibition Party met in Columbus, Ohio on July 14 and 15 to nominate their presidential ticket. Eugene Chafin was nominated on the third ballot in an open contest. When the runner-up for the Presidential nomination William Palmore, a Methodist Minister from Missouri and Editor of the St. Louis Christian Advocate, declined his nomination for the Vice Presidency, the convention hurriedly allowed for a new set of nominations and another ballot. Aaron Watkins of Ohio would win a majority on the first ballot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1260782, 3004463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 114 ], [ 451, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Disappointed with his performance in the 1904 Democratic presidential nomination campaign, and disillusioned as to his chances of successfully attaining it in 1908, William Randolph Hearst decided to run instead on the ticket of a third party of his own making. Originally borne from the Municipal Ownership League, a vehicle for Hearst's ultimately unsuccessful bid for the mayoralty of New York in 1905, it was Hearst's intention to fuse it with the remnants of the Populist Party led by Thomas Watson, a former Representative from Georgia who had been its presidential nominee in 1904. However, these intentions were dashed when every candidate that the Independence Party put forth in elections held in New York was elected except Hearst himself, despite an endorsement by the Democratic Party. Devastated, Hearst declared his intention never again to be a candidate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 10194598, 404806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 288, 314 ], [ 490, 503 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While Hearst would no longer be the nominee, he fully intended to exercise influence at Independence Party's convention; the platform itself was in large part a statement of his own views. With its candidates nominated, the party's purpose was changed from being a path for Hearst's presidential ambitions to being an instrument of his wrath. Through the influence of his papers and generous financial donations, Hearst hoped that the Independence ticket would draw away votes from William Jennings Bryan and lead to his defeat against Taft, a personal vendetta for Bryan failing to support his own bid for the Presidency in 1904.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With the Free Silver issue no longer dominant, Bryan campaigned on a progressive platform attacking \"government by privilege.\" His campaign slogan, \"Shall the People Rule?\", was featured on numerous posters and campaign memorabilia. However, Taft undercut Bryan's liberal support by accepting some of his reformist ideas, and Roosevelt's progressive policies blurred the distinctions between the parties. Republicans also used the slogan \"Vote for Taft now, you can vote for Bryan anytime,\" a sarcastic reference to Bryan's two failed previous presidential campaigns.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1762386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Socialist candidate, Eugene Debs, embarked on an ambitious whistle-stop tour aboard a train nicknamed the Red Special, giving speeches regarding the Socialist cause across the country. The exertion of the tour exhausted Debs, and at certain points his brother Theodore - who bore a great resemblance to Eugene - substituted for him to allow the candidate to rest.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1218995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Businessmen continued to support the Republican Party, and Bryan failed to secure the support of labor. As a result, Bryan ended up with the worst of his three defeats in the national popular vote. He lost almost all the northern states to Taft and the popular vote by 8 percentage points.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This would be Bryan's last campaign for the presidency, although he would remain a popular figure within the Democratic Party and in 1912 would play a key role in securing the presidential nomination for Woodrow Wilson. Charles W. Bryan, William's brother, would become the (losing) Democratic nominee for Vice President in 1924. Bryan's 162 electoral votes from this election, combined with his 155 and 176 electoral votes from 1900 and 1896 respectively, make him the person with the most electoral votes never to be president.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 33523, 980942, 40537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 204, 218 ], [ 220, 236 ], [ 321, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Forty-six states participated, as Oklahoma had joined the Union less than a year before. Bryan won forty-eight counties in the new state of Oklahoma. The most important increase in number of counties carried by Bryan was in the West South Central section, in part due to the vote of newly admitted Oklahoma.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 22489, 920048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 42 ], [ 228, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 2,858 counties making returns, Taft won in 1,494 (52.27%) while Bryan carried 1,355 (47.41%). Nine (0.31%) counties recorded more votes cast for \"Other(s)\" than either of the two-party candidates, whilst twenty-eight counties (0.97%) recorded zero votes due to being inhabited either by Native Americans who would not gain full citizenship for sixteen years, or by disenfranchised southern African-Americans. Taft had a majority in 1,325 counties while Bryan had a majority in 1,204 counties.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 5146630, 9704515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 325, 346 ], [ 372, 414 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By carrying 1,355 counties, Bryan won more counties than he had in 1900 (1,340), but he did not reach or surpass the number of counties he had won in 1896 (1,559). While Bryan won more counties than McKinley in 1896, Bryan failed to carry more counties than the Republican candidate in 1900 or 1904. Compared with his strength in previous elections, however, Bryan carried 69 counties in 1908 which had not been Democratic in either 1896 or 1900.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40531, 40529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 71 ], [ 150, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bryan increased the area carried by Democrats in every part of the country except New England and the South. He doubled the number of Democratic counties in Wisconsin and won more counties in Indiana than were carried by plurality vote by the Democrats in any election in the Fourth Party System except 1912. He made decided gains in Missouri and in his home state of Nebraska, besides achieving notable victories in Colorado and Nevada. However, in four Western states (Washington, Oregon, Wyoming, and North Dakota), there was not one Democratic county. This was true likewise of Michigan, Delaware, and each of the New England states.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764, 179553, 5592096, 40534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 93 ], [ 102, 107 ], [ 276, 295 ], [ 303, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The total vote increased greatly, by more than a million vis-à-vis 1904. Each party shared in the increase, but whereas Taft had nearly fifty thousand more than Theodore Roosevelt, Bryan had nearly 1,500,000 more votes than Alton Parker had garnered, and more than in either of his previous campaigns.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 368456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 224, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It was noticeable that the \"other\" vote was only about seven thousand less than four years earlier. The \"other\" vote was a plurality in nine counties in the states of Georgia and Texas.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The size of the vote cast for the defeated Bryan in 1908 is clear evidence of perhaps the most striking feature of the American presidential vote. In this third attempt at the presidency, and in an election following one in which the nominee of his party polled only five million votes, Bryan had heavy support in every section of the country, and in every state. Moreover, nearly two-thirds of the vote cast for Bryan was from the fifteen states of the (Northeastern) Mid-Atlantic, East North Central, and West North Central sections, in which the Democratic candidate carried only one state (Nebraska).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 431669, 181779, 920073, 920107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 454, 468 ], [ 469, 481 ], [ 483, 501 ], [ 507, 525 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite all conclusions as to predominant sentiment in the different sections and its economic, social, and political causes, there was a national vote cast for Bryan, and it was urban as well as rural; it was eastern, western, southern, and northern. Everywhere the Democratic Party was the minority party, and it was not hopeless, nor was it helpless. It was the agency for the expression of the opposition of almost six and a half million voters.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to Historian George E. Mowry:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 43201616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " What was especially significant in the election was the continued growth in the strength of the Democratic party and the success of the so-called progressive Republican candidates in the Midwest. The Republicans had not only lost seats in the House of Representatives but they had also lost governors in Ohio, Indiana, Minnesota, and North Dakota, all of which voted for Taft. In Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska, and even in Kansas self-announced progressive Republicans, who had previously defeated conservatives in the primaries, were more successful in beating their Democratic rivals. The election, The New York Times reported, had been punctuated with \"independent voting.\" A closer analysis of the returns indicated that the voter in the Midwest had expressed his independence mostly from standpat Republicanism symbolized by the control of Speaker Cannon in the House and Aldrich in the Senate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As of 2021, this is the last of only two elections when Kansas and Nebraska have not voted for the same candidate. The election of 1908 was the last election in which a Republican won the presidency without winning Nebraska, and the last in which Nebraska voted differently to Kansas and North Dakota.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (34 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (46 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (60 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tipping point state:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " President of the United States", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 24113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1865–1918)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1908 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1365787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1908 and 1909 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4620542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inauguration of William Howard Taft", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21211723 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Coletta, Paolo E. The Presidency of William Howard Taft (1973) pp.1–21.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Coletta, Paolo E. \"The Election of 1908\" in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. and Fred L Israel, eds., History of American Presidential Elections: 1789-1968 (1971) 3: 2049–2131. online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Coletta, Paolo E. William Jennings Bryan. I: Political Evangelist, 1860-1908 (U of Nebraska Press, 1964)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fahey, James J. \"Building Populist Discourse: An Analysis of Populist Communication in American Presidential Elections, 1896–2016.\" Social Science Quarterly 102.4 (2021): 1268-1288. online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Glad, Paul W. The trumpet soundeth; William Jennings Bryan and his democracy, 1896–1912 (1960) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Korzi, Michael J., \"William Howard Taft, the 1908 Election, and the Future of the American Presidency,\" Congress and the Presidency, 43 (May–August 2016), 227–54. ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mowry, George E. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt, 1900-1912 (1958). online ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sarasohn, David. The Party of Reform: Democrats in the Progressive Era (UP of Mississippi, 1989), 35–58.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1908: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Republican Campaign Textbook 1908", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tim Davenport, \"Red Special Across America,\" The Debs Project blog, June 23, 2019, Complete list of Debs tour stops.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1908 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1908 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1908 in Counting the Votes", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1908_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft", "William_Howard_Taft", "November_1908_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1908" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1912 United States presidential election was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1912. Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson unseated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and defeated former President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran under the banner of the new Progressive or \"Bull Moose\" Party. This is the most recent presidential election in which the second-place candidate was neither a Democrat nor a Republican. This also remains the most recent election where a former president ran after leaving office. This is the most recent election to date in which four candidates received over five percent of the vote.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 3088213, 33523, 4157940, 33522, 30535, 3976239 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 128, 138 ], [ 148, 162 ], [ 182, 192 ], [ 203, 222 ], [ 253, 271 ], [ 309, 342 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt served as president from 1901 to 1909 as a Republican, and Taft succeeded him with his support. Taft's actions as president displeased Roosevelt, and Roosevelt challenged Taft for the party nomination at the 1912 Republican National Convention. When Taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed, Roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third-party bid. At the Democratic Convention, Wilson won the presidential nomination on the 46th ballot, defeating Speaker of the House Champ Clark and several other candidates with the support of William Jennings Bryan and other progressive Democrats. The Socialist Party renominated its perennial standard-bearer, Eugene V. Debs.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3928808, 2298740, 2035730, 319501, 15065973, 466580, 40608, 243594, 50538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 218, 253 ], [ 273, 285 ], [ 335, 346 ], [ 373, 384 ], [ 397, 418 ], [ 510, 521 ], [ 571, 593 ], [ 631, 646 ], [ 690, 704 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The general election was bitterly contested by Wilson, Roosevelt, Taft and Debs. Roosevelt's \"New Nationalism\" platform called for social insurance programs, reduction to an eight-hour workday, and robust federal regulation of the economy. Wilson's \"New Freedom\" platform called for tariff reduction, banking reform, and new antitrust regulation. Incumbent Taft conducted a subdued campaign based on his platform of \"progressive conservatism.\" As Debs tried to galvanize widespread support behind his socialist policies, Debs claimed that Wilson, Roosevelt and Taft were all financed by different factions within the capitalist trusts, and that Roosevelt in particular was a demagogue using socialistic language in order to divert socialist policies up safe channels for the capitalist establishment.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1399072, 1550826, 2100109, 1773228, 3873491, 92025, 26847, 5416 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 109 ], [ 131, 147 ], [ 174, 192 ], [ 250, 261 ], [ 283, 289 ], [ 325, 345 ], [ 501, 510 ], [ 617, 627 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson took advantage of the Republican split, winning 40 states and a large majority of the electoral vote with just 41.8% of the popular vote, the lowest support for any President after 1860. Wilson was the first Democrat to win a presidential election since 1892 and one of just three Democratic presidents to serve between 1861 (the American Civil War) and 1933 (the onset of the Great Depression). Wilson was the first Democrat since 1856 to win the popular vote by double digits. Roosevelt finished second with 88 electoral votes and 27% of the popular vote. Taft carried 23% of the national vote and won two states, Vermont and Utah. He was the first Republican to lose the Northern states. Debs won no electoral votes but got 6% of the popular vote, which remains the highest ever for a Socialist candidate as of . With Wilson's decisive victory, he became the first presidential candidate to receive over 400 electoral votes in a presidential election. This marked the first time since 1884 that California voted for the losing candidate. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 538393, 538393, 40528, 32578, 31716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 21 ], [ 25, 45 ], [ 261, 265 ], [ 623, 630 ], [ 635, 639 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Republican President Theodore Roosevelt had declined to run for re-election in 1908 in fulfillment of a pledge to the American people not to seek a third term. Roosevelt had tapped Secretary of War William Howard Taft to become his successor, and Taft defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1908 general election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 40533, 40608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 83 ], [ 261, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During Taft's administration, a rift developed between Roosevelt and Taft, and they became the leaders of the Republican Party's two wings: progressives led by Roosevelt and conservatives led by Taft. Progressives favored labor restrictions protecting women and children, promoted ecological conservation, and were more sympathetic toward labor unions. They also favored the popular election of federal and state judges over appointment by the President or governors. Conservatives supported high tariffs to encourage domestic production, but favored business leaders over labor unions and were generally opposed to the popular election of judges.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 2035730, 2298740, 100089, 17626, 3873491 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 152 ], [ 174, 187 ], [ 292, 304 ], [ 339, 351 ], [ 492, 537 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cracks in the party began to show when Taft supported the Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act in 1909. The Act favored the industrial Northeast and angered the Northwest and South, where demand was strong for tariff reductions. Early in his term, President Taft had promised to stand for a lower tariff bill, but protectionism had been a major policy of the Republican Party since its founding.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 55734, 153023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 82 ], [ 302, 315 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taft also fought against Roosevelt's antitrust policy. While Roosevelt believed some monopolies should be preserved, Taft argued that all monopolies must be broken up. Taft also fired popular conservationist Gifford Pinchot as head of the Bureau of Forestry in 1910. By 1910, the split within the party was deep, and Roosevelt and Taft turned against one another despite their personal friendship. That summer, Roosevelt began a national speaking tour, during which he outlined his progressive philosophy and the New Nationalist platform, which he introduced in a speech in Osawatomie, Kansas on August 31. In the 1910 midterm elections, the Republicans lost 57 seats in the House of Representatives as the Democrats gained a majority for the first time since 1894. These results were a large defeat for the conservative wing of the party. James E. Campbell writes that one cause may have been a large number of progressive voters choosing third-party candidates over conservative Republicans. Nevertheless, Roosevelt continued to reject calls to run for president into the year 1911. In a January letter to newspaper editor William Allen White, he wrote, \"I do not think there is one chance in a thousand that it will ever be wise to have me nominated.\" However, speculation continued, further harming Roosevelt and Taft's relationship. After months of continually increasing support, Roosevelt changed his position, writing to journalist Henry Beach Needham in January 1912 that if the nomination \"comes to me as a genuine public movement of course I will accept.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 224687, 42652, 1399072, 114745, 1365780, 1391471, 53466632, 894935 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 208, 223 ], [ 239, 257 ], [ 513, 528 ], [ 574, 592 ], [ 614, 636 ], [ 760, 764 ], [ 840, 857 ], [ 1125, 1144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the first time, many convention delegates were elected in presidential preference primaries. Progressive Republicans advocated primary elections as a way of breaking the control of political parties by bosses. Altogether, twelve states held Republican primaries.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1071840, 185311, 169131, 1830882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 44 ], [ 62, 95 ], [ 131, 148 ], [ 206, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Senator Robert \"Fighting Bob\" La Follette won two of the first four primaries (North Dakota and his home state of Wisconsin), but Taft won a major victory in Roosevelt's home state of New York and continued to rack up delegates in more conservative, traditional state conventions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 255189 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, on March 28, Roosevelt issued an ultimatum: if Republicans did not nominate him, he would run as an independent. Beginning with a runaway victory in Illinois on April 9, Roosevelt won nine of the last ten presidential primaries (including Taft's home state of Ohio), losing only Massachusetts.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Taft also had support from the bulk of the Southern Republican organizations. Delegates from the former Confederate states supported Taft by a 5 to 1 margin. These states had voted solidly Democratic in every presidential election since 1880, and Roosevelt objected that they were given one-quarter of the delegates when they would contribute nothing to a Republican victory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 179553, 723054, 40525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 62 ], [ 181, 199 ], [ 237, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "388 delegates were selected through the primaries and Roosevelt won 281 received, Taft received 71 delegates, and La Follette received 36 delegates. However, Taft had a 566–466 margin, placing him over the 540 needed for nomination, with the delegations selected as state conventions. Roosevelt accused the Taft faction of having over 200 fraudulently selected delegates. However, the Republican National Committee ruled in favor of Taft for 233 of the delegate cases while 6 were in favor of Roosevelt. The committee reinvestigated the 92 of the contested delegates and ruled in favor of Taft for all of them.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 326350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 385, 414 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt supporters criticized the large amount of delegates coming from areas the Republicans would not win, with over 200 delegates coming from areas that had not been won by a Republican since carpetbaggers left, or the four delegates that came from the territories which didn't vote in the general election. However, Roosevelt had rejected an attempt to abolish delegations from the south at the 1908 Republican National Convention due to him needing them for Taft's nomination.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 491908, 1840853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 197, 209 ], [ 401, 436 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Herbert S. Hadley served as Roosevelt's floor manager at the convention. Hadley made a motion for 74 of Taft's delegates to be replaced by 72 delegates after the reading of the convention call, but his motion was ruled out of order. Elihu Root, a supporter of Taft, was selected to chair the convention after winning 558 votes against McGovern's 501 votes. Root was accused of having won through the rotten boroughs of the southern delegations as every northern state, except for four, voted for McGovern.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2453632, 287468, 329847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 233, 243 ], [ 400, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt broke with tradition and attended the convention, where he was welcomed with great support from voters. Despite Roosevelt's presence in Chicago and his attempts to disqualify Taft supporters, the incumbent ticket of Taft and James S. Sherman was renominated on the first ballot. Sherman was the first sitting vice president re-nominated since John C. Calhoun in 1828. After losing the vote, Roosevelt announced the formation of a new party dedicated \"to the service of all the people.\" This would later come to be known as the Progressive Party. Roosevelt announced that his party would hold its convention in Chicago and that he would accept their nomination if offered. Meanwhile, Taft decided not to campaign before the election beyond his acceptance speech on August 1. Warren G. Harding presented Taft's name for the nomination. Taft won the nomination while 344 of Roosevelt's delegates abstained from the vote. Henry Justin Allen read a speech from Roosevelt in which he criticized the process and stated that delegates had been stolen from his in order to secure Taft's nomination.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 92207, 52110, 40510, 3976239, 33060, 2839922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 235, 251 ], [ 353, 368 ], [ 372, 376 ], [ 537, 554 ], [ 784, 801 ], [ 928, 946 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic Convention was held in Baltimore from June 25 to July 2.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 26997138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially, the front-runner was Speaker of the House Champ Clark of Missouri. Though Clark received the most votes on early ballots, he was unable to get the two-thirds majority required to win.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 46023, 466580, 19571, 638313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 52 ], [ 53, 64 ], [ 68, 76 ], [ 158, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Clark's chances were hurt when Tammany Hall, the powerful New York City Democratic political machine, threw its support behind him. The Tammany endorsement caused William Jennings Bryan, three-time Democratic presidential candidate and leader of the party's progressives, to turn against Clark. Bryan shifted his support to reformist Governor of New Jersey Woodrow Wilson and decried Clark as the candidate of Wall Street. Wilson had consistently finished second in balloting.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 172077, 645042, 407940, 40608, 37274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 43 ], [ 58, 71 ], [ 83, 100 ], [ 163, 185 ], [ 410, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson had nearly given up hope and almost freed his delegates to vote for another candidate. Instead, Bryan's defection from Clark to Wilson led many other delegates to do the same. Wilson gradually gained strength while Clark's support dwindled, and Wilson finally received the nomination on the 46th ballot.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thomas R. Marshall, the Governor of Indiana who had swung Indiana's votes to Wilson, was named Wilson's running mate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 31362, 253071 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 24, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taft had won the Republican nomination while 344 of Roosevelt's delegates abstained from the vote. Later that day supporters of Roosevelt met in the Chicago Orchestra Hall and nominated him as an independent candidate for president which Roosevelt accepted although he requested a formal convention. Roosevelt initially considered not running as a third-party candidate until George Walbridge Perkins and Frank Munsey offered their financial support. Roosevelt and his supporters formed the Progressive Party at a convention, temporarily chaired by Senator Albert J. Beveridge, on August 5, and Hiram Johnson was selected as his vice-presidential running mate. Ben B. Lindsey and John M. Parker had been considered for the presidential nomination, but Parker and Lindsey instead both nominated Johnson for the position.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 380325, 2247859, 2661280, 3976239, 1318903, 175069, 1119979, 6257394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 171 ], [ 376, 400 ], [ 405, 417 ], [ 491, 508 ], [ 557, 576 ], [ 595, 608 ], [ 661, 675 ], [ 680, 694 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Progressives promised to increase federal regulation and protect the welfare of ordinary people. At the convention, Perkins blocked an antitrust plank, shocking reformers who thought of Roosevelt as a true trust-buster. The delegates to the convention sang the hymn \"Onward, Christian Soldiers\" as their anthem. In his acceptance speech, Roosevelt compared the coming presidential campaign to the Battle of Armageddon and stated that the Progressives were going to \"battle for the Lord.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6708302, 3058 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 271, 297 ], [ 411, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Socialist candidates:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Eugene V. Debs, former State Senator from Indiana", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 50538, 4964463, 21883857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 24, 37 ], [ 43, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Emil Seidel, Mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 255215, 255207, 33127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 14, 32 ], [ 34, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Charles Edward Russell, journalist from Iowa", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3368629, 26810748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ], [ 41, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Members of the Socialist Party of America had won in multiple elections between the 1908 and 1912 presidential elections with Emil Seidel being elected as the mayor of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Victor L. Berger was elected to the United States House of Representatives. The party claimed that it had 435 members elected to office by 1911, and over one thousand by 1912.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 243594, 255215, 255207, 53117, 851238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 41 ], [ 126, 137 ], [ 159, 164 ], [ 168, 177 ], [ 194, 210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dan Hogan put Debs name up for the presidential nomination. Debs won the presidential nomination, although he had supported giving the nomination to the Appeal to Reason's editor Fred Warren, with 165 votes while Seidel received 56 votes and Charles Edward Russell received 54 votes. Seidel was given the vice-presidential nomination against Russell and Hogan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 12298703, 3368629 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 169 ], [ 242, 264 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the presidential ballot Seidel and Russell proposed a motion to make Debs' nomination unanimous and it was accepted. Hogan and Slayton proposed to make the nomination of Seidel unanimous after the vice-presidential selection and it was accepted. Otto Branstetter, Berger, and Carl D. Thompson, who were serving as delegates, voted for Seidel during the presidential balloting. Morris Hillquit, Meyer London, and John Spargo, who were serving as delegates, supported Russell during the presidential balloting. Hogan, a delegate from Arkansas, had supported Debs during the presidential balloting.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 49779030, 20907605, 1608380, 2895279, 2893092 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 252, 268 ], [ 282, 298 ], [ 383, 398 ], [ 400, 412 ], [ 418, 429 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "J. Mahlon Barnes, who had managed Debs' campaign in the 1908 election, also managed the campaign in 1912. The Socialists predicted that they would receive over two million votes and have twelve members elected to Congress, but Debs only received 897,011 votes and Berger lost reelection. Debs received his largest number of votes from Ohio while his best percentage was in Nevada. The largest percentage gain since the 1908 presidential election was in West Virginia where their vote total increased by over 300%. George Brinton McClellan Harvey stated that had Roosevelt not run then Debs would have gained an additional half a million votes. The number of Socialists in the state legislatures increased from twenty to twenty-one.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 27153078, 54007454, 53428404, 57445357, 10473097 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 335, 339 ], [ 373, 379 ], [ 453, 466 ], [ 514, 545 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt conducted a vigorous national campaign for the Progressive Party, denouncing the way the Republican nomination had been \"stolen\". He bundled together his reforms under the rubric of \"The New Nationalism\" and stumped the country for a strong federal role in regulating the economy and chastising bad corporations. Roosevelt rallied progressives with speeches denouncing the political establishment. He promised \"an expert tariff commission, wholly removed from the possibility of political pressure or of improper business influence.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1399072 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 197, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson supported a policy called \"The New Freedom\". This policy was based mostly on individualism instead of a strong government. Wilson opposed Roosevelt's proposal to establish a powerful state bureaucracy charged with regulating large corporations, with Wilson instead favoring the break-up of large corporations in order to create a level economic playing field. Though Wilson's rhetoric paid homage to the traditional Democratic Party skepticisms of government and \"collectivism\", after his election win Wilson would embrace some of the progressive reforms which Roosevelt had campaigned on.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1773228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taft campaigned quietly and spoke of the need for judges to be more powerful than elected officials. The departure of the progressives left the Republican Party firmly controlled by the conservative wing. Much of the Republican effort was designed to discredit Roosevelt as a dangerous radical, but this had little effect. Many of the nation's pro-Republican newspapers depicted Roosevelt as an egotist running only to spoil Taft's chances and feed his vanity.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1285228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 395, 402 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Socialists had little funding compared to the Republican, Democratic and Progressive campaigns. Debs' campaign spent only $66,000, mostly on 3.5million leaflets and travel to locally organized rallies. Debs' biggest event was a speech to 15,000 supporters in New York City. The crowd sang \"La Marseillaise\" and \"The Internationale.\" Debs's running mate Emil Seidel boasted: ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 50030, 269637, 255215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 294, 309 ], [ 316, 334 ], [ 357, 368 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Debs claimed that there was no hope under the present decaying capitalist system, and that the worker who votes the Republican or Democratic ticket does worse than throw away his vote, as he is a deserter of his class and becomes his own worst enemy. Debs insisted that Democrats, Progressives, and Republicans alike were financed by different factions within the capitalist trusts, and that only the Socialists represented labor. Debs condemned \"Injunction Bill Taft\" and condemned Roosevelt for stealing his socialist clothes with the intent to make socialist policies \"safer\" for the establishment.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At a campaign speech in Philadelphia on September 28, 1912, Debs said of Roosevelt: ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At a campaign stop in Milwaukee on October 14, John Flammang Schrank, a saloonkeeper from New York, shot Roosevelt in the chest. The bullet penetrated his steel eyeglass case and a 50-page single-folded copy of his speech Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual and became lodged in his chest. Schrank was immediately disarmed and captured. Schrank had been stalking Roosevelt. He was demented and said the ghost of President McKinley ordered him to kill Roosevelt to prevent a third term.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1056273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed and assured the crowd he was all right, then ordered police to take charge of Schrank and ensure no violence was done to him. Roosevelt, an experienced hunter and anatomist, correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood, the bullet had not reached his lung. He declined suggestions to go to the hospital and instead delivered his scheduled speech with blood seeping into his shirt. His opening comments to the gathered crowd were, \"Ladies and gentlemen, I don't know whether you fully understand that I have just been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a bull moose.\" He spoke for 90 minutes before completing his speech and accepting medical attention.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Afterward, probes and an x-ray showed that the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt's chest muscle, but did not penetrate the pleura. Doctors concluded that it would be less dangerous to leave it in place than to attempt to remove it, and Roosevelt carried the bullet with him for the rest of his life.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 47701424 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taft was not campaigning and focused on his presidential duties. Wilson briefly suspended his campaigning. By October 17, Wilson was back on the campaign trail but avoided any criticism of Roosevelt or his party. Roosevelt spent two weeks recuperating before returning to the campaign trail with a major speech on October 30, designed to reassure his supporters he was strong enough for the presidency.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On October 30, 1912, Vice President James S. Sherman died, leaving Taft without a running mate less than a week before the election. Nicholas M. Butler, president of Columbia University, was hastily chosen to replace Sherman as the Republican vice-presidential candidate.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 32759, 92207, 575927, 6310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 35 ], [ 36, 52 ], [ 133, 151 ], [ 166, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On November 5, Wilson captured the presidency handily by carrying a record 40 states.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As of , this is the only presidential election since 1860 in which either 4 candidates received more than 5% of the popular vote or a third-party candidate outperformed a Republican or Democrat in the general election. Wilson won the presidency with a lower percentage of the popular vote than any candidate since Abraham Lincoln in 1860. Taft's result remains the worst performance for any incumbent president, both in terms of electoral votes (8) and share of popular votes (23.17%). His 8 electoral votes remain the fewest by a Republican or Democrat, matched by Alf Landon's 1936 campaign.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 40519, 307, 40558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 57 ], [ 314, 329 ], [ 567, 593 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson's raw vote total was less than William Jennings Bryan totaled in any of his three campaigns. In only two regions, New England and the Pacific, was Wilson's vote greater than the greatest Bryan vote.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 1912 election was the first to include all 48 of the current contiguous United States.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 83759 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Few states were carried by any candidate with a majority of the popular vote. Wilson won a majority in the eleven former Confederate states. Only South Dakota, where Taft did not appear on the ballot, gave Roosevelt a majority. Taft won only two states, Vermont and Utah, each with a plurality.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 7023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson finished 1st in 40 states. He finished 2nd behind Roosevelt in 5 states, and 2nd behind Taft only in Utah. He finished 3rd in 2 states, in Michigan where Roosevelt finished 1st and Taft finished 2nd, and in Vermont where Taft finished 1st and Roosevelt finished 2nd.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt finished 1st in 6 states. He finished 2nd in 24 states, behind Wilson in 23, and behind Taft in Vermont. He finished 3rd in 17 states. In 15 of those, Wilson finished 1st and Taft finished 2nd. In the other two, Taft finished 1st and Wilson finished 2nd in Utah, while Wilson finished 1st and Debs finished 2nd in Florida. Roosevelt was not on the ballot in Oklahoma.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Taft finished 1st in Vermont and Utah. He finished 2nd in 18 states, behind Wilson in 17 of those. The one exception was Michigan where Taft finished 2nd behind Roosevelt. He finished 3rd in 21 states. In 18 of those, Wilson finished 1st and Roosevelt finished 2nd. In the other 3, Minnesota, Pennsylvania and Washington, Roosevelt finished 1st and Wilson finished 2nd. Taft also finished 4th in 5 states. In 4 of those, the top 3 in order were Wilson-Roosevelt-Debs. In Florida, Wilson finished 1st, Debs finished 2nd, and Roosevelt finished 3rd. While not on the ballot in California, Taft received 3,914 write in votes in the state, placing him 5th, behind Roosevelt, Wilson, Debs and Chafin. Taft was not on the ballot at all in South Dakota, not even as a write in option.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Debs finished 2nd in Florida behind Wilson. He finished 3rd in 7 states. In Nevada, Arizona, Louisiana and Mississippi, Wilson finished 1st, Roosevelt finished 2nd, Debs finished 3rd and Taft finished 4th. The other 3 states where Debs finished 3rd were Oklahoma, where Roosevelt was not on the ballot, South Dakota, where Taft was not on the ballot, and California, where Taft was not on the ballot, but received write-in votes, causing Taft to finish 5th in California. Debs finished 4th in 38 states. Debs was beaten by Chafin in two states, Vermont and Delaware, with Debs finishing 5th in both states.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chafin finished last in 18 states. The states where Chafin avoided finishing last were the 20 states where Reimer was on the ballot - Reimer finished last in every state he contested - as well as Vermont and Delaware, where Chafin managed to force Debs into last place. The other state where Chafin avoided last place was California, where Taft was only a write-in candidate and finished last.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Reimer was not on the ballot in 28 states, Chafin was not on the ballot in 7 states. Only in Utah was Reimer on the ballot but Chafin not.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This was the first time since 1852 that Iowa, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio, and Rhode Island voted for a Democrat, and the first time in history that Massachusetts voted Democratic.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Democrats would not win Maine again until 1964, Connecticut and Delaware until 1936, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin until 1932, and Massachusetts and Rhode Island until 1928. Additionally, it was the last time until 1932 that the Republicans failed to win Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and South Dakota.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (13 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (142 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (73 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tipping point state:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (for a Taft victory)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (for a Roosevelt victory)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (for a Debs victory)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In a plurality of 1,396 counties, no candidate obtained a majority.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson won 1,969 counties but held a majority in only 1,237, less than Bryan had had in any of his campaigns.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Other(s)\", mostly Roosevelt, won a plurality in 772 counties and a majority in 305 counties. Most of them in Pennsylvania (48), Illinois (33), Michigan (68), Minnesota (75), Iowa (49), South Dakota (54), Nebraska (32), Kansas (51), Washington (38), and California (44).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 51404466 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 175, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Debs carried four counties: Lake and Beltrami in Minnesota, Burke in North Dakota, and Crawford in Kansas. These are the only counties ever to vote for the Socialist presidential nominee.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 94960, 94999, 93212, 95732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 32 ], [ 37, 45 ], [ 60, 65 ], [ 87, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taft won a plurality in only 232 counties and a majority in only 35. In addition to South Dakota and California, where there was no Taft ticket, Taft carried no counties in Maine, New Jersey, Minnesota, Nevada, Arizona, and seven \"Solid South\" states.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 723054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 231, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nine counties did not record any votes due to either black disenfranchisement or being inhabited only by Native Americans, who would not gain full citizenship for twelve more years.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 9704515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of , 1912 remains the last election in which the key Indiana counties of Hamilton and Hendricks, along with Walworth County, Wisconsin, Pulaski and Laurel Counties in Kentucky and Hawkins County, Tennessee have given a plurality to the Democratic candidate.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 96120, 96115, 90925, 95534, 95577, 91732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 84 ], [ 89, 98 ], [ 111, 137 ], [ 139, 146 ], [ 151, 166 ], [ 183, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Progressive)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with the Highest Percent of Vote (Socialist; incomplete)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lake County, Minnesota 36.81%", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 94960 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Crawford County, Kansas 35.28%", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 95732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Marshall County, Oklahoma 34.94%", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 92072 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "McCurtain County, Oklahoma 31.83%", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 92069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Okfuskee County, Oklahoma 30.90%", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 92063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Results of various cities within the top 100 municipalities by the 1910 United States Census.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 4595356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1865–1918)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1912 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1346166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1912 and 1913 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3281885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Progressive Era", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 560252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anders, O. Fritiof. \"The Swedish-American Press in the Election of 1912\" Swedish Pioneer Historical Quarterly (1963) 14#3 pp 103–126", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Broderick, Francis L. Progressivism at risk: Electing a president in 1912 (Praeger, 1989).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cowan, Geoffrey. Let the People Rule: Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of the Presidential Primary (2016).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Delahaye, Claire. \"The New Nationalism and Progressive Issues: The Break with Taft and the 1912 Campaign,\" in Serge Ricard, ed., A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt (2011) pp 452–67. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " DeWitt, Benjamin P. The Progressive Movement: A Non-Partisan, Comprehensive Discussion of Current Tendencies in American Politics. (1915).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Flehinger, Brett. The 1912 Election and the Power of Progressivism: A Brief History with Documents (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gable, John A. The Bullmoose Years: Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Party. (Kennikat Press, 1978).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gould, Lewis L. Four hats in the ring: The 1912 election and the birth of modern American politics (UP of Kansas, 2008).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hahn, Harlan. \"The Republican Party Convention of 1912 and the Role of Herbert S. Hadley in National Politics.\" Missouri Historical Review 59.4 (1965): 407–423. Taft was willing to compromise with Missouri Governor Herbert S. Hadley as presidential nominee; TR said no.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 2453632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 216, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jensen, Richard. \"Theodore Roosevelt\" in Encyclopedia of Third Parties. (ME Sharpe, 2000). pp 702–707.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kraig, Robert Alexander. \"The 1912 Election and the Rhetorical Foundations of the Liberal State.\" Rhetoric and Public Affairs (2000): 363–395. in JSTOR", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Milkis, Sidney M., and Daniel J. Tichenor. \"'Direct Democracy' and Social Justice: The Progressive Party Campaign of 1912.\" Studies in American Political Development 8#2 (1994): 282–340. DOI: ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Milkis, Sidney M. Theodore Roosevelt, the Progressive Party, and the Transformation of American Democracy. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2009.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mowry, George E. \"The Election of 1912\" in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and Fred L Israel, eds., History of American Presidential Elections: 1789-1968 (1971) 3: 2135–2427. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mowry, George E. The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America. (Harper and Row, 1962) online.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " O'Mara, Margaret. Pivotal Tuesdays: Four Elections That Shaped the Twentieth Century (2015), compares 1912, 1932, 1968, 1992 in terms of social, economic, and political history", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Painter, Carl, \"The Progressive Party In Indiana,\" Indiana Magazine of History, 16#3 (1920), pp.173–283. In JSTOR", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 31911532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pinchot, Amos. History of the Progressive Party, 1912–1916. Introduction by Helene Maxwell Hooker. (New York University Press, 1958).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 4542171 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sarasohn, David. The Party of Reform: Democrats in the Progressive Era (UP of Mississippi, 1989), pp 119–154.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Schambra, William. \"The Election of 1912 and the Origins of Constitutional Conservatism.\" in Toward an American Conservatism (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). 95-119.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Selmi, Patrick. \"Jane Addams and the Progressive Party Campaign for President in 1912.\" Journal of Progressive Human Services 22.2 (2011): 160–190. ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Startt, James D. \"Wilson's Election Campaign of 1912 and the Press.\" in Woodrow Wilson and the Press: Prelude to the Presidency (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) pp.197–228.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Warner, Robert M. \"Chase S. Osborn and the Presidential Campaign of 1912.\" Mississippi Valley Historical Review 46.1 (1959): 19–45. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bryan, William Jennings. A Tale of Two Conventions: Being an Account of the Republican and Democratic National Conventions of June, 1912, with an Outline of the Progressive National Convention of August in the Same Year (Funk & Wagnalls Company, 1912). online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pinchot, Amos. What's the Matter with America: The Meaning of the Progressive Movement and the Rise of the New Party. (Amos Pinchot, 1912).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Roosevelt, Theodore. Theodore Roosevelt's Confession of Faith Before the Progressive National Convention, August 6, 1912 (Progressive Party, 1912) online.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Roosevelt, Theodore. Bull Moose on the Stump: The 1912 Campaign Speeches of Theodore Roosevelt Ed. Lewis L. Gould. (UP of Kansas, 2008).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1912: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " editorial cartoons ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sound recording of TR speech", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1912 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1912 State-by-state Popular vote", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Election of 1912 ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1912 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1912 in Counting the Votes", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1912_United_States_presidential_election", "Theodore_Roosevelt", "Woodrow_Wilson", "William_Howard_Taft", "Eugene_V._Debs", "Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson", "Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft", "November_1912_events_in_the_United_States" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1912" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1916 United States presidential election was the 33rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1916. Incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson narrowly defeated former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Charles Evans Hughes, the Republican candidate.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 3088213, 33523, 3004, 7525, 4157940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 138, 148 ], [ 159, 173 ], [ 199, 237 ], [ 238, 258 ], [ 264, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In June, the 1916 Republican National Convention chose Hughes as a compromise between the conservative and progressive wings of the party. Hughes, who had served as Governor of New York prior to the Supreme Court, defeated John W. Weeks, Elihu Root, and several other candidates on the third ballot of the convention. While conservative and progressive Republicans had been divided in the 1912 election between the candidacies of incumbent President William Howard Taft and former President Theodore Roosevelt, they largely united around Hughes in his bid to oust Wilson. , Hughes remains the only current or former Supreme Court justice to serve as a major party's presidential nominee. Wilson was re-nominated at the 1916 Democratic National Convention a few days later, without opposition. While Wilson's Vice President Thomas R. Marshall was re-nominated, Hughes's running mate was Charles W. Fairbanks, who had been Theodore Roosevelt's vice president in his second term.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 9282608, 2298740, 2035730, 12861, 508624, 287468, 40534, 33522, 30535, 15289986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 48 ], [ 90, 102 ], [ 107, 118 ], [ 165, 185 ], [ 223, 236 ], [ 238, 248 ], [ 389, 402 ], [ 450, 469 ], [ 491, 509 ], [ 719, 754 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The campaign took place against a background dominated by war — the Mexican Revolution and World War I. Although officially neutral in the European conflict, public opinion in the United States favored the Allied forces led by Great Britain and France against the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, due to the harsh treatment of civilians by the German Army and the militaristic character of the German and Austrian monarchies. Despite their sympathy for the Allied forces, most American voters wanted to avoid involvement in the war and preferred to continue a policy of neutrality. Wilson's campaign used the popular slogans \"He kept us out of war.\" and \"America First\" to appeal to those voters who wanted to avoid a war in Europe or with Mexico. Hughes criticized Wilson for not taking the \"necessary preparations\" to face a conflict.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 145401, 4764461, 2198871, 12674, 2983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 86 ], [ 91, 102 ], [ 206, 212 ], [ 264, 277 ], [ 282, 297 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although many saw Hughes as the favorite to win, after a hard-fought contest, Wilson defeated him by nearly 600,000 votes out of about 18.5 million cast in the popular vote. Wilson secured a narrow majority in the Electoral College by sweeping the Solid South and winning several swing states with razor-thin margins. Wilson won California, the decisive state, by just 3,773 votes. Since the GOP was not as split as in 1912, Wilson did not have the same easy victory as he had four years earlier, losing his home state of New Jersey along with the states of Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, West Virginia (although he still won an electoral vote from the state), and Wisconsin. However, Wilson still managed to win two states that he had lost in 1912 (Utah and Washington), and fully won California after having only gotten 2 out of 13 electoral votes from California in 1912. This was the first time since 1888 that West Virginia voted for the losing candidate, and the first time ever that a Democrat won without the state (although Wilson still received an electoral vote). This is the first time since 1876 that Indiana voted for the losing candidate, and the first time since 1836 that a Democrat won without the state.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 723054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 248, 259 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the first election since 1892 in which an incumbent Democratic president was re-elected to a second term, and the first since 1832 that they won a second consecutive term. Wilson was the last Democrat to win an election without carrying Minnesota, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. The United States entered the war in April 1917, one month after Wilson's second term began. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25162935 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 308, 323 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1916 Democratic National Convention was held in St. Louis, Missouri between June 14 and 16. Given Wilson's incumbency and enormous popularity within the party, he was overwhelmingly re-nominated. Vice President Thomas R. Marshall was also re-nominated with no opposition.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 27687, 31362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 71 ], [ 215, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1916 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago between June 7 and 10.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A major goal of the party bosses at the convention was to heal the bitter split within the party that had occurred in the 1912 presidential campaign. Although several candidates were openly competing for the 1916 nomination — most prominently Senator Elihu Root of New York and Senator John W. Weeks of Massachusetts — the party's bosses wanted a moderate who would be acceptable to both factions of the party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 287468, 8210131, 508624, 1645518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 251, 261 ], [ 265, 273 ], [ 286, 299 ], [ 303, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "They turned to Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes, who had been serving on the court since 1910 and had the advantage of not having publicly spoken about political issues in six years. Although he had not actively sought the nomination, Hughes made it known that he would not turn it down. He won the nomination on the third ballot. Former Vice President Charles W. Fairbanks was nominated as his running mate. As of 2020 Hughes remains the only serving Supreme Court justice to be nominated for president by a major political party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 7525, 92201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 57 ], [ 363, 383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Progressive Party re-nominated former President Theodore Roosevelt.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3976239, 30535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 52, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For Vice President, Progressives nominated businessman John Parker of Louisiana, who had run an unsuccessful campaign. California Governor Hiram Johnson was suggested for renomination, and Raymond Robins, chairman of the party convention, was proposed, but both withdrew their names in favor of Parker.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6257394, 18130, 175069, 30670892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 66 ], [ 70, 79 ], [ 139, 152 ], [ 189, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, Roosevelt telegraphed the convention and declared that he could not accept their nomination and would be endorsing Republican nominee Charles Evans Hughes for the Presidency. Roosevelt turned down the Progressive nomination for both personal and political reasons. He was convinced that running for president on a third-party ticket again would merely give the election to the Democrats and had developed a strong dislike for President Wilson. He also believed Wilson was allowing Germany and other warring nations in Europe to \"bully\" and intimidate the United States.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 11867, 9239 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 490, 497 ], [ 527, 533 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Former U.S. Representative Victor Murdock of Kansas pushed for a ticket consisting of William Jennings Bryan and Henry Ford but nothing came of it. Some, such as National Committeeman Harold L. Ickes, refused to consider endorsing Hughes. There was some talk of replacing Roosevelt with Hiram Johnson or Gifford Pinchot. All those discussed refused to consider the notion, and by this point, some leaders such as Henry Justin Allen had started to follow Roosevelt's lead and endorsed Hughes. Various state parties, such as those in Iowa and Maine, began to disband.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 8882580, 40608, 13371, 738356, 224687, 2839922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 41 ], [ 86, 108 ], [ 113, 123 ], [ 184, 199 ], [ 304, 319 ], [ 413, 431 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Finally, when the Progressive Party National Committee met in Chicago on June 26, those in attendance begrudgingly endorsed Hughes; even those like Ickes who had vehemently refused to consider granting an endorsement to Hughes began to recognize that without Roosevelt the party had no electoral staying power. There had been a weak attempt to replace Roosevelt on the ticket with Victor Murdock, but the motion was defeated 31 to 15.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With Roosevelt refusing their nomination, the Progressive Party quickly fell into disarray. Most members returned to the Republican Party, but a substantial minority supported Wilson for his efforts in keeping the United States out of World War I.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 4764461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 235, 246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Without a presidential nominee, many in the party, notably vice-presidential nominee John Parker and Bainbridge Colby, remained steadfast in their refusal to support Hughes. Parker desired the presidential nomination himself. Colby, while opposed to the endorsement of Hughes, now considered a Progressive campaign impractical and privately supported Wilson. It appeared likely for a time that another convention would be called in early August, until a conference held among the remaining representatives of the party in Indianapolis decided against it, while also narrowly voting against filling the vacancy that had been caused by Roosevelt's refusal to be placed on the ticket (though Parker remained the vice-presidential nominee). Electoral tickets would still be put in place where the Progressive Party remained organized in the hopes of electing enough electors so as to possibly hold the balance of power in a close contest between the Democratic and Republican candidates.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6257394, 623778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 96 ], [ 101, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While running as the vice-presidential nominee, John Parker would endorse Woodrow Wilson for the Presidency.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Eugene V. Debs and Charles Edward Russell declined to run for the nomination. Debs, who had served as the party's presidential nominee since its foundation, chose to run for a seat in the United States House of Representatives from Indiana's 5th congressional district. Allan Benson, a newspaper editor from New York, quickly came to dominate the field on a platform of his fervent opposition to militarism and proposal that all wars should be voted upon in a national referendum. Rather than a traditional nominating convention, the vote was conducted through a mail-order ballot, with Benson capturing 16,639 out of a total of 32,398 cast (to 12,264 for Maurer and 3,495 for Le Sueur). A vote for the vice-presidential nomination was jointly held with George Ross Kirkpatrick, a lecturer from New Jersey, winning the nomination 20,607 to 11,388 over Kate Richards O'Hare of Missouri.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 50538, 3368629, 1346137, 19468510, 9193642, 3984792, 51582, 26453134, 2127884 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 19, 41 ], [ 166, 169 ], [ 188, 226 ], [ 232, 268 ], [ 270, 282 ], [ 460, 479 ], [ 754, 777 ], [ 852, 872 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " During the campaign, Edward M. House was Wilson's top campaign advisor. Hodgson says, \"he planned its structure; set its tone; guided its finance; chose speakers, tactics, and strategy; and, not least, handled the campaign's greatest asset and greatest potential liability: its brilliant but temperamental candidate.\" The Democrats built their campaign around the slogan, \"He Kept Us Out of War,\" saying a Republican victory would mean war with both Mexico and Germany. Wilson's position was probably critical in winning the Western states.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1336794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Charles Evans Hughes advocated greater mobilization and preparedness for war. With Wilson having successfully pressured the Germans to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare, it was difficult for Hughes to attack Wilson's peace platform.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 7525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Instead, Hughes criticized Wilson's military interventions in Mexico, where the U.S. was supporting various factions in the Mexican Revolution.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 145401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hughes also attacked Wilson for his support of various \"pro-labor\" laws (such as limiting the workday to eight hours), on the grounds that they were harmful to business interests. His criticisms gained little traction, however, especially among factory workers who supported such laws. Hughes was helped by the vigorous support of popular former President Theodore Roosevelt, and by the fact that the Republicans were still the nation's majority party at the time.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 30535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 356, 374 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hughes made a key mistake in California. Just before the election, he made a campaign swing through the state, but never met with the powerful Republican Governor Hiram Johnson to seek his support. Johnson took this as a snub, and never gave Hughes his full support. Wilson carried California by 3,773 votes (0.3%) and with it the presidency.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 175069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the weeks prior to the election, Wilson began to worry that, were he to lose the race to Hughes, he would remain a lame duck until March 1917. For Wilson, this was problematic, given that the United States was likely on the eve of its entry into the First World War. Wilson, thus, privately floated a contingency plan: were Hughes to win, Wilson would immediately appoint Hughes secretary of state (a role which was, at the time, second-in-line to the presidency). Wilson and Vice President Marshall would both then resign, allowing Hughes to immediately become acting president, thereby avoiding a lengthy lame duck presidency. This plan was first revealed publicly two decades later in the memoirs of Robert Lansing, Wilson's secretary of state, who, under the plan, would have had to have resigned or been dismissed in order to allow Hughes to assume that office.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 339244, 32293, 222506, 102830 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 127 ], [ 382, 400 ], [ 565, 581 ], [ 706, 720 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The result was exceptionally close and the outcome remained in doubt for some time.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some New York newspapers declared Hughes the winner on Wednesday morning, including The World and The Sun, which erroneously published that six states (California, Idaho, New Hampshire, North Dakota, Washington, and Wyoming) had voted for Hughes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 593160, 1310577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 93 ], [ 98, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A popular legend from the campaign states that Hughes went to bed on election night thinking that he was the newly elected president. When a reporter tried to telephone him the next morning to get his reaction to Wilson's comeback, someone answered the phone and told the reporter that \"the president is asleep.\" The reporter retorted, \"When he wakes up, tell him he isn't the president.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By Wednesday evening, Wilson had secured 254 electoral votes in the counting, needing either California or Minnesota to claim victory. Democrats declared victory in California on Thursday afternoon, and the California Republican Party conceded defeat that night.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson was the first Democratic president to win a second consecutive term since Andrew Jackson in 1832. Vice-president Thomas R. Marshall also earned the distinction of becoming the first vice-president of any party elected to a second term since John C. Calhoun in 1828. As Calhoun had served as vice president under John Quincy Adams and was re-elected to serve under Andrew Jackson, Wilson and Marshall became the first incumbent ticket to win re-election since James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins in 1820.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 1623, 40511, 31362, 52110, 40510, 15654, 1623, 15978, 89099, 40508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 95 ], [ 99, 103 ], [ 120, 138 ], [ 248, 263 ], [ 267, 271 ], [ 319, 336 ], [ 371, 385 ], [ 466, 478 ], [ 483, 501 ], [ 505, 509 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The electoral vote was one of the closest in U.S. history – with 266 votes needed to win, Wilson took 30 states for 277 electoral votes, while Hughes won 18 states and 254 electoral votes. Wilson was the second president in U.S. history to win re-election with a reduced percentage of the electoral vote, following James Madison in 1812. As the raw number of electors had actually increased during Madison's first term, Wilson was also the first incumbent president to receive fewer total electoral votes. This result was repeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944 and by Barack Obama in 2012.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 15950, 40476, 10979, 40559, 40560, 534366, 20102947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 315, 328 ], [ 332, 336 ], [ 534, 555 ], [ 559, 563 ], [ 568, 572 ], [ 580, 592 ], [ 596, 600 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson's popular vote margin of 3.1 percent was the smallest attained by a victorious sitting president until 2004.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 1297662 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The total popular vote cast in 1916 exceeded that of 1912 by 3,500,000. The very large total vote was an indication of an aroused public interest in the campaign. It was larger in every section, notably in the East North Central section. Some of this was due to the extension of suffrage to women in individual states. In Illinois, for example, the total vote was one million greater than in 1912. It increased by more than 260,000 in Kansas, and in Montana, it more than doubled.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 920073, 3289982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 210, 228 ], [ 279, 296 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson's vote was 9,126,868, an increase of nearly 3,000,000. There was a gain in every section and in every state. Hughes, the nominee of the united Republican Party, polled more votes by nearly 1,000,000 than had ever been cast for a Republican candidate.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The key state proved to be California, which Wilson won by only 3,800 votes out of nearly a million cast. If Hughes had carried California and its 13 electoral votes, he would have won the election.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although New Hampshire may not have been a deciding state in the election, the margin of victory for Wilson there was the second smallest ever recorded in an American presidential election at just 56 votes, behind Franklin Pierce's 25-vote victory in Delaware in 1852.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In some of the states carried by Wilson, particularly in the South, the popular-vote margin was large. Wilson ran behind Hughes in New England, the Mid-Atlantic states, and in the East North Central section. His lead was not great in the West North Central, but was very large in the West South Central and Mountain as well as in the East South Central and South Atlantic sections. Half of Wilson's total vote was cast in the 18 states that he did not carry.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 179553, 21531764, 181779, 920107, 920048, 30873819, 920042, 914777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 66 ], [ 131, 142 ], [ 148, 167 ], [ 238, 256 ], [ 284, 302 ], [ 307, 315 ], [ 334, 352 ], [ 357, 371 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To date this is the last presidential election in which North Dakota and South Dakota did not vote for the same candidate, with the only others being 1896 and 1912. This is the last time Illinois voted for a losing candidate until 1976, the last time Minnesota voted for a losing candidate until 1968, and the last time West Virginia voted for a losing candidate until 1952. It was the only time a Democrat was elected without winning West Virginia from the state's founding until 2008.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 40529, 40534, 40569, 40567, 40563, 406859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 154 ], [ 159, 163 ], [ 231, 235 ], [ 296, 300 ], [ 369, 373 ], [ 481, 485 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which the Democrats won New Hampshire until 1936 and the last in which the Democrats won Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming until 1932.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 40558, 40556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 78 ], [ 280, 284 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This would also be the last election in which the winning presidential candidate lost their home state until 1968. This is the only election ever where the winning Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates lost each of their home states.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson was the last Democrat to win an election without carrying Minnesota, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island (although he had previously won the latter two states in 1912). He was also the last Democrat elected to two terms without carrying Michigan and Pennsylvania either time. Although other Democrats since have won elections without one or both states, they either only served one full term or they carried both states in another presidential election.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 40534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory of less than 1% (52 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory of less than 5% (77 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory of between 5% and 10% (162 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 3,022 counties making returns, Wilson led in 2,039 counties (67.47%). Hughes managed to carry only 976 counties (32.30%), the smallest number in the Republican column in a two-party contest during the Fourth Party System. Two counties (0.07%) split evenly between Wilson and Hughes. Although the Progressive Party had no presidential candidate (just candidates for presidential electors who were unpledged for president), they carried five counties (0.17%), whilst nine counties – 0.30 percent and the same as in 1912 – inhabited either by Native Americans without citizenship or disenfranchised African Americans failed to return a single vote. Wilson carried 200 counties that had never voted Democratic in a two-party contest prior to that time.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 5592096, 9704515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 208, 227 ], [ 587, 620 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The gains made by Wilson in this election were a novel phenomenon under the Fourth Party System. This shift of votes led some to believe that the Democratic Party might have the position of decided advantage in the election of 1920.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 5592096, 40536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 95 ], [ 227, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "President of the United States", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 24113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States (1865-1918)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1916 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1346137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1916 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1803522 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Second inauguration of Woodrow Wilson", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21215196 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cooper, Jr., John Milton. Woodrow Wilson (2009), ch 16.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 25126563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History (2015) pp.118–38.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " volume 1 ch 31-34", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Presidential Election of 1916: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1916 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Election of 1916 in Counting the Votes", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1916_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson", "Woodrow_Wilson", "November_1916_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1916" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1920 United States presidential election was the 34th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1920. In the first election held after the end of World War I and the first election after the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment, Republican Senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio defeated Democratic Governor James M. Cox of Ohio. It was also the third presidential election in United States History in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state, with the others being in 1860, 1904, 1940, 1944 and 2016.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 4764461, 31670, 32070, 33060, 22199, 5043544, 148088, 63876, 40519, 40532, 40559, 40560, 21377251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 172, 183 ], [ 237, 257 ], [ 259, 269 ], [ 278, 295 ], [ 299, 303 ], [ 313, 323 ], [ 333, 345 ], [ 402, 423 ], [ 526, 530 ], [ 532, 536 ], [ 538, 542 ], [ 544, 548 ], [ 553, 557 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Incumbent Democratic President Woodrow Wilson privately hoped for a third term, but party leaders were unwilling to re-nominate the ailing and unpopular incumbent. Former President Theodore Roosevelt had been the front-runner for the Republican nomination, but he died in 1919 without leaving an obvious heir to his progressive legacy. With both Wilson and Roosevelt out of the running, the major parties turned to little-known dark horse candidates from the state of Ohio, a swing state with a large number of electoral votes. Cox won the 1920 Democratic National Convention on the 44th ballot, defeating William Gibbs McAdoo (Wilson's son-in-law), A. Mitchell Palmer, and several other candidates. Harding emerged as a compromise candidate between the conservative and progressive wings of the party, and he clinched his nomination on the tenth ballot of the 1920 Republican National Convention.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24113, 33523, 30535, 2035730, 314017, 429249, 9276613, 562937, 520738, 2298740, 601182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 30 ], [ 31, 45 ], [ 181, 199 ], [ 316, 327 ], [ 428, 438 ], [ 476, 487 ], [ 540, 575 ], [ 606, 626 ], [ 650, 668 ], [ 754, 766 ], [ 861, 896 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election was dominated by the American social and political environment in the aftermath of World War I, which was marked by a hostile response to certain aspects of Wilson's foreign policy and a massive reaction against the reformist zeal of the Progressive Era. The wartime economic boom had collapsed and the country was deep in a recession. Wilson's advocacy for America's entry into the League of Nations in the face of a return to non-interventionist opinion challenged his effectiveness as president, and overseas there were wars and revolutions. At home, the year 1919 was marked by major strikes in the meatpacking and steel industries and large-scale race riots in Chicago and other cities. Anarchist attacks on Wall Street produced fears of radicals and terrorists. The Irish Catholic and German communities were outraged at Wilson's perceived favoritism of their traditional enemy Great Britain, and his political position was critically weakened after he suffered a stroke in 1919 that left him severely disabled.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 282291, 560252, 20635558, 17926, 3107223, 6886, 2274182, 37274, 1200252, 625404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 107 ], [ 251, 266 ], [ 338, 347 ], [ 396, 413 ], [ 441, 460 ], [ 679, 686 ], [ 705, 714 ], [ 726, 737 ], [ 747, 779 ], [ 983, 989 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Harding all but ignored Cox in the race and essentially campaigned against Wilson by calling for a \"return to normalcy\". Harding won a landslide victory, sweeping every state outside of the South and becoming the first Republican since the end of Reconstruction to win a former state of the Confederacy, Tennessee. Harding's victory margin of 26.2% in the popular vote remains the largest popular-vote percentage margin in presidential elections since the unopposed re-election of James Monroe in 1820, though other candidates have since exceeded his share of the popular vote. Cox won just 34.1% of the popular vote, and Socialist Eugene V. Debs won 3.4%, despite being in prison at the time. It was also the first election in which women had the right to vote in all 48 states, which caused the total popular vote to increase dramatically, from 18.5 million in 1916 to 26.8 million in 1920. Both vice presidential nominees would eventually become president in their own right (which had never happened before or since): Harding died in 1923 and was succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge, while the Democratic vice presidential nominee, Franklin D. Roosevelt, would eventually win an unprecedented four consecutive presidential elections starting in 1932, dying shortly into his fourth term. This is the only election in history where the losing presidential candidate never became President but the losing vice presidential candidate later did. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3265963, 41053306, 179553, 55040, 7023, 30395, 14619595, 15978, 40508, 243594, 50538, 3289982, 6195, 10979, 40556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 118 ], [ 135, 152 ], [ 190, 195 ], [ 247, 261 ], [ 291, 302 ], [ 304, 313 ], [ 389, 419 ], [ 481, 493 ], [ 497, 501 ], [ 622, 631 ], [ 632, 646 ], [ 734, 761 ], [ 1079, 1094 ], [ 1144, 1165 ], [ 1257, 1261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Republican candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Following the return of former president Theodore Roosevelt to the Republican Party after the previous election, speculation quickly grew as to whether he would make another run for the presidency. Roosevelt's health declined seriously in 1918, however, and he died on January 6, 1919. Attention then turned to the party's unsuccessful 1916 candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, who had narrowly fallen short of defeating Wilson that year, but Hughes remained aloof as to the prospect of another run, and ultimately ruled himself out following the death of his daughter early in 1920.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 30535, 7525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 59 ], [ 352, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On June 8, the Republican National Convention met in Chicago. The race was wide open, and soon the convention deadlocked between Major General Leonard Wood and Governor Frank Orren Lowden of Illinois.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 601182, 191813, 755652 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 45 ], [ 143, 155 ], [ 169, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other names placed in nomination included Senators Warren G. Harding from Ohio, Hiram Johnson from California, and Miles Poindexter from Washington, Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts, philanthropist Herbert Hoover, and Columbia University President Nicholas M. Butler. Senator Robert M. La Follette from Wisconsin was not formally placed in nomination, but received the votes of his state delegation nonetheless. Harding was nominated for president on the tenth ballot, after some delegates shifted their allegiances. The results of the ten ballots were as follows:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 33060, 175069, 4045991, 6195, 13682, 6310, 575927, 255189 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 68 ], [ 80, 93 ], [ 115, 131 ], [ 158, 173 ], [ 207, 221 ], [ 227, 246 ], [ 257, 275 ], [ 285, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Harding's nomination, said to have been secured in negotiations among party bosses in a \"smoke-filled room,\" was engineered by Harry M. Daugherty, Harding's political manager, who became United States Attorney General after his election. Before the convention, Daugherty was quoted as saying, \"I don't expect Senator Harding to be nominated on the first, second, or third ballots, but I think we can afford to take chances that about 11 minutes after two, Friday morning of the convention, when 15 or 12 weary men are sitting around a table, someone will say: 'Who will we nominate?' At that decisive time, the friends of Harding will suggest him and we can well afford to abide by the result.\" Daugherty's prediction described essentially what occurred, but historians Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris argue that Daugherty's prediction has been given too much weight in narratives of the convention.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3039438, 599275, 44002 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 106 ], [ 127, 145 ], [ 187, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Once the presidential nomination was finally settled, the party bosses and Sen. Harding recommended Wisconsin Sen. Irvine Lenroot to the delegates for the second spot, but the delegates revolted and nominated Coolidge, who was very popular over his handling of the Boston Police Strike from the year before. The Tally:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 601125, 1977383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 129 ], [ 265, 285 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source for convention coverage: Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1973), pp.200–208.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It was widely accepted prior to the election that President Woodrow Wilson would not run for a third term, and would certainly not be nominated if he did make an attempt to regain the nomination. While Vice-President Thomas R. Marshall had long held a desire to succeed Wilson, his indecisive handling of the situation around Wilson's illness and incapacity destroyed any credibility he had as a candidate, and in the end he did not formally put himself forward for the nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 31362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although William Gibbs McAdoo (Wilson's son-in-law and former Treasury Secretary) was the strongest candidate, Wilson blocked his nomination in hopes a deadlocked convention would demand that he run for a third term, even though he was seriously ill, physically immobile, and in seclusion at the time. The Democrats, meeting in San Francisco between June 28 and July 6 (the first time a major party held its nominating convention in an urban center on the Pacific coast), nominated another newspaper editor from Ohio, Governor James M. Cox, as their presidential candidate, and 38-year-old Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, a fifth cousin of the late president Theodore Roosevelt, for vice-president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 562937, 49728, 505341, 148088, 10979 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 29 ], [ 328, 341 ], [ 408, 429 ], [ 527, 539 ], [ 622, 643 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Early favorites for the nomination had included McAdoo and Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer. Others placed in nomination included New York Governor Al Smith, United Kingdom Ambassador John W. Davis, New Jersey Governor Edward I. Edwards, and Oklahoma Senator Robert Latham Owen.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 520738, 172040, 261850, 1018366, 4816278 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 101 ], [ 158, 166 ], [ 194, 207 ], [ 229, 246 ], [ 269, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs was incarcerated at the Atlanta federal penitentiary at the time for advocating non-compliance with the draft during World War I. He received the largest number of popular votes ever received by a Socialist Party candidate in the United States, although not the largest percentage of the popular vote. Debs received double this percentage in the election of 1912. The 1920 election was Debs's fifth and last attempt to become president.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 243594, 50538, 40534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 26, 40 ], [ 399, 403 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1919, members of the Socialist Party who had come from Russian language federation of the party and other more radical groups within the party started to create their own papers and membership dues and cards. These members supported a platform that was similar to the Communist International and elected twelve of their members to the fifteen-member National Executive Committee. However, there was accusations of election irregularities and an Emergency Convention held on August 30, 1919, suspended seven of the party's twelve language federations and expelled the party affiliates in Michigan, Massachusetts, and Ohio. The more radical members of the party held a convention in New York City in June 1919, which was attended by 94 delegates from twenty states. A vote to create a new party was defeated by a vote of 55 to 38 causing 31 delegates to withdraw from the convention. These 31 delegates held their own convention in Chicago on September 1, where they founded the Communist Party USA. The Communist Party USA attempted to give its presidential nomination to Debs, but he declined the nomination.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 239564, 452981, 452981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 271, 294 ], [ 980, 999 ], [ 1005, 1024 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Socialist Party held its 1919 convention in Chicago with 140 delegates in attendance. Twenty-six delegates, who were members of the party's left-wing, left the convention. These delegates attempted to unite with the Communist Party USA, but formed the Communist Labor Party of America on September 2, after those attempts failed.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 606003 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 256, 288 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Socialist Party had 100,000 members before the splits, but it fell to 55,000 members while the Communist Party had 35,000 members and the Communist Labor Party had 10,000 members. The Communist Party claimed to have 60,000 members while the Communist Labor Party claimed to have 30,000 members. The United Communist Party was formed in May 1920 between the Communist Labor Party and some members of the Communist Party. The United Communist Party and the Communist Party united in December 1921 to form the Workers Party of America.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 5933364 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 511, 535 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Edward Henry, who was a friend of Debs, Lena Morrow Lewis, and Oscar Ameringer nominated Debs for the party's nomination on May 13, 1920, and the 134 delegates to the national convention voted unanimously to give him the nomination. Kate Richards O'Hare, who was also in prison, was considered for the vice-presidential nomination, but Seymour Stedman was selected by a vote of 106 to 26, which was later made unanimous, in order to have one of the candidates campaign. James H. Maurer was also considered for the vice-presidential nomination, but he declined due to his duties as head of the Pennsylvania Federation of Labor. Debs accepted the presidential nomination in an Atlanta prison on May 29, after being notified by Seymour, James Oneal, and Julius Gerber.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 37546471, 39605667, 2127884, 3609746, 21050651, 20918914, 24104211 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 57 ], [ 63, 78 ], [ 233, 253 ], [ 336, 351 ], [ 470, 485 ], [ 734, 745 ], [ 751, 764 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the campaign the Socialists had four airplanes drop socialist literature over Toledo, Ohio. The wife of Charles Edward Russell claimed that the ghost of Susan B. Anthony told her to vote for Debs. Over 60,000 people donated to the Socialist Party's campaign fund. Gerber predicted that Debs would receive three million votes and that five Socialists would be elected to Congress. Debs received 913,693 votes with his largest amount of support coming from New York. His vote total was over 50% more than what Allan L. Benson had received in the 1916 election. Debs later chose to not run for president in the 1924 election and instead supported Robert M. La Follette.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 30849, 3368629, 27954, 40087500, 3984792, 255189 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 97 ], [ 111, 133 ], [ 160, 176 ], [ 462, 470 ], [ 515, 530 ], [ 651, 672 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Parley P. Christensen of the Farmer-Labor Party took 265,411 votes (1.0%),", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 6904051 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prohibition candidates:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " William Jennings Bryan, Former Secretary of State. Former Member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Democratic Nominee for President 1896, 1900, 1908 from Nebraska", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 40608, 32293, 19468510, 21647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ], [ 32, 50 ], [ 73, 102 ], [ 159, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert H. Patton, Politician from Illinois", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 14849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Daniel A. Poling, clergyman from Pennsylvania", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 46917723, 23332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 34, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Charles Hiram Randall, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 3009452, 19468510, 5407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ], [ 38, 67 ], [ 73, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Aaron S. Watkins, Professor and Methodist Minister from Ohio", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 3004463, 20646803, 739238, 22199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 18, 27 ], [ 32, 50 ], [ 56, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prohibition Party candidate Aaron S. Watkins came in fifth with 189,339 votes (0.7%), the poorest showing for the Prohibition party since 1884. Since the Eighteenth Amendment, which initiated the period of Prohibition in the United States, had passed the previous year, this single-issue party seemed less relevant.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 307316, 3004463, 31671, 22418955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 28, 44 ], [ 154, 174 ], [ 206, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "James E. Ferguson, a former Governor of Texas, announced his candidacy on April 21, 1920 in Temple, Texas under the badge of \"American Party\". Ferguson was opposed to Democrats whom he saw as too controlled by elite academic interests as seen when Woodrow Wilson endorsed rival Thomas H. Ball in the gubernatorial primary, and hoped to help the Republicans carry Texas for the first time (Texas never went Republican during Reconstruction). Initially Ferguson and running mate William J. Hough hoped to carry their campaign to other states, but Ferguson was unable to get on the ballot anywhere outside of Texas. Ferguson did manage to gain almost ten percent of the vote in Texas, and won eleven counties in the southeast of the state.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other candidates", "target_page_ids": [ 998127, 214883, 135484, 5864256, 51404493, 55040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 28, 45 ], [ 92, 105 ], [ 278, 292 ], [ 357, 368 ], [ 424, 438 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Warren Harding's main campaign slogan was a \"return to normalcy\", playing upon the weariness of the American public after the social upheaval of the Progressive Era. Additionally, the international responsibilities engendered by the Allied victory in World War I and the Treaty of Versailles proved deeply unpopular, causing a reaction against Wilson, who had pushed especially hard for the latter.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 560252, 4764461, 30030 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 164 ], [ 251, 262 ], [ 271, 291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Irish Americans were powerful in the Democratic party, and groups such as Clan na Gael opposed going to war alongside their enemy Britain, especially after the violent suppression of the Easter Rising of 1916. Wilson won them over in 1917 by promising to ask Britain to give Ireland its independence. Wilson had won the presidential election of 1916 with strong support from German-Americans and Irish-Americans, largely because of his slogan \"He kept us out of war\" and the longstanding American policy of isolationism. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, however, he reneged on his commitments to the Irish-American community, who vehemently denounced him. His dilemma was that Britain was his war ally. Events such as the anti-British Black Tom and Kingsland Explosions in 1916 on American soil (in part the result of wartime Irish and German co-ordination) and the Irish anti-conscription crisis of 1918 were all embarrassing to recall in 1920.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 46284800, 1247369, 10350, 1257011, 295105, 850105, 11416626, 3360029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 74, 86 ], [ 187, 200 ], [ 507, 519 ], [ 528, 550 ], [ 741, 750 ], [ 755, 774 ], [ 872, 902 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Britain had already passed an Irish Home Rule Act in 1914, suspended for the war's duration. However the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin had led to increased support for the more radical Sinn Féin who in 1919 formed the First Dáil, effectively declaring Ireland independent, sparking the Irish War of Independence. Britain was to pass the Government of Ireland Act in late 1920, by which Ireland would have 2 home-ruled states within the British empire. This satisfied Wilson. The provisions of these were inadequate to the supporters of the Irish Republic, however, which claimed full sovereignty. This position was also supported by many Irish Americans. The American Committee for Relief in Ireland was set up in 1920 to assist victims of the Irish War of Independence of 1919–21. Some Irish-American Senators joined the \"irreconcilables\" who blocked the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles and United States membership in the League of Nations.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 904210, 10350, 28175, 158023, 168312, 152209, 152568, 28791, 18493946, 168312, 1792048, 30030, 17926 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 57 ], [ 105, 123 ], [ 184, 193 ], [ 217, 227 ], [ 285, 310 ], [ 336, 361 ], [ 539, 553 ], [ 583, 594 ], [ 658, 698 ], [ 743, 768 ], [ 822, 837 ], [ 875, 895 ], [ 932, 949 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson blamed the Irish Americans and German Americans for the lack of popular support for his unsuccessful campaign to have the United States join the League of Nations, saying, \"There is an organized propaganda against the League of Nations and against the treaty proceeding from exactly the same sources that the organized propaganda proceeded from which threatened this country here and there with disloyalty, and I want to say—I cannot say too often—any man who carries a hyphen about with him [i.e., a hyphenated American] carries a dagger that he is ready to plunge into the vitals of this Republic whenever he gets ready.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 290327, 17926, 371846 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 53 ], [ 152, 169 ], [ 508, 527 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of the $5,500,000 raised by supporters of the Irish Republic in the United States in 1919–20, the Dublin parliament (Dáil Éireann) voted in June 1920 to spend $500,000 on the American presidential election. How this money was spent remains unclear. Ironically, the lawyer who had advised the fundraisers was Franklin D. Roosevelt, the losing vice-presidential candidate. In any case, the Irish American city machines sat on their hands during the election, allowing the Republicans to roll up unprecedented landslides in every major city. Many German-American Democrats voted Republican or stayed home, giving the GOP landslides in the rural Midwest.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 765649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson had hoped for a \"solemn referendum\" on the League of Nations, but did not get one. Harding waffled on the League, thereby keeping Idaho Senator William Borah and other Republican \"irreconcilables\" in line. Cox also hedged. He went to the White House to seek Wilson's blessing and apparently endorsed the League, but—upon discovering its unpopularity among Democrats—revised his position to one that would accept the League only with reservations, particularly on Article Ten, which would require the United States to participate in any war declared by the League (thus taking the same standpoint as Republican Senate leader Henry Cabot Lodge). As reporter Brand Whitlock observed, the League was an issue important in government circles, but rather less so to the electorate. He also noted that the campaign was not waged on issues: \"The people, indeed, do not know what ideas Harding or Cox represents; neither do Harding or Cox. Great is democracy.\" False rumors circulated that Senator Harding had \"Negro blood,\" but this did not greatly hurt Harding's election campaign.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 17926, 14607, 703112, 33057, 153059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 67 ], [ 137, 142 ], [ 151, 164 ], [ 245, 256 ], [ 631, 648 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Governor Cox made a whirlwind campaign that took him to rallies, train station speeches, and formal addresses, reaching audiences totaling perhaps two million, whereas Senator Harding relied upon a \"Front Porch Campaign\" similar to that of William McKinley in 1896. It brought thousands of voters to Marion, Ohio, where Harding spoke from his home. GOP campaign manager Will Hays spent some $8.1 million, nearly four times the money Cox's campaign spent. Hays used national advertising in a major way (with advice from adman Albert Lasker). The theme was Harding's own slogan \"America First\". Thus the Republican advertisement in Collier's Magazine for October 30, 1920, demanded, \"Let's be done with wiggle and wobble.\" The image presented in the ads was nationalistic, using catch phrases like \"absolute control of the United States by the United States,\" \"Independence means independence, now as in 1776,\" \"This country will remain American. Its next President will remain in our own country,\" and \"We decided long ago that we objected to foreign government of our people.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 33521, 40529, 129588, 2293367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 240, 256 ], [ 260, 264 ], [ 300, 312 ], [ 525, 538 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On election night, November 2, 1920, commercial radio broadcast coverage of election returns for the first time. Announcers at KDKA-AM in Pittsburgh read telegraph ticker results over the air as they came in. This single station could be heard over most of the Eastern United States by the small percentage of the population that had radio receivers.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 5738833, 25101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 127, 134 ], [ 138, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Harding's landslide came from all directions except the South. Irish- and German-American voters who had backed Wilson and peace in 1916 now voted against Wilson and Versailles. \"A vote for Harding\", said the German-language press, \"is a vote against the persecutions suffered by German-Americans during the war\". Not one major German-language newspaper supported Governor Cox. Many Irish Americans, bitterly angry at Wilson's refusal to help Ireland at Versailles, simply abstained from voting in the presidential election. This allowed the Republicans to mobilize the ethnic vote, and Harding swept the big cities.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40535, 46284800 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 136 ], [ 383, 397 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the first election in which women from every state were allowed to vote, following the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution in August 1920 (just in time for the general election).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 31670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tennessee's vote for Warren G. Harding marked the first time since the end of Reconstruction that even one of the eleven states of the former Confederacy had voted for a Republican presidential candidate. Tennessee had last been carried by a Republican when Ulysses S. Grant claimed it in 1868.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 55040, 7023, 31752, 40521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 92 ], [ 142, 153 ], [ 258, 274 ], [ 289, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Even though Cox lost badly, his running mate Franklin D. Roosevelt became a well-known political figure because of his active and energetic campaign. In 1928, he was elected Governor of New York, and in 1932 he was elected president. He remained in power until his death in 1945 as the longest-serving American president in history.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 12861, 40556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 174, 194 ], [ 203, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The total vote for 1920 was roughly 26,750,000, an increase of eight million from 1916. Harding won in all twelve cities with populations above 500,000. Harding won a net vote total of 1,540,000 from the twelve largest cities which was the highest amount for any Republican and fifth highest for any candidate from 1920 to 1948. The Democratic vote was almost exactly the vote from 1916, but the Republican vote nearly doubled, as did the \"other\" vote. As pointed out earlier, the great increase in the total number of votes is mainly attributable to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave women the right to vote.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nearly two-thirds of the counties (1,949) were carried by the Republicans. The Democrats carried only 1,101 counties, a smaller number than Alton Parker had carried in 1904 and consequently the smallest number during the Fourth Party System until that point (Al Smith would carry even fewer in 1928). Not a single county was carried by the Democrats in the Pacific section, where they had carried 76 in 1916. In the Mountain section Cox carried only thirteen counties, seven of them located in New Mexico bordering Texas, whereas Wilson carried all but twenty-one Mountain Section counties in 1916. At least one county was lost in every section in the Union and in every state except South Carolina and Mississippi. Eleven counties in Texas recorded a plurality for Ferguson.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 368456, 40532, 5592096, 172040, 40538, 30873819, 27956, 16949861, 29810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 152 ], [ 168, 172 ], [ 221, 240 ], [ 259, 267 ], [ 294, 298 ], [ 416, 432 ], [ 684, 698 ], [ 703, 714 ], [ 735, 740 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson had won the support of Americans of German, Italian, Irish, or Jewish descent in the 1916 election, but Cox lost in all of those demographics and received less support from Jewish voters than Debs. Harding received support from over 90% of black voters.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The distribution of the county vote accurately represents the overwhelming character of the majority vote. Harding received 60.35 percent of the total vote, the largest percentage in the Fourth Party System, exceeding Franklin D. Roosevelt's in 1932. Although the Democratic share was 34.13 percent, in no section did its voting share sink below 24 percent, and in three sections, the Democrats topped the poll. The Democratic Party was obviously still a significant opposition on national terms, even though Cox won only eleven states and had fewer votes in the electoral college than Parker had won in 1904. More than two-thirds of the Cox vote was in states carried by Harding.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 10979, 40556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 218, 239 ], [ 245, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The distribution of the vote by counties, and the study of percentages in sections, states, and counties, seem to show that it was Wilson and foreign policies that received the brunt of attack, not the Democratic Party and the domestic proposals of the period 1896–1914.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (13 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (12 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (10 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tipping point state:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percentage of the Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percentage of the Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percentage of the Vote (American)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1918–1945)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States Democratic Party", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3088213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States Republican Party", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4157940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inauguration of Warren G. Harding", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21215235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1920 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1342451 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1920 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1319801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brake, Robert J. \"The porch and the stump: Campaign strategies in the 1920 presidential election.\" Quarterly Journal of Speech 55.3 (1969): 256–267.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Daniel, Douglass K. \"Ohio Newspapers and the “Whispering Campaign” of the 1920 Presidential Election.\" Journalism History 27.4 (2002): 156-164.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Frederick, Richard G. \"The Front Porch Campaign and the Election of Harding.\" in A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover (2014): 94-111.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Walters, Ryan S. The Jazz Age President: Defending Warren G. Harding (2022) excerpt also online review", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Eugene V. Debs, A Word to the Workers! New York: New York Call, n.d. [1920]. ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References and further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Presidential Election of 1920: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1920 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1920 Election Links ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1920 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1920_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding", "Warren_G._Harding", "Calvin_Coolidge", "Franklin_D._Roosevelt", "November_1920_events_in_the_United_States" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1920" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1924 United States presidential election was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1924. In a three-way contest, incumbent Republican President Calvin Coolidge won election to a full term.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32070, 24113, 6195 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 162, 172 ], [ 173, 182 ], [ 183, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Coolidge had been vice president under Warren G. Harding and became president in 1923 upon Harding's death. Coolidge was given credit for a booming economy at home and no visible crises abroad, and he faced little opposition at the 1924 Republican National Convention. The Democratic Party nominated former Congressman and ambassador to the United Kingdom John W. Davis of West Virginia. Davis, a compromise candidate, triumphed on the 103rd ballot of the 1924 Democratic National Convention after a deadlock between supporters of William Gibbs McAdoo and Al Smith. Dissatisfied by the conservatism of both major party candidates, the Progressive Party nominated Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32759, 33060, 2524023, 5043544, 31717, 261850, 32905, 867217, 562937, 172040, 2298740, 3976341, 255189 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 32 ], [ 39, 56 ], [ 232, 267 ], [ 273, 289 ], [ 341, 355 ], [ 356, 369 ], [ 373, 386 ], [ 456, 491 ], [ 531, 551 ], [ 556, 564 ], [ 586, 598 ], [ 635, 652 ], [ 671, 689 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a 2010 book, Garland S. Tucker argues that the election marked the \"high tide of American conservatism\", as both major candidates campaigned for limited government, reduced taxes, and less regulation. By contrast, La Follette called for the gradual nationalization of the railroads and increased taxes on the wealthy.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2298740 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Coolidge won a decisive victory, taking majorities in both the popular vote and the Electoral College and winning almost every state outside of the Solid South. Notably, Coolidge is the last Republican to be elected president without winning any states that made up the former confederacy. The election was the last time a Republican won the presidency without Florida, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. La Follette won 16.6% of the popular vote, a strong showing for a third party candidate, while Davis won the lowest share of the popular vote of any Democratic nominee since Breckinridge in 1860, when the entire party had been split between a northern and southern ticket. This is the most recent election to date in which a third-party candidate won a non-southern state. Coolidge became the first Republican to ever win without Wisconsin. This was also the US election with the lowest per capita voter turnout since records were kept.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 85533, 723054, 50655075, 319501, 89141, 40519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 101 ], [ 148, 159 ], [ 440, 454 ], [ 461, 472 ], [ 569, 581 ], [ 585, 589 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Republican candidates", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When Coolidge became president, he was fortunate to have had a stable cabinet that remained untarnished by the scandals of the Harding administration. He won public confidence by taking a hand in settling a serious Pennsylvania coal strike, even though much of the negotiation's success was largely due to the state's governor, Gifford Pinchot. However, the more conservative factions within the Republican Party remained unconvinced in the new president's own conservatism, given his rather liberal record while governor of Massachusetts, and he had not even been their first choice for the vice presidency back in 1920; Senator Irvine Lenroot had been the choice of the party bosses then, but the delegates had rebelled. However, Coolidge was not popular with the liberal or progressive factions within the party either. Heartened by their victories in the 1922 midterms, the party's progressives vigorously opposed a continuation of the late Harding's policies. In the fall of 1923, Senator Hiram Johnson of California announced his intention of fighting Coolidge in the presidential primaries, and already friends of Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin were planning a third party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 224687, 252510, 601125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 328, 343 ], [ 513, 538 ], [ 630, 644 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Coolidge decided to head off the immediate threat of Johnson's candidacy by gaining the endorsement of some of the liberals. He first approached Senator William Borah of Idaho and cultivated his circle by making a conciliatory reference to the Soviet Union in a speech in December. No sooner had the Soviet Union reacted favorably than Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes persuaded the President to reject it. This left Borah on the verge of deserting Coolidge, but the subsequent disclosure of corruption among the Establishment persuaded him to stay and to try to convince Coolidge to align his policies more closely to his own. Coolidge for his part seemed unsure of what ideological posture to assume. His State of the Union address in January was neither liberal nor reactionary. He played Borah by repeatedly promising to fire Attorney General Harry Daugherty and putting it off. In a speech on Lincoln Day Coolidge promised unstinting prosecution that would not mingle the innocent and the guilty—and managed to keep Borah within his ranks until he no longer feared the senator's influence. By then, Coolidge had made himself sufficiently strong to replace not only corrupt officeholders but also many Republican stalwarts on the national committee and throughout the party hierarchy, elevating in their stead business friends loyal to him; Coolidge managed to create a conservative administration that had very little to do with the party establishment. In an effort to try to get at least some of the liberals back into the party ranks, he then offered the vice presidency to the popular Senator Borah. The senator declined, also refusing to nominate Coolidge at that year's Republican convention which he later decided against attending.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 703112, 7525, 804003, 599275, 1427422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 166 ], [ 355, 375 ], [ 516, 533 ], [ 854, 869 ], [ 905, 916 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another task for Coolidge, only slightly easier than tightening his hold over the party's divergent factions, was to rebuild the party organization. A few years before, Will Hays had brought disciplined energy to the office of Republican national chairman. Hays's replacement, William Butler, lacked his predecessor's experience, and it fell to Coolidge himself to whip the party into shape. His prime task was to establish control over the party in order to ensure his own nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 501161, 2764059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 169, 178 ], [ 277, 291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Through the power of patronage Coolidge consolidated his hold over Republican officeholders and office-seekers in the South, where the party was made up of little more than those whose positions were awarded through such a system. This allowed him to gain control of Southern delegates to the coming Republican convention. He also let it be known that his secretary Campbell Slemp, who favored the policy, would remove African-American Republican leaders in the South in order to attract more white voters to the party. Only California Senator Hiram Johnson challenged Coolidge in the South; Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois, potentially Coolidge's most dangerous rival for the nomination, was attending to his state after he had decided 1924 would probably be a Democratic year. When the early Alabama primary resulted in a slate contested between the Coolidge and Johnson forces, an administration-picked committee on delegates awarded Alabama to Coolidge.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 22852299, 2493643, 755652 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 356, 365 ], [ 366, 380 ], [ 601, 613 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Johnson formally opened his campaign for the presidential nomination in Cleveland, Ohio on January 2. He delivered a sharp attack on the Republican National Committee for increasing southern delegate representation in the national convention while also criticizing Coolidge for supplying arms to the Obregón forces in Mexico. \"I shall not concede,\" he said \"that collectors of revenue, U.S. Marshals, postmasters, and other officeholders may themselves alone nominate candidates for the Presidency.\" Johnson later condemned inefficient enforcement of prohibition and argued against Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon's plan to reduce taxes, which he said favored the wealthiest classes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 392519, 161537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 300, 307 ], [ 608, 623 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Johnson's drive began to falter almost as soon as it had begun. In appealing to the rank and file he moved even further away from the organization Republicans who would choose the nominee. Johnson, moreover, was too much a maverick for the conciliatory role demanded of a national political candidate. In the mid-1920s the major parties had little use for the nonconformists like Johnson or Governor Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania, but Johnson in truth could not easily be placed in the political spectrum. He did oppose the administration's tax reduction program which favored higher income groups, but he spoke against the World Court as he had the League of Nations, opposed the sale of arms to liberal Obregón forces in Mexico, called for an end to all Chinese immigration, and joined the American Legion in calling for the immediate payment of the veterans' bonus.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 224687, 392519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 400, 415 ], [ 707, 714 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To head off the Johnson threat, such as it was, Coolidge used the familiar weapons of his office. Through patronage threats he persuaded Senator James Watson of Indiana to take his own favorite-son candidacy out of the race; the decision was announced on January 11 after Watson met with William Butler, the President's campaign manager. To seal the Indiana factions in common cause, Butler made Colonel Carmi Thompson from Cleveland, Ohio associate manager for Coolidge's pre-convention campaign. On January 16 steps were taken to enter Coolidge in Johnson's own California primary. Two days after that, Coolidge received the endorsement of the anti-prohibitionist Nicholas M. Butler, president of Columbia University. A little later, Governor Pinchot, who had lost control of his state party organization, earned a place in his state's delegation, further state patronage, and other concessions in exchange for his support of the President. By the end of the month the eastern states were clearly entrenched in their support of Coolidge. In Michigan, where Johnson had won the presidential preference campaign in 1920, Coolidge backers filed nominating petitions for an old man named Hiram Johnson, hoping to divide the anti-administration vote. This Johnson, who resided in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, planned no campaign.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 565567, 359763, 30628270, 575927, 6310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 157 ], [ 185, 207 ], [ 404, 418 ], [ 666, 684 ], [ 699, 718 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "But the California senator remained in the race; it is thought that he might have hoped his candidacy would force Coolidge to adopt a more progressive stance, especially in regards to corruption. Johnson for example was prominent in the movement that led Coolidge to fire Attorney General Daugherty and accept the resignation of Secretary of the Navy Edwin Denby. In an effort to offset Johnson's popularity in some of the farm states the president also increased the tariff on wheat, and made available further farm loans. His efforts paid off in the first presidential primary in North Dakota; Coolidge won, La Follette ran second, and Johnson was far behind La Follette. The radical vote was split with Coolidge winning only with a plurality however, and Johnson remained in the race. Later in March, Johnson barely nosed ahead of Coolidge in the South Dakota primary, where Johnson had the personal support of the popular Senator Peter Norbeck. This would be the only primary Johnson would win. During April Coolidge defeated him in swift succession in Michigan, Illinois, Nebraska, Oklahoma, New Jersey and Ohio. Refusing to quit, Johnson allowed his campaign to limp along into early May; then Coolidge defeated Johnson even in his staunch progressive-Republican state of California, despite Coolidge's opposition to an outright ban on Chinese immigration.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 680557, 2780779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 351, 362 ], [ 934, 947 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In mid-May the official Coolidge headquarters opened in Cleveland, Ohio under the direction of William Butler, general manager of the Coolidge campaign. When Butler predicted that 1,066 of the 1,109 delegates would favor Coolidge, no one really doubted him, and the Republicans planned a king of outing, like the familiar business conventions, rather than a serious political encounter. The only remotely interesting event would be the choosing of a vice presidential candidate, Coolidge himself had not bothered to decide on a candidate; evidently he hoped Borah might still run but the other candidates were all acceptable to him. Circumstances affecting the two most recent occupants of that office however gave the dramatic illusion of the importance of the Vice-Presidency. When President Wilson fell ill in 1919 only a heartbeat kept the little-known Thomas R. Marshall from becoming president. Then Harding's death sent Coolidge to the White House. A man of ability had to be chosen and one who would also bring strength to the ticket in areas where La Follette could potentially run well. When Senator Borah declined the honor, California Republicans started to boost Herbert Hoover, who was credited with helping Coolidge triumph over Johnson in the state's presidential primary. Particularly since the narrow defeat of Charles E. Hughes in 1916, discovered only the day after the election when the final tallies were received from California, the state had been looked upon as important; the imminent candidacy of Robert La Follette, who would appeal to western liberals, made California all the more crucial. The New York Times thought Hoover would make an excellent choice, recognition at last that the vice president must be a man fitted for the presidency. Coolidge never spoke for Hoover and may have hoped he would remain in the cabinet where he was needed. As a dynamic vice president, Hoover would be too visibly the heir apparent for 1928; certainly he would overshadow the chief executive in an embarrassing way. Other candidates mentioned prominently included Governor Frank O. Lowden of Illinois, Governor Arthur M. Hyde of Missouri, and Charles G. Dawes, author of the German war reparations payment plan. It was hoped that both the party's candidates would be chosen on Thursday, June 12, to avoid the necessity of naming the Vice President on Friday the 13th.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 31362, 13682, 7525, 755652, 757141, 92211, 37168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 857, 875 ], [ 1176, 1190 ], [ 1329, 1346 ], [ 2090, 2105 ], [ 2128, 2142 ], [ 2160, 2176 ], [ 2368, 2383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The platform also came under special consideration in the weeks before the convention. Some Republican liberals threatened to support La Follette's third party ticket if the document omitted certain planks. Other problems faced the Platform Committee: the veterans' bonus, tax reform, Chinese immigration, and the World Court — all issues that cut at least one extremity from the main body of the party. Heading up the Committee on Resolutions, which was enjoined to formulate the party platform, was Charles B. Warren. In fact, however, much of the actual drafting fell to a subcommittee of the national committee, with vice-chairman Ralph Williams of Oregon as its head.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3557531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 501, 518 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nicholas M. Butler suggested that the platform consist of twelve to fifteen crisp sentences written by President Coolidge. It did indeed turn out to be a short and noncontroversial document. No mention was made of the Ku Klux Klan, and faint praise was given to hopeful plans for joining the World Court and helping the farmer. Apparently the party thought that traditional Republican strength in the areas affected by crop failure and low prices could accommodate a mild rebellion without loss of the section's electoral votes. The platform spoke of Coolidge's \"practical idealism\"; it also observed apologetically that \"time has been too short for the correction of all the ills we received as a heritage from the last Democratic Administration.\" It proposed a conference on \"the use of submarines and poison gas.\" Though the document was drafted by a new breed of Republican such as Ogden Mills from New York - who even recommended the adoption of an anti-Klan plank - rather than party stalwarts like Senator Henry Cabot Lodge from Massachusetts or Senator George Pepper from Pennsylvania, it remained conservative in its blandness. A substitute platform presented by Wisconsin progressives caught a moral tone the other failed to embody, but was defeated without a vote.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 16779, 751853, 153059, 3095391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 218, 230 ], [ 886, 897 ], [ 1013, 1030 ], [ 1061, 1074 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The convention formally ran from June 10 to 12. No questions arose over the choice of the presidential nominee. After the delegates tried unsuccessfully to prevail on Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois to run for the vice presidency — they actually nominated him but he declined — Charles G. Dawes won the nomination on the third ballot. He defeated Herbert Hoover, the choice of National Chairman Butler, by 682 votes to 234. Both candidates suffered from unpopularity with one major group of voters: Dawes with organized labor for his opposition to certain strikes, Hoover with wheat farmers for his role in price fixing during the war. Hoover lost because most convention leaders were more sensitive to the farm vote than that of labor, and because the president had not endorsed him. Dawes, a fiery brigadier general of World War I, now fifty-nine years old (seven years older than Coolidge), was well received by the convention and by Republicans generally. No doubt the establishment would have preferred a man of quieter disposition such as Senator Charles Curtis from Kansas, but Dawes's denunciation of the closed shop pleased them. Since Coolidge had not strongly supported any candidate, congressional leaders and party rebels agreed that \"Hell'n Maria\" Dawes, who had denounced \"pinhead\" politicians before a congressional investigating committee, was available and a strong candidate. His familiarity with the West, which would be the battleground of the campaign, gave needed strength to a ticket headed by a conservative easterner. German-Americans, who could be expected to support La Follette in large numbers, liked Dawes in particular for helping to solve postwar difficulties in Germany through his service on the Reparations Commission. He was billed as the active member of the ticket who would carry on the partisan campaign for Coolidge, much as Richard Nixon would do for the incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956. In an episode also suggestive of Nixon's career, a scandal was raised against Dawes. A dozen years earlier his bank had briefly loaned a banker friend named Lorimer, who had been expelled from the United States Senate, over a million dollars for the purpose of satisfying a state banking law; eventually, Lorimer's bank failed, but in 1924 this issue did not resonate with the voters.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 92213, 25473, 8182, 40564 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1055, 1069 ], [ 1869, 1882 ], [ 1910, 1930 ], [ 1934, 1938 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sizable Democratic gains during the 1922 Midterm elections suggested to many Democrats that the nadir they experienced immediately following the 1920 elections was ending, and that a popular candidate like William Gibbs McAdoo from California, who could draw the popular support of labor and Wilsonians, would stand an excellent chance of winning the coming presidential election. The Teapot Dome scandal added yet even more enthusiasm for party initially, though further disclosures revealed that the corrupt interests had been bipartisan; Edward Doheny for example, whose name had become synonymous with that of the Teapot Dome scandal, ranked highly in the Democratic party of California, contributing highly to party campaigns, served as chairman of the state party, and was even at one point advanced as a possible candidate for vice-president in 1920. The death of Warren Harding in August 1923 and the succession of Coolidge blunted the effects of the scandals upon the Republican party, including that of Teapot Dome, but up until and into the convention many Democrats believed that the Republicans would be turned out of the White House.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 562937, 4018526, 158940, 2133976 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 206, 226 ], [ 292, 301 ], [ 385, 404 ], [ 541, 554 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The immediate leading candidate of the Democratic party was William Gibbs McAdoo, now sixty years old, who was extremely popular with labor thanks to his wartime record as Director General of the railroads and was, as former President Wilson's son-in-law, also the favorite of the Wilsonians. However, in January 1924, unearthed evidence of his relationship with Doheny discomforted many of his supporters. After McAdoo had resigned from the Wilson Administration in 1918, Joseph Tumulty, Wilson's secretary, had warned him to avoid association with Doheny. However, in 1919, McAdoo took Doheny as a client for an unusually large initial fee of $100,000, in addition to an annual retainer. Not the least perplexing part of the deal involved a million dollar bonus for McAdoo if the Mexican government reach a satisfactory agreement with Washington on oil lands Doheny held south of the Texas border. The bonus was never paid and McAdoo insisted later that it was a casual figure of speech mentioned in jest. At the time, however, he had telegraphed the New York World that he would have received \"an additional fee of $900,000 if my firm had succeeded in getting a satisfactory settlement,\" since the Doheny companies had \"several hundred million dollars of property at stake, our services, had they been effective, would have been rightly compensated by the additional fee.\" In fact, the lawyer received only $50,000 more from Doheny. It was also charged that on matters of interest to his client, Republic Iron and Steel, from whom he received $150,000, McAdoo neglected the regular channels dictated by propriety and consulted directly with his own appointees in the capital to obtain a fat refund.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 562937, 2950078, 593160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 80 ], [ 473, 487 ], [ 1053, 1067 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "McAdoo's connection to Doheny appeared to seriously lessen his desirability as a presidential candidate. In February Colonel House urged him to withdraw from the race, as did Josephus Daniels, Thomas Bell Love, and two important contributors to the Democratic party, Bernard Baruch and Thomas Chadbourne. Some advisers hoped that McAdoo's chances would improve after a formal withdrawal. William Jennings Bryan, who never doubted McAdoo's honesty, thought that the Doheny affair had damaged the lawyer's chances \"seriously, if not fatally.\" Senator Thomas Walsh, who earlier had called McAdoo the greatest Secretary of the Treasury since Alexander Hamilton, informed him with customary curtness: \"You are no longer available as a candidate.\" Breckinridge Long, who would be McAdoo's floor manager at the June convention, wrote in his diary on February 13: \"As it stands today we are beat.\" The New York Times, itself convinced that McAdoo had acted in bad taste and against the spirit of the law, reported the widespread opinion that McAdoo had \"been eliminated as a formidable contender for Democratic nomination.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1336794, 429227, 57832, 12848223, 40608, 1325720, 4517223 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 130 ], [ 175, 191 ], [ 267, 281 ], [ 286, 303 ], [ 388, 410 ], [ 549, 561 ], [ 742, 759 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "McAdoo was unpopular for reasons other than his close association with Doheny. Even in 1918, The Nation was saying that \"his election to the White House would be an unqualified misfortune.\" McAdoo, the liberal journal then believed, had wanted to go to war with Mexico and Germany, and he was held responsible for segregating clerks in the Treasury Department. Walter Lippmann wrote in 1920 that McAdoo \"is not fundamentally moved by the simple moralities,\" and that his \"honest\" liberalism catered only to popular feeling. Liberal critics, believing him a demagogue, gave as evidence his stand for quick payment of the veterans' bonus.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 39902584, 202159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 103 ], [ 361, 376 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Much of the dissatisfaction with McAdoo on the part of reformers and urban Democrats sprang from his acceptance of the backing of the Ku Klux Klan. James Cox, the 1920 Democratic nominee, indignantly wrote that \"there was not only tacit consent to the Klan's support, but it was apparent that he and his major supporters were conniving with the Klan.\" Friends insisted that McAdoo's silence on the matter hid a distaste that the political facts of life kept him from expressing, and especially after the Doheny scandal when he desperately needed support. Thomas Bell Love of Texas - though at one time of a contrary opinion - advised McAdoo not to issue even a mild disclaimer of the Klan. To Bernard Baruch and others, McAdoo explained as a disavowal of the Klan his remarks against prejudice at a 1923 college commencement. But McAdoo could not command the support of unsatisfied liberal spokesmen for The Nation and The New Republic, who favored the candidacy of the Republican Senator Robert La Follette. A further blow to McAdoo was the death on February 3, 1924, of Woodrow Wilson, who ironically had outlived his successor in the White House. Father-in-law to the candidate, Wilson might have given McAdoo a welcome endorsement now that the League of Nations had receded as an issue. William Dodd of the University of Chicago wrote to his father that Wilson had been \"counting on\" his daughter's being in the White House. The New York Times however reported a rumor that Wilson had written to Cox hoping he would again be a candidate in 1924.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 16779, 148088, 261077, 518931, 32127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 146 ], [ 148, 157 ], [ 919, 935 ], [ 1291, 1303 ], [ 1311, 1332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "McAdoo received support from the Ku Klux Klan and refused to answer questions on if he was a member of the organization. McAdoo's supporters later controlled the platform committee at the convention and voted against adding a condemnation of the KKK to the platform. He defeated Oscar Underwood, who opposed the KKK and Prohibition, in the Georgia primary and split the Alabama delegation. Henry Ford, who was seen as a threat to McAdoo, chose to not run for the nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 734611, 22418955, 13371 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 279, 294 ], [ 320, 331 ], [ 390, 400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In their immediate effects the heated primary contests drew to McAdoo the financial support of the millionaires Thomas Chadbourne and Bernard Baruch (who was indebted to McAdoo for his appointment as head of the War Industries Board); and they strengthened the resolve of Governor Smith, ten years younger than McAdoo, to make a serious try for the nomination, which he had originally sought primarily to block McAdoo on the behalf of the eastern political bosses. The contests also hardened the antagonisms between the candidates, and cut deeper divisions within the electorate. In doing this, they undoubtedly retrieved lost ground for McAdoo and broadened his previously shrinking base of support, drawing to him rural, Klan, and dry elements awakened by the invigorated candidacy of Smith. Senator Kenneth McKellar from Tennessee wrote to his sister Nellie: \"I see McAdoo carried Georgia by such an overwhelming majority that it is likely to reinstate him in the running.\" The Klan seemed to oppose every Democratic candidate except McAdoo. A Klan newspaper rejected Ford because he had given a Lincoln car to a Catholic archbishop; it flatly rejected Smith as a Catholic from \"Jew York\"; and it called Underwood the \"Jew, jug, Jesuit candidate.\" The primaries therefore played their part in crystallizing the split within the party that would tear it apart at the forthcoming convention. Urban immigrants and McAdoo progressives had earlier joined to fight the Mellon tax plans in Congress, since both groups represented people of small means; deeper social animosities dissolved their alliance, and the urban-rural division rapidly supplanted all others. Frank Walsh, a progressive New York lawyer, wrote: \"If his [Smith's] religion is a bar, of course it is all right with me to bust up the Democratic party on such an issue.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1010930, 6688299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 802, 818 ], [ 1661, 1672 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "More directly, the contest between McAdoo and Smith thrust upon the Democratic national convention a dilemma of a kind no politician would wish to confront. To reject McAdoo and nominate Smith would solidify anti-Catholic feeling and rob the party of millions of otherwise certain votes in the South and elsewhere. But to reject Smith and nominate McAdoo would antagonize American Catholics, who constituted some 16 percent of the population and most of whom could normally be counted upon by the Democrats. Either selection would affect significantly the future of the party. Now in the ostensibly neutral hands of Cordell Hull, the Democratic national convention chairman, party machinery was expected to shift to the victor in the convention, and a respectable run in the fall election would ensure the victor's continued supremacy in Democratic politics.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 267720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 616, 628 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The selection of New York as the site for the 1924 convention was based in part on the recent success of the party; in 1922 thirteen Republican congressmen from the state had lost their seats. New York City had not been chosen for a convention since 1868. Wealthy New Yorkers, who had outbid other cities, declared their purpose \"to convince the rest of the country that the town was not the red-light menace generally conceived by the sticks.\" Though dry organizations opposed the choice of New York, it won McAdoo's grudging consent in the fall of 1923, before the oil scandals made Smith a serious threat to him. McAdoo's own adopted state, California, had played host to the Democrats in 1920.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 1924 Democratic National Convention was held from June 24 to July 9, and while there were a number of memorable moments, none were more crucial to the following proceedings then what occurred after a Platform Committee report on whether to censure the Ku Klux Klan by name came out. McAdoo controlled three of the four convention committees, including this one, and the majority report declared specifically against naming the Klan - although all the Committee members agreed on a general condemnation of bigotry and intolerance. Every effort was made to avoid the necessity of a direct commitment on the issue. Smith did not want to inflame the issue, but the proponents of his candidacy were anxious to identify McAdoo closely with the Klan and possibly to defeat him in a test of strength before the balloting began; the Smith faction, led by George Brennan of Illinois, therefore demanded that the specific denunciation of the Klan uttered by the committee minority become official.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 867217, 24027670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 850, 864 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "William Jennings Bryan, whose aim was to keep the party together and to maintain harmony among his rural followers, argued that naming the Klan would popularize it, as had the publicity given the organization by the New York World. It was also good politics to avoid the issue, Bryan claimed, since naming it would irredeemably divide the party. Worse still, Bryan believed, denouncing the Klan by name would betray the McAdoo forces, since it had been the Smith camp's strategy to raise the issue. In contrast to Bryan, former mayor Andrew Erwin of Athens, Georgia, spoke for the anti-Klan plank. In the ensuing vote, the Klan escaped censure by a hair's breadth; the vote itself foretold McAdoo's own defeat in the balloting.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Balloting for President began on June 30. McAdoo and Smith each evolved a strategy to build up his own total slowly. Smith's trick was to plant his extra votes for his opponent, so that McAdoo's strength might later appear to be waning; the Californian countered by holding back his full force, though he had been planning a strong early show. But by no sleight of hand could the convention have been swung around to either contestant. With the party split into two assertive parts, the rule requiring a two-thirds majority for nomination crippled the chances of both candidates by giving a veto each could - and did - use. McAdoo himself wanted to drop the two-thirds rule, but his Protestant supporters preferred to keep their veto over a Catholic candidate, and the South regarded the rule as a protection of its interests. At no point in the balloting did Smith receive more than a single vote from the South and scarcely more than 20 votes from the states west of the Mississippi; he never won more than 368 of the 729 votes needed for nomination, though even this performance was impressive for a Roman Catholic. McAdoo's strength fluctuated more widely, reaching its highest point of 528 on the seventieth ballot. Since both candidates occasionally received purely strategic aid, the nucleus of their support was probably even less. The remainder of the votes were divided among dark horses and favorite sons who had spun high hopes since the Doheny testimony; understandably, they hesitated to withdraw their own candidacies as long as the convention was so clearly divided.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As time passed, the maneuvers of the two factions took on the character of desperation. Daniel C. Roper even went to Franklin Roosevelt, reportedly to offer Smith second place on a McAdoo ticket. For their part, the Tammany men tried to prolong the convention until the hotel bills were beyond the means of the outlanders; the Smith backers also attempted to stampede the delegates by packing the galleries with noisy rooters. Senator James Phelan from California, among others, complained of \"New York rowdyism.\" But the rudeness of Tammany, and particularly the booing accord to Bryan when he spoke to the convention, only steeled the resolution of the country delegates. McAdoo and Bryan both tried to reassemble the convention in another city, perhaps Washington, D.C. or St. Louis. As a last resort, McAdoo supporters introduced a motion to eliminate one candidate on each ballot until only five remained, but Smith delegates and those supporting favorite sons managed to defeat the McAdoo strategy. Smith countered by suggesting that all delegates be released from their pledges - to which McAdoo agreed on condition that the two-thirds rule be eliminated - although Smith fully expected that loyalty would prevent the disaffection of Indiana and Illinois votes, both controlled by political bosses friendly to him. Indeed, Senator David Walsh from Massachusetts expressed the sentiment that moved Smith backers: \"We must continue to do all that we can to nominate Smith. If it should develop that he cannot be nominated, then McAdoo cannot have it either.\" For his part, McAdoo would angrily quit the convention and leave the country once he lost: but the sixty-first inconclusive round - when the convention set a record for length of balloting - was no time to admit defeat.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 746885, 172077, 888893, 108956, 27687, 1262049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 103 ], [ 216, 227 ], [ 435, 447 ], [ 756, 772 ], [ 776, 785 ], [ 1338, 1349 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It had seemed for a time that the nomination could go to Samuel Ralston, an Indiana senator and popular former governor. Advanced by the indefatigable boss Thomas Taggart, Ralston's candidacy might look for some support from Bryan, who had written, \"Ralston is the most promising of the compromise candidates.\" Ralston was also a favorite of the Klan and a second choice of many McAdoo men. In 1922 he had launched an attack on parochial schools that the Klan saw as an endorsement of its own views, and he won several normally Republican counties dominated by the Klan. Commenting on the Klan issue, Ralston said that it would create a bad precedent to denounce any organization by name in the platform. Much of Ralston's support came from the South and West - states like Oklahoma, Missouri, and Nevada, with their strong Klan elements. McAdoo himself, according to Claude Bowers, said: \"I like the old Senator, like his simplicity, honesty, record\"; and it was reported that he told Smith supporters he would withdraw only in favor of Ralston. As with John W. Davis, Ralston had few enemies, and his support from men as divergent as Bryan and Taggart cast him as a possible compromise candidate. He passed Davis, the almost consistent third choice of the convention, on the fifty-second ballot; but Taggart then discouraged the boom for the time being because the McAdoo and Smith phalanxes showed no signs of weakening. On July 8, the eighty-seventh ballot showed a total for Ralston of 93 votes, chiefly from Indiana and Missouri; before the day was over, the Ralston total had risen to almost two hundred, a larger tally than Davis had ever received. Most of these votes were drawn from McAdoo, to whom they later returned.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 4300935, 917578, 1428525, 261850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 71 ], [ 156, 170 ], [ 868, 881 ], [ 1055, 1068 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Numerous sources indicate that Taggart was not exaggerating when he later said: \"We would have nominated Senator Ralston if he had not withdrawn his name at the last minute. It was a near certainty as anything in politics could be. We had pledges of enough delegates that would shift to Ralston on a certain ballot to have nominated him.\" Ralston himself had wavered on whether to make the race; despite the doctor's stern recommendation not to run and the illness of his wife and son, the Senator had told Taggart that he would be a candidate, albeit a reluctant one. But the 300-pound Ralston finally telegraphed his refusal to go on with it; sixty-six years old at the time of the convention, he would die the following year.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The nomination, stripped of all honor, finally went to Davis, a compromise candidate who won on the one hundred and third ballot after the withdrawal of Smith and McAdoo. Davis had never been a genuine dark horse candidate; he had almost always been third in the balloting, and by the end of the twenty-ninth round he was the betting favorite of New York gamblers. There had been a Davis movement at the 1920 San Francisco convention of considerable size; however, Charles Hamlin wrote in his diary, Davis \"frankly said ... that he was not seeking [the nomination] and that if nominated he would accept only as a matter of public duty.\" For Vice-President, the Democrats nominated the able Charles W. Bryan, governor of Nebraska, brother of William Jennings Bryan, and for many years editor of The Commoner. Infamously loquacious, Bryan attacked the gas companies of Nebraska and had attempted controversial projects such as a municipal ice plant for Lincoln. In 1922 he had won the governorship by promising to lower taxes. Bryan received little more than the necessary two-thirds vote, and no attempt was made to make the choice unanimous; boos were sounding through the Garden. The incongruous teaming of the distinguished Wall Street lawyer and the radical from a prairie state provided not a balanced but a polarized ticket, and because the selection of Bryan was reputed to be a sop to the radicals, many delegates unfamiliar with Davis's actual record came to identify the lawyer with a conservatism in excess even of that considerable amount he did indeed represent.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1798198, 980942 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 465, 479 ], [ 690, 706 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his acceptance speech Davis made the perfunctory statement that he would enforce the prohibition law, but his conservatism prejudiced him in favor of personal liberty and home rule and he was frequently denounced as a wet. The dry leader Wayne Wheeler complained of Davis's \"constant repetition of wet catch phrases like 'personal liberty,' 'illegal search and seizure,' and 'home rule'.\" After the convention Davis tried to satisfy both factions of his party, but his support came principally from the same city elements that had backed Cox in 1920.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 8593962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 241, 254 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The movement for a significant new third party had its impetus in 1919 when John A. H. Hopkins, earlier a prominent member of the Rooseveltian Progressive Party, organized the Committee of 48 as a progressive political action group. The work of political mobilization begun by the committee was taken up in 1922 by a conference of progressives called by the railroad brotherhoods of Chicago, where La Follette established his position as head of the young movement. The majority of participants at a second meeting that December in Cleveland were trade union officials, the delegates including William Green of the United Mine Workers and Sidney Hillman of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. A quarter of the delegates came from the Nonpartisan League, the Farmer-Labor Party, and Morris Hillquit's Socialist Party of America, while individual farmers and labor spokesmen comprised the remainder of the progressive conclave. The Forty-Eighters acted as a mediating force between the idealistic Socialists and the pragmatic labor men. Although majority sentiment for an independent party did not crystallize in Cleveland, the dream of a united new liberal party captured the loyalty of many delegates who subsequently turned away from the major parties in 1924.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3976239, 36032076, 3397415, 683451, 1525610, 285808, 583278, 1608380, 243594 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 160 ], [ 176, 191 ], [ 594, 607 ], [ 639, 653 ], [ 661, 700 ], [ 743, 761 ], [ 767, 785 ], [ 791, 808 ], [ 809, 835 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Out of the Committee of Forty-Eight, some earlier organizations formed by La Follette, and the Chicago conventions grew the Conference for Progressive Political Action. La Follette had told reporters the previous summer that there would be no need for a third ticket unless both parties nominated reactionaries. Then came the Doheny scandals. As it seemed likely at the time that the scandals would eliminate Democratic frontrunner William Gibbs McAdoo, who was popular among railroad unions and other labor groups, the way was paved for the party which was launched at Cleveland in July 1924. Twelve hundred delegates and nine thousand spectators ratified the nomination of La Follette. The atmosphere was more sober than the one that had prevailed in 1912, where Theodore Roosevelt elicited much enthusiasm among the delegations. Farmers themselves were sparsely represented; they were too \"broke\" to come, according to Senator Lynn Frazier. Only one African-American sat in the audience and only one or two eastern intellectuals. Duly accredited delegates appeared for the Food Reform Society of America, the National Unity Committee, and the Davenport Iowa Ethical Society. Many students attended, one of the largest groups coming from Columbia University. Jacob Coxey was present as well as John J. Streeter. Radical labor leaders constituted the main body of the congregation. It was the dream of the Progressives that they might replace the Democrats, and thereby bring a clearer ideological alignment to American politics. The best way to do this, according to John Hopkins, would be to prevent either of the major parties from gaining a majority in the Electoral College and thus force the House of Representatives to choose the President.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6720400, 562937, 30535, 277154, 6310, 877570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 167 ], [ 432, 452 ], [ 765, 783 ], [ 930, 942 ], [ 1240, 1259 ], [ 1261, 1272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the Progressive candidate for president, La Follette became leader of the first formal prominent alliance in American political history between members of organized labor and farm groups, and of these with Socialists and independent radicals. Even the American Federation of Labor, although weakened by a precipitous decline in membership since the First World War, gave La Follette mild backing and so officially supported a presidential candidate for the first time. The Progressive vice-presidential candidate was Senator Burton K. Wheeler from Montana, only one of many Democrats who abandoned the chaos of their own party for La Follette's, and found there an idealism and dedication unparalleled within any of the other major political organizations of the 1920s. Wheeler explained his defection in his autobiography: \"When the Democratic party goes to Wall Street for a candidate, I must refuse to go with it.\" The Senator added special strength to the ticket, for he had played a major role in bringing to justice Attorney General Harry Daugherty. Moreover, his selection made it plain that the Progressives would seek votes from both major parties.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 350020, 1139494, 599275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 255, 283 ], [ 528, 545 ], [ 1042, 1057 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ill with pneumonia and absent from his Senate desk during most of the spring, sixty-eight-year-old La Follette still was a formidable contender. Drawing on a variety of discontents, he could injure the cause of either major party in sections it could ill afford to lose. The long appeal to the farmer in the party platform suggested his major target, but the candidate was addressing every American. In his acceptance speech La Follette urged that military spending be curtailed and soldiers' bonus paid. At the foundation of La Follette's program was an attack on monopolies, which he demanded should be \"crushed.\" His Socialist supporters took this as an attack on the capitalistic system in general; to non-Socialists, including the Senator himself, who believed this encroached on personal liberty, it signified a revival of the policy of trust-busting. The Progressive candidate also called for government ownership of water power and gradual nationalization of the railroads. He also supported the nationalization of cigarette factories and other large industries, strongly supported increased taxation on the wealthy, and supported the right of collective bargaining for factory workers. William Foster, a major figure within the Communist Party, considered La Follette a hopeless reactionary who wanted to break up monopolies and return to an era of small businesses.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 666256, 38327, 758699, 452981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 843, 856 ], [ 1023, 1032 ], [ 1195, 1209 ], [ 1237, 1252 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the first presidential election in which all American Indians were recognized as citizens and allowed to vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 5146630 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The total vote increased 2,300,000 but, because of the great drawing power of the La Follette candidacy, both the Republican and Democratic totals were less. Largely because of the deep inroads made by La Follette in the Democratic vote, Davis polled 750,000 fewer votes than were cast for Cox in 1920. Coolidge polled 425,000 votes less than Harding had in 1920. Nonetheless, La Follette's appeal among liberal Democrats allowed Coolidge to achieve a 25.2 percent margin of victory over Davis in the popular vote (the second largest since 1824, and the largest in the last century). Davis's popular vote percentage of 28.8% remains the lowest of any Democratic presidential candidate (not counting John C. Breckinridge's run on a Southern Democratic ticket in 1860, when the vote was split with Stephen A. Douglas, the main Democratic candidate), albeit with several other candidates performing worse in the electoral college.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 89141, 861808, 22418929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 699, 719 ], [ 731, 750 ], [ 796, 814 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both La Follette and Davis had criticized the Ku Klux Klan during the campaign, but Coolidge did not speak on the issue despite pleas from black groups. The New York Times stated that \"Either Mr. Coolidge holds his peace for mistaken reasons of policy and politics or he tolerates the Klan\". Charles G. Dawes criticized the KKK on August 23, but his comments were criticized by Representative Fiorello La Guardia who stated that \"General Dawes praised the Klan with faint damn\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 30680, 92211, 11418 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 171 ], [ 292, 308 ], [ 393, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The \"other\" vote amounted to nearly five million, owing in largest part to the 4,832,614 votes cast for La Follette. This candidacy, like that of Roosevelt in 1912, altered the distribution of the vote throughout the country and particularly in eighteen states in the Middle and Far West. Unlike the Roosevelt vote of 1912, the La Follette vote included most of the Socialist strength.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The La Follette vote was distributed over the nation, and in every state, but its greatest strength lay in the East North Central and West North Central sections. However, La Follette carried no section, and he was second in only two sections, the Mountain and Pacific areas. In twelve states, the La Follette vote was greater than that cast for Davis. In one of these states, Wisconsin, La Follette defeated the Republican ticket also, thus winning one state in the electoral college. The \"other\" vote led the poll in 235 counties, and practically all of these (225) gave La Follette a plurality. Four counties, three in the South, recorded zero votes, as against seven in 1920 – this decrease reflecting the Indian Citizenship Act.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Davis won in 1,279 counties, which was 183 more than what Cox had received, and Coolidge failed to win in 377 counties that Harding had won in 1920. Coolidge's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities were less than Harding's with Coolidge only receiving 1,308,000 compared to Harding's 1,540,000.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The inroads of the La Follette candidacy upon the Democratic Party were in areas where Democratic county majorities had been infrequent in the Fourth Party System. At the same time, the inroads of La Follette's candidacy upon the Republican Party were in areas where in this national contest their candidate could afford to be second or third in the poll. Thus, Davis carried only the traditionally Democratic Solid South and Oklahoma; due to liberal Democrats voting for La Follette, Davis lost the popular vote to Coolidge by 25.2 percentage points. Only Warren Harding, who finished 26.2 points ahead of his nearest competitor in the previous election, did better in this category in competition between multiple candidates (incumbent James Monroe was the only candidate in 1820 and thus took every vote).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 723054, 40536, 15978, 40508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 410, 421 ], [ 633, 654 ], [ 738, 750 ], [ 777, 781 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The combined vote for Davis and La Follette over the nation was exceeded by Coolidge by 2,500,000. Nevertheless, in thirteen states (four border and nine western), Coolidge received only a plurality. The Coolidge vote topped the poll, however, in thirty-five states, leaving the electoral vote for Davis in only twelve. All the states of the former Confederacy voted for Davis (plus Oklahoma), while all of the Union/postbellum states (except Wisconsin and Oklahoma) voted for Coolidge. It remains the last time anyone won the Presidency without carrying a single former Confederate state.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 427798, 7023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 144 ], [ 349, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which Republicans won Massachusetts and Rhode Island until 1952. The Republicans did so well that they carried New York City, a feat they have not repeated since, and this was also the last election in which they carried Suffolk County, Massachusetts, Ramsey County, Minnesota, Costilla County, Colorado and Deer Lodge County, Montana, or the City of St. Louis, Missouri. Davis did not carry any counties in twenty of the forty-eight states, two fewer than Cox during the previous election, but nonetheless an ignominy approached since only by George McGovern in his landslide 1972 loss. Davis did not carry one county in any state bordering Canada or the Pacific. The election was the last time a Republican won the presidency without Florida, Oklahoma, and Tennessee.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 76201, 94918, 97006, 95443, 27687, 62896 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 251, 280 ], [ 282, 306 ], [ 308, 333 ], [ 338, 364 ], [ 373, 400 ], [ 574, 589 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (30 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (69 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tipping point state:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for a Coolidge victory)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Progressive)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States (1918–1945)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Progressive Era", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 560252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1924 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1319618 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1924 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1342393 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21215289 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Burner, David. The Politics of Provincialism: The Democratic Party in Transition, 1918-1932 (1968)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chalmers, David. \"The Ku Klux Klan in politics in the 1920's.\" Mississippi Quarterly 18.4 (1965): 234-247 online.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Craig, Douglas B. After Wilson: The Struggle for the Democratic Party, 1920-1934 (1993)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History (2015) pp.139–52.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Goldberg, David J. \"Unmasking the Ku Klux Klan: The northern movement against the KKK, 1920-1925.\" Journal of American Ethnic History (1996): 32-48 online.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " McVeigh, Rory. \"Power Devaluation, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Democratic National Convention of 1924.\" Sociological Forum 16#1 (2001) abstract.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Martinson, David L. \"Coverage of La Follette Offers Insights for 1972 Campaign.\" Journalism Quarterly 52.3 (1975): 539–542.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Prude, James C. \"William Gibbs McAdoo and the Democratic National Convention of 1924.\" Journal of Southern History 38.4 (1972): 621-628 online.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ranson, Edward. The Role of Radio in the American Presidential Election of 1924: How a New Communications Technology Shapes the Political Process (Edwin Mellen Press; 2010) 165 pages. Looks at Coolidge as a radio personality, and how radio figured in the campaign, the national conventions, and the election result.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tucker, Garland S., III. The high tide of American conservatism: Davis, Coolidge, and the 1924 election (2010) online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1924 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "How close was the 1924 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1924 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1924_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge", "Calvin_Coolidge", "1924_in_American_politics", "November_1924_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1924" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1928 United States presidential election was the 36th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 6, 1928. Republican Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover defeated the Democratic nominee, Governor Al Smith of New York. Hoover was the last Republican to win a presidential election until 1952. As of the 2020 election, this is the last time that the party of the incumbent president won without their nominee being the incumbent president or the incumbent vice president.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32070, 13682, 5043544, 172040, 40563, 48410011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 128, 138 ], [ 161, 175 ], [ 189, 199 ], [ 218, 226 ], [ 308, 312 ], [ 324, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After President Calvin Coolidge declined to seek reelection, Hoover emerged as his party's frontrunner. As Hoover's party opponents failed to unite around a candidate, Hoover received a large majority of the vote at the 1928 Republican National Convention. The strong state of the economy discouraged some Democrats from running, and Smith was nominated on the first ballot of the 1928 Democratic National Convention. Hoover and Smith had been widely known as potential presidential candidates long before the 1928 campaign, and both were generally regarded as outstanding leaders. Both were newcomers to the presidential race and presented in their person and record an appeal of unknown potency to the electorate. Both faced serious discontent within their respective parties' membership, and both lacked the wholehearted support of their parties' organization.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6195, 1845311, 9242636 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 31 ], [ 220, 255 ], [ 381, 416 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the end, the Republicans were identified with the booming economy of the 1920s, and Smith, a Roman Catholic, suffered politically from anti-Catholic prejudice, his opposition to Prohibition, and his association with the legacy of corruption by Tammany Hall. Hoover won a third straight Republican landslide and made substantial inroads in the traditionally-Democratic Solid South by winning several states that had not voted for a Republican since the end of Reconstruction. Hoover's victory made him the first president born west of the Mississippi River, and he is the most recent sitting member of the Cabinet to win a presidential election. Charles Curtis was elected vice president, becoming the first Native American and the first person with acknowledged non-European ancestry to reach either of the highest offices in the federal executive branch, a feat that was not repeated until 2020, when Kamala Harris became vice president under former vice president Joe Biden.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 606848, 14169971, 22418955, 172077, 41053306, 5043544, 723054, 55040, 32290, 92213, 48410011, 3120522, 145422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 110 ], [ 138, 151 ], [ 181, 192 ], [ 247, 259 ], [ 300, 309 ], [ 360, 370 ], [ 371, 382 ], [ 462, 476 ], [ 608, 615 ], [ 648, 662 ], [ 894, 898 ], [ 905, 918 ], [ 969, 978 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This marked the first time a Republican won without Massachusetts and Rhode Island. With Hoover's victory, this cycle marked the last time until 1988 in which Republicans have won the presidency three consecutive times. This is also the most recent occasion in which three different presidential nominees from the same party have won the presidency in a row. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 39531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Republican candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With President Calvin Coolidge choosing not to enter the race, the race for the nomination was wide open. The leading candidates were Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, former Illinois Governor Frank Orren Lowden and Senate Majority Leader Charles Curtis. A movement to draft Coolidge failed to gain traction with party insiders or even persuade Coolidge himself.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6195, 31295388, 44272, 13682, 755652, 46507, 92213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 30 ], [ 31, 61 ], [ 134, 155 ], [ 156, 170 ], [ 197, 215 ], [ 220, 242 ], [ 243, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the few primaries that mattered, Hoover did not perform as well as expected, and it was thought that President Coolidge or Vice President Charles G. Dawes might accept a draft in case of a deadlock, but Lowden withdrew just as the convention was about to start, paving the way for a Hoover victory.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 92211 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republican Convention was held in Kansas City, Missouri from June 12 to 15 and nominated Hoover on the first ballot. With Hoover disinclined to interfere in the selection of his running mate, the party leaders were at first partial to giving Dawes a shot at a second term, but when that information leaked, Coolidge sent an angry telegram that said that he would consider a second nomination for Dawes, whom he hated, a \"personal affront.\" To attract votes from farmers who were concerned about Hoover's pro-business orientation, the nomination was instead offered to Curtis. He accepted and was nominated overwhelmingly on the first ballot. Curtis was the first candidate of Native American ancestry nominated by a major party for national office.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 17454, 21217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 59 ], [ 681, 696 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his acceptance speech eight weeks after the convention ended, Hoover said: \"We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of this land... We shall soon with the help of God be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this land.\" That sentence would haunt Hoover during the Great Depression.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19283335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 341, 357 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic candidates:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Owing to the economic prosperity in the country and rapidly fading public memory of the Teapot Dome scandal, the Democratic Party's prospects looked dim. Most of the major Democratic leaders, such as William Gibbs McAdoo, were therefore content to sit out the election. One who did not do so was New York Governor Al Smith, who had previously made two attempts to secure the Democratic nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 369155, 158940, 562937, 172040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 32 ], [ 88, 107 ], [ 200, 220 ], [ 314, 322 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1928 Democratic National Convention was held in Houston, Texas, on June 26 to 28, and Smith became the candidate on the first ballot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 9242636, 13774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 52, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The leadership asked the delegates to nominate Senator Joseph Taylor Robinson of Arkansas, in many ways Smith's political polar opposite, to be his running mate, and Robinson was nominated for vice-president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 304114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Smith was the first Roman Catholic to gain a major party's nomination for president, and his religion became an issue during the campaign. Many Protestants feared that Smith would take orders from church leaders in the Vatican in making decisions affecting the country.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Prohibition Party Convention was held in Chicago from July 10 to 12. Smith openly opposed Prohibition. Some members of the Prohibition Party wanted to throw their support to Hoover since they thought that their candidate would not win and did not want their candidate to provide the margin by which Smith would win. Nonetheless, William F. Varney was nominated for president over Hoover by a margin of 68–45.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 307316, 22418955, 15390514 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 94, 105 ], [ 334, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Anti-Catholicism was a significant problem for Smith's campaign. Protestant ministers warned that he would take orders from the Pope, who many Americans sincerely believed would move to the United States to rule the country from a fortress in Washington, DC. A popular joke of the time was that Smith sent a one-word telegram after the election to Pope Pius XI saying, \"Unpack.\" Beyond the conspiracy theories, a survey of 8,500 Southern Methodist Church ministers found only four who supported Smith, and the northern Methodists, Southern Baptists, and Disciples of Christ were similar in their opposition. Many voters who sincerely rejected bigotry and the anti-Catholic Ku Klux Klan, which had declined during the 1920s until the 1928 campaign revived it, justified their opposition to Smith on their belief that the Catholic Church was an \"un-American\" and \"alien culture\" that opposed freedom and democracy.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 14169971, 147858, 1634683, 8660, 16779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 348, 360 ], [ 429, 454 ], [ 554, 573 ], [ 673, 685 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An example was a statement issued in September 1928 by the National Lutheran Editors' and Managers' Association that opposed Smith's election. The manifesto, written by Dr. Clarence Reinhold Tappert, warned about \"the peculiar relation in which a faithful Catholic stands and the absolute allegiance he owes to a 'foreign sovereign' who does not only 'claim' supremacy also in secular affairs as a matter of principle and theory but who, time and again, has endeavored to put this claim into practical operation.\" The Catholic Church, the manifesto asserted, was hostile to American principles of separation of church and state and of religious toleration. Groups circulated a million copies of a counterfeit oath, claiming that fourth-degree Knights of Columbus members swore to exterminate Freemasons and Protestants and to commit violence against anyone if the church ordered. Smith's opposition to Prohibition, a key reform promoted by Protestants, also lost him votes, as did his association with Tammany Hall. Because many anti-Catholics used the issues to cover for their religious prejudices, Smith's campaign had difficulty denouncing anti-Catholicism as bigotry without offending others who favored Prohibition or disliked Tammany corruption.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 16858, 172077, 8900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 743, 762 ], [ 1002, 1014 ], [ 1164, 1171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Those issues made Smith lose several states of the Solid South that had been carried by Democrats since Reconstruction. However, in many southern states with sizable African American populations, the vast majority of whom could not vote due to poll taxes, restricted primaries, and hostile local election officials, it was widely believed that Hoover supported integration or at least was not committed to maintaining segregation. This overcame opposition to Smith's campaign in areas with large nonvoting black populations. Mississippi Governor Theodore G. Bilbo claimed that Hoover had met with a black member of the Republican National Committee and danced with her. Hoover's campaign quickly denied the \"untruthful and ignoble assertion.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 723054, 55040, 5441736, 221467, 326350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 62 ], [ 104, 118 ], [ 418, 429 ], [ 546, 563 ], [ 619, 648 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Smith's religion helped him with Roman Catholic New England immigrants, especially Irish-Americans and Italian-Americans, which may have explained his narrow victories in traditionally-Republican Massachusetts and Rhode Island and his narrow loss in his home state of New York, where previous Democratic presidential candidates had lost by double digits, but Smith lost by only 2%.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21531764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The total vote exceeded that of 1924 by nearly eight million, which was nearly twice the vote cast in 1916 and nearly three times that of 1896. Every section in the Union increased its vote although the Mountain, East South Central and West South Central States did so least of all. The greatest increases were in the heavily populated (Northeastern) Mid-Atlantic and East North Central States, where more than 4,250,000 more votes were cast, more than half of the nationwide increase. There was an increase of over a million each in New York and Pennsylvania.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40537, 40535, 40529, 30873819, 920042, 920048, 431669, 181779, 920073 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 36 ], [ 102, 106 ], [ 138, 142 ], [ 203, 211 ], [ 213, 231 ], [ 236, 254 ], [ 336, 350 ], [ 351, 363 ], [ 368, 386 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Much of the increase could be attributed to women voting in ever increasing numbers since gaining the national vote in 1920.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hoover won 200 counties in the Southern United States while Smith won 122 traditionally Republican counties in the Northern United States, with 77 of those counties being majority Catholic. Warren G. Harding had won in all twelve cities with populations above 500,000 in the 1920 election, but Smith won in Cleveland, Milwaukee, New York City, San Francisco, and St. Louis, and lost in Baltimore and Pittsburgh by less than 10,000 votes. Hoover won in the traditionally Democratic Birmingham, Dallas, and Houston. Smith was the first Democratic nominee in the 20th century to win a majority of the twelve largest cities in the country. The net vote totals in the twelve largest cities shifted from Republican to Democratic with Harding having won by 1,540,000 in 1920, Coolidge by 1,308,000 in 1924, while Smith won by 210,000. Samuel Lubell wrote in The Future of American Politics that Franklin D. Roosevelt's victory in the 1932 election was preceded by Smith's increased vote totals in urban areas.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 33060, 40536, 5951, 53117, 645042, 49728, 27687, 26997138, 25101, 85427, 53838, 13774, 69575783, 10979, 40556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 190, 207 ], [ 275, 288 ], [ 307, 316 ], [ 318, 327 ], [ 329, 342 ], [ 344, 357 ], [ 363, 372 ], [ 386, 395 ], [ 400, 410 ], [ 481, 491 ], [ 493, 499 ], [ 505, 512 ], [ 828, 841 ], [ 888, 909 ], [ 927, 940 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Smith's results in the cities in the election improved upon John W. Davis' results in the 1924 election. The Democratic vote in Boston rose from 35.5% to 66.8%, in Milwaukee from 9.7% to 53.7%, in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 10.1% to 51.2%, San Francisco from 6.4% to 49.4%, in Cleveland from 9.1% to 45.6%, in Chicago from 20.3% to 46.5%, in Pittsburgh from 8.7% to 42.4%, in Philadelphia from 12.1% to 39.5%, in Minneapolis from 6.3% to 38.8%, in Detroit from 7.1% to 36.8%, and in Seattle from 6.6% to 31.9%. In the boroughs of New York City the vote percentages rose from 33.6% to 67.7% in The Bronx, 39.6% to 60.8% in Manhattan, 31.9% to 59.5% in Brooklyn, 31% to 53.4% in Queens, and 42% to 53.4% in Staten Island. He improved in all of those cities from James M. Cox's results in 1920.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 261850, 24437894, 53117, 40469, 49728, 5951, 6886, 25101, 6097240, 8687, 11388236, 645042, 3338, 45470, 47384, 45579, 127062, 148088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 73 ], [ 128, 134 ], [ 164, 173 ], [ 197, 218 ], [ 240, 253 ], [ 277, 286 ], [ 310, 317 ], [ 342, 352 ], [ 413, 424 ], [ 448, 455 ], [ 483, 490 ], [ 530, 543 ], [ 593, 602 ], [ 622, 631 ], [ 651, 659 ], [ 677, 683 ], [ 705, 718 ], [ 760, 772 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hoover won the election by a wide margin on pledges to continue the economic boom of the Coolidge years. He received more votes than any previous candidate of the Republican Party in every state except five: Rhode Island, Iowa, North Dakota, South Carolina, and Tennessee. The Hoover vote was greater than the Coolidge vote in 2,932 counties; it was less in 143 of the comparable counties. The 21,400,000 votes cast for Hoover also touched the high-water mark for all votes for a presidential candidate until then and were an increase of more than 5,500,000 over the Coolidge vote four years earlier. The Republican ticket made substantial inroads in the South: the heaviest Democratic losses were in the three Southern sections (South Atlantic, East South Central, West South Central). The losses included 215 counties that had never before supported a Republican presidential candidate, distributed as follows: Alabama (14), Arkansas (5), Florida (22), Georgia (4), Kentucky (28), Maryland (3), Mississippi (1), Missouri (10), North Carolina (16), Tennessee (3), Texas (64), Virginia (26), West Virginia (4). In Georgia, eight counties recorded more votes cast for \"anti-Smith\" electors than either major-party candidate,.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 179553, 914777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 655, 660 ], [ 730, 744 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The electoral votes of North Carolina and Virginia had not been awarded to a Republican since 1872, and Florida had not been carried by a Republican since the heavily disputed election of 1876. Texas was carried by a Republican for the first time in its history, which left Georgia as the only remaining state never carried by a Republican presidential candidate. Georgia would not be won by a Republican until 1964 when Barry Goldwater carried the Peach State. Smith carried traditionally Democratic Alabama by barely 7,000 votes. In all, Smith carried only six of the eleven states of the former Confederacy, the fewest carried by a Democratic candidate since the end of Reconstruction.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40522, 57480958, 26324927, 4792, 7023, 55040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 98 ], [ 188, 192 ], [ 411, 415 ], [ 421, 436 ], [ 599, 610 ], [ 674, 688 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Smith polled more votes than had any previous Democratic candidate in 30 of the 48 states, all but Alabama, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Washington. In only four of them (Tennessee, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico) did Smith receive fewer votes than Davis had in 1924.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Smith received nearly as many votes as Coolidge had in 1924, and his vote exceeded Davis's by more than 6,500,000. The Democratic vote was greater than in 1924 in 2080 counties and fell in 997 counties. In only one section did the Democratic vote drop below 38%, the Pacific, which was the only one in which the Republican vote exceeded 60%. However, the Democrats made gains in five sections; of those counties, fourteen had never been Democratic and seven had been Democratic only once. The size and the nature of the distribution of the Democratic vote illustrated Smith's strengths and weaknesses as a candidate. Despite evidence of an increased Democratic vote, Smith's overwhelming defeat in the electoral college and the retention of so few Democratic counties reflected Hoover's greater appeal. Smith won the electoral votes of only the Deep South of the Democratic Solid South, Robinson's home state of Arkansas, and the New England states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island, both of which had a large proportion of Catholic voters. His 87 electoral votes were the fewest that a Democratic candidate had won since the 80 votes earned by Horatio Seymour in 1868. Hoover even carried Smith's home state of New York by a narrow margin. Smith carried 914 counties, the fewest in the Fourth Party System. The Republican total leaped to 2,174 counties, a larger number than even the 1920 landslide.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 174579, 85533, 401342, 723054, 21531764, 2477454, 40521, 5592096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 267, 274 ], [ 702, 719 ], [ 845, 855 ], [ 874, 885 ], [ 930, 941 ], [ 1145, 1160 ], [ 1164, 1168 ], [ 1287, 1306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Third-party support sank almost to the vanishing point, as the election of 1928 proved to be a two-party contest to a greater extent than any other in the Fourth Party System. Until the major split before the 1948 election in the Democratic Party between Southern Democrats and the more liberal Northern faction, no further significant third-party candidacies as seen in 1912 and 1924 were to occur. All \"other\" votes totaled only 1.08 percent of the national popular vote. The Socialist vote sank to 267,478, and in seven states, there were no Socialist votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40562, 861808, 243594 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 209, 222 ], [ 255, 273 ], [ 478, 487 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It was the last election in which the Republicans won North Carolina until 1968, the last in which they won Kentucky and West Virginia until 1956, the last in which they won Arizona, California, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Washington until 1952, the last in which they won Maryland, New Jersey, New York, and Oregon until 1948, and the last in which they won Ohio, Wisconsin, and Wyoming until 1944.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (5 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (95 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (60 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tipping point state:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1918–1945)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inauguration of Herbert Hoover", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21215352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1928 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1342370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1928 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1319269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 54982086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Andersen, Kristi. The Creation of a Democratic Majority: 1928–1936. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 63331507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bornet, Vaughn Davis. \"The Communist Party in the Presidential Election of 1928,\" Western Political Quarterly, (1958), 11#3 pp.514–538. In JSTOR", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bornet, Vaughn Davis. Labor Politics in a Democratic Republic: Moderation, Division, and Disruption in the Presidential Election of 1928 (1964)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chiles, Robert. 2018. The Revolution of '28: Al Smith, American Progressivism, and the Coming of the New Deal. Cornell University Press.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Coffman, Elesha. \"The 'Religious Issue' in Presidential Politics.\" American Catholic Studies (2008) 119#4 pp 1–20", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Craig, Douglas B. After Wilson: The Struggle for Control of the Democratic Party, 1920–1934. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Doherty, Herbert J. \"Florida and the Presidential Election of 1928.\" The Florida Historical Quarterly 26.2 (1947): 174–186.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Goldberg, David Joseph. Discontented America: The United States in the 1920s. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hostetler, Michael J. \"Gov. Al Smith Confronts the Catholic Question: The Rhetorical Legacy of the 1928 Campaign\" Communication Quarterly, Vol. 46, 1998.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lichtman, Allan, Prejudice and the Old Politics: The Presidential Election of 1928. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1979.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 2209232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Moore, Edmund A. A Catholic Runs for President: The Campaign of 1928. Ronald Press, 1956.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rulli, Daniel F. \"Campaigning in 1928: Chickens in Pots and Cars in Backyards,\" Teaching History: A Journal of Methods, Vol. 31, no. 1 (2006), pp.42+", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Slayton, Robert A. Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith. New York: Free Press, 2001.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sweeney, James R. \"Rum, Romanism, and Virginia Democrats: The Party Leaders and the Campaign of 1928.\" Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 90 (1982): 403–31. in JSTOR", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hoover, Herbert. The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Cabinet and the Presidency, 1920–1933 (1952),", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Smith, Alfred E. Campaign Addresses 1929.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1928 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1928 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1928 in Counting the Votes", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1928_United_States_presidential_election", "Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States", "Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover", "Al_Smith", "Herbert_Hoover" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1928" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Adalbert of Magdeburg (c. 91020 June 981), sometimes incorrectly shortened to \"Albert\", known as the Apostle of the Slavs, was the first Archbishop of Magdeburg (from 968) and a successful missionary to the Polabian Slavs to the east of what is contemporarily Germany. He was later canonised and his liturgical feast day was assigned as 20 June.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 258684, 1298912, 11867, 6097, 86364 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 160 ], [ 207, 221 ], [ 260, 267 ], [ 282, 291 ], [ 300, 310 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adalbert was born c. 910, possibly in Alsace or Lorraine, France. He was a German monk at the Benedictine Monastery of St. Maximinus in Trier, Germany. He was consecrated a Roman Catholic bishop and in 961 was sent to Kievan Rus. Princess Olga of Kiev had asked Emperor Otto I (the Great) to provide her a missionary from the Roman Catholic Church. Her son took the crown from her in 961, just as Adalbert arrived in Kievan Rus. Adalbert's missionary companions were slain and Adalbert barely escaped. Kievan Rus subsequently was converted by missionaries from Constantinople and became part of Byzantine Christianity.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 48129, 183853, 5843419, 419369, 4240, 7765601, 30317, 11867, 606848, 4092, 21486360, 22817, 25605367, 53831, 606848, 5646, 42207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 44 ], [ 48, 56 ], [ 58, 64 ], [ 82, 86 ], [ 94, 105 ], [ 119, 132 ], [ 136, 141 ], [ 143, 150 ], [ 173, 187 ], [ 188, 194 ], [ 218, 228 ], [ 239, 251 ], [ 262, 288 ], [ 306, 316 ], [ 326, 347 ], [ 561, 575 ], [ 595, 617 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon escaping Kievan Rus, Adalbert traveled to the imperial court at Mainz, Germany, where he remained for four years, until he was named Abbot of Wissembourg in Alsace. There he worked to improve the education of the monks. He later became the first Archbishop of Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, in contemporary Germany. Adalbert travelled to Rome to receive the pallium before assuming his see.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 20537, 11867, 1143, 165759, 48129, 258684, 38138, 11867, 147271 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 74 ], [ 76, 83 ], [ 138, 143 ], [ 147, 158 ], [ 162, 168 ], [ 251, 274 ], [ 276, 289 ], [ 307, 314 ], [ 358, 365 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Archepiscopacies of Hamburg and Bremen had been established with the intention that they would serve as bases for missions in northern and eastern Europe. The Archdiocese of Magdeburg was designated to provide missionaries to the eastern European Slavs. Adalbert also established dioceses for Naumburg; Meissen; Merseburg; Brandenburg; Havelberg; and Poznań, Poland. He died on 20 June 981 in Zscherben (contemporarily in (former) Geusa, in Merseburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 255372, 255372, 258684, 29440, 33438129, 6819207, 8328501, 4429, 12330030, 3657517, 22936, 13268506, 21012, 38138, 11867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 31 ], [ 36, 42 ], [ 163, 187 ], [ 251, 256 ], [ 297, 305 ], [ 307, 314 ], [ 316, 325 ], [ 327, 338 ], [ 340, 349 ], [ 355, 361 ], [ 363, 369 ], [ 435, 440 ], [ 445, 454 ], [ 456, 469 ], [ 471, 478 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A student of Adalbert for some years named Vojtěch Slavníkovec, who at his Confirmation took the very name of his tutor, went on from Adalbert's tutelage to successfully evangelize many Slavic peoples, receive the crown of martyrdom in Prussia, and was canonized as St. Adalbert of Prague.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 2108, 217733, 48588, 152173, 2108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 62 ], [ 75, 87 ], [ 223, 232 ], [ 236, 243 ], [ 266, 288 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saint Adalbert's Cemetery in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is dedicated to the archbishop of Magdeburg.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 53117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Catholic Online: Saints & Angels: St. Adalbert of Magdeburg", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "HighBeam Research: Adalbert of Magdeburg", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Medieval_German_saints", "Archbishops_of_Magdeburg", "10th-century_archbishops", "910s_births", "981_deaths", "Year_of_birth_unknown", "German_Benedictines", "10th-century_Christian_saints", "Benedictine_bishops", "Alsatian_saints", "10th-century_Latin_writers", "10th-century_German_writers", "10th-century_German_historians" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The President of the Council of Ministers (), colloquially referred to as the prime minister (), is the head of the cabinet and the head of government of Poland. The current responsibilities and traditions of the office stem from the creation of the contemporary Polish state, and the office is defined in the Constitution of 1997. According to the Constitution, the president nominates and appoints the prime minister, who will then propose the composition of the Cabinet. Fourteen days following their appointment, the prime minister must submit a programme outlining the government's agenda to the Sejm, requiring a vote of confidence. Conflicts stemming from both interest and powers have arisen between the offices of President and Prime Minister in the past.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2011203, 37570, 22936, 354165, 1673290, 43581, 2011203, 28167, 208101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 123 ], [ 132, 150 ], [ 154, 160 ], [ 250, 275 ], [ 310, 330 ], [ 367, 376 ], [ 465, 472 ], [ 601, 605 ], [ 619, 637 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The incumbent and seventeenth prime minister is Mateusz Morawiecki of the Law and Justice party. Morawiecki replaced Prime Minister Beata Szydło, who resigned on 7 December 2017.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 48505487, 520309, 5815781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 66 ], [ 74, 89 ], [ 132, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Near the end of the First World War, an assortment of groups contested to proclaim an independent Polish state. In early November 1918, a socialist provisional government under Ignacy Daszyński declared independence, while a separate committee in Kraków claimed to rule West Galicia. In Warsaw, the German-Austrian appointed Regency Council agreed to transfer political responsibilities to Marshal Józef Piłsudski, recently released from Magdeburg fortress, as Chief of State of the new Polish nation. Piłsudski summoned Daszyński to the capital to form a government, where Piłsudski agreed to appoint Daszyński as the republic's first prime minister. Daszyński's premiership, however, remained brief, after the politician failed to form a workable coalition. Piłsudski turned instead to Jędrzej Moraczewski, who successfully crafted a workable government for the Second Republic's first months of existence.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin of the office", "target_page_ids": [ 4764461, 1726698, 16815, 12250806, 32908, 12674, 2983, 1251785, 66951, 20804, 5368016, 1726691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 35 ], [ 177, 193 ], [ 247, 253 ], [ 270, 282 ], [ 287, 293 ], [ 299, 305 ], [ 306, 314 ], [ 325, 340 ], [ 398, 413 ], [ 438, 447 ], [ 461, 475 ], [ 788, 807 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Small Constitution of 1919 outlined Poland's form of government, with a democratically elected Sejm, a prime minister and cabinet, and an executive branch. Despite outlining a parliamentary system, the Small Constitution vested many executive powers onto Piłsudski's position as Chief of State. The executive branch could select and organize cabinets (with the Sejm's consent), be responsible to the ministries for their duties, and require the countersignature of ministers for all official acts. By the early 1920s, rightist nationalists within parliament, particularly Roman Dmowski and other members of the Popular National Union party and the Endecja movement, advocated reforms to the republic's structure to stem the authority of the chief of state (and ultimately Piłsudski) while increasing parliamentary powers. The result was the Sejm's passage of the March Constitution of 1921. Modeled after the Third French Republic, the March Constitution entrusted decision-making exclusively within the lower-house Sejm. The newly created presidency, on the other hand, became a symbolic office devoid of any major authority, stripped of veto and wartime powers.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin of the office", "target_page_ids": [ 5372224, 28167, 182113, 5368016, 381489, 10783603, 602080, 1673058, 227177, 43581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 30 ], [ 99, 103 ], [ 180, 200 ], [ 283, 297 ], [ 576, 589 ], [ 615, 637 ], [ 652, 659 ], [ 867, 893 ], [ 913, 934 ], [ 1044, 1054 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Deriving authority from the powerful Sejm, the prime minister and the council of ministers, in theory, faced few constitutional barriers from the presidency to pass and proceed with legislation. In reality, however, the premiership remained extraordinarily insecure due to the harsh political climate of the early Second Republic, marked by constant fluctuating coalitions within parliament. Fourteen governments and eleven prime ministers rose and fell between 1918 and 1926, with nine governments alone serving between the five-year March Constitution era. Deeply frustrated with the republic's chaotic \"sejmocracy\" parliamentary structure, Piłsudski led rebellious Polish Army units to overthrow the government in the May Coup of 1926, effectively ending the Second Republic's brief experiment with parliamentary democracy, as well as the prime minister's free and popular elected mandate for the next sixty years.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin of the office", "target_page_ids": [ 1530705, 1616355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 668, 679 ], [ 721, 729 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Distrustful of parliamentary democracy, Marshal Piłsudski and his Sanation movement assumed a semi-authoritarian power behind the throne presence over the premiership and presidency. Piłsudski's August Novelization of the 1921 Constitution retained the prime minister's post and the parliamentary system, though modified the president's powers to rule by decree, dismiss the Sejm, and decide budgetary matters. By the mid-1930s, Piłsudski and fellow Sanationists further stripped parliament and the premier's powers by enacting a new constitution, effectively establishing a strong \"hyper-presidency\" by 1935. The new constitution allowed for the president to dismiss parliament, the right to freely appoint and dismiss the prime minister, members of the cabinet and the judiciary at will, and promulgated the presidency as the supreme power of the state. Until the outbreak of the Second World War and the resulting exiling of the Polish government, the Sanation movement remained at the helm of a government dominated by the presidency with a weak, subordinate prime minister.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin of the office", "target_page_ids": [ 374963, 209438, 14151616, 1407054, 32927, 539820 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 74 ], [ 113, 136 ], [ 195, 214 ], [ 530, 546 ], [ 882, 898 ], [ 917, 949 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Under the communist Polish People's Republic, the ruling Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) dominated all sections of the government, as recognized under the 1952 Constitution. Although the premiership continued to exist, the office's power and prestige relied more on the individual's stature within the governing communist party than the position's actual constitutional authority. The office acted as an administrative agent for policies carried out by the PZPR's Politburo, rather than relying on the support of the rubber stamp Sejm. In face of growing protests from the Solidarity movement for much of the 1980s, the PZPR entered into the Round Table Talks in early 1989 with leading members of the anti-communist opposition. The conclusion of the talks, along with the resulting April Novelization of the constitution, provided various powers to the Sejm, along with reinstating both the previously dissolved upper-house Senat and the presidency as legal governmental entities.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin of the office", "target_page_ids": [ 355133, 40582, 5655140, 11172472, 867752, 28869, 632986, 11819158, 462813, 43581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 44 ], [ 57, 85 ], [ 159, 176 ], [ 468, 477 ], [ 521, 533 ], [ 577, 596 ], [ 646, 663 ], [ 787, 805 ], [ 929, 934 ], [ 943, 953 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the partially free 1989 parliamentary election, the Solidarity government of Tadeusz Mazowiecki faced the monumental task of formally institutionalizing the office in order to define its relatively vague legal powers. As the communist state was quickly dismantled, this impasse remained due to the series of unstable governments falling in quick succession in the first years of the Third Republic. Matters were not helped by the vagueness of the presidency, whose recreation during the Round Table Talks left a poorly defined yet potentially powerful office. After Lech Wałęsa's direct 1990 election to the presidency, a tug of war between the offices of the premier and presidency regarding the powers of the two offices began, with Wałęsa arguing for increased presidential powers by drafting a new constitution, with the right to appoint and dismiss the prime minister and members of the cabinet. Although Wałęsa later recanted his attempts to create a presidential system, the president continued to advocate for a semi-presidential model similar to that of the Fifth French Republic. The passage of the Small Constitution in 1992, which dispensed with the communist 1952 document, clarified several presidential prerogatives over the prime minister, including the president's right to be consulted on the ministers of Defense, Foreign Affairs and Interior. Although Wałęsa enjoyed a conflict free relationship with Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka, power rifts remained after the Small Constitution's passage, particularly with the Sejm, which Wałęsa repeatedly attempted to dissolve, influence its appointments and shift its constitutional reform agenda towards the presidency's favour.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin of the office", "target_page_ids": [ 5158252, 1950353, 927699, 632986, 27123535, 1141664, 206578, 210282, 244717, 10739132, 5655140, 7425373, 1161355, 34656164, 806118 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 56 ], [ 62, 72 ], [ 87, 105 ], [ 497, 514 ], [ 576, 587 ], [ 597, 610 ], [ 967, 986 ], [ 1030, 1047 ], [ 1077, 1098 ], [ 1119, 1137 ], [ 1182, 1195 ], [ 1334, 1341 ], [ 1343, 1358 ], [ 1363, 1371 ], [ 1446, 1460 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, by the 1993 parliamentary election, which brought in a relatively stable left-of-centre coalition government between the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) and the Polish People's Party (PSL), as well as Wałęsa's defeat in the 1995 presidential election by SdRP challenger Aleksander Kwaśniewski, an impetus for greater constitutional reform began to proceed. Between 1996 and 1997, a series of reform laws passed through parliament, strengthening and centralizing the prime minister's prerogatives. These reforms would form the basis of the current 1997 Constitution. Significant changes included the ability for the prime minister to call a vote of confidence, the premier's exclusive right to allocate and reshuffle ministers, and also for the prime minister to solely determine the areas of competence for ministries. Many of the prime minister's new powers were gained at the expense of the presidency, which lost the rights to consult ministerial appointments, reject the prime minister's cabinet selection or reshuffles, chair the cabinet, and to veto the budget, although veto powers in other areas remained. Additionally, the previous communist-era Office of the Council of Ministers (Urząd Rady Ministrów) was reformed into the Chancellery in 1997 to act as the premier's executive central office and support staff, assisting the facilitation and coordination of policy among members of the cabinet. The reforms between 1996 and 1997, codified under the constitution, made the prime minister the centre of legal authority within the government.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin of the office", "target_page_ids": [ 2144022, 28800, 39265, 1582577, 850180, 150186, 1673290, 208101, 845103, 30428183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 43 ], [ 130, 154 ], [ 169, 190 ], [ 232, 258 ], [ 262, 266 ], [ 278, 300 ], [ 555, 572 ], [ 648, 666 ], [ 714, 723 ], [ 1243, 1254 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to Article 154 of the Constitution of Poland, the president must nominate the prime minister to the post. However, the nomination process is not solely dictated by presidential preference, it rather reflects the leader of the party which obtained the most seats in the previous parliamentary election, or the leader agreed upon by a coalition. The president is neither entitled to dismiss the prime minister, appoint nor dismiss individual members of the cabinet, or the council of ministers as a whole at will. Upon his or her selection, the prime minister will then propose members of the cabinet, and within fourteen days, must submit a program outlining the new government's agenda to the Sejm, requiring a vote of confidence from among its deputies. In the event that a vote of confidence fails, the process of government formation passes to the Sejm, which will then nominate a prime minister within fourteen days, who will again propose the composition of the cabinet. An absolute majority of votes in the presence of at least half of all Sejm deputies is required to approve the cabinet, which the president will then accept and administer the oath of office. If the vote of confidence fails again, the process of nomination is handed back to the presidency, who will appoint a prime minister, who will then nominate other members of the cabinet. If the vote of confidence fails a third time, the president is obliged to shorten the Sejm's term of office and call for new elections.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selection and responsibilities", "target_page_ids": [ 1673290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As part of political tradition, the prime minister and his or her ministers take the oath of office inside the Column Hall at the Presidential Palace, in a ceremony administered by the president. Upon their inauguration, the prime minister and his or her ministers must take the following pledge before the head of state:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selection and responsibilities", "target_page_ids": [ 1124148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The oath may also be finished with the additional sentence, \"So help me God.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selection and responsibilities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Article 148 of the constitution stipulates that the prime minister shall act as the representative of the cabinet as a whole, delegate its agendas, coordinate the work of ministers, ensure the implementation of policy adopted by the cabinet, and issue regulations. Additionally, the prime minister acts as the superior of all civil servants. The prime minister is further assisted by a deputy prime minister (or ministers), who will act as a vice-president within the council of ministers. The make-up of the cabinet, its distributed portfolios and its governing style, however, very much depends on the premier's personality. He or she cannot, however, hold the presidency nor any other high state office, such as the chairmanships of the Supreme Chamber of Control, the National Bank of Poland, or the Ombudsman for Citizens Rights, simultaneously. With the power to distribute and reshuffle cabinet members, the prime minister can also discharge the functions of a minister. Similarly, the prime minister can call upon the cabinet to repeal a regulation or order from any minister.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selection and responsibilities", "target_page_ids": [ 8034295, 43581, 2011367, 1239605, 2164457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 386, 407 ], [ 663, 673 ], [ 740, 766 ], [ 772, 795 ], [ 804, 833 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the prime minister's power derives from parliament, he or she, along with other ministers, must answer questions from deputies during each sitting of the Sejm. The premier and other ministers are also constitutionally mandated to answer interpellations from deputies within 21 days of their submission.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selection and responsibilities", "target_page_ids": [ 30965396 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 240, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In accordance to Poland's semi-presidential system, most official acts of the presidency require the prime minister's countersignature in order to become valid. Through this, the prime minister acts as a gatekeeper to the president to certain acts, while also accepting responsibility to the Sejm for the president's actions. This legal relationship, established under the constitution, attaches a significant presidential dependence on the prime minister's signature, arguably enlarging the premier's responsibilities and legal standing. The President, however, does not need the prime minister's countersignature for a limited selection of other acts, including the appointment of judges, conferring orders and decorations, appointing a president to the Supreme Court of Poland, exercising pardons, making a referral to the Constitutional Tribunal, or appointing members to the National Broadcasting Council. The presidency's most significant power over the prime minister is the right to veto the government's legislation, but this procedure may be overruled by a three-fifths voting majority in the Sejm.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selection and responsibilities", "target_page_ids": [ 210282, 17130411, 2011152, 288593, 2011227, 2313532, 74661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 50 ], [ 118, 134 ], [ 756, 779 ], [ 792, 798 ], [ 826, 849 ], [ 880, 909 ], [ 991, 995 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The prime minister can also submit a vote of confidence of their cabinet to the Sejm. A vote of confidence in the cabinet can be granted by at least half of all of the Sejm's deputies. Similarly, if the council of ministers loses its majority support within the Sejm, the cabinet can be forced to resign in a constructive vote of no confidence. The motion must be approved by at least 46 deputies, and then passed by a majority vote. In such an event, a new prime minister must be simultaneously appointed. Additionally, the premier must submit the resignation of their cabinet at the first sitting of a newly elected parliament, as well as after a vote of no confidence has been successfully passed against the council of ministers or upon their own individual resignation. In the event of the prime minister's resignation or death, the president can either accept or refuse the cabinet's resignation of office.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selection and responsibilities", "target_page_ids": [ 208101, 217916 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 55 ], [ 309, 343 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the regional governments of the voivodeships, the prime minister is empowered to appoint a voivode for each of the republic's sixteen provinces, who supervises the central government's administration in the regions, as well as the functions of local government. The Sejm, upon a motion of the prime minister, can dissolve a local or regional government if it is flagrantly violating the constitution or legal statutes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selection and responsibilities", "target_page_ids": [ 41512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Among the office's emergency and security powers, the prime minister can request to the president a military commander-in-chief of the Polish Armed Forces during a time of war, or order a partial or general mobilization in the event of a direct threat to national security. The prime minister also retains the right to appoint and dismiss the heads of the special services, including the Policja, the Border Guard, the ABW, the AW, and the Government Protection Bureau. The heads of both the ABW and AW are entitled to directly report to the premier. In the event of public disorder, the prime minister can, upon a motion by the interior minister, authorize special armed units of the Policja to restore order. If such units prove ineffective in such a situation, the prime minister is authorized to call upon the president to deploy the Polish Armed Forces to bring law and order.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selection and responsibilities", "target_page_ids": [ 254428, 40153898, 2211827, 1159122, 2179279, 2179278, 13551086, 34656164, 2211827, 40153898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 127 ], [ 135, 154 ], [ 388, 395 ], [ 401, 413 ], [ 419, 422 ], [ 428, 430 ], [ 440, 468 ], [ 629, 646 ], [ 685, 692 ], [ 838, 857 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout the history of the Third Republic, the relationship between the prime minister and the president has ebbed and flowed. In the early to mid-1990s, the relationship largely depended on different interpretations of the vague, legal prerogatives of each office at the time, though since the passage of the Constitution of 1997, political preferences and individual personalities have characterized the relationship. Conflicts between the two offices, however, have generated party splits and political paralysis in the past.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Relationship with the presidency", "target_page_ids": [ 1673290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 314, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both before and after his 1990 election to the presidency, Lech Wałęsa had a deeply strained relationship with Prime Minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki, stemming from Wałęsa's belief that Mazowiecki was not aggressive enough in the dismissal of former Polish United Workers' Party members from senior government and economic positions. Mazowiecki's famous 1989 Thick Line speech (gruba kreska) further exacerbated the splintering. The split between the two men fractured the original uniting Solidarity Citizens' Committee by 1990, with intellectuals supporting Mazowiecki's new Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action, while workers supported the Centre Agreement, a political movement based around Wałęsa.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Relationship with the presidency", "target_page_ids": [ 27123535, 927699, 40582, 962149, 1950353, 1955903, 5731480 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 70 ], [ 126, 144 ], [ 245, 273 ], [ 354, 364 ], [ 485, 515 ], [ 572, 612 ], [ 642, 658 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Similarly, Prime Minister Jan Olszewski also retained a notoriously strained relationship with President Wałęsa during Olszewski's brief government between 1991 and 1992. Olszewski proceeded with a cautious approach to economic reform instead of implementing shock therapy, putting him at odds with the president. While Wałęsa advocated for constitutional reform to enlarge presidential prerogatives over the prime minister, Olszewski launched a campaign to deliberately embarrass the president and undermine Wałęsa's stature, releasing a list of alleged ex-communist collaborators within the Sejm, with some conspirators linked to the president. Wałęsa was further infuriated by Olszewski's attempts to gain influence within the Polish Armed Forces by appointing Radosław Sikorski as deputy defense minister without consultation. Wałęsa repeatedly called for the Olszewski government's dismissal, which the Sejm obliged, forcing the collapse of Olszewski's coalition in June 1992. Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka, who succeeded in forming a government after Waldemar Pawlak's failure to gather a workable coalition, enjoyed a far more amicable relationship with the president.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Relationship with the presidency", "target_page_ids": [ 758828, 356718, 40153898, 3199016, 806118, 802722 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 39 ], [ 259, 272 ], [ 730, 749 ], [ 764, 781 ], [ 997, 1011 ], [ 1057, 1072 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The implementation of a new constitution in 1997 profoundly affected the relationship between the premiership and presidency. Uncertainties over presidential and prime ministerial power that marked the Third Republic's first years were removed, eliminating the ability of the president to fully disrupt the government, and further strengthening the prime minister's position. Under President Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Prime Minister Jerzy Buzek's government became the first administration to be elected under the new constitution. Despite being from opposite parties (Kwaśniewski's center-left Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland and Buzek's center-right Solidarity Electoral Action), the relationship between both offices was smooth, partly due to Kwaśniewski's non-confrontational personality. Kwaśniewski sparingly used his veto powers in legislation the president did not agree with, choosing to let the government's concordat with the Holy See, a new lustration act and new electoral statutes to proceed without hindrance, though Kwaśniewski vetoed Buzek's privatization plan. Kwaśniewski's relationships with the like-minded social democratic premierships of Leszek Miller and Marek Belka were virtually free of conflict.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Relationship with the presidency", "target_page_ids": [ 150186, 735823, 850180, 39264, 411434, 13393, 11892098, 18414, 630580 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 392, 414 ], [ 431, 442 ], [ 593, 635 ], [ 661, 688 ], [ 927, 936 ], [ 946, 954 ], [ 962, 972 ], [ 1171, 1184 ], [ 1189, 1200 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Relations between the two executive organs, however, returned to animosity under the presidency of Lech Kaczyński and Prime Minister Donald Tusk. Political rivals for years, fueled by the 2005 presidential poll which saw both men as the main challengers, Tusk's center-right Civic Platform toppled President Kaczyński's twin brother Jarosław's government in the 2007 parliamentary election. Tusk's support for stronger integration into the European Union, including the signing of the Lisbon Treaty, and a rapprochement with Russia, put Kaczyński directly at odds with the prime minister. From 2007 until Kaczyński's death in the Smolensk air disaster in 2010, policy differences between the two offices were a constant source of division, with the president employing his limited veto powers numerous times over the government's legislation; Tusk's government lacked a 60 percent threshold to overturn such vetoes. In response, Tusk made no secret his party's desire to replace Kaczyński in the 2010 presidential election. Although Tusk and Kaczyński found several areas of compromise, clashes between the Chancellery and the Presidential Palace became a regular feature in both the domestic and international political scenes for the next two and a half years. Frustrated by Kaczyński's veto, Prime Minister Tusk argued for a constitutional amendment in November 2009 to strip the presidency of its veto powers, declaring: \"The president should not have veto power. People make their decision in elections and then state institutions should not be in conflict...Let us change some provisions so we can have fewer conflicts and more cooperation. We propose changes to the constitution so that the centre of power lies with the government... The presidential veto brings more harm than good.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Relationship with the presidency", "target_page_ids": [ 637432, 648724, 1686933, 23998, 637440, 13145963, 9317, 21222104, 25391, 26902061, 12254406, 30428183, 1124148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 113 ], [ 133, 144 ], [ 188, 210 ], [ 275, 289 ], [ 333, 343 ], [ 362, 389 ], [ 440, 454 ], [ 485, 498 ], [ 525, 531 ], [ 630, 651 ], [ 996, 1022 ], [ 1107, 1118 ], [ 1127, 1146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Currently, both President Andrzej Duda and Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki originate from the Law and Justice party.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Relationship with the presidency", "target_page_ids": [ 45266008, 48505487, 520309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 38 ], [ 58, 76 ], [ 96, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The prime minister's executive office is the Chancellery. Located along Ujazdów Avenue in Warsaw, the Chancellery houses the central meeting location of the cabinet. As an office, the Chancellery acts to facilitate government policy between the prime minister and his or her ministers, serve as the premier's support staff, and distributes the administration's information. Additionally in supporting the cabinet, the Chancellery also houses various executive departments answerable directly to the prime minister outside of the council of ministers, including the Economic Council, the Protection Office, and the Civil Service Department.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Support staff and residence", "target_page_ids": [ 30428183, 28073109, 32908, 2011203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 56 ], [ 72, 86 ], [ 90, 96 ], [ 157, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The official residence of the prime minister is Willa Parkowa, located several minutes walk from the Chancellery next to Łazienki Park. However, the previous Prime Minister Donald Tusk chose to reside in the coastal city of Sopot, near his native Gdańsk in Pomeranian Voivodeship.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Support staff and residence", "target_page_ids": [ 2125158, 648724, 152753, 12099, 92333 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 134 ], [ 173, 184 ], [ 224, 229 ], [ 247, 253 ], [ 257, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The prime minister receives security from the Government Protection Bureau (Biuro Ochrony Rządu) while in office, as well as for six months after departing from the Chancellery.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Support staff and residence", "target_page_ids": [ 13551086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since the inception of the Third Republic, sixteen individuals have occupied the post. The shortest-serving premier was the first government of Waldemar Pawlak, lasting for 35 days between June and July 1992. Pawlak is also the only prime minister to occupy the position twice. The longest-serving prime minister was Donald Tusk, who held the premiership continuously from 16 November 2007 to 22 September 2014. To date, three women, Hanna Suchocka, Ewa Kopacz and Beata Szydło, have served as premier. Suchocka, along with Tadeusz Mazowiecki and Jerzy Buzek, are the only Polish premiers, as of yet, to be invited into the Club of Madrid.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "List of Polish prime ministers", "target_page_ids": [ 15485759, 802722, 806118, 5814907, 5815781, 927699, 735823, 1102537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 140 ], [ 144, 159 ], [ 434, 448 ], [ 450, 460 ], [ 465, 477 ], [ 524, 542 ], [ 547, 558 ], [ 624, 638 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8034295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cabinet of Poland", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2011203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "President of Poland", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 43581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sejm", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 28167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Senat", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 462813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of Polish monarchs", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Constitution of the Republic of Poland (in English)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Other resources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Chancellery of the Prime Minister", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Prime_Ministers_of_Poland", "1918_establishments_in_Poland" ]

[ "Chairman of the Council of Ministers" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Baron Jurij Bartolomej Vega (also Veha; ; ; born Vehovec, March 23, 1754 September 26, 1802) was a Slovene mathematician, physicist and artillery officer.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 79915, 246311, 18902, 23269, 2508, 36301328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ], [ 100, 107 ], [ 108, 121 ], [ 123, 132 ], [ 137, 146 ], [ 147, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born to a farmer's family in the small village of Zagorica east of Ljubljana in Slovenia, Vega was 6years old when his father Jernej Veha died. Vega was educated first in Moravče and later attended high school for six years (1767–1773) in Ljubljana (the Jesuit College of Ljubljana, ), studying Latin, Greek, religion, German, history, geography, science, and mathematics. At that time there were about 500 students there. He was a schoolfellow of Anton Tomaž Linhart, a Slovenian writer and historian. Vega finished high school when he was 19, in 1773. After completing his studies at the Lyceum of Ljubljana (Licej v Ljubljani) he became a navigational engineer in 1775. Tentamen philosophicum, a list of questions for his comprehensive examination, was preserved and is available in the Mathematical Library in Ljubljana. The problems cover logic, algebra, metaphysics, geometry, trigonometry, geodesy, stereometry, geometry of curves, ballistics, and general and special physics.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 20879244, 42374, 27338, 16083, 148363, 25414, 10772350, 18963910, 26700, 18831, 1713064, 529422, 46426065, 18716923, 18895, 18973446, 18717261, 12608, 507960, 18973446, 89246, 212094, 22939 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 58 ], [ 67, 76 ], [ 80, 88 ], [ 254, 260 ], [ 302, 307 ], [ 309, 317 ], [ 327, 334 ], [ 336, 345 ], [ 347, 354 ], [ 360, 371 ], [ 448, 467 ], [ 590, 596 ], [ 844, 849 ], [ 851, 858 ], [ 860, 871 ], [ 873, 881 ], [ 883, 895 ], [ 897, 904 ], [ 906, 917 ], [ 919, 927 ], [ 931, 936 ], [ 939, 949 ], [ 975, 982 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vega left Ljubljana five years after graduation and entered military service in 1780 as a professor of mathematics at the Artillery School in Vienna. At that time he started to sign his last name as Vega and no longer Veha. When Vega was 33 he married Josefa Svoboda (Jožefa Swoboda) (17711800), a Czech noble from České Budějovice who was 16 at that time.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military service", "target_page_ids": [ 5321, 149384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 298, 303 ], [ 315, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vega participated in several wars. In 1788 he served under Austrian Imperial Field-Marshal Ernst Gideon von Laudon (17171790) in a campaign against the Turks at Belgrade. His command of several mortar batteries contributed considerably to the fall of the Belgrade fortress. Between 1793 and 1797 he fought French Revolutionaries under the command of Austrian General Dagobert-Sigismond de Wurmser (1724–1797) with the European coalition on the Austrian side. He fought at Fort Louis, Mannheim, Mainz, Wiesbaden, Kehl, and Dietz. In 1795 he had two 30-pound (14kilogram) mortars cast, with conically drilled bases and a greater charge, for a firing range up to 3000metres (3300yards). The old 60lb (27kg) mortars had a range of only 1800m (2000yd).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military service", "target_page_ids": [ 316183, 22278, 55904, 324499, 11188, 15439138, 99627, 20537, 42607, 1171482, 2596672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 114 ], [ 152, 157 ], [ 161, 169 ], [ 194, 200 ], [ 306, 323 ], [ 472, 482 ], [ 484, 492 ], [ 494, 499 ], [ 501, 510 ], [ 512, 516 ], [ 522, 527 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 1802 Vega was reported missing. After a few days' search his body was found. The police report concluded that his death was an accident. It is believed that he died on 26 September 1802 in Nußdorf on the Danube, near the Austrian capital, Vienna.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military service", "target_page_ids": [ 12050509, 21209639, 26964606, 55866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 202, 209 ], [ 217, 223 ], [ 234, 241 ], [ 252, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vega published a series of books of logarithm tables. The first one appeared in 1783. Much later, in 1797 it was followed by a second volume that contained a collection of integrals and other useful formulae. His Handbook, which was originally published in 1793, was later translated into several languages and appeared in over 100 issues. His major work was Thesaurus Logarithmorum Completus (Treasury of all Logarithms) that was first published 1794 in Leipzig (its 90th edition was published in 1924). This mathematical table was actually based on Adriaan Vlacq's tables, but corrected a number of errors and extended the logarithms of trigonometric functions for the small angles. An engineer, Franc Allmer, honourable senator of the Graz University of Technology, has found Vega's logarithmic tables with 10 decimal places in the Museum of Carl Friedrich Gauss in Göttingen. Gauss used this work frequently and he has written in it several calculations. Gauss has also found some of Vega's errors in the calculations in the range of numbers, of which there are more than a million. A copy of Vega's Thesaurus belonging to the private collection of the British mathematician and computing pioneer Charles Babbage (1791–1871) is preserved at the Royal Observatory, Edinburgh.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mathematical accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 17860, 40546, 17955, 239112, 4292863, 985188, 8214, 23307013, 6125, 5698, 2921783 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 45 ], [ 359, 392 ], [ 455, 462 ], [ 510, 528 ], [ 551, 564 ], [ 738, 767 ], [ 813, 820 ], [ 869, 878 ], [ 880, 885 ], [ 1201, 1216 ], [ 1249, 1277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Over the years Vega wrote a four volume textbook Vorlesungen über die Mathematik(Lectures about Mathematics). Volume I appeared in 1782 when he was 28years old, Volume II in 1784, Volume III in 1788 and Volume IV in 1800. His textbooks also contain interesting tables: for instance, in Volume II one can find closed form expressions for sines of multiples of 3 degrees, written in a form easy to work with.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mathematical accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 17699968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 309, 368 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vega wrote at least six scientific papers. On August 20, 1789 Vega achieved a world record when he calculated pi to 140 places, of which the first 126 were correct. This calculation he proposed to the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg in the booklet V. razprava (The fifth discussion), where he had found with his calculating method an error on the 113th place from the estimation of Thomas Fantet de Lagny (16601734) from 1719 of 127 places. Vega retained his record 52years until 1841 and his method is mentioned still today. His article was not published by the Academy until six years later, in 1795. Vega had improved John Machin's formula from 1706:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mathematical accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 23601, 374556, 24320051, 54353631, 274756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 112 ], [ 201, 228 ], [ 232, 248 ], [ 398, 420 ], [ 637, 648 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "with his formula, which is equal to Euler's formula from 1755:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mathematical accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 17902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "and which converges faster than Machin's formula. He had checked his result with the similar Hutton's formula:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mathematical accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "He had developed the second term in the series only once.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mathematical accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although he worked in the subjects of ballistics, physics and astronomy, his major contributions are to the mathematics of the second half of the 18th century.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mathematical accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 212094, 22939, 50650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 48 ], [ 50, 57 ], [ 62, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1781 Vega tried to push further his idea in the Austrian Habsburg monarchy about the usage of the decimal metric system of units. His idea was not accepted, but it was introduced later under the emperor Franz Josef I in 1871.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mathematical accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 13824, 44142, 51695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 77 ], [ 109, 122 ], [ 206, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vega was a member of the Academy of Practical Sciences in Mainz, the Physical and Mathematical Society of Erfurt, the Bohemian Scientific Society in Prague, and the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. He was also an associate member of the British Scientific Society in Göttingen. He was awarded the Order of Maria Theresa on May 11, 1796. In 1800 Vega obtained a title of hereditary baron including the right to his own coat of arms.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mathematical accomplishments", "target_page_ids": [ 28161800, 9481, 23844, 3354, 23307013, 48449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 63 ], [ 106, 112 ], [ 149, 155 ], [ 197, 203 ], [ 274, 283 ], [ 313, 326 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jurij Vega High School (Gimnazija Jurija Vege) in Idrija was founded in 1901 as the first Slovene Realschule. In 1935, Vega (crater) on the Moon was named after Vega. The National Bank of Slovenia issued a 50 tolar banknote in his honour in 1993, and the Slovene Post Office issued a stamp honouring Vega in 1994. The asteroid 14966 Jurijvega, discovered on July 30, 1997, is named after him. Slovenia's Vega Astronomical Society is named after both Jurij Vega and the star Vega. The star, however, is not named after Jurij Vega and its name is much older. A free open-source physics library for 3D deformable object simulation, Vega FEM, has also been named after Vega.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 659682, 2971095, 1573973, 63625, 23476752, 791, 720218, 27338, 32712 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 56 ], [ 98, 108 ], [ 119, 132 ], [ 209, 214 ], [ 255, 274 ], [ 318, 326 ], [ 327, 342 ], [ 393, 401 ], [ 474, 478 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vega is also notable as the tutor and academic advisor of , resulting in a notable scientific genealogy (see Academic genealogy of theoretical physicists: Jurij Vega).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Scientific genealogy", "target_page_ids": [ 4083089 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 103 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jurij Vega on the Slovenian 50 Tolars banknote.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Georg Freiherr von Vega at MacTutor History of Mathematics archive", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 1234374 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vega and his time", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vega FEM library", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1754_births", "1802_deaths", "18th-century_Carniolan_people", "18th-century_mathematicians", "18th-century_physicists", "18th-century_astronomers", "Carniolan_mathematicians", "Carniolan_physicists", "Carniolan_astronomers", "Ballistics_experts", "Pi", "Barons_of_Austria", "Slovene_nobility", "Carniolan_nobility", "People_from_the_Municipality_of_Dol_pri_Ljubljani" ]

[ "Jurij Bartolomej Vega", "Jurij Bartolomej Veha", "Georg Freiherr von Vega", "Georg Vega" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Ian Kevin Curtis (15 July 1956– 18 May 1980) was an English musician. He was the lead singer and lyricist of the post-punk band Joy Division and recorded two albums with the group: Unknown Pleasures (1979) and Closer (1980). Curtis was known for his bass-baritone voice, dance style and songwriting typically filled with imagery of desolation, emptiness, and alienation.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25382326, 16579, 363701, 159454, 314090, 1570429, 2943008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 122 ], [ 128, 140 ], [ 181, 198 ], [ 210, 216 ], [ 250, 263 ], [ 332, 342 ], [ 359, 369 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Curtis had epilepsy and depression and committed suicide on the eve of Joy Division's first North American tour and shortly before the release of Closer. Shortly after his death, the three surviving members of the band reconstituted themselves as New Order.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10511, 8389, 22146 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 19 ], [ 24, 34 ], [ 247, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite their short career, Joy Division have exerted a wide-reaching influence. John Bush of AllMusic argues that they \"became the first band in the post-punk movement by... emphasizing not anger and energy but mood and expression, pointing ahead to the rise of melancholy alternative music in the '80s\". According to critic Simon Reynolds, Joy Division's influence has extended from contemporaries such as U2 and The Cure to later acts including Interpol, Bloc Party and Editors. Rap artists such as Danny Brown and Vince Staples have cited the band as an influence.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 697535, 167409, 11145134, 52780, 57568, 638032, 819619, 1288141, 25421, 34143899, 32779348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 102 ], [ 274, 291 ], [ 326, 340 ], [ 408, 410 ], [ 415, 423 ], [ 448, 456 ], [ 458, 468 ], [ 473, 480 ], [ 482, 493 ], [ 502, 513 ], [ 518, 531 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Curtis was born on 15 July 1956, at the Memorial Hospital in Stretford, Lancashire, and grew up in a working-class household in Macclesfield, Cheshire. He was the first of two children born to Kevin and Doreen Curtis. From an early age, Curtis was a bookish and intelligent child, displaying a particular flair for poetry. He was awarded a scholarship at the age of 11 at Macclesfield's independent King's School. Here, he developed his interests in philosophy, literature and eminent poets such as Thom Gunn. While at King's School, he was awarded several scholastic awards in recognition of his abilities, particularly at the ages of 15 and 16. The year after Curtis had graduated from King's School, the family purchased a house from a relative and moved to New Moston.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 1074030, 50435, 244136, 7406, 612857, 1009032, 623375, 24729008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 70 ], [ 72, 82 ], [ 128, 140 ], [ 142, 150 ], [ 387, 398 ], [ 399, 412 ], [ 499, 508 ], [ 761, 771 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a teenager, Curtis chose to perform social service by visiting the elderly as part of a school programme. While visiting, he and his friends would steal any prescription drugs that they found and later take them together as a group. On one occasion when he was 16, after consuming a large dosage of Largactil he and his friends had stolen, Curtis was discovered unconscious in his bedroom by his father and was taken to hospital to have his stomach pumped.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 146717, 148980, 32149, 1937323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 53 ], [ 302, 311 ], [ 365, 376 ], [ 444, 458 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Curtis had held a keen interest in music since the age of 12, and this interest developed greatly in his teenage years, with artists such as Jim Morrison and David Bowie being particular favourites of his, and thus influencing his poetry and art. Among Curtis's earliest experiences with music was in a church choir as a young kid, in his hometown of Macclesfield. Curtis could seldom afford to purchase records, leading him to frequently steal them from local shops. By his mid-teens, Curtis had also developed a reputation among his peers as a strong-willed individual, with a keen interest in fashion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 15135713, 8786 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 153 ], [ 158, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite gaining nine O-levels at King's School and briefly studying A-Levels in History and Divinity at St. John's College, Curtis soon became disenchanted with academic life and abandoned his studies to commit himself to finding employment. Despite abandoning his studies at St. John's College, Curtis continued to focus on the pursuit of art, literature and music, and would gradually draw lyrical and conceptual inspiration from ever more insidious subjects.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 42062995, 10254514, 3062613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 29 ], [ 68, 76 ], [ 92, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Curtis obtained a job at a record shop in Manchester City Centre, before obtaining more stable employment within the civil service. His employment as a civil servant saw Curtis initially deployed to Cheadle Hulme, where he worked for several months with the Ministry of Defence, before he was offered alternative employment within the Manpower Services Commission in a building at Piccadilly Gardens. He later worked as a civil servant in Woodford, Greater Manchester although, at his request, approximately one year later Curtis was posted to Macclesfield's Employment Exchange, where he worked as an Assistant Disablement Resettlement Officer.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 511591, 160793, 712240, 203793, 2680228, 2470535, 1005793 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 64 ], [ 117, 130 ], [ 199, 212 ], [ 258, 277 ], [ 381, 399 ], [ 439, 467 ], [ 559, 578 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 23 August 1975, Curtis married Deborah Woodruff, to whom he was introduced by a friend, Tony Nuttall. Ian and Deborah initially became friends and then began dating in December 1972, when both were 16 years old. Their wedding service was conducted at St Thomas' Church in Henbury, Cheshire. Curtis was 19 and Woodruff 18. They had one child, a daughter named Natalie, born on 16 April 1979. Initially, the couple lived with Ian's grandparents, although shortly after their marriage the couple moved to a working-class neighbourhood in Chadderton, where they paid a mortgage while working in jobs neither enjoyed. Before long, the couple became disillusioned with life in Oldham and remortgaged their house before briefly returning to live with Ian's grandparents. Shortly thereafter, in May 1977, the couple moved into their own house in Barton Street, Macclesfield, with one of the rooms of the property becoming colloquially known between the couple as Curtis's \"song-writing room\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 34946046, 9325491, 441661, 179445, 5851411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 254, 271 ], [ 275, 292 ], [ 538, 548 ], [ 674, 680 ], [ 685, 695 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At a July 1976 Sex Pistols gig at Manchester's Lesser Free Trade Hall, Curtis encountered three childhood school friends named Bernard Sumner, Peter Hook and Terry Mason. The trio informed Curtis—whom they had seen at earlier punk gigs at The Electric Circus—of their intentions to form a band and Curtis informed them of his then-recent efforts to do likewise, before proposing himself as both their singer and lyricist. Initially, Mason became the band's drummer, but his rehearsal sessions were largely unproductive and he briefly became the band's manager. The group then unsuccessfully attempted to recruit several drummers before selecting Stephen Morris in August 1977. The band was later managed by Rob Gretton, who—having already seen Joy Division perform live at local venues such as Rafters—offered to become their manager in 1978.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Joy Division", "target_page_ids": [ 30320, 440330, 264178, 264175, 411266, 691834, 2238337, 26292731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 26 ], [ 47, 69 ], [ 127, 141 ], [ 143, 153 ], [ 412, 420 ], [ 646, 660 ], [ 707, 718 ], [ 794, 801 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially, the band named themselves \"Warsaw\", from the title of a song on David Bowie's then-recent album Low, but as this name somewhat conflicted with that of a London-based group named Warsaw Pakt they renamed themselves Joy Division. This moniker was derived from the 1955 novel The House of Dolls, which featured a Nazi concentration camp with a sexual slavery wing called the \"Joy Division\". The cover of the band's first EP depicted a drawing of a Hitler Youth beating a drum and the A-side contained a song, \"Warsaw\", which was a musical retelling of the life of Nazi leader Rudolf Hess.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Joy Division", "target_page_ids": [ 1448572, 425787, 31045316, 191537, 173634, 1490281, 198787, 29684300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 110 ], [ 284, 302 ], [ 321, 325 ], [ 326, 344 ], [ 352, 366 ], [ 412, 431 ], [ 456, 468 ], [ 584, 595 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After founding Factory Records with Alan Erasmus, Tony Wilson signed the band to his label following its first appearance on the TV music show he hosted, So It Goes, in September 1978. This appearance had been largely prompted by an abusive letter sent to Wilson by Curtis and saw the band play the song \"Shadowplay\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Joy Division", "target_page_ids": [ 175617, 1658692, 298546, 6077013, 12871346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 30 ], [ 36, 48 ], [ 50, 61 ], [ 154, 164 ], [ 305, 315 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While performing with Joy Division, Curtis became known for his quiet and awkward demeanour and a unique dancing style reminiscent of the epileptic seizures he began experiencing in late 1978. Although predominantly a singer, Curtis also played guitar on a handful of tracks (usually when Sumner was playing synthesizer; \"Incubation\" and a Peel session version of \"Transmission\" were rare instances when both Sumner and Curtis played guitar). Initially, Curtis played Sumner's Shergold Masquerader, but in September 1979 he acquired his own guitar, a Vox Phantom VI Special which had many built-in effects used both live and in studio. This included a repeat effect misspelled as \"replat\" on the control panel. Curtis used the guitar on Joy Division's early 1980 European tour and in the video for \"Love Will Tear Us Apart\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Joy Division", "target_page_ids": [ 11070614, 3501881, 1687596, 12738345, 1581839 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 340, 352 ], [ 365, 377 ], [ 477, 485 ], [ 551, 562 ], [ 799, 822 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Curtis's widow has claimed that in October 1979, Curtis began conducting an affair with the Belgian Annik Honoré who had been working at the Belgian embassy in London before becoming a journalist and music promoter. They had first met at a gig held in Brussels that month. Despite the fact he had for many years exhibited a somewhat controlling attitude within their relationship (which had included minimising any opportunity for his wife to come into contact with other men), Curtis was consumed with guilt over this affair due to being married and the father of their baby daughter, but at the same time still yearning to be with Honoré. On one occasion in 1980, Curtis asked Bernard Sumner to make a decision on his behalf as to whether he should remain with his wife or form a deeper relationship with Honoré; Sumner refused. Honoré claimed in a 2010 interview that although she and Curtis had spent extensive periods together, their relationship had been platonic. Deborah Curtis has maintained that it was a sexual and romantic affair.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 43166896, 3708, 48315631, 286012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 112 ], [ 252, 260 ], [ 333, 344 ], [ 961, 969 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His bandmates recollected later that Curtis's friendship with Honoré led him to distance himself and become somewhat \"lofty\" with them. This distance prompted occasional pranks at Curtis's and Honoré's expense. He became a vegetarian—likely at Honoré's behest—since he was known to have consumed meat when not in her presence.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 32591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 223, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Curtis began having epileptic seizures in late 1978; he was officially diagnosed with the condition on 23 January the following year, with his particular case being described by doctors as so severe, his \"life would [be] ruled to obsolescence by his severe epilepsy\" without the various strong dosages of medications he was prescribed. Having joined the British Epilepsy Association, Curtis was initially open to discuss his condition with anyone who inquired, although he soon became withdrawn and reluctant to discuss any issue regarding his condition beyond the most mundane and necessary aspects. On each occasion it became apparent a particular prescribed medication failed to control Curtis's seizures, his doctor would prescribe a different anticonvulsant and his wife noted his being \"full of renewed enthusiasm\" that this particular formulation would help him bring his seizures under control.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 27154, 241563, 1510614, 1903853, 179962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 38 ], [ 230, 242 ], [ 354, 382 ], [ 570, 577 ], [ 748, 762 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout 1979 and 1980, Curtis's condition gradually worsened amid the pressure of performances and touring, with his seizures becoming more frequent and more intense. Following his diagnosis, Curtis continued to drink, smoke and maintain an irregular sleeping pattern—against the advice given to those with the condition. The medications Curtis was prescribed for his condition produced numerous side effects, including extreme mood swings. This change in personality was also observed by Curtis's wife, family and in-laws, who noted how taciturn he had become in his wife's company. Following the birth of his daughter in April 1979, because of the severity of his medical condition, Ian was seldom able to hold his baby daughter in case he compromised the child's safety.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 151828, 393029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 399, 410 ], [ 431, 441 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the time of the recording of the band's second album, Curtis's condition was particularly severe, with him enduring a weekly average of two tonic-clonic seizures. On one occasion during these recordings, Curtis's bandmates became concerned when they noted he had been absent from the recording studio for two hours. The band's bassist, Peter Hook, discovered Curtis unconscious on the floor of the studio's toilets, having hit his head on a sink following a seizure. Despite instances such as this, Hook stated that, largely through ignorance of the condition, he, Sumner and Morris did not know how to help. Nonetheless, Hook was adamant that Curtis never wanted to upset or concern his bandmates, and would \"tell [us] what [we] wanted to hear\" if they expressed any concern as to his condition. In one incident, at a concert held before almost 3,000 people at the Rainbow in Finsbury Park in April 1980, the lighting technicians at the venue—contrary to instructions given to them by Rob Gretton prior to the gig—switched on strobe lights midway through Joy Division's performance, causing Curtis to almost immediately stagger backwards and collapse against Stephen Morris's drum kit in the throes of an evident seizure. He had to be carried offstage to the band's dressing room to recuperate.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 11287720, 32149, 20494838, 171732, 377436, 299593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 164 ], [ 369, 380 ], [ 865, 876 ], [ 880, 893 ], [ 913, 932 ], [ 1030, 1042 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Curtis had recovered from this first seizure, he was adamant the band travel to West Hampstead to honour their commitment to perform their second gig of the evening at this location, although some 25 minutes into this second gig, Curtis's \"dancing started to lose its rhythmic sense and change into something else entirely\" before he collapsed to the floor and experienced the most violent seizure he had endured to date.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 1010978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Curtis's onstage dancing was often reminiscent of the seizures he experienced and has been termed by some to be his \"epilepsy dance\". Throughout Joy Division's live performances in 1979 and 1980, Curtis collapsed several times while performing and had to be carried off stage. To minimise any possibility of Curtis having epileptic seizures, flashing lights were prohibited at Joy Division gigs; despite these measures, Bernard Sumner later stated that certain percussion effects would cause Curtis to have a seizure. In April 1980, Terry Mason was appointed as a minder to ensure Curtis took his prescribed medications, avoided alcohol consumption and got sufficient sleep.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Regarding the choreography of Curtis's stage performances, Greil Marcus in The History of Rock 'n' Roll in Ten Songs quotes Jon Savage from Melody Maker: \"Ian's mesmeric style mirrored the ever more frequent epileptic spasms that Deborah Curtis had to cope with at home.\" Marcus remarked that Curtis's performance \"might also have been a matter of intentionally replicating fits, re-enacting them, using them as a form of energy and a form of music.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 181181, 436149, 1582019, 462002 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 26 ], [ 59, 71 ], [ 124, 134 ], [ 140, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Curtis's final live performance with Joy Division was on 2 May 1980 at the High Hall of Birmingham University and included Joy Division's first and only performance of \"Ceremony\", later recorded by New Order and released as their debut single. The final song Curtis performed on stage with Joy Division prior to his death was \"Digital\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 209935, 1091559, 22146, 13729283 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 109 ], [ 169, 177 ], [ 198, 207 ], [ 327, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following Curtis's first definite suicide attempt on 6 April 1980, Tony Wilson and his partner, Lindsay—expressing deep concerns as to Joy Division's intense touring schedule being detrimental to Curtis's physical and mental well-being—invited him to recuperate at their cottage in Charlesworth in Derbyshire. While there, he is known to have written several letters to Honoré, proclaiming his love for her as he recuperated.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 26809587, 16958332, 71070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 49 ], [ 282, 294 ], [ 298, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By early 1980, Curtis's marriage to Deborah was floundering, as she had commenced divorce proceedings after he had failed to cease all contact with Honoré. Curtis enjoyed solitude, but had never been mentally equipped for living alone. He was having difficulty balancing his family obligations with his musical ambitions and his health was gradually worsening as a result of his epilepsy, thus increasing his dependency upon others. On the evening before his death, Curtis informed Bernard Sumner of his insistence upon seeing his wife that evening. He had also made firm plans to rendezvous with his bandmates at Manchester Airport the following day, before their departure for America.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 266959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 614, 632 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the evening of 17 May 1980, Curtis asked Deborah to drop her impending divorce proceedings; she replied that it was likely that he would have changed his mind by the following morning and then—mindful of his previous suicide attempt and also concerned that his state of anxiety and frustration might drive Curtis into an epileptic seizure—offered to spend the night in his company. Deborah then drove to her parents' home to inform them of her intentions. When she returned to the couple's home at 77 Barton Street in Macclesfield, Cheshire, his demeanour had changed and he informed his wife of his intentions to spend the night alone, first making her promise not to return to the house before he had taken his scheduled 10 a.m. train to Manchester to meet up with his bandmates.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 922, 244136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 273, 280 ], [ 521, 543 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the early hours of the next morning, Curtis committed suicide at the age of 23. He had used the kitchen's washing line to hang himself after having written a note to Deborah in which he declared his love for her despite his recent affair with Honoré. Deborah found his body soon after. In her biography, Touching from a Distance, Deborah recalls finding her husband's body and initially thinking that he was still alive before noticing the washing line around his neck. According to Tony Wilson, Curtis spent the few hours before his suicide watching Werner Herzog's 1977 film Stroszek and listening to Iggy Pop's 1977 album The Idiot. Stark notes the significance of this album, as Pop's title was inspired by Dostoyevsky's novel The Idiot about the spiritually sensitive epileptic prince who was driven mad by the tragic and violent society in which he lived. His wife recollected that he had taken photographs of their wedding and their baby daughter off the walls, apparently to view them as he composed his suicide note.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 893432, 4641558, 33138, 1414394, 157437, 1260011, 11625, 564174, 524165 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 121 ], [ 307, 331 ], [ 554, 567 ], [ 580, 588 ], [ 606, 614 ], [ 628, 637 ], [ 715, 728 ], [ 735, 744 ], [ 1017, 1029 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the time of Curtis's suicide, Joy Division were on the eve of their debut North American tour. Deborah has stated that Curtis had viewed the upcoming tour with extreme trepidation, not only because of his extreme fear of flying (he had wanted to travel by ship) but also because he had expressed deep concerns as to how American audiences would react to his epilepsy. Deborah has also claimed that Curtis had confided in her on several occasions that he held no desire to live past his early twenties. He had expressed to both Deborah and Honoré his deep concerns that his medical condition was likely to kill him, in addition to causing him to receive mockery from audiences, and that this mockery would only increase when performing before American audiences on the upcoming tour.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to Lindsay Reade, Curtis had informed her shortly before his death of his belief that, with his epilepsy, he could no longer perform live with the band. In addition, he had claimed that with the impending release of Closer, he believed the band had hit an artistic pinnacle.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In a 2007 interview with The Guardian, Stephen Morris expressed regret that nobody had realised during Curtis's life the distress he was in, even though it was evident in his lyrics. Bassist Peter Hook reflected on the tragedy of the timing of Curtis's death, just before what might have been a breakthrough to fame. Hook also claimed that, prior to the release of the 2007 documentary Joy Division, a specialist in epilepsy had viewed the combination of drugs that Curtis had been prescribed for his condition and expressed concerns about the drugs' safety.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 13297106 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 386, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Curtis's body was cremated at Macclesfield Crematorium on 23 May 1980, and his ashes were buried at Macclesfield Cemetery. A memorial stone, inscribed with \"Ian Curtis 18–5–80\" and \"Love Will Tear Us Apart\", was placed above his ashes. This memorial stone was stolen in mid-2008. A replacement, bearing the same inscription but in a sans-serif typeface, was placed in the same location. A central \"mowing\" stone used to hold floral tributes was reported stolen from the grave in August 2019.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 39175825, 1581839 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 121 ], [ 182, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shortly after Curtis's cremation, Sumner, Hook and Morris—strongly aided by Rob Gretton—formed a new band. Initially calling themselves \"The No Names\" and playing largely instrumental tracks, they soon became \"New Order\". Shortly after Curtis's death, Bernard Sumner inherited the Vox Phantom VI Special guitar Ian Curtis had acquired in September 1979; he used this instrument in several early New Order songs, including the single \"Everything's Gone Green\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1091577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 434, 457 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Numerous New Order songs reference or pay tribute to Curtis. The tracks \"ICB\" (an abbreviation of 'Ian Curtis, Buried') and \"The Him\" from their debut album Movement both refer to his passing. The instrumental track \"Elegia\", released in 1985, was also written in his memory, while the 2002 song \"Here to Stay\" was dedicated to Curtis as well as Rob Gretton and Martin Hannett.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 1185918, 3675797, 1290813, 187989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 157, 165 ], [ 217, 223 ], [ 297, 309 ], [ 362, 376 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Joy Division labelmates the Durutti Column paid tribute to Curtis in the form of \"The Missing Boy\", which appeared on their 1981 album LC. In 1990, Psychic TV released \"I.C. Water\", which was dedicated to Curtis. In 1999, the post-hardcore band Thursday released a song titled \"Ian Curtis\" on their debut album, Waiting, while in 2003, Xiu Xiu released the track \"Ian Curtis Wishlist\" on their second album, A Promise.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 186393, 38332226, 391082, 266139, 767401, 612081, 1080924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 42 ], [ 135, 137 ], [ 148, 158 ], [ 245, 253 ], [ 312, 319 ], [ 336, 343 ], [ 408, 417 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Deborah Curtis has written a biographical account of their marriage, Touching from a Distance, which was first published in 1995. This biography details in part his relationship with Annik Honoré. Authors Mick Middles and Lindsay Reade released the book Torn Apart: The Life of Ian Curtis in 2006. This biography takes a more intimate look at Curtis and includes photographs from personal family albums and excerpts from his letters to Honoré during their relationship. Music journalist Paul Morley wrote Joy Division, Piece by Piece, writing about Joy Division 1977–2007; it was published in late 2007. The book documents all of his writings and reviews about Joy Division, from their formation until Tony Wilson's death.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 615654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 487, 498 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The words \"Ian Curtis Lives\" are written on a wall in Wallace Street, Wellington, New Zealand. The message, which appeared shortly after the singer's death in 1980, is repainted whenever it is painted over. A nearby wall on the same street on 4 January 2005 was originally emblazoned \"Ian Curtis RIP\", later modified to read \"Ian Curtis RIP Walk in Silence\" along with the incorrect dates \"1960–1980\". Both are referred to as \"The Ian Curtis Wall\". On 10 September 2009, the wall was painted over by Wellington City Council's anti-graffiti team. The wall was chalked back up on 16 September 2009. The wall was repainted on 17 September 2009, and has been removed and repainted on and off. A new and improved design, with correct dates and the original \"Walk in Silence\", was painted on the wall on 27 February 2013. In October 2020, in line with Manchester music and mental wellbeing festival Headstock, a large mural depicting a black and white portrait of Ian Curtis was painted on the side of a building on Port Street in Manchester's Northern Quarter by street artist Akse P19.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 33804, 2478216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 80 ], [ 1038, 1054 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2012, Curtis was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Peter Blake to appear in a new version of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 275009, 212501, 65450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 52 ], [ 72, 83 ], [ 127, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Curtis was portrayed by Sean Harris in the 2002 film 24 Hour Party People, which dramatised the rise and fall of Factory Records from the 1970s to the 1990s. In 2007, a British biographical film titled Control about Curtis was released. This film was largely based upon Deborah Curtis's book Touching from a Distance. The film was directed by the Dutch rock photographer and music video director Anton Corbijn, who had previously photographed the band and directed the video for their single \"Atmosphere\". Deborah Curtis and Tony Wilson were executive producers, while Todd Eckert of Clara Flora was the producer. Sam Riley, the lead singer of the band 10,000 Things, portrays Curtis, while Samantha Morton plays his wife, Deborah.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2344306, 360138, 3909180, 1073796, 10504617, 4641629, 4641629, 468301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 35 ], [ 53, 73 ], [ 202, 209 ], [ 396, 409 ], [ 493, 503 ], [ 614, 623 ], [ 653, 666 ], [ 691, 706 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Control was debuted at the Cannes Film Festival on 17 May 2007 and took three awards at the Directors' Fortnight. Control portrays Curtis's secondary school romance with Deborah, their marriage, his problems balancing his domestic life with his rise to fame, his struggles with both his major depressive issues and his poorly medicated epilepsy and his later relationship with Annik Honoré.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 101460, 9544630 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 47 ], [ 92, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2014, the house in which Curtis ended his life went on sale. Upon hearing this news, a fan initiated a campaign via Indiegogo to raise funds to purchase the house with intentions to preserve the property as a museum to Curtis and Joy Division. The campaign only raised £2,000 out of the intended final goal £150,000. The money raised was later donated to the Epilepsy Society and MIND charities.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 30081454, 6201974, 3166445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 128 ], [ 359, 379 ], [ 384, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon hearing of the failure of this project, an entrepreneur and musician named Hadar Goldman purchased the property, offering to pay a £75,000 compensation fee on top of the requested house price of £125,000 in order to secure the purchase of 77 Barton Street and thus reverse the transacted sale from a private purchaser, which at the time was already in progress. Justifying his decision, Goldman stated he intended the property to act as a Joy Division museum and as a digital hub to support musicians and other artists worldwide.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Unknown Pleasures (1979)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 363701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Closer (1980)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 159454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Edge, Brian (1984) Pleasures and Wayward Distractions, Omnibus Press; ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Heylin, Clinton and Wood, Craig (1988) Joy Division: Form (and Substance), Sound Pub; ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Middles, Mick (1996) From Joy Division to New Order, Virgin Books; ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Middles, Mick and Reade, Lindsay (2006) Torn Apart: The Life of Ian Curtis, Omnibus Press; ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ian Curtis biography at Joy Division Central", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Great Lives: Ian Curtis at BBC Radio 4", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 72758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Images of the interior of 77 Barton Street", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1956_births", "1980_deaths", "20th-century_English_singers", "20th-century_British_guitarists", "Burials_in_Cheshire", "English_baritones", "English_lyricists", "English_male_singer-songwriters", "English_punk_rock_guitarists", "English_punk_rock_singers", "Joy_Division_members", "English_male_guitarists", "Musicians_from_Manchester", "People_educated_at_The_King's_School,_Macclesfield", "People_from_Macclesfield", "People_from_Stretford", "People_with_epilepsy", "People_with_mood_disorders", "British_post-punk_musicians", "Rock_songwriters", "Suicides_by_hanging_in_England", "1980_suicides", "20th-century_British_male_singers" ]

[ "Ian Kevin Curtis" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (; abbreviated ; 2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a German Field Marshal and statesman who led the Imperial German Army during World War I and later became President of Germany from 1925 until his death in 1934. During his presidency, he played a key role in the Nazi seizure of power in January 1933 when, under pressure from advisers, he appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12354993, 4764461, 407083, 3796622, 2731583, 20890626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 182 ], [ 190, 201 ], [ 219, 239 ], [ 331, 347 ], [ 413, 425 ], [ 429, 450 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg was born to a family of minor Prussian nobility in Posen. Upon completing his education as a cadet, he enlisted in the Third Regiment of Foot Guards as a second lieutenant. He then saw combat during the Austro-Prussian and Franco-Prussian wars. In 1873, he was admitted to the prestigious Kriegsakademie in Berlin, where he studied for three years before being appointed to the Army's General Staff Corps. Later in 1885, he was promoted to the rank of major and became a member of the Great General Staff. Following a five-year teaching stint at the Kriegsakademie, Hindenburg steadily rose through the army's ranks to become a lieutenant-general by 1900. Around the time of his promotion to General of the Infantry in 1905, Count Alfred von Schlieffen recommended that he succeed him as Chief of the Great General Staff but the post ultimately went to Helmuth von Moltke in January 1906. In 1911, Hindenburg announced his retirement from the military.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 371248, 23723, 142281, 44035, 5400285, 438600, 21849887, 179830, 439369 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 48 ], [ 62, 67 ], [ 214, 229 ], [ 234, 249 ], [ 300, 314 ], [ 496, 515 ], [ 703, 726 ], [ 742, 763 ], [ 864, 882 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following World War I's outbreak in July 1914, he was recalled to military service and quickly achieved fame on the Eastern Front as the victor of Tannenberg. Subsequently, he oversaw a crushing series of victories against the Russians that made him a national hero and the center of a massive personality cult. By 1916, Hindenburg's popularity had risen to the point that he replaced General Erich von Falkenhayn as Chief of the Great General Staff. Thereafter, he and his deputy, General Erich Ludendorff, exploited Emperor Wilhelm II's broad delegation of power to the German Army to establish a de facto military dictatorship. Under their leadership, Germany secured Russia's defeat in the east and achieved advances on the Western Front deeper than any seen since the conflict's outbreak. However, by the end of 1918, all improvements in Germany's fortunes were reversed after the German Army was decisively defeated in the Second Battle of the Marne and the Allies' Hundred Days Offensive. Upon his country's capitulation to the Allies in the November 1918 armistice, Hindenburg stepped down as Germany's commander-in-chief before retiring once again from military service in 1919.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 60142, 147116, 440115, 438600, 253553, 50450, 146728, 51499, 157133, 1328501, 254428 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 157 ], [ 294, 310 ], [ 393, 413 ], [ 417, 449 ], [ 490, 506 ], [ 518, 536 ], [ 608, 629 ], [ 728, 741 ], [ 929, 955 ], [ 972, 994 ], [ 1111, 1129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1925, Hindenburg returned to public life to become the second elected president of the German Weimar Republic. While he was personally opposed to Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party, he nonetheless played a major role in the political instability that resulted in their rise to power. Upon twice dissolving the Reichstag in 1932, Hindenburg ultimately agreed to appoint Hitler as Chancellor of Germany in January 1933 when the Nazis won a plurality in the November elections. In response to the Reichstag fire allegedly committed by Marinus van der Lubbe, he approved the Reichstag Fire Decree in February 1933 which suspended various civil liberties. Later in March, he signed the Enabling Act of 1933 which gave the Nazi regime emergency powers. After Hindenburg died the following year, Hitler combined the presidency with his office as chancellor before proceeding to declare himself Führer und Reichskanzler des deutschen Volkes () and transformed Germany into a totalitarian state.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1443393, 33685, 21736, 20890626, 207360, 192329, 217987, 218116, 213765, 30439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 72 ], [ 97, 112 ], [ 170, 180 ], [ 379, 400 ], [ 494, 508 ], [ 532, 553 ], [ 571, 592 ], [ 681, 701 ], [ 887, 893 ], [ 967, 985 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg was born in Posen, Prussia the son of Prussian junker Hans Robert Ludwig von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (1816–1902) and his wife Luise Schwickart (1825–1893), the daughter of physician Karl Ludwig Schwickart and wife Julie Moennich. His paternal grandparents were Otto Ludwig Fady von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg (1778–1855), through whom he was remotely descended from the illegitimate daughter of Count Heinrich VI of Waldeck, and his wife Eleonore von Brederfady (d. 1863). Hindenburg was also a direct descendant of Martin Luther and his wife Katharina von Bora, through their daughter Margarethe Luther. Hindenburg's younger brothers and sister were Otto (b. 1849), Ida (b. 1851) and Bernhard (b. 1859). His family were all Lutheran Protestants in the Evangelical Church of Prussia, which since 1817 included both Calvinist and Lutheran parishioners.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 242701, 275946, 34368018, 7567080, 518314, 23371382, 25814008, 3017776, 6024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 86 ], [ 98, 113 ], [ 470, 498 ], [ 591, 604 ], [ 618, 636 ], [ 800, 808 ], [ 809, 820 ], [ 828, 857 ], [ 890, 899 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paul was proud of his family and could trace ancestors back to 1289. The dual surname was adopted in 1789 to secure an inheritance and appeared in formal documents, but in everyday life they were von Beneckendorffs. True to family tradition his father supported his family as an infantry officer; he retired as a major. In the summer they visited his grandfather at the Hindenburg estate of Neudeck in East Prussia. At age 11 Paul entered the Cadet Corps School at Wahlstatt (now Legnickie Pole, Poland). At 16 he was transferred to the School in Berlin, and at 18 he served as a page to the widow of King Frederick William IV of Prussia. Graduates entering the army were presented to King William I, who asked for their father's name and rank. He became a second lieutenant in the Third Regiment of Foot Guards.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 21821468, 68743, 748017, 748017, 4200773, 236780 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 391, 398 ], [ 402, 414 ], [ 465, 474 ], [ 480, 494 ], [ 588, 597 ], [ 606, 637 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 broke out Hindenburg wrote his parents: \"I rejoice in this bright-coloured future. For the soldier war is the normal state of things…If I fall, it is the most honorable and beautiful death\". During the decisive Battle of Königgrätz he was briefly knocked unconscious by a bullet that pierced his helmet and creased the top of his skull. Quickly regaining his senses, he wrapped his head in a towel and resumed leading his detachment, winning a decoration. He was battalion adjutant when the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) broke out. After weeks of marching, the Guards attacked the village of Saint Privat (near Metz). Climbing a gentle slope, they came under heavy fire from the superior French rifles. After four hours the Prussian artillery came up to blast the French lines while the infantry, filled with the \"holy lust of battle\", swept through the French lines. His regiment suffered 1096 casualties, and he became regimental adjutant. The Guards were spectators at the Battle of Sedan and for the following months sat in the siege lines surrounding Paris. He was his regiment's elected representative at the Palace of Versailles when the German Empire was proclaimed on 18 January 1871; at 1.98m (6 feet 6 inches) tall with a muscular frame and striking blue eyes, he was an impressive figure. After the French surrender he watched from afar the suppression of the Paris Commune.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the Prussian Army", "target_page_ids": [ 142281, 218694, 44035, 779859, 197301, 325773, 12674, 59134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 28 ], [ 248, 268 ], [ 528, 547 ], [ 614, 641 ], [ 725, 738 ], [ 1013, 1028 ], [ 1182, 1195 ], [ 1409, 1422 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1873 he passed in the highly competitive entrance examination for admission to the Kriegsakademie in Berlin. After three years of study, his grades were high enough for an appointment with the General Staff. He was promoted to captain in 1878 and assigned to the staff of the II Corps. He married the intelligent and accomplished Gertrud von Sperling (1860–1921), daughter of General Oskar von Sperling, in 1879. The couple would have two daughters, Irmengard Pauline (1880) and Annemaria (1891), and one son, Oskar (1883). Next, he commanded an infantry company, in which his men were ethnic Poles.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the Prussian Army", "target_page_ids": [ 5400285, 11916591, 42597737, 69673088, 3024377, 275297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 100 ], [ 279, 287 ], [ 333, 353 ], [ 387, 405 ], [ 513, 518 ], [ 596, 601 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was transferred in 1885 to the General Staff and was promoted to major. His section was led by Count Alfred von Schlieffen, a student of encirclement battles like Cannae, whose Schlieffen Plan proposed to pocket the French Army. For five years Hindenburg also taught tactics at the Kriegsakademie. At the maneuvers of 1885, he met the future Kaiser Wilhelm II; they met again at the next year's war game in which Hindenburg commanded the \"Russian army\". He learned the topography of the lakes and sand barrens of East Prussia during the annual Great General Staff's ride in 1888. The following year he moved to the War Ministry, to write the field service regulations on field-engineering and on the use of heavy artillery in field engagements; both were used during the First World War. He became a lieutenant-colonel in 1891, and two years later was promoted to colonel commanding an infantry regiment. He became chief of staff of the VIII Corps in 1896.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the Prussian Army", "target_page_ids": [ 438600, 179830, 1459830, 157814, 179828, 50450, 17918596, 100034, 35945651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 47 ], [ 104, 125 ], [ 140, 152 ], [ 166, 172 ], [ 180, 195 ], [ 345, 362 ], [ 442, 454 ], [ 674, 691 ], [ 940, 950 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg became a major-general (equivalent to a British and US brigadier general) in 1897; and in 1900 he was promoted to lieutenant general (equivalent to major-general) and received command of the 28th Infantry Division. Five years later he was made commander of the IV Corps based in Magdeburg as a General of the Infantry (lieutenant-general; the German equivalent to four-star rank was Colonel-General). The annual maneuvers taught him how to maneuver a large force; in 1908 he defeated a corps commanded by the Kaiser. Schlieffen recommended him as Chief of the General Staff in 1909, but he lost out to Helmuth von Moltke. He retired in 1911 \"to make way for younger men\". He had been in the army for 46 years, including 14 years in General Staff positions. During his career, Hindenburg did not have political ambitions and remained a staunch monarchist.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "In the Prussian Army", "target_page_ids": [ 12232462, 11040598, 21849887, 439369 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 202, 224 ], [ 272, 280 ], [ 305, 328 ], [ 613, 631 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When WWI broke out, Hindenburg was retired in Hannover. On 22 August, he was selected by the War Cabinet and the German high command (Oberste Heeresleitung, OHL) to assume command of the German Eighth Army in East Prussia, with General Erich Ludendorff as his chief of staff. After the Eighth Army had been defeated by the Russian 1st Army at Gumbinnen, it had found itself in danger of encirclement as the Russian 2nd Army under General Alexander Samsonov advanced from the south towards the Vistula River. Momentarily panicked, Eighth Army commander Maximilian von Prittwitz notified OHL of his intent to withdraw his forces into Western Prussia. The Chief of the German General Staff, Generaloberst Helmuth von Moltke, responded by relieving Prittwitz and replacing him with Hindenburg.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 14197, 1628858, 32858811, 253553, 1449487, 3452133, 25056015, 1299873, 25594515, 2132625, 438600, 439369 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 54 ], [ 134, 155 ], [ 187, 205 ], [ 236, 252 ], [ 323, 339 ], [ 343, 352 ], [ 407, 423 ], [ 438, 456 ], [ 493, 500 ], [ 552, 576 ], [ 653, 686 ], [ 702, 720 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon arriving at Marienberg on 23 August, Hindenburg and Ludendorff were met by members of the 8th Army's staff led by Lieutenant Colonel Max Hoffmann, an expert on the Russian army. Hoffman informed them of his plans to shift part of the 8th Army south to attack the exposed left flank of the advancing Russian Second Army. Agreeing with Hoffman's strategy, Hindenburg authorized Ludendorff to transfer most of the 8th Army south while leaving only two cavalry brigades to face the Russian First Army in the north. In Hindenburg's words the line of soldiers defending Germany's border against was \"thin, but not weak\", because the men were defending their homes. If pushed too hard by the Second Army, he believed they would cede ground only gradually as German reinforcements continued to mass on the invading Russians' flanks before ultimately encircling and annihilating them. On the eve of the ensuing battle, Hindenburg reportedly strolled close to the decaying walls of the fortress of the Knights of Prussia, recalling how the Knights of Prussia were defeated by the Slavs in 1410 at nearby Tannenberg.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 4016353, 732727, 30776, 26194781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 27 ], [ 138, 150 ], [ 997, 1015 ], [ 1099, 1109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the night of 25 August Hindenburg told his staff, \"Gentlemen, our preparations are so well in hand that we can sleep soundly tonight\". On the day of the battle, Hindenburg reportedly watched from a hilltop as his forces' weak center gradually gave ground until the sudden roar of German guns to his right heralded the surprise attack on the Russians' flanks. Ultimately, the Battle of Tannenberg resulted in the destruction of the Russian 2nd Army, with 92,000 Russians captured together with four hundred guns. while German casualties numbered only 14,000. According to British Field Marshal Edmund Ironside it was the \"greatest defeat suffered by any of the combatants during the war\". Recognizing the victory's propaganda value, Hindenburg suggested naming the battle \"Tannenberg\" as a way of \"avenging\" the defeat inflicted on the Order of the Teutonic Knights by the Polish and Lithuanian knights in 1410, even though it was fought nowhere near the field of Tannenberg.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 60142, 738505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 378, 398 ], [ 596, 611 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After this decisive victory Hindenburg repositioned the Eighth Army to face the Russian First Army. Hindenburg's tactics spurned head-on attacks all along the front in favor of schwerpunkts, sharp, localized hammer blows. Two schwerpunkts struck in the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes, from these breakthrough points two columns drove east to pocket the Russians led by General Paul von Rennenkampf, who managed to retreat with heavy losses. In the first six weeks of the war the Russians had lost more than 310,000 men. Eight hundred thousand refugees were able to return to their East Prussian homes, thanks to victories that strikingly contrasted with the bloody deadlock that characterized the Western Front following the failure of the Schlieffen Plan.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 3431468, 1299895, 179828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 253, 287 ], [ 381, 401 ], [ 745, 760 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hindenburg-Ludendorff duo's successful performance on the Eastern Front in 1914 marked the beginning of a military and political partnership that lasted until the end of the war. As Hindenburg wrote to the Kaiser a few months later: \"[Ludendorff] has become my faithful adviser and a friend who has my complete confidence and cannot be replaced by anyone.\" Despite their strikingly dissimilar temperaments, the older general's calm decisiveness proved to be an outstanding fit for Ludendorff's energy and tactical ingenuity. When Ludendorff's nerves twice drove him to consider changing their plans for Tannenberg at the last minute; both times Hindenburg talked to him privately and his confidence wavered no further.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On the east bank of the Vistula in Poland the Russians were mobilizing new armies which were shielded from attack by the river; once assembled they would cross the river to march west into Silesia. To counter the Russians' pending invasion of Silesia, Hindenburg advanced into Poland and occupied the west bank of the Vistula opposite from where Russian forces were mobilizing. He set up headquarters at Posen in West Prussia, accompanied by Ludendorff and Hoffmann. When the Russians attempted to cross the Vistula, the German forces under his command held firm, but the Russians were able to cross in the Austro-Hungarian sector to the south. Hindenburg retreated and destroyed all railways and bridges so that the Russians would be unable to advance beyond west of their railheads—well short of the German frontier.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 378862, 23723, 1697219 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 189, 196 ], [ 404, 409 ], [ 508, 515 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 1 November 1914 Hindenburg was appointed Ober Ost (commander in the east) and was promoted to field marshal. To meet the Russians' renewed push into Silesia, Hindenburg moved Ninth Army by rail north to Thorn and reinforced it with two corps from Eighth Army. On 11 November, in a raging snowstorm, his forces surprised the Russian flank in the fierce Battle of Łódź, which ended the immediate Russian threat to Silesia and also captured Poland's second largest city.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 18744613, 31258, 403127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 152, 159 ], [ 206, 211 ], [ 355, 369 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg argued that the still miserably equipped Russians—some only carried spears—in the huge Polish salient were in a trap in which they could be snared in a cauldron by a southward pincer from East Prussia and a northward pincer from Galicia, using motor vehicles for speed, even though the Russians outnumbered the Germans by three to one. From Hindenburg's point of view, such an overwhelming triumph could end the war in the Eastern Front. Erich von Falkenhayn, the Chief of Germany's Great General Staff, rejected his plan as a pipe dream. Nevertheless, urged on by Ludendorff and Hoffman, Hindenburg spent the winter fighting for his strategy by badgering the Kaiser while his press officer recruited notables like the Kaiserin and the Crown Prince to \"stab the Kaiser in the back\". The Kaiser compromised by keeping Falkenhayn in supreme command, but replacing him as Prussian war minister. In retaliation, Falkenhayn reassigned some of Hindenburg's forces to a new army group under Prince Leopold of Bavaria and transferring Ludendorff to a new joint German and Austro-Hungarian Southern Army. Hindenburg and Ludendorff reacted by threatening to resign thereby resulting in Ludendorff's reinstatement under Hindenburg's command.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 487105, 1031496, 158244, 1014346, 438600, 1152199, 594696, 547811, 2983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 112 ], [ 163, 171 ], [ 187, 193 ], [ 434, 447 ], [ 494, 513 ], [ 730, 738 ], [ 747, 759 ], [ 995, 1020 ], [ 1075, 1091 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following his return, Ludendorff provided Hindenburg with a depressing evaluation of their allies' army, which already had lost many of their professional officers and had been driven out of much of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, their part of what once had been Poland. Meanwhile, the Russians were inexorably pushing from Galicia toward Hungary through the Carpathian passes. Under orders from Falkenhayn to contain the resurgent Russians, Hindenburg mounted an unsuccessful attack in Poland with his Ninth Army as well as an offensive by the newly formed Tenth Army which made only local gains. Following these setbacks, he set up temporary headquarters at Insterburg, and made plans to eliminate the Russians' remaining toehold in East Prussia by ensnaring them in a pincer movement between the Tenth Army in the north and Eighth Army in the south. The attack was launched on 7 February whereby Hindenburg's forces encircled an entire corps and captured more than 100,000 men in the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 612266, 43794, 45746, 34517433, 51246, 158244, 1439685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 203, 235 ], [ 270, 276 ], [ 366, 376 ], [ 565, 575 ], [ 667, 677 ], [ 778, 793 ], [ 994, 1029 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shortly thereafter, Hindenburg and Ludendorff played a key role in the Central Powers' Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive. After the Austro-Hungarian fortress of Przemyśl fell on 23 March, Austria-Hungary's high command pushed for a joint strike on the Russian right flank that could potentially drive their forces out of the Carpathians. Agreeing to the proposal, Falkenhayn moved OHL east to the castle of Pless while forming Army Group von Mackensen from a new German Eleventh Army and the Austro-Hungarian Fourth Army. As Field Marshal August von Mackensen broke through Russian lines between Gorlice and Tarnów, Hindenburg's Ninth and Tenth Army launched diversionary attacks that threatened Riga in the north. In one of the war's most successful cavalry actions, three cavalry divisions swept east into Courland, the barren, sandy region near the Baltic coast. The cavalry's gains were held by Hindenburg's new Nieman army, named after the river.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 4783222, 16454882, 387080, 317679, 34557690, 49206647, 317679, 4783222, 181080, 226852 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 111 ], [ 152, 160 ], [ 398, 403 ], [ 429, 442 ], [ 461, 474 ], [ 500, 511 ], [ 530, 550 ], [ 587, 605 ], [ 799, 807 ], [ 907, 913 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In June OHL ordered Hindenburg to launch a frontal attack in Poland toward the Narew River north of Warsaw. Hindenburg created Army Group Gallwitznamed after its commanderwhich when Berlin approved became Twelfth Army (Von Gallwitz is one of many able commanders selected by Hindenburg), who stayed at the new army's headquarters to be available if needed. They broke through the Russian lines after a brief, but intense bombardment directed by Lieutenant Colonel Georg Bruchmüller, an artillery genius recalled from medical retirement. One-third of the opposing Russian First Army were casualties in the first five hours. From then on Hindenburg often called on Bruchmüller. The Russians withdrew until they sheltered behind the Narev River. However, steamroller frontal attacks cost dearly: by 20 August Gallwitz had lost 60,000 men.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 395188, 32908, 49589059, 34578103, 1248588, 12986392, 1449487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 84 ], [ 100, 106 ], [ 127, 146 ], [ 205, 217 ], [ 223, 231 ], [ 464, 481 ], [ 571, 581 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the Russians withdrew from the Polish salient, Falkenhayn insisted on pursuing them into Lithuania. However, Hindenburg and Ludendorff were dissatisfied with this plan. Hindenburg would later claim that he saw it as \"a pursuit in which the pursuer gets more exhausted than the pursued\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 18541490 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 1 June, Hindenburg's Nieman and Tenth Armies spearheaded attacks into Courland in an attempt to pocket the defenders. Ultimately, this plan was foiled by the prudent commander of the Fifth Russian Army who defied orders by pulling back into defensible positions shielding Riga.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 25508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 276, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the setback in Latvia, Hindenburg and Ludendorff continued to rack up victories on the Eastern Front. The German Tenth Army besieged Kovno, a Lithuanian city on the Nieman River defended by a circle of forts. It fell on 17 August, along with 1,300 guns and almost 1 million shells. On 5 August his forces were consolidated into Army Group Hindenburg, which took the city of Grodno after bitter street fighting, but the retreating defenders could not be trapped because the wretched rail lines lacked the capacity to bring up the needed men. They occupied Vilnius on 18 September, then halted on ground favorable for a defensive line. On 6 August, German troops under Hindenburg used chlorine gas against Russian troops defending Osowiec Fortress. The Russians demolished much of Osowiec and withdrew on 18 August. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 171627, 226852, 160977, 32597, 5667, 24726461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 146 ], [ 173, 179 ], [ 382, 388 ], [ 563, 570 ], [ 691, 703 ], [ 737, 753 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In October, Hindenburg moved headquarters to Kovno. They were responsible for 108,800km (42,000mi) of conquered Russian territory, which was home to three million people and became known as Ober Ost. The troops built fortifications on the eastern border while Ludendorff \"with his ruthless energy\" headed the civil government, using forced labor to repair the war damages and to dispatch useful products, like hogs, to Germany. A Hindenburg son-in-law, who was a reserve officer and a legal expert, joined the staff to write a new legal code. Baltic Germans who owned vast estates feted Hindenburg and he hunted their game preserves.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 1830050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 190, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg would later judge German operations in 1915 to be \"unsatisfactory\". In his memoirs, he recounted that \"[t]he Russian bear had escaped our clutches\" and abandoning the Polish salient had shortened their lines substantially. Conversely, victorious Falkenhayn believed that \"The Russian Army has been so weakened by the blows it has suffered that Russia need not be seriously considered a danger in the foreseeable future\". The Russians replaced their experienced supreme commander, Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich, a man whose skill Hindenburg held in high regard, with the incompetent Tsar.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 1271989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 491, 522 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the spring of 1916, the Central Powers experienced a military catastrophe in the East that left Germany bearing much of the war effort until the end of hostilities. On 4 June, the Russian Army began a massive offensive along of the southwestern front in present-day western Ukraine. In the ensuing onslaught, four armies commanded by General Aleksei Brusilov overwhelmed entrenchments that the Austro-Hungarians long regarded as impregnable. Probing assault troops located three weak spots which then were struck in force. In nine days they captured more than 200,000 men and 200 guns, and pushed into open country. Austro-Hungarian troops were rushed back from the Italian Front. Every man was needed in the west, so German troops on the Eastern Front had to be shifted south to plug the gap. Then on 19 June the Russians struck further north near Kovel on a front of defended by Austro-Hungarian and German troops, beginning with a bombardment from 1,000 guns.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 342327, 3258511, 698457, 2145813, 512802 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 204, 221 ], [ 270, 285 ], [ 346, 362 ], [ 670, 683 ], [ 853, 858 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Under Hindenburg's command, Ober Ost desperately shored up weak points with soldiers stripped from less threatened positions. Ludendorff was so distraught on the phone to OHL that General Wilhelm Groener (who directed the army's railroads and had been a competitor with Ludendorff on the General Staff) was sent to evaluate his nerves, which were judged satisfactory. For a week the Russians kept attacking: they lost 80,000 men; the defenders 16,000. On 16 July the Russians attacked the German lines west of Riga, where again they were thwarted by a stout defense.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 620797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 188, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After having their strength decimated by the Russians in the Brusilov Offensive, the Austro-Hungarian forces submitted their Eastern Front forces to Hindenburg's command on 27 July (except for Archduke Karl's Army Group in southeast Galicia, in which General Hans von Seeckt was chief of staff). General von Eichhorn took over Army Group Hindenburg, while Hindenburg and Ludendorff, on a staff train equipped with the most advanced communication apparatus, visited their new forces. At threatened points they formed mixed German and Austro-Hungarian units and other Austro-Hungarian formations were bolstered by a sprinkling of German officers. The derelict citadel of the Brest Fortress was refurbished as their headquarters. Their front was almost and their only reserves were a cavalry brigade plus some artillery and machine gunners. The Ottomans sent a corps to reinforce the German Southern Army, which had to hold Galicia because it was a major source of petroleum. The Russians then struck on Brusilov's right with their best troops, the Guards Army, and the heaviest artillery concentration yet seen on the Eastern Front. Their military maps were sketchy, because they had never planned to fight so deep in their own territory, so the Guards were sent to advance through a swamp; in a week they lost 80 percent of their men. Further south Brusilov did better, penetrating a few kilometers into Hungary, but when the front stabilized the Russians faced new fortifications dug and wired on the German pattern. Officers were exchanged between the German and Austro-Hungarian armies for training.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 342327, 761462, 2785800, 22278, 905866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 79 ], [ 259, 274 ], [ 673, 687 ], [ 843, 851 ], [ 1047, 1058 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the west, the Germans were hemorrhaging in the battles of Verdun and the Somme. Influential OHL officers, led by the artillery expert Lieutenant Colonel Max Bauer, a friend of Ludendorff's, lobbied against Falkenhayn, deploring his futile steamroller at Verdun and his inflexible defense along the Somme, where he packed troops into the front-line to be battered by the hail of shells and sacked commanders who lost their front-line trench. German leaders contrasted Falkenhayn's bludgeon with Hindenburg's deft parrying.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 51497, 60921, 2142431 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 67 ], [ 76, 81 ], [ 156, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The tipping point came when Falkenhayn ordered a spoiling attack by Bulgaria on Entente lines in Macedonia, which failed with heavy losses. Thus emboldened, Romania declared war on Austro-Hungary on 27 August, adding 650,000 trained enemies who invaded Hungarian Transylvania. Falkenhayn had been adamant that Romania would remain neutral. During the Kaiser's deliberations about who should command Falkenhayn said \"Well, if the Herr Field Marshall has the desire and the courage to take the post\". Hindenburg replied \"The desire, no, but the courage—yes\". Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg favored Hindenburg, supposing him amenable to moderate peace terms, mistaking his amiability as tractability and unaware that he was intent on enlarging Prussia.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 7618544, 4900822, 30853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 106 ], [ 157, 164 ], [ 263, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg was summoned to Pless on 29 August where he was named Chief of the Great General Staff. Ludendorff demanded joint responsibility for all decisions\"; Hindenburg did not demur. Henceforth, Ludendorff was entrusted with signing most orders, directives and the daily press reports. The eastern front was commanded by Leopold of Bavaria, with Hoffmann as his chief of staff. Hindenburg was also appointed the Supreme War Commander of the Central Powers, with nominal control over six million men. Until the end of the war, this arrangement formed the basis of Hindenburg's leadership which would come to be known as the Third OHL.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 1628858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 626, 635 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The British were unimpressed: General Charteris, Haig's intelligence chief, wrote to his wife \"poor old Hindenburg is sixty-four years of age, and will not do very much.\" Conversely, the German War Cabinet was impressed by his swift decision-making. They credited \"Old Man Hindenburg\" with ending the \"Verdun folly\" and setting in motion the \"brilliant\" conquest of Romania.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg and Ludendorff visited the Western Front in September, meeting the Army commanders and their staffs as well as their leaders: Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria, Albrecht, Duke of Württemberg and Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia. Both crown princes, with Prussian chiefs of staff, commanded Army Groups. Rupprecht and Albrecht were presented with field marshal's batons. Hindenburg told them that they must stand on the defensive until Romania was dealt with, meanwhile defensive tactics must be improved—ideas were welcome. A backup defensive line, which the Entente called the Hindenburg Line, would be constructed immediately. Ludendorff promised more arms. Rupprecht was delighted that two such competent men had \"replaced the dilettante 'Falkenhayn'.\" Bauer was impressed that Hindenburg \"saw everything only with the eye of the soldier.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 545889, 548248, 594696, 764515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 170 ], [ 172, 201 ], [ 206, 237 ], [ 588, 603 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Northern Bulgaria was defended by Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Bulgarians, and Ottomans formed as Army Group Mackensen, German heavy artillery from Verdun was sent east. The Entente supported Romania by attacking from Macedonia, but were repelled. Mackensen seized the Romanian forts on the right bank of the Danube, while infantry and cavalry from the Western Front reinforced the Ninth Army in Hungarian Transylvania, which now was commanded by Falkenhayn (another of Hindenburg's prudent selections). In a month, he defeated the Romanian invaders at Hermannstadt and then in November thrust into Romania through passes in the Carpathian Mountains, while Mackensen crossed the Danube to cut off their retreat, but the Romanians moved swiftly, they and their Russian reinforcements formed a defensive line in Moldova after Bucharest fell on 6 December 1916. British saboteurs had time enough to burn the oil stores and to plug most of the wells. During the last months of the year the Russians continued vain assaults in Ukraine. In 1916 there were three Russian casualties on the Eastern Front for every two from the Central Powers and Russian morale was crumbling: \"More than a dozen Russian regiments mutinied in the last weeks of 1916.\" About 12% of the German casualties that year were on the Eastern Front. In the autumn, the Entente began to push the Bulgarians back in Macedonia. On 11 October Army Group Otto von Below was formed there from the Bulgarians, twenty German battalions and an Ottoman corps; their new line held.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 7618544, 30853, 440115, 370039, 45746, 46007, 2778091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 226 ], [ 405, 417 ], [ 446, 456 ], [ 552, 564 ], [ 628, 648 ], [ 809, 816 ], [ 858, 875 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Third OHL issued a Textbook of Defensive Warfare that recommended fewer defenders in the front line relying on light machine guns. If pushed too hard, they were permitted to pull back. Front line defenses were organized so that penetrating enemy forces found themselves cut down by machine gun fire and artillery from those who knew the ranges and location of their own strong points. Subsequently, the infantry would counterattack while the attacker's artillery was blind because unsure where their own men were. A reserve division was positioned immediately behind the line, if it entered the battle it was commanded by the division whose position had been penetrated. (Mobile defense was also used in World War II.) Responsibilities were reassigned to implement the new tactics: front-line commanders took over reserves ordered into the battle and for flexibility infantry platoons were subdivided into eight man units under a noncom.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Field officers who visited headquarters often were invited to speak with Hindenburg, who inquired about their problems and recommendations. At this time he was especially curious about the eight man units, which he regarded as \"the greatest evidence of the confidence which we placed in the moral and mental powers of our army, down to its smallest unit.\" Revised Infantry Field Regulations were published and taught to all ranks, including at a school for division commanders, where they maneuvered a practice division. A monthly periodical informed artillery officers about new developments. In the last months of 1916 the British battering along the Somme produced fewer German casualties. Overall, \"In a fierce and obstinate conflict on the Somme, which lasted five months, the enemy pressed us back to a depth of about six miles on a stretch of nearly twenty-five miles\" Thirteen new divisions were created by reducing the number of men in infantry battalions, and divisions now had an artillery commander. Every regiment on the western front created an assault unit of storm troopers selected from their fittest and most aggressive men. Lieutenant General Ernst von Höppner was given responsibility for both aerial and antiaircraft forces; the army's vulnerable zeppelins went to the navy. Most cavalry regiments were dismounted and the artillery received their badly needed horses.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 21011068, 58005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1162, 1179 ], [ 1268, 1277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In October General Philippe Pétain began a series of limited attacks at Verdun, each starting with an intense bombardment coordinated by his artillery commander General Robert Nivelle. Then a double creeping barrage led the infantry into the shattered first German lines, where the attackers stopped to repel counterattacks. With repeated nibbles by mid-December 1916 the French retook all the ground the Germans had paid for so dearly. Nivelle was given command of the French Army.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 66083, 1300222 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 34 ], [ 169, 183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg's day at OHL began at 09:00 when he and Ludendorff discussed the reports—usually quickly agreeing on what was to be done. Ludendorff would give their staff of about 40 officers their assignments, while Hindenburg walked for an hour or so, thinking or chatting with guests. After conferring again with Ludendorff, he heard reports from his departmental heads, met with visitors and worked on correspondence. At noon Ludendorff gave the situation report to the Kaiser, unless an important decision was required when Hindenburg took over. He lunched with his personal staff, which included a son-in-law who was an Army officer. Dinner at 20:00 was with the general staff officers of all ranks and guests—crowned heads, allied leaders, politicians, industrialists and scientists. They left the table to subdivide into informal chatting groups. At 21:30 Ludendorff announced that time was up and they returned to work. After a junior officer summarized the daily reports, he might confer with Ludendorff again before retiring.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ludendorff and Bauer, who knew all the industrialists, set ambitious goals for arms production, in what was called the Hindenburg Programme, which was directed from the War Office by General Groener. Major goals included a new light machine gun, updated artillery, and motor transport, but no tanks because they considered them too vulnerable to artillery. To increase output they needed skilled workers. The army released a million men. For total war, OHL wanted all German men and women from 15 to 60 enrolled for national service. Hindenburg also wanted the universities closed, except for medical training, so that empty places would not be filled by women. To swell the next generation of soldiers he wanted contraceptives banned and bachelors taxed. When a Polish army was being formed he wanted Jews excluded. Few of these ideas were adopted, because their political maneuvering was vigorous but inept, as Admiral Müller of the Military Cabinet observed \"Old Hindenburg, like Ludendorff, is no politician, and the latter is at the same time a hothead.\" For example, women were not included in the service law that ultimately passed, because in fact more women were already seeking employment than there were openings.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 28058087 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the death of Austro-Hungarian emperor Franz Joseph on 21 November, Hindenburg met his successor Charles, who was frank about hoping to stop the fighting. Hindenburg's Eastern Front ran south from the Baltic to the Black Sea through what now are the Baltic States, Ukraine, and Romania. In Italy, the line ran from the Swiss border on the west to the Adriatic east of Venice. The Macedonian front extended along the Greek border from the Adriatic to the Aegean. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 51695, 153477 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 60 ], [ 106, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The line contested by the Russians and Ottomans between the Black and Caspian Sea ran along the heights of the Caucasus mountains. Hindenburg urged the Ottomans to pull their men off the heights before winter but they did not. In his memoirs, he would later allege this was because of their \"policy of massacre of the Armenians\". ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 19653787, 39282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 81 ], [ 111, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The front in Palestine ran from the Mediterranean to the southern end of the Dead Sea, and the defenders of Baghdad had a flank on the Tigris River. The Western Front ran southward from Belgium until near Laon, where it turned east to pass Verdun before again turning south to end at the Swiss Border. The remaining German enclaves in Africa were beyond his reach; an attempt to resupply them by dirigible failed. The Central Powers were surrounded and outnumbered.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 2468543, 4974784, 14205859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 115 ], [ 335, 341 ], [ 396, 405 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the second quarter of 1917, Hindenburg and Ludendorff were able to assemble 680,000 more men in 53 new divisions and provide them with an adequate supply of new light machine guns. Field guns were increased from 5,300 to 6,700 and heavies from 3,700 to 4,340. They tried to foster fighting spirit by \"patriotic instruction\" with lectures and films to \"ensure that a fight is kept up against all agitators, croakers and weaklings\". Meanwhile, to mitigate the risk of being attacked before their buildup was complete, Germany's new military leadership waged unrestricted submarine warfare on allied shipping, which they claimed would defeat the British in six months. Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg and his allies expressed opposition to this policy, not wanting to bring the United States and other neutrals into the war. After securing the Dutch and Danish borders, Hindenburg announced that unrestricted submarine warfare was imperative and Ludendorff added his voice. On 9 January the chancellor was forced to bow to their unsound military judgments.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 1284065, 586345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 164, 182 ], [ 559, 589 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OHL moved west to the pleasant spa town of Bad Kreuznach in southwest Germany, which was on a main rail line. The Kaiser's quarters were in the spa building, staff offices were in the orange court, and the others lived in the hotel buildings. In February a third Army Group was formed on the Western Front to cover the front in Alsace-Lorraine, it was commanded by Archduke Albrecht of Württemberg. Some effective divisions from the east were exchanged for less competent divisions from the west. Since their disasters of the previous year the Russian infantry had shown no fight and in March the revolution erupted in Russia. Shunning opportunity, the Central Powers stayed put; Hindenburg feared that invaders would resurrect the heroic resistance of 1812.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 1161411, 45137597, 24334819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 56 ], [ 597, 607 ], [ 753, 757 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the Western Front, the German Army command deduced their huge salient between the valley of the Somme and Laon obviously was vulnerable to a pincer attack, which indeed the French were planning. The new Hindenburg line ran across its base. Subsequently, On 16 March, Hindenburg authorized Operation Alberich whereby German forces were ordered to move out all able-bodied inhabitants and portable possessions to new line running across the salient's base. In the process, they destroyed every building, leveled all roads and bridges, cut down every tree, fouled every well, and burned every combustible. In 39 days the Germans withdrew from a 1000mi² (2,590km²) area, more ground than they had lost to all Allied offensives since 1914. The cautiously following Allies also had to cope with booby traps, some exploding a month later. The new German front called the Hindenburg line was shorter freeing-up 14 German divisions.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 21327086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 292, 310 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 9 April the British attacked. At Arras led by tanks and a creeping barrage, they took the German first and second lines and occupied part of their third while the Canadians swept the Germans completely off the Vimy Ridge. There was consternation at OHL, their new defense had failed. It was Ludendorff's birthday but he refused to come to the celebratory dinner. Hindenburg \"pressed the hand of my First Quartermaster-General with the words, 'We have lived through more critical times than to-day together'\" The British tried to exploit their opening with a futile cavalry charge but did not press further, because their attack was a diversion for coming French operations. In fact, their new defensive tactics had not been tested, because Sixth Army commander Ludwig von Falkenhausen had packed men in the front line and kept counterattack divisions too far back. He was replaced.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 993445, 70435, 925460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 41 ], [ 213, 223 ], [ 764, 787 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A week later the anticipated French offensive began, driving northward from the Aisne River, after six days of intensive shelling their infantry was led forward by 128 tanks, the first attack by massed tanks. Nivelle knew that the Germans had captured his detailed plans several weeks before, but followed them nonetheless. The first two German lines were taken at heavy cost and the French slowly advanced as the defense fell back to their main line of resistance—it was far from Nivelle's promise of a first day's advance of . The attacks ended in early May when many French regiments refused to attack. The Germans never learned the extent of their enemy's demoralization. Nivelle was replaced by Pétain.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 2792534, 2791272, 1300222, 11069994 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 45 ], [ 80, 91 ], [ 209, 216 ], [ 661, 675 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The British captured Baghdad on 11 March. The Ottomans had been promised that their empire would be defended, so all their troops in Europe returned home and in May Falkenhayn was appointed to command Army group F comprising two Ottoman armies along with three German infantry battalions with some artillery; to impress the enemy it was called The Asiatic Corps. Falkenhayn realized it would be difficult to retake Baghdad, so he took over the defense of the Gaza line in Palestine, which the British broke through in November. To spare the holy city of Jerusalem OHL ordered him not to defend it, the city was occupied in December.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 1027093, 16043 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 459, 468 ], [ 554, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The revolutionary Russian government led by Alexander Kerensky remained at war, attacking and pushing back the Austro-Hungarians in Galicia on 1 July. To counter this success, on 18 July after a hurricane bombardment by 136 batteries directed by Bruchmüller a Schwerpunkt of six German divisions from the west broke a gap in the Russian front, through which they sliced southward toward Tarnopol, thereby threatening to pocket the Russian attackers, who fled to save themselves; many of the demoralized Russian units elected committees to replace their officers. At the end of August the advancing Central Powers stopped at the frontier of Moldavia. To keep up the pressure and to seize ground he intended to keep, Hindenburg shifted north to the heavily fortified city of Riga (today in Latvia) which has the broad Dvina River as a moat. On 1 September the Eighth Army, led by Oskar von Hutier, attacked; Bruchmüller's bombardment, which included gas and smoke shells, drove the defenders from the far bank east of the city, the Germans crossed in barges and then bridged the river, immediately pressing forward to the Baltic coast, pocketing the defenders of the Riga salient. Next a joint operation with the navy seized Oesel and two smaller islands in the Gulf of Riga. The Bolshevik revolution took Russia out of the war, an armistice was signed on 16 December.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 2543, 4626622, 763696, 512798, 48098688, 8074, 303948, 39971199, 28338, 12570224, 22661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 62 ], [ 80, 89 ], [ 195, 216 ], [ 387, 395 ], [ 640, 648 ], [ 816, 827 ], [ 878, 894 ], [ 1165, 1177 ], [ 1223, 1228 ], [ 1260, 1272 ], [ 1278, 1298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg detested Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg for dragging his feet about total and submarine warfare. Then in July the chancellor permitted the Reichstag to debate a resolution for peace without \"annexations or indemnities\". Colonel Bauer and the Crown Prince rushed to Berlin to block this peril. The minister of war urged Hindenburg and Ludendorff to join them, but when they arrived the Kaiser told them that \"there could be no justification for their presence in Berlin\". They should \"return in haste to Headquarters where they certainly would be much better occupied.\" They returned as ordered and then immediately telegraphed their resignations, which the Kaiser declined. The crisis was resolved when the monarchist parties voted no confidence in Bethmann-Hollweg, who resigned. Ludendorff and Bauer wanted to replace both the Kaiser and chancellor by a dictator, but Hindenburg would not agree. Many historians believe that in fact Ludendorff assumed that role. The Reichstag passed a modified resolution calling for \"conciliation\" on 19 July, which the new chancellor Georg Michaelis agreed to \"interpret\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 30290533, 264525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 169, 179 ], [ 1080, 1095 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The resolution became advantageous in August when Pope Benedict XV called for peace. The German response cited the resolution to finesse specific questions like those about the future of Belgium. The industrialists opposed Groener's advocacy of an excess profits tax and insistence that workers take a part in company management. Ludendorff relieved Groener by telegram and sent him off to command a division.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 147855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg's 70th birthday was celebrated lavishly all over Germany, 2 October was a public holiday, an honor that until then had been reserved only for the Kaiser. Hindenburg published a birthday manifesto, which ended with the words:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bavarian mountain warfare expert von Dellmensingen was sent to assess the Austro-Hungarian defenses in Italy, which he found poor. Then he scouted for a site from which an attack could be mounted against the Italians. Hindenburg created a new Fourteenth Army with ten Austro-Hungarian and seven German divisions and enough airplanes to control the air, commanded by Otto von Below. The attackers slipped undetected into the mountains opposite to the opening of the Soča valley. The attack began during the night when the defender's trenches in the valley were abruptly shrouded in a dense cloud of poison gas released from 894 canisters fired simultaneously from simple mortars. The defenders fled before their masks would fail. The artillery opened fire several hours later, hitting the Italian reinforcements hastening up to fill the gap. The attackers swept over the almost empty defenses and marched through the pass, while mountain troops cleared the heights on either side. The Italians fled west, too fast to be cut off. Entente divisions were rushed to Italy to stem the retreat by holding a line on the Piave River. Below's Army was dissolved and the German divisions returned to the Western Front, where in October Pétain had directed a successful limited objective attack in which six days of carefully planned bombardment left crater-free pathways for 68 tanks to lead the infantry forward on the Lassaux plateau south of Laon, which forced the Germans off of the entire ridge—the French Army had recovered.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 12259017, 2279945, 63627, 503655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 50 ], [ 366, 380 ], [ 465, 469 ], [ 482, 488 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the negotiations with the Soviet Government, Hindenburg wanted to retain control of all Russian territory that the Central Powers occupied, with German grand dukes ruling Courland and Lithuania, as well as a large slice of Poland. Their Polish plan was opposed by Foreign Minister Richard von Kühlmann, who encouraged the Kaiser to listen to the views of Max Hoffmann, chief of staff on the Eastern Front. Hoffmann demurred but when ordered argued that it would be a mistake bring so many Slavs into Germany, when only a small slice of Poland was needed to improve defenses. Ludendorff was outraged that the Kaiser had consulted a subordinate, while Hindenburg complained that the Kaiser \"disregards our opinion in a matter of vital importance.\" The Kaiser backed off, but would not approve Ludendorff's order removing Hoffmann, who is not even mentioned in Hindenburg's memoir. When the Soviets refused the terms offered at Brest-Litovsk the Germans repudiated the armistice and in a week occupied the Baltic States, Belarus and Ukraine, which had signed the treaty as a separate entity. Now the Russians signed also. Hindenburg helped to force Kühlmann out in July 1918.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 10966515, 10873931, 635098, 14349656, 31388, 38345142, 3457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 174, 182 ], [ 187, 196 ], [ 226, 232 ], [ 284, 304 ], [ 928, 941 ], [ 993, 1001 ], [ 1021, 1028 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In January more than half a million workers went on strike; among their demands was a peace without annexations. The strike collapsed when its leaders were arrested, the labor press suppressed, strikers in the reserve called for active duty, and seven great industrial concern taken under military control, which put their workers under martial law. On 16 January Hindenburg demanded the replacement of Count von Valentini, the chief of the Civil Cabinet. The Kaiser bridled, responding \"I do not need your parental advice\", but nonetheless fired his old friend. The Germans were unable to tender a plausible peace offer because OHL insisted on controlling Belgium and retaining the French coalfields. All of the Central Powers' cities were on the brink of starvation and their armies were on short rations. Hindenburg realized that \"empty stomachs prejudiced all higher impulses and tended to make men indifferent.\" He blamed his allies' hunger on poor organization and transportation, not realizing that the Germans would have enough to eat if they collected their harvest efficiently and rationed its distribution effectively.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "German troops were in Finland, the Baltic States, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, much of Romania, the Crimea, and in a salient east of Ukraine extending east almost to the Volga and south into Georgia and Armenia. Hundreds of thousands of men were needed to hold and police these conquests. More Germans were in Macedonia and in Palestine, where the British were driving north; Falkenhayn was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders, who had led the defense of Gallipoli. All Hindenburg required was that these fronts stand firm while the Germans won in the west, where now they outnumbered their opponents. He firmly believed that his opponents could be crushed by battlefield defeats regardless of their far superior resources.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 11772, 499013, 214109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 29 ], [ 400, 422 ], [ 436, 460 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Offensive tactics were tailored to the defense. Their opponents were adopting defense in depth. He would attack the British because they were less skillful than the French. The crucial blow would be in Flanders, along the River Lys, where the line was held by the Portuguese Army. However, winter mud prevented action there until April. Consequently, their first attack, named Michael, was on the southern part of the British line, at a projecting British salient near Saint-Quentin. Schwerpunkts would hit on either side of the salient's apex to pocket its defenders, the V Corps, as an overwhelming display of German power.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 427263 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 222, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Additional troops and skilled commanders, like von Hutier, were shifted from the east. Army Group von Gallwitz was formed in the west on 1 February. One quarter of the western divisions were designated for attack; to counter the elastic defense, during the winter each of them attended a four-week course on infiltration tactics. Storm troops would slip through weak points in the front line and slice through the battle zone, bypassing strong points that would be mopped up by the mortars, flamethrowers, and manhandled field guns of the next wave. As always surprise was essential, so the artillery was slipped into attack positions at night, relying on camouflage for concealment; the British aerial photographers were allowed free rein before D-day. There would be no preliminary registration fire; the gunners were trained for map firing in schools established by Bruchmüller. In the short, intense bombardment each gun fired in a precise sequence, shifting back and forth between different targets, using many gas shells to keep defenders immersed in a toxic cloud. On D-day, the air force would establish air supremacy and strafe enemy strong points, and also update commanders on how far the attackers had penetrated. Signal lamps were used for messaging on the ground. Headquarters moved close to the front and as soon as possible would advance to pre-selected positions in newly occupied ground. OHL moved to Spa, Belgium while Hindenburg and Ludendorff were closer to the attack at Avesnes, France, which re-awoke his memories of occupied France 41 years before.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 176148, 12858387 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1419, 1431 ], [ 1493, 1508 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Operation Michael began on 21 March. The first day's reports were inconclusive, but by day two the Germans knew they had broken through some of the enemy artillery lines. But the encirclement failed because British stoutness gave their V Corps time to slip out of the targeted salient. On day four, German forces moved on into open country, and the Kaiser prematurely celebrated by awarding Hindenburg the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, a medal first created for von Blücher. As usual, Hindenburg set objectives as the situation evolved. South of the salient, the Germans had almost destroyed the British Fifth Army, so they pushed west to cut between the French and British armies. However, they advanced too slowly through the broken terrain of the former Somme battlefields and the ground devastated when withdrawing the year before, and because troops stopped to loot food and clothing, and the Allies maintained a fluid defensive line, manned by troops brought up and supplied by rail and motor transport. Hindenburg hoped the Germans would to get close enough to Amiens to bombard the railways with heavy artillery, but they were stopped just short, after having advanced a maximum of . Hindenburg also hoped that civilian morale would crumble, because Paris was being shelled by naval guns mounted on rail carriages away, but he underestimated French resiliency.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 30860300, 862545, 178312, 81830, 868936 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 406, 435 ], [ 463, 474 ], [ 1069, 1075 ], [ 1286, 1322 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Allied command was dismayed. French headquarters realized: \"This much became clear from the terrible adventure, that our enemies were masters of a new method of warfare. ... What was even more serious was that it was perceived that the enemy's power was due to a thing that cannot be improvised, the training of officers and men.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Prolonging Michael with the drive west delayed and weakened the attack in Flanders. Again the Germans broke through, smashing the Portuguese defenders and forcing the British from all of the ground they had paid so dearly for in 1917. However, French support enabled the British to save Hazebrouck, the rail junction that was the German goal. To draw the French reserves away from Flanders, the next attack was along the Aisne River where Nivelle had attacked the year before. Their success was dazzling. The defender's front was immersed in a gas cloud fired from simple mortars. Within hours the Germans had reoccupied all the ground the French had taken by weeks of grinding, and they swept south through Champagne until they halted for resupply at the Marne River.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 1481874, 2745600, 2822664, 802318 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 82 ], [ 287, 297 ], [ 421, 432 ], [ 756, 767 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, the Germans had lost 977,555 of their best men between March and the end of July, while Allied ranks were swelling with Americans. Their dwindling stock of horses were on the verge of starvation, and the ragged troops thought continually of food. One of the most effective propaganda handbills, which the British showered on the German lines, listed the rations received by prisoners of war. The German troops resented their officers' better rations and reports of the ample meals at headquarters; in his memoirs, Ludendorff devotes six pages to defending officer's rations and perks. After an attack, the survivors needed at least six weeks to recuperate, but now crack divisions were recommitted much sooner. Tens of thousands of men were skulking behind the lines. Determined to win, Hindenburg decided to expand the salient pointing toward Paris to strip more defenders from Flanders. The attack on Gouraud's French Fourth Army followed the now familiar scenario, but was met by a deceptive elastic defense and was decisively repelled at the French main line of resistance. Hindenburg still intended to make a decisive attack in Flanders, but before the Germans could strike, the French and Americans, led by light tanks, smashed through the right flank of the German salient on the Marne. The German defense was halfhearted; they had lost. Hindenburg went on the defensive. The Germans withdrew one by one from the salients created by their victories, evacuating the wounded and supplies, and retiring to shortened lines. Hindenburg hoped to hold a line until their enemies were ready to bargain.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 1174103, 3172432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 912, 919 ], [ 1235, 1301 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the retreat from the Marne, Ludendorff became distraught, shrieking orders and often in tears. At dinner on 19 July, he responded to a suggestion of Hindenburg's by shouting \"I have already told you that is impossible\"Hindenburg led him from the room. On 8 August, the British completely surprised the Germans with a well-coordinated attack at Amiens, breaking well into the German lines. Most disquieting was that some German commanders surrendered their units and that reserves arriving at the front were taunted for prolonging the war. For Ludendorff, Amiens was the \"black day in the history of the German Army.\" Bauer and others wanted Ludendorff replaced, but Hindenburg stuck by his friend; he knew that \"Many a time has the soldier's calling exhausted strong characters.\" A sympathetic physician who was Ludendorff's friend persuaded him to leave headquarters temporarily to recuperate. (His breakdown is not mentioned in Hindenburg's or Ludendorff's memoirs.) On 12 August, Army Group von Boehn was created to firm up the defenses in the Somme sector. On 29 September Hindenburg and Ludendorff told the incredulous Kaiser that the war was lost and that they must have an immediate armistice.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 891547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 321, 356 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A new chancellor, Prince Maximilian of Baden, opened negotiations with President Woodrow Wilson, who would deal only with a democratic Germany. Prince Max told the Kaiser that he would resign unless Ludendorff was dismissed, but that Hindenburg was indispensable to hold the army together. On 26 October the Kaiser slated Ludendorff before curtly accepting his resignation—then rejecting Hindenburg's. Afterwards, Ludendorff refused to share Hindenburg's limousine. Colonel Bauer was retired. Hindenburg promptly replaced Ludendorff with Groener, the chief of staff of Army Group Kiev, which was assisting a breakaway Ukrainian State to fend off the Bolsheviks while receiving food and oil.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 52392, 33523, 2142431, 48737227, 703787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 44 ], [ 81, 95 ], [ 466, 479 ], [ 569, 584 ], [ 618, 633 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Germans were losing their allies. In June the Austro-Hungarians in Italy attacked the Entente lines along the Piave River but were repelled decisively. On 24 October the Italians crossed the river in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. After a few days of resolute resistance the defense collapsed, weakened by the defection of men from the empire's subject nations and by starvation: the men in their Sixth Army had an average weight of . On 14 October, Austria-Hungary asked for an armistice in Italy, but the fighting went on. In September the Entente and their Greek allies attacked in Macedonia. The Bulgarians begged for more Germans to stiffen their troops, but Hindenburg had none to spare. Many Bulgarian soldiers deserted as they retreated toward home, opening the road to Constantinople. The Austro-Hungarians were pushed back in Serbia, Albania and Montenegro, and signed an armistice on 3 November. The Ottomans were overextended, trying to defend Syria while exploiting the Russian collapse to move into the Caucasus, despite Hindenburg's urging them to defend what they had. The British and Arabs broke through in September, capturing Damascus. The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 1449530, 3011689, 29083300, 48931981, 3093486, 636036, 1891807 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 125 ], [ 208, 233 ], [ 577, 598 ], [ 820, 870 ], [ 1004, 1029 ], [ 1111, 1137 ], [ 1163, 1182 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wilson insisted that the Kaiser must go, but he refused to abdicate. Wilhelm was determined to lead the Army home to suppress the growing rebellion. It had had started with large demonstrations in major cities. When the Navy ordered a final sortie against the British, mutineers took control of the fleet. Workers' and soldiers' councils spread rapidly throughout Germany. They stripped officers of their badges of rank and decorations, if necessary forcibly. On 8 November, Hindenburg and the Kaiser met with 39 regimental officers at Spa. There he delivered a situation report and answered questions. Then Hindenburg left and Groener asked the officers to answer confidentially two questions about whether their troops would follow the Kaiser. The answers were decisive: the army would not. The Kaiser gave in. This was superfluous, because in Berlin Prince Max had already publicly announced the Kaiser's abdication and his own resignation, and that the Social Democrat leader Friedrich Ebert was now chancellor. Democracy came abruptly and almost bloodlessly. That evening Groener telephoned Ebert, who he knew and trusted, to tell him that if the new government would fight Bolshevism and support the Army then the field marshal would lead a disciplined army home. Hindenburg's remaining in command bolstered the new government's position.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 511631, 242325 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 147 ], [ 980, 995 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The withdrawal became more fraught when the armistice obliged all German troops to leave Belgium, France, and Alsace-Lorraine in 14 days and to be behind the Rhine in 30 days. Stragglers would become prisoners. When the seven men from the executive committee of the soldiers' council formed at Spa arrived at OHL they were greeted politely by a lieutenant colonel, who acknowledged their leadership. When they broached the march home he took them to the map room, explaining allocation of roads, and scheduling unit departures, billeting, and feeding. They agreed that the existing staffs should make these arrangements. To oversee the withdrawals OHL transferred headquarters from Belgium to Kassel in Germany, unsure how their officers would be received by the revolutionaries. They were greeted by the chairman of the workers' and soldiers' councils who proclaimed \"Hindenburg belongs to the German nation.\" His staff intended to billet him in the Kaiser's palace there, Wilhelmshöhe. Hindenburg refused because they did not have the Kaiser's permission, instead settling into a humble inn, thereby pleasing both his monarchist staff and the revolutionary masses. In the west 1.25 million men and 500,000 horses were brought home in the time allotted.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 763514, 206997, 42108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 53 ], [ 110, 125 ], [ 693, 699 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg did not want to involve the Army in the defense of the new government against their civil enemies. Instead the Army supported the independent Freikorps (modeled on formations used in the Napoleonic wars), supplying them with weapons and equipment. In February 1919, OHL moved east to Kolberg to mount an offensive against impinging Soviet troops, but they were restrained by the Allied occupation administration, which in May 1919 ordered all German troops in the east home. On 25 June 1919, Hindenburg retired to Hanover once again. He settled in a splendid new villa, which was a gift of the city, despite his admittedly having \"lost the greatest war in history\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 40494593, 11284, 17410, 14197 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 108 ], [ 153, 162 ], [ 295, 302 ], [ 525, 532 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Victory comes from movement\" was Schlieffen's principle for war. His disciple Hindenburg expounded his ideas as an instructor of tactics and then applied them on World War I battlefields: his retreats and mobile defenses were as skillful and daring as his slashing Schwerpunkt attacks, which even broke through the trench barrier on the Western Front. He failed to win because once through they were too slowlegs could not move quite fast enough. (With engines, German movement overwhelmed western Europe in World War II.)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 1172427 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Surprisingly, Hindenburg has undergone a historical metamorphosis: his teaching of tactics and years on the General Staff forgotten while he is remembered as a commander as an appendage to Ludendorff's genius. Winston Churchill in his influential history of the war, published in 1923, depicts Hindenburg as a figurehead awed by the mystique of the General Staff, concluding that \"Ludendorff throughout appears as the uncontested master.\" Churchill led the way: later he is Parkinson's \"beloved figurehead\", while to Stallings he is \"an old military booby\". These distortions stemmed from Ludendorff, who strutted in the limelight during the war and immediately thereafter wrote his comprehensive memoir with himself center stage. Hindenburg's far less detailed memoir never disputed his valued colleague's claims, military decisions were made by \"we\" not \"I\", and it is less useful to historians because it was written for general readers. Ludendorff continued touting his preeminence in print, which, typically, Hindenburg never disputed publicly.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Others did. The OHL officers who testified before the Reichstag committee investigating the collapse of 1918 agreed that Hindenburg was always in command. He managed by setting objectives and appointing talented men to do their jobs, for instance \"giving full scope to the intellectual powers\" of Ludendorff. Naturally these subordinates often felt that he did little, even though he was setting the course. In addition Ludendorff overrated himself, repressing repeated demonstrations that he lacked the backbone essential to command. Postwar he displayed extraordinarily poor judgment and a penchant for bizarre ideas, contrasting sharply with his former commander's surefooted adaptations to changing times.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 30599602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most of their conferences were in private, but on 26 July 1918 the chief of staff of the Seventh Army, Fritz von Lossberg traveled to OHL to request permission to withdraw to a better position", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [ 11643934 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg's record as a commander starting in the field at Tannenberg, then leading four national armies, culminating with breaking the trench deadlock in the west, and then holding his defeated army together, is unmatched by any other soldier in World War I.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "However, military skill should not mask the other component of their record: \"... in general, the maladroit politics of Hindenburg and Ludendorff led directly to the collapse of 1918....\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "World War I", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The new republic held its first election on 19 January 1919. Parties representing a broad range of different constituencies ran candidates and voting was with proportional representation, so inevitably governments were formed by coalitions of parties: this time Social Democrats, Democrats, and Centrists. Ebert was elected as provisional chancellor; then the elected representatives assembled in Weimar to write a constitution. It was based on the Constitution of the German Empire written in 1871, with many of the Kaiser's powers now given to a president elected for a term of seven years. The president selected the chancellor and the members of the cabinet, but with the crucial stipulation that his nominees had to be ratified by the Reichstag, which because of proportional representation required support from several parties. The constitution was adopted on 11 August 1919. Ebert was elected as provisional president.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In the Republic", "target_page_ids": [ 33685, 60585, 242325, 309792, 1715697, 30599602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ], [ 262, 278 ], [ 306, 311 ], [ 415, 427 ], [ 449, 482 ], [ 740, 749 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The terms of the Treaty of Versailles were written in secret. It was unveiled on 7 May 1919 and was followed by an ultimatum: either ratify the treaty, or the Allies would take whatever measures they deemed necessary to enforce its terms. While Germans of all political shades cursed the treaty as an insult to the nation's honor, President Ebert was sober enough to consider the possibility that Germany would not be in a position to turn it down. To save face, he asked Hindenburg whether the army was prepared to defend against an Allied invasion from the west, which Ebert believed would be all but certain if the treaty were voted down. If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out, he promised to urge rejection of the treaty. Under some prodding from his chief of staff, Groener, Hindenburg concluded the army could not resume the war under any circumstances. Rather than tell Ebert himself, he directed Groener to deliver the army's recommendation to the president. With just 19 minutes to spare, Ebert informed French Premier Georges Clemenceau that Germany would ratify the Treaty, which was signed on 28 June 1919.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In the Republic", "target_page_ids": [ 30030, 65738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 37 ], [ 1059, 1077 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Back in Hanover, as a field marshal he was provided with a staff who helped with his still extensive correspondence. He made few formal public appearances, but the streets around his house often were crowded with admirers when he took his afternoon walk. During the war he had left the newspaper reporters to Ludendorff, now he was available. He hunted locally and elsewhere, including an annual chamois hunt in Bavaria. The yearly Tannenberg memorial celebration kept him in the public eye.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In the Republic", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A Berlin publisher urged him to produce his memoirs which could educate and inspire by emphasizing his ethical and spiritual values; his story and ideas could be put on paper by a team of anonymous collaborators and the book would be translated immediately for the worldwide market. Mein Leben (My Life) was a huge bestseller, presenting to the world his carefully crafted image as a staunch, steadfast, uncomplicated soldier. Major themes were the need for Germany to maintain a strong military as the school teaching young German men moral values and the need to restore the monarchy, because only under the leadership of the House of Hohenzollern could Germany become great again, with \"The conviction that the subordination of the individual to the good of the community was not only a necessity, but a positive blessing ...\". Throughout the Kaiser is treated with great respect. He concealed his cultural interests and assured his readers: \"It was against my inclination to take any interest in current politics.\" (Despite what his intimates knew of his \"deep knowledge of Prussian political life\".) Mein Leben was dismissed by many military historians and critics as a boring apologia that skipped over the controversial issues, but it painted for the German public precisely the image he sought.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In the Republic", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Treaty required the German army to have no more than 100,000 men and abolished the General Staff. Therefore, in March 1919 The Reichswehr was organized. The 430,000 armed men in Germany competed for the limited places. Both Major Oskar Hindenburg and his army officer brother-in-law were selected. The chief of staff was Seeckt, camouflaged as Chief of the Troop Office. He favored staff officers above line officers and the proportion of nobles was the same as prewar.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In the Republic", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1919, Hindenburg was subpoenaed to appear before the parliamentary commission investigating the responsibility for the outbreak of war in 1914 and for the defeat in 1918. He was wary, as he had written: \"The only existing idol of the nation, undeservedly my humble self, runs the risk of being torn from its pedestal once it becomes the target of criticism.\". Ludendorff was summoned also. They had been strangers since Ludendorff's dismissal, but they prepared and arrived together on 18 November 1919. Hindenburg refused to take the oath until Ludendorff was permitted to read a statement that they were under no obligation to testify since their answers might expose them to criminal prosecution, but they were waiving their right of refusal. On the stand Hindenburg read through a prepared statement, ignoring the chairman's repeated demands that he answer questions. He testified that the German Army had been on the verge of winning the war in the autumn of 1918 and that the defeat had been precipitated by a Dolchstoß (\"stab in the back\") by disloyal elements on the home front and unpatriotic politicians, quoting a dinner conversation he had Sir Neill Malcolm. When his reading was finished Hindenburg walked out of the hearings, despite being threatened with contempt, sure that they would not dare charge a war hero. His testimony introduced the Dolchstoßlegende, which was adopted by nationalist and conservative politicians who sought to blame the socialist founders of the Weimar Republic for losing the war. Reviews in the German press that grossly misrepresented General Frederick Maurice's book about the last months of the war firmed-up this myth. Ludendorff had used these reviews to convince Hindenburg. A 1929 film glorifying his life as a dedicated patriot solidified his image.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In the Republic", "target_page_ids": [ 8594, 33056610, 8594, 12331655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1019, 1028 ], [ 1159, 1172 ], [ 1361, 1377 ], [ 1591, 1608 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first presidential election was scheduled for 6 June 1920. Hindenburg wrote to Wilhelm II, in exile in the Netherlands, for permission to run. Wilhelm approved, so on 8 March Hindenburg announced his intention to seek the presidency. Five days later Berlin was seized by regular and Freikorps troops led by General Lüttwitz, the commander of the Berlin garrison, who proclaimed a prominent civil servant, Wolfgang Kapp, president in a new government. Ludendorff and Colonel Bauer stood by Kapp's side. As the Reichswehr leadership refused to fight the coup, the legal government fled to Stuttgart. However the coup collapsed after six days as the civil service refused to cooperate and workers went on a general strike. The strike led to a Bolshevik uprising that was put down forcefully. Kapp died in prison while awaiting trial, Ludendorff fled to Bavaria where he was shielded by his fame, Bauer went into exile. The Reichstag postponed the presidential election and extended Ebert's term of office. Hindenburg cut back on public appearances.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In the Republic", "target_page_ids": [ 1283105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 409, 422 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His serenity was shattered by the illness of his wife Gertrud, who died of cancer on 14 May 1921. He kept close to his three children, their spouses and his nine grandchildren. His son Oskar was at his side as the field marshal's liaison officer. Hindenburg was financially sustained by a fund set up by a group of admiring industrialists.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In the Republic", "target_page_ids": [ 42597737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 8 November 1923 Hitler, with Ludendorff at his side, launched the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, which was suppressed by the Bavarian police. Hindenburg was not involved but inevitably was prominent in newspaper reports. He issued a statement urging national unity. On 16 November the Reichsbank introduced the Rentenmark, which was indexed to gold bonds. Twelve zeros were cut from prices, which stabilized. The political divisions in the nation began to ease. The foreign minister was Gustav Stresemann, the leader of the German People's Party. In 1924 the economy was shored up by the reduction in reparation payments in the Dawes Plan with loans from American banks. At Tannenberg in August before a crowd of 50,000 Hindenburg laid the headstone for an imposing memorial.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In the Republic", "target_page_ids": [ 57538, 843027, 1032087, 192990, 225551, 524119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 85 ], [ 285, 295 ], [ 311, 321 ], [ 487, 504 ], [ 524, 545 ], [ 628, 638 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Reichspräsident Ebert died on 28 February 1925 following an appendectomy. A new election had to be held within a month. None of the candidates attained the required majority; Ludendorff was last with a paltry 280,000 votes. By law there had to be another election. The Social Democrats, the Catholic Centre and other democratic parties united to support the Centre's Wilhelm Marx, who had twice served as Chancellor and was now Minister President of Prussia. The Communists insisted on running their own candidate. The parties on the right established a committee to select their strongest candidate. After a week's indecision they decided on Hindenburg, despite his advanced age and fear, notably by Foreign Minister Stresemann, of unfavorable reactions by their former enemies. A delegation came to his home on 1 April. He stated his reservations but concluded \"If you feel that my election is necessary for the sake of the Fatherland, I'll run in God's name.\" However, some parties on the right still opposed him. Not willing to be humiliated like Ludendorff, he drafted a telegram declining the nomination, but before it was sent, Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and a young leader of the agrarian nobility of eastern Germany arrived in Hanover to persuade him to wait until the strength of his support was clearer. His conservative opponents gave way so he consented on 9 April. Again he obtained Wilhelm II's approval. His campaign stressed his devotion to \"social justice, religious equality, genuine peace at home and abroad.\" \"No war, no internal uprising, can emancipate our chained nation, which is, unfortunately, split by dissension.\" He addressed only one public meeting, held in Hanover, and gave one radio address on 11 April calling for a Volksgemeinschaft (national community) under his leadership. The second election, held on 26 April 1925, required only a plurality, which he obtained thanks to the support of the Bavarian People's Party (BVP), which had switched from Marx, and by the refusal of the Communists to withdraw their candidate Ernst Thälmann. In the UK and France, the victory of the aged field marshal was accepted with equanimity.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1925 election", "target_page_ids": [ 320023, 431034, 265557, 236970, 1443393, 467780, 265561 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 291, 306 ], [ 367, 379 ], [ 463, 473 ], [ 1143, 1161 ], [ 1816, 1831 ], [ 1930, 1953 ], [ 2056, 2070 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg took office on 12 May 1925, \"... offering my hand in this hour to every German\". He moved into the elegant Presidential Palace on the Wilhelmstrasse, accompanied by Oskar (his military liaison officer) and Oskar's wife and three children. The new president, always a stickler about uniforms, soon had the servants wear new regalia with the shoe buckles appropriate for a court. Nearby was the chancellery, which during Hindenburg's tenure would have seven residents. The president also enjoyed a shooting preserve. He notified Chancellor Hans Luther that he would replace the head of Ebert's presidential staff, Dr Otto Meissner, with his own man, because the cabinet would have to consent. Meissner was kept on temporarily. He proved invaluable and was Hindenburg's right hand throughout his presidency.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Parliamentary governments", "target_page_ids": [ 431038, 2296641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 549, 560 ], [ 626, 639 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Foreign Minister Stresemann had vacationed during the campaign so as not to tarnish his reputation with the victors by supporting the field marshal. The far right detested Stresemann for promoting friendly relations with the victors. At their first meeting Hindenburg listened attentively and was persuaded that Stresemann's strategy was correct. He was cooler at their next, reacting to rightist backlash. Nonetheless he supported the government's policy, so on 1 December 1925 the Locarno Treaties were signed, a significant step in restoring Germany's position in Europe. The right was infuriated because the Treaty accepted the loss of Alsace and Lorraine, though it mandated the withdrawal of the Allied troops occupying the Rhineland. The president always was lobbied intensely by visitors and letter writers. Hindenburg countered demands to restore the monarchy by arguing that restoring a Hohenzollern would block progress in revising Versailles. He accepted the republic as the mechanism for restoring Germany's position in Europe, though Hindenburg was no Vernunftrepublikaner (republican by reason) because democracy was incompatible with the militaristic volksgemeinschaft (national community) that would unite the people into one for future conflicts.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Parliamentary governments", "target_page_ids": [ 266937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 483, 499 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Treaty ended Luther's government, so Hindenburg had to assemble its replacement. The president could not command, but had to practice politics in the raw: painstakingly listening to and negotiating with party leaders to put together a bloc with a majority. Occasionally he was able to seal a deal as the revered, old field marshal by appealing to patriotism. After weeks of negotiations, Luther formed a new government with a cabinet drawn from the middle-of-the road parties, retaining Stresemann, which the Reichstag approved when threatened that otherwise the president would call new elections. That government was toppled by dispute over flying the old imperial flag alongside of the Weimar colors, which symbolically downgraded the republic. Marx was recalled as chancellor in a government that continued the dual flag policy. The next major issue was the properties of the former kings now held by the states: the question was whether former rulers should receive some compensation or none. More than 12 million voters petitioned for a referendum on this issue, meanwhile the Reichstag was debating an expropriation bill. Hindenburg's impulse was to resign so that he might express his opposition, but instead Meissner persuaded him to write a personal letter, which appeared in the newspapers, opposing expropriation. The referendum on 20 June 1926 rejected expropriation. Hindenburg urged the states to reach fair settlements promptly, otherwise he would resign. Stresemann's position in successive governments was solidified when he shared the Nobel Peace Prize for 1926.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Parliamentary governments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The next crisis came in the autumn of 1926 when Reichswehr commander Seeckt, without consulting the Reichswehr minister, invited the eldest son of the ex-crown prince to attend maneuvers. To keep the government in office, Hindenburg pressured Seeckt to resign. His successor was Wilhelm Heye. The Social Democrats shifted their stance and were willing to join a centrist government, which would strengthen it. Hindenburg was agreeable. But then the socialists demanded a completely new cabinet, which the government rejected, consequently the Reichstag voted no confidence after oratory that made much of the secret collaboration between the Reichswehr and the Red Army, which had been revealed in British newspapers. To counter these attacks the Reichswehr relied on Colonel Kurt von Schleicher, who had served with Oskar in the Third Guards and was often a guest at the Palace. He assiduously strove to improve relations with the Republic. Again Hindenburg was saddled with finding a new government. He asked Marx to bring in more parties. The German Nationals agreed to join, and a new government was in place on 31 January 1927. It legislated the eight hour day and unemployment insurance.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Parliamentary governments", "target_page_ids": [ 319997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 776, 795 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 18 September 1927 Hindenburg spoke at the dedication of the massive memorial at Tannenberg, outraging international opinion by denying Germany's responsibility for initiating World War I, thereby repudiating Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles. He declared that Germany entered the war as \"the means of self-assertion against a world full of enemies. Pure in heart we set off to the defence of the fatherland and with clean hands the German army carried the sword.\" His words were much stronger than in the draft approved by Stresemann. The Allied governments retaliated by not congratulating him on his eightieth birthday. (He was more upset by Ludendorff's refusal to have any contact at the ceremony.) Most Germans did celebrate his birthday: his present was Neudeck, the ancestral East Prussian estate of the Hindenburgs, purchased with funds from a public subscription. Later it became known that the title was in Oskar's name, to avoid potential inheritance tax.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Parliamentary governments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A financial scandal in the navy led to the resignation of the defense minister. As his replacement, Schleicher wanted Groener, whose chief-of-staff he had been late in the war. The right strongly opposed him, but the Reichstag approved. Groener in turn enhanced Schleicher's role in the army. The Reichstag's four-year term was coming to an end, so Hindenburg pressed it to promptly pass required legislation and then dissolved it on 31 March 1928. His leadership was widely applauded. The election on 20 May 1928 produced a shift to the left, although a handful of Nazis were elected. However, it was difficult to assemble a new government because several parties were reluctant to participate. Finally, sufficient support was found for the Social Democrat Hermann Müller whom Hindenburg found clever and agreeable, later telling Groener that Müller was his best chancellor.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Parliamentary governments", "target_page_ids": [ 320007 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 758, 772 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The next crisis followed Stresemann's negotiation of the Young Plan, which rescheduled reparations payments and opened the way for needed American loans. In addition, the French promised to leave the Rhineland in 1930, five years before schedule. The right formed a committee to block adoption, they started by intensively lobbying Hindenburg, using such powerful voices as Tirpitz. Hindenburg did not budge. For the first time the committee brought conservatives, like the powerful newspaper owner Alfred Hugenberg, into alliance with the Nazis. They submitted the issues to a national plebiscite, in which they obtained only one-fifth of the vote. In his open letter when he promulgated the required legislation, Hindenburg pointed out that their major problem was the economic turmoil and growing unemployment stemming from the worldwide depression.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Presidential governments", "target_page_ids": [ 524123, 239459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 67 ], [ 499, 515 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His close advisers were Oskar, Groener, Meissner, and Schleicher, known as the Kamarilla. The younger Hindenburg, \"the constitutionally unforeseen son of the President\", controlled access to the President. Hindenburg tried to assemble the next government by obtaining enough support from political parties while retaining essential ministers such as Groener and Stresemann, but was unable to form a working combination, the parties were too diverse and divided. A new election would only reinforce these bitter divisions. Schleicher proposed a solution: a government in which the chancellor would be responsible to the president rather than the Reichstag, based on the so-called \"25/48/53 formula\", named for the three articles of the Constitution that could make such a \"Presidential government\" possible:", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Presidential governments", "target_page_ids": [ 1973405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Article 25 allowed the President to dissolve the Reichstag.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Presidential governments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Article 48 allowed the president to sign emergency bills into law without the consent of the Reichstag. However, the Reichstag could cancel any law passed by Article 48 by a simple majority vote within sixty days of its passage.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Presidential governments", "target_page_ids": [ 1080220 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Article 53 allowed the president to appoint the chancellor.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Presidential governments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Schleicher suggested that in such a presidential government the trained economist and leader of the Catholic Center Party (Zentrum) Heinrich Brüning would make an excellent chancellor. Hindenburg first talked with Brüning in February 1930. He was impressed by his probity and by his outstanding combat record as a machine gun officer; and was reconciled to his being a Catholic. In January 1930, Meissner told Kuno von Westarp that soon Muller's \"Grand Coalition\" would be replaced by a \"presidential government\" that would exclude the Social Democrats, adding that the coming \"Hindenburg government\" would be \"anti-Marxist\" and \"anti-parliamentarian\", serving as a transition to a dictatorship. Schleicher maneuvered to exacerbate a bitter dispute within Müller's coalition, which was divided over whether the unemployment insurance rate should be raised by a half percentage point or a full percentage point. With the Grand Coalition government lacking support in the Reichstag, Müller asked Hindenburg to have his budget approved under Article 48, but Schleicher persuaded Hindenburg to refuse. Müller's government fell on 27 March 1930 and Brüning became chancellor. Brüning had hesitated because he lacked parliamentary support, but Hindenburg appealed to his sense of duty and threatened to resign himself. Only the four Social Democrats in the previous cabinet were replaced, forming what the press labeled the \"Hindenburg Cabinet\", which Dorpalen argues \"failed to produce the hoped for turn of events\". The depression grew worse, unemployment was soaring, and now the constitutional system had been drastically shaken.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Presidential governments", "target_page_ids": [ 320023, 220778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 121 ], [ 132, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Urged on by the president, the Reichstag passed a bill supporting agriculture by raising tariffs and providing subsidies. Faced with declining tax revenues and mounting costs for unemployment insurance, Brüning introduced an austerity budget with steep spending cuts and steep tax increases. The Young Plan required such a balanced budget. Nonetheless, his budget was defeated in the Reichstag in July 1930, so Hindenburg signed it into law by invoking Article 48. The Reichstag voted to repeal the budget, so Hindenburg dissolved it just two years into its mandate, and re-approved the budget with Article 48. Unemployment was still soaring. Hindenburg took no part in the campaign, in the September 1930 elections the Nazis achieved an electoral breakthrough, gaining 17 percent of the vote to become the second-strongest party in the Reichstag. The Communists also made striking gains, albeit not so great.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Presidential governments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After the elections, Brüning continued to govern largely through Article 48; his government was kept afloat by the Social Democrats who voted against canceling his Article 48 bills in order to avoid another election that could only benefit the Nazis and the Communists. The German historian Eberhard Jäckel concluded that presidential government was within the letter of the constitution, but violated its spirit as Article 54 stated the Chancellor and his cabinet were responsible to the Reichstag, and thus presidential government was an end-run around the constitution. Hindenburg for his part grew increasingly annoyed with Brüning, complaining that he was growing tired of using Article 48 all the time to pass bills. Hindenburg found the detailed notes that Brüning submitted explaining the economic necessity of each of his bills to be incomprehensible. Brüning continued with austerity; a decree in December 1930 once again cut the wages of public employees and the budget. Modest, withdrawn Brüning was completely unable to explain his measures to the voters, or even to the president, who relied on explanations from the Kamarilla. The Nazis and German Nationals marched out of the Reichstag in opposition to a procedural rule. The 1931 budget was then passed easily, and the Reichstag adjourned until October after only increasing the military budget and the subsidies for Junkers in the so-called Osthilfe (Eastern Aid) program. In June 1931 there was a banking crisis in which the funds on deposit plummeted. Complete disaster was averted by United States President Herbert Hoover obtaining a temporary moratorium on reparation payments.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Presidential governments", "target_page_ids": [ 2678126, 8485767, 19283335, 13682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 291, 306 ], [ 1409, 1417 ], [ 1466, 1480 ], [ 1579, 1593 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the summer of 1931, Hindenburg complained in a letter to his daughter: \"What pains and angers me the most is being misunderstood by part of the political right\". He met Adolf Hitler for the first time in October 1931, at a high-level conference in Berlin. Everyone present saw that they took an immediate dislike to each other. Afterwards Hindenburg in private often disparagingly referred to Hitler as \"that Austrian corporal\", \"that Bohemian corporal\" or sometimes simply as \"the corporal\" and also derided Hitler's Austrian dialect. For his part, Hitler often labeled Hindenburg as \"that old fool\" or \"that old reactionary\". On 26 January 1933, Hindenburg privately told a group of his friends: \"Gentlemen, I hope you will not hold me capable of appointing this Austrian corporal to be Reich Chancellor\". Hindenburg made it clear that he saw himself as the leader of the \"national\" forces and expected Hitler to follow his lead.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Presidential governments", "target_page_ids": [ 2731583, 1394982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 172, 184 ], [ 438, 455 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In foreign affairs he spoke with hostility towards Poland, often expressing a hope that the Polish state would disappear from the map of Europe \"at an appropriate moment\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Presidential governments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By January 1932, at the age of 84, Hindenburg was vacillating about running for a second term. Brüning recalled that once the president came to meet him at the railway station, but failed to recognize him. On the other hand, Franz von Papen, a later chancellor, found that despite minor lapses the president remained competent until his last days. Hindenburg was persuaded to run by the Kamarilla, and supported by the Centre Party, the Deutsche Volkspartei (DVP) and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), which regarded him as the only hope of defeating Hitler. His fighting spirit was evoked by Nazi taunts when he appeared in public and in a few weeks three million Germans signed a petition urging him to carry on. His intentions were not to \"abandon my efforts for a healthy move to the Right\". Brüning proposed to the Reichstag that in light of the still-escalating economic disaster—now some of the largest banks had failed—the election should be postponed for two years, which would have required a two-thirds assent, to which the Nazis would never agree. Hitler was to be one of his opponents in the election. Hindenburg left most campaigning to others, in his single radio address he stressed the need for unity, \"I recall the spirit of 1914, and the mood at the front, which asked about the man, and not about his class or party\". Hitler campaigned vigorously throughout Germany.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Second presidency", "target_page_ids": [ 243788, 225551, 60585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 225, 240 ], [ 437, 457 ], [ 472, 506 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the first round of voting in March 1932, Hindenburg was front-runner, but failed to gain the required majority. In the runoff the following month Hindenburg won with 53 percent of the vote. However, he was disappointed because he lost voters from the right, only winning by the support of those who had strongly opposed him seven years before. He wrote \"Despite all the blows in the neck I have taken, I will not abandon my efforts for a healthy move to the Right\". He called in the party leaders for advice, during the meetings Meissner led the discussions while Hindenburg would only speak briefly on crucial points. Schleicher took the lead in choosing the cabinet, in which he was Reichswehr Minister. Groener was now even more unpopular to the right because he had banned wearing party uniforms in public. On 13 May 1932 Schleicher told Groener that he had \"lost the confidence of the Army\" and must resign at once. Once Groener was gone, the ban was lifted and the Nazi brownshirts were back battling on the streets.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Second presidency", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "To cope with mounting unemployment, Brüning desperately wanted an emergency decree to launch a program in which bankrupt estates would be carved up into small farms and turned over to unemployed settlers. When they met, Hindenburg read a statement that there would be no further decrees and insisted that the cabinet resign, there must be a turn to the right. Brüning resigned on 1 June 1932. He was succeeded by Papen from the Centre Party, who was Schleicher's choice, Hindenburg did not even ask the party leaders for advice. He was delighted with Papen, a rich, smooth aristocrat who had been a famous equestrian and a general staff officer; he soon became a Hindenburg family friend (Schleicher was no longer welcomed because he had quarreled with Oskar). The president was delighted to find that eight members of the new cabinet had served as officers during the war.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Second presidency", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thanks to the previous government, reparations were phased out at the Lausanne Conference, but without progress on other issues, so it was attacked by the German right. The Social Democratic government of the State of Prussia was a caretaker, because it had lost its mandate in the preceding election. Papen accused it of failing to maintain public order, and removed it on 20 July. The national elections came eleven days later. Eight parties received substantial numbers of votes, but those supporting the government lost strength, while opponents on the right and left gained. The Nazis polled almost the same 37 percent they had in the presidential election, making them the largest party in the Reichstag. Schleicher negotiated with them, proposing that Hitler become vice-chancellor. Hitler demanded the chancellorship along with five cabinet positions and important posts in the state governments; additionally the Reichstag would have to pass an Enabling act giving a new government all needed powers, otherwise it would be dissolved. Around the country Nazi stormtroopers were running riot, attacking their political opponents. Hindenburg refused to make Hitler chancellor, so he met with Hitler to explain that he was unwilling to bring a single party to power, concluding with \"I want to extend my hand to you as a fellow soldier.\" The following morning he left for Neudeck; most of the newspapers praised his defense of the constitution. The constitution mandated a new election within sixty days, but owing to the crisis Hindenburg postponed it. Papen published an economic recovery plan that almost all of the parties and the labor unions lambasted. His scant support crumbled further.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Second presidency", "target_page_ids": [ 3320141, 553001 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 89 ], [ 954, 966 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To add enough votes to gain a parliamentary mandate, Schleicher tried to persuade some of the Nazi leaders, like the war hero Hermann Göring, to defect and to take a position in his government. None of them would, so he became another presidential chancellor, still courting prominent Nazis—otherwise his days as chancellor were numbered. Papen continued to negotiate with Hitler, who moderated his conditions: he would settle for the chancellorship, the Reich Commissioner of Prussia and two cabinet positions: interior and a new slot for aviation. He also promised that he would respect the rights of the president, the Reichstag and the press, and Papen would be vice-chancellor. On these terms, Hindenburg allowed Oskar and Meissner to meet secretly with Hitler, culminating in an hour's tête-à-tête between Hitler and Oskar. Schleicher learned of the secret meeting and the following morning met with the president to demand emergency powers and the dissolution of the Reichstag. Hindenburg refused the powers but agreed to the election. Before a new government could be formed Hindenburg called General Werner von Blomberg, an opponent of Schleicher, back from a disarmament conference and appointed him Reichswehr minister, perhaps unaware that he was a Nazi sympathizer.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Second presidency", "target_page_ids": [ 13487, 759024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 140 ], [ 1109, 1128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To break the stalemate, Hindenburg proposed Hitler as chancellor, Papen as vice-chancellor and Reich commissioner of Prussia, and Göring as Prussian interior minister (who controlled the police). Two other cabinet ministers would be Nazis; the remaining eight would be from other parties. When Hindenburg met with Hitler, Papen would always be present. The new cabinet included only three Nazis: Hitler, Göring and Wilhelm Frick. Besides Hitler, Frick was the only Nazi with a portfolio; he held the nearly powerless Interior Ministry (unlike the rest of Europe, at the time the Interior Ministry had no power over the police, which was the responsibility of the Länder). Göring did not receive a portfolio, but critically was made Prussian interior minister, controlling the largest police force in which he promoted Nazis as commanders. Blomberg was Reichswehr minister, Hugenberg was both economics and agriculture minister, and Seldte (the leader of the first World War ex-servicemen's organization Der Stahlhelm) was labor minister. The other ministers were holdovers from the Papen and Schleicher cabinets.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Hitler becomes chancellor", "target_page_ids": [ 168955, 938394, 235985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 415, 428 ], [ 977, 987 ], [ 1003, 1016 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hitler's first act as chancellor was to ask Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag, so that the Nazis and Deutschnationale Volkspartei (\"German Nationalists\" or DNVP) could win an outright majority to pass the Enabling Act that would give the new government power to rule by decree, supposedly for the next four years. Unlike laws passed by Article 48, which could be cancelled by a majority in the Reichstag, under the Enabling Act the Chancellor could pass laws by decree that could not be cancelled by a vote in the Reichstag. Hindenburg agreed to this request. In early February 1933, Papen asked for and received an Article 48 bill signed into law that sharply limited freedom of the press. After the Reichstag fire on 27 February, Hindenburg, at Hitler's urging, signed into law the Reichstag Fire Decree via Article 48, which effectively suspended all civil liberties in Germany. Göring as Prussian Interior Minister had enlisted thousands of Sturmabteilung (SA) men as auxiliary policemen, who attacked political opponents of the Nazis, with Communists and Social Democrats being singled out for particular abuse. Fritz Schäffer, a conservative Catholic and a leading politician of the Bavarian People's Party met Hindenburg on 17 February 1933 to complain about the ongoing campaign of terror against the SPD. Schäffer told Hindenburg:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Hitler becomes chancellor", "target_page_ids": [ 30599602, 405670, 553001, 105323, 207360, 217987, 54378, 9209651, 18247265, 8035240, 467780 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 80 ], [ 104, 132 ], [ 208, 220 ], [ 673, 693 ], [ 705, 719 ], [ 788, 809 ], [ 949, 963 ], [ 1049, 1058 ], [ 1064, 1079 ], [ 1121, 1135 ], [ 1193, 1216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hindenburg, who had always hated the Social Democrats, rejected Schäffer's appeal, saying that the SPD were \"traitors\" who had \"stabbed the Fatherland in the back\" in 1918, and who could never belong to the volksgemeinschaft. Therefore, the Nazis had his full support in their campaign against the Social Democrats.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Hitler becomes chancellor", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg disliked Hitler, but he approved of his efforts to create the volksgemeinschaft. For Hindenburg, the \"Government of National Concentration\" headed by Hitler was the fulfillment of what he had been seeking since 1914, the creation of the volksgemeinschaft. Despite the ensuing anti-red hysteria, the Nazis received only 44% of the vote, though with the support of the DNVP they had a majority in the Reichstag.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Hitler becomes chancellor", "target_page_ids": [ 1035114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hitler soon obtained Hindenburg's confidence, promising that after Germany regained full sovereignty, the monarchy would be restored; after a few weeks Hindenburg no longer asked Papen to join their meetings. The opening of the new Reichstag was celebrated with a Nazi extravaganza: Hindenburg descended into the crypt of the old garrison church in Potsdam to commune with the spirit of Frederick the Great at his grave, attended by Hitler who saluted the president as \"the custodian of the new rise of our people.\" An Enabling Act was prepared that transferred law-making from the Reichstag to the government, even if the new laws violated the constitution. With the Communist deputies and many Social Democrats kept out of the chamber (in violation of Articles 36 and 37 of the constitution), the Reichstag passed the Act with well more than the needed two-thirds majority, effectively ending the Republic. As it turned out, that meeting took place in such an intimidating atmosphere that the Enabling Act would have garnered the required supermajority even with all deputies present and voting.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Hitler becomes chancellor", "target_page_ids": [ 99613, 218116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 387, 406 ], [ 519, 531 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During 1933 and 1934, Hitler was very aware that Hindenburg was the only check on his power. With the passage of the Enabling Act and the banning of all parties except the Nazis, Hindenburg's power to sack the Chancellor was the only means by which Hitler could be legally removed from office. Given that Hindenburg was still a popular war hero and a revered figure in the Reichswehr, there was little doubt that the Reichswehr would side with Hindenburg if he ever decided to sack Hitler. Thus, as long as Hindenburg was alive, Hitler was always very careful to avoid offending him or the Army. Although Hindenburg was in increasingly bad health, the Nazis made sure that whenever Hindenburg did appear in public it was in Hitler's company. During these appearances, Hitler always made a point of showing him the utmost respect and deference.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Hitler becomes chancellor", "target_page_ids": [ 232499 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 373, 383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Economic austerity was abandoned as Hitler poured money into new programs hiring the unemployed, buying armaments, and building infrastructure—especially roads and autobahns. Within a year, unemployment fell by almost 40%. Hitler gained the support of the armed forces by promising to rebuild their strength. The German states were taken over by the national government, the labor unions were suppressed, political opponents were imprisoned, and Jews were ejected from the civil service which included the universities. Hindenburg only objected about the treatment of Jews; he wanted war veterans retained, to which Hitler acceded. When Hitler moved to eject Hugenberg from the cabinet and to suppress the political parties, a trusted colleague of Hugenberg's was sent to Neudeck to appeal for assistance but only met with Oskar. Hindenburg delayed the appointment of one Nazi Gauleiter, but failed to obtain the installation of a Lutheran bishop he favored. The honor guard at Neudeck now were storm troopers. On 27 August at the stirring ceremonies at Tannenberg the president was presented with two large East Prussian properties near Neudeck. On the night before the plebiscite on Nazi rule scheduled for 11 November 1933, Hindenburg appealed to the voters to support their president and their chancellor, 95.1% of those voting did so. When a new commander of the army was to be appointed the president's choice won out over the chancellor's, but Hindenburg accepted a change in the military oath that eliminated obedience to the president and placed the swastika on military uniforms. By summer 1934, Hindenburg was dying of metastasized bladder cancer and his correspondence was dominated by complaints of Nazi stormtroopers running amok.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Hitler becomes chancellor", "target_page_ids": [ 16354915, 16354915, 192762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 104, 113 ], [ 1643, 1657 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the fall of 1933, a group of Hindenburg's friends led by General August von Cramon asked Hindenburg to restore the monarchy. Hindenburg replied:", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Hitler becomes chancellor", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the summer of 1934, Hindenburg grew increasingly alarmed at Nazi excesses. With his support, Papen gave a speech at the University of Marburg on 17 June calling for an end to state terror and the restoration of some freedoms. When Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels got wind of it, he not only canceled a scheduled tape-delayed broadcast of the speech, but ordered the seizure of newspapers in which part of the text was printed.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Hitler becomes chancellor", "target_page_ids": [ 3972810, 499094, 15777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 119 ], [ 127, 148 ], [ 259, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Papen was furious, telling Hitler that he was acting as a \"trustee\" of Hindenburg, and that a \"junior minister\" like Goebbels had no right to silence him. He resigned and immediately notified Hindenburg about what happened. Hindenburg was equally outraged, and told Blomberg to give Hitler an ultimatum—unless Hitler took steps to end the growing tension in Germany and in the SA, Hindenburg would sack him, declare martial law and turn the government over to the army. Not long afterward, Hitler carried out the Night of the Long Knives, in which the SA's leaders were murdered, for which he received Hindenburg's personal thanks in a telegram. A day later, Hindenburg learned that Schleicher and his wife had been gunned down in their home; Hitler apologized, claiming that Schleicher had drawn a pistol. During the Nuremberg Trials, Goring admitted the telegram was never seen by Hindenburg, and was actually written by the Nazis.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Hitler becomes chancellor", "target_page_ids": [ 50477, 53901, 21875 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 416, 427 ], [ 513, 537 ], [ 818, 834 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg remained in office until his death at the age of 86 from lung cancer at his home in Neudeck, East Prussia, on 2 August 1934. The day before, Hitler received word that Hindenburg was on his deathbed. He then had the cabinet pass the \"Law Concerning the Highest State Office of the Reich,\" which stipulated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the Chancellor under the title of Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor of the Reich).", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 18450, 68743, 213765 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 79 ], [ 104, 116 ], [ 459, 465 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two hours after Hindenburg's death, it was announced that as a result of this law, Hitler was now both Germany's head of state and head of government, thereby eliminating the last remedy by which he could be legally dismissed and cementing his status as the absolute dictator of Germany. Publicly, Hitler announced that the presidency was \"inseparably united\" with Hindenburg, and it would not be appropriate for the title to ever be used again.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In truth, Hitler had known as early as April 1934 that Hindenburg would likely not survive the year. He worked feverishly to get the armed forces—the only group in Germany that would be nearly powerful enough to remove him with Hindenburg dead—to support his bid to become head of state after Hindenburg's death. In a meeting aboard the Deutschland on 11 April with Blomberg, army commander Werner von Fritsch and naval commander Erich Raeder, Hitler publicly proposed that he himself succeed Hindenburg. In return for the armed forces' support, he agreed to suppress the SA and promised that the armed forces would be the only bearers of arms in Germany under his watch. Raeder agreed right away, but Fritsch withheld his support until 18 May, when the senior generals unanimously agreed to back Hitler as Hindenburg's successor.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 705022, 1063206, 50229 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 337, 348 ], [ 391, 409 ], [ 430, 442 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to Günther von Tschirschky und Bögendorff, an interwar German diplomat and associate of Hindenburg who later defected to the UK, President Paul Von Hindenburg's last will and testament had criticised the Nazis and supported democracy. The defector said that it had also argued for the establishment of a constitutional monarchy with clear separation of powers along with the abolition of all forms of racial and religious discrimination. He alleged that the document had been handed over to Hitler by Hindenburg's Nazi supporting son. A few days after his death the Nazis released their own version of Hindenburg's final \"political testament\" which was complimentary of Hitler.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hitler had a plebiscite held on 19 August 1934, in which the German people were asked if they approved of Hitler taking the office of Führer. The Ja (Yes) vote amounted to 90% of the vote.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 23852342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Contrary to Hindenburg's will, he was interred with his wife in a magnificent ceremony at the Tannenberg Memorial. In 1944, as the Soviets approached, Generalleutnant Oskar von Hindenburg moved his parents' remains to western Germany. After World War II the Soviets razed the Tannenberg Memorial to the ground.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 168789 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The remains of Hindenburg and his wife currently lie buried in St. Elizabeth's Church, Marburg.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 4180051 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On a visit to Hindenburg's headquarters, Crown Prince Wilhelm described the mood as family-like. He reportedly had a good sense of humor and often made jokes at his own expense. He also had a prodigious memory for names and faces, asking colleagues about their sons in the army, even recalling their ranks and units.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 594696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite this bonhomie, Hindenburg kept his own counsel. According to Kaiser Wilhelm II, \"Hindenburg never said more than half of what he really thought\". When Professor Hugo Vogel, commissioned to immortalize the victorious Tannenberg commanders in paint, arrived at headquarters most of his subjects begrudged posing, Hindenburg visited most days, often staying for hours, which his staff attributed to ego, having no inkling that he and his wife collected paintings of the Virgin nor that he was an amateur artist nor that he liked to discuss books—Schiller was his favorite author. After a painting was completed Hindenburg would periodically check on how many printed reproductions had been sold. Vogel was with him throughout the war and did his last portrait in 1934. Protecting his warrior image, Hindenburg wrote in his memoir that \"the artists were a distraction [with which] we would have preferred to dispense\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After overseeing Germany's crushing victory at Tannenberg, Paul von Hindenburg became the center of a massive personality cult that persisted throughout his life. Henceforth, he was lauded as the living ideal of German masculinity and patriotism. According to historian Anna Menge:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 147116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During World War I, The most celebrated tribute to Hindenburg was a 12 meter tall wooden likeness erected in Berlin. What admirers paid to drive in nails—ultimately 30 tons of them—went to war widows. Smaller versions were erected throughout Germany. The wooden images and his photographs, invariably portray a resolute, indomitable warrior, wearing a stern likeness.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The famed zeppelin Hindenburg that was destroyed by fire in 1937 was named in his honor, as was the Hindenburgdamm, a causeway joining the island of Sylt to mainland Schleswig-Holstein that was built during his time in office. The previously Upper Silesian town of Zabrze () was also renamed after him in 1915, as well as the SMS Hindenburg, a battlecruiser commissioned in the Imperial German Navy in 1917 and the last capital ship to enter service in the Imperial Navy. The Hindenburg Range in New Guinea, which includes perhaps one of the world's largest cliffs, the Hindenburg Wall, also bears his name.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 34440, 55106, 5082226, 5303216, 320323, 71407, 27126, 1341234, 72873, 1581556, 4057, 6334509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 18 ], [ 19, 29 ], [ 39, 64 ], [ 100, 114 ], [ 118, 126 ], [ 149, 153 ], [ 166, 184 ], [ 242, 256 ], [ 265, 271 ], [ 326, 340 ], [ 344, 357 ], [ 477, 493 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historian Christopher Clark has criticized Hindenburg in his role as head of state for:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 8918006 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hindenburg is a controversial figure in German history. In recent years, numerous German local bodies have derecognized Hindenburg. In February 2020, Hindenburg's Berlin honorary citizenship had also been revoked. The decision was passed by Berlin’s left-wing coalition of Social Democrats, the Left Party and Greens.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 60585, 8808937, 12246 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 273, 289 ], [ 295, 305 ], [ 310, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "German honours", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Foreign honours", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " :", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1914", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 10250941 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Military Merit Cross, 1st Class, with War Decoration, 22 January 1917; in Diamonds, 5 November 1917", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 12004181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gold Military Merit Medal (\"Signum Laudis\"), 5 August 1917", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 12028234 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 26 March 1918", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 3841146 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " : Grand Cross of St. Alexander, with Swords and Collar", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 25783906 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " : Grand Cross of the Cross of Liberty, with Swords, 31 July 1918", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 1618841 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " : Grand Officer of Saints Maurice and Lazarus", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 4750360 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " :", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class in Diamonds", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 26188817 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Order of Glory, with Swords", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 34878717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Order of the Medjidie, 1st Class with Swords and Diamonds", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 2303969 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gold Imtiyaz Medal", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 27681673 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gallipolli Star", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 7905540 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " :", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Grand Cross of Military Merit", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 36363632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1931", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Honours and arms", "target_page_ids": [ 561578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1925 German presidential election", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1443393 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1932 German presidential election", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1450562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " German Reichsmark, coin.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 768720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hindenburg light", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6625605 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1920s − 22 March 1926", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " online free to borrow", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Eyck, Erich. A history of the Weimar Republic: v. 1. From the collapse of the Empire to Hindenburg's election (1962) online", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Falter, Jürgen W. \"The Two Hindenburg Elections of 1925 and 1932: A Total Reversal of Voter Coalitions\" Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung. Supplement, No. 25, (2013), pp.217–32 online", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hindenburg, Gert Von. Hindenburg 1847–1934 Soldier and Statesman (1935) online", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ludwig, Emil. Hindenburg And The Saga Of The German Revolution (1935) online", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Menge, Anna. \"The iron Hindenburg: a popular icon of Weimar Germany\". German History 26.3 (2008): 357–82.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scully, Richard. \"Hindenburg: The Cartoon Titan of the Weimar Republic, 1918–1934\". German Studies Review (2012): 541–65. online , caricatures", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " {{cite book |author-link=Henry Ashby Turner |last=Turner |first=Henry Ashby |title=Hitler's Thirty Days to Power : January 1933, Reading, Mass. |url= |url-access=registration |publisher=Addison-Wesley |year=1996|isbn=9780201407143 }}", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 1180080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Barrett. Michael B. \"Review of Hoegen, Jesko von, Der Held von Tannenberg: Genese und Funktion des Hindenburg-Mythos (1914–1934). (H-German, H-Net Reviews. September 2009) online in English", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Frankel. Richard E. \"Review of Pyta, Wolfram, Hindenburg: Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler\". H-German, H-Net Reviews. (March 2009). online in English", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Menge, Anna. \"The Iron Hindenburg: a popular icon of Weimar Germany\". German History 26.3 (2008): 357–82, about a mythmaking 1929 film", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Von der Goltz, Anna. Hindenburg: Power, Myth, and the Rise of the Nazis (Oxford University Press, 2009)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pyta, Wolfram: Hindenburg. Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler. Siedler, München, 2007, . online review in English", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rauscher, Walter: Hindenburg. Feldmarschall und Reichspräsident. Ueberreuter, Wien 1997, .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " von Hoegen, Jesko: Der Held von Tannenberg. Genese und Funktion des Hindenburg-Mythos (1914–1934). Böhlau, Köln 2007, .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Zaun, Harald: Paul von Hindenburg und die deutsche Außenpolitik 1925–1934.'' Köln/Weimar/Wien 1999, .", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (German only, some photos)", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Out Of My Life by Paul von Hindenburg at archive.org alternative version", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Historical film documents on Paul von Hindenburg at www.europeanfilmgateway.eu", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Paul_von_Hindenburg", "1847_births", "1934_deaths", "20th-century_presidents_of_Germany", "Burials_at_St._Elizabeth's_Church,_Marburg", "Deaths_from_bladder_cancer", "Deaths_from_cancer_in_Germany", "Deaths_from_lung_cancer", "Field_marshals_of_Prussia", "Field_marshals_of_the_German_Empire", "German_anti-communists", "German_Army_generals_of_World_War_I", "German_Lutherans", "German_military_personnel_of_the_Franco-Prussian_War", "German_monarchists", "German_untitled_nobility", "Grand_Crosses_of_Military_Merit", "Grand_Crosses_of_the_Military_Order_of_Maria_Theresa", "Grand_Crosses_of_the_Military_Order_of_Max_Joseph", "Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Stephen_of_Hungary", "Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Liberty", "Independent_politicians_in_Germany", "Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece_of_Spain", "Military_personnel_from_Poznań", "People_from_the_Province_of_Posen", "People_of_the_Weimar_Republic", "Politicians_from_Poznań", "Presidents_of_Germany", "Prussian_people_of_the_Austro-Prussian_War", "Recipients_of_the_Grand_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross", "Recipients_of_the_Iron_Cross_(1870),_2nd_class", "Recipients_of_the_Iron_Cross_(1914),_1st_class", "Recipients_of_the_Military_Merit_Cross_(Mecklenburg-Schwerin),_1st_class", "Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Medjidie,_1st_class", "Recipients_of_the_Pour_le_Mérite_(military_class)" ]

[ "Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg", "von Hindenburg", "Hindenburg" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1932 United States presidential election was the 37th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1932. The election took place against the backdrop of the Great Depression. Incumbent Republican President Herbert Hoover was defeated in a landslide by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Governor of New York and the vice presidential nominee of the 1920 presidential election. Roosevelt was the first Democrat in 80 years to win an outright majority in the popular and electoral votes, the last one being Franklin Pierce in 1852. Hoover was the last incumbent president to lose reelection until Gerald Ford lost 44 years later. The election marked the effective end of the Fourth Party System, which had been dominated by Republicans.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 19283335, 4157940, 13682, 41053306, 3088213, 10979, 12861, 40536, 19729467, 40516, 5030380, 40569, 5592096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 180, 196 ], [ 208, 218 ], [ 229, 243 ], [ 262, 271 ], [ 275, 283 ], [ 284, 305 ], [ 311, 331 ], [ 373, 399 ], [ 529, 544 ], [ 548, 552 ], [ 619, 630 ], [ 636, 650 ], [ 697, 716 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite disastrous economic conditions due to the Great Depression, Hoover faced little opposition at the 1932 Republican National Convention. Roosevelt was widely considered the front-runner at the start of the 1932 Democratic National Convention, but was not able to clinch the nomination until the fourth ballot of the convention. The Democratic convention chose a leading Southern Democrat, Speaker of the House John Nance Garner of Texas, as the party's vice presidential nominee. Roosevelt united the party, campaigning on the failures of the Hoover administration. He promised recovery with a \"New Deal\" for the American people.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19283335, 9282440, 9027791, 861808, 46023, 92217, 29810, 19283361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 66 ], [ 106, 141 ], [ 212, 247 ], [ 376, 393 ], [ 395, 415 ], [ 416, 433 ], [ 437, 442 ], [ 601, 609 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt won by a landslide in both the electoral and popular votes, carrying every state outside of the Northeast and receiving the highest percentage of the popular vote of any Democratic nominee up to that time. Hoover had won over 58% of the popular vote in the 1928 presidential election, but his share of the popular vote declined to 39.6% in 1932. Socialist Party nominee Norman Thomas won 2.2% of the popular vote. Subsequent Democratic landslides in the 1934 mid-term elections and the 1936 presidential election confirmed the commencement of the Fifth Party System, which was dominated by Roosevelt's New Deal Coalition. Roosevelt's election ended the era of Republican dominance in presidential politics that lasted from the beginning of the Civil War in 1860 to the middle of the Great Depression in 1932.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 431669, 14619595, 40538, 243594, 258776, 34209179, 40558, 6983977, 86217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 115 ], [ 134, 172 ], [ 267, 293 ], [ 356, 371 ], [ 380, 393 ], [ 464, 487 ], [ 496, 522 ], [ 557, 575 ], [ 612, 630 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Republican nominee Herbert Hoover had won in the 1928 presidential election against Democratic nominee Al Smith. Smith had lost the support of the Solid South during the campaign. Hoover had won in a landslide with him winning forty of the forty-eight states giving him 444 electoral votes against Smith's 87. However, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression weakened the power of the Republicans. In the 1930 elections the Democrats gain control of the United States House of Representatives, reduced the Republican majority in the United States Senate to one, and won a majority of the governorships.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 32070, 13682, 40538, 5043544, 172040, 723054, 157649, 19283335, 19468510, 24909346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 19, 33 ], [ 49, 75 ], [ 84, 94 ], [ 103, 111 ], [ 147, 158 ], [ 323, 348 ], [ 357, 373 ], [ 469, 507 ], [ 548, 568 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Smith was the first Democratic nominee in the 20th century to win a majority of the twelve largest cities in the country. The net vote totals in the twelve largest cities shifted from Republican to Democratic with Harding having won 1,540,000 in 1920, Coolidge by 1,308,000 in 1924, while Smith won by 210,000. Samuel Lubell wrote in The Future of American Politics that Franklin D. Roosevelt's victory in the 1932 election was preceded by Smith's increased vote totals in urban areas.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 69575783, 10979 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 311, 324 ], [ 371, 392 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic candidates:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Franklin D. Roosevelt, governor of New York", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 10979, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ], [ 36, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Al Smith , former governor of New York and 1928 Democratic presidential nominee", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 172040, 40538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 44, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Nance Garner, U.S. Speaker of the House, of Texas", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 92217, 46023, 29810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 25, 45 ], [ 50, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William H. Murray, governor of Oklahoma", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 460103 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Smith, who announced his candidacy on February 6, 1932, was a leading candidate as he had remained active in the party and retained his support from the 1928 campaign. Joseph Taylor Robinson, who had been Smith's vice-presidential running mate, announced that he would not be a candidate on March 31, 1932, and gave his support to Franklin D. Roosevelt. Jesse I. Straus conducted a poll of the delegates to the 1928 Democratic National Convention which showed that the majority supported Roosevelt and additional polling showed Roosevelt winning in the primary and general election. Representative Edgar Howard stated that \"Nine out of ten men in nine out of ten states are for Roosevelt, and he will be the Democratic choice.\" Roosevelt announced his campaign on January 23, 1932.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 304114, 10979, 29864552, 9242636, 3860991 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 168, 190 ], [ 331, 352 ], [ 354, 369 ], [ 411, 446 ], [ 598, 610 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "William H. Murray ran in multiple primaries and won one delegate in the North Dakota primary, but failed to win in the Florida, Nebraska, Oregon, and West Virginia primaries. He won in the Ohio primary as he was the only candidate on the ballot, but the delegates were instructed by the convention and not the primary. The Oklahoma convention selected to give him control of its twenty-two member delegation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 460103 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Newton D. Baker declined to run in the primaries and instead planned on serving as a compromise candidate if neither Smith nor Roosevelt could win the nomination at the convention balloting. J. Hamilton Lewis won the presidential primary in Illinois on April 12, 1932, and the state's fifty-eight member delegation was instructed to vote for him, but he withdrew before the convention on June 25. The majority of the Illinois delegation supported Melvin Alvah Traylor for the first three ballots before giving their support to Roosevelt on the fourth ballot. Tom Pendergast, a political boss in Missouri, had the state's delegation instructed to vote for James A. Reed, who had run for the nomination in the 1928 election, and the delegation supported Reed for the first three ballots before switching to Roosevelt. Harry F. Byrd and George White were favorite son candidates from their states. A. Harry Moore was a favorite son candidate supported by Lewis, but the delegation of his home state New Jersey voted for Smith.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 508585, 1712137, 8858171, 212238, 3296094, 723104, 699425, 359763, 442312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 191, 208 ], [ 447, 467 ], [ 559, 573 ], [ 655, 668 ], [ 816, 829 ], [ 834, 846 ], [ 852, 875 ], [ 895, 909 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both Smith and Roosevelt were against Prohibition, but Smith supported making it a main issue during the campaign while Roosevelt did not. John J. Raskob, who had become the chair of the Democratic National Committee with Smith's support, attempted to have the committee make a statement against prohibition in March 1931, and Smith gave a speech in support of it. James Farley, the chair of the New York State Democratic Committee and later Roosevelt's presidential campaign manager, had the New York committee pass a resolution opposing declarations before the national convention was held. Other state parties supported this resolution causing the vote to not happen. Raskob proposed the declaration again on January 9, 1932, but had the committee not take action on it.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 22418955, 1574379, 182450, 543088, 9427527 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 49 ], [ 139, 153 ], [ 187, 216 ], [ 365, 377 ], [ 396, 431 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tammany Hall and Roosevelt had a truce during his governorship, but the organization came to openly oppose him for his role in Mayor Jimmy Walker's resignation. Tammany Hall supported Smith for the nomination at the convention causing Roosevelt to refuse to support their mayoral candidate in the 1933 election and to support Fiorello La Guardia in the 1937 election. Tammany Hall's power was also reduced by the adoption of proportional representation for the New York City Council. Roosevelt also gave support to the American Labor Party in order for Democratic voters to support the New Deal without giving support to Tammany Hall candidates. Representative John J. O'Connor, who represented one of the districts with the strongest Tammany influence and was the chair of the House Rules Committee, lost renomination in the Democratic primary and in the general election with the Republican nomination in the 1938 election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 172077, 51965, 67336008, 11418, 67334612, 1813418, 1018727, 11309163, 452840, 1342292 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 133, 145 ], [ 297, 310 ], [ 326, 345 ], [ 353, 366 ], [ 461, 482 ], [ 519, 539 ], [ 661, 677 ], [ 778, 799 ], [ 911, 924 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Smith's strategy against Roosevelt was to use favorite son candidates to control the delegations of their states in places that would have otherwise gone for Roosevelt. The majority of Smith's support came from the northeast while Roosevelt's support came from the south and west. Wilbur Lucius Cross, Joseph B. Ely, Frank Hague, J. Howard McGrath, Moore, Raskob, and Jouett Shouse were among Smith's campaign leaders. Roosevelt attempted to have some of the favorite son candidates withdraw using Homer Stille Cummings as a mediator, but he was unsuccessful.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 741143, 7720554, 383021, 861330, 2887949, 741383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 281, 300 ], [ 302, 315 ], [ 317, 328 ], [ 330, 347 ], [ 368, 381 ], [ 498, 519 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Seventeen states used primaries to select their delegates to the national conventions while the rest used a convention system. Roosevelt controlled the delegations from thirty states and additional delegations from Arkansas, Indiana, Kansas, and South Carolina had supporters of Roosevelt, but were uninstructed. Roosevelt was endorsed at the state convention in Mississippi, but the delegates were left uninstructed. Roosevelt also claimed that he had the support of the twenty-eight delegates from all of the territories. Smith controlled the delegates from four states. The remaining delegations were either uninstructed or under the control of favorite sons. Roosevelt failed to gain control of two-thirds of the delegates which was required for him to gain the nomination.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The convention was held in Chicago between June 27 and July 2. The first vote was taken at 4:28 on the morning of July 2, after ten hours of speeches that had begun at 5:00 on the previous afternoon. The Roosevelt delegations from Louisiana and Minnesota were seated giving Roosevelt an additional thirty-two votes. Thomas J. Walsh, an ally of Roosevelt, was elected to chair the convention against Shouse by a vote of 626 to 528. Roosevelt received the most votes on the first three ballots, but he still did not have a two-thirds majority. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6886, 1325720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 34 ], [ 316, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John Nance Garner, who had the support of William Randolph Hearst, won in the California primary due to the support of the Texas State Society of California which had 100,000 members. Garner had the support of ninety delegates at the convention and Hearst created a compromise with Roosevelt. Roosevelt, who needed the support of the Californian and Texan delegations to gain a two-thirds majority, would receive the support of Garner's delegates in exchange for Garner being given the vice-presidential nomination. With this agreement, Garner's supporters in California and Texas were released by Sam Rayburn, Garner's campaign manager, and voted for Roosevelt on the fourth ballot, giving him the presidential nomination. Members of the Texas delegation who opposed Roosevelt were led by Amon G. Carter, but the Roosevelt supporters led by Thomas Whitfield Davidson won by a vote of 54 to 51. Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island were the only states whose delegations did not support Roosevelt on the final ballot. Garner won the vice-presidential nomination on the first ballot against Matthew A. Tinley and his nomination was made unanimous.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 92217, 33536, 410215, 1003663, 21808216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 42, 65 ], [ 598, 609 ], [ 790, 804 ], [ 842, 867 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Republican candidates:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Herbert Hoover, President of the United States", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 13682, 24113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 17, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Joseph I. France, former Senator from Maryland", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1611184, 18858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ], [ 39, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Calvin Coolidge, former President of the United States (declined)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6195, 24113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 25, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dwight Morrow, Senator from New Jersey (died)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 940972, 21648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 29, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 1931, Senator Hiram Johnson called for Hoover to retire as it would increase the chances of the Republicans winning in the 1932 election. Hoover's opponents in the Republican Party supported giving either former President Calvin Coolidge or Senator Dwight Morrow the party's presidential nomination. Morrow had been elected to the U.S. Senate from New Jersey in 1930, but died on October 5, 1931. On July 31, 1931, an article by James F. Coupal, Coolidge's former White House physician, was published by the St. Paul Dispatch in which Coupal stated that Coolidge would run \"if the people of this country evince an unmistakable and unquestionable desire to draft him to pull the country out of this period of depression, and if he can have the presidency without any political or other obligations attached to it\". Coolidge did not run for the nomination and an article written by him was published by The Saturday Evening Post on October 3, 1932, in which he gave his support to Hoover and was critical of those who had wanted him to run.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 175069, 6195, 940972, 629069, 510910 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 39 ], [ 234, 249 ], [ 261, 274 ], [ 520, 537 ], [ 913, 938 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Charles G. Dawes was suggested as a candidate following Morrow's death and the unsuccessful attempt to draft Coolidge, but his selection as president of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation took him out of consideration. Progressive Republicans considered forming a third party, but William Borah, Johnson, George W. Norris, and Gifford Pinchot declined to lead such a movement. An attempt to have progressive leaders in multiple states run against Hoover failed and Borah stated that Hoover could not be defeated.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 92211, 419854, 55775, 703112, 762007, 224687 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 103, 108 ], [ 157, 191 ], [ 285, 298 ], [ 309, 325 ], [ 331, 346 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hoover formally started his campaign by having Robert H. Lucas, executive director of the Republican National Committee, send out letters to precinct leaders in January 1931. Postmaster General Walter Folger Brown and Treasury Secretary Ogden L. Mills helped manage Hoover's campaign. Theodore Joslin started a publicity campaign to improve Hoover's image.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 326350, 1798658, 751853, 6082607 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 119 ], [ 194, 213 ], [ 237, 251 ], [ 285, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Joseph I. France, a member of the conservative faction, ran against Hoover in the primary, but only won in states where he was unopposed. These states also had no delegates bounded to their primaries leading to them sending pro-Hoover delegations. At the national convention Lawritz Bernhard Sandblast, a delegate from Oregon, nominated France, but France attempted to address the convention to withdraw his candidacy and instead nominate Coolidge. Hoover had him removed citing that he could not address the convention as he was not a delegate. Hoover, who was nominated by Joseph Scott, won renomination on the first ballot while France only received four delegates.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1611184, 12923387 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 575, 587 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dawes was proposed as a replacement for Vice President Charles Curtis, who faced opposition due to his age and prohibitionist stances, and delegations from over twenty states opposed the renomination of Curtis. However, Dawes declined to seek the vice-presidential nomination. Curtis, Alvan T. Fuller, James Harbord, Hanford MacNider, J. Leonard Replogle, and Bertrand Snell were nominated for the vice-presidential balloting. Curtis initially fell 19.25 votes short of winning on the first ballot, but the Pennsylvania delegation changed its support to Curtis causing him to win.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 92213, 7720578, 2333990, 5121834, 438789, 1204339 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 69 ], [ 285, 300 ], [ 302, 315 ], [ 317, 333 ], [ 335, 354 ], [ 360, 374 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Norman Thomas, who had been the Socialist Party of America's presidential nominee in the 1928 election and ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in the 1930 election, and James H. Maurer, who was the party's vice-presidential nominee in the 1928 election, were given the Socialist Party presidential and vice-presidential nominations at the national convention held May 21–24 in Milwaukee. Thomas and his faction unsuccessfully tried to have Morris Hillquit replaced as chair of the party by Daniel Hoan. The Literary Digest's polling predicted that Thomas would receive over two million votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 258776, 243594, 21050651, 53117, 1608380, 1329051, 1907261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 32, 58 ], [ 185, 200 ], [ 393, 402 ], [ 456, 471 ], [ 506, 517 ], [ 519, 538 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "William Z. Foster, who had been the Communist Party USA's presidential nominee in the 1928 election, was given the presidential nomination at the national convention held from May 28–29 in Chicago, and James W. Ford was given the vice-presidential nomination.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 758699, 452981, 6886, 5349061 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 36, 55 ], [ 189, 196 ], [ 202, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "William David Upshaw, a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives, was given the presidential nomination of the Prohibition Party with Frank S. Regan as his vice-presidential running mate at the party's national convention on July 7 in Indianapolis. The party had initially attempted to give the nomination to Idaho Senator William Edgar Borah.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3008009, 307316, 60545575, 57707, 703112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 121, 138 ], [ 144, 158 ], [ 245, 257 ], [ 333, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Liberty Party gave its nominations to William Hope Harvey of Arkansas for president and Frank Hemenway for vice president.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 19117365, 3846665 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 17 ], [ 42, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Socialist Labor Party of America gave Verne L. Reynolds its presidential nomination and John W. Aiken its vice-presidential nomination at their national convention on April 30 in New York City.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 38777001, 48914990, 48915607, 645042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 36 ], [ 42, 59 ], [ 92, 105 ], [ 183, 196 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Frank Webb and former Mayor Jacob S. Coxey Sr. were given the presidential and vice-presidential nominations of the Farmer–Labor Party at its convention on April 28 in Omaha, Nebraska. John R. Brinkley, Thomas Mooney, and Arthur C. Townley had also been proposed as candidates for the nomination. However, Webb was removed from the ticket with the party stating that he was \"a tool of the Hoover administration,\" and Coxey was given the presidential nomination. The Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party did not support the national party's ticket. After having the Farmer-Labor presidential nomination taken from him Webb formed the Liberty Party with him as its presidential nominee while the larger Liberty Party gave its nomination to William Hope Harvey.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 877570, 583278, 46159, 978557, 837748, 691923, 261590, 19117365, 3846665 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 46 ], [ 116, 134 ], [ 168, 183 ], [ 185, 201 ], [ 203, 216 ], [ 222, 239 ], [ 466, 494 ], [ 693, 706 ], [ 730, 749 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Samuel Harden Church, who had formed the Liberal Party in Pennsylvania which received 366,572 votes on its ballot line in the 1930 gubernatorial election, unsuccessfully tried to form a national anti-prohibitionist Liberal Party. Nicholas Murray Butler proposed the creation of a new party on May 19, 1932, which would be composed of the moderate wings of both existing Democratic and Republican parties.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 37984503, 575927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 153 ], [ 230, 252 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After making an airplane trip to the Democratic convention, Roosevelt accepted the nomination in person. In his speech, he stated, \"ours must be a party of liberal thought, of planned action, of the enlightened international outlook, and of the greatest good to the greatest number of our citizens.\" Roosevelt's trip to Chicago was the first of several successful, precedent-making moves designed to make him appear to be the candidate of change in the election. Large crowds greeted Roosevelt as he traveled around the nation; his campaign song \"Happy Days Are Here Again\" became one of the most popular in American political history – and, indeed, the unofficial anthem of the Democratic Party. Democratic leaders in the eastern United States supported having Roosevelt conduct a front porch campaign, but Roosevelt and the leaders in the western United States instead supported an active campaign. Roosevelt gave twenty-seven major speeches during the campaign while Hoover initially planned on giving three major speeches during the campaign, but it was later increased to ten and Hoover traveled over 10,000 miles.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 3837259, 1845294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 547, 572 ], [ 782, 802 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Simeon D. Fess, who had become chair of the Republican National Committee with Hoover's support, resigned from his position and was replaced by Everett Sanders with Hoover's support. Raskob, who became the chair of the Democratic National Convention with Smith's support, was replaced by Farley. Campaign expenditures for both parties fell from the 1928 election to the 1932 election. The combined expenditures of both national committees would be $5,146,027 which was less than $0.13 per voter. This was the lowest amount spent per voter since the 1912 election with most elections costing around $0.19-0.20 per voter and the 1924 presidential election costing $0.15 per voter.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 714988, 10263409, 40537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 144, 159 ], [ 627, 653 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both parties spent large amounts on radio campaigns with 17-18% of Democratic and over 20% of the Republican national committees spending being towards radio. During the 1928 election the Republicans paid $420,000 to radio companies and increased their spending to $437,000 during the 1932 election. The Democrats reduced their spending with their amount falling from $550,000 during the 1928 election to $343,415 during the 1932 election.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the campaign NBC and CBS aired 203 programs of paid time that took up 116 hours and 15 minutes. One hundred thirty-six of those programs were for the Republicans, seventy-one for the Democrats, and three for the Socialists. The Republicans had seventy hours and thirty-two minutes, the Democrats had forty-nine hours and thirty-two minutes, and the Socialists had forty-five minutes of air time.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21780, 37653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 23 ], [ 28, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt made gains with voters compared to Smith's 1928 campaign. The southerners who had supported Hoover in the 1928 campaign returned to the Democratic Party and progressive Republicans under the leadership of Bronson M. Cutting, Johnson, Robert M. La Follette Jr., Norris, and Henry A. Wallace left the Republicans to support Roosevelt. Farley predicted that Roosevelt would win in forty-four states and later congratulated Sanders on his imagination and courage when Sanders predicted that Hoover would win 338 electoral votes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1462767, 308285, 92220 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 215, 233 ], [ 244, 269 ], [ 283, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After their divisive convention, Democrats united around Roosevelt, who was able to draw more universal support than Al Smith had in 1928. Roosevelt's Protestant background prevented the anti-Catholic attacks Smith faced in 1928, and The Depression seemed to be of much greater concern among the American public than previous cultural battles. Prohibition was increasingly unpopular, and wets offered the argument that states and localities needed the tax money. Hoover proposed a new constitutional amendment that was vague on particulars and satisfied neither side. Roosevelt's platform promised repeal of the 18th Amendment.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 19283335, 22418955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 234, 248 ], [ 344, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In contrast, Hoover was not supported by many of the more prominent Republicans and violently opposed by others, in particular by a number of senators who had fought him throughout his administration and whose national reputation made their opposition of considerable importance. Many prominent Republicans even went so far as to espouse the cause of the Democratic candidate openly.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Making matters worse for Hoover was the fact that many Americans blamed him for the Great Depression. The outrage caused by the deaths of veterans in the Bonus Army incident in the summer of 1932, combined with the catastrophic economic effects of Hoover's domestic policies, reduced his chances of a second term from slim to none. His attempts to campaign in public were a disaster, as he often had objects thrown at him or his vehicle as he rode through city streets. Hoover's unpopularity resulted in Roosevelt adopting a cautious campaign strategy, focused on minimizing gaffes and keeping public attention directed towards his opponent.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 399959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As Governor of New York, Roosevelt had garnered a reputation for promoting government help for the impoverished, providing a welcome contrast for many who saw Hoover as a do-nothing president. Roosevelt emphasized working collectively through an expanded federal government to confront the economic crisis, a contrast to Hoover's emphasis on individualism. During the campaign, Roosevelt ran on many of the programs that would later become part of the New Deal during his presidency. It was said that \"even a vaguely talented dog-catcher could have been elected president against the Republicans.\" Hoover even received a letter from an Illinois man that advised, \"Vote for Roosevelt and make it unanimous.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 19283361, 14849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 452, 460 ], [ 636, 644 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt employed the radio to great effect during the campaign. He was able to outline his platform while also improving the perception of his personality. In March, 1932, The New York Times quoted radio producer John Carlile, who said that Roosevelt had a \"tone of perfect sincerity,\" while for Hoover, \"the microphone betrays deliberate effort in his radio voice.\" The technology not only allowed Roosevelt to reach far more voters than he could via in-person campaigning, but also drew attention away from his paralysis due to polio. Roosevelt took great pains to hide the effects of the disease from voters, instituting a \"gentleman's agreement\" with the press that he not be photographed in ways that would highlight his disability.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 25107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 532, 537 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election was held on November 8, 1932.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt defeated Hoover in the election. Hoover became the seventh president to lose reelection after John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, and William Howard Taft. Another president would not lose reelection until Gerald Ford was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 presidential election. This was the first election since 1916 (16 years earlier) in which the Democratic candidate won.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 10410626, 15654, 19763, 12495, 7766419, 33522, 5030380, 15992, 40569, 40535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 114 ], [ 116, 133 ], [ 135, 151 ], [ 153, 169 ], [ 171, 188 ], [ 194, 213 ], [ 265, 276 ], [ 293, 305 ], [ 313, 339 ], [ 375, 379 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although the \"other\" vote (the combined vote total for candidates other than the nominees of the two major parties) of 1932 was three times that of 1928, it was considerably less than what had been recorded in 1920, the time of the greatest \"other\" vote, with the exception of the unusual conditions prevailing in 1912 and 1924.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt, the Democratic candidate, received 22,817,883 votes (57.41%), the largest vote ever cast for a candidate for the Presidency up until that time, and over 1,425,000 more than that cast for Hoover four years earlier.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "While Hoover had won a greater percentage of the vote in 1928 (as did Harding in 1920), the national swing of 17.59% to the Democrats impressed all who considered the distribution of the vote: more than one-sixth of the electorate had switched from supporting the Republicans to the Democrats. Only once before had there been a comparable shift, in 1920, when there was a 14.65% swing to the Republicans (while there had been a swing to the Democrats of 13.6% in 1912, this was from a three-candidate election).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt improved on Smith's net vote total performance in the twelve largest cities. Smith had won those areas by 210,000 votes in the 1928 election while Roosevelt won by 1,791,000 votes. Roosevelt's worst performance in the country was in the eastern United States where all six of the states that voted for Hoover came from. Hoover only won in forty-five counties west of the Mississippi.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As of , the swing for the Democrats from Smith in 1928 to Roosevelt remains the largest national swing of the electorate between presidential elections in the history of the United States. The largest swing since came for the Democrats in 1976, when the swing from George McGovern in 1972 to Jimmy Carter was 12.61%.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1932 was a political realignment election: not only did Roosevelt win a sweeping victory over Hoover, but Democrats significantly extended their control over the U.S. House, gaining 101 seats, and also gained 12 seats in the U.S. Senate to gain control of the chamber. Twelve years of Republican leadership came to an end, and 20 consecutive years of Democratic control of the White House began.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 440517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Until 1932, the Republicans had controlled the Presidency for 52 of the previous 72 years, dating back to Abraham Lincoln being elected president in 1860. After 1932, Democrats would control the Presidency for 28 of the next 36 years.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 307, 40519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 121 ], [ 149, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt led the poll in 2,722 counties, the greatest number ever carried by a candidate up until that time. Of these, 282 had never before been Democratic. Only 374 remained loyally Republican. Half of the total vote of the nation was cast in just eight states (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin); in these states, Hoover polled 8,592,163 votes. In one section (West South Central), the Republican percentage sank to 16.21%, but in no other section did the party poll less than 30% of the vote cast. However, the relative appeal of the two candidates in 1932 and the decline of the appeal of Hoover as compared with 1928 are shown in the fact that the Republican vote increased in 1932 in only 87 counties, while the Democratic vote increased in 3,003 counties. Herbert Hoover also failed to flip any counties.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The vote cast for Hoover, and the fact that in only one section of the nation (West South Central) did he have less than 500,000 votes and in only three states outside of the South less than 50,000 votes, made it clear that the nation remained a two-party electorate, and that everywhere, despite the overwhelming triumph of the Democrats, there was a party membership devoted to neither the new administration nor the proposals of the Socialist candidate who had polled 75% of the \"other\" vote (as well as the highest raw vote total of his campaigns).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This election marks the last time as of that a Republican presidential candidate won a majority of black and African-American votes: as New Deal policies took effect, the strong support of black voters for these programs began a transition from their traditional support for Republicans to providing solid majorities for Democrats.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Roosevelt ticket swept every region of the country except the Northeast, and carried many reliable Republican states that had not been carried by the Democrats since their electoral landslide of 1912, when the Republican vote was split in two.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 431669, 40534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 75 ], [ 199, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Michigan voted Democratic for the first time since the emergence of the Republican Party in 1854, and Minnesota was carried by a Democrat for the first time since its admission to statehood in 1858, leaving Vermont as the only remaining state never to be carried by a Democratic candidate (which it would not be until 1964).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40145806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 318, 322 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In contrast to the state's solid support of Republicans prior to this election, Minnesota has continued supporting Democrats in every presidential election but three since 1932 (the exceptions were in 1952, 1956, and 1972).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 51868133, 51867386, 41731260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 201, 205 ], [ 207, 211 ], [ 217, 221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt's victory with 472 electoral votes stood until the 1964 victory of Lyndon B. Johnson, who won 486 electoral votes in 1964, as the most ever won by a first-time contestant in a presidential election. Roosevelt also bettered the national record of 444 electoral votes set by Hoover only four years earlier, but would shatter his own record when he was re-elected in 1936 with 523 votes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40566, 54533, 40558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 65 ], [ 77, 94 ], [ 374, 378 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which Connecticut, Delaware, New Hampshire and Pennsylvania voted Republican until 1948.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (popular vote): Source (electoral vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (74 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (64 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tipping point state:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1932 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1318870 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1932 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1342338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1918–1945)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Timeline of the Great Depression", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21735005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Causes of the Great Depression", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 455150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Great Contraction", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1094478 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21204474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7639155 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Andersen, Kristi. The Creation of a Democratic Majority: 1928–1936 (1979), statistical study of voting patterns", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 63331507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Burns, James Macgregor. Roosevelt the Lion and the Fox (1956) online pp 123–52.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carcasson, Martin. \"Herbert Hoover and the presidential campaign of 1932: The failure of apologia.\" Presidential Studies Quarterly 28.2 (1998): 349–365. in JSTOR", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Freidel, Frank Franklin D. Roosevelt The Triumph (1956) covers 1929–32 in depth online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Freidel, Frank. \"Election of 1932\", in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., The Coming to Power: Critical Presidential Elections in American History (1981)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gosnell, Harold F., Champion Campaigner: Franklin D. Roosevelt (1952)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 33272291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hoover, Herbert. The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Great Depression, 1929–1941 (1952)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pietrusza, David 1932: The Rise of Hitler and FDR: Two Tales of Politics, Betrayal and Unlikely Destiny (2015)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 5116253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ritchie, Donald A. Electing FDR: The New Deal Campaign of 1932 (2007)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 12045105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robinson, Edgar Eugene. The Presidential Vote, 1896–1932 (Stanford university press, 1940) voting returns for every county", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Crisis of the Old Order (1957), pp 427–54 online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 1013900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1932 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1932 election?– Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1932 in Counting the Votes", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1932_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt", "Franklin_D._Roosevelt", "Herbert_Hoover" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1932" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Campaign finance laws in the United States have been a contentious political issue since the early days of the union. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) of 2002, also known as \"McCain-Feingold\", is the most recent major federal law affecting campaign finance, the key provisions of which prohibited unregulated contributions (commonly referred to as \"soft money\") to national political parties and limited the use of corporate and union money to fund ads discussing political issues within 60 days of a general election or 30 days of a primary election, until BCRA's provisions limiting corporate and union expenditures for issue advertising were overturned in Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 396564, 43715, 270943, 2166873, 11963500 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 152 ], [ 184, 190 ], [ 191, 199 ], [ 358, 368 ], [ 668, 722 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Contributions, donations or payments to politicians or political parties, including a campaign committee, newsletter fund, advertisements in convention bulletins, admission to dinners or programs that benefit a political party or political candidate and a political action committee (PAC), are not tax-deductible from income taxes.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "To gain votes from recently enfranchised, unpropertied voters, Andrew Jackson launched his campaign for the 1828 election through a network of partisan newspapers across the nation. After his election, Jackson began a political patronage system that rewarded political party operatives, which had a profound effect on future elections. Eventually, appointees were expected to contribute portions of their pay back to the political party. During the Jacksonian era, some of the first attempts were made by corporations to influence politicians. Jackson claimed that his charter battle against the Second Bank of the United States was one of the great struggles between democracy and the money power. While it was rumored that The Bank of the United States spent over $40,000 from 1830 to 1832 in an effort to stop Jackson's re-election, Chairman Biddle of the BUS only spent \"tens of thousands to distribute information favorable to the bank.\" This expenditure can be conceived as being spent \"against\" Jackson, because of the competing ideals of the Bank and Jackson's anti-bank platform.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1623, 504974, 55568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 77 ], [ 218, 237 ], [ 596, 628 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the Civil War, parties increasingly relied on wealthy individuals for support, including Jay Cooke, the Vanderbilts, and the Astors. In the absence of a civil service system, parties also continued to rely heavily on financial support from government employees, including assessments of a portion of their federal pay. The first federal campaign finance law, passed in 1867, was a Naval Appropriations Bill which prohibited officers and government employees from soliciting contributions from Navy yard workers. Later, the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 established the civil service and extended the protections of the Naval Appropriations Bill to all federal civil service workers. However, this loss of a major funding source increased pressure on parties to solicit funding from corporate and individual wealth.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 863, 181343, 330862, 537471, 55663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 19 ], [ 95, 104 ], [ 110, 121 ], [ 131, 137 ], [ 529, 563 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the campaign of 1872, a group of wealthy New York Democrats pledged $10,000 each to pay for the costs of promoting the election. On the Republican side, one Ulysses S. Grant supporter alone contributed one fourth of the total finances. One historian said that never before was a candidate under such a great obligation to men of wealth. Vote buying and voter coercion were common in this era. After more standardized ballots were introduced, these practices continued, applying methods such as requiring voters to use carbon paper to record their vote publicly in order to be paid.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5043544, 31752, 193553, 267441 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 62 ], [ 160, 176 ], [ 420, 426 ], [ 521, 533 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Boies Penrose mastered post-Pendleton Act corporate funding through extortionist tactics, such as squeeze bills (legislation threatening to tax or regulate business unless funds were contributed.) During his successful 1896 U.S. Senate campaign, he raised a quarter million dollars within 48 hours. He allegedly told supporters that they should send him to Congress to enable them to make even more money.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2598977 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1896, a wealthy Ohio industrialist, shipping magnate and political operative, Mark Hanna became Chairman of the Republican National Committee. Hanna directly contributed $100,000 to the nomination campaign of fellow Ohioan William McKinley, but recognized that more would be needed to fund the general election campaign. Hanna systematized fund-raising from the business community. He assessed banks 0.25% of their capital, and corporations were assessed in relation to their profitability and perceived stake in the prosperity of the country. McKinley's run became the prototype of the modern commercial advertising campaign, putting the President-to-be's image on buttons, billboards, posters, and so on. Business supporters, determined to defeat the Democratic-populist William Jennings Bryan, were more than happy to give, and Hanna actually refunded or turned down what he considered to be \"excessive\" contributions that exceeded a business's assessment.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 162249, 326350, 33521, 309492, 246415, 20557129, 40608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 91 ], [ 115, 144 ], [ 227, 243 ], [ 670, 677 ], [ 679, 688 ], [ 691, 697 ], [ 777, 799 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Twentieth-century Progressive advocates, together with journalists and political satirists, argued to the general public that the policies of vote buying and excessive corporate and moneyed influence were abandoning the interests of millions of taxpayers. They advocated strong antitrust laws, restricting corporate lobbying and campaign contributions, and greater citizen participation and control, including standardized secret ballots, strict voter registration and women's suffrage.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 26636309, 666256, 48934, 479210, 994892, 175581 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 29 ], [ 278, 287 ], [ 316, 324 ], [ 423, 436 ], [ 446, 464 ], [ 469, 485 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his first term, President Theodore Roosevelt, following President McKinley's assassination of 1901, began trust-busting and anti-corporate-influence activities, but fearing defeat, turned to bankers and industrialists for support in what turned out to be his 1904 landslide campaign. Roosevelt was embarrassed by his corporate financing and was unable to clear a suspicion of a quid pro quo exchange with E.H. Harriman for what was an eventually unfulfilled ambassador nomination. There was a resulting national call for reform, but Roosevelt claimed that it was legitimate to accept large contributions if there were no implied obligation. However, in his 1905 message to Congress following the election, he proposed that \"contributions by corporations to any political committee or for any political purpose should be forbidden by law.\" The proposal, however, included no restrictions on campaign contributions from the private individuals who owned and ran corporations. Roosevelt also called for public financing of federal candidates via their political parties. The movement for a national law to require disclosure of campaign expenditures, begun by the National Publicity Law Association, was supported by Roosevelt but delayed by Congress for a decade.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 30535, 433394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 47 ], [ 408, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This first effort at wide-ranging reform was the Tillman Act of 1907 which prohibited corporations and nationally chartered (interstate) banks from making direct monetary contributions to federal candidates. However, weak enforcement mechanisms made the Act ineffective.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 18726877 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Disclosure requirements and spending limits for House and Senate candidates followed in 1910 and 1911. General contribution limits were enacted in the Federal Corrupt Practices Act (1925). An amendment to the Hatch Act of 1939 set an annual ceiling of $3 million for political parties' campaign expenditures and $5,000 for individual campaign contributions. The Smith–Connally Act (1943) and Taft–Hartley Act (1947) extended the corporate ban to labor unions.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 19468510, 24909346, 8905278, 865578, 30864194, 55837, 17626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 53 ], [ 58, 64 ], [ 151, 180 ], [ 209, 226 ], [ 362, 380 ], [ 392, 408 ], [ 446, 458 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "All of these efforts were largely ineffective, easily circumvented and rarely enforced. In 1971, however, Congress passed the Federal Election Campaign Act, known as FECA, requiring broad disclosure of campaign finance. In 1974, fueled by public reaction to the Watergate Scandal, Congress passed amendments to the Act establishing a comprehensive system of regulation and enforcement, including public financing of presidential campaigns and creation of a central enforcement agency, the Federal Election Commission. Other provisions included limits on contributions to campaigns and expenditures by campaigns, individuals, corporations and other political groups.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 660844, 52382, 268515, 238487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 155 ], [ 262, 279 ], [ 396, 412 ], [ 489, 516 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1976 decision of the US Supreme Court in Buckley v. Valeo struck down various FECA limits on spending as unconstitutional violations of free speech. Among other changes, this removed limits on candidate expenditures unless the candidate accepts public financing.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 31737, 439493, 31653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 41 ], [ 45, 61 ], [ 126, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1986, several bills were killed in the U.S. Senate by bipartisan maneuvers which did not allow the bills to come up for a vote. The bill would impose strict controls for campaign fund raising. Later in 1988, legislative and legal setbacks on proposals designed to limit overall campaign spending by candidates were shelved after a Republican filibuster. In addition, a constitutional amendment to override a Supreme Court decision failed to get off the ground.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1994, Senate Democrats had more bills blocked by Republicans including a bill setting spending limits and authorizing partial public financing of congressional elections. In 1996, bipartisan legislation for voluntary spending limits which rewards those who bare soft money was killed by a Republican filibuster.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1997, Senators McCain (R-AZ) and Feingold (D-WI) sought to eliminate soft money and TV advertising expenditures, but the legislation was defeated by a Republican filibuster. Several different proposals were made in 1999 by both parties. The Campaign Integrity Act (H.R. 1867), proposed by Asa Hutchinson (R-AR), would have banned soft money, which was not yet regulated and could be spent on ads that did not petition for the election or defeat of a specific candidate, and raised limits on hard money. The Citizen Legislature & Political Act sponsored by Rep. John Doolittle (R-CA) would have repealed all federal freedom act contribution limits and expedited and expanded disclosure (H.R. 1922 in 1999, the 106th Congress, and reintroduced with different numbers through 2007, the 110th Congress). The Shays–Meehan Campaign Reform Act (H.R. 417) evolved into the McCain–Feingold Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 43715, 270943, 157861, 1184212, 410187, 440810, 396564 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 24 ], [ 36, 44 ], [ 165, 175 ], [ 292, 306 ], [ 807, 812 ], [ 813, 819 ], [ 884, 914 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Congress passed the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA), also called the McCain-Feingold bill after its chief sponsors, John McCain and Russ Feingold. The bill was passed by the House of Representatives on February 14, 2002, with 240 yeas and 189 nays, including 6 members who did not vote. Final passage in the Senate came after supporters mustered the bare minimum of 60 votes needed to shut off debate. The bill passed the Senate, 60–40 on March 20, 2002, and was signed into law by President Bush on March 27, 2002. In signing the law, Bush expressed concerns about the constitutionality of parts of the legislation but concluded, \"I believe that this legislation, although far from perfect, will improve the current financing system for Federal campaigns.\" The bill was the first significant overhaul of federal campaign finance laws since the post-Watergate scandal era. Academic research has used game theory to explain Congress's incentives to pass the Act.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 396564, 43715, 270943, 3414021, 52382, 11924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 54 ], [ 126, 137 ], [ 142, 155 ], [ 492, 506 ], [ 860, 877 ], [ 910, 921 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The BCRA was a mixed bag for those who wanted to remove big money from politics. It eliminated all soft money donations to the national party committees, but it also doubled the contribution limit of hard money, from $1,000 to $2,000 per election cycle, with a built-in increase for inflation. In addition, the bill aimed to curtail ads by non-party organizations by banning the use of corporate or union money to pay for \"electioneering communications,\" defined as broadcast advertising that identifies a federal candidate within 30 days of a primary or nominating convention, or 60 days of a general election. This provision of McCain-Feingold, sponsored by Maine Republican Olympia Snowe and Vermont Independent James Jeffords, as introduced applied only to for-profit corporations, but was extended to incorporate non-profit issue organizations, such as the Environmental Defense Fund or the National Rifle Association, as part of the \"Wellstone Amendment,\" sponsored by Senator Paul Wellstone.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2166873, 375219, 1564855, 70101, 137707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 109 ], [ 677, 690 ], [ 862, 888 ], [ 896, 922 ], [ 983, 997 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The law was challenged as unconstitutional by groups and individuals including the California State Democratic Party, the National Rifle Association, and Republican Senator Mitch McConnell (Kentucky), the Senate Majority Whip. After moving through lower courts, in September 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in the case, McConnell v. FEC. On Wednesday, December 10, 2003, the Supreme Court issued a 5–4 ruling that upheld its key provisions.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 70101, 350567, 16846, 242237, 665005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 148 ], [ 173, 188 ], [ 190, 198 ], [ 221, 225 ], [ 338, 354 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since then, campaign finance limitations continued to be challenged in the Courts. In 2005 in Washington state, Thurston County Judge Christopher Wickham ruled that media articles and segments were considered in-kind contributions under state law. The heart of the matter focused on the I-912 campaign to repeal a fuel tax, and specifically two broadcasters for Seattle conservative talker KVI. Judge Wickham's ruling was eventually overturned on appeal in April 2007, with the Washington Supreme Court holding that on-air commentary was not covered by the State's campaign finance laws (No New Gas Tax v. San Juan County).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2006, the United States Supreme Court issued two decisions on campaign finance. In Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc., it held that certain advertisements might be constitutionally entitled to an exception from the 'electioneering communications' provisions of McCain-Feingold limiting broadcast ads that merely mention a federal candidate within 60 days of an election. On remand, a lower court then held that certain ads aired by Wisconsin Right to Life in fact merited such an exception. The Federal Election Commission appealed that decision, and in June 2007, the Supreme Court held in favor of Wisconsin Right to Life. In an opinion by Chief Justice John Roberts, the Court declined to overturn the electioneering communications limits in their entirety, but established a broad exemption for any ad that could have a reasonable interpretation as an ad about legislative issues.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 11963500 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Also in 2006, the Supreme Court held that a Vermont law imposing mandatory limits on spending was unconstitutional, under the precedent of Buckley v. Valeo. In that case, Randall v. Sorrell, the Court also struck down Vermont's contribution limits as unconstitutionally low, the first time that the Court had ever struck down a contribution limit.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 439493, 5718159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 155 ], [ 171, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In March 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments about whether or not the law could restrict advertising of a documentary about Hillary Clinton. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was decided in January 2010, the Supreme Court finding that §441b's restrictions on expenditures were invalid and could not be applied to The Movie.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5043192, 22097436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 148 ], [ 150, 196 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The DISCLOSE Act (S. 3628) was proposed in July 2010. The bill would have amended the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to prohibit government contractors from making expenditures with respect to such elections, and establish additional disclosure requirements for election spending. The bill would have imposed new donor and contribution disclosure requirements on nearly all organizations that air political ads independently of candidates or the political parties. The legislation would have required the sponsor of the ad to appear in the ad itself. President Obama argued that the bill would reduce foreign influence over American elections. Democrats needed at least one Republican to support the measure in order to get the 60 votes to overcome GOP procedural delays, but were unsuccessful.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The voting with dollars plan would establish a system of modified public financing coupled with an anonymous campaign contribution process. It was originally described in detail by Yale Law School professors Bruce Ackerman and Ian Ayres in their 2002 book Voting with Dollars: A New Paradigm for Campaign Finance. All voters would be given a $50 publicly funded voucher to donate to federal political campaigns. All donations including both the $50 voucher and additional private contributions, must be made anonymously through the FEC. Ackerman and Ayres include model legislation in their book in addition to detailed discussion as to how such a system could be achieved and its legal basis.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 4644847, 10022527 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 208, 222 ], [ 227, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of the Patriot dollars (i.e. $50 per voter) given to voters to allocate, they propose $25 going to presidential campaigns, $15 to Senate campaigns, and $10 to House campaigns. Within those restrictions the voucher can be split among any number of candidates for any federal race and between the primary and general elections. At the end of the current election cycle any unspent portions of this voucher would expire and could not be rolled over to subsequent elections for that voter. In the context of the 2004 election cycle $50 multiplied by the approximately 120 million people who voted would have yielded about $6 billion in \"public financing\" compared to the approximate $4 billion spent in 2004 for all federal elections (House, Senate and Presidential races) combined. Ackerman and Ayres argue that this system would pool voter money and force candidates to address issues of importance to a broad spectrum of voters. Additionally they argue this public finance scheme would address taxpayers' concerns that they have \"no say\" in where public financing monies are spent, whereas in the Voting with dollars system each taxpayer who votes has discretion over their contribution.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lessig (2011, p.269) notes that the cost of this is tiny relative to the cost of corporate welfare, estimated at $100 billion in the 2012 US federal budget. However, this considers only direct subsidies identified by the Cato Institute. It ignores tax loopholes and regulatory and trade decisions, encouraging business mergers and other activities that can stifle competition, creativity and economic growth; the direct subsidies can be a tiny fraction of these indirect costs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 52221, 151432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 98 ], [ 222, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The second aspect of the system increases some private donation limits, but all contributions must be made anonymously through the FEC. In this system, when a contributor makes a donation to a campaign, they send their money to the FEC, indicating to which campaign they want it to go. The FEC masks the money and distributes it directly to the campaigns in randomized chunks over a number of days. Ackerman and Ayres compare this system to the reforms adopted in the late 19th century aimed to prevent vote buying, which led to our current secret ballot process. Prior to that time voting was conducted openly, allowing campaigns to confirm that voters cast ballots for the candidates they had been paid to support. Ackerman and Ayres contend that if candidates do not know for sure who is contributing to their campaigns they are unlikely to take unpopular stances to court large donors which could jeopardize donations flowing from voter vouchers. Conversely, large potential donors will not be able to gain political access or favorable legislation in return for their contributions since they cannot prove to candidates the supposed extent of their financial support.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2015, Seattle voters approved the Democracy Vouchers Program, which gives city residents four $25 vouchers to donate to participating candidates. Vouchers have been proposed in other cities and states as a means to diversify the donor pool, help more candidates run for office, and boost political engagement.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another method allows the candidates to raise funds from private donors, but provides matching funds for the first chunk of donations. For instance, the government might \"match\" the first $250 of every donation. This would effectively make small donations more valuable to a campaign, potentially leading them to put more effort into pursuing such donations, which are believed to have less of a corrupting effect than larger gifts and enhance the power of less-wealthy individuals. Such a system is currently in place in the U.S. presidential primaries. As of February 2008, there were fears that this system provided a safety net for losers in these races, as shown by loan taken out by John McCain's campaign that used the promise of matching funds as collateral. However, in February 2009 the Federal Election Commission found no violation of the law because McCain permissibly withdrew from the Matching Payment Program and thus was released from his obligations. It also found no reason to believe that a violation occurred as a result of the Committee's reporting of McCain's loan. The Commission closed the files.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 1465776, 185311 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 100 ], [ 528, 555 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another method, which supporters call clean money, clean elections, gives each candidate who chooses to participate a certain, set amount of money. In order to qualify for this money, the candidates must collect a specified number of signatures and small (usually $5) contributions. The candidates are not allowed to accept outside donations or to use their own personal money if they receive this public funding. Candidates receive matching funds, up to a limit, when they are outspent by privately funded candidates, attacked by independent expenditures, or their opponent benefits from independent expenditures. This is the primary difference between clean money public financing systems and the presidential campaign system, which many have called \"broken\" because it provides no extra funds when candidates are attacked by 527s or other independent expenditure groups. Supporters claim that Clean Elections matching funds are so effective at leveling the playing field in Arizona that during the first full year of its implementation, disproportionate funding between candidates was a factor in only 2% of the races. The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Davis v. Federal Election Commission, however, cast considerable doubt on the constitutionality of these provisions, and in 2011 the Supreme Court held that key provisions of the Arizona law – most notably its matching fund provisions – were unconstitutional in Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 1229078, 18155406, 27275425 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 66 ], [ 1164, 1200 ], [ 1426, 1484 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This procedure has been in place in races for all statewide and legislative offices in Arizona and Maine since 2000. Connecticut passed a Clean Elections law in 2005, along with the cities of Portland, Oregon and Albuquerque, New Mexico, although Portland's was repealed by voter initiative in 2010. Sixty-nine percent of the voters in Albuquerque voted yes to Clean Elections. A 2006 poll showed that 85% of Arizonans familiar with their Clean Elections system thought it was important to Arizona voters. However, a clean elections initiative in California was defeated by a wide margin at the November 2006 election, with just 25.7% in favor, 74.3% opposed, and in 2008 Alaska voters rejected a clean elections proposal by a two to one margin.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 21883824, 19977, 23503, 51278, 9066400 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 94 ], [ 99, 104 ], [ 193, 209 ], [ 214, 237 ], [ 522, 548 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many other states (such as New Jersey) have some form of limited financial assistance for candidates, but New Jersey's experiment with Clean Elections was ended in 2008, in part due to a sense that the program failed to accomplish its goals. Wisconsin and Minnesota have had partial public funding since the 1970s, but the systems have largely fallen into disuse.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 21648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A clause in the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (\"McCain-Feingold\") required the nonpartisan General Accounting Office to conduct a study of clean elections programs in Arizona and Maine. The report, issued in May 2003, found none of the objectives of the systems had yet been attained, but cautioned that because of the relatively short time the programs had been in place, \"it is too soon to determine the extent to which the goals of Maine’s and Arizona’s public financing programs are being met... [and] We are not making any recommendations in this report.\" A 2006 study by the Center for Governmental Studies (an advocate for campaign finance reform) found that Clean Elections programs resulted in more candidates, more competition, more voter participation, and less influence-peddling. In 2008, however, a series of studies conducted by the Center for Competitive Politics (which generally opposes regulation and taxpayer funded political campaigns), found that the programs in Maine, Arizona, and New Jersey had failed to accomplish their stated goals, including electing more women, reducing government spending, reducing special interest influence on elections, bringing more diverse backgrounds into the legislature, or meeting most other stated objectives, including increasing competition or voter participation. These reports confirmed the results of an earlier study by the conservative/libertarian Goldwater Institute on Arizona's program.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 396564, 16437984, 22865361, 3244913 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 46 ], [ 590, 621 ], [ 858, 889 ], [ 1424, 1443 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OCCUPIED Amendment", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Occupy Movement, spreading across the United States and other nations with over 1,500 sites, called for U.S. campaign finance reform eliminating corporate influence on politics and reducing social and economic inequality. In response to the Occupy Wall Street protests, Representative Ted Deutch introduced the \"Outlawing Corporate Cash Undermining the Public Interest in our Elections and Democracy\" (OCCUPIED) constitutional amendment on November 18, 2011. The OCCUPIED amendment would outlaw the use of for-profit corporation money in U.S. election campaigns and give Congress and states the authority to create a public campaign finance system. Unions and non-profit organizations will still be able to contribute to campaigns. On November 1, 2011, Senator Tom Udall also introduced a constitutional amendment in Congress to reform campaign finance which would allow Congress and state legislatures to establish public campaign finance. Two other constitutional campaign finance reform amendments were introduced in Congress in November, 2011.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 33381607, 33121168, 13719052, 31644, 699307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ], [ 246, 264 ], [ 290, 300 ], [ 417, 441 ], [ 766, 775 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Harvard law professor and Creative Commons board member Lawrence Lessig called for a constitutional convention in a September 24–25, 2011 conference co-chaired by the Tea Party Patriots' national coordinator. Lessig's initial constitutional amendment would allow legislatures to limit political contributions from non-citizens, including corporations, anonymous organizations, and foreign nationals, and he also supports public campaign financing and electoral college reform to establish the one person, one vote principle. Lessig's web site convention.idea.informer.com allows anyone to propose and vote on constitutional amendments.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 52272, 54496, 2210111, 26190757, 339302, 85533, 1895016 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 42 ], [ 56, 71 ], [ 85, 110 ], [ 167, 185 ], [ 422, 447 ], [ 452, 469 ], [ 494, 514 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Saving American Democracy Amendment", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Saving American Democracy Amendment is a United States constitutional amendment proposed in December 2011 by Senators Mark Begich (D-Alaska) and Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont) \"to expressly exclude for-profit corporations from the rights given to natural persons by the Constitution of the United States, prohibit corporate spending in all elections, and affirm the authority of Congress and the States to regulate corporations and to regulate and set limits on all election contributions and expenditures.\" The Saving American Democracy Amendment was meant to overturn the 2010 United States Supreme Court decision Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 261586, 24909346, 1703573, 624, 361176, 32578, 31644, 31756, 102337, 22097436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 83 ], [ 113, 121 ], [ 122, 133 ], [ 137, 143 ], [ 149, 163 ], [ 167, 174 ], [ 270, 303 ], [ 379, 387 ], [ 579, 615 ], [ 616, 662 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democracy For All Amendment", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Democracy For All Amendment was introduced in multiple sessions of Congress beginning with the 113th. It would grant Congress and the States the ability to limit the raising and spending of money in campaigns for public office. It would also grant Congress and the States the ability to distinguish between a natural person and an artificial entity, such as a corporation. The resolution was introduced in the Senate by Senator Tom Udall and in the House by Representative Ted Deutch during both congresses. During the 113th congress the resolution received 129 co-sponsors in the House (all Democrats), and 48 co-sponsors in the Senate (46 Democrats, 2 Independents). In the Senate the resolution was never voted on, and in the House it was sent to House Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 12844930, 361406, 699307, 13719052, 9747657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 104 ], [ 313, 327 ], [ 432, 441 ], [ 477, 487 ], [ 754, 810 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "We The People Amendment", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The We the People Amendment would establish that constitutional rights are reserved for natural persons only, that artificial entities — corporations, limited liability companies, and other incorporated entities established by the laws of any state, the United States, or any foreign state — have no rights under the Constitution and are subject to regulation through federal, state, or local law, and further establishes that privileges of such entities cannot be construed as inherent or inalienable. It would require federal, state, and local governments to regulate, limit, or prohibit political contributions or expenditures, including those made by a candidate, and would require any permissible political contributions and expenditures to be publicly disclosed. It would also prohibit the courts from construing the spending of money to influence elections as a form of protected speech under the First Amendment or from holding that the amendment would abridge the freedom of the press.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 2339023, 361406, 9932845, 7485, 283083, 414411, 48423549, 27552742, 620724, 2783505, 829338, 327672, 195149, 15775275, 1549583, 339302, 59564, 31653, 4218336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 70 ], [ 88, 103 ], [ 115, 134 ], [ 137, 149 ], [ 151, 178 ], [ 190, 211 ], [ 349, 359 ], [ 368, 375 ], [ 377, 382 ], [ 387, 396 ], [ 427, 437 ], [ 478, 501 ], [ 520, 527 ], [ 529, 534 ], [ 540, 557 ], [ 590, 629 ], [ 796, 802 ], [ 904, 919 ], [ 973, 993 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "CFR28 is a proposed a constitutional amendment designed to deliver campaign finance reform without infringing on free speech. It claims to do this using two primary provisions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "First, CFR28 restricts candidate funding to consist of small citizen contributions and public financing. These citizen contribution limits are set biannually at one percent of the median annual income of all Americans (currently less than $400), so limits adjust with inflation. However, these limited contributions can be supplemented or displaced by Congress or State Legislatures.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Second, to overcome the Citizens United v. FEC decision that equated money spent on political speech with the speech itself (thus giving such spending First Amendment protection), CFR28 specifically targets independent political advertising for elimination. It does this by defining advertising as uninvited media that costs more than the limit mentioned above. This definition still allows unlimited spending on news, commentary and entertainment about candidates, but the audience will only see such media if they choose to after being told who is sponsoring it. All other speech about candidates is unlimited.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 22097436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "CFR28 further claims to prevent foreign influence on American elections because foreign sponsored media will not be able to hide among messaging from domestic superPACs since superPAC advertising will be eliminated.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At almost two pages and the first amendment with subsections, CFR28 is longer than other proposed constitutional amendments on campaign finances as it attempts to eliminate loopholes and provide some implementation provisions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As a loophole example, CFR28 disallows any funding source not authorized under CFR28 to eliminate all corporate funding and nullifying the Buckley v. Valeo decision which allows candidates themselves to spend unlimited personal funds on their campaigns. And by preventing donors from giving to candidates outside their voting district or state (except for the President), it also voids the decision in McCutcheon v. FEC which allowed citizens to contribute to an unlimited number of candidates around the country.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [ 439493, 40389521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 155 ], [ 402, 419 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "CFR28's implementing provisions include preventing subsidies and interference in citizen choices to help candidates and it allows unlimited volunteering for candidates. It also has reporting requirements and mandates that Congress enact relevant laws \"to ensure manifold commitment to the integrity of American democracy\" in order to compel networks and social media to cooperate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to providing the text of the proposed constitutional amendment, the CFR28.org web site explains it line-by-line both in writing and through several videos. It also includes a blog on related topics.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A different approach would allow private contributions as they currently are; however it would severely penalize those who gain substantive, material favors in exchange for their contributions and those who grant such favors in exchange for receiving contributions. Thus new limitations would not be imposed on what one can give—but rather on what one can get in return. (Needless to say, if such additional limitations could be introduced, many of the special interests would contribute much less than they currently do, and the effects of the remaining contributions would be much less corrupting). Currently quid pro quo is considered a bribery only if the person who provided material incentives to a public official explicitly tied those on receiving a specific favor in return.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Current proposals for reform", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, in January 2010, the US Supreme Court ruled that corporations and unions can not constitutionally be prohibited from promoting the election of one candidate over another candidate.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", "target_page_ids": [ 22097436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Justice Kennedy's majority opinion found that the BCRA §203 prohibition of all independent expenditures by corporations and unions violated the First Amendment's protection of free speech. The majority wrote, \"If the First Amendment has any force, it prohibits Congress from fining or jailing citizens, or associations of citizens, for simply engaging in political speech.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", "target_page_ids": [ 21817157 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Justice Kennedy's opinion for the majority also noted that since the First Amendment (and the Court) do not distinguish between media and other corporations, these restrictions would allow Congress to suppress political speech in newspapers, books, television and blogs. The Court overruled Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, 494 U.S. 652 (1990), which had held that a state law that prohibited corporations from using treasury money to support or oppose candidates in elections did not violate the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The Court also overruled that portion of McConnell v. Federal Election Commission, 540 U.S. 93 (2003), that upheld BCRA's restriction of corporate spending on \"electioneering communications\". The Court's ruling effectively freed corporations and unions to spend money both on \"electioneering communications\" and to directly advocate for the election or defeat of candidates (although not to contribute directly to candidates or political parties).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", "target_page_ids": [ 15712488, 665005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 291, 329 ], [ 579, 619 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The majority argued that the First Amendment protects associations of individuals as well as individual speakers, and further that the First Amendment does not allow prohibitions of speech based on the identity of the speaker. Corporations, as associations of individuals, therefore have speech rights under the First Amendment.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Justice Stevens, J. wrote, in partial dissent:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The basic premise underlying the Court’s ruling is its iteration, and constant reiteration, of the proposition that the First Amendment bars regulatory distinctions based on a speaker’s identity, including its \"identity\" as a corporation. While that glittering generality has rhetorical appeal, it is not a correct statement of the law. Nor does it tell us when a corporation may engage in electioneering that some of its shareholders oppose. It does not even resolve the specific question whether Citizens United may be required to finance some of its messages with the money in its PAC. The conceit that corporations must be treated identically to natural persons in the political sphere is not only inaccurate but also inadequate to justify the Court’s disposition of this case.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", "target_page_ids": [ 428802 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 251, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the context of election to public office, the distinction between corporate and human speakers is significant. Although they make enormous contributions to our society, corporations are not actually members of it. They cannot vote or run for office. Because they may be managed and controlled by nonresidents, their interests may conflict in fundamental respects with the interests of eligible voters. The financial resources, legal structure, and instrumental orientation of corporations raise legitimate concerns about their role in the electoral process. Our lawmakers have a compelling constitutional basis, if not also a democratic duty, to take measures designed to guard against the potentially deleterious effects of corporate spending in local and national races.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Justice Stevens also wrote: \"The Court’s ruling threatens to undermine the integrity of elected institutions across the Nation. The path it has taken to reach its outcome will, I fear, do damage to this institution. Before turning to the question whether to overrule Austin and part of McConnell, it is important to explain why the Court should not be deciding that question.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The effects of the ruling can be seen in the amount of spending and money raised after this decision. The largest donation from an organization before this ruling was over 14 million just in 2008 with the average around 9 million from the year 2000- 2010. Subsequently starting at election year 2012 the amount of donations began to increase every election year with its current close at 2020 with 167 million dollars from a single organization.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Senator McCain, one of the two original sponsors of campaign finance reform, noted after the decisions that \"campaign finance reform is dead\" – but predicted a voter backlash once it became obvious how much money corporations and unions now could and would pour into campaigns.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In a Washington Post-ABC News poll in early February 2010 it was found that roughly 80% of Americans were opposed to the January 2010 Supreme court's ruling. The poll reveals relatively little difference of opinion on the issue among Democrats (85 percent opposed to the ruling), Republicans (76 percent) and independents (81 percent). In response to the ruling, a grassroots, bipartisan group called Move to Amend was created to garner support for a constitutional amendment overturning corporate personhood and declaring that money is not speech.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", "target_page_ids": [ 34188552, 49261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 403, 416 ], [ 490, 510 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On April 2, 2014, the Supreme Court issued a 5–4 ruling that the 1971 FECA's aggregate limits restricting how much money a donor may contribute in total to all candidates or committees violated the First Amendment. The controlling opinion was written by Chief Justice Roberts, and joined by Justices Scalia, Alito and Kennedy; Justice Thomas concurred in the judgment but wrote separately to argue that all limits on contributions were unconstitutional. Justice Breyer filed a dissenting opinion, joined by Justices Ginsburg, Kagan and Sotomayor. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "McCutcheon et al. v. Federal Election Commission", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Campaign finance in the United States", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2166873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Publicly funded elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1229078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Democracy Matters", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1228055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Electoral reform in the United States", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 13624574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jeff Kurzon", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42935107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Money loop", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 35320414 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pacific scandal", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 23649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Basham, Patrick and Dennis Polhill (June 30, 2005). \"Uncompetitive Elections and the American Political System.\" Cato Institute", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"BP stops paying political parties\", March 2002", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cato Institute (2009). Chapter 9, Cato Handbook for Policymakers, 7th Edition.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 151432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hoersting, Stephen M. (April 3, 2006). \"Free Speech and the 527 Prohibition.\" Cato Institute", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Campaign_finance_reform_in_the_United_States" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1936 United States presidential election was the 38th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1936. In the midst of the Great Depression, incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Governor Alf Landon of Kansas. Roosevelt won the highest share of the popular and electoral vote since the largely uncontested 1820 election. The sweeping victory consolidated the New Deal Coalition in control of the Fifth Party System.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 2685269, 5043544, 24113, 10979, 32070, 104466, 16716, 85533, 40508, 86217, 6983977 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 148, 164 ], [ 176, 186 ], [ 187, 196 ], [ 197, 218 ], [ 228, 238 ], [ 248, 258 ], [ 262, 268 ], [ 321, 335 ], [ 366, 379 ], [ 419, 437 ], [ 456, 474 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner were re-nominated without opposition. With the backing of party leaders, Landon defeated progressive Senator William Borah at the 1936 Republican National Convention to win his party's presidential nomination. The populist Union Party nominated Congressman William Lemke for president.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 92217, 2035730, 703112, 9282364, 382288, 382338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 46 ], [ 136, 147 ], [ 156, 169 ], [ 177, 212 ], [ 270, 281 ], [ 304, 317 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election took place as the Great Depression entered its eighth year. Roosevelt was still working to push the provisions of his New Deal economic policy through Congress and the courts. However, the New Deal policies he had already enacted, such as Social Security and unemployment benefits, had proven to be highly popular with most Americans. Landon, a political moderate, accepted much of the New Deal but criticized it for waste and inefficiency.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19283361, 210522, 48728, 378430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 139 ], [ 140, 155 ], [ 252, 267 ], [ 272, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt went on to win the greatest electoral landslide since the rise of hegemonic control between the Democratic and Republican parties in the 1850s. Roosevelt took 60.8% of the popular vote, while Landon won 36.5% and Lemke won just under 2%. Roosevelt carried every state except Maine and Vermont, which together cast eight electoral votes. By winning 523 electoral votes, Roosevelt received 98.49% of the electoral vote total, which remains the highest percentage of the electoral vote won by any candidate since 1820. Roosevelt also won the highest share of the popular vote since 1820, though Lyndon Johnson would later win a slightly higher share of the popular vote in 1964. While Roosevelt won the largest portion of electoral votes to date, Ronald Reagan won more electors while achieving a lesser popular vote victory in 1984, after more electors were added. Roosevelt's 523 electoral votes marked the first of only three times in American history when a presidential candidate received over 500 electoral votes in a presidential election and made Roosevelt the only Democratic nominee to accomplish this feat. As of 2022, this remains the last presidential election not to feature a former or sitting senator on either presidential ticket.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2390318, 54533, 40566, 25433, 40571, 63876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 452, 496 ], [ 602, 616 ], [ 680, 684 ], [ 754, 767 ], [ 835, 839 ], [ 945, 961 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before his assassination, there was a challenge from Louisiana Senator Huey Long. But, due to his untimely death, President Roosevelt faced only one primary opponent other than various favorite sons. Henry Skillman Breckinridge, an anti-New Deal lawyer from New York, filed to run against Roosevelt in four primaries. Breckinridge's challenge of the popularity of the New Deal among Democrats failed miserably. In New Jersey, President Roosevelt did not file for the preference vote and lost that primary to Breckinridge, even though he did receive 19% of the vote on write-ins. Roosevelt's candidates for delegates swept the race in New Jersey and elsewhere. In other primaries, Breckinridge's best showing was 15% in Maryland. Overall, Roosevelt received 93% of the primary vote, compared to 2.5% for Breckinridge.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 18130, 102446, 359763, 14286178 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 62 ], [ 71, 80 ], [ 185, 197 ], [ 200, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Democratic Party Convention was held in Philadelphia between July 23 and 27. The delegates unanimously re-nominated incumbents President Roosevelt and Vice-President John Nance Garner. At Roosevelt's request, the two-thirds rule, which had given the South a de facto veto power, was repealed.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 50585, 92217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 56 ], [ 170, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the landslide defeat of former President Herbert Hoover at the previous presidential election in 1932, combined with devastating congressional losses that year, the Republican Party was largely seen as rudderless. In truth, Hoover maintained control of the party machinery and was hopeful of making a comeback, but any such hopes were dashed as soon as the 1934 mid-term elections, which saw further losses by the Republicans and made clear the popularity of the New Deal among the public. The expected third-party candidacy of prominent Senator Huey Long briefly reignited Hoover's hopes, but they were just as quickly ended by Long's death in September 1935, and while Hoover thereafter refused to actively disclaim any potential draft efforts, he privately accepted that he was unlikely to be nominated, and even less likely to defeat Roosevelt in any rematch. Draft efforts did focus on former Vice-President Charles G. Dawes and Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary, two of the few prominent Republicans not to have been associated with Hoover's administration, but both men quickly disclaimed any interest in running.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 13682, 102446, 92211, 981241 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 65 ], [ 556, 565 ], [ 923, 939 ], [ 967, 984 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1936 Republican National Convention was held in Cleveland, Ohio, between June 9 and 12. Although many candidates sought the Republican nomination, only two, Governor Landon and Senator William Borah from Idaho, were considered to be serious candidates. While County Attorney Earl Warren from California, Governor Warren Green of South Dakota, and Stephen A. Day from Ohio won their respective primaries, the seventy-year-old Borah, a well-known progressive and \"insurgent,\" won the Wisconsin, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Oregon primaries, while also performing quite strongly in Knox's Illinois and Green's South Dakota. The party machinery, however, almost uniformly backed Landon, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 5951, 703112, 71908, 253090, 4065060, 11587037, 26636309, 39619035, 261703, 3267525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 61 ], [ 189, 202 ], [ 279, 290 ], [ 308, 316 ], [ 317, 329 ], [ 351, 365 ], [ 449, 460 ], [ 729, 737 ], [ 810, 816 ], [ 832, 849 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With Knox withdrawing to become Landon's selection for vice-president (after the rejection of New Hampshire Governor Styles Bridges) and Day, Green, and Warren releasing their delegates, the tally at the convention was as follows:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 253081, 959418 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 116 ], [ 117, 131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alf Landon 984", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " William Borah 19", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Many people, most significantly Democratic National Committee Chairman James Farley, expected Huey Long, the colorful Democratic senator from Louisiana, to run as a third-party candidate with his \"Share Our Wealth\" program as his platform. Polls made during 1934 and 1935 suggested Long could have won between six and seven million votes, or approximately fifteen percent of the actual number cast in the 1936 election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 182450, 543088, 102446, 382282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 61 ], [ 71, 83 ], [ 94, 103 ], [ 197, 213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Popular support for Long's Share Our Wealth program raised the possibility of a 1936 presidential bid against incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt. When questioned by the press, Long gave conflicting answers on his plans for 1936. While promising to support a progressive Republican like Sen. William Borah, Long claimed that he would only support a Share Our Wealth candidate. At times, he even expressed the wish to retire: \"I have less ambition to hold office than I ever had.\" However, in a later Senate speech, he admitted that he \"might have a good parade to offer before I get through\". Long's son Russell B. Long believed that his father would have run on a third party ticket in 1936. This is evidenced by Long's writing of a speculative book, My First Days in the White House, which laid out his plans for the presidency after the 1936 election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 382282, 703112, 224657, 3007716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 43 ], [ 288, 301 ], [ 600, 615 ], [ 748, 780 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Long biographers T. Harry Williams and William Ivy Hair speculated that Long planned to challenge Roosevelt for the Democratic nomination in 1936, knowing he would lose the nomination but gain valuable publicity in the process. Then he would break from the Democrats and form a third party using the Share Our Wealth plan as its basis. He hoped to have the public support of Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality from Royal Oak, Michigan; Iowa agrarian radical Milo Reno; and other dissidents like Francis Townsend and the remnants of the End Poverty in California movement. Diplomat Edward M. House warned Roosevelt \"many people believe that he can do to your administration what Theodore Roosevelt did to the Taft administration in '12.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 70160054, 319501, 382282, 168968, 606848, 211484, 30077, 118790, 33944023, 382309, 321214, 1336794, 30535, 40534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 34 ], [ 278, 289 ], [ 300, 316 ], [ 382, 398 ], [ 402, 410 ], [ 422, 430 ], [ 431, 441 ], [ 459, 478 ], [ 502, 511 ], [ 539, 555 ], [ 580, 605 ], [ 625, 640 ], [ 722, 740 ], [ 775, 778 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In spring 1935, Long undertook a national speaking tour and regular radio appearances, attracting large crowds and increasing his stature. At a well attended Long rally in Philadelphia, a former mayor told the press \"There are 250,000 Long votes\" in this city. Regarding Roosevelt, Long boasted to the New York Times Arthur Krock: \"He's scared of me. I can out promise him, and he knows it.\" While addressing reporters in late summer of 1935, Long proclaimed:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2883754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 317, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the 1936 election approached, the Roosevelt administration grew increasingly concerned by Long's popularity. Democratic National Committee Chairman James Farley commissioned a secret poll in early 1935 \"to find out if Huey's sales talks for his 'share the wealth' program were attracting many customers\". Farley's poll revealed that if Long ran on a third-party ticket, he would win about 4million votes (about 10% of the electorate). In a memo to Roosevelt, Farley wrote: \"It was easy to conceive of a situation whereby Long by polling more than 3,000,000 votes, might have the balance of power in the 1936 election. For example, the poll indicated that he would command upwards of 100,000 votes in New York State, a pivotal state in any national election and a vote of that size could easily mean the difference between victory and defeat ... That number of votes would mostly come from our side and the result might spell disaster\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 182450, 543088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 141 ], [ 151, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In response, Roosevelt in a letter to his friend William E. Dodd, the US ambassador to Germany, wrote: \"Long plans to be a candidate of the Hitler type for the presidency in 1936. He thinks he will have a hundred votes at the Democratic convention. Then he will set up as an independent with Southern and mid-western Progressives ... Thus he hopes to defeat the Democratic Party and put in a reactionary Republican. That would bring the country to such a state by 1940 that Long thinks he would be made dictator. There are in fact some Southerners looking that way, and some Progressives drifting that way ... Thus it is an ominous situation\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 518931, 2731583 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 64 ], [ 140, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, Long was assassinated in September 1935. Some historians, including Long biographer T. Harry Williams, contend that Long had never, in fact, intended to run for the presidency in 1936. Instead, he had been plotting with Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality, to run someone else on the soon-to-be-formed \"Share Our Wealth\" Party ticket. According to Williams, the idea was that this candidate would split the left-wing vote with President Roosevelt, thereby electing a Republican president and proving the electoral appeal of Share Our Wealth. Long would then wait four years and run for president as a Democrat in 1940.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 70160054, 168968, 211484, 30077, 18499 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 110 ], [ 236, 252 ], [ 276, 284 ], [ 285, 295 ], [ 459, 468 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prior to Long's death, leading contenders for the role of the sacrificial 1936 candidate included Idaho Senator William Borah, Montana Senator and running mate of Robert M. La Follette in 1924 Burton K. Wheeler, and Governor Floyd B. Olson of the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party. After Long's assassination, however, the two senators lost interest in the idea, while Olson was diagnosed with terminal stomach cancer.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 255189, 1139494, 19287625, 261590, 261613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 184 ], [ 193, 210 ], [ 225, 239 ], [ 247, 275 ], [ 398, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Father Coughlin, who had allied himself with Dr. Francis Townsend, a left-wing political activist who was pushing for the creation of an old-age pension system, and Rev. Gerald L. K. Smith, was eventually forced to run Representative William Lemke (R-North Dakota) as the candidate of the newly created \"Union Party\", with Thomas C. O'Brien, a lawyer and former District Attorney for Boston, as Lemke's running-mate. Lemke, who lacked the charisma and national stature of the other potential candidates, fared poorly in the election, barely managing two percent of the vote, and the party was dissolved the following year.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 382309, 43613, 1024216, 382338, 382288, 51280191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 65 ], [ 145, 152 ], [ 170, 188 ], [ 234, 247 ], [ 304, 315 ], [ 323, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "William Dudley Pelley, Chief of the Silver Shirts Legion, ran on the ballot for the Christian Party in Washington State, but won fewer than two thousand votes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 833097, 1070821, 4040430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ], [ 36, 49 ], [ 84, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Earl Browder ran for the Communist Party (CPUSA).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 759029, 452981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 25, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This election is notable for The Literary Digest poll, which was based on ten million questionnaires mailed to readers and potential readers; 2.27 million were returned. The Literary Digest had correctly predicted the winner of the last five elections, and announced in its October 31 issue that Landon would be the winner with 57.1% of the vote (v Roosevelt) and 370 electoral votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Pre-election polling", "target_page_ids": [ 1907261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The cause of this mistake has often been attributed to improper sampling: more Republicans subscribed to the Literary Digest than Democrats, and were thus more likely to vote for Landon than Roosevelt. Indeed, every other poll made at this time predicted Roosevelt would win, although most expected him to garner no more than 360 electoral votes. However, a 1976 article in The American Statistician demonstrates that the actual reason for the error was that the Literary Digest relied on voluntary responses. As the article explains, the 2.27 million \"respondents who returned their questionnaires represented only that subset of the population with a relatively intense interest in the subject at hand, and as such constitute in no sense a random sample ... it seems clear that the minority of anti-Roosevelt voters felt more strongly about the election than did the pro-Roosevelt majority.\" A more detailed study in 1988 showed that both the initial sample and non-response bias were contributing factors, and that the error due to the initial sample taken alone would not have been sufficient to predict the Landon victory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Pre-election polling", "target_page_ids": [ 15673722 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 964, 981 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The magnitude of the error by the Literary Digest (39.08% for the popular vote for Landon v Roosevelt) destroyed the magazine's credibility, and it folded within 18 months of the election, while George Gallup, an advertising executive who had begun a scientific poll, predicted that Roosevelt would win the election, based on a quota sample of 50,000 people.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Pre-election polling", "target_page_ids": [ 100077, 36856552, 1528881 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 195, 208 ], [ 268, 315 ], [ 328, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His correct predictions made public opinion polling a critical element of elections for journalists, and indeed for politicians. The Gallup Poll would become a staple of future presidential elections, and remains one of the most prominent election polling organizations.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Pre-election polling", "target_page_ids": [ 5367625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Landon proved to be an ineffective campaigner who rarely travelled. Most of the attacks on FDR and Social Security were developed by Republican campaigners rather than Landon himself. In the two months after his nomination, he made no campaign appearances. Columnist Westbrook Pegler lampooned, \"Considerable mystery surrounds the disappearance of Alfred M. Landon of Topeka, Kansas ... The Missing Persons Bureau has sent out an alarm bulletin bearing Mr. Landon's photograph and other particulars, and anyone having information of his whereabouts is asked to communicate direct with the Republican National Committee.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Campaign", "target_page_ids": [ 495246 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 267, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Landon respected and admired Roosevelt and accepted most of the New Deal but objected that it was hostile to business and involved too much waste and inefficiency. Late in the campaign, Landon accused Roosevelt of corruption – that is, of acquiring so much power that he was subverting the Constitution:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Campaign", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Franklin Roosevelt's most notable speech in the 1936 campaign was an address he gave in Madison Square Garden in New York City on 31 October. Roosevelt offered a vigorous defense of the New Deal. The most memorable section of the speech was, in the opinion of most observers, this passage:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Campaign", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt won in a landslide, carrying 46 of the 48 states and bringing in many additional Democratic members of Congress. After Lyndon B. Johnson's 61.05% share of the popular vote in 1964, Roosevelt's 60.8% is the second-largest percentage in U.S. history (since 1824, when the vast majority of or all states have had a popular vote), and his 98.49% of the electoral vote is the highest in two-party competition.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 54533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republican Party saw its total in the United States House of Representatives reduced to 88 seats and in the United States Senate to 16 seats in their respective elections and only won four governorships in the 1936 elections. Roosevelt won the largest number of electoral votes ever recorded at that time, and has so far only been surpassed by Ronald Reagan in 1984, when seven more electoral votes were available to contest. Garner also won the highest percentage of the electoral vote of any vice president.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 19468510, 1342315, 1318489, 60248545, 25433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 80 ], [ 154, 164 ], [ 165, 174 ], [ 214, 228 ], [ 348, 361 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Landon won only eight electoral votes, tying William Howard Taft's total in his unsuccessful re-election campaign in 1912. As of 2020, this is the equal lowest total electoral vote total for a major-party candidate; the lowest number since was Reagan's 1984 opponent, Walter Mondale, who won only thirteen electoral votes.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 33522, 40534, 42172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 64 ], [ 80, 121 ], [ 268, 282 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities increased from 1,791,000 votes in the 1932 election to 3,479,000 votes which was the highest for any presidential candidate from 1920 to 1948. Philadelphia and Columbus, Ohio, which had voted for Hoover in the 1932 election, voted for Roosevelt in the 1936 election. Although the majority of black voters had been Republican in the 1932 election Roosevelt won two-thirds of black voters in the 1936 election.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 5950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Norman Thomas, who had received 884,885 votes in the 1932 election saw his totals decrease to 187,910.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 258776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt also took 98.57% of the vote in South Carolina, the largest recorded vote percentage of any candidate in any one state in any U.S Presidential election (this excludes Andrew Jackson in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi and Missouri in 1832, who won 100% of the vote in these states as he was unopposed).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last Democratic landslide in the West, as Democrats won every state except Kansas (Landon's home state) by more than 10%. West of the Great Plains States, Roosevelt only lost eight counties. Since 1936, only Richard Nixon in 1972 (winning all but 19 counties) and Ronald Reagan in 1980 (winning all but twenty counties) have even approached such a disproportionate ratio. After 1936, the West rapidly became a Republican stronghold, the only region that has been consistent in the party it supports for such a long time.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 3,095 counties, parishes and independent cities making returns, Roosevelt won in 2,634 (85 percent) while Landon carried 461 (15 percent); this was one of the few measures by which Landon's campaign was more successful than Hoover's had been four years prior, with Landon winning 87 more counties than Hoover did, albeit mostly in less populous parts of the country. Democrats also expanded their majorities in Congress, winning control of over three-quarters of the seats in each house.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The election saw the consolidation of the New Deal coalition; while the Democrats lost some of their traditional allies in big business, high income voters, businessmen and professionals, they were replaced by groups such as organized labor and African Americans, the latter of whom voted Democratic for the first time since the Civil War, and made major gains among the poor and other minorities. Roosevelt won 86 percent of the Jewish vote, 81 percent of the Catholics, 80 percent of union members, 76 percent of Southerners, 76 percent of Blacks in northern cities, and 75 percent of people on relief. Roosevelt also carried 102 of the nation's 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 329, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some political pundits predicted the Republicans, whom many voters blamed for the Great Depression, would soon become an extinct political party. However, the Republicans would make a strong comeback in the 1938 congressional elections, and while they would remain a potent force in Congress, they were not able to regain control of the House or the Senate until 1946, and would not regain the Presidency until 1952.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 19283335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Electoral College results, in which Landon only won Maine and Vermont, inspired Democratic Party chairman James Farley - who had in fact declared during the campaign that Roosevelt would lose only these two states - to amend the then-conventional political wisdom of \"As Maine goes, so goes the nation\" into \"As Maine goes, so goes Vermont.\" In fact, since then the states of Vermont and Maine voted for the same candidate in every election except the 1968 presidential election. Additionally, a prankster posted a sign on Vermont's border with New Hampshire the day after the 1936 election, reading, \"You are now leaving the United States.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 85533, 543088, 30863321, 40567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 110, 122 ], [ 273, 306 ], [ 457, 483 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election in which Indiana, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota would vote Democratic until 1964. Of these states, only Indiana would vote Democratic again after 1964 (for Barack Obama in 2008), making this the penultimate time a Democrat won any of the great plains states.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 40566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (4 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (29 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory Between 11% and 20% (214 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tipping point state:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " '''", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1918–1945)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1936 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1342315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1936 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1318489 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21210885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Earl Browder", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 759029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Huey Long", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 102446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Andersen, Kristi. The Creation of a Democratic Majority: 1928–1936 (1979), statistical", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 63331507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brown, Courtney. \"Mass dynamics of US presidential competitions, 1928–1936.\" American Political Science Review 82.4 (1988): 1153–1181. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1956)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 3257957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Campbell, James E. \"Sources of the new deal realignment: The contributions of conversion and mobilization to partisan change.\" Western Political Quarterly 38.3 (1985): 357–376. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fadely, James Philip. \"Editors, Whistle Stops, and Elephants: the Presidential Campaign of 1936 in Indiana.\" Indiana Magazine of History 1989 85(2): 101–137. ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Harrell, James A. \"Negro Leadership in the Election Year 1936.\" Journal of Southern History 34.4 (1968): 546–564. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kennedy, Patrick D. \"Chicago's Irish Americans and the Candidacies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1932-1944.\" Illinois Historical Journal 88.4 (1995): 263–278. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Leuchtenburg, William E. \"Election of 1936\", in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., A History of American Presidential Elections vol 3 (1971), analysis and primary documents", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 15576822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " McCoy, Donald. Landon of Kansas (1968)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nicolaides, Becky M. \"Radio Electioneering in the American Presidential Campaigns of 1932 and 1936,\" Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, June 1988, Vol. 8 Issue 2, pp.115–138", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Savage, Sean J. \"The 1936-1944 Campaigns,\" in William D. Pederson, ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp 96–113 online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M. The Politics of Upheaval (1960)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 1013900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sheppard, Si. The Buying of the Presidency? Franklin D. Roosevelt, the New Deal, and the Election of 1936. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2014.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shover, John L. \"The emergence of a two-party system in Republican Philadelphia, 1924-1936.\" Journal of American History 60.4 (1974): 985–1002. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Spencer, Thomas T. \"'Labor is with Roosevelt:' The Pennsylvania Labor Non-Partisan League and the Election of 1936.\" Pennsylvania History 46.1 (1979): 3-16. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.; Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from USA", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 19908296 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gallup, George H. ed. The Gallup Poll, Volume One 1935–1948 (1972) statistical reports on each poll", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 100077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964'' (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1936 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1936 election?– Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1936 in Counting the Votes", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " University of Penn Math Department Case Study I: The 1936 Literary Digest Poll", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1936_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt", "Franklin_D._Roosevelt", "November_1936_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1936", "1936 US presidential election" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1940 United States presidential election was the 39th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 5, 1940. Incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican businessman Wendell Willkie to be reelected for an unprecedented third term in office. It was also the fourth presidential election in United States History and the first election after the start of World War II in which both major party candidates were registered in the same home state, with the others being in 1860, 1904,1920, 1944 and 2016. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 5043544, 24113, 10979, 32070, 34134, 63876, 32927, 40519, 40532, 40536, 40560, 21377251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 145, 155 ], [ 156, 165 ], [ 166, 187 ], [ 197, 207 ], [ 220, 235 ], [ 343, 364 ], [ 407, 419 ], [ 522, 526 ], [ 528, 532 ], [ 533, 537 ], [ 539, 543 ], [ 548, 552 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election was contested in the shadow of World War II in Europe, as the United States was emerging from the Great Depression. Roosevelt did not want to campaign for a third term initially, but was driven by worsening conditions in Europe. He and his allies sought to defuse challenges from other party leaders such as James Farley and Vice President John Nance Garner. The 1940 Democratic National Convention re-nominated Roosevelt on the first ballot, while Garner was replaced on the ticket by Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace. Willkie, a dark horse candidate, defeated conservative Senator Robert A. Taft and prosecutor Thomas E. Dewey on the sixth presidential ballot of the 1940 Republican National Convention.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 19283335, 543088, 92217, 9042047, 92220, 314017, 2298740, 358753, 45596, 9277046 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 56 ], [ 111, 127 ], [ 321, 333 ], [ 353, 370 ], [ 376, 411 ], [ 524, 540 ], [ 553, 563 ], [ 584, 596 ], [ 605, 619 ], [ 635, 650 ], [ 691, 726 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt, acutely aware of strong isolationist and non-interventionist sentiment, promised there would be no involvement in foreign wars if he were re-elected. Willkie, who had not previously run for public office, conducted an energetic campaign, managing to revive Republican strength in areas of the Midwest and Northeast. He criticized perceived incompetence and waste in the New Deal, warned of the dangers of breaking the two-term tradition, and accused Roosevelt of secretly planning to take the country into World War II. However, Willkie's association with big business damaged his cause, as many working class voters blamed corporations and business leaders for a large part of the onset of the Great Depression.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 15048, 1257011, 104697, 431669, 19283361, 73367, 24125442 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 47 ], [ 52, 71 ], [ 304, 311 ], [ 316, 325 ], [ 381, 389 ], [ 567, 579 ], [ 607, 620 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt led in all pre-election polls and won a comfortable victory; his margins, though still significant, were less decisive than they had been in 1932 and 1936. This marked the first time since 1892, that the Democrats won the popular vote in three consecutive elections, and the first since 1840, where they won three consecutive elections. He maintained his strong support from labor unions, urban political machines, ethnic minority voters, and the traditionally Democratic Solid South. Roosevelt's third consecutive victory inspired the Twenty-second Amendment, limiting the number of terms a person may be president. This was the first time that North Dakota voted for a losing candidate since statehood and the first time since 1892 that a Democrat won without Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska. This was also the first time anyone won without Colorado and Nebraska since 1908, and Kansas since 1900.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 40556, 40558, 17626, 407940, 723054, 70132 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 151, 155 ], [ 160, 164 ], [ 385, 397 ], [ 405, 422 ], [ 482, 493 ], [ 546, 569 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout the winter, spring, and summer of 1940, there was much speculation as to whether Roosevelt would break with longstanding tradition and run for an unprecedented third term. The two-term tradition, although not yet enshrined in the Constitution, had been established by George Washington when he refused to run for a third term in 1796; other former presidents, such as Ulysses S. Grant in 1880 and Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 had made serious attempts to run for a third term, but the former failed to be nominated, while the latter, forced to run on a third-party ticket, lost to Woodrow Wilson due to the split in the Republican vote. President Roosevelt refused to give a definitive statement as to his willingness to be a candidate again, and he even indicated to some ambitious Democrats, such as James Farley, that he would not run for a third term and that they could seek the Democratic nomination. However, as Nazi Germany swept through Western Europe and menaced the United Kingdom in the summer of 1940, Roosevelt decided that only he had the necessary experience and skills to see the nation safely through the Nazi threat. He was aided by the party's political bosses, who feared that no Democrat except Roosevelt could defeat the popular Willkie.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 70132, 11968, 40452, 31752, 40525, 30535, 40534, 33523, 543088, 21212, 33800, 31717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 225, 254 ], [ 280, 297 ], [ 341, 345 ], [ 380, 396 ], [ 400, 404 ], [ 409, 427 ], [ 431, 435 ], [ 591, 605 ], [ 812, 824 ], [ 929, 941 ], [ 956, 970 ], [ 987, 1001 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the July 1940 Democratic Convention in Chicago, Roosevelt easily swept aside challenges from Farley and John Nance Garner, his vice-president. Garner was a Texas conservative who had turned against Roosevelt in his second term because of his liberal economic and social policies. As a result, Roosevelt decided to pick a new running mate, Henry A. Wallace from Iowa, his Secretary of Agriculture and an outspoken liberal. That choice was strenuously opposed by many of the party's conservatives, who felt Wallace was too radical and \"eccentric\" in his private life to be an effective running mate (he practiced New Age spiritual beliefs, and often consulted with the controversial Russian spiritual guru Nicholas Roerich). But Roosevelt insisted that without Wallace on the ticket he would decline re-nomination, and when First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt came to Chicago to vouch for Wallace, he won the vice-presidential nomination with 626 votes to 329 for House Speaker William B. Bankhead of Alabama.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 92217, 92220, 21742, 216399, 10847, 19280644, 265850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 124 ], [ 342, 358 ], [ 614, 621 ], [ 707, 723 ], [ 825, 835 ], [ 836, 853 ], [ 972, 991 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the months leading up to the opening of the 1940 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Republican Party was deeply divided between the party's isolationists, who wanted to stay out of World War II at all costs, and the party's interventionists, who felt that the United Kingdom needed to be given all aid short of war to prevent Nazi Germany from conquering all of Europe. The three leading candidates for the Republican nomination - Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio, Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg from Michigan, and District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey from New York - were all isolationists to varying degrees.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 509001, 50585, 1257011, 32927, 31717, 21212, 358753, 342031, 402653, 45596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 82 ], [ 86, 98 ], [ 174, 187 ], [ 215, 227 ], [ 294, 308 ], [ 360, 372 ], [ 473, 487 ], [ 507, 527 ], [ 547, 564 ], [ 565, 580 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taft was the leader of the conservative, isolationist wing of the Republican Party, and his main strength was in his native Midwestern United States and parts of the Southern United States. Dewey, the District Attorney for Manhattan, had risen to national fame as the \"Gangbuster\" prosecutor who had sent numerous infamous Mafia figures to prison, most notably Lucky Luciano, the organized-crime boss of New York City. Dewey had won most of the presidential primaries in the spring of 1940, and he came into the Republican Convention in June with the largest number of delegate votes, although he was still well below the number needed to win. Vandenberg, the senior Republican in the Senate, was the \"favorite son\" candidate of the Michigan delegation and was considered a possible compromise candidate if Taft or Dewey faltered. Former President Herbert Hoover was also spoken of as a compromise candidate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 104697, 179553, 45470, 18293303, 148456, 645042, 13682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 148 ], [ 166, 188 ], [ 223, 232 ], [ 323, 328 ], [ 361, 374 ], [ 404, 417 ], [ 848, 862 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, each of these candidates had weaknesses that could be exploited. Taft's outspoken isolationism and opposition to any American involvement in the European war convinced many Republican leaders that he could not win a general election, particularly as France fell to the Nazis in May 1940 and Germany threatened the United Kingdom. Dewey's relative youth—he was only 38 in 1940—and lack of any foreign-policy experience caused his candidacy to weaken as the Wehrmacht emerged as a fearsome threat. In 1940, Vandenberg was also an isolationist (he would change his foreign-policy stance during World War II) and his lackadaisical, lethargic campaign never caught the voters' attention. Hoover still bore the stigma of having presided over the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression. This left an opening for a dark horse candidate to emerge.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 342640, 228080, 21376046, 157649, 19283335, 314017 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 166 ], [ 259, 270 ], [ 465, 474 ], [ 749, 774 ], [ 794, 810 ], [ 839, 849 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A Wall Street-based industrialist named Wendell Willkie, who had never before run for public office, emerged as the unlikely nominee. Willkie, a native of Indiana and a former Democrat who had supported Franklin Roosevelt in the 1932 United States presidential election, was considered an improbable choice. Willkie had first come to public attention as an articulate critic of Roosevelt's attempt to break up electrical power monopolies.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 37274, 34134, 40556, 18878 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 13 ], [ 40, 55 ], [ 229, 269 ], [ 427, 437 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Willkie was the CEO of the Commonwealth & Southern Corporation, which provided electrical power to customers in eleven states. In 1933, President Roosevelt had created the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which promised to provide flood control and cheap electricity to the impoverished people of the Tennessee Valley. However, the government-run TVA would compete with Willkie's Commonwealth & Southern, and this led Willkie to criticize and oppose the TVA's attempt to compete with private power companies. Willkie argued that the government had unfair advantages over private corporations, and should thus avoid competing directly against them.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 68687271, 55770, 20913655, 1667718 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 62 ], [ 172, 198 ], [ 232, 245 ], [ 302, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, Willkie did not dismiss all of Roosevelt's social welfare programs, indeed supporting those he believed could not be managed any better by the free enterprise system. Furthermore, unlike the leading Republican candidates, Willkie was a forceful and outspoken advocate of aid to the Allies of World War II, especially the United Kingdom. His support of giving all aid to the British \"short of declaring war\" won him the support of many Republicans on the East Coast of the United States, who disagreed with their party's isolationist leaders in Congress.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 21109533, 2198844, 89126 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 75 ], [ 291, 313 ], [ 463, 494 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Willkie's persuasive arguments impressed these Republicans, who believed that he would be an attractive presidential candidate. Many of the leading press barons of the era, such as Ogden Reid of the New York Herald Tribune, Roy Howard of the Scripps-Howard newspaper chain and John and Gardner Cowles, Jr. publishers of the Minneapolis Star and the Minneapolis Tribune, as well as The Des Moines Register and Look magazine, supported Willkie in their newspapers and magazines. Even so, Willkie remained a long-shot candidate; the May 8 Gallup Poll showed Dewey at 67% support among Republicans, followed by Vandenberg and Taft, with Willkie at only 3%.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 182948, 360833, 1847523, 33619095, 56264022, 266197, 266197, 1429223, 5557770, 5367625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 160 ], [ 199, 222 ], [ 242, 256 ], [ 277, 281 ], [ 286, 305 ], [ 324, 340 ], [ 349, 368 ], [ 381, 404 ], [ 409, 413 ], [ 536, 547 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The German Army's rapid Blitzkrieg campaign into France in May 1940 shook American public opinion, even as Taft was telling a Kansas audience that America needed to concentrate on domestic issues to prevent Roosevelt from using the war crisis to extend socialism at home. Both Dewey and Vandenberg also continued to oppose any aid to the United Kingdom that might lead to war with Nazi Germany. Nevertheless, sympathy for the embattled British was mounting daily, and this aided Willkie's candidacy. By mid-June, little over one week before the Republican Convention opened, the Gallup poll reported that Willkie had moved into second place with 17%, and that Dewey was slipping. Fueled by his favorable media attention, Willkie's pro-British statements won over many of the delegates. As the delegates were arriving in Philadelphia, Gallup reported that Willkie had surged to 29%, Dewey had slipped five more points to 47%, and Taft, Vandenberg and Hoover trailed at 8%, 8%, and 6% respectively.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 11702744, 4652, 26847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ], [ 24, 34 ], [ 253, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hundreds of thousands, perhaps as many as one million, telegrams urging support for Willkie poured in, many from \"Willkie Clubs\" that had sprung up across the country. Millions more signed petitions circulating everywhere. At the 1940 Republican National Convention itself, keynote speaker Harold Stassen, the Governor of Minnesotaa, announced his support for Willkie and became his official floor manager. Hundreds of vocal Willkie supporters packed the upper galleries of the convention hall. Willkie's amateur status and fresh face appealed to delegates as well as voters. Most of the delegations were selected not by primaries, but by party leaders in each state, and they had a keen sense of the fast-changing pulse of public opinion. Gallup found the same thing in polling data not reported until after the convention: Willkie had moved ahead among Republican voters by 44% to only 29% for the collapsing Dewey. As the pro-Willkie galleries chanted \"We Want Willkie!\" the delegates on the convention floor began their vote. Dewey led on the first ballot, but steadily lost strength thereafter. Both Taft and Willkie gained in strength on each ballot, and by the fourth ballot it was obvious that either Willkie or Taft would be the nominee. The key moments came when the delegations of large states such as Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York left Dewey and Vandenberg and switched to Willkie, giving him the victory on the sixth ballot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 9277046, 237818 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 230, 265 ], [ 290, 304 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Willkie's nomination was one of the most dramatic moments in any political convention. Having given little thought to whom he would select as his vice-presidential nominee, Willkie left the decision to convention chairman and Massachusetts Representative Joseph Martin, the House Minority Leader, who suggested Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary from Oregon. Despite the fact that McNary had spearheaded a \"Stop Willkie\" campaign late in the balloting, the convention picked him to be Willkie's running mate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 265841, 981241 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 255, 268 ], [ 334, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Gallup Poll accurately predicted the election outcome. However, the American Institute of Public Opinion, responsible for the Gallup Poll, avoided predicting the outcome, citing a four percent margin of error. The Gallup Poll also found that, if there was no war in Europe, voters preferred Willkie over Roosevelt.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 342640 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 260, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Willkie crusaded against Roosevelt's attempt to break the two-term presidential tradition, arguing that \"if one man is indispensable, then none of us is free.\" Even some Democrats who had supported Roosevelt in the past disapproved of his attempt to win a third term, and Willkie hoped to win their votes. Willkie also criticized what he claimed was the incompetence and waste in Roosevelt's New Deal welfare programs. He stated that as president he would keep most of Roosevelt's government programs, but would make them more efficient.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 19283361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 392, 400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, many Americans still blamed business leaders for the Great Depression, and the fact that Willkie symbolized \"Big Business\" hurt him with many working-class voters. Willkie was a fearless campaigner; he often visited industrial areas where Republicans were still blamed for causing the Great Depression and where Roosevelt was highly popular. In these areas, Willkie frequently had rotten fruit and vegetables thrown at him and was heckled by crowds; still, he was unfazed.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 73367, 24125442 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 130 ], [ 151, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Willkie also accused Roosevelt of leaving the nation unprepared for war, but Roosevelt's military buildup and transformation of the nation into the \"Arsenal of Democracy\" removed the \"unpreparedness\" charge as a major issue. Willkie then reversed his approach and charged Roosevelt with secretly planning to take the nation into World War II. This accusation did cut into Roosevelt's support. In response, Roosevelt, in a pledge that he would later regret, promised that he would \"not send American boys into any foreign wars.\" The United Kingdom actively intervened throughout the election against isolationism.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 4701558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt led in all pre-election opinion polls by various margins. On Election Day—November 5, 1940, he received 27.3 million votes to Willkie's 22.3 million, and in the Electoral College, he defeated Willkie by a margin of 449 to 82. Willkie did get over six million more votes than the Republican nominee in 1936, Alf Landon, and he ran strong in rural areas in the American Midwest, taking over 57% of the farm vote. Many counties in the Midwest have not voted for a Democrat since. Roosevelt, meanwhile, carried every American city with a population of more than 400,000 except Cincinnati, Ohio. Of the 106 cities with more than 100,000 population, he won 61% of the votes cast; in the Southern United States as a whole, he won 73% of the total vote. In the remainder of the country (the rural and small-town Northern United States), Willkie had a majority of 53%. In the cities, there was a class differential, with the white-collar and middle-class voters supporting the Republican candidate, and working class, blue-collar voters going for FDR. In the North, Roosevelt won 87% of the Jewish vote, 73% of the Catholics, and 61% of the nonmembers, while all the major Protestant denominations showed majorities for Willkie.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 36856552, 85533, 104466, 212614, 104697, 18522615, 179553, 509638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 47 ], [ 171, 188 ], [ 317, 327 ], [ 350, 355 ], [ 378, 385 ], [ 583, 593 ], [ 691, 713 ], [ 814, 836 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities decreased from 3,479,000 votes in the 1936 election to 2,112,000 votes, but it was still higher than his result from the 1932 election when he won by 1,791,000 votes. Of the 3,094 counties/independent cities, Roosevelt won in 1,947 (62.93%) while Willkie carried 1,147 (37.07%).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As a result of Willkie's gains, Roosevelt became the second of only three presidents in United States history to win re-election with a lower percentage of both the electoral vote and the popular vote than in the prior election, preceded by James Madison in 1812 and followed by Barack Obama in 2012. Andrew Jackson in 1832 and Grover Cleveland in 1892 received more electoral votes but fewer popular votes, while Woodrow Wilson in 1916 received more popular votes but fewer electoral votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 15950, 40476, 534366, 20102947, 1623, 40511, 12495, 40528, 33523, 40535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 241, 254 ], [ 258, 262 ], [ 279, 291 ], [ 295, 299 ], [ 301, 315 ], [ 319, 323 ], [ 328, 344 ], [ 348, 352 ], [ 414, 428 ], [ 432, 436 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Willkie and McNary both died in 1944 (October 8, and February 25, respectively); the first, and to date only time both members of a major-party presidential ticket died during the term for which they sought election. Had they been elected, Willkie's death would have resulted in the Secretary of State becoming acting president for the remainder of the term ending on January 20, 1945, in accordance with the Presidential Succession Act of 1886.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 222506, 55834 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 311, 327 ], [ 409, 444 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (19 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (192 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (83 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The British government engaged covert intelligence operations to support Roosevelt, including the planting of false news stories, wiretaps, \"October surprises\", and other intelligence activities.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1940 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1342270 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1940 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1314890 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1918–45)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 265082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21205724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Plot Against America, a 2004 alternative history by Philip Roth, premised on the 1940 defeat of Roosevelt by Charles Lindbergh", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1013901, 1203, 151398, 82981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ], [ 34, 53 ], [ 57, 68 ], [ 114, 131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bring the Jubilee, a 1953 alternative history novel by Ward Moore, set in a universe where the Confederacy won the American Civil War, where the election is contested by Whig candidate Thomas E. Dewey and Populist candidate Jennings Lewis.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1903199, 1203, 571878, 863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 27, 46 ], [ 56, 66 ], [ 116, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Barnard, Ellsworth . Wendell Willkie: Fighter for Freedom (1966)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bowen, Michael D. The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party (U of North Carolina Press, 2011).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Burns, James MacGregor. Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1956)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 3257957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cole, Wayne S. America First: The Battle against Intervention, 1940–41 (1953)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cole, Wayne S. Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle against American Intervention in World War II (1974)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History (2015) pp.153–66.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Divine, Robert A. Foreign policy and U.S. presidential elections, 1940-1948 (1974) [ online; pp 3–90 on 1940, ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Doenecke, Justus D. Storm on the Horizon: The Challenge to American Intervention, 1939–1941 (2000).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Doenecke, Justus D. The Battle Against Intervention, 1939–1941 (1997), includes short narrative and primary documents.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dunn, Susan. 1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler-the Election Amid the Storm (Yale UP, 2013).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Evjen, Henry O. \"The Willkie Campaign; An Unfortunate Chapter in Republican Leadership\", Journal of Politics (1952) 14#2 pp.241–56 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gamm, Gerald H. The making of the New Deal Democrats: Voting behavior and realignment in Boston, 1920-1940 (U of Chicago Press, 1989).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gleason, S. Everett and William L. Langer. The Undeclared War, 1940–1941 1953 Policy toward war in Europe; pro FDR", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 25884511, 4298539 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 25, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Grant, Philip A., Jr. \"The Presidential Election of 1940 in Missouri.\" Missouri Historical Review 1988 83(1) pp 1–16. Abstract: Missouri serves as a good barometer of nationwide political sentiment; The two major political parties considered Missouri a key state in the 1940 presidential election. Wendell Willkie captured 64 of the state's 114 counties, but huge majorities in the urban counties carried the state for Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jeffries, John W. A Third Term for FDR: The Election of 1940 (University Press of Kansas, 2017). xiv, 264 pp.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jensen, Richard. \"The cities reelect Roosevelt: Ethnicity, religion, and class in 1940.\" Ethnicity. An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Study of Ethnic Relations (1981) 8#2 pp 189–195.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jonas, Manfred. Isolationism in America, 1935–1941 (1966).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Katz, Daniel. \"The public opinion polls and the 1940 election.\" Public Opinion Quarterly 5.1 (1941) 52–78.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Luconi, Stefano. \"Machine Politics and the Consolidation of the Roosevelt Majority: The Case of Italian Americans in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia.\" Journal of American Ethnic History (1996) 32–59. in JSTOR", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Moe, Richard. Roosevelt's Second Act: The Election of 1940 and the Politics of War (Oxford UP, 2013).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Neal, Steve. Dark Horse: A Biography of Wendell Willkie (1989)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Overacker, Louise. \"Campaign finance in the Presidential Election of 1940.\" American Political Science Review 35.4 (1941): 701–727. in JSTOR", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 63870650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Parmet, Herbert S., and Marie B. Hecht. Never again: A president runs for a third term (1968).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Peters, Charles. Five Days in Philadelphia: 1940, Wendell Willkie, FDR and the Political Convention That Won World War II (2006).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Robinson, Edgar Eugene. They Voted for Roosevelt: The Presidential Vote 1932-1944 (1947). Election returns by County for every state.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ross, Hugh. \"John L. Lewis and the Election of 1940.\" Labor History 1976 17(2) 160–189. Abstract: The breach between John L. Lewis and Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 stemmed from domestic and foreign policy concerns. The struggle to organize the steel industry, and after 1938, business attempts to erode Walsh-Healy and the Fair Labor Standards Act provided the backdrop for the feud. But activities of Nazi agents, working through William Rhodes Davis, increased Lewis' suspicions of Roosevelt's interventionist foreign policy and were important in the decision to support Wendell Willkie.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 27906586, 1958801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 434, 454 ], [ 499, 529 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Savage, Sean J. \"The 1936-1944 Campaigns,\" in William D. Pederson, ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp 96–113 ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Schneider, James C. Should America Go to War? The Debate over Foreign Policy in Chicago, 1939–1941 (1989)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.; Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from USA online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 19908296 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gallup, George H. ed. The Gallup Poll, Volume One 1935–1948 (1972) statistical reports on each poll", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 100077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1940 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1940 election?– Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1940 in Counting the Votes", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1940_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt", "Franklin_D._Roosevelt", "November_1940_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election of 1940", "United States presidential election, 1940" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1944 United States presidential election was the 40th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 7, 1944. The election took place during World War II. Incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Thomas E. Dewey to win an unprecedented fourth term. Until 1996, this would be the last time in which an incumbent Democratic president would win re-election after serving a full term in office, and the last time until 2012 in which the incumbent president won re-election with fewer electoral votes and a smaller popular vote margin than had been won in the previous election. It was also the fifth presidential election and the second consecutive presidential election in United States history, where both major party candidates were registered in the same home state, with the other(s) being 1860, 1904, 1920, and 1940. This would not happen again until the 2016 presidential election between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32927, 5043544, 24113, 10979, 32070, 45596, 32077, 20102947, 63876, 40519, 40532, 40536, 40559, 21377251, 4848272, 5043192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 166, 178 ], [ 190, 200 ], [ 201, 210 ], [ 211, 232 ], [ 242, 252 ], [ 253, 268 ], [ 312, 316 ], [ 472, 476 ], [ 728, 749 ], [ 849, 853 ], [ 855, 859 ], [ 861, 865 ], [ 871, 875 ], [ 915, 941 ], [ 950, 962 ], [ 967, 982 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt had become the first president to win a third term with his victory in the 1940 presidential election, with little doubt that he would seek a fourth term. Unlike in 1940, Roosevelt faced little opposition within his own party, and he easily won the presidential nomination of the 1944 Democratic National Convention. Concerned that Roosevelt's ill health would mean the vice president would likely become president, the convention dropped Roosevelt's vice president Henry A. Wallace in favor of Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri. Governor Dewey of New York emerged as the front-runner for the Republican nomination after his victory in the Wisconsin primary, and he defeated conservative Governor John W. Bricker at the 1944 Republican National Convention.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 40559, 9047812, 20546895, 92220, 3418303, 308249, 9276937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 111 ], [ 290, 325 ], [ 441, 448 ], [ 476, 492 ], [ 513, 528 ], [ 709, 724 ], [ 732, 767 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As World War II was going well for the United States and its Allies, Roosevelt remained popular despite his long tenure. Dewey campaigned against the New Deal and for a smaller government, but was ultimately unsuccessful in convincing the country to change course. The election was closer than Roosevelt's other presidential campaigns, but Roosevelt still won by a comfortable margin in the popular vote and by a wide margin in the Electoral College. Rumors of Roosevelt's ill health, although somewhat dispelled by his vigorous campaigning, proved to be prescient; Roosevelt died less than three months into his fourth term and was succeeded by Truman.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2198844, 19283361, 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 67 ], [ 150, 158 ], [ 432, 449 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of 2022, this was the most recent presidential election in which a Democratic ticket has won every state of the former Confederacy as well as the entire southern region. This is the first election since 1892 that a Democrat won without Wyoming or Ohio. Roosevelt is the only president to serve for more than two terms; in 1951, the Twenty-second Amendment was ratified, limiting the number of terms a person may be president. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 70132 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 335, 358 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "President Roosevelt was the popular, wartime incumbent and faced little formal opposition. Although many Southern Democrats mistrusted Roosevelt's racial policies, he brought enormous war activities to the region and the end of its marginal status was in sight. No major figure opposed Roosevelt publicly, and he was re-nominated easily when the Democratic Convention met in Chicago. Some pro-segregationist delegates tried to unite behind Virginia senator Harry F. Byrd, but he refused to campaign actively against Roosevelt, and did not get enough delegates to seriously threaten the President's chances.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 6886, 723104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 375, 382 ], [ 457, 470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The obvious physical decline in the president's appearance, as well as rumors of secret health problems, led many delegates and party leaders to strongly oppose Vice President Henry A. Wallace for a second term. Opposition to Wallace came especially from Catholic leaders in big cities and moderate Democrats. Wallace, who had been Roosevelt's vice president since January 1941, was regarded by most conservatives as being too left-wing and personally eccentric to be next in line for the presidency. He had performed so poorly as economic coordinator that Roosevelt had to remove him from that post. Numerous moderate party leaders privately sent word to Roosevelt that they would fight Wallace's re-nomination as vice president and proposed instead Senator Harry S. Truman, a moderate from Missouri. Truman was highly visible as the chairman of a Senate wartime committee investigating fraud and inefficiency in the war program. Roosevelt, who personally liked Wallace and knew little about Truman, agreed reluctantly to accept Truman as his running mate to preserve party unity. Even so, many delegates on the left refused to abandon Wallace, and they voted for him on the first ballot. However, enough large Northern, Midwestern, and Southern states supported Truman to give him victory on the second ballot. The fight over the vice-presidential nomination proved to be consequential; the ticket won and Roosevelt died in April 1945, and Truman instead of Wallace became the nation's thirty-third President.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 92220, 32759, 18499, 3418303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 176, 192 ], [ 344, 358 ], [ 427, 436 ], [ 759, 774 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As 1944 began, the frontrunners for the Republican nomination appeared to be Wendell Willkie, the party's 1940 nominee, Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio, the leader of the party's conservatives, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the leader of the party's moderate eastern establishment, General Douglas MacArthur, then serving as an Allied commander in the Pacific theater of the war, and former Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen, then serving as a U.S. naval officer in the Pacific. Taft surprised many by declining to run for president as he wanted to remain in the Senate; instead, he voiced his support for a fellow Ohio conservative, Governor John W. Bricker.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 34134, 358753, 45596, 48596, 2198844, 237818, 308249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 92 ], [ 128, 142 ], [ 213, 228 ], [ 296, 313 ], [ 334, 340 ], [ 416, 430 ], [ 649, 664 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With Taft out of the race some Republican conservatives favored General MacArthur. However, MacArthur's chances were limited by the fact that he was leading Allied forces against Japan, and thus could not campaign for the nomination. His supporters entered his name in the Wisconsin primary nonetheless. The Wisconsin primary proved to be the key contest, as Dewey won by a surprisingly wide margin. He took fourteen delegates to four for Harold Stassen, while MacArthur won the three remaining delegates. Willkie was shut out in the Wisconsin primary; he did not win a single delegate. His unexpectedly poor showing in Wisconsin forced him to withdraw as a candidate for the nomination. However, at the time of his sudden death in early October 1944, Willkie had endorsed neither Dewey nor Roosevelt. At the 1944 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Dewey easily overcame Bricker and was nominated for president on the first ballot. Dewey, a moderate to liberal Republican, chose the conservative Bricker as his running mate. Dewey originally preferred fellow liberal California Governor Earl Warren, but agreed on Bricker to preserve party unity (Warren would go on to run with Dewey in the 1948 election). Bricker was nominated for vice president by acclamation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 9276937, 71908, 40562, 957910 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 809, 844 ], [ 1095, 1106 ], [ 1199, 1212 ], [ 1259, 1270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Republicans campaigned against the New Deal, seeking a smaller government and less-regulated economy as the end of the war seemed in sight. Nonetheless, Roosevelt's continuing popularity was the main theme of the campaign. To quiet rumors of his poor health, Roosevelt insisted on making a vigorous campaign swing in October and rode in an open car through city streets.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 19283361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Numerous campaign songs for F.D.R. were written, possibly in an effort to advertise on radio during radio's Golden Age. These included 1940's \"Franklin D. Roosevelt's Back Again\" and \"Mister Roosevelt, Won't You Please Run Again.\" In 1944, Broadway actress Mary Crane Hone published piano march \"Let's Re-Re-Re-Elect Roosevelt.\" Its lyrics were:Let's make each one of our blows felt", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 82583, 71497473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 118 ], [ 257, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the causes of humanity and war.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With world peace just around the corner,", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 45506 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His leadership is necessary still.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "So - Let's Re-Re-Re-Elect Roosevelt...", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A high point of the campaign occurred when Roosevelt, speaking to a meeting of labor union leaders, gave a speech carried on national radio in which he ridiculed Republican claims that his administration was corrupt and wasteful with tax money. He particularly derided a Republican claim that he had sent a US Navy warship to pick up his Scottish Terrier Fala in Alaska, noting that \"Fala was furious\" at such rumors. The speech was met with loud laughter and applause from the labor leaders. In response, Governor Dewey gave a blistering partisan speech in Oklahoma City a few days later on national radio, in which he accused Roosevelt of being \"indispensable\" to corrupt big-city Democratic organizations and American Communists; he also referred to members of Roosevelt's cabinet as a \"motley crew\". However, American battlefield successes in Europe and the Pacific during the campaign, such as the liberation of Paris in August 1944 and the successful Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines in October 1944, made President Roosevelt unbeatable.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 17626, 182631, 1952661, 57848, 452981, 741843, 189095, 23440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 90 ], [ 338, 354 ], [ 355, 359 ], [ 558, 571 ], [ 712, 731 ], [ 903, 922 ], [ 957, 977 ], [ 985, 996 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout the campaign, Roosevelt led Dewey in all the polls by varying margins. On election day, the Democratic incumbent scored a fairly comfortable victory over his Republican challenger. Roosevelt took 36 states for 432 electoral votes (266 were needed to win), while Dewey won twelve states and 99 electoral votes. In the popular vote, Roosevelt won 25,612,916 (53.4%) votes to Dewey's 22,017,929 (45.9%). Dewey conceded in a radio address the following morning, but declined personally calling or sending a telegram to President Roosevelt. Roosevelt sent Dewey a telegram reading, \"I thank you for your statement, which I heard over the air a few minutes ago.\" Roosevelt's victory made him the only person ever to win the presidential popular vote four times, and neither party would win the popular vote four consecutive times until the Democrats did so in all four elections from 2008 to 2020.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 36856552, 406859, 48410011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 61 ], [ 890, 894 ], [ 898, 902 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The important question had been which leader, Roosevelt or Dewey, should be chosen for the critical days of peacemaking and reconstruction following the war's conclusion. Most American voters concluded that they should retain the governing party, and particularly the president who represented it. They also felt it unsafe to do so in \"wartime\", in view of ever-increasing domestic disagreements.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Dewey did better against Roosevelt than any of Roosevelt's previous three Republican opponents: Roosevelt's percentage and margin of the total vote were both less than in 1940. Dewey flipped the states of Wyoming, Wisconsin, and Ohio from the previous election, while Roosevelt flipped Michigan. Dewey also gained the personal satisfaction of finishing ahead of Roosevelt in his hometown of Hyde Park, New York, and ahead of Truman in his hometown of Independence, Missouri. Dewey would again become the Republican presidential nominee in 1948, challenging President Truman (who had assumed that office on FDR's death), and would again lose, though by somewhat smaller popular- and electoral-vote margins.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 126377, 150735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 391, 410 ], [ 451, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roosevelt's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities increased from 2,112,000 votes in the 1940 election to 2,230,000 votes. Of the 3,095 counties/independent cities making returns, Roosevelt won the most popular votes in 1,751 (56.58%) while Dewey carried 1,343 (43.39%). The Texas Regular ticket carried one county (0.03%). In New York, only the combined support of the American Labor and Liberal parties (pledged to Roosevelt but otherwise independent of the Democrats to maintain their identities) enabled Roosevelt to win the electoral votes of his home state.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 91412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 310, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1944, the constantly growing Southern protest against Roosevelt's leadership became clearest in Texas, where 135,553 people voted against Roosevelt but not for the Republican ticket. The Texas Regular ticket resulted from a split in the Democratic Party in its two state conventions, May 23 and September 12, 1944. This ticket, which represented the Democratic element opposing the re-election of President Roosevelt, called for the \"restoration of states' rights which have been destroyed by the Communist New Deal\" and \"restoration of the supremacy of the white race\". Its electors were uninstructed.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 407755, 33178 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 452, 466 ], [ 540, 571 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As he had in 1940, Roosevelt won re-election with a lower percentage of both the electoral vote and the popular vote than he had received in the prior elections—the second of only three American presidents to do so, preceded by James Madison in 1812 and followed by Barack Obama in 2012. Andrew Jackson in 1832 and Grover Cleveland in 1892 had received more electoral votes but fewer popular votes, while Woodrow Wilson in 1916 had received more popular votes but fewer electoral votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40559, 15950, 40476, 534366, 20102947, 1623, 40511, 12495, 40528, 33523, 40535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 17 ], [ 228, 241 ], [ 245, 249 ], [ 266, 278 ], [ 282, 286 ], [ 288, 302 ], [ 306, 310 ], [ 315, 331 ], [ 335, 339 ], [ 405, 419 ], [ 423, 427 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This is the last election in which New Hampshire and Oregon voted Democratic until 1964 and the last in which Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania did so until 1960. This is", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40566, 40565 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 87 ], [ 205, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "one of three elections since 1896 which the eventual winner did not carry Ohio. The other two elections", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "are 1960 and 2020.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 432 electoral votes received by Roosevelt, added to the 449 electoral votes he received in 1940, and the 523 electoral votes he received in 1936, and the 472 electoral votes he received in 1932, gave him the most total electoral votes received by any candidate who was elected to the office of president since he is the only president to serve more than two terms (1,876)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40559, 40558, 40556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 99 ], [ 144, 148 ], [ 193, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (25 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (165 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (138 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " President of the United States", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 24113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1944 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1342249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1944 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1314472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United States home front during World War II", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5129610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hell-Bent for Election, an animated Roosevelt campaign film.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1594892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21210828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Davis, Michael. Politics as Usual: Thomas Dewey, Franklin Roosevelt, and the Wartime Presidential Campaign of 1944 (Cornell UP, 2014).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Divine, Robert A. Foreign policy and U.S. presidential elections, 1940-1948 (1974) online free to borrow pp 91 to 166 on 1944.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Evans, Hugh E. The Hidden Campaign: FDR's Health and the 1944 Election (ME Sharpe, 2002).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hamby, Alonzo L. Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (1995), chapter 17", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 53402299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kennedy, Patrick D. \"Chicago's Irish Americans and the Candidacies of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1932-1944.\" Illinois Historical Journal 88.4 (1995): 263-278 online.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Luconi, Stefano. \"The Impact of World War II on the Political Behavior of the Italian-American Electorate in New York City.\" New York History (2002): 404-417 online.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Norpoth, Helmut. Unsurpassed: The Popular Appeal of Franklin Roosevelt (Oxford University Press, 2018).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Savage, Sean J. \"The 1936-1944 Campaigns,\" in William D. Pederson, ed. A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt (2011) pp 96–113 online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Smith, Richard Norton. Thomas E. Dewey and His Times (1984), the standard scholarly biography", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 8585275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.; Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls from USA online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 19908296 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gallup, George H. ed. The Gallup Poll, Volume One 1935–1948 (1972) statistical reports on each poll", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 100077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tuesday In November: The 1944 Presidential Election", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1944 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1944 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1944 in Counting the Votes", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1944_United_States_presidential_election", "United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II", "Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt", "Franklin_D._Roosevelt", "Harry_S._Truman", "November_1944_events" ]

[ "United States presidential election of 1944", "United States presidential election, 1944" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1948 United States presidential election was the 41st quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 2, 1948. In one of the greatest election upsets in American history, incumbent President Harry S. Truman, the Democratic nominee, defeated Republican Governor Thomas E. Dewey.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 1169845, 63876, 24113, 3418303, 5043544, 32070, 45596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 167, 173 ], [ 177, 193 ], [ 205, 214 ], [ 215, 230 ], [ 236, 246 ], [ 265, 275 ], [ 285, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman had ascended to the presidency in April 1945 after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Defeating attempts to drop him from the ticket, Truman won the presidential nomination at the 1948 Democratic National Convention. The Democratic convention's civil rights plank caused a walk-out by several Southern delegates, who launched a third-party \"Dixiecrat\" ticket led by Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. The Dixiecrats hoped to win enough electoral votes to force a contingent election in the House of Representatives, where they could extract concessions from either Dewey or Truman in exchange for their support. Truman also faced a challenge from his party in the form of former Vice President Henry A. Wallace, who launched the Progressive Party and challenged Truman's confrontational Cold War policies. Dewey, who was the leader of his party's liberal eastern wing and had been the 1944 Republican presidential nominee, defeated Senator Robert A. Taft and other challengers at the 1948 Republican National Convention. This was the first election to have primary and general election debates with Dewey debating Harold Stassen in the Republican primary while Norman Thomas debated Farrell Dobbs in the general election.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10979, 861412, 319501, 158006, 44642, 27956, 85533, 52185316, 19468510, 92220, 3976426, 325329, 358753, 1934458, 237818, 258776, 433035 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 92 ], [ 188, 223 ], [ 337, 348 ], [ 350, 359 ], [ 384, 398 ], [ 402, 416 ], [ 453, 468 ], [ 480, 499 ], [ 507, 531 ], [ 711, 727 ], [ 746, 763 ], [ 804, 812 ], [ 957, 971 ], [ 1001, 1036 ], [ 1131, 1145 ], [ 1178, 1191 ], [ 1200, 1213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman's feisty campaign style energized his base of traditional Democrats, consisting of most of the white South, as well as labor unions, and Catholic and Jewish voters; he also fared surprisingly well with Midwestern farmers. Dewey ran a low-risk campaign and largely avoided directly criticizing Truman. With the three-way split in the Democratic Party, and with Truman's low approval ratings, Truman was widely considered to be the underdog in the race, and virtually every prediction (with or without public opinion polls) indicated that Dewey would defeat Truman.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Defying these predictions, Truman won the election with 303 electoral votes to Dewey's 189. Truman also won 49.6% of the popular vote compared to Dewey's 45.1%, while the third party candidacies of Thurmond and Wallace each won less than 3% of the popular vote, with Thurmond carrying four southern states. Truman's surprise victory was the fifth consecutive presidential win for the Democratic Party, the longest winning streak for either party since the 1880 election. With simultaneous success in the 1948 congressional elections, the Democrats regained control of both houses of Congress, which they had lost in 1946. Thus, Truman's election confirmed the Democratic Party's status as the nation's majority party. This was the last presidential election before the admission of the Twenty-second Amendment in 1951, limiting the number of terms a person may be president. This is the last time a Democrat won without New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, and the only time they have done so without Maryland. This was the first election that a Democrat won without the Deep South states of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, and the first since 1836 that they won without South Carolina, and the first since 1916 that they won without Oregon, New York, and New Jersey.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 40525, 18412316, 70132, 8210131, 23332, 7930, 18858, 18130, 16949861, 303, 27956, 26811621, 8210131, 21648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 456, 469 ], [ 504, 532 ], [ 786, 809 ], [ 920, 928 ], [ 930, 942 ], [ 948, 956 ], [ 1002, 1010 ], [ 1093, 1102 ], [ 1104, 1115 ], [ 1121, 1128 ], [ 1177, 1191 ], [ 1240, 1246 ], [ 1248, 1256 ], [ 1262, 1272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 12, the Democratic National Convention convened in Philadelphia in the same arena where the Republicans had met a few weeks earlier. Spirits were low; the Republicans had taken control of both houses of the United States Congress and a majority of state governorships during the 1946 mid-term elections, and the public opinion polls showed Truman trailing Republican nominee Dewey, sometimes by double digits. Furthermore, some liberal Democrats had joined Henry A. Wallace's new Progressive Party, and party leaders feared that Wallace would take enough votes from Truman to give the large Northern and Midwestern states to the Republicans. Conservatives dominated the party in the South, and they were angered by the growing voice of labor unions and black voters in the party outside the South. The hope that Truman would reverse course had faded by 1947, when he vetoed the Taft-Hartley Law, which would have helped control union power. Truman's appointment of a liberal civil rights commission convinced Southern conservatives that to re-establish their voice they had to threaten third-party action to defeat Truman in 1948. Truman was aware of his unpopularity. In July 1947, he privately offered to be Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination, an offer which Eisenhower declined. Truman's offer to Eisenhower did not become public knowledge during the campaign.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 861412, 1955087, 31756, 92220, 55837, 49001, 319501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 46 ], [ 79, 89 ], [ 215, 237 ], [ 465, 481 ], [ 886, 902 ], [ 983, 995 ], [ 1094, 1105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a result of Truman's low standing in the polls, several Democratic party bosses began working to \"dump\" Truman and nominate a more popular candidate. Among the leaders of this movement were Jacob Arvey, the head of the powerful Cook County (Chicago) Democratic organization; Frank Hague, the boss of New Jersey; James Roosevelt, the eldest son of former President Franklin D. Roosevelt; and liberal Senator Claude Pepper from Florida. The rebels hoped to draft Eisenhower as the Democratic presidential candidate. On July 10, Eisenhower officially refused to be a candidate. There was then an attempt to put forward Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, but Douglas also declared that he would not be a presidential candidate. Finally, Senator Pepper declared his intention to challenge Truman for the presidential nomination. His candidacy collapsed when the liberal Americans for Democratic Action and the Congress of Industrial Organizations withheld their support, partly due to concerns over Pepper's attacks on Truman's foreign policy decisions regarding the Soviet Union. As a result of the refusal by most of the dump-Truman delegates to support him, Pepper withdrew his candidacy for the nomination on July 16. Lacking a candidate acceptable to all sides, the leaders of the dump-Truman movement reluctantly agreed to support Truman for the nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 20050673, 383021, 1738051, 10979, 826782, 365245, 380045, 41339142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 193, 204 ], [ 278, 289 ], [ 315, 330 ], [ 367, 388 ], [ 410, 423 ], [ 641, 659 ], [ 875, 906 ], [ 915, 951 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the Democratic Convention, Truman initially proposed a civil rights plank to the party platform that moderated the strong vocal support for civil rights that he had expressed at the NAACP convention in 1947, and to Congress in February 1948. This proposal disappointed Northern and Western liberals who wanted more swift and sweeping reforms in civil rights, but it also failed to placate Southern conservatives, and both sides decided to present their own amendments and proposals to Truman's civil rights plank. Former Texas Governor Dan Moody proposed a plank that supported the status quo of states' rights; a similar but shorter proposal was made by Cecil Sims of the Tennessee delegation. On the liberal side, Wisconsin Representative Andrew Biemiller proposed a strong civil rights plank which was more explicit and direct in its language than Truman's convention proposal. Minneapolis Mayor Hubert Humphrey led the support for the Biemiller plank. In his speech to the convention, Humphrey memorably stated that \"the time has come for the Democratic Party to get out of the shadow of states' rights and walk forthrightly into the bright sunshine of human rights!\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 37071, 837641, 3619435, 42636 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 70 ], [ 539, 548 ], [ 744, 760 ], [ 902, 917 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman and his staff knew it was highly likely that any civil rights plank would lead to Southern delegates staging a walk-out in protest, but Truman believed that civil rights was an important moral cause and ultimately abandoned his advisers' attempts to \"soften the approach\" with the moderate plank; so the President supported and defended the \"Crackpot\" Biemiller plank, which passed by 651.5 votes to 582.5. It also received strong support from many of the big-city party bosses, most of whom felt that the civil rights platform would encourage the growing black population in their cities to vote for the Democrats. The passage of the civil rights platform caused some three dozen Southern delegates, led by South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond, to walk out of the convention. The Southern delegates who remained nominated Senator Richard Russell Jr. from Georgia for the Democratic nomination as a rebuke to Truman. Nonetheless, 947 Democratic delegates voted for Truman as the Democratic nominee, while Russell received only 266 votes, all from the South. Truman's first choice for his running mate was Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, hoping that it might make the ticket more appealing to liberals. Douglas refused the nomination. Needing an alternative, Truman then selected Senator Alben W. Barkley from Kentucky, who had delivered the convention's keynote address, as his running mate, with this nomination being made by acclamation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 44642, 419713, 92221, 16846, 937662 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 739, 753 ], [ 840, 859 ], [ 1306, 1322 ], [ 1328, 1336 ], [ 1373, 1388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman gave a fighting acceptance speech, he stated that \"Senator Barkley and I will win this election and make the Republicans like it - don't you forget it!... We will do that because they are wrong and we are right.\" He claimed that the Republican Party had, \"ever since its inception...been under the control of special privilege; and they have completely proved it in the Eightieth Congress.\" At the end of the speech, the \"delegates rose to their feet and cheered loudly for two minutes...for a moment Truman had created the illusion – few regarded it as more than an illusion – that the Democrats had a fighting chance in November.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For both Republicans and Democrats, there was a boom for General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the most popular general of World War II and a favorite in the polls. Unlike the latter movement within the Democratic Party, however, the Republican draft movement came largely from the grassroots of the party. By January 23, 1948, the grassroots movement had successfully entered Eisenhower's name into every state holding a Republican presidential primary, and polls gave him a significant lead against all other contenders. With the first state primary approaching, Eisenhower was forced to make a quick decision. Stating that soldiers should keep out of politics, Eisenhower declined to run and requested that the grassroots draft movement cease its activities. After a number of failed efforts to get Eisenhower to reconsider, the organization disbanded, with the majority of its leadership endorsing the presidential campaign of the former Governor of Minnesota, Harold Stassen. With Eisenhower refusing to run, the contest for the Republican nomination was between Stassen, New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio, California Governor Earl Warren, General Douglas MacArthur, and Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg from Michigan, the senior Republican in the Senate. Dewey, who had been the Republican nominee in 1944, was regarded as the frontrunner when the primaries began. Dewey was the acknowledged leader of the Republican Party's Eastern Establishment. In 1946 he had been re-elected governor of New York by the largest margin in state history. Dewey's handicap was that many Republicans disliked him on a personal level; he often struck observers as cold, stiff, and calculating. Taft was the leader of the Republican Party's conservative wing, which was strongest in the Midwest and parts of the South. Taft called for abolishing many New Deal welfare programs, which he felt were harmful to business interests, and he was skeptical of American involvement in foreign alliances such as the United Nations. Taft had two major weaknesses: He was a plodding, dull campaigner, and he was viewed by most party leaders as being too conservative and controversial to win a presidential election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 8182, 19590, 237818, 45596, 358753, 71908, 48596, 342031, 40560, 357311, 19283361, 31769 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 85 ], [ 946, 955 ], [ 957, 971 ], [ 1087, 1102 ], [ 1112, 1126 ], [ 1158, 1169 ], [ 1179, 1196 ], [ 1210, 1230 ], [ 1329, 1333 ], [ 1453, 1474 ], [ 1860, 1868 ], [ 2015, 2029 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both Vandenberg and Warren were highly popular in their home states, but each refused to campaign in the primaries, which limited their chances of winning the nomination. Their supporters, however, hoped that in the event of a Dewey-Taft-Stassen deadlock, the convention would turn to their man as a compromise candidate. General MacArthur, the famous war hero, was especially popular among conservatives. Since he was serving in Japan as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers occupying that nation, he was unable to campaign for the nomination. He did make it known, however, that he would accept the GOP nomination if it were offered to him, and some conservative Republicans hoped that by winning a primary contest he could prove his popularity with voters. They chose to enter his name in the Wisconsin primary. His candidacy was enthusiastically supported by William Randolph Hearst in all of his newspapers. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 345384, 33536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 443, 481 ], [ 869, 892 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The \"surprise\" candidate of 1948 was Stassen, a liberal from Minnesota. In 1938, Stassen had been elected governor of Minnesota at the age of 31; he resigned as governor in 1943 to serve in the wartime Navy. In 1945 he served on the committee that created the United Nations. Stassen was widely regarded as the most liberal of the Republican candidates, yet during the primaries he was criticized for being vague on many issues. Stassen stunned Dewey and MacArthur in the Wisconsin primary; Stassen's surprise victory virtually eliminated General MacArthur, whose supporters had made a major effort on his behalf. Stassen defeated Dewey again in the Nebraska primary, thus making him the new frontrunner. He then made the strategic mistake of trying to beat Taft in Ohio, Taft's home state. Stassen believed that if he could defeat Taft in his home state, Taft would be forced to quit the race and most of Taft's delegates would support him instead of Dewey. Taft defeated Stassen in his native Ohio, and Stassen earned the hostility of the party's conservatives. Even so, Stassen was still leading Dewey in the polls for the upcoming Oregon primary. Dewey, however, realized that losing another primary would end his chances at the nomination, and he decided to make an all-out effort in Oregon.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 31769 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 260, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In April 1948, Dewey sent Paul Lockwood, one of his top aides, to build a strong grassroots organization in the state. Working with $150,000 sent by Dewey's powerful New York political organization (three times the previous record spent in an Oregon primary), Lockwood paid \"for 126 billboards, hundreds of sixty-second radio spots on every station in the state, and half-hour broadcasts each noon...The daily Portland Oregonian carried five Dewey advertisements a day.\" Dewey also extensively campaigned in Oregon, spending three weeks in the state. He \"invaded every hamlet, no matter how isolated, speaking at rural crossroads and shaking hands in hamburger stands. One journalist commented that Dewey was the greatest explorer of Oregon since Lewis and Clark.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 346055, 17615 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 410, 428 ], [ 747, 762 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dewey also agreed to debate Stassen in Oregon on national radio. Held on May 17, 1948, it was the first-ever radio debate between presidential candidates. The sole issue of the debate concerned whether to outlaw the Communist Party of the United States. Stassen, despite his liberal reputation, argued in favor of outlawing the party, stating his belief that a network of Soviet-directed Communist spies \"within the U.S. demanded immediate, and punitive, response...Why did Dewey oppose such a ban? Stassen wanted to know.\" \"We must not coddle Communism with legality\", Stassen insisted. Dewey - while criticizing Communist totalitarianism and Soviet actions in the Cold War - still forcefully argued against banning the Communist Party: \"This outlawing idea is nothing new...for thousands of years despots have tortured, imprisoned, killed, and exiled their opponents, and their governments have always fallen into the dust.\" Dewey ended his turn in the debate by stating that \"I am unalterably, wholeheartedly, and unswervingly against any scheme to write laws outlawing people because of their religious, political, social, or economic ideas. I am against it because it is a violation of the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights...I am against it because I know from a great many years of experience in law enforcement that the proposal wouldn't work. Stripped to its naked essentials...this is nothing but the method of Hitler and Stalin. It is thought control...an attempt to beat down ideas with a club. It is a surrender of everything we believe in.\" Surveys showed that from 40 to 80 million people nationwide listened to the debate, and most observers rated Dewey as the winner. Four days after the debate, Dewey defeated Stassen in the Oregon primary. From this point forward, the New York governor had the momentum he needed to win his party's second nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 25673823, 452981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 121 ], [ 216, 252 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1948 Republican National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the first presidential convention to be shown on national television. At this time, there were 27 television stations in full operation in the U.S. and an estimated 350,000 TV sets in the whole country. As the convention opened, Dewey was believed to have a large lead in the delegate count. His campaign managers, such as Herbert Brownell Jr., Edwin Jaeckle, and J. Russell Sprague, were \"as skillful a group of operators as ever manipulated a convention...it was said at the convention that the Dewey forces \"could have won even with Taft\" as their candidate.\" His main opponent, Senator Taft, was hobbled by an ineffective campaign team that one writer called \"bumblers\", and another historian noted that Taft's campaign manager, Ohio Congressman Clarence J. Brown, \"seemed no match for Herbert Brownell...while the Dewey forces were busy flattering delegates and hinting at promises of patronage, Brown was still worrying about such mundane matters as hotel rooms and seats in the gallery for his friends.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1934458, 50585, 411159, 2962425, 2500020, 881912 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 52, 64 ], [ 410, 430 ], [ 432, 445 ], [ 451, 469 ], [ 837, 854 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taft and Stassen, Dewey's leading opponents, met in Taft's hotel suite to plan a \"stop-Dewey\" movement. A key obstacle soon developed, however, as both men refused to unite behind a single candidate to oppose Dewey: \"The essence of their impasse was simple. Neither Stassen nor Taft hated Dewey enough to withdraw [in favor of the other], and neither man thought he could get his delegates to follow if he did.\" Instead, both Taft and Stassen, along with Senator Vandenberg, simply agreed to try to hold their own delegates in the hopes of preventing Dewey from obtaining a majority. This proved to be futile, as Dewey's efficient campaign team methodically gathered the remaining delegates they needed to win the nomination. Stassen tried to contact General Eisenhower to ask him to reconsider becoming a candidate, but Eisenhower \"could not be reached.\" After the second round of balloting, Dewey was only 33 votes short of victory. Taft then called Stassen and urged him to withdraw from the race and endorse him as Dewey's main opponent. When Stassen refused, Taft wrote a concession statement and had it read to the convention at the start of the third ballot; at this point the other candidates also dropped out, and Dewey was then nominated unanimously by acclamation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 957910 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1263, 1274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dewey's campaign team originally wanted Illinois Governor Dwight Green to be his running mate, but the opposition of Colonel Robert R. McCormick, the powerful publisher of the Chicago Tribune, nixed his chances. According to journalist Jules Abels, Dewey managers Brownell, Sprague, and Jaeckle then appeared to offer the vice-presidential nomination to influential Indiana Congressman Charles Halleck, in exchange for Halleck delivering the entire Indiana delegation to Dewey. Halleck did so, but Dewey, who had not been present at the meeting between his managers and Halleck, decided to reject his candidacy, telling his aides \"Halleck won't do.\" After Dewey told Halleck of his decision, Halleck \"was first speechless with disbelief and then overcome with emotion.\" He told Dewey that \"you're running out on the Eightieth Congress, and you'll be sorry!\" Abels wrote that Dewey's decision to deny Halleck the vice-presidential bid \"may have been a fateful one...Halleck with his forceful personality might have changed the tone of the Dewey campaign, and certainly the issue of the record of the GOP-controlled Eightieth Congress would have to have been met heads on.\" Instead, Dewey chose popular governor (and future Chief Justice) Earl Warren of California as his running mate. Following the convention, most political experts in the news media rated the Republican ticket as an almost-certain winner over the Democrats.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1943198, 1125056, 60961, 2439787, 31739, 71908, 304113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 70 ], [ 125, 144 ], [ 176, 191 ], [ 386, 401 ], [ 1222, 1235 ], [ 1237, 1248 ], [ 1340, 1350 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Meanwhile, the Democratic Party fragmented. A new Progressive Party (the name had been used earlier by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 and Robert M. La Follette in 1924) was created afresh in 1948, with the nomination of Henry A. Wallace, who had served as Secretary of Agriculture, Vice President of the United States, and Secretary of Commerce under Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1946, President Truman had fired Wallace as Secretary of Commerce when Wallace publicly opposed Truman's firm moves to counter the Soviet Union in the Cold War. Wallace's 1948 platform opposed the Cold War policies of President Truman, including the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine. The Progressives proposed stronger government regulation and control of Big Business. They also campaigned to end discrimination against blacks and women, backed a minimum wage, and called for the elimination of the House Un-American Activities Committee, which was investigating the issue of communist spies within the U.S. government and labor unions. Wallace and his supporters believed that the committee was violating the civil liberties of government workers and labor unions. The Progressives also generated a great deal of controversy because of the widespread belief that they were secretly controlled by Communists who were more loyal to the Soviet Union than the United States. Wallace himself denied being a Communist, but he repeatedly refused to disavow their support and, at one point, was quoted as saying that the \"Communists are the closest thing to the early Christian martyrs.\" Walter Reuther, the president of the influential United Auto Workers union, strongly opposed Wallace's candidacy, stating that \"people who are not sympathetic with democracy in America are influencing him.\" Philip Murray, the president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), stated in April 1948 that \"the Communist Party is directly responsible for the creation of the third party [Progressive Party] in the United States.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3976426, 30535, 255189, 92220, 42646, 32759, 44272, 10979, 26779, 325329, 19766, 88556, 73367, 23758960, 9209651, 17626, 37476, 26779, 294500, 320140, 912454, 41339142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 67 ], [ 103, 121 ], [ 134, 155 ], [ 216, 232 ], [ 252, 276 ], [ 278, 313 ], [ 319, 340 ], [ 347, 368 ], [ 504, 516 ], [ 524, 532 ], [ 623, 636 ], [ 641, 656 ], [ 730, 742 ], [ 874, 912 ], [ 951, 960 ], [ 998, 1010 ], [ 1085, 1100 ], [ 1310, 1322 ], [ 1556, 1570 ], [ 1605, 1624 ], [ 1763, 1776 ], [ 1799, 1835 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wallace was also hurt when Westbrook Pegler, a prominent conservative newspaper columnist, revealed that Wallace as vice president had written coded letters discussing prominent politicians such as Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to his controversial Russian New Age spiritual guru Nicholas Roerich; the letters were nicknamed the \"Guru letters.\" In his book Out of the Jaws of Victory, the journalist Jules Abels wrote: \"Personalities were referred to by symbolic titles—Roosevelt was 'The Flaming One', Churchill 'The Roaring Lion', and Cordell Hull 'The Sour One'... some of the letters were signed 'Wallace', others 'Galahad'\", the name that Roerich had assigned Wallace in his cult. This revelation—including direct quotes from the letters—led to much ridicule of Wallace in the national press. The Progressive Party Convention, which was also held in Philadelphia, was a highly contentious affair; several famous newspaper journalists, such as H. L. Mencken and Dorothy Thompson, publicly accused the Progressives of being covertly controlled by Communists. The party's platform was drafted by Lee Pressman, the convention secretary; he later admitted that he had been a member of the Communist party. John Abt served as legal counsel to the convention's permanent chairman, Albert Fitzgerald; he also testified years later that he was a Communist. Rexford Tugwell, a prominent liberal in President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, served as the Chairman of the party's platform committee. He became convinced that the party was being manipulated by Communists, and was \"so heartsick about Communist infiltration of the party that he discussed . . . with his wife disaffiliating [from the party] the night before the convention\" started. Tugwell later did disassociate himself from the Progressive Party and did not participate in Wallace's fall campaign. A number of other Progressive Party delegates and supporters would quit the party in protest over what they perceived as the undue influence Communists exerted over Wallace, including the prominent American socialist Norman Thomas. In the fall, Thomas would run as the Socialist Party presidential candidate to offer liberals a non-Communist alternative to Wallace.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 495246, 33265, 21742, 167936, 216399, 267720, 172655, 54219, 1098977, 1961220, 1961267, 2067976, 19283361, 258776, 248589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 43 ], [ 221, 238 ], [ 268, 275 ], [ 286, 290 ], [ 291, 307 ], [ 548, 560 ], [ 630, 637 ], [ 959, 972 ], [ 977, 993 ], [ 1109, 1121 ], [ 1217, 1225 ], [ 1364, 1379 ], [ 1435, 1443 ], [ 2086, 2099 ], [ 2138, 2153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Senator Glen H. Taylor from Idaho, an eccentric figure who was known as a \"singing cowboy\" and who had ridden his horse \"Nugget\" up the steps of the United States Capitol after winning election to the Senate in 1944, was named as Wallace's running mate. Although he was a member of the Democratic Party, Taylor accepted the Progressive Party's vice-presidential nomination, saying \"I am not leaving the Democratic Party. It left me. Wall Street and the military have taken over the Democratic Party.\" After receiving the vice-presidential nomination, Taylor told reporters that there was a difference between \"pink\" Communists and \"red\" Communists. Taylor claimed that \"pink\" Communists would support the Wallace-Taylor ticket because they believed in a \"peaceful revolution\" to turn the government to left-wing beliefs, but \"red\" Communists would support the Republican ticket in the belief that they would cause another Great Depression, which would give Communists the chance to take over the government.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1661983, 14607, 31979, 19283335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 22 ], [ 28, 33 ], [ 149, 170 ], [ 922, 938 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the fall campaign the Wallace-Taylor ticket made a Southern tour, where both Wallace and Taylor insisted on speaking to racially integrated audiences, in defiance of Southern custom and law at the time. In several North Carolina cities Wallace was hit by a total of \"twenty-seven eggs, thirty-seven tomatoes, six peaches, and two lemons.\" When he left the state he announced: \"As Jesus Christ said, if at any time they will not listen to you willingly, then shake the dust off from your feet and go elsewhere.\" He ate only in unsegregated restaurants, traveled with a black secretary, and in Mississippi had to be escorted by police for protection. His aide Clark Foreman admitted that Wallace wanted to stir up controversy for the publicity it would receive in more liberal areas in the North and West. As the campaign progressed, however, Wallace's crowds thinned and his standing in the polls dropped. Wallace was hurt by the successful effort of labor unions to keep their members in the Democratic column, and by controversial statements from Progressives supporting \"appeasement with Russia.\" Wallace himself attacked Winston Churchill as a \"racist\" and \"imperialist\", and Senator Taylor earned criticism for a speech in which he claimed that the \"Nazis are running the US government. So why should Russia make peace with them? If I were a Russian . . . I would not agree to anything . . . we are aggressively preparing for war.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 33265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1127, 1144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Wallace-Taylor ticket finished in fourth place in the election, winning 1,157,328 votes (2.4%). This was slightly less than the States' Rights Party, but the Progressive Party received no electoral votes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Southern Democrats had become increasingly disturbed over President Truman's support of civil rights, particularly following his executive order racially integrating the U.S. armed forces and a civil rights message he sent to Congress in February 1948. At the Southern Governor's Conference in Wakulla Springs, Florida, on February 6, Mississippi Governor Fielding Wright proposed the formation of a new third party to protect racial segregation in the South. On May 10, 1948, the governors of the eleven states of the former Confederacy, along with other high-ranking Southern officials, met in Jackson, Mississippi, to discuss their concerns about the growing civil rights movement within the Democratic Party. At the meeting, South Carolina Governor Strom Thurmond criticized President Truman for his civil rights agenda, and the governors discussed ways to oppose it.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 229653, 26316, 16167, 44642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 356, 371 ], [ 427, 445 ], [ 596, 616 ], [ 753, 767 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Southern Democrats who had walked out of the Democratic National Convention to protest the civil rights platform approved by the convention, and supported by Truman, promptly met at Municipal Auditorium in Birmingham, Alabama, on July 17, 1948, and formed yet another political party, which they named the States' Rights Democratic Party. More commonly known as the \"Dixiecrats\", the party's main goal was continuing the policy of racial segregation in the South and the Jim Crow laws that sustained it. Governor Thurmond, who had led the walkout, became the party's presidential nominee after the convention's initial favorite, Arkansas Governor Benjamin Laney, withdrew his name from consideration. Governor Wright of Mississippi received the vice-presidential nomination. The Dixiecrats had no chance of winning the election themselves, since they could not get on the ballot in enough states to win the necessary electoral votes. Their strategy was to take enough Southern states from Truman to force the election into the United States House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment, where they could then extract concessions from either Truman or Dewey on racial issues in exchange for their support. Even if Dewey won the election outright, the Dixiecrats hoped that their defection would show that the Democratic Party needed Southern support in order to win national elections, and that this fact would weaken the pro-civil rights movement among Northern and Western Democrats. The Dixiecrats were weakened, however, when most Southern Democratic leaders (such as Governor Herman Talmadge of Georgia and \"Boss\" E. H. Crump from Tennessee) refused to support the party. Despite being an incumbent president, Truman was not placed on the ballot in Alabama.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 4115674, 85427, 158006, 19481110, 1930, 301147, 19468510, 31664, 950602, 865398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 186, 206 ], [ 210, 229 ], [ 310, 341 ], [ 475, 488 ], [ 633, 641 ], [ 651, 665 ], [ 1031, 1069 ], [ 1098, 1115 ], [ 1610, 1625 ], [ 1648, 1659 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the states of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina, the party was able to be labeled as the main Democratic Party ticket on the local ballots on election night. Outside of these four states, it was only listed as a third-party ticket.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although it had initially appeared that the Socialist Party would refrain from nominating its own candidate and instead endorse Wallace's run, policy differences and Wallace's refusal to publicly repudiate the support of communists caused them to break with the Progressive Party and nominate their own ticket. The party therefore nominated Norman Thomas, a five-time Socialist nominee and the former party chairman, as president, and Tucker P. Smith, an economics professor, as vice president.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 258776, 30054572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 341, 354 ], [ 435, 450 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thomas debated Farrell Dobbs, the nominee of the Socialist Workers Party, during the general election becoming the first debate between general election presidential candidates. Edward A. Teichert, the nominee of the Socialist Labor Party of America, had challenged Thomas to a debate, but Teichert declined after Thomas asked for Dobbs to also be invited.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 433035, 43441278, 48931776, 38777001 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 28 ], [ 49, 72 ], [ 178, 196 ], [ 217, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This Party nominated Gerald L. K. Smith, a leader of the Share Our Wealth movement during the Great Depression, founder of the Christian Nationalist Crusade, and founder of the America First Party (1943) for which he was presidential candidate (1944).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 1024216, 382282, 19283335, 8570873, 3598995, 40560 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 39 ], [ 57, 73 ], [ 94, 110 ], [ 127, 156 ], [ 177, 203 ], [ 245, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Given Truman's sinking popularity and the seemingly fatal three-way split in the Democratic Party, Dewey appeared unbeatable to the point where top Republicans believed that all their candidate had to do to win was to avoid major mistakes. Following this advice, Dewey carefully avoided risks and spoke in platitudes, avoiding controversial issues, and remained vague on what he planned to do as president, with speech after speech being nonpartisan and also filled with optimistic assertions or empty statements of the obvious, including the famous quote: \"You know that your future is still ahead of you.\" An editorial in the Louisville Courier-Journal summed it up:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 929598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 628, 654 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "No presidential candidate in the future will be so inept that four of his major speeches can be boiled down to these historic four sentences: Agriculture is important. Our rivers are full of fish. You cannot have freedom without liberty. Our future lies ahead.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another writer noted the \"one broad issue that Dewey set forth in the campaign was unity...but [he] was oversold on an issue which had no visceral appeal to the average American. It was hard to understand what Dewey was driving at. Sometimes it seemed that he was asking Americans to achieve unity by being united behind him.\" On the other hand, Truman's campaign strategist, Clark Clifford, said that Truman's campaign was \"pitched to four distinct interest groups - labor, the farmer, the Negro, and the consumer. Every move had these four interest groups in mind.\" Since he was trailing in the polls, Truman decided to adopt a slashing, no-holds-barred campaign. He ridiculed Dewey by name, criticized Dewey's refusal to address specific issues, and scornfully targeted the Republican-controlled 80th Congress with a wave of relentless and blistering partisan assaults. Truman claimed that \"the Communists are rooting for a GOP victory because they know it would bring on another Great Depression.\" In several speeches, Truman stated that \"GOP\" actually stood for \"gluttons of privilege\", and said that Republicans were \"princes of privilege\" and \"bloodsuckers with offices on Wall Street.\" He told one audience that \"The Republicans have begun to nail the American consumer to the wall with spikes of greed.\" At the National Plowing Contest in Dexter, Iowa, Truman told 80,000 farmers in attendance that \"this Republican Congress has already stuck a pitchfork in the farmer's back\" to rapturous applause.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 80224, 19283335, 112952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 376, 390 ], [ 983, 999 ], [ 1348, 1360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman nicknamed the Republican-controlled Congress as the \"worst\", \"do-nothing\" Congress, a remark which brought strong criticism from Republican Congressional leaders (such as Taft), but no comment from Dewey. In fact, Dewey rarely mentioned Truman's name during the campaign, which fit into his strategy of appearing to be above petty partisan politics. Under Dewey's leadership, the Republicans had enacted a platform at their 1948 convention that called for expanding Social Security, more funding for public housing, civil rights legislation, and promotion of health and education by the federal government. These positions were unacceptable to the conservative Congressional Republican leadership; Truman exploited this rift in the opposing party by calling a special session of Congress on \"Turnip Day\" (referring to an old piece of Missouri folklore about planting turnips in late July) and daring the Republican Congressional leadership to pass its own platform. The 80th Congress played into Truman's hands, delivering very little in the way of substantive legislation during this time. Truman simply ignored the fact that Dewey's policies were considerably more liberal than most of his fellow Republicans, and instead concentrated his fire against what he characterized as the conservative, obstructionist tendencies of the unpopular 80th Congress. Truman toured much of the nation with his fiery rhetoric, playing to large, enthusiastic crowds. \"Give 'em hell, Harry\" was a popular slogan shouted out at stop after stop along the tour. The polls and the pundits held that Dewey's lead was insurmountable and that Truman's efforts were for naught. Truman's own staff considered the campaign a last hurrah. Even Truman's own wife, Bess, had private doubts that her husband could win; the only person who appears to have considered Truman's campaign to be winnable was the president himself, who confidently predicted victory to anyone who would listen to him. Near the end of the campaign, Truman privately wrote a state-by-state electoral vote prediction and gave it to his aide, George Elsey. Truman believed that he would win the election with 340 electoral votes, to 108 for Dewey, 42 for Thurmond, and 37 marked doubtful (he accidentally left out four electoral votes).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 48728, 37071, 2741814, 1694505, 415556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 473, 488 ], [ 523, 535 ], [ 765, 794 ], [ 977, 990 ], [ 1743, 1747 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the final weeks of the campaign, American movie theaters agreed to play two short newsreel-like campaign films in support of the two major-party candidates: both had been created by its respective campaign organization. The Dewey film, shot professionally on an impressive budget, featured very high production values but somehow reinforced an image of the New York governor as cautious and distant. On the other hand, the Truman film, hastily assembled on virtually no budget by the perpetually cash-short Truman campaign, relied heavily on public-domain and newsreel footage of the president taking part in major world events and signing important legislation. Perhaps unintentionally, the Truman film visually reinforced an image of him as engaged and decisive. Years later, historian David McCullough cited the expensive but lackluster Dewey film and the far cheaper but more effective Truman film as important factors in determining the preferences of undecided voters. As the campaign drew to a close, the polls showed Truman was gaining: though Truman lost all nine of the Gallup Poll's post-convention surveys, Dewey's Gallup lead dropped from 17 points in late September to nine points in mid-October and just five points by the end of the month, just above the poll's margin of error. Although Truman was gaining momentum, most political analysts were reluctant to break with the conventional wisdom and say that a Truman victory was a serious possibility. After 1948, pollsters would constantly test voters through election day.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1186092, 5367625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 791, 807 ], [ 1083, 1094 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On September 9, nearly two months before election day, pollster Elmo Roper announced \"Thomas E. Dewey is almost as good as elected. [...] I can think of nothing duller or more intellectually barren than acting like a sports announcer who feels he must pretend he is witnessing a neck-and-neck race.\" Roper stopped polling voters until the final week before the election, when he took another poll. It showed \"a slight shift to Truman; it still gave Dewey a heavy lead, however, so he decided not to hedge his bet.\" One poll showing strong Truman support in the rural Midwest was sponsored by the Staley Milling Company, who \"polled farmers by giving them a choice of a donkey or an elephant on chicken feed sacks. When the results among 20,000 farmers showed up as fifty-four percent to forty-six percent for the donkey, the poll was abandoned.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 25598725 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Dewey considered adopting a more aggressive stance after noticing that his crowds were dwindling, Herbert Brownell contacted 90 GOP state committeemen and committeewomen in all 48 states. With one exception, they \"urged [Dewey] to press forward on the high road\" his campaign had taken and to continue to ignore Truman's attacks. The sole exception was Kansas committeeman Harry Darby, who warned Dewey and his managers \"that farmers were in a mutinous mood\" and recommended that Dewey take a tougher and more aggressive stance. However, given that all the polls still showed Dewey leading, and no other committee member supported Darby, his advice was rejected.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the campaign's final days, many newspapers, magazines, and political pundits were so confident of Dewey's impending victory they wrote articles to be printed the morning after the election speculating about Dewey's Presidency: Life magazine printed a large photo in its final edition before the election, entitled \"Our Next President Rides by Ferryboat over San Francisco Bay,\" that showed Dewey and his staff riding across the city's harbor. Newsweek polled fifty experts, with all fifty predicting a Dewey win. Several well-known and influential newspaper columnists, such as Drew Pearson and Joseph Alsop, wrote columns to be printed the morning after the election speculating about Dewey's possible choices for his cabinet; the day before the election, Pearson wrote that any chance of a Truman victory was \"impossible,\" and his column printed the day after the election stated that Pearson had \"surveyed the closely-knit group around Tom Dewey who will take over the White House 86 days from now.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 187479, 214169, 394249, 7200640 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 230, 234 ], [ 446, 454 ], [ 581, 593 ], [ 598, 610 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Walter Winchell reported that gambling odds were 15 to 1 against Truman. More than 500 newspapers, accounting for over 78% of the nation's total circulation, endorsed Dewey. Truman picked up 182 endorsements, accounting for just 10% of America's newspaper readership, being surpassed by Thurmond, who got the remaining 12% from many Southern papers. Alistair Cooke, the distinguished writer for the Manchester Guardian newspaper in the United Kingdom, published an article on the day of the election entitled \"Harry S. Truman: A Study of a Failure.\" For its television coverage, NBC News had constructed a large cardboard model of the White House containing two elephants that would pop out when NBC announced Dewey's victory; since Truman's defeat was considered certain, no donkeys were placed in the White House model.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 184187, 179801, 19344515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 350, 364 ], [ 399, 418 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As Truman made his way to his hometown of Independence, Missouri, to await the election returns, some among his inner circle had already accepted other jobs, and not a single reporter traveling on his campaign train thought that he would win, while a number of prominent Republicans, anticipating serving in a Dewey Presidency, had already bought homes in Washington.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 150735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On election night, Dewey, his family, and campaign staff confidently gathered in the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City to await the returns. Truman, aided by the Secret Service, snuck away from reporters covering him in Kansas City and rode to nearby Excelsior Springs, Missouri. There, he took a room in the historic Elms Hotel, had dinner and a Turkish bath, and went to sleep. As the votes came in, Truman took an early lead that he never lost. The leading radio commentators, such as H. V. Kaltenborn of NBC, still confidently predicted that once the \"late returns\" came in Dewey would overcome Truman's lead and win. At midnight, Truman awoke and turned on the radio in his room; he heard Kaltenborn announce that while Truman was still ahead in the popular vote, he could not possibly win. At 4 a.m., Truman awoke again and heard on the radio that his popular-vote lead was now nearly two million votes, and that he was well ahead in the electoral vote. He told the Secret Service agents guarding him to drive him back to Kansas City, \"because it looks as if we're in for another four years.\" For the rest of his life, Truman would gleefully mimic Kaltenborn's pedantic voice predicting his defeat throughout that election night. Dewey, meanwhile, realized that he was in trouble when early returns from New England and New York showed him running well behind his expected vote total. He stayed up for the rest of the night and early morning analyzing the votes as they came in, and by 10:30a.m., he was convinced he had lost; at 11:14a.m., he sent a gracious telegram of concession to Truman.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 8584559, 645042, 58221, 17454, 150732, 7246267, 304947, 2736546, 21780, 21531764, 8210131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 100 ], [ 104, 117 ], [ 161, 175 ], [ 219, 230 ], [ 250, 277 ], [ 317, 327 ], [ 346, 358 ], [ 487, 503 ], [ 507, 510 ], [ 1309, 1320 ], [ 1325, 1333 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The pro-Republican Chicago Daily Tribune, was so certain of Dewey's victory that on Tuesday afternoon, before any polls closed, it printed \"DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN\" as its banner headline for the following day. Part of the reason Truman's victory came as such a shock was because of uncorrected flaws in the emerging craft of public opinion polling. According to historian William Manchester, \"many professional pollsters...believed in what some had come to call Farley's Law.\" James Farley, President Franklin Roosevelt's successful campaign manager in 1932 and 1936, had stated that, in his opinion, the great majority of voters decided which candidate to support during the political conventions. The fall campaigns, Farley believed, were simply \"ineffective carnivals\" that swayed few voters. In 1948 many pollsters, relying on Farley's Law, believed that the election was effectively over after the Republican and Democratic Conventions, and they discounted the impact of Truman's campaigning that fall.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 60961, 2026987, 377332, 543088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 40 ], [ 140, 160 ], [ 370, 388 ], [ 460, 472 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Manchester noted that \"Gallup's September 24 report foresaw 46.5% for Dewey to 38% for Truman. His last column, appearing in the Sunday papers two days before the election, showed Truman gaining sharply – to 44 percent – and the interviews on which it was based had been conducted two weeks earlier. The national mood was shifting daily, almost hourly.\" After the election, a study by the University of Michigan revealed that \"14% of Truman's voters, or 3,374,800, had decided to vote for him in the last fortnight of the campaign.\" Gallup and Roper also did an analysis of the votes; they \"learned that one voter in every seven (6,927,000), made up his mind in the last two weeks before the election. Of these, 75 percent picked Truman\", which was more than his margin of victory over Dewey. \"Using either the Michigan figures or Gallup-Roper's, one finds that some 3,300,000 fence-sitters determined the outcome of the race in its closing days – when Dewey's instincts were urging him to adopt Truman's hell-for-leather style and slug it out with him, and when he didn't because all the experts told him he shouldn't.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The key states in the 1948 election were Ohio, California, and Illinois. Truman won each of these states by less than 1 percentage point; they gave him a total of 78 electoral votes. Had Dewey carried all three states - which would have required a shift of just 29,000 votes - he would have won the election in the Electoral College despite losing the popular vote by 2.13 million votes (or 4.36%). If Dewey had won any two of the three, no nominee would have reached the 266 electoral votes required for election, and the Dixiecrats would have succeeded in their goal of forcing the election into the House of Representatives.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 315, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The extreme closeness of the vote in these three states was the major reason why Dewey waited until late on the morning of November 3 to concede defeat. Aside from Ohio, California, and Illinois, Truman carried Idaho by almost as narrow a margin, and Dewey himself countered with similarly narrow victories in New York (the nation's largest electoral prize at the time), his birth state of Michigan, and Maryland. But this was too little to give him the election. Dewey would always believe that he lost the election because he lost the rural vote in the Midwest, which he had won in 1944 (note the Kaltenborn predictions that Truman would joyously mock had taken for granted that the \"country vote\" would go to Dewey).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 212614 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 537, 542 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman's net vote totals in the twelve largest cities, which was around 1,481,000, had decreased by 750,000 from Roosevelt's results in the 1944 election, which was around 2,230,000.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Journalist Samuel Lubell found in his post-1948 survey of voters that Truman, not Dewey, seemed the safer, more conservative candidate to the \"new middle class\" that had developed over the previous 20 years. He wrote that \"to an appreciable part of the electorate, the Democrats had replaced the Republicans as the party of prosperity\" during and after the war. Lubell quoted a man who, when asked why he did not vote Republican after moving to the suburbs, answered \"I own a nice home, have a new car and am much better off than my parents were. I've been a Democrat all my life. Why should I change?\" Dewey's promise of a \"great house cleaning\" in Washington worried an Iowa minister who wanted to retain farm subsidies for parishioners; worried about the consequences of another depression, he voted Democratic for the first time in his church's history. Truman received a record number of Catholic votes, exceeding even the Catholic support of Al Smith in 1928, in part because Wallace drew leftists away from the Democrats.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 69575783, 12351306, 4958298, 172040, 40538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 24 ], [ 707, 721 ], [ 893, 907 ], [ 948, 956 ], [ 960, 964 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another reason for Dewey's surprise defeat was his complacent, distant approach to the campaign, and his failure to respond to Truman's attacks. Journalist Jules Abels wrote that \"the election was not thrown away by indifference or lack of effort. Preparation and more preparation had always been the distinguishing characteristic of Dewey and his team throughout his career...The truth is that Dewey's campaign was the result not of careless, but too careful and painstaking, calculation. The Dewey campaign was frozen into inertia not because it had been underthought, but because it had been overthought.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Other possible factors for Truman's victory included his aggressive, populist campaign style; broad public approval of Truman's foreign policy, notably the Berlin Airlift of that year; and widespread dissatisfaction with the institution Truman labeled as the \"do-nothing, good-for-nothing 80th Republican Congress.\" In addition, after suffering a relatively severe recession in 1946 and 1947 (in which real GDP dropped by 12% and inflation went over 15%), the economy began recovering throughout 1948. The year 1948 was a banner year for the Democrats, as they not only retained the presidency but also recaptured both houses of Congress. It was also an unprecedented fifth consecutive presidential victory for the party, thus continuing what remains the only winning streak of more than two presidential elections by the Democratic Party since the Civil War. Since 1948, there has been only one streak of three consecutive presidential victories by any party (in that case, by the Republicans). The two largest third parties did not hurt Truman nearly as much as expected, as Thurmond's Dixiecrats carried only four Southern states, fewer than predicted. The civil rights platform helped Truman win large majorities among black voters in the populous Northern and Midwestern states, and may well have made the difference for Truman in states such as Illinois and Ohio. Wallace's Progressives received only 2.4% of the national popular vote, well below their expected vote total and slightly less than the Dixiecrats, and Wallace did not take as many liberal votes from Truman as many political pundits had predicted. Some analysts, including author Zachary Karabell, have even argued that the separate candidacies of Wallace and Thurmond were beneficial to Truman by removing the separate taints of communism and racism from the Democratic Party.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 24008586, 863, 39531, 1700192, 9209651, 25613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 170 ], [ 849, 858 ], [ 887, 895 ], [ 1595, 1602 ], [ 1800, 1809 ], [ 1814, 1820 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The split of the Democratic party, while failing to hold back Truman, did hold Truman back in several narrow states. Had the Wallace and Thurmond vote been in the Democratic column, Truman would have won all the Thurmond states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South Carolina), and the Wallace vote would have flipped Michigan, Maryland and New York into Truman's states. Winning these states would have put Truman at 416 electoral votes to Dewey's reduced 115 electoral votes. This still would have been a decline of Democratic electoral votes since 1940 but percentage wise Truman would have gotten 54.33% of the popular vote, an increase of 0.94% from Roosevelt's last victory.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This was the last election until 1996 in which the Democrats won Arizona and the last until 1964 in which they won California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Montana, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. It was also the last election until 1964 in which South Carolina did not vote for the official Democratic nominee. Thurmond's 2.4% is the lowest popular vote percentage for a candidate who won all of a state's electoral votes. The 1948 presidential election contrasted with other elections across the world during this period, for Truman was a war leader who managed to win re-election (Churchill and De Gaulle both left office shortly after the end of the war).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 32077, 40566, 10040664, 33265, 51255 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 37 ], [ 92, 96 ], [ 591, 601 ], [ 634, 643 ], [ 648, 657 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (138 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for Truman victory)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for Dewey victory)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (131 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (59 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Party conventions:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1948 Republican National Convention (Philadelphia: June 21–25, 1948)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1934458 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1948 Democratic National Convention (Philadelphia: July 12–14, 1948)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 861412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dixiecrat (Birmingham: July 17, 1948)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 158006 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1948 Progressive National Convention (Philadelphia: July 23–25, 1948)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 45449439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1945–1964)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 269040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Truman Balcony", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20251321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1948 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1342218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1948 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1313899 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21204518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2016 United States presidential election", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21377251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dewey Defeats Truman", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2026987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Abels, Jules. Out of the Jaws of Victory. New York: Henry Holt and Company (1959)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Baime, Albert J. Dewey Defeats Truman: The 1948 Election and the Battle for America's Soul (Houghton Mifflin, 2020).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Busch, Andrew E. Truman's Triumphs: The 1948 Election and the Making of Postwar America. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2012.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cohodas, Nadine. Strom Thurmond & the Politics of Southern Change (1995)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Devine, Thomas W. Henry Wallace's 1948 Presidential Campaign and the Future of Postwar Liberalism Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press; 2013.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Divine, Robert A. Foreign policy and U.S. presidential elections, 1940-1948 (1974) online free to borrow pp.167–276 on 1948.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Frederickson, Kari. The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932–1968 (2001) online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Heersink, Boris, and Brenton D. Peterson. \"Truman defeats Dewey: The effect of campaign visits on election outcomes.\" Electoral Studies 49 (2017): 49-64. online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jonas, Frank H. “The 1948 Elections in Utah.” Western Political Quarterly 2#1 1949, pp. 124–27. online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Karlin, Jules Alexander. “The 1948 Elections in Montana.” Western Political Quarterly 2#1 1949, pp. 109–13. online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kelso, Paul. “The 1948 Elections in Arizona.” Western Political Quarterly 2#1 1949, pp. 92–96. online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kirby, Alec. \" 'A Major Contender': Harold Stassen and the Politics of American Presidential Nominations.\" Minnesota History 55.4 (1996): 150-165.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Manchester, William. (1975). The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1932–1972. New York: Bantam Books. online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Martin, Boyd A. “The 1948 Elections in Idaho.” Western Political Quarterly 2#1 1949, pp. 105–08. online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mosteller, Frederick. \"Why Did Dewey Beat Truman in the Pre-election Polls of 1948?.\" in The Pleasures of Statistics (Springer, New York, 2010) pp. 5-17.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ross, Irwin. The Loneliest Campaign: The Truman Victory of 1948. New York: New American Library, 1968.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Schumacher, Waldo. “The 1948 Elections in Oregon.” Western Political Quarterly 2#1 1949, pp. 121–23. online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sitkoff, Harvard. \"Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics\", Journal of Southern History Vol. 37, No. 4 (Nov. 1971), pp.597–616. .", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Titus, Charles H., and Charles R. Nixon. “The 1948 Elections in California.” Western Political Quarterly 2#1 1949, pp. 97–102. online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Topping, Simon. \" 'Never argue with the Gallup Poll': Thomas Dewey, Civil Rights and the Election of 1948.\" Journal of American Studies 38.2 (2004): 179-198. online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tuttle, Daniel W. “The 1948 Elections in Wyoming.” Western Political Quarterly, 2#1 1949, pp. 132–34. online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Webster, Donald H. “The 1948 Elections in Washington.” Western Political Quarterly 2#1 1949, pp. 128–31. online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gallup, George H. ed. The Gallup Poll, Volume One 1935–1948 (1972) statistical reports on each poll online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 100077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1948 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1948 State-by-state Popular vote", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1948 election?– Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1948 in Counting the Votes", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Journeys; Give 'em Hell, Harry! The Truman-Dewey Campaign of 1948,\" 1980-10-10, The Walter J. Brown Media Archives & Peabody Awards Collection at the University of Georgia, American Archive of Public Broadcasting", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 378232, 51575200 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 151, 172 ], [ 174, 213 ] ] } ]

[ "1948_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman", "Harry_S._Truman", "Strom_Thurmond", "November_1948_events_in_the_United_States" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1948" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1952 United States presidential election was the 42nd quadrennial presidential election and was held on Tuesday, November 4, 1952. Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower won a landslide victory over Democrat Adlai Stevenson II, which ended a string of Democratic Party wins that stretched back to 1932.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 32070, 8182, 41053306, 5043544, 52737, 40556 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 135, 145 ], [ 146, 166 ], [ 173, 190 ], [ 196, 204 ], [ 205, 223 ], [ 294, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Illinois Governor Stevenson, emerged victorious on the third presidential ballot of the 1952 Democratic National Convention by defeating Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver, Georgia Senator Richard Russell Jr., and other candidates. The Republican nomination was primarily contested by Eisenhower, a general who was widely popular for his leadership in World War II, and the conservative Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft. With the support of Thomas E. Dewey and other party leaders, Eisenhower narrowly prevailed over Taft at the 1952 Republican National Convention with Richard Nixon, a young senator from California, as his running mate. In the first televised presidential campaign, Eisenhower, in sharp contrast to Stevenson, was charismatic and very well known.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3897437, 307973, 419713, 32927, 358753, 45596, 1226279, 25473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 123 ], [ 155, 169 ], [ 187, 206 ], [ 350, 362 ], [ 398, 412 ], [ 434, 449 ], [ 522, 557 ], [ 563, 576 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Republicans attacked Truman's handling of the Korean War and the broader Cold War and alleged that Soviet spies had infiltrated the US government. Democrats faulted Eisenhower for failing to condemn Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy and other reactionary Republicans, who, they alleged, had engaged in reckless and unwarranted attacks. Stevenson tried to separate himself from the unpopular Truman administration but instead campaigned on the popularity of the New Deal and stoked fears of another Great Depression under a Republican administration.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 16772, 325329, 26779, 16321, 19283361, 19283335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 56 ], [ 73, 81 ], [ 99, 105 ], [ 217, 232 ], [ 461, 469 ], [ 498, 514 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower retained his enormous popularity from the war, as was seen in his campaign slogan, \"I Like Ike.\" Eisenhower's popularity and Truman's unpopularity led to a Republican victory, with Eisenhower winning 55.18% of the popular vote and carrying every state outside of the South and even Virginia, Tennessee, Florida, and Texas, Southern states that had almost always voted for Democrats since the end of Reconstruction. This was the first time a Republican won without West Virginia since 1888, and the first time a Republican won the popular vote carried West Virginia since 1880. This was the first time and only time since 1920 that a Republican won without Kentucky. Republicans also won control of both houses of Congress, marking the first time since 1840 that one party flipped the Presidency and both houses of Congress in a single election.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 179553, 55040, 34197968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 278, 283 ], [ 410, 424 ], [ 694, 705 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fight for the Republican nomination was between General Dwight D. Eisenhower, who became the candidate of the party's moderate Eastern Establishment; Senator Robert A. Taft from Ohio, the longtime leader of the party's conservative wing; Governor Earl Warren of California, who appealed to Western delegates and independent voters; and former Governor Harold Stassen of Minnesota, who still had a base of support in the Midwest.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 4157940, 8182, 357311, 358753, 71908, 237818 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 28 ], [ 60, 80 ], [ 131, 152 ], [ 162, 176 ], [ 251, 262 ], [ 356, 370 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The moderate Eastern Republicans were led by New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, the party's presidential nominee in 1944 and 1948. The moderates tended to be interventionists who felt that the country needed to fight the Cold War overseas and confront the Soviet Union in Eurasia. They were also willing to accept most aspects of the social welfare state created by the New Deal in the 1930s but sought to reform the programs to be more efficient and business-friendly. The moderates were also concerned with ending the Republicans' losing streak in presidential elections and felt that the popular Eisenhower had the best chance of beating the Democrats. For that reason, Dewey declined the notion of a third run for president despite his large amount of support within the party. The Republicans had been out of power for 20 years, and there was a strong sentiment that a proper two-party system needed to be re-established. It was also felt that the party winning the White House would have more incentive to rein in radicals and demagogues such as Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 45596, 1958801, 325329, 26779, 20611107, 247817, 19283361, 31605, 16321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 78 ], [ 158, 174 ], [ 221, 229 ], [ 256, 268 ], [ 272, 279 ], [ 334, 348 ], [ 370, 378 ], [ 881, 897 ], [ 1070, 1085 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The conservative Republicans, led by Taft, were based in the Midwest and parts of the South. The Midwest was a bastion of conservatism and isolationist sentiment. Dislike of Europeans, in particular the British, was common, and there was a widespread feeling that the British manipulated American foreign policy and were eager to kowtow to the Soviet Union although such attitudes had begun change among the younger generation who had fought in World War II. In addition, the conservatives opposed much of the New Deal, regarding these programs as diminishing individual liberty and economic freedom. Taft had unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination in the 1940 and 1948 presidential elections but lost both times to moderate candidates from New York: Wilkie and Dewey respectively. At the age of 63, Taft felt that it was his last chance to run for president so his friends and supporters worked diligently on his behalf. His feelings were correct, as he died about nine months after the election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 104697 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Warren, although highly popular in California, refused to campaign in the presidential primaries, which limited his chances of winning the nomination. He retained the support of the California delegation, and his supporters hoped that in the event of an Eisenhower–Taft deadlock, Warren might emerge as a compromise candidate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After being persuaded to run, Eisenhower scored a major victory in the New Hampshire primary in which his supporters wrote his name onto the ballot and gave him an upset victory over Taft. However, until the Republican National Convention, the primaries were divided fairly evenly between the two, and when the convention opened, the race for the nomination was still too close to call. Taft won the Nebraska, Wisconsin, Illinois, and South Dakota primaries, and Eisenhower won those in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Oregon. Stassen and Warren won only their home states of Minnesota and California respectively, which effectively ended their chances of earning the nomination. General Douglas MacArthur also won the support of ten delegates from various states (mostly in Oregon) but had made it clear from early in the race that he had no interest in being nominated.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 3983430, 445301, 48596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 28 ], [ 71, 92 ], [ 700, 717 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the 1952 Republican National Convention opened in Chicago, most political experts rated Taft and Eisenhower as about equal in delegate vote totals. Eisenhower's managers, led by both Dewey and Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr., accused Taft of \"stealing\" delegate votes in Southern states such as Texas and Georgia, and claimed that Taft's leaders in those states had unfairly denied delegate spots to Eisenhower supporters, putting Taft delegates in their place. Lodge and Dewey proposed to evict the Taft delegates in those states and replace them with Eisenhower delegates and called the proposal \"Fair Play.\" Although Taft and his supporters angrily denied that charge, the convention voted to support Fair Play 658 to 548, and Taft lost many Southern delegates. Eisenhower's chances were boosted when several uncommitted state delegations, such as Michigan and Pennsylvania, decided to support him and also when Stassen released his delegates and asked them to support Eisenhower. The removal of many Southern delegates and the support of the uncommitted states decided the nomination in Eisenhower's favor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 1226279, 153062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 44 ], [ 220, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, the convention was among the most bitter and emotional in American history. When Senator Everett Dirksen from Illinois, a Taft supporter, pointed at Dewey on the convention floor during a speech and accused him of leading the Republicans \"down the road to defeat,\" mixed boos and cheers rang out from the delegates, and there were even fistfights between some Taft and Eisenhower delegates.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 103566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the end, Eisenhower narrowly defeated Taft on the first ballot. To heal the wounds caused by the battle, he visited Taft's hotel suite and met with him. Taft issued a brief statement congratulating Eisenhower on his victory, but he was bitter about the accusation that he had stolen delegates and withheld his active support for Eisenhower for several weeks after the convention. In September 1952, Taft and Eisenhower met again at Morningside Heights, in New York City. Taft promised there an active support of Eisenhower in exchange for the fulfillment of a number of requests such as a demand that Eisenhower would offer Taft's followers a fair share of patronage positions if he won the election and that Eisenhower would agree to balance the federal budget and \"fight creeping domestic socialism in every field.\" Eisenhower agreed to the terms, and Taft campaigned assiduously for the Republican ticket. In fact, Eisenhower and Taft agreed on most domestic issues, and their disagreements were primarily on foreign policy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 276154, 645042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 435, 454 ], [ 459, 472 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Though there were initial suggestions that Warren could earn the party's vice-presidential slot for the second successive election if he withdrew and endorsed Eisenhower, he ultimately chose not to do so. Eisenhower wished to award the vice-presidential nod to Stassen, who had endorsed Eisenhower and held generally similar political positions. However, the party bosses wanted to find a running mate who could mollify Taft's supporters, as the schism between the moderate and conservative wings was so severe that it was feared that party's conservatives would run Taft as a third-party candidate.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower had apparently given little thought to choosing his running mate. When asked, he replied that he assumed the convention would pick someone. The spot ultimately fell to the young California Senator Richard Nixon, who was viewed as a centrist. Nixon was known as an aggressive campaigner and a fierce anticommunist but as one who shied away from some of the more extreme ideas of the party's right wing, including isolationism and the dismantling of the New Deal. Most historians now believe that Eisenhower's nomination was the result of his perceived electability against the Democrats. Most of the delegates were conservatives who would probably have supported Taft if they felt that he could win the general election.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 25473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 208, 221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite not earning the presidential or the vice-presidential nomination, Warren would be appointed as Chief Justice of the United States in October 1953, and Stassen would hold various positions within Eisenhower's administration.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 31739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The balloting at the Republican convention went as follows:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The expected candidate for the Democratic nomination was the incumbent President Harry S. Truman. Since the newly passed 22nd Amendment did not apply to whoever was president at the time of its passage, he was eligible to run again. However, Truman entered 1952 with his popularity plummeting, according to polls. The bloody and indecisive Korean War was dragging into its third year, Senator Joseph McCarthy's anticommunist crusade was stirring public fears of an encroaching \"Red Menace,\" and the disclosure of widespread corruption among federal employees (including some high-level members of to the Truman administration) left Truman at a low political ebb. Polls showed that he had a 66% disapproval rating, a record that would be matched only decades later by Richard Nixon and surpassed by George W. Bush.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 3088213, 70132, 16772, 16321, 14458973, 2667864, 25473, 3414021 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 41 ], [ 121, 135 ], [ 340, 350 ], [ 393, 408 ], [ 604, 625 ], [ 694, 712 ], [ 767, 780 ], [ 798, 812 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Truman's main opponent was the populist Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver, who had chaired a nationally televised investigation of organized crime in 1951 and was known as a crusader against crime and corruption. The Gallup poll of February 15 showed Truman's weakness. Nationally, Truman was the choice of only 36% of Democrats, compared with 21% for Kefauver. Among independent voters, however, Truman had only 18%, and Kefauver led with 36%. In the New Hampshire primary, Kefauver upset Truman be winning 19,800 votes to Truman's 15,927 and capturing all eight delegates. Kefauver graciously said that he did not consider his victory \"a repudiation of Administration policies, but a desire... for new ideas and personalities.\" Stung by that setback, however, Truman announced March 29 that he would not seek re-election. Truman insisted in his memoirs, however, that he had decided not to run for re-election well before his defeat to Kefauver.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 307973, 22625, 5367625, 445301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 72 ], [ 130, 145 ], [ 216, 227 ], [ 451, 472 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With Truman's withdrawal, Kefauver became the frontrunner for the nomination, and he won most of the primaries. Other primary winners were Senator Hubert Humphrey, who won his home state of Minnesota; Senator Richard Russell Jr. from Georgia, who won the Florida primary, and the diplomat W. Averell Harriman, who won West Virginia. However, most states still chose their delegates to the Democratic Convention by state conventions, which meant that the party bosses, especially the mayors and governors of large Northern and Midwestern states and cities, were able to choose the Democratic nominee. The bosses, including Truman himself, strongly disliked Kefauver since his investigations of organized crime had revealed connections between American Mafia figures and many of the big-city Democratic political organizations. The party bosses thus viewed Kefauver as a maverick who could not be trusted and so refused to support him for the nomination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 42636, 40580984, 419713, 518073, 18293303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 162 ], [ 190, 199 ], [ 209, 228 ], [ 289, 308 ], [ 742, 756 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Instead, with Truman taking the initiative, they began to search for other more acceptable candidates. However, most of the other candidates had a major weakness. Russell had much Southern support, but his support of racial segregation and his opposition to civil rights for blacks led many liberal Northern and Midwestern delegates, pressed by their many black voters, to reject him. Truman favored Harriman of New York, but the latter had never held an elective office and was inexperienced in politics. Truman next turned to Vice-President Alben W. Barkley but at 74, he was rejected as being too old by leaders of labor unions, and he had little Northern support because he was another Southern segregationist.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 26316, 37071, 92221, 17626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 235 ], [ 258, 270 ], [ 543, 559 ], [ 618, 630 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other minor or favorite son candidates included Oklahoma Senator Robert S. Kerr, Massachusetts Governor Paul A. Dever, Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey, and Arkansas Senator J. William Fulbright.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 1758338, 754166, 333951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 79 ], [ 104, 117 ], [ 175, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One candidate soon emerged who seemingly had few political weaknesses, Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois. The grandson of Vice-President Adlai E. Stevenson, he came from a distinguished family in Illinois and was well known as a gifted orator, intellectual, and political moderate. In the spring of 1952, Truman attempted to convince Stevenson to take the presidential nomination, but Stevenson stated that he wanted to run for re-election as Governor of Illinois. However, Stevenson never completely took himself out of the race, and as the convention approached, many party bosses and normally-apolitical citizens hoped that he could be \"drafted\" to run.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 92199, 11144531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 158 ], [ 599, 609 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1952 Democratic National Convention was held in Chicago in the same Coliseum that the Republicans had gathered in several weeks earlier. Since the convention was being held in his home state, Governor Stevenson, who still proclaimed that he was not a presidential candidate, was asked to give the welcoming address to the delegates. He proceeded to give a witty and stirring address that led his supporters to begin a renewed round of efforts to nominate him despite his protests. After meeting with Jacob Arvey, the boss of the Illinois delegation, Stevenson finally agreed to enter his name as a candidate for the nomination. The party bosses from other large Northern and Midwestern states quickly joined in support. Kefauver led on the first ballot, but he had far fewer votes than necessary to win. Stevenson gradually gained strength until he was nominated on the third ballot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 3897437, 20050673 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 504, 515 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the delegates nominated Stevenson, the convention then turned to selecting a vice-presidential nominee. After narrowing it down to Senators John Sparkman, and A. S. Mike Monroney, President Truman and a small group of political insiders chose Sparkman, a conservative segregationist from Alabama, for the nomination. The convention largely complied and nominated Sparkman as Stevenson's running mate. He was chosen because of his Southern identity and conservative record, which party leaders hoped would create a balanced ticket.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [ 308247, 3205727 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 159 ], [ 165, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sparkman remained in the Senate until his retirement in 1978.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Eisenhower campaign was one of the first presidential campaigns to make a major and concerted effort to win the female vote. Many of his radio and television commercials discussed topics such as education, inflation, ending the Korean War, and other issues that were thought to appeal to women. The Eisenhower campaign made extensive use of female campaign workers, who made phone calls to likely Eisenhower voters, distributed \"Ike\" buttons and leaflets, and threw parties to build support for the Republican ticket in their neighborhoods. On election day, Eisenhower won a solid majority of the female vote.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower campaigned by attacking \"Korea, Communism, and Corruption,\" issues that the Republicans regarded as the failures of the outgoing Truman administration to solve. The Eisenhower campaign accused the administration of \"neglecting Latin America\" and thus \"leading them into the arms of wily Communist agents waiting to exploit local misery and capitalize on any opening to communize the Americas.\" Charges that Soviet spies had infiltrated the government plagued the Truman administration and became a \"major campaign issue\" for Eisenhower. The Republicans blamed the Democrats for the military's failure to be fully prepared to fight in Korea, accused the Democrats of harboring communist spies within the federal government, and blasted the Truman administration for the many officials who had been accused of various crimes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 26779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 418, 424 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stevenson hoped to exploit the rift between the conservative Taft Republicans and the moderate Eisenhower Republicans. In a speech in Baltimore, Stevenson said, \"The GOP elephant has two heads nowadays, and I can't tell from day to day who's driving the poor beast, Senator Taft or the General. I doubt that America will entrust its future, its hopes, to the master of a house divided against itself.\" Stevenson, Truman, and other Democrats campaigning that fall also criticized Senator Joseph McCarthy and other right-wing Republicans for what they believed were reckless and unwarranted attacks and congressional investigations into leading government officials and public servants. In a Salt Lake City speech Stevenson stated that right-wing Republicans were \"quick with accusations, with defamatory hints and whispering campaigns when they see a chance to scare or silence those with whom they disagree. Rudely, carelessly, they invade the field of thought, of conscience, which belongs to God, and not to Senators.... McCarthy and men like him can say almost anything, and if my opponent's conscience permits, he can try to help all of them get reelected.\" Stevenson said that right-wing attacks on government officials such as General George Marshall, who had served Truman as US Secretary of State and US Secretary of Defense, reflected a \"middle of the gutter approach\" to politics. Truman repeatedly criticized Senator McCarthy's character and temperament and called on Eisenhower to repudiate him. Stevenson ridiculed right-wing Republicans \"who hunt Communists in the Bureau of Wildlife and Fisheries while hesitating to aid the gallant men and women who are resisting the real thing in the front lines of Europe and Asia.... They are finally the men who seemingly believe that we can confound the Kremlin by frightening ourselves to death.\" In return, McCarthy often jokingly confused the names Adlai and Alger, the first name of the convicted Soviet spy Alger Hiss, by stating \"Alger, I mean Adlai\" in his speeches. McCarthy exploited the fact that Stevenson had defended Hiss as innocent despite all of the evidence otherwise. McCarthy, in response to Stevenson's criticisms, also stated during the campaign that he would like to get on the Stevenson campaign trail \"with a club and make a good and loyal American\" out of Stevenson.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 16321, 36623, 32293, 43998, 86348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 487, 502 ], [ 1241, 1256 ], [ 1283, 1304 ], [ 1309, 1332 ], [ 1967, 1977 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Neither Stevenson nor Sparkman had been a part of the Truman administration, and both largely ignored its record, preferred to hark back to the Roosevelt's New Deal achievements, and warned against a repetition of the Great Depression under President Herbert Hoover. The historian Herbert Parmet stated that although Stevenson tried to separate his campaign from Truman's record, his efforts failed to dispel the widespread recognition that, for a divided America, torn by paranoia and unable to understand what had disrupted the anticipated tranquility of the postwar world, the time for change had really arrived. Neither Stevenson nor anyone else could have dissuaded the electorate from its desire to repudiate 'Trumanism.'", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 19283335, 13682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 218, 234 ], [ 251, 265 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many Democrats were particularly upset when Eisenhower, on a scheduled campaign swing through Wisconsin, decided not to give a speech he had written criticizing McCarthy's methods without naming him and later allowed himself to be photographed shaking hands with McCarthy as if he had supported McCarthy. Truman, who had once been friends with Eisenhower, never forgot what he saw as a betrayal. He had previously thought Eisenhower would make a good president but said that \"he has betrayed almost everything I thought he stood for.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower retained his enormous personal popularity from his leading role in World War II, and huge crowds turned out to see him around the nation. His campaign slogan, \"I Like Ike,\" was one of the most popular in American history. Stevenson attracted the support of the young emerging postwar intellectual class, but Eisenhower was seen as more appealing to Main Street. Stevenson was ridiculed in some quarters as too effeminate to be president, which was sometimes used as a euphemism for a male homosexual. The staunchly-conservative New York Daily News called him \"Adelaide\" Stevenson even though he had a reputation as a ladies' man, divorced in 1949, and remained single throughout 1952.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 3983430, 9534, 504790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 90 ], [ 171, 181 ], [ 479, 488 ], [ 539, 558 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A notable event of the 1952 campaign concerned a scandal that emerged when Richard Nixon, Eisenhower's running mate, was accused by several newspapers of receiving $18,000 in undeclared \"gifts\" from wealthy donors. In reality, contributions were by design only from early supporters and limited to $1,000, with full accountability. Nixon, who had been accusing the Democrats of hiding crooks, suddenly found himself on the defensive. Eisenhower and his aides even considered dropping Nixon from the ticket and picking another running mate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower, who barely knew Nixon, waffled and refused to comment on the incident. Nixon saved his political career, however, with a dramatic half-hour speech, the \"Checkers speech,\" on live television. In this speech, Nixon denied the charges against him, gave a detailed account of his modest financial assets, and offered a glowing assessment of Eisenhower's candidacy. The highlight of the speech came when Nixon stated that a supporter had given his daughters a gift, a dog named \"Checkers,\" and that he would not return it because his daughters loved it. The \"Checkers speech\" led hundreds of thousands of citizens nationwide to wire the Republican National Committee to urge the Republican Party to keep Nixon on the ticket, and Eisenhower stayed with him.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1160278, 326350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 180 ], [ 644, 673 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the red-baiting of the Republicans' right wing, the campaign on the whole was conducted with a considerable degree of dignity, and Stevenson was seen as reinvigorating a Democratic Party that had become exhausted after 20 years in power and as refreshing its appeal with younger voters. He accused Eisenhower of silently tolerating McCarthy's excesses. Stevenson went before the American Legion, a bastion of hardline conservatism, and boldly declared that there was nothing patriotic or American about what McCarthy was doing.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 365124, 305976 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 23 ], [ 387, 402 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Even with the dignified nature of the campaign, the dislike between the two candidates was visible. Stevenson criticized Eisenhower's noncondemnation of McCarthy and his use of television spots, and Eisenhower, who had initially respected Stevenson, came in time to view him as simply another career politician, which he strongly disliked.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 1952 election campaign was the first one to make use of the new medium of television, partly by the efforts of Rosser Reeves, the head of Ted Bates, Inc., a leading advertising firm. Reeves had initially proposed a series of radio spots to Dewey in the 1948 campaign, but Dewey considered them undignified. Reeves later maintained that Dewey might have won the election if he had been slightly more open-minded.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 916702, 33599049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 128 ], [ 142, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Studying Douglas MacArthur's keynote speech at the Republican Convention in July, Reeves believed that the general's words were \"powerful\" but \"unfocused\" and \"all over the map.\" Eisenhower's public speeches were even worse since he was unable to make his point to the voting public in a clear intelligible manner. Reeves felt that Eisenhower needed to condense his message down to a few simple easily-digestible slogans.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 48596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower at first also fared poorly on television and had a difficult time appearing relaxed and at ease on camera. The television lighting was not flattering and made him look old and unattractive. In particular, his forehead tended to glisten under the lights. Eisenhower became upset when the CBS correspondent Dave Schoenbrun pointed that out and suggested him to try to alter his poses to make his forehead less noticeable and to apply makeup so that it would not shine from the lighting. Eventually, he gave in and agreed to those modifications. Reeves also wanted Eisenhower to not wear his eyeglasses on camera to look younger, but since he could not read the prompter board without them, Reeves devised a large handwritten signboard.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Reeves's television work, although pioneering, was the subject of considerable criticism on the grounds that he was attempting to sell a presidential candidate to the public in the same manner that one might sell a car or a brand of toothpaste. The liberal journalist Marya Mannes mocked the approach with this ditty: \"Eisenhower hits the spot/One full general, that's a lot/Feeling sluggish, feeling sick?/Take a dose of Ike and Dick!/Philip Morris, Lucky Strike/Alka Seltzer, I like Ike!\" For his part, Stevenson would have nothing to do with television at all and condemned Eisenhower's use of the medium by calling it \"selling the presidency like cereal.\" He made a point of the fact that he did not watch or even own a television, and the same for went many members of his inner circle.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 12759696, 56041682, 476666, 1228109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 319, 343 ], [ 436, 449 ], [ 451, 463 ], [ 464, 476 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both campaigns made use of television ads. A notable ad for Eisenhower was an issue-free feel-good animated cartoon with a soundtrack song by Irving Berlin called \"I Like Ike.\" For the first time, a presidential candidate's personal medical history was released publicly, as were partial versions of his financial histories, because of the issues that had been raised in Nixon's speech. Near the end of the campaign, Eisenhower, in a major speech, announced that if he won the election he would go to Korea to see if he could end the war. His great military prestige, combined with the public's weariness with the conflict, gave Eisenhower the final boost he needed to win.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 593, 48351 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 115 ], [ 142, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Throughout the entire campaign, Eisenhower led in all opinion polls and by wide margins in most of them.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 36856552 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To circumvent the local Republican Party apparatus, which was mostly controlled by Taft supporters, the Eisenhower forces created a nationwide network of grassroots clubs, \"Citizens for Eisenhower.\" Independents and Democrats were welcome, as the group specialized in canvassing neighborhoods and holding small-group meetings. Citizens for Eisenhower hoped to revitalize the party by expanding its activist ranks and by supporting moderate and internationalist policies. It did not endorse candidates other than Eisenhower, but he paid it little attention after he had won, and it failed to maintain its impressive starting momentum. Instead, it energized the conservative Republicans, which led finally to the Barry Goldwater campaign of 1964. Longtime Republican activists viewed the newcomers with suspicion and hostility. More significantly, activism in support of Eisenhower did not translate into enthusiasm for the party's cause.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 4792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 711, 726 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On election day, Eisenhower won a decisive victory by winning over 55% of the popular vote and carrying 39 of the 48 states. Stevenson did not win a single state north of the Mason–Dixon line or west of Arkansas. Eisenhower took three Southern states that the Republicans had won only once since Reconstruction: Virginia, Florida, and Texas. Despite the Republican win in Florida, that year was the last time that a Democrat has won Collier County before southwestern Florida was turned into a growing Sun Belt Republican stronghold, and it was also the last time that a Democrat has won Aiken County, South Carolina, before the \"Solid South\" would collapse in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement. That year was also, however, the last time a Republican won Yolo County, California or the Native American Rolette County, North Dakota, and the last until Donald Trump in 2016 that the Republicans won Pacific County, Washington, or Swift County, Minnesota. It was the last time the Republicans won Missouri until 1968 and the last time that a Republican won the election without Kentucky. Stevenson's 700-vote win was the smallest percentage margin in any state since Woodrow Wilson had won New Hampshire by 56 votes in 1916.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 82334, 55040, 72017, 445569, 91909, 723054, 49001, 74406, 93172, 4848272, 91071, 94897, 33523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 175, 191 ], [ 296, 310 ], [ 433, 447 ], [ 502, 510 ], [ 588, 616 ], [ 630, 641 ], [ 677, 698 ], [ 760, 783 ], [ 807, 835 ], [ 856, 868 ], [ 902, 928 ], [ 933, 956 ], [ 1169, 1183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower won in 21 of the 39 cities with a population above 250,000. He won in six of the eight largest Southern cities.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The election was the first in which a computer, the UNIVAC I, was used to predict the results; it came within 3.5% of Eisenhower's popular vote tally and four votes of his electoral vote total.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 142981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Election results in these states were within one percentage point (21 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Election results in these states were within five percentage points (36 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Election results in these states were between five and ten percentage points (140 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tipping point state:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1952 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1342149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1952 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1313008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "History of the United States (1945–1964)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 269040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "First inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21204487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower. Vol. I. Soldier, General of the Army, President Elect 1890–1952 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), pp 550–572.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Blake, David Haven. Liking Ike: Eisenhower, Advertising, and the Rise of Celebrity Politics (Oxford UP, 2016). xvi, 281 pp.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Boomhower, Ray E. \"All the Way with Adlai: John Bartlow Martin and the 1952 Adlai Stevenson Campaign.\" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 111#3 (2018): 67–102 online.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bowen, Michael. The roots of modern conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the battle for the soul of the Republican party (2011)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Converse, Philip E., Warren E. Miller, Donald E. Stokes, Angus Campbell. The American Voter (1964) the classic political science study of voters in 1952 and 1956", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 445636, 8165916, 62661092, 32834770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 22, 38 ], [ 40, 56 ], [ 58, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 5 vol of details on each region", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History (2015) pp.167–83, role of television.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Davies, James C. \"Charisma in the 1952 Campaign.\" American Political Science Review 48#4 (1954): 1083–102. doi:10.2307/1951012. online.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Donaldson, Gary. When America Liked Ike: How Moderates Won the 1952 Presidential Election and Reshaped American Politics (2016) 137pp. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Grant, Philip A. \"Eisenhower and the 1952 Republican Invasion of the South: The Case of Virginia.\" Presidential Studies Quarterly 20#2 (1990): 285–93. online.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Greene, John Robert. I Like Ike: The Presidential Election of 1952 (2017) excerpt", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Halberstam, David. The Fifties. (New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1993) online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hyman, Herbert H. and Paul B. Sheatsley. \"The political appeal of President Eisenhower\", Public Opinion Quarterly, 17 (1953–54), pp.443–60 online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " McCullough, David. Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster. (1992)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Martin, John Bartlow. Adlai Stevenson of Illinois (1976) vol 1 covers his campaign in depth", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 22040720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medhurst, Martin J. \"Text and Context in the 1952 Presidential Campaign: Eisenhower's 'I Shall Go to Korea' Speech.\" Presidential Studies Quarterly 30.3 (2000): 464–484. online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Murphy, John M. \"Civic republicanism in the modern age: Adlai Stevenson in the 1952 presidential campaign.\" Quarterly Journal of Speech (1994) 80#3 pp 313–328.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Parmet, Herbert S. Eisenhower and the American crusades (1972) online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Smith, Jean Edward. Eisenhower in War and Peace (2012) pp.498–549 ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 2147642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Strong, Donald S. \"The presidential election in the South, 1952.\" Journal of Politics 17.3 (1955): 343–389. online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840–1964 (1965) online 1840–1956", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Newsreel on Eisenhower campaign", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1952 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1952 State-by-state Popular vote", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Decision Not to Run in 1952, an excerpt from a Truman biography from a University of Virginia", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 59801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "How close was the 1952 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Living Room Candidate: Presidential Campaign Commercials: 1952", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower's 1952 presidential campaign, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1952 in Counting the Votes", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Project X\" episode 5 of The Last Archive by Jill Lepore (premiered 11 June 2020)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 22469182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 56 ] ] } ]

[ "1952_United_States_presidential_election", "Articles_containing_video_clips", "Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower", "Dwight_D._Eisenhower", "Richard_Nixon" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1952" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1956 United States presidential election was the 43rd quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1956. President Dwight D. Eisenhower successfully ran for reelection against Adlai Stevenson II, the former Illinois governor whom he had defeated four years earlier.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 24113, 8182, 52737, 14849, 252420, 40563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 135, 144 ], [ 145, 165 ], [ 206, 224 ], [ 237, 245 ], [ 246, 254 ], [ 276, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower, who had first become famous for his military leadership in World War II, remained widely popular. A heart attack in 1955 provoked speculation that he would not seek a second term, but his health recovered and he faced no opposition at the 1956 Republican National Convention. Stevenson remained popular with a core of liberal Democrats, but held no office and had no real base. He defeated New York Governor W. Averell Harriman and several other candidates on the first presidential ballot of the 1956 Democratic National Convention. Stevenson called for a significant increase in government spending on social programs and a decrease in military spending.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 20556798, 4146385, 518073, 3492227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 83 ], [ 112, 124 ], [ 252, 287 ], [ 421, 440 ], [ 510, 545 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the end of the Korean War and a strong economy, few doubted that the charismatic Eisenhower would be reelected. Supporters of the president focused on his \"personal qualities ... his sincerity, his integrity and sense of duty, his virtue as a family man, his religious devotion, and his sheer likeableness,\" rather than on his leadership record. The weeks before the election saw two major international crises in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, and Eisenhower's handling of the crises boosted his popularity.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 16772 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower slightly improved on his 1952 majorities in both the popular and electoral vote. He increased his 1952 gains among Democrats, especially Northern Catholics and city-dwelling White Southerners. Although he unusually lost Missouri, which had been a bellwether state for most of the 20th century and had voted for him in the previous election of 1952, he picked up Kentucky, Louisiana, and West Virginia, which had voted against him in the previous election. This was the last presidential election before the admissions of Alaska and Hawaii in 1959, the last presidential election in which both Massachusetts and Minnesota voted Republican, the last election in which any of the major candidates had been born in the 19th century, and the most recent election to have been a rematch of a previous election. This is the last election that a Republican won without North Carolina, South Carolina, or Missouri.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 85533, 47214676, 16305308, 54510822, 54515311, 54476813, 624, 13270, 1645518, 19590, 32070, 21650, 27956, 19571 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 85 ], [ 185, 202 ], [ 226, 239 ], [ 373, 381 ], [ 383, 392 ], [ 398, 411 ], [ 532, 538 ], [ 543, 549 ], [ 604, 617 ], [ 622, 631 ], [ 638, 648 ], [ 872, 886 ], [ 888, 902 ], [ 907, 915 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Republican candidates", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Early in 1956, there was speculation that President Eisenhower would not run for a second term because of concerns about his health. In 1955, Eisenhower had suffered a serious heart attack. However, he soon recovered and decided to run for a second term. (In June 1956 he also underwent surgery for ileitis) Given Eisenhower's enormous popularity, he was renominated with no opposition at the 1956 Republican National Convention in San Francisco, California.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 20556798, 27721572, 4146385, 49728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 176, 188 ], [ 299, 306 ], [ 393, 428 ], [ 432, 457 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The only question among Republicans was whether Vice President Richard Nixon would again be Eisenhower's running mate. There is some evidence that Eisenhower would have preferred a less controversial running mate, such as Governor Christian Herter of Massachusetts. According to some historians (such as Stephen E. Ambrose), Eisenhower privately offered Nixon another position in his cabinet, such as Secretary of Defense. Harold Stassen was the only Republican to publicly oppose Nixon's re-nomination for vice-president, and Nixon remained highly popular among the Republican rank-and-file voters. Nixon had also reshaped the vice-presidency, using it as a platform to campaign for Republican state and local candidates across the country, and these candidates came to his defense. In the spring of 1956, Eisenhower publicly announced that Nixon would again be his running mate, and Stassen was forced to second Nixon's nomination at the Republican Convention. Unlike 1952, conservative Republicans (who had supported Robert A. Taft against Eisenhower in 1952) did not attempt to shape the platform. At the convention, one delegate voted for a fictitious \"Joe Smith\" for vice-president to prevent a unanimous vote.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 25473, 190202, 65984, 43998, 237818, 358753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 76 ], [ 231, 247 ], [ 304, 322 ], [ 401, 421 ], [ 423, 437 ], [ 1020, 1034 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adlai Stevenson, the Democratic Party's 1952 nominee, fought a tight primary battle with populist Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver for the 1956 nomination. Kefauver won the New Hampshire primary unopposed (though Stevenson won 15% on write-ins). After Kefauver upset Stevenson in the Minnesota primary, Stevenson, realizing that he was in trouble, agreed to debate Kefauver in Florida. Stevenson and Kefauver held the first televised presidential debate on May 21, 1956, before the Florida primary. Stevenson carried Florida by a 52–48% margin. By the time of the California primary in June 1956, Kefauver's campaign had run low on money and could not compete for publicity and advertising with the well-funded Stevenson. Stevenson won the California primary by a 63–37% margin, and Kefauver soon withdrew from the race.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 40563, 30395, 307973, 445301, 40580984 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 44 ], [ 98, 107 ], [ 116, 130 ], [ 173, 194 ], [ 284, 301 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Adlai Stevenson - 3,051,347 (52.3%)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 52737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Estes Kefauver - 2,278,636 (39.1%)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 307973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Frank Lausche - 276,923 (4.7%)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 699219 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Unpledged - 171,198 (2.9%)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " John William McCormack - 26,128 (0.4%)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 265836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Others - 28,360 (0.6%)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At the 1956 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois, New York Governor W. Averell Harriman, who was backed by former President Harry S. Truman, challenged Stevenson for the nomination. However, Stevenson's delegate lead was much too large for Harriman to overcome, and Stevenson won the nomination on the first ballot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 3492227, 6886, 12861, 518073, 3418303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 42 ], [ 46, 63 ], [ 65, 82 ], [ 83, 102 ], [ 139, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The roll call, as reported in Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records, pp.294–298:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The highlight of the 1956 Democratic Convention came when Stevenson, to create excitement for the ticket, made the surprise announcement that the convention's delegates would choose his running mate. This set off a desperate scramble among several candidates to win the nomination. Potential vice-presidential candidates had only one hectic day to campaign among the delegates before the voting began. The two leading contenders were Senator Kefauver, who retained the support of his primary delegates, and Senator John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts, who was not well known at the time. Although Stevenson privately preferred Senator Kennedy to be his running mate, he did not attempt to influence the balloting for Kennedy in any way. Kennedy surprised the experts by surging into the lead on the second ballot; at one point, he was only 15 votes shy of winning. However, a number of states then left their \"favorite son\" candidates and switched to Kefauver, giving him the victory. Kennedy then gave a gracious concession speech. The defeat was a boost for Kennedy's long-term presidential chances: as a serious contender, he gained favorable national publicity, yet by losing to Kefauver he avoided blame for Stevenson's loss to Eisenhower in November. The vote totals in the vice-presidential balloting are recorded in the following table, which also comes from Bain & Parris.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 5119376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 515, 530 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stevenson campaigned hard against Eisenhower, with television ads for the first time being the dominant medium for both sides. Eisenhower's 1952 election victory had been due in large part to winning the female vote; hence, during this campaign there was a plethora of \"housewife\"-focused ads. Some commentators at the time also argued that television's new prominence was a major factor in Eisenhower's decision to run for a second term at the age of 66, considering his weak health after the heart attack in 1955. Television allowed Eisenhower to reach people across the country without enduring the strain of repeated coast-to-coast travel, making a national campaign more feasible.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Stevenson proposed significant increases in government spending for social programs and treaties with the Soviet Union to lower military spending and end nuclear testing on both sides. He also proposed to end the military draft and switch to an \"all-volunteer\" military. Eisenhower publicly opposed these ideas, even though in private he was working on a proposal to ban atmospheric nuclear testing. Eisenhower had retained the enormous personal and political popularity he had earned during World War II, and he maintained a comfortable lead in the polls throughout the campaign.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21109533, 26779, 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 83 ], [ 106, 118 ], [ 492, 504 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower was also helped by his handling of two developing foreign-policy crises that occurred in the weeks before the election. In the Soviet-occupied People's Republic of Hungary, many citizens had risen in revolt in the Revolution of 1956 against Soviet domination, but the Soviets responded by invading the country on October 26. Three days later, a combined force of Israeli, British, and French troops invaded Egypt to topple Gamal Abdel Nasser and seize the recently nationalized Suez Canal. The resolution of the latter crisis rapidly moved to the United Nations, and the Hungarian revolt was brutally crushed within a few days by re-deployed Soviet troops. Eisenhower condemned both actions, but was unable to help Hungary; he did, however, forcefully pressure the western forces to withdraw from Egypt.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 5298454, 351949, 58568, 51879, 29323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 182 ], [ 225, 243 ], [ 410, 423 ], [ 434, 452 ], [ 489, 499 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While these two events led many Americans to rally in support of the president and swelled his expected margin of victory, the campaign was seen differently by some foreign governments. The Eisenhower administration had also supported the Brown v. Board of Education ruling in 1954; this ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court ended legal segregation in public schools. Meanwhile, Stevenson voiced disapproval about federal court intervention in segregation, saying about Brown that \"we don't need reforms or groping experiments.\" This was an about-face from the national Democratic party platform's endorsement of civil rights in the 1948 campaign. Although Eisenhower \"avoid[ed] a clear stand on the Brown decision\" during the campaign, in the contest with Stevenson, he won the support of nearly 40% of black voters; he was the last Republican presidential candidate to receive such a level of support from black voters.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 66402, 26316, 40562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 239, 266 ], [ 333, 344 ], [ 629, 642 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower led all opinion polls by large margins throughout the campaign. On Election Day Eisenhower took over 57% of the popular vote and won 41 of the 48 states. Stevenson won only six Southern states and the border state of Missouri, becoming the first losing candidate since William Jennings Bryan in 1900 to carry Missouri. Eisenhower carried Louisiana, making him the first Republican presidential candidate to carry the state, or any state in the Deep South for that matter, since Rutherford Hayes had done so in 1876 during Reconstruction, Eisenhower was the first Republican to win re-election to the presidency since William McKinley.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 36856552, 19571, 40608, 40531, 19729241, 55040, 33521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 49 ], [ 228, 236 ], [ 280, 302 ], [ 306, 310 ], [ 489, 505 ], [ 533, 547 ], [ 628, 644 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eisenhower, who had won in twenty-one of the thirty-nine cities with a population above 250,000 in the 1952 election, won in twenty-eight of those cities in the 1956 election. He had won six of the eight largest cities in the Southern United States in the 1952 election and won seven of them with Atlanta being the only one to remain Democratic.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 3138 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 297, 304 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This election was the last in which Massachusetts voted Republican until 1980 and the last in which Connecticut, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Texas, and West Virginia did so until 1972. Conversely this was the last election in which Mississippi voted Democratic until 1976, and is also the last election until 1976 when Alabama gave a majority of its electoral votes to the Democratic candidate. As of 2020, this remains the last time that Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, or North Carolina would back a losing Democratic presidential candidate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 40570, 40568, 40569 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 77 ], [ 220, 224 ], [ 308, 312 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (24 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (14 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory over 5%, but under 10% (46 electoral votes)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tipping point state:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(a) Alabama faithless elector W. F. Turner, who was pledged to Adlai Stevenson and Estes Kefauver, instead cast his votes for Walter Burgwyn Jones, who was a circuit court judge in Turner's home town, and Herman Talmadge, governor of the neighboring state of Georgia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1387946, 14641365, 52737, 307973, 952996, 950602, 48830 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 29 ], [ 30, 42 ], [ 63, 78 ], [ 83, 97 ], [ 126, 146 ], [ 205, 220 ], [ 259, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because of the admission of Alaska and Hawaii as states in 1959, the 1956 presidential election was the last in which there were 531 electoral votes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1956 United States gubernatorial elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 58595689 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1956 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1341973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1956 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1305075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1945–1964)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 269040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Second inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21204381 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Campaign commercials from the 1956 election", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Converse, Philip E., Warren E. Miller, Donald E. Stokes, Angus Campbell. The American Voter (1964) the classic political science study of voters in 1952 and 1956", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 445636, 8165916, 62661092, 32834770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 22, 38 ], [ 40, 56 ], [ 58, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " vol 2", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Martin, John Bartlow. Adlai Stevenson and the World: The Life of Adlai E. Stevenson (1977).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nichols, David A. Eisenhower 1956: The President's Year of Crisis--Suez and the Brink of War (2012).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gallup, George H., ed. The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971. 3 vols. Random House, 1972. press releases;", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 100077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1964 (1965) online 1840-1956", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Election Wall's 1956 Election Video Page", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1956 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Living Room Candidate: Presidential Campaign Commercials: 1952 – 2004", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " How close was the 1956 election?— Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Eisenhower's 1956 presidential campaign, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1956 in Counting the Votes ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1956_United_States_presidential_election", "Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower", "Dwight_D._Eisenhower", "Richard_Nixon", "November_1956_events_in_the_United_States" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1956" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 1960 United States presidential election was the 44th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1960. In a closely contested election, Democratic United States Senator John F. Kennedy defeated the incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, the Republican Party nominee. This was the first election in which fifty states participated, and the last in which the District of Columbia did not, marking the first participation of Alaska and Hawaii. This made it the only presidential election where the threshold for victory was 269 electoral votes. It was also the first election in which an incumbent president was ineligible to run for a third term because of the term limits established by the 22nd Amendment. This is the most recent election in which three of the four major party nominees for President and Vice-President were eventually elected President of the United States. Kennedy won the election, but was assassinated and succeeded by Johnson in 1963, who won re-election in 1964. Then, Nixon won the 1968 election to succeed Johnson who decided not to run for re-election that year.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21491579, 5043544, 24909346, 5119376, 32759, 25473, 32070, 108956, 624, 13270, 85533, 70132 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 168, 178 ], [ 179, 200 ], [ 201, 216 ], [ 241, 255 ], [ 256, 269 ], [ 275, 291 ], [ 391, 411 ], [ 457, 463 ], [ 468, 474 ], [ 560, 575 ], [ 725, 739 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nixon faced little opposition in the Republican race to succeed popular incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower. Kennedy, a junior U.S. senator from Massachusetts, established himself as the Democratic front-runner with his strong performance in the 1960 Democratic primaries, including a key victory in West Virginia over Senator Hubert Humphrey. He defeated Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson on the first presidential ballot of the 1960 Democratic National Convention, and asked Johnson to serve as his running mate. The issue of the Cold War dominated the election, as tensions were high between the United States and the Soviet Union.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8182, 24909346, 1645518, 15472841, 32905, 24909346, 42636, 54533, 2909917, 325329, 26779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 102 ], [ 122, 134 ], [ 140, 153 ], [ 241, 266 ], [ 295, 308 ], [ 314, 321 ], [ 322, 337 ], [ 374, 391 ], [ 432, 467 ], [ 534, 542 ], [ 623, 635 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kennedy won a 303 to 219 Electoral College victory, and he won the reported national popular vote by 112,827, a margin of 0.17 percent. Fourteen unpledged electors from Mississippi and Alabama cast their vote for Senator Harry F. Byrd, as did a faithless elector from Oklahoma. The 1960 presidential election was the closest election since 1916, and this closeness can be explained by a number of factors. Kennedy benefited from the economic recession of 1957–1958, which hurt the standing of the incumbent Republican Party, and he had the advantage of 17 million more registered Democrats than Republicans. Furthermore, the new votes that Kennedy, the first Roman Catholic president, gained among Catholics almost neutralized the new votes Nixon gained among Protestants. Nixon's advantages came from Eisenhower's popularity, as well as the economic prosperity of the past eight years. Kennedy's campaigning skills decisively outmatched Nixon's, who exhausted time and resources campaigning in all fifty states, while Kennedy focused on campaigning in populous swing states. Kennedy emphasized his youth, while Nixon focused heavily on his experience. Kennedy relied on Johnson to hold the South, and used television effectively. Despite this, Kennedy's popular vote margin was the second narrowest in presidential history, only surpassed by the 0.11% margin of 1880; depending on how votes for unpledged electors are allocated, it can even be argued that Kennedy lost the popular vote.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 85533, 1020107, 16949861, 303, 723104, 1387946, 22489, 40535, 4623537, 364022, 606848, 28701531, 429249, 40525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 42 ], [ 145, 162 ], [ 169, 180 ], [ 185, 192 ], [ 221, 234 ], [ 245, 262 ], [ 268, 276 ], [ 340, 344 ], [ 433, 464 ], [ 497, 506 ], [ 659, 673 ], [ 760, 771 ], [ 1062, 1074 ], [ 1363, 1367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This is the most recent election in which neither candidate carried every county in a single state, as well as the most recent one in which a Democrat was elected president without carrying Wisconsin. It also marked the first time in history that a Republican presidential nominee would carry Arizona, Oklahoma, Kentucky, Tennessee, Florida, Virginia, or Idaho without winning the presidency.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The major candidates for the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination were United States Senator John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts, Governor Pat Brown of California, United States Senator Stuart Symington from Missouri, United States Senator Lyndon B. Johnson from Texas, former Illinois Governor Adlai Stevenson, United States Senator Wayne Morse from Oregon, and United States Senator Hubert Humphrey from Minnesota. Several other candidates sought support in their home state or region as \"favorite son\" candidates, without any realistic chance of winning the nomination. Symington, Stevenson, and Johnson all declined to campaign in the presidential primaries. While this reduced their potential delegate count going into the Democratic National Convention, each of these three candidates hoped that the other leading contenders would stumble in the primaries, thus causing the convention's delegates to choose him as a \"compromise\" candidate acceptable to all factions of the party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 24909346, 5119376, 1645518, 62517, 342291, 5407, 24909346, 831020, 19571, 24909346, 54533, 29810, 253070, 52737, 24909346, 420986, 26811621, 24909346, 42636, 19590, 359763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 95 ], [ 96, 111 ], [ 117, 130 ], [ 132, 140 ], [ 141, 150 ], [ 154, 164 ], [ 166, 187 ], [ 188, 204 ], [ 210, 218 ], [ 220, 241 ], [ 242, 259 ], [ 265, 270 ], [ 279, 296 ], [ 297, 312 ], [ 314, 335 ], [ 336, 347 ], [ 353, 359 ], [ 365, 386 ], [ 387, 402 ], [ 408, 417 ], [ 493, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kennedy was initially dogged by suggestions from some Democratic Party elders (such as former United States President Harry S. Truman, who was supporting Symington) that he was too youthful and inexperienced to be president; these critics suggested that he should agree to be the running mate for another Democrat. Realizing that this was a strategy touted by his opponents to keep the public from taking him seriously, Kennedy stated frankly, \"I'm not running for vice president; I'm running for president.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 5043544, 24113, 3418303, 216817 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 70 ], [ 94, 117 ], [ 118, 133 ], [ 280, 292 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The next step was the primaries. Kennedy's Roman Catholic religion was an issue. Kennedy first challenged Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey in the Wisconsin primary, and defeated him. Kennedy's sisters, brothers, and wife Jacqueline combed the state, looking for votes, leading Humphrey to complain that he \"felt like an independent merchant competing against a chain store\". However, some political experts argued that Kennedy's margin of victory had come almost entirely from Catholic areas, and, thus, Humphrey decided to continue the contest in the heavily Protestant state of West Virginia. The first televised debate of 1960 was held in West Virginia. Kennedy outperformed Humphrey and, in the days following, Kennedy made substantial gains over Humphrey in the polls. Humphrey's campaign was low on funds, and could not compete for advertising and other \"get-out-the-vote\" drives with Kennedy's well-financed and well-organized campaign. In the end, Kennedy defeated Humphrey with over 60% of the vote, and Humphrey ended his presidential campaign. West Virginia showed that Kennedy, a Catholic, could win in a heavily Protestant state. Although Kennedy had only competed in nine presidential primaries, Kennedy's rivals, Johnson and Symington, failed to campaign in any primaries. Even though Stevenson had twice been the Democratic Party's presidential candidate, and retained a loyal following of liberals, his two landslide defeats to Republican United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower led most party leaders and delegates to search for a \"fresh face\" who could win a national election. Following the primaries, Kennedy traveled around the nation, speaking to state delegations and their leaders. As the Democratic Convention opened, Kennedy was far in the lead, but was still seen as being just short of the delegate total he needed to win.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 606848, 32905, 32070, 24113, 8182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 57 ], [ 1056, 1069 ], [ 1446, 1456 ], [ 1457, 1480 ], [ 1481, 1501 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1960 Democratic National Convention was held in Los Angeles, California. In the week before the convention opened, Kennedy received two new challengers, when Lyndon B. Johnson, the powerful Senate Majority Leader from Texas, and Adlai Stevenson, the party's nominee in 1952 and 1956, officially announced their candidacies (they had both privately been working for the nomination for some time). However, neither Johnson nor Stevenson was a match for the talented and highly efficient Kennedy campaign team led by Robert F. Kennedy. Johnson challenged Kennedy to a televised debate before a joint meeting of the Texas and Massachusetts delegations, to which Kennedy accepted. Most observers believed that Kennedy won the debate, and Johnson was unable to expand his delegate support beyond the South. Stevenson's failure to launch his candidacy publicly until the week of the convention meant that many liberal delegates who might have supported him were already pledged to Kennedy, and Stevenson — despite the energetic support of former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt — could not break their allegiance. Kennedy won the nomination on the first ballot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 2909917, 18110, 46507, 21131695, 19280644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 39 ], [ 52, 75 ], [ 194, 216 ], [ 518, 535 ], [ 1054, 1071 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Then, in a move that surprised many, Kennedy asked Johnson to be his running mate. He realized that he could not be elected without the support of traditional Southern Democrats, most of whom had backed Johnson. He offered Johnson the vice presidential nomination at the Los Angeles Biltmore Hotel at 10:15a.m. on July 14, 1960, the morning after being nominated for president. Robert F. Kennedy, who hated Johnson for his attacks on the Kennedy family, and who favored labor leader Walter Reuther, later said that his brother offered the position to Johnson as a courtesy and did not predict him to accept it. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., and Seymour Hersh quoted Robert Kennedy's version of events, writing that John Kennedy \"would have preferred Stuart Symington as his running-mate\", and that Johnson teamed with House Speaker Sam Rayburn to \"pressure Kennedy to offer the nomination\". Hersh goes on to present an alternative version of events; he writes that Kennedy was essentially blackmailed into offering the vice presidency to Johnson. The same story was originally presented by Anthony Summers in his biography of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. Evelyn Lincoln, Kennedy's personal secretary, told Summers in an interview that she was convinced in mid-1960 that J. Edgar Hoover and Johnson had conspired. Hoover was known to keep detailed files on the personal lives of many political figures, and Kennedy was no exception. Hoover obtained information about Kennedy's womanizing prior to the election from at least two different sources. In January 1942, while he was serving in the United States Navy, FBI surveillance records confirmed that he was having an affair with a woman named Inga Arvad; then, in 1958, a couple named Leonard and Florence Kater found out that their tenant, Pamela Turnure, a secretary in Kennedy's Senate office, had been having an affair with the soon-to-be president. The Katers rigged up a tape recorder to pick up the sounds of the couple's love-making, and snapped a picture of Kennedy himself. The Katers sent this information to the newspapers, and one company — Stearn Publications — passed it along to Hoover. Soon after, \"he quietly obtained a copy of the compromising sex tapes and offered them to Lyndon Johnson as campaign ammunition\". Lincoln said that Johnson \"had been using all the information Hoover could find on Kennedy — during the campaign, even before the Convention. And Hoover was in on the pressure on Kennedy at the Convention.\" A few days after the offer was made, Pierre Salinger, the campaign's press secretary, had asked Kennedy whether he really expected Johnson to accept the offer, or if he was merely making a polite gesture. Kennedy responded cryptically: \"The whole story will never be known. And it's just as well that it won't be.\" \"The only people who were involved in the discussions were Jack and myself\", said Robert Kennedy. \"We both promised each other that we'd never tell what happened.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 861808, 1784658, 21131695, 294500, 1013900, 316118, 831020, 216817, 46023, 410215, 5294136, 16044, 629158, 20518076, 3373358, 60332306, 14410066 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 159, 177 ], [ 271, 297 ], [ 378, 395 ], [ 483, 497 ], [ 611, 637 ], [ 643, 656 ], [ 748, 764 ], [ 772, 784 ], [ 816, 829 ], [ 830, 841 ], [ 1088, 1103 ], [ 1137, 1152 ], [ 1154, 1168 ], [ 1590, 1608 ], [ 1693, 1703 ], [ 1791, 1805 ], [ 2527, 2542 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Biographers Robert Caro and W. Marvin Watson offer a different perspective: They write that the Kennedy campaign was desperate to win what was forecast to be a very close race against Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. Johnson was needed on the ticket to help carry votes from Texas and the Southern United States. Caro's research showed that on July 14, Kennedy started the process, while Johnson was still asleep. At 6:30a.m., Kennedy asked his brother to prepare an estimate of upcoming electoral votes, \"including Texas\". Robert Kennedy called Pierre Salinger and Kenneth O'Donnell to assist him. Realizing the ramifications of counting Texas votes as their own, Salinger asked him whether he was considering a Kennedy-Johnson ticket, and Robert replied, \"Yes\". Between 9 and 10 a.m., John Kennedy called Pennsylvania governor David L. Lawrence, a Johnson backer, to request that Lawrence nominate Johnson for vice president if Johnson were to accept the role, and then went to Johnson's suite to discuss a mutual ticket at 10:15a.m. John Kennedy then returned to his suite to announce the Kennedy-Johnson ticket to his closest supporters and Northern political bosses. He accepted the congratulations of Ohio Governor Michael DiSalle, Connecticut Governor Abraham A. Ribicoff, Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley, and New York City mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Lawrence said that \"Johnson has the strength where you need it most\"; he then left to begin writing the nomination speech. O'Donnell remembers being angry at what he considered a betrayal by John Kennedy, who had previously cast Johnson as anti-labor and anti-liberal. Afterward, Robert Kennedy visited with labor leaders who were extremely unhappy with the choice of Johnson, and, after seeing the depth of labor opposition to Johnson, he ran messages between the hotel suites of his brother and Johnson, apparently trying to undermine the proposed ticket without John Kennedy's authorization and to get Johnson to agree to be the Democratic Party chairman, rather than vice president. Johnson refused to accept a change in plans, unless it came directly from John Kennedy. Despite his brother's interference, John Kennedy was firm that Johnson was who he wanted as running mate, and met with staffers such as Larry O'Brien, his national campaign manager, to say Johnson was to be vice president. O'Brien recalled later that John Kennedy's words were wholly unexpected, but that, after a brief consideration of the electoral vote situation, he thought \"it was a stroke of genius\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 505826, 1478025, 25473, 153062, 179553, 14410066, 3516019, 1544788, 252505, 699192, 179527, 847967, 310285, 40221, 206327, 866363, 762752 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 23 ], [ 28, 44 ], [ 184, 197 ], [ 202, 224 ], [ 297, 319 ], [ 554, 569 ], [ 574, 591 ], [ 837, 854 ], [ 1215, 1228 ], [ 1229, 1244 ], [ 1246, 1266 ], [ 1267, 1286 ], [ 1288, 1301 ], [ 1302, 1318 ], [ 1324, 1343 ], [ 1344, 1365 ], [ 2277, 2290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Norman Mailer attended the convention, and wrote a profile of Kennedy, \"Superman Comes to the Supermart\", published in Esquire.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 189774, 244002 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 119, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the ratification of the 22nd Amendment in 1951, President Dwight D. Eisenhower could not run for the office of president again; he had been elected in 1952 and 1956.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 70132 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1959, it looked as if Vice President Richard Nixon might face a serious challenge for the Republican nomination from New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, the leader of the Republican moderate-to-liberal wing. However, Rockefeller announced that he would not be a candidate for president, after a national tour revealed that the great majority of Republicans favored Nixon.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 25473, 32070, 19283265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 53 ], [ 93, 103 ], [ 138, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Rockefeller's withdrawal, Nixon faced no significant opposition for the Republican nomination. At the 1960 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Illinois, Nixon was the overwhelming choice of the delegates, with conservative Senator Barry Goldwater from Arizona receiving 10 votes from conservative delegates. In earning the nomination, Nixon became the first sitting vice president to run for president since John C. Breckinridge exactly a century prior. Nixon then chose former Massachusetts Senator and United Nations Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., as his vice presidential running mate. Nixon chose Lodge because his foreign-policy credentials fit into Nixon's strategy to campaign more on foreign policy than domestic policy, which he believed favored the Democrats. Nixon had previously sought Rockefeller as his running mate, but the governor had no ambitions to be vice president. However, he later served as Gerald Ford's vice president from 1974 to 1977.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Nominations", "target_page_ids": [ 4146235, 6886, 4792, 89141, 31769, 153062, 5030380 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 143 ], [ 147, 164 ], [ 244, 259 ], [ 421, 441 ], [ 517, 531 ], [ 543, 565 ], [ 932, 943 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the campaign, Kennedy charged that under Eisenhower and the Republicans, the nation had fallen behind the Soviet Union in the Cold War, both militarily and economically, and that, as president, he would \"get America moving again\". The Eisenhower administration had established NASA in 1958, but Kennedy believed that the Republican Party had ignored the need to catch up to the Soviet Union in the Space Race. He promised that the new Democratic administration would fully appreciate the importance of space accomplishments for the national security and international prestige of the United States. Nixon responded that, if elected, he would continue the \"peace and prosperity\" that Eisenhower had brought the nation in the 1950s. Nixon also argued that, with the nation engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets, Kennedy was too young and inexperienced to be trusted with the presidency. Had Nixon been elected, at 48 years, 11 days, he would have been the fourth-youngest president at the date of inauguration. Kennedy, by contrast, was 43 years, 236 days, on the date of his inauguration; the second-youngest man to begin a Presidency. (At 42 Theodore Roosevelt, who assumed the Presidency upon the assassination of United States President William McKinley 60 years previously, was (and remains) the youngest.)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 26779, 325329, 84237, 11262088, 30535, 21215062, 14157520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 125 ], [ 133, 141 ], [ 405, 415 ], [ 960, 979 ], [ 1152, 1170 ], [ 1176, 1198 ], [ 1208, 1265 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During Kennedy's campaign, he relied on his youth and promised to bring about change. Kennedy had a slogan emphasizing his youth, reading, \"who's seasoned through and through/but not so dog-gone seasoned that he won't try something new\". He was also endorsed by celebrities such as Frank Sinatra, Henry Fonda, and Harry Belafonte. Nixon asserted that his experience in politics made him more qualified to hold the office of president. He wanted voters to know that he had the abilities to take on Communist threats.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 11181, 46228, 154183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 282, 295 ], [ 297, 308 ], [ 314, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kennedy and Nixon both drew large and enthusiastic crowds throughout the campaign. In August 1960, most polls gave Nixon a slim lead over Kennedy, and many political pundits regarded him as the favorite to win. However, Nixon was plagued by bad luck throughout the fall campaign. In August, President Eisenhower, who had long been ambivalent about Nixon, held a televised press conference in which a reporter, Charles Mohr of Time, mentioned Nixon's claims that he had been a valuable administration insider and adviser. Mohr asked Eisenhower if he could give an example of a major idea of Nixon's that he had heeded. Eisenhower responded with the flip comment, \"If you give me a week, I might think of one.\" Although both Eisenhower and Nixon later claimed that he was merely joking with the reporter, the remark hurt Nixon, as it undercut his claims of having greater decision-making experience than Kennedy. The remark proved so damaging to Nixon that the Democrats turned Eisenhower's statement into a television commercial.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 1700192, 31600 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 173 ], [ 426, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the Republican National Convention, Nixon had pledged to campaign in all fifty states. This pledge backfired when, in August, Nixon injured his knee on a car door, while campaigning in North Carolina. The knee became infected, and Nixon had to cease campaigning for two weeks, while the infection was treated with antibiotics. When he left Walter Reed Hospital, Nixon refused to abandon his pledge to visit every state; he thus wound up wasting valuable time visiting states that he had no chance of winning, or that had few electoral votes and would be of little help at the election, or states that he would almost certainly win regardless. In his effort to visit all 50 states, Nixon spent the vital weekend before the election campaigning in Alaska, which had only three electoral votes, while Kennedy campaigned in more populous states such as New Jersey, Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21650, 1805, 791464 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 188, 202 ], [ 317, 328 ], [ 343, 363 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nixon visited Atlanta, Georgia, on August 26, and acquired a very large turnout to his event. He rode through a parade in Atlanta, and was greeted by 150,000 people. Nixon mentioned in his speech in Atlanta, \"In the last quarter of a century, there hasn't been a Democratic candidate for President that has bothered to campaign in the State of Georgia.\" However, Kennedy would not let Nixon take the Democratic states that easily. Kennedy would change that statistic, and visit some surprising states, including Georgia. He visited the cities of Columbus, Warm Springs, and LaGrange on his campaign trail in Georgia. In his visit to Warm Springs, state troopers tried to keep Kennedy from an immense crowd; however, Kennedy reached out to shake hands of those who were sick with polio. He also visited small towns across Georgia and saw a total of about 100,000 people in the state. Kennedy also spoke at a rehabilitation facility in Warm Springs. Warm Springs was near and dear to Kennedy's heart, due to the effects the facility had on Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt spent time at the rehabilitation facility, and died there in 1945.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 3138, 48830, 110280, 110256, 110391, 25107, 10979 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 21 ], [ 23, 30 ], [ 546, 554 ], [ 556, 568 ], [ 574, 582 ], [ 779, 784 ], [ 1038, 1059 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Warm Springs, Kennedy spoke to supporters at the facility, and mentioned Roosevelt in his speech. He admired Roosevelt, and commended him for sticking up for the farmers, workers, small towns, big cities, those in poverty, and those who were sick. He said Roosevelt had a \"spirit of strength and progress, to get America moving\". Kennedy discussed his six-point plan for health care. He wanted a medical program set up for retirement, and federal funding for the construction of medical schools and hospitals. He also planned for the government to loan students money to attend medical school, and provide grants to renovate old hospitals. He called for more money to be spent on medical research and, finally, expand effort for rehabilitation and come up with new ways to assist those in need. Many Republicans disapproved of Kennedy's plans and described them as an \"appeal to socialism\". Nevertheless, many residents of Warm Springs were supportive of Kennedy, with women wearing hats reading \"Kennedy and Johnson\" and signs around the town saying \"Douglas County For Kennedy, Except 17 Republicans 6 Old Grouches\". Joe O. Butts, the mayor of Warm Springs during Kennedy's visit, said: \"He must've shaken hands with everybody within two miles of him, and he was smiling all the time.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the reservations Robert F. Kennedy had about Johnson's nomination, choosing Johnson as Kennedy's running mate proved to be a masterstroke. Johnson vigorously campaigned for Kennedy, and was instrumental in helping the Democrats to carry several Southern states skeptical of him, especially Johnson's home state of Texas. Johnson made a \"last-minute change of plans, and scheduled two 12-minute whistlestop speeches in Georgia\". One of these visits included stopping in Atlanta to speak from the rear of a train at Terminal Station. On the other hand, Ambassador Lodge, Nixon's running mate, ran a lethargic campaign and made several mistakes that hurt Nixon. Among them was a pledge, made without approval, that Nixon would name at least one African American to a Cabinet post. Nixon was furious at Lodge and accused him of spending too much time campaigning with minority groups instead of the white majority.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 21131695, 9905897, 32290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 42 ], [ 522, 538 ], [ 772, 779 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There were four presidential debates and no vice presidential debates during the 1960 general election.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 60365866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The key turning point of the campaign came with the four Kennedy-Nixon debates; they were the first presidential debates ever (the Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858 had been the first for senators from Illinois), also the first held on television and thus attracted enormous publicity. Nixon insisted on campaigning until just a few hours before the first debate started. He had not completely recovered from his stay in hospital, and thus looked pale, sickly, under-weight, and tired. His eyes moved across the room during the debate, and at various moments, sweat was visible on his face. He also refused make-up for the first debate, and as a result, his facial stubble showed prominently on the black-and-white TV screens at the time. Furthermore, the debate set appeared darker once the paint dried up, causing Nixon's suit color to blend in with the background, reducing his stature. Nixon's poor appearance on television in the first debate was reflected by the fact that his mother called him immediately following the debate to ask if he was sick. Kennedy, by contrast, rested and prepared extensively beforehand and thus appeared tanned, confident, and relaxed during the debate. An estimated 70 million viewers watched the first debate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 447485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is often claimed that people who watched the debate on television overwhelmingly believed Kennedy had won, while radio listeners (a smaller audience) thought Nixon had ended up defeating him. However, that has been disputed. Indeed, one study has speculated that the viewer/listener disagreement could be due to sample bias, in that those without TV could be a skewed subset of the population:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After the first debate, polls showed Kennedy moving from a slight deficit into a slight lead over Nixon. For the remaining three debates, Nixon regained his lost weight, wore television make-up, and appeared more forceful than in his initial appearance.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "However, up to 20 million fewer viewers watched the three remaining debates than the first. Political observers at the time felt that Kennedy won the first debate, Nixon won the second and third debates, while the fourth debate, which was seen as the strongest performance by both men, was a draw.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The third debate has been noted, as it brought about a change in the debate process. This debate was a monumental step for television. For the first time ever, split-screen technology was used to bring two people from opposite sides of the country together so they were able to converse in real time. Nixon was in Los Angeles, while Kennedy was in New York. The men appeared to be in the same room, thanks to identical sets. Both candidates had monitors in their respective studios, containing the feed from the opposite studio, so that they could respond to questions. Bill Shadel moderated the debate from a different television studio in Los Angeles. The main topic of this debate was whether military force should be used to prevent Quemoy and Matsu, two island archipelagos off the Chinese coast, from falling under Communist control.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 164266, 206515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 737, 743 ], [ 748, 753 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A key concern in Kennedy's campaign was the widespread skepticism among Protestants about his Roman Catholic religion. Some Protestants, especially Southern Baptists and Lutherans, feared that having a Catholic in the White House would give undue influence to the Pope in the nation's affairs. Radio evangelists such as G. E. Lowman wrote that, \"Each person has the right to their own religious belief ... [but] ... the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical system demands the first allegiance of every true member, and says in a conflict between church and state, the church must prevail\". The religious issue was so significant that Kennedy made a speech before the nation's newspaper editors in which he criticized the prominence they gave to the religious issue over other topics – especially in foreign policy – that he felt were of greater importance.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 24671614, 13959644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 108 ], [ 320, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To address fears among Protestants that his Roman Catholicism would impact his decision-making, Kennedy told the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on September 12, 1960: \"I am not the Catholic candidate for president. I am the Democratic Party's candidate for president who also happens to be a Catholic. I do not speak for my Church on public matters – and the Church does not speak for me.\" He promised to respect the separation of church and state, and not to allow Catholic officials to dictate public policy to him. Kennedy also raised the question of whether one-quarter of Americans were relegated to second-class citizenship just because they were Roman Catholic. Kennedy would become the first Roman Catholic to be elected president—it would be 60 years before another Roman Catholic, Joe Biden, was elected.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 145422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 800, 809 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kennedy's campaign took advantage of an opening when Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., the civil-rights leader, was arrested in Georgia while taking part in a sit-in. Nixon asked President Dwight D. Eisenhower to pardon King, but the President declined to do so. Nixon refused to take further action, but Kennedy placed calls to local political authorities to get King released from jail, and he also called King's father and wife. As a result, King's father endorsed Kennedy, and he received much favorable publicity among the black electorate. A letter to the Governor of Georgia regarding Martin Luther King, Jr.'s, arrest also helped Kennedy garner many African American votes. John F. Kennedy asked Governor Ernest Vandiver to look into the harsh sentencing, and stated his claim that he did not want to have to get involved in Georgia's justice system. A member of Kennedy's civil rights team and King's friend, Harris Wofford, and other Kennedy campaign members passed out a pamphlet to black churchgoers the Sunday before the presidential election that said, \"\"No Comment\" Nixon versus a Candidate with a Heart, Senator Kennedy.\"\" On election day, Kennedy won the black vote in most areas by wide margins, and this may have provided his margin of victory in states such as New Jersey, South Carolina, Illinois, and Missouri. Researchers found that Kennedy's appeal to African American voters appears to be largely responsible for his receiving more African-American votes than Adlai Stevenson in the 1956 election. The same study conducted found that white voters were less influenced on the topic of civil rights than black voters in 1960. The Republican national chairman at the time, Thruston Ballard Morton, regarded the African-American vote as the single most crucial factor.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 20076, 444051, 8182, 840838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 81 ], [ 155, 161 ], [ 185, 205 ], [ 1691, 1714 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The issue that dominated the election was the rising Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1957, the Soviets had launched Sputnik, the first man-made satellite to orbit Earth. Soon afterwards, some American leaders warned that the nation was falling behind communist countries in science and technology. In Cuba, the revolutionary regime of Fidel Castro became a close ally of the Soviet Union in 1960, heightening fears of communist subversion in the Western Hemisphere. Public opinion polls revealed that more than half the American people thought that war with the Soviet Union was inevitable.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kennedy took advantage of increased Cold War tension by emphasizing a perceived \"missile gap\" between the United States and Soviet Union. He argued that under the Republicans, the Soviets had developed a major advantage in the numbers of nuclear missiles. He proposed a bi-partisan congressional investigation about the possibility that the Soviet Union was ahead of the United States in developing missiles. He also noted in an October 18 speech that several senior US military officers had long criticized the Eisenhower Administration's defense spending policies.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 2266240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both candidates also argued about the economy and ways in which they could increase the economic growth and prosperity of the 1950s, and make it accessible to more people (especially minorities). Some historians criticize Nixon for not taking greater advantage of Eisenhower's popularity (which was around 60–65% throughout 1960 and on election day), and for not discussing the prosperous economy of the Eisenhower presidency more often in his campaign. As the campaign moved into the final two weeks, the polls and most political pundits predicted a Kennedy victory. However, President Eisenhower, who had largely sat out the campaign, made a vigorous campaign tour for Nixon over the last 10 days before the election. Eisenhower's support gave Nixon a badly needed boost. Nixon also criticized Kennedy for stating that Quemoy and Matsu, two small islands off the coast of Communist China that were held by Nationalist Chinese forces based in Taiwan, were outside the treaty of protection the United States had signed with the Nationalist Chinese. Nixon claimed the islands were included in the treaty, and accused Kennedy of showing weakness towards Communist aggression. Aided by the Quemoy and Matsu issue, and by Eisenhower's support, Nixon began to gain momentum, and by election day, the polls indicated a virtual tie.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "General election", "target_page_ids": [ 164266, 206515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 821, 827 ], [ 832, 837 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The election was held on November 8, 1960. Nixon watched the election returns from his suite at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, while Kennedy watched them at the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. As the early returns poured in from large Northeastern and Midwestern cities, such as Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago, Kennedy opened a large lead in the popular and electoral votes, and appeared headed for victory. However, as later returns came in from rural and suburban areas in the Midwest, the Rocky Mountain states, and the Pacific Coast states, Nixon began to steadily close the gap on Kennedy.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 652622, 1822827, 402986, 24437894, 645042, 50585, 25101, 5951, 8687, 6886, 212614, 28908, 104697 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 116 ], [ 167, 183 ], [ 187, 214 ], [ 302, 308 ], [ 310, 323 ], [ 325, 337 ], [ 339, 349 ], [ 351, 360 ], [ 362, 369 ], [ 375, 382 ], [ 520, 525 ], [ 530, 538 ], [ 552, 559 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before midnight, The New York Times had gone to press with the headline, \"Kennedy Elected President\". As the election again became too close to call, Times managing editor Turner Catledge hoped that, as he recalled in his memoirs, \"a certain Midwestern mayor would steal enough votes to pull Kennedy through\", thus allowing the Times to avoid the embarrassment of announcing the wrong winner, as the Chicago Tribune had memorably done twelve years earlier in announcing that Thomas E. Dewey had defeated President Harry S. Truman.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 30680, 3651544, 60961, 2026987, 40562, 45596, 3418303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 35 ], [ 172, 187 ], [ 400, 415 ], [ 430, 434 ], [ 435, 455 ], [ 475, 490 ], [ 514, 529 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nixon made a speech at about 3a.m., and hinted that Kennedy might have won the election. News reporters were puzzled, as it was not a formal concession speech. He talked of how Kennedy would be elected if \"the present trend continues\". It was not until the afternoon of the next day that Nixon finally conceded the election, and Kennedy claimed his victory.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kennedy won in twenty-seven of the thirty-nine largest cities, but lost in Southern cities that had voted for Adlai Stevenson II although he maintained Atlanta, New Orleans, and San Antonio. New Orleans and San Antonio were the only cities in the Southern United States to have large Catholic populations and Atlanta was a traditional Democratic stronghold.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 52737, 3138, 53842, 53848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 128 ], [ 152, 159 ], [ 161, 172 ], [ 178, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of the 3,129 counties and county-equivalents making returns, Nixon won in 1,857 (59.35%), while Kennedy carried 1,200 (38.35%). \"Unpledged\" electors came first in 71 counties and parishes (2.27%) throughout Mississippi and Louisiana, and one borough (0.03%) in Alaska split evenly between Kennedy and Nixon.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A sample of how close the election was can be seen in California, Nixon's home state. Kennedy seemed to have carried the state by 37,000 votes when all of the voting precincts reported, but when the absentee ballots were counted a week later, Nixon came from behind to win the state by 36,000 votes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 1127534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 199, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Similarly, in Hawaii, official results showed Nixon winning by a small margin of 141 votes, with the state being called for him early Wednesday morning. Acting Governor James Kealoha certified the Republican electors, and they cast Hawaii's three electoral votes for Nixon. However, clear discrepancies existed in the official electoral tabulations, and Democrats petitioned for a recount in Hawaii circuit court. The court challenge was still ongoing at the time of the Electoral Count Act's safe harbor deadline, but Democratic electors still convened at the Iolani Palace on the constitutionally-mandated date of December 19 and cast their votes for Kennedy. The recount, completed before Christmas, resulted in Kennedy being declared winner by 115 votes. On December 30, the circuit court ruled that Hawaii's three electoral votes should go to Kennedy. It was decided that a new certificate was necessary, with only two days remaining before Congress convened on January 6, 1961, to count and certify the Electoral College votes. A letter to Congress saying a certificate was on the way was rushed out by registered air mail. Both Democrat and Republican electoral votes from Hawaii were presented for counting on January 6, 1961, and Vice President Nixon who presided over the certification, graciously, and saying \"without the intent of establishing a precedent\", requested unanimous consent that the Democratic votes for Kennedy to be counted.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 50163767, 827639, 64736191, 64736191, 469613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 20 ], [ 169, 182 ], [ 471, 490 ], [ 493, 513 ], [ 561, 574 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the national popular vote, Kennedy beat Nixon by less than two tenths of one percentage point (0.17%), the closest popular-vote margin of the 20th century. So close was the popular vote that a shift of 18,858 votes in Illinois and Missouri, both won by Kennedy by less than 1%, would have left both Kennedy and Nixon short of the 269 electoral votes required to win, thus forcing a contingent election in the House of Representatives.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the Electoral College, Kennedy's victory was larger, as he took 303 electoral votes, to Nixon's 219. A total of 15 electors – eight from Mississippi, six from Alabama, and one from Oklahoma – all refused to vote for either Kennedy or Nixon, and instead cast their votes for Senator Harry F. Byrd of Virginia, a conservative Democrat, even though he had not been a candidate for president. Kennedy carried 12 states by three percentage points, or less, while Nixon won six by similarly narrow margins. Kennedy carried all but three states in the populous Northeast, and he also carried the large states of Michigan, Illinois, and Missouri in the Midwest. With Lyndon Johnson's help, he also carried most of the South, including the large states of North Carolina, Georgia, and Texas. Nixon carried all but three of the Western states (including California), and he ran strong in the farm belt states, where his biggest victory was in Ohio.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 85533, 723104, 431669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 24 ], [ 285, 298 ], [ 557, 566 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The New York Times, summarizing the discussion in late November, spoke of a \"narrow consensus\" among the experts that Kennedy had won more than he lost \"as a result of his Catholicism\", as Northern Catholics flocked to Kennedy because of attacks on his religion. Interviewing people who voted in both 1956 and 1960, a University of Michigan team analyzing the election returns discovered that people who voted Democratic in 1956 split 33–6 for Kennedy, while the Republican voters of 1956 split 44–17 for Nixon. That is, Nixon lost 28% () of the Eisenhower voters, while Kennedy lost only 15% of the Stevenson voters. The Democrats, in other words, did a better job of holding their 1956 supporters.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 30680, 31740 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 318, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kennedy said that he saw the challenges ahead and needed the country's support to get through them. In his victory speech, he declared: \"To all Americans, I say that the next four years are going to be difficult and challenging years for us all; that a supreme national effort will be needed to move this country safely through the 1960s. I ask your help, and I can assure you that every degree of my spirit that I possess will be devoted to the long-range interest of the United States and to the cause of freedom around the world.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some Republicans believed that Kennedy had benefited from vote fraud, especially in Texas, where his running mate Lyndon B. Johnson was senator, and Illinois, home of Mayor Richard Daley's powerful Chicago political machine. These two states were important because if Nixon had carried both, he would have earned 270 electoral votes, one more than the 269 needed to win the presidency. Republican senators such as Everett Dirksen and Barry Goldwater claimed vote fraud \"played a role in the election\", and that Nixon actually won the national popular vote. Republicans tried, and failed, to overturn the results in both Illinois and Texas at the time, as well as in nine other states. Earl Mazo, a conservative journalist and close friend of Nixon who later became Nixon's biographer, made unfounded accusations of voter fraud.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 382165, 54533, 40221, 5125916, 103566, 4792, 53503918 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 68 ], [ 114, 131 ], [ 173, 186 ], [ 198, 223 ], [ 414, 429 ], [ 434, 449 ], [ 685, 694 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nixon's campaign staff urged him to pursue recounts and challenge the validity of Kennedy's victory in several states, especially Illinois, Missouri, and New Jersey, where large majorities in Catholic precincts handed Kennedy the election. Nixon gave a speech three days after the election, stating that he would not contest the election. The Republican National Chairman, Senator Thruston Ballard Morton of Kentucky, visited Key Biscayne, Florida, where Nixon had taken his family for a vacation, and pushed for a recount. Morton challenged the results in 11 states, keeping challenges in the courts into mid-1961, but the only result of these challenges was the loss of Hawaii to Kennedy on a recount.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 840838, 109444 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 381, 404 ], [ 426, 447 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kennedy won Illinois by less than 9,000 votes, out of 4.75 million cast, a margin of 0.2%. Nixon carried 92 of the state's 101 counties. Kennedy's victory in Illinois came from Chicago, which had favorable demographics for Kennedy, with its large populations of Catholic and African-American voters. His victory margin in the city was 318,736, and 456,312 in Cook County. A myth arose that Mayor Daley held back much of the city's vote until the late morning hours of November 9. When the Republican Chicago Tribune went to press, 79% of Cook County precincts had reported, compared with just 62% of Illinois's precincts overall. Moreover, Nixon never led in Illinois, and Kennedy's lead merely shrank as election night went on.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 606848, 2154, 60961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 262, 270 ], [ 275, 291 ], [ 500, 515 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Texas, Kennedy defeated Nixon by a 51 to 49% margin, or 46,000 votes. Some Republicans argued, without evidence, that Johnson's formidable political machine had stolen enough votes in counties along the Mexican border to give Kennedy the victory. Kennedy's defenders, such as his speechwriter and special assistant Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., argued that Kennedy's margin in Texas was simply too large for vote fraud to have been a decisive factor.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 2817606, 1013900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 206, 220 ], [ 318, 344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Allegations of voter fraud were made in Texas. Fannin County had only 4,895 registered voters; yet, 6,138 votes were cast in that county, three-quarters for Kennedy. In an Angelina County precinct, Kennedy received 187 votes, to Nixon's 24, though there were only 86 registered voters in the precinct. When Republicans demanded a statewide recount, they learned that the state Board of Elections, whose members were all Democrats, had already certified Kennedy as the winner. This analysis is flawed, since registered voter figures only counted people who had paid the poll tax, and certain groups were exempt from that tax.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 91594, 91667, 26726864 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 60 ], [ 172, 187 ], [ 569, 577 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Schlesinger and others have pointed out that even if Nixon had carried Illinois, the state would not have given him a victory, as Kennedy would still have won 276 electoral votes, to Nixon's 246. More to the point, Illinois was the site of the most extensive challenge process, which fell short, despite repeated efforts spearheaded by Cook County state's attorney, Benjamin Adamowski, a Republican, who also lost his re-election bid. Despite demonstrating net errors favoring both Nixon and Adamowski (some precincts, 40% in Nixon's case, showed errors favoring them, a factor suggesting error, rather than fraud), the totals found fell short of reversing the results for the candidates. While a Daley-connected circuit judge, Thomas Kluczynski (later appointed a federal judge by Kennedy, at Daley's recommendation), threw out a federal lawsuit \"filed to contend\" the voting totals, the Republican-dominated State Board of Elections unanimously rejected the challenge to the results. Furthermore, there were signs of possible irregularities in downstate areas controlled by Republicans, which Democrats never seriously pressed, since the Republican challenges went nowhere. More than a month after the election, the Republican National Committee abandoned its Illinois voter fraud claims.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An academic study in 1985 later analyzed the ballots of two disputed precincts in Chicago which were subject to a recount. It found that while there was a pattern of miscounting votes to the advantage of Democratic candidates, Nixon suffered less from this than Republicans in other races, and, furthermore, the extrapolated error would only have reduced his Illinois margin from 8,858 votes (the final official total) to just under 8,000. It concluded there was insufficient evidence that he had been cheated out of winning Illinois.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A special prosecutor assigned to the case brought charges against 650 people, which did not result in convictions. Three Chicago election workers were convicted of voter fraud in 1962, and served short terms in jail. Mazo, Nixon's conservative reporter friend, later claimed, without evidence, that he \"found names of the dead who had voted in Chicago, along with 56 people from one house\". He claimed to have found cases of Republican voter fraud in southern Illinois, but said that the totals \"did not match the Chicago fraud he found\". After Mazo had published four parts of an intended 12-part voter fraud series documenting his findings, which was re-published nationally, he said: \"Nixon requested his publisher stop the rest of the series so as to prevent a constitutional crisis.\" Nevertheless, the Chicago Tribune (which routinely endorsed GOP presidential candidates, including Nixon in 1960, 1968, and 1972) wrote that \"the election of November 8 was characterized by such gross and palpable fraud as to justify the conclusion that [Nixon] was deprived of victory\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 192803 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 765, 786 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The situation in Alabama was controversial, as the number of popular votes that Kennedy received in Alabama is difficult to determine because of the unusual situation there. Instead of having the voters use one vote to choose from a slate of electors, the Alabama ballot had voters choose the electors individually with up to 11 votes. In such a situation, a given candidate is traditionally assigned the popular vote of the elector who received the most votes. For instance, all 11 Republican candidates in Alabama were pledged to Nixon, and the 11 Republican electors received anywhere from as low as 230,951 votes (for George Witcher) to as high as 237,981 votes (for Cecil Durham); Nixon is therefore assigned 237,981 popular votes from Alabama.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 85533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 293, 301 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The situation was more complicated on the Democratic side. The Alabama statewide Democratic primary had chosen 11 candidates for the Electoral College, five of whom were pledged to vote for Kennedy, but the other six of whom were unpledged and could therefore vote for anyone that they chose to be president. All 11 of these Democratic candidates won in the general election in Alabama, from as low as 316,394 votes for Karl Harrison, to as high as 324,050 votes for Frank M. Dixon. All six of the unpledged Democratic electors ended up voting against Kennedy, and instead voted for the Dixiecrat segregationist Harry F. Byrd. The number of popular votes that Kennedy received is therefore difficult to calculate. There are typically three methods that can be used. The first method, which is mostly used and the method used on the results table on this page below, is to assign Kennedy 318,303 votes in Alabama (the votes won by the most popular Kennedy elector, C.G. Allen), and to assign 324,050 votes in Alabama (the votes won by the most popular unpledged Democratic elector, Frank M. Dixon) to unpledged electors. However, using this method gives a combined voting total that is much higher than the actual number of votes cast for the Democrats in Alabama. The second method that can be used is to give Kennedy 318,303 votes in Alabama, and count the remaining 5,747 Democratic votes as unpledged electors. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 841066, 723104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 467, 481 ], [ 612, 625 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The third method would give a completely different outlook in terms of the popular vote in both Alabama and in the USA overall. The third method is to allocate the Democratic votes in Alabama between Kennedy electors and unpledged electors on a percentage basis, giving 5/11s of the 324,050 Democratic votes to Kennedy (which comes to 147,295 votes for Kennedy) and 6/11s of the 324,050 Democratic votes to unpledged electors (which comes to 176,755 votes for unpledged electors). Bearing in mind that the highest Republican/Nixon elector in Alabama got 237,981 votes, this third method of calculating the Alabama vote means that Nixon wins the popular vote in Alabama, and wins the popular vote in the USA overall, as it would give Kennedy 34,049,976 votes nationally, and Nixon 34,108,157 votes nationally.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The number of popular votes Kennedy and Nixon received in Georgia is also difficult to determine because voters voted for 12 separate electors. The vote totals of 458,638 for Kennedy and 274,472 for Nixon reflect the number of votes for the Kennedy and Nixon electors who received the highest number of votes. The Republican and Democratic electors receiving the highest number of votes were outliers from the other 11 electors from their party. The average vote totals for the 12 electors were 455,629 for the Democratic electors, and 273,110 for the Republican electors. This shrinks Kennedy's election margin in Georgia by 1,647 votes, to 182,519.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 160951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 392, 400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many Southern Democrats were opposed to voting rights for African Americans living in the South. There was a call from segregationists for electoral votes to be withheld, or to be cast for Virginia senator Harry F. Byrd, a segregationist Democrat, as an independent candidate. Both before and after the convention, they attempted to put unpledged Democratic electors on their states' ballots, in the hopes of influencing the race; the existence of such electors might influence which candidate would be chosen by the national convention, and in a close race, such electors might be in a position to extract concessions from either the Democratic or Republican presidential candidates in return for their electoral votes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 2154, 723104, 1020107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 74 ], [ 206, 219 ], [ 337, 366 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most of these attempts failed. The Democrats in Alabama put up a mixed slate of five electors loyal to Kennedy and six unpledged electors. The Democrats in Mississippi put up two distinct slates – one of Kennedy loyalists, and one of unpledged electors. Louisiana also put up two distinct slates, although the unpledged slate did not receive the \"Democratic\" label. Georgia freed its Democratic electors from pledges to vote for Kennedy, although all 12 Democratic electors in Georgia did end up voting for Kennedy. Governor Ernest Vandiver wanted the Democratic electors to vote against Kennedy. Former governor Ellis Arnall supported Kennedy getting the electoral votes, with Arnall calling Vandiver's stand \"utterly disgraceful\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 952893 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 525, 540 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In total, 14 unpledged Democratic electors won election from the voters and chose not to vote for Kennedy, eight from Mississippi and six from Alabama. Because electors pledged to Kennedy had won a clear majority of the Electoral College, the unpledged electors could not influence the results. Nonetheless, they refused to vote for Kennedy. Instead, they voted for Byrd, even though he was not an announced candidate and did not seek their votes. In addition, Byrd received one electoral vote from a faithless Republican elector in Oklahoma, for a total of 15 electoral votes. The faithless Republican elector in Oklahoma voted for Barry Goldwater as vice president; whereas the 14 unpledged Democratic electors from Mississippi and Alabama voted for Strom Thurmond as vice president.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 1020107, 4792, 44642 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 42 ], [ 633, 648 ], [ 752, 766 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There were 537 electoral votes, up from 531 in 1956, because of the addition of two U.S. senators and one U.S. representative from each of the new states of Alaska and Hawaii. The House of Representatives was temporarily expanded from 435 members to 437, to accommodate this, and went back to 435 when re-apportioned, according to the 1960 census. The re-apportionment took place after the 1960 election.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Popular Vote): Note: Sullivan / Curtis ran only in Texas. In Washington, the Constitution Party ran Curtis for president and B. N. Miller for vice president, receiving 1,401 votes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [ 29810, 13015878 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 64 ], [ 69, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Source (Electoral Vote): ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 1% (95 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state for Kennedy win) ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (tipping point state if Nixon wins)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory less than 5% (161 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Margin of victory over 5%, but under 10% (160 electoral votes):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Source: ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Voter demographics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of the United States (1945–1964)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 269040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Inauguration of John F. Kennedy", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21212971 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Primary (film)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 523357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1960 United States House of Representatives elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1341897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1960 United States Senate elections", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1177806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1960 United States presidential debates", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 60365866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ambrose, Stephen. Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1913–1962 (1987) ch 25–26", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 65984 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Brands, Hal. \"Burying Theodore White: Recent Accounts of the 1960 Presidential Election.\" (2010) 40#2 : 364–367. online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Campbell, Angus; et al. (1966). Elections and the Political Order, statistical studies of survey data online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 32834770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Casey, Shaun A. The Making of a Catholic President: Kennedy vs. Nixon, 1960 (Oxford UP, 2009) 261 pp.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Divine, Robert A. Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections, 1952–1960 (1974) online.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Donaldson, Gary A. The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). 199 pp.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ingle, H. Larry, \"Billy Graham: The Evangelical in Politics, 1960s-Style,\" in Peter Bien and Chuck Fager, eds. In Stillness there is Fullness: A Peacemaker's Harvest, (Kimo Press, 2000)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gallup, George H., ed. The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971. 3 vols. Random House, 1972. poll results", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 100077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chester, Edward W A guide to political platforms (1977) online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Porter, Kirk H. and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. National party platforms, 1840-1972 (1973)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Election Wall's 1960 Election Video Page", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1960 popular vote by counties", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1960 popular vote by states (with bar graphs)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Campaign commercials from the 1960 election", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Battleground West Virginia: Electing the President in 1960 —West Virginia Archives and History On-Line Exhibit", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Election of 1960 in Counting the Votes", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1960_United_States_presidential_election", "Irish-American_history", "Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States", "Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy", "Richard_Nixon", "Lyndon_B._Johnson", "November_1960_events_in_the_United_States", "Articles_containing_video_clips" ]

[ "United States presidential election, 1960" ]