Datasets:

haritzpuerto

/

the_pile_00_YoutubeSubtitles

like 0

hey guys today we're making this delicious lemon cream tres leches cake I wasn't planning on making another tres leches cake but you guys have been loving the series and so many of you asked for more flavors this is a moist lemon cake soaked in a lemon cream mixture and topped with the most incredible creamy lemon mousse okay you guys so to make the lemon sponge cake we're going to start by whipping our egg whites with one teaspoon of lemon juice which in this case it's not used to flavor the sponge but to stabilize the egg whites we will however though be using a lot of lemons today and we'll use those in just a moment once your egg whites start to become foamy and double in size you can start gradually adding your sugar if you're new to my channel make sure to subscribe and click that notification bell I post new videos every week you're going to whip your meringue to stiff peaks and set it aside and this other bowl I have some butter which isn't a lot but the sponge cake does need it to it we're going to add the zest of two big lemons fresh real lemons is all you need to make a lemon cake do not use extract do not use artificial flavorings lemons is all you need to get that pure delicious strong lemon fragrance you'll also need the juice of one of the lemons which will give the cake a bit of Tang I like to juice it directly over the bowl if you do that though make sure you're using a sieve to capture the seats I've added the egg yolks and milk and you want to give these wet ingredients a quick mix before adding your sifted dry ingredients careful to not over mix your batter I like to start with my mixer and finish with my spatula to this batter we're going to fold in the egg whites start by adding only three to four big dollops of the egg whites to lighten this mixed I said there's so many times guys you can be rough with these first dollops but be careful when folding in the rest of your meringue you do want to fold these in gently so your batter doesn't lose too much air I love how beautiful this cake batter looks it almost looks like a lemon mousse okay so this is ready to be poured into your cake pan buttered floured and lined with parchment paper and you're going to bake this cake in a preheated oven at 160 degrees Celsius or 320 Fahrenheit for around 25 to 30 minutes do the toothpick test if it comes out clean your cake is ready let it cool in its pan for five minutes and then you're going to turn it over onto a rack and let this cake cool completely okay so we're going to make the lemon cream bath which literally tastes like a lemon creamsicle it's the most heavenly fragrance bath ever it's so good it's in my cream and milk I'm going to add the zest again of two big lemons you only need the zest in this case in case you're wondering what to do with the leftover lemon juice because you will have you know a lot of lemon juice by the end of this cake I made lemonade I'm gonna need that you can also make lemon popsicles there's a lot of things you can do with the leftover lemon juice okay so nothing goes to waste now this cream milk mixture needs to rest for around 30 minutes to one hour the lemon zest will infuse this mixture and give it amazing flavor so cover it and pop it in the fridge while the cake is cooling okay so on to making the lemon mousse which is the most delicious thing ever we're going to do the same thing that we did for the milk bath we're going to infuse the cream with some lemon zest give the cream a good mix now if you want you can add a drop of food coloring that's what I did this is optional but it adds a subtle beautiful warm lemon color to your mousse topping cover the cream and again pop it in the fridge to infuse for about an hour okay so fast-forward an hour later your cake should have cooled by now and we're ready to assemble this beautiful delicious cake you're going to poke lots of holes into the cake using a toothpick or a fork and you're going to pour the lemon bath which will smell so good over the cake use a sieve to catch the lemon zest we don't want it on top of our cake I wanted to leave this scene in the video to show you how the cake just absorbs all that milk and cream obviously I sped up the video but I had to leave it in I just think it's so cool and fascinating ok so set this aside and we're going to make the lemon mousse which will take 2 minutes to make rinse the measuring cup that we used for the milk bath just in case there's leftover lemon zest strain your cream through the sieve again we don't want the lemon zest we want to silky smooth mousse now to give this cream a sturdy mousse texture we're going to add some ice that point in the mascarpone will give body to the cream and when you aerate this mixture it will develop a mousse texture it's going to be so good I did add some sugar off-camera and you want to whip this until you get stiff peaks top the cake with the mousse I like to be generous with this topping and using an offset spatula or even a simple knife spread it out I do like to smooth the top with a cake scraper and I do also cut the sides for a prettier presentation those will be eaten as well don't worry and I do also want to specify that you can serve this cake directly in its pan like you would traditional to this leches cake that's completely up to you you can serve this cake with some berries but I personally like to keep it all lemon I want the lemon flavor to be the star of this cake you guys I love lemon desserts and to me this cake represents everything that I would want in a lemon cake it's sweet with a subtle tang and the lemon mousse really takes this cake to another level I'm also a big texture person I love a soft and creamy cake and this is definitely that if you love lemon and if you love melt-in-your-mouth cakes this is definitely a lemon cake you need to make

Are you ready We gonna sing Abc A…throw your arms up B… jump back C…cross your feet then spin around D…drop to the floor E…open your eyes F…flap your wings and fly Now we're singing our ABC's Everybody sing with me Come on G...giggle while you wiggle H...hold still I...freeze just like an icicle" "J…jump up K…blow a kiss L…kick your leg out like this Now we're singing our ABC's Everybody sing with me M…take a minute to... N…touch your nose O…with your hands out P…strike a pose Q…quick... R…run S…t stop T…breathe ""U…you got this V…very nice W…wave goodbye X…extra high Now we're singing our ABC's Everybody sing with me Come on Oh no We forgot something Y Z Now we're singing our ABC's Everybody sing with me"

hello everyone welcome back to another fortnite video and in today I'm going to be teaching you how to play fortnight that is right I'm going to be teaching you every button layout every decision you are going to make in the fortnite game I will be teaching you how to decide where to land how to pick which spot to land on on the map I hope this is all helpful for you guys I may not be the best player in the world but you know what there's a lot of people out there who want to get into this game but they feel intimidated by the controls to this game so this is really just gonna be a PlayStation 4 tutorial I do not own an Xbox or a PC so if you're if you have a xbox or a PC I am sorry I do not have not be having the tutorial for that because I do not own either of the two so let's get right into it so before you start a game you're gonna want to decide what game mode you're gonna be playing you know you got to figure out what game mode your gonna be playing so you're gonna want to hit square and then you're gonna be up this whole little menus in a pop up solo duo squads and then the minigames in the bottom row so we're going to select solo because I'm by myself and you know can't really do duo's and squads without teammates unless you're going in by yourself anyways so in order to find the challenges that you're going to be need to be doing they will be in the left side of the map of the screen right below where it says level well for me it says level 70 and a little below that you see the battle pass tier 86 that's where the battle pass challenges will be showing they'll be sliding by but I already completed mine so they will not be there right now but the daily challenges will also pop up for the guys that do not want own a pass and I want to say the challenges update for the daily challenges they pop in around I wanna say 6:00 I'm not really sure for me in Texas in Dallas that's when they usually update around 6:00 6:30 maybe so but if you do have a battle pass and you want to check where your challenges are they'll be showing up right where it says battle pass right above the daily challenges they'll be just sliding by but if you want to have a whole look at them you're gonna use L1 or R1 to navigate between the the bar in the top to get to the certain section you want to be in so now your battle pass now your in challenges now in your locker item shop career and store so but if you wanna look at your challenge like I said your gonna want to go to the challenges section depending on which week you're in you're going to find that certain week and just hit X on them so let's say we were in week 5 you would have to do "deal damage with SMG opponents" to opponents search chests in dusty divot use a vending machine and all that stuff that is how you check the challenges and what you need to do for each week and just so you know if the week is over and it's on to the next week for the next challenges the week the previous week challenges will not go away you're still able to do them so let's say like if you bought the battle pass like into week three you'll have the challenges from week three and before so you'll have to do week three week two and week one so that is a total of 30 challenges I believe one two three four five one two three four five six seven seven times my bad so you have a total of twenty-one challenges if you start from week three and you know whatever or whenever you do start so before you get into the game you're gonna want to what I recommend for controlling controlling the game you're gonna want to go into the options and then hit settings which is right here hit options and settings of this little gear and then for me what I like using best is builder pro because I see that it makes you build a whole lot faster it gives you a bigger much larger advantage on the enemy because you do not need to hit L1 and R1 to swap between the which building piece you want and then hit r2 in order to place it so as you can see I'll give you a couple seconds to look at the controls this is the builder pro controller scheme and I really enjoy this because it honestly made me a lot faster of a builder and this is just for the build controls like as you can see it says right there right below builder pro controls with a little hammer and the wrench but if you want to see the combat pros you want to go ahead hit push down on the right joystick which are being to the combat controls and you just want to leave it at builder pro so as you can see it's R2 for attack L2 for aiming down L1 previous weapon R1 NEXT* weapon and I'll give you a couple seconds to look at this as well and right back to builder the build controls I didn't mention but the stair piece is for the L2 wall piece R2 floor piece R1 and roof piece L1 which is that little pyramid looking one and if you if you're barely getting into the game go ahead and swap it a builder pro because it will give you a large advantage like I said before but if you already started playing and you're using like quick builder I recommend you go ahead and swap to builder pro so that you can go ahead and start getting use to it because I used to play a quick builder but eventually they came out with builder pro and that took me a while to get used to but in the end it made me become a much faster and better builder I've been able to outmaneuver enemies a lot faster so so once you've had the once you've had the controller scheme fixed up or just use whatever you feel comfortable with you don't have to use builder pro but that's what I recommend so once you have that ready up you're gonna wanna hit triangle to ready up and it's gonna take a couple seconds you got check for updates loading the content and this will take a while so just make sure you're ready make sure you have everything in order and then oh by the way do not hit the PS button that is in the middle of your controller because it'll when you go to the menu it'll cancel the searching and it's just gonna make everything take longer so you're just want to go ahead and just leave it and once you hit a loading screen that is when you can hit the PS button because it will not boot you out it'll keep you there and you'll be fine to move to move about your PS menu right so once you're in the pregame lobby you may join when there's not enough people left but for me there was enough people right away so it'll have a countdown to from 10 seconds and below and once you are in the bus you have another 10 seconds depending how far you are actually until the battle bus allows you to jump out and then you have a 30-second timer I believe until it forcefully pushes you out the bus and start falling so in this 30-second time frame you're going to want to decide where to land in order to open up the map you're going to want to push the big pad in the middle of the controller and then you're gonna want to move around the map with the right joystick zoom in and zoom out with L1 and R1 I mean R2 and L2 and you're gonna want to just look around for a place you want to land a so let's say we're too risky reels you're gonna want to go ahead hit R1 to mark that point on the map so and then in order to dive okay so actually this is perfect so say you're in the air already and you're jumping out and you don't know exactly what's due you're gonna want to go ahead and just push forward on the left joystick so you can start going at an angle but then you can also change the way you're following with the right joystick so if you want to go straight down you just push straight down if you want to kind of get up in the air bar and go ahead and aim up on the push up on the joystick so what I like to do if I'm far from my destination where I'm trying to land I go into spam X I can't do it now because I'm already at the point where you will automatically whip your parachute there is a certain once you can certain distance from the ground so say if you're lower like the ground where your landing is lower you will bring out your parachute a lot closer to the ground but say if you're landing above a mountain your pair your paraglider will be brought out a lot faster so so when you land on the ground you're going to want to quickly find a weapon or shield or anything to heal you or just defend yourself with luckily it doesn't seem like anyone came here so we do not have to deal with any enemies so this game is a lot about survival and scavenging around the map in order to find what you need so as you can see we just found ammo if you want to find a chest this is a good tip if you have a pair of headphones I recommend you wear them and have that game audio set to that as well and you're gonna want to have the volume at a good at a good high volume so that you're able to hear the chest that I have like this like I don't really know how describe it it's kind of just you'll hear like this weird I guess aura I don't know how to describe it but you'll hear a noise and the closer you get to it the louder it gets and then sometimes but above you below you or wherever and then that'll be how you find the chest easier so but if it's above you and it sounds like it's right above you do not break the floor or the roof above you or the ceiling because it'll break the chest that is below it see what you want to want to do is there's no chest above me but this for example you're gonna want to go to the next section to your right or left or in front of you or behind you and then say if it's like right here you're gonna want to start breaking the wall in front of it and then say was like right here boom it is right there and then you can grab the chest so if you're running low on bullets you need to find more ammo you will find these green containers these are called ammo boxes as well at least that's what I call them you're gonna hold square on that and then you'll go ahead and find more bullets for which it doesn't it give you like the specific say you have a gun a shotgun you're not insured the shells to a shotgun you will more than likely find well not more likely it gives you random ammo so see I got Rockets I don't have anything that has rocket launcher so that ammo is kind of useless for me right now so let's say you have a big shield you can go ahead and drink the big shield right away but it will not let you drink two minis which is throughout the game there are throughout the map there are these items called minis or min shield which will and they drop in three and they will give you 25 shield points each so you will I recommend you find the minis first and then drink the big shield so that you have a hundred shield you know simple math to drink you drink the two big shields first I mean the two minis first and then you drink a big shield say that you're able to have 100 shield because if you drink the big shield first you won't be able to drink the minis so as you can see I am NOT currently not finding any minis anywhere so I might go ahead and drink the big shield but let me just check in this chest real quick it's nice to just hold on until you possibly find a big shield I mean minis so oh yes yes in the top right of your corner - that is where your map will be and as you can see there is a white line kinda going in a certain direction that is towards the circle as you can see it is going along this direction and the storm is starting to push in on me which is something that you do not want to be caught in you're going to want to make sure you have enough time to find everything that you can and eventually just start running towards the circle so I think I'm going to hit I'm going to go ahead and just drink the big shield since there were no minis around and I'm going to start running towards the circle oh also the when it comes to items so say if you have a white piece of equipment white is the lowest tier so it goes from white green blue purple and gold and gold is the best purple being the second best blue being third green is fourth and white is worse so bandages are only able to get you up to 75 health in total but if you have a medkit that'll get you up to 100 right away it takes for a bandage it takes five to apply five seconds to apply so once you get low on health you will and you need to heal up if it's below 70 if you hit below 75 you will be able to use a bandage I believe they bandage does 15 health points once you start using one so it'll be good to use them but it takes five seconds in order to use them but if you have a med kit it'll put you right away to 100 but it takes 10 seconds in order to use a med kit and you're able to stack three med kits at a time and you're able to stack 15 bandages at a time and stacking just means um I'm pretty sure ya'll know like the term what the word stacking means it's just like holding multiple items on one on one so as you can see like I have 10 in total so that means I'm stacking bandages but that also the bandages only drop in fives so you won't find ten just laying around in one pile you'll find you always find 5 out of a chest or just sitting around in a house unless you find a dead player who left their bandages they're just 15 waiting there for you or 10 so as you can see we are in the storm now which is not good you want to make sure you stay out of the storm at all costs so you don't lose health it currently it is ticking away at one every one second but eventually it'll go from one second from one tick every second to two ticks every second and then from 2 to 5 and then from 5 to 10 from 10 I think to 15 and it just keeps going it's like this much the smaller the circle gets the faster the ticking will become so as you can see I am now below 75 so if I wanted to I could go ahead and use the bandage right now but I will believe I'm going to make it so I'm just going to wait until I get out the circle and continue to use the bandages once I exit the storm so once since I'm out of the storm I'm going to have to start using the bandages so um I think it's actually four seconds for the bandages from what I just seen either three or four or yes three or four it is somewhere around that so as you can see the little blue clock in the top right it says a minute and 40 then that is how long even to you that's how long you have until the storm starts to move in again so oh and so let's say on the map you are on this side of the circle of the storm or outside the circle this side will move faster than every then this side this side will move slower but if you're on it on the bigger side it'll move a whole lot faster if you're on this side a little slower and you have more of a chance to get to the circle so oh yeah and to remove your marker I go says right here in the top right where it says game info it says L2 R2 - to zoom R1 is to place marker L1 to remove your marker so as you can see R2 to zoom in L2 to zoom out place take off so another necessity in the game is you're going to need a lot of materials because if you are running around this game with no materials then I'm sorry to say this but you will probably die because building is a necessity when it comes to this game so you will need plenty of material in order to survive this game mode or game in general as you can see I'm being shot at currently from it seems like like across from loot lake you can't really see them so I'm just gonna go ahead and keep running towards the circle but the best thing to do is well what I like to do is just jump up and down and just try to avoid the shots as much as I can alright so as you can see the shot came from that direction it's so hard to tell from this distance like I can't really see so okay so a bandage it seems to be doing around takes around four seconds and once that four seconds is up get back to 75 and then you can start moving again so you just gonna like try and keep cover in order to avoid it as much big shot as much as you can I'm still being shot at as you can see these big rocks will drop plenty of brick for you they drop around 48 this one will to drop around I believe another 36 oh and also when you start hitting the rocks you want to try to hit these little circles right in the dead center of it possibly because it gives you more materials but if you don't it'll just drop like +5 + but if you hit the center it'll give you plus 10 plus 5 okay plus 11 11 10 so you're gonna want to try and aim for the center of that also if you have the when you're building and you run out of a certain material it'll automatically swap to the other material so say if you run on a wood it'll automatically swap to brick if you outta brick it'll automatically swap to metal or if you out if you don't have any metal you have and you run on a brick and you have wood it'll just swap to wood right away oh also in order to I'll save the editing for another video because that'll that's going to take a longer while so oh if you want to rotate your staircase you can go and hit the right joystick down so it changed directions since it's going right going behind me to the left and in front of me. Generally your gonna want to keep it into the front and R2 is the walls this doesn't really make a difference so really it just really makes difference when it comes to the staircase that's really where it makes a difference and usually whenever I'm mining these big old trees like these ginormous trees I try to leave it at 50 health so that I do not alarm any players that I'm nearby once it breaks close they'll see a giant tree breaking like who's not gonna see a giant tree break so there was fighting over this direction in the northwest also in the top there is the compass which is how you if you say if you're playing with teammates you'll be and you hear some shots come from the northwest you'll be like oh I hear shots coming from the northwest or and if you see someone you can give a better description of where they are from by saying like oh you see that guy over there that just jumped behind that rock he was towards more to the northwest at 335 was where I last saw him so that is a more descriptive direction and navigation of - to tell your friends and your teammates where the enemy was so as you see there's 12 seconds left on the clock in order to get closer to the circle so the circle isn't that far from where I am so I believe I'll make it without getting caught but at this point I believe it is a 2 tick so if I were to get caught in it it will drop me from 75 to 73 from 73 to 71 from 71 to 69 69 to 67 and on onward so the smaller the circle gets the more likely you are going to run into people so see there are 6 people left currently that is the total amount there's not six other people and then you which is 7 there are 6 people in total you are that six so besides you there are five people left so as you can see if you don't want to build it's you can just try and hide as much as you can a way to tell if someone was recently nearby is if you see their building and it's still like developing like it'll have like you'll see like the the staircase being built like it has like this animation that it does and once it completes it'll go it'll do like a it'll like move slightly and it all and then it'll do like a glow effect like it'll glow really quickly so I don't know if you can hear that but there are shots coming from the southwest so let's go visit them real quick so it seems that the gunfire has ceased and they weren't fighting over there but then I decided not to go after them because I realized I should have any shields and I was only a 75 health so I probably wasn't going to last in that fight so there was a drop down here and I don't know if you noticed but oh it looks like there's a player up there in the south of 210 but then again I did see this brick building being built so let's see if we can yes they are in there currently so as you can see I lost that gunfight because I do not have any shield and he managed to get a clear shot on me and he was running he killed me with a pump in case you didn't know so and if you want to return back to the main menu you're gonna want to go in and hold circle in order to return to the lobby and then you'll just be hit with a loading screen and you will continue to go to the main menu so ok so one of my challenges was placed top 25 in solo and I got 7th place I believe no there was four people left I got fourth so now that I completed that challenge I'm gonna go ahead and hit L in order to retrieve the rewards which is 500 XP and 5 battle stars which is down there in the bottom left of where it says right about there 500 XP and 5* battle start so go ahead and hit L or the left joystick* which is what that means push down on it and you receive your rewards and those battle star points will build towards your tier so if you can tell on the top row where it says tier 86 and it says 5 out of 10 that is how many battle star points you have you have to hit 10 out of 10 in order to progress on to the next tier so and the next tier will be level 87 and if you don't have the battle pass sadly you don't get anything but if you do have the battle pass you will earn the squad leader outfit for tier 87 but if you do not have the battle pass don't worry you do get rewards every now and then so like once you hit level 2 you got these starter challenges level 6 banner icon this standard-issue backpack angel emote 100 V bucks teamwork emote orange justice Supply Drop another hundred V-bucks banner icon rainbow emoticon I just say emoticon I think I did it and then you also got a Oh wasn't I don't think I've seen this before well I've seen the pickax but I don't think I saw this in last season where they gave away a pickax for free for non-battle pass owners you get a free lollipop lollipoper pickax so you do get rewards for not having the battle pass up until tier 54 that is your last reward so that is all you get for this season 3 first season four my bad see it's right there and I can't read guys so and from past 54 you do not earn any rewards and if you want to know how many days are left in the season it says it right below season 4 season ends in 26 days so that means I have 26 days to get from level 86 level 100 in order to get all the rewards that are left over let's see let's see so I think that is probably it for the tutorial video for gameplay out wise like knowing how to play and knowing how to well I taught you the I taught you the basics to fortnite I didn't really teach you like like deeper into it because I'm not that good at explaining things but I believe I was just I believe I'm good enough to at least explain to you how to the basics at least so um I don't know if I told you this but um when using Builder Pro say if you're on the walls you're going and you want to switch to another another building piece you have to tap the button once and then tap it again so basically have to double tap it if you want to select it and then build it so you gotta push it once to select it and another time to build it so if say R2 is the walls so you're gonna want to hit R2 once and then R2 again to actually build it I don't know if I mentioned that the beginning sorry if I didn't I just want to make sure if I did that is um I believe that's it for now that's um that's currently all I can think of in order to help you guys out I can't really come up with anything else but Oh also if you do if you don't own a PC but you do want to play with the keyboard or Mouse you can you'll just have to find a keyboard with a USB plug in and a a mouse with a USB plug in or a Bluetooth plug-in and you go ahead and plug it in and then the controller scheme for that is all right here I do own one but I just don't use them as a lot I've played like that for once or twice but not a lot so so um yeah I think that's pretty much it for this tutorial video I I think I hit a good chunk of what to do and how to play I'm if you need anything else like a help with anything else just let me know and I'll try my very best to describe it for you guys and I'll make sure to just get it out as soon as possible so that is it for today's video I hope you guys enjoyed I hope this was very helpful for you guys that are barely coming into fortnite or just have been playing for a while and can't seem to quite get the hang of things like I said just let me know if you need help with anything else and I'll see you guys in the next video please leave a like subscribe and share with your friends that'll really help a lot and if you do all these things I will make a sandwich for you guys whichever kind you would like and I will catch you later my sub sandwiches see you in the next video

(upbeat electronic music) (laughs) - [Narrator] Yo yo yo, Little Apple back now so once again that's right! We're gonna play some Zombie Catchers. Somewhere on planet earth, Bud and A.J.'s Original Fresh and Squeezed! Uh oh, are they fresh and squeezing juice? Oh boy, our newly fresh squeezed goodies are selling like hotcakes! If we're gonna make a new batch, we're gonna need more ingredients. Oh no, not fruit! You know what's cooler than a million happy customers, A.J.? A billion fresh squeezed products served daily. Yeah but, yeah but, it better not be fruit, otherwise I'm gonna scream. Especially if it's apples because that's a little too close to home. I don't need fresh squeezed apple juice. I don't need to be a party to that. Although it is called Zombie Catchers, so I'm imagining I'm gonna be catching zombies. That's why I wanted to play the game because you know how I am with zombie games. I love zombie games, yo! If there's a zombie game I wanna play it! Catch the dummy zombie. Well that's kind of a redundant statement because aren't all zombies dummies? (laughs) Just kidding. Okay, I see what they meant. It was actually a dummy, it wasn't a real zombie. Let's try and find some fresh meat! So is that what we're doing? We're serving zombies? I guess they are aliens, so (laughs) Alright I'm in the swamp, here we are. The zombies are hiding in the swamp. You need to lure them out with brains. Definitely not my brains! My brains stay in my head. I mean I'm all head, but you know. They're staying inside of me. No zombies! (laughs) What, you just have a fresh pile of brains too? Okay. Alright, so I gotta go hide over here. Oh and then the zombie comes out! Geez, it's coming after me! Oh, he didn't like me. Oh yeah! (laughs) My harpoon got him right in the no-no zone. Although he is a zombie, so I'm sure he probably didn't even realize. (laughs) Alright, toss some more brains out here! Use a bait to lure zombies out. Hey zombies, I got some delicious delicious brains! (laughs) Very serious. Alright, coming at ya! Woo hoo! Got one, got two. Yeah, give me them coins so I can get them upgrades! Amazing harpoon work, A.J. Let's head back to the drive-thru. Let's do it! (cymbal crashes) Zombies caught! Alright. Looks like I got a stick of toxic waste of some sort. (laughs) It's glowing. Hopefully it's like mutagen or something. I'll mutate into some kinda awesome creature. Alright, these little dudes look juicy! Oh no, am I gonna have to juice some zombies? (laughs) I am, aren't I? This is where the magic happens. Ready to get juiced up? Put three zombies in the squeeze-o-matic here and get crankin'. Well, I guess I could think of worse things to drink. (laughs) Right? What do you guys think? Can you think of worse things to drink than zombie juice and zombie goo? Let me know, okay? And don't make it too disgusting, okay? (laughs) Woo, yeah! Got those upgrades. Ooh better equipment, nice! Is that a rocket pack? Do I get a rocket pack? Yeah, give me all those jet packs! I'll take 'em. Nice, yes I will buy that in fact! Give me that money, honey! Okay, when do we get to go hunt for some more zombies? Zombie search drone. Whoa, a zombie search drone? This is the world map. Your drones will seek out zombies and highlight them for you. Awesome! Click on the drone to start catching. Oh yeah, buddy! Zombies found, let's catch some. You know how I do. I'm a zombie hunting fool! You gonna put me down? Oh, I gotta go. (laughs) I was waiting for him to put me down on the ground. I was like, "Yeah I'd like to hunt for zombies, if you put me down." And yeah, harpoon to the butt! Oh that one's getting away. Wait, wait sir come back! Come back! Come back, I must harpoon your behind! I'm sorry! I'm sorry but it has to happen. We need your delicious zombie goo. It's selling like hotcakes up in here! (laughs) There's a little brain for you. And come up on him. Yeah, caught him by the pinky toe! See if I can jump. Oh, man. (laughs) I shot the harpoon into the stump. Oh, right in the booty! I got you in the booty! How do you like that zombies? Zombies caught! Give me some more of that toxic waste, which is apparently really good for you. You carry that around? Well, I guess they are um, they're aliens, so maybe they aren't affected by toxic waste like we are. Yeah, I bet that's it. I definitely, I bet that it's it. Indeed, let's keep rolling and take the business to the next level. Okay I just need one more, yeah! Time to level up! Whoomp there it is! Whoomp there it is! Product, zombie, oh I get brand new zombie now! Yeah buddy, give me them upgrades! Put that junk in the trunk. Harpoon model 1 has been upgraded! Okay, we found some more zombies. The drone is ready! I wonder if you can buy more drones like later on and have multiple drones looking for more zombies 'cause then you could be attacking and catching zombies all the time. 'Cause right now you have to wait for it to actually find the zombies before you can actually go hunt 'em, which is a little bit of a bummer. 'Cause then you can't just keep playing all the time. Oh yeah, yeah! How about that action, zombie? Oh harpoon, oh this one's got woah! Barrel face, what is going on here? Come back! Oh crap, the harpoon! It does nothing, ahhh! Okay, got it. I see, so the barrel is a protective barrier. You have to hit it a bunch of times. Oh come back. Come back zombie! This one's different. I wonder what's going on with this guy. Come on, ugh it's really hard to move and shoot the zombie. (laughs) There we go. The harpoon is a very precise instrument of death and destruction. Oh I see, if you get too close he hops back in. He's like, "No I'm not coming out until you go away." Yeah, give me my harpoon back. (laughs) Oh yeah, yeah, yeah. Booty, booty grabbing! Come on, come on, come on. No come back, come back, come back! Yes. I really like the jet pack, it actually works really well. You can go right over stuff pretty easily. It's pretty awesome. So it looks like I have one more zombie to nab. Ooh, there you are! Hey buddy, there's some delicious brains out here. (speaks foreign language) Vuala! (laughs) That guy didn't even-- He like launched out of the swamp and I caught him mid-air. That was awesome. That's the way to do it! That's when you know you have some harpoon skills! You could just snipe 'em out of the air. That's awesome. Alright, back to Bud and A.J.'s Fresh and Squeezed! Aw yeah, let's slap some zombies up in-- Ooh, I get another slushy! Oh that's where the other zombies go, perfect! So refreshing and only slightly addictive. (laughs) Yeah, I'm gonna go ahead and say that for me zombie goo, definitely not addictive. Maybe for some, maybe for some people that's the drink of choice but I'm just gonna go ahead and say that's not for me. (laughs) Wow, turbo mode! Excellent! Oh yeah, we leveled up again! More upgrades. Upgrade the squeezer for more coins and bigger batch size. Yeah! Guess I'm gonna go ahead and do it! Yeah! Lemon finger ale, ewww. I didn't realize that that's what I was making. I didn't even look. Finger ale? Gross! (laughs) That's almost as gross as apple juice. Come on, guys! I mean, this ad spoken by an apple of course. Come out and get your delicious brains! Oh yeah, caught him by the pinky toe. You didn't know what to do! Come on, come on, come on! Yeah, oh you went back in. Come out, come out, come out! Yes, gotcha! No, come back. Come back, sir! I need your fingies! Your fingies for delicious finger ale. I don't know why I'm calling 'em fingies. It just seemed like the right thing to do, you guys.(laughs) Oh, you touched it! Nice! Good job, but man I cannot hit the broad side of a barn apparently. Oh crap, I missed a coin. I don't know if the coins disappeared so I didn't want to leave it. Aw yeah, who's got jet packs? I do. Zombies don't have jet packs. Although maybe they might later on, you never know. That could be something, hunting zombies with jet packs. That would be interesting and a little tough, I would imagine. Alright, give me that toxic waste! Let's slap some zombies in some juice! Man, I leveled up again? Alright! I'm rocking this game, this is amazing! Oh, the net gun. I want that! I want it, I want it all. Where did the random horn come from? Was that me? Oh no, that's the people waiting in line. They want food. They want their Fresh and Squeezed. I guess much like zombies get a taste for brains and then that's all they want, apparently aliens, they get a taste for zombies and that's all they want so, understandable. Oh no no, I see you. I see you, barrel bro! Barrel bro, come back! Oh yeah, got him again. Aw shoot, now those other zombies back there are getting out. No, come back! Geez, that took forever! Alright, I'm coming for you guys. I know you feel really left out 'cause I didn't harpoon you in the butt. There you are. Oh no, not a barrel guy again, shoot! Oh no, no, no. They better not be close to the map, otherwise I might lose this guy. Shoot! Quickly! Quickly! Quickly! Oh no, I lost one of 'em! It's a terrible day! Man, can't believe one of those zombies got away. I'm disappointed in my zombie hunting skills, guys. It's a sad day. I'm gonna have to go back to the drawing board. Excuse me, give me that back! (laughs) Got stuck on the side there. Oh, ow, okay. I thought maybe I could shoot passed the stump, but that does not work. I'm back sir. I'm back sir! Whoa, jumping barrel zombies? No fair. Totally not fair. Shooting harpoons and then he just jumps over it. Totally cheating! I gotta say like 98% of any zombie movie or show that I've seen, zombies can't jump. So I don't think that it's cool. It's totally not cool that zombies are jumping in this game. (laughs) Alright, whatever. (laughs) Oh boy. Well this game is really, really fun. I'm digging it. Oh man, I don't have enough to actually make any more. Oh shoot. Now I gotta wait for the drones? Oh, okay well I guess that's a good place to stop since I can't actually play right now. But thank you guys so much for watching. You are awesome, Little Apple Army. You rock, as always. Til next time, buh bye! (upbeat electronic music)

people are men had to add the or everett inorganic actually protest of the t essay by stripping nuisance completely naked misunderstanding over the dr king's notices in the mountains and peter sellers i don't think it's consistent with my feet on other anyway a circuit court judge actually will back the man stripping needed can not be uh... found guilty of indecent exposure because he was practicing his constitutional right the first amendment to protests and that was his way of protesting the bottom line is actually totally it with a judge or putting aside that's definitely a former protest and no question he said look i don't like this policy and i make and verbal attack corporations giving money to politicians the form of speech well that may be offered by those two protest your body you know being felt up a respected et cetera p_s_a_ w speech and protected on the first about but you know what it does say in this report that azi estate age and you know how they did a slight me with a piece of paper that detects explosive residence that he detected explosive residue is an accident and all the improbable live apart art that it was in fact sort of contamination but it seems like a good reason to happen died down anne if i detected explosive president of the mechanic that yes that i would want to make sure they didn't have any explosives and the fact that he stripped down there that you know that just helped out the g_s_a_ workers so they have a diverse european

Hey Everybody! This subtitle channel contains Paulo's list of "Rahdo's goofs". If you report goofs we didn’t notice, please leave timestamps. Thank You! :) It wasn't dumb because if Richard could build that one too and put at least 1 ticket there he would increase the Set collection value by 6 points No he doesn't... there's a Barter there blocking the Path... it will be a Dead End! She hasn't used the 2 yet! He already has 3 Size 4 attractions, the one to the right of the one he just built is also a size 4 Not correct... she would deny him a Bigger Set collection, he already has 3 Attractions of size 4, so he already has those 12 Points because all of his size 4 Attractions have tickets on them

Hellooooooo! Today's look is a simple cosplay character makeup that's not too intimidating, easy to achieve and photo-friendly. The first thing is prime the skin with pore-minimizing primer. Follow with a non-spf foundation (so it won’t flash back in photographs) and buff it into the skin with a kabuki brush. His face is very small so we only use one pump for the whole face. You can see drastic difference between the before and after foundation. The left side is mouth-watering hehe Absolutely flawless at this point. Highlight the under eye area to reduce dark shadow in photos. Apply a tiny bit and lightly tab with finger. Set the concealer and T-zone using translucent powder. We're not gonna bake or pack a lot of powder in order to prevent white cast/flashback. Fill in the brows following the shape of your character's If your brows are already dark, feel free to cover them with glue stick and concealer. We go for square brows cos they flatter his eyes the most. Let's contour the nose Apply a light, neutral brown shadow to fix uneven nose and make it snatched Most anime characters always have long and slim nose so we're gonna drag the shadow from the brows to the tip of his nose. Create shadow on the outer eye to make it longer and blend it(circular motion) all the way to his nose With this step we have a deep set eye like anime character. Repeat on the other side Again connect it to the nose shadow with a circular motion and add a slight flick towards the end. Apply on the lower lash line to create an illusion of bigger eyes. I dig this Umhmm Go in with concealer and cut the crease for more dimension. Anime-like effect. You can see the bigger crease on the left. Dot brown liner along the lower lash line to open up the eye even more. His face is slim already, no need to contour Highlight the nose bridge Make it longgg. Apply eyelid tape if your character has double lids. Blend the lipstick in with your finger for softer and plumpler lips. Almost done! The final step is to set the face so the skin looks more natural and the makeup lasts all day. And that's the finish look guys! This look is fast and simple I hope you enjoy. See you next time! Sawasdee kaaa

Modern Greek (1453-): (κόψιμο) (ζωντανή Ασιατική μουσική) - Γειά σε όλους! Βρίσκομαι σε έναν Κορεάτικο ναό. Είναι στο Goun-sa, βρίσκεται στην κομητεία Uiseong, στην επαρχία Gyeongsang στην Κορέα. Ήρθα εδώ για να βιώσω τον ναό και να μάθω για την κουζίνα των Κορεάτικων ναών. Ο Βουδισμός είναι μια απο τις πιο παλιές θρησκείες της Κορέας. Οι περισσότεροι ναοί βρίσκονται στα βουνά και περιτριγυρίζονται απο πολύ ωραία και υπέροχα βουνά και φύση. Οι Κορεάτες μοναχοί και μοναχές, είναι καλοί στο να συλλέγουν βότανα, φρούτα και ρίζες. Russian: (звук нарезки) (оживленная музыка) -Всем привет! Я нахожусь в корейском храме. В Goun-sa, уезд Ыйсон, провинция Кёнсан-Пукто, Южная Корея Я приехала сюда, чтобы изведать этот храм и узнать о кухне корейских храмов. Буддизм - одна из старейших религий в Корее. Большинство храмов находится горах, среди действительно прекрасных гор и природы. Корейские монахи и монахини хорошо разбираются в собирательстве трав, фруктов и корнеплодов. Spanish: (picando) (Música Asiática animada) Hola a todos! Estoy en un templo Coreano Es Goun-sa, en el condado de Uiseong Provincia Gyeongsang, Corea Vine aquí a conocer el templo y aprender sobre la comida coreana de templo El budismo es una de las religiones mas antiguas en Corea La mayoría de templos se encuentran en las montañas y rodeados por montañas realmente hermosas y naturaleza. Los monjes y monjas Coreanos, son buenos recolectando hierbas y frutas y también raíces. Vietnamese: Xin chào mọi người!!! Hiện tôi đang ở một ngôi đền tại Hàn Quốc Đền Goun-sa, tại Uiseong Thuộc tỉnh Gyeong, Hàn Quốc Tôi đến đây để khám phá về ngôi đền Cũng như học hỏi thêm về nền ẩm thực của Hàn Quốc tại đây Đạo Phật là một trong những tôn giáo lâu đời nhất tại Hàn Quốc Hầu hết các ngôi đền đều nằm trên núi và được bao quanh bởi các ngọn núi hùng vĩ và thiên nhiên rộng lớn Các sư thầy và ni cô tại Hàn thật sự rất giỏi tại các loại thảo mộc và trái cây cũng như rễ cây English: (chopping) (lively Asian music) - Hi, everybody! I am at the Korean temple. It's Goun-sa, it's in Uiseong county, Gyeongsang province, Korea. I came here to experience the temple and learn about Korean temple cuisine. Buddhism is one of the oldest religions in Korea. Most temples are in the mountains and surrounded by really nice gorgeous mountains and nature. Korean monks and nuns, they are good at foraging herbs and fruits and also roots. Portuguese: - Oi, pessoal! Estou em um templo coreano. O Goun-sa, no condado de Uiseong, na província de Gyeongsang, Coreia. Vim até aqui vivenciar o templo e aprender sobre a culinária templária coreana. O budismo é uma das religiões mais antigas na Coreia. A maioria dos templos ficam nas montanhas, rodeados de lindas montanhas e natureza. Os monges e freiras coreanos são muito bons em colher ervas, frutos e raízes. Korean: (써는 소리) (국악 연주) 여러분, 안녕하세요! 저는 지금 한국의 절에 왔습니다. 경상북도 의성시에 있는 고운사입니다. 절을 경험해보고 한국의 사찰음식에 대해 배우려고요. 불교는 한국의 가장 오래된 종교들 중 하나 입니다. 대부분의 절은 산에 있죠. 그리고 아름다운 산과 자연에 둘러싸여 있어요. 스님들은 나물, 과일, 뿌리채소를 캐는데 능숙합니다. Hungarian: Helló mindenki! Egy koreai templomnál vagyok. Goun-sa-ban vagyok, Uiseong megyében, Gyeongsang tartományban, Koreában. Azért jöttem, hogy felfedezzem a templomot, és tanuljak a koreai templomi konyháról. A buddhizmus az egyik legrégebbi vallás Koreában. A legtöbb templom a hegyekben van, körül vannak véve igazán gyönyörű, pompás hegyekkel és a természettel. A koreai szerzetesek és szerzetesnők jól értettek a gyógynövényekhez, gyümölcsökhöz és a gyökerekhez is. Portuguese: Há cinco coisas que não são utilizadas na culinária templária: alho, cebola, cebolinha verde, cebolinha-francesa e assafoetida, que cresce na Índia. Esses vegetais possuem o cheiro muito pungente e forte. Então, se você os come, alho e cebolinha, eles estimulam o corpo demais e você não consegue se concentrar e estudar, ou meditar. Eu sempre uso alho e cebola, como sabem. Eles fazem isso há milhares de anos. Eu quero aprender sobre, principalmente Gosari. Gosari é um pteridium, lembram? Pderidiums também são chamados de brackens. Eu usei ele na minha receita do bibimbap, um dos vegetais é o gosari-namul, um vegetal da montanha. Eu adorei o gosari-namul e também vocês acham facilmente para comprar. Por isso escolhi gosari-namul para a recieta de hoje. Eu trouxe isso de Nova York. Modern Greek (1453-): Υπάρχουν πέντε πράγματα που δε χρησιμοποιούν στην μαγειρική των ναών: σκόρδο, κρεμμύδι, φρέσκο κρεμμυδάκι, σχοινόπρασο και το άλλο ένα είναι το heongeo, φυτρώνει στην Ινδία. Όλα αυτά τα λαχανικά είναι έντονα και έχουν δυνατή μυρωδιά. Οπότε, αν φάτε σκόρδο και φρέσκο κρεμμυδάκι, θα δεγείρουν πολύ το σώμα σας και δεν θα μπορείτε να συγκεντρωθείτε στο διάβασμα ή στο διαλογισμό. Πάντα χρησιμοποιώ σκόρδο και κρεμμύδι, όπως ξέρετε! Το κάνουν αυτό για χιλιάδες χρόνια. Θα ήθελα να μάθω για αυτό, ειδικά το Gosari. Το Gosari είναι , θυμάστε? Το fernbrake λέγεται αλλιώς και φτέρη(bracken). Το έφτιαξα αυτό στην συνταγή bibimbap μου, ένα απο αυτά τα λαχανικά είναι το Gosari namul, λαχανικό του βουνού. Λατρεύω πολύ το Gosari namul και επίσης μπορείτε εύκολα να το αγοράσετε. Γι'αυτό διάλεξα την συνταγή gosari-namul για σήμερα. Οπότε έφερα αυτό απο τη Νέα Υόρκη. Spanish: Hay cinco cosas que en la cocina del templo no se usa; ajo, cebolla blanca, cebolla verde, cebollina y también heongeo (asaofetida), que es cultivada en la India. Todos estos vegetales son pungentes y tienen un olor fuerte, Por lo tanto, si los comes el ajo y las cebollas estimularán mucho tu cuerpo y no podrás concentrarte en estudiar, o en meditar. Siempre uso ajo y cebolla, como ustedes saben! Ellos (los monjes y monjas) han estado haciendo esto por varios siglos. Me gustaría aprender sobre este tema, especialmente en la preparación del Gosari. Gosari es helecho denso, recuerdan? El helecho denso también se conoce solo como helecho. Yo lo he preparado en mi receta de bibimbap, uno de los vegetales es Gosari namul, vegetal de montaña. El Gosari namul realmente me encanta, y también, ustedes lo pueden comprar facilemente. Por eso fue que escogí al Gosari-namul como la receta de hoy. Así que traje este (heleco) desde la Ciudad de Nueva York. English: There are five things they don't use in temple cuisine; garlic, onion, green onion, chives and the other one is heongeo, it's growing in India. All these vegetables are kind of pungent and have a strong smell. So, if you eat garlic and green onions they will stimulate your body too much and you can't concentrate on studying, or meditation. I always use garlic and onion, as you know! They have been doing for thousands of years. I like to learn about this, especially Gosari. Gosari is fernbrake, you remember? Fernbrake is also called brackens. I made this in my bibimbap recipe, one of those vegetables is Gosari namul, mountain vegetable. I really love Gosari namul, and also, you guys can buy so easily. That's why I chose gosari-namul recipe today. So I brought this from New York City. Vietnamese: Có năm thứ mà họ không dùng trong ẩm thực tại đây: tỏi, hành củ và hành lá hẹ và cái kia là heongeo, nó được sinh trưởng tại Ấn Độ Tất cả các loại rau củ này đều khá là hăng và có mùi hương đặc trưng mạnh Vậy, nếu bạn ăn tỏi và hành lá nó sẽ kích thích cơ thể của bạn và bạn không thể tập trung học tập hoặc tịnh tâm Và các bạn biết đấy, tôi thì luôn luôn dùng tỏi và hành Còn họ thì đã như vậy suốt hàng ngàn năm Tôi rất muốn được học về điều này, đăc biệt là rau dương xỉ Rau dương xỉ chính là Fernbrake, các bạn nhớ chứ? Fernbrake ngoài ra cũng được gọi là brackens. Tôi đã từng làm nó trong công thức món cơm trộn, một trong số đó là rau củ đây là rau dương xỉ, một loại rau mọc trên núi Tôi rất yêu món này, và các bạn cũng có thể mua nó một cách dễ dàng Đó là lí do vì sao tôi chọn nấu món này ngày hôm nay Tôi có mang thứ này từ New York đến đây Hungarian: De van 5 dolog, amit nem használnak a templomi konyhában: fokhagymát, hagymát, újhagymát, metélőhagymát és az utolsó a heongeo, ami Indiában terem. /Egy fa nedvének gyantakivonata, erősen hagymaillatú. Indiában hagyma és fokhagyma helyett ízesítik vele az ételeket./ Ezeknek a zöldségeknek mind átható ízük van és erős illatuk. Ha fokhagymát eszünk, vagy újhagymát, ezek túlzottan stimulálják a testünket, ezért nem tudunk a tanulásra vagy a meditációra koncentrálni. Én mindig használok fokhagymát és hagymát, ahogy azt tudjátok! Már évezredek óta csinálják. Erről szeretnék tanulni, különösen a Gosari-ról. A gosari a saspáfrány, emlékeztek? Páfránynak nevezik. Volt az egyik bibimbap receptemben, egyike volt a zöldségeknek a Gosari-namul, hegyi növény. Nagyon szeretem a Gosari-namult, és ti srácok, könnyen be tudjátok szerezni. Ezért választottam mára a gosari-namul receptjét. Ezt itt New York-ban vettem. Russian: В храме не употребляются пять продуктов: чеснок, лук, зеленый лук, шнитт-лук а также асафетида, растущая в индии (обладает запахом чеснока). Все они имеют резкий запах. Поэтому, если есть чеснок и зеленый лук, то они слишком активизируют ваше тело и вы не можете сконцентрироваться на обучении или медитации. Как вы знаете, я всегда использую чеснок и лук! Монахи питались так тысячелетиями. Я хочу узнать об этом, особенно о "госари". "Госари" - это ростки папоротника, помните? Он также известен как папоротник-орляк. Я использовала их в своем рецепте пибимпаба, одним из овощей был "госари" - горное растение. Я очень люблю ростки папоротника, и вы, ребята, можете так легко их купить. Поэтому сегодня я выбрала рецепт гарнира из ростков папоротника. Итак, я привезла это из Нью-Йорка. Korean: 스님들이 사찰음식에 사용하지 않는 5가지 재료가 있습니다. 마늘, 양파, 파, 달래 그리고 인도에서 자라는 흥거 입니다. 이 채소들은 맛이 톡 쏘고 향이 강하죠. 그래서 만약 그런 마늘이나 양파, 파를 먹으면 몸이 너무 많이 자극돼서 공부나 수행에 집중할 수 없죠. 아시다시피 저는 항상 마늘과 양파를 쓰잖아요! 승려들은 오랜 세월을 이렇게 살았습니다. 그걸 배우고 싶어요. 특히 고사리요. 고사리가 영어로 fernbrake, 기억하세요? 고사리는 또한 braken으로 불리기도해요. 제 비빔밥 레시피에서 어떻게 만드는지 보여드렸죠. 거기에 들어간 채소 중 하나가 산나물인 고사리입니다. 저는 고사리나물을 정말 좋아해요. 그리고 쉽게 구입할 수 있어요. 그게 오늘 고사리 레시피를 보여드리는 이유입니다. 그래서 제가 뉴욕에서 이걸 사왔어요. Portuguese: Sempre que faço gosari-namul, uso isso. O desidratado. Esse é o gosari de verdade, fresco. Por volta da primavera ele cresce por toda a montanha. Vou mostrar a vocês como fazer a versão templária. Gosari-namul estilo templário. Ontem à noite eu deixei o gosari de molho direto do pacote, cerca de 30 g. Viram, apenas esta quantidade é 30 g. Cerca de 30 gramas. Depois de cozinhar e deixar de molho na água fria, essa quantidade expande e fica mais volumosa. Vou apresentar-lhes uma freira, o nome dela é Wonhae. Wonhae Seunim, vou trazer ela. Bem-vinda, Wonhae! - Olá! - Eu já deixei o gosari de molho. Consegui uma ótima dica. Que eu nunca tinha escutado antes. Mesmo já tendo deixado de molho, Hungarian: Mindig ebből készítettem a gosari-namult. Ez szárított. Ez itt igazi gosari, friss gosari. Tavasz környékén nő mindenütt a hegyekben. Megmutatom, hogyan készül a templomi változat. Gosari-namul templomi módra. Múlt éjjel beáztattam a Gosarit, egy zacskónyit, 30 gramm. Látjátok? Ez a mennyiség itt 30 gramm, körülbelül 30 gramm. Forralás és hideg vizes áztatás után a mérete megnövekszik, jól megszívja magát. Bemutatok egy szerzetesnőt, a neve Wonhae. Wonhae Seunim, idehívom. Üdvözlöm, Wonhae. Helló! Már beáztattam ezt a gosarit. Kaptam egy nagyon jó tippet. Azelőtt sohasem hallottam. Annak ellenére, hogy beáztattam, English: All the time I make gosari-namul with this. And dried one. This is real gosari, fresh gosari. Around the springtime it's growing in the mountains everywhere. I'm going to show you how to make this temple version. (laughs) Temple-style gosari-namul today. Last night I soaked my Gosari from this same package of gosari, one ounce. You see only this amount is one ounce, 30 grams, around 30 grams. And after boiling and soaking in cold water this amount expands and gets really plump. I'm going to introduce a nun, her name is Wonhae. So, Wonhae Seunim, I'm going to bring her. (speaking foreign language) (clapping) (speaking foreign language) - I got a really good tip. I never heard it before. Even though I just soaked, Modern Greek (1453-): Όλη την ώρα φτιάχνω gosari-namul με αυτό. Και αποξηραμένο. Αυτό είναι αληθινό gosari, φρέσκο gosari. Φυτρώνει γύρω στην άνοιξη παντού στα βουνά. Θα σας δείξω πως να φτιάξετε την εκδοχή των ναών. (γέλιο) Σήμερα gosari-namul στο στυλ των ναών. Χθές το βράδυ μούλιασα το Gosari μου απο την ίδια συσκευασία gosari, μια ουγγιά(30γρ. περίπου). Βλέπετε, μόνο αυτή η ποσότητα είναι μια ουγγιά. 30 γραμμάρια, περίπου 30 γραμμάρια. Και μετά το βράσιμο και το μούλιασμα σε κρύο νερό αυτή η ποσότητα φουσκώνει και γίνεται πολύ παχουλή. Θα σας συστήσω μια καλόγρια, το όνομά της είναι Wonhae. Οπότε, Wonhae Seunim, θα την φέρω. (μιλάει ξένη γλώσσα) (παλαμάκια) (μιλάει ξενη γλώσσα) - Έχω μια πολύ καλή συμβουλή. Δεν το είχα ξανακούσει παλιότερα. Ακόμη κι αν τα μούλιασα μόλις, Russian: Я всегда готовлю с ними и с сухими ростками. Это настоящий "госари", свежий "госари". Весной они растут в горах повсюду. Я покажу вам, как приготовить их по рецепту храма. (смеётся) Сегодня у нас гарнир из ростков папоротника по-монастырски. Вчера вечером я замочила 1 унцию=30 г "госари" из этой упаковки. Смотрите, только такое количество весит одну унцию около 30 г А после кипячения и замачивания в холодной воде такое количество увеличивается и становится упругим. Я представляю вам монахиню по имени Вонхэ. Я хочу позвать сестру Вонхэ кор. Сестра Вонхэ, добро пожаловать! (аплодисменты) Здравствуйте! Сестра, я уже замочила эти ростки. -У меня есть хороший совет. О котором я еще не слышала. Хотя я только что замочила, Spanish: Siempre que preparo Gosari-namul, uso este. Y el que es seco Este es el gosari real, gosari fresco. Alrededor de la primavera, el gosari crece por todos lados en las montañas. Voy a mostrarles cómo prepararlo en la versión del templo. (risas) Gosari-namul al estilo de la cocina de templo. Desde la noche anterior dejé mi Gosari en remojo es el de este mismo paquete de Gosari, una onza. Como ven, esta pequeña cantidad es una onza, 30 gramos, alrededor de 30 gramos. Después de hervirlo y remojarlo en agua fría esa cantidad se expande y se engorda. Voy a presentarles una moja, su nombre es Wonhae. Así, Wonhae Seunim, voy a traerla. (hablando en Coreano) Bienvenido, Wonhae (aplaudiendo) (hablando en Coreano) Este Gosari ya ha sido remojado Me han dado un muy buen truco. Nunca antes lo había escuchado. Aunque el Gosari ya ha sido remojado, Korean: 전 항상 이걸로 고사리나물을 만들어요. 말린 거에요. 이게 진짜 고사리죠, 신선한 고사리. 봄에 산 전체에서 자라지요. 사찰의 방식으로 어떻게 만드는지 알려드릴게요. (웃음) 사찰 스타일! 고사리 나물입니다. 어젯밤 고사리 1온스를 물에 담가놨어요. 이 봉지에 있던 거에요. 겨우 이정도가 1온스에요 대략 30그램인데 끓이고 찬물에 담가놓으니까 양이 이렇게 불었어요. 통통하죠. 여러분께 '원해'라는 승려 한분을 소개해드릴게요. '원해 스님'입니다. 모시고 올게요. 원해 스님. 어서오십시오. (박수) 안녕하세요. 원해 스님, 제가 고사리 나물을 불려왔거든요? 근데 정말 좋은 팁이 있어요. 한번도 들어본 적이 없어요. 잘 불렸지만 Vietnamese: Suốt thời gian qua tôi luôn làm món dương xỉ xào với nó Loại đã được sấy khô Còn đây là rau dương xỉ ngoài đời, loại tươi Vào mùa xuân là thời gian mà nó mọc khắp nơi trên các ngọn nuối Bây giờ, tôi sẽ chỉ cho các bạn thực hiện món naỳ phiên bản ngôi đền Cười tươi =))) Món dương xỉ xào phong cách đền thờ Tối qua, tôi vừa ngâm số rau dương xỉ từ từ loại đóng gói này, khoảng một ounce Bạn có thể thấy chừng này là một ounce 30 grams, khoảng 30 grams. Và sau khi đã luộc qua và ngâm trong nước lạnh Chừng này đã nở ra và trở nên dầy hơn Tôi muốn giới thiệu với các bạn một ni cô, cô ấy tên là Wonhae Vậy, sư Wonhea, tôi sẽ đưa cô ấy ra Chào mừng, Wonhea Vỗ tay Tôi đã ngâm số dương xỉ này Tôi vừa có một mẹo hay Mà tôi chưa từng được nghe trước đó Mặc dù tôi đã ngâm nó Vietnamese: nhưng chúng ta vẫn phải chần qua trước khi nấu Bạn phải chần nó vào trong nước đang đun sôi Cô ấy vừa đi đâu đó để lấy chảo vì chúng ta cần để xào Trong lúc đó, tôi sẽ cắt số rau này thành miếng vừa ăn Rau vẫn còn ấm Tôi sẽ cắt nó chỉ hai lần Thưa sư, tôi đã cắt nó ròi Modern Greek (1453-): πρέπει να τα ζεματίσουμε ξανά πριν το μαγείρεμα. (μιλάει ξένη γλώσσα) - Πήγε κάπου για να φέρει ένα τηγάνι επειδή πρέπει να τσιγαρίσουμε. Στο μεταξύ, θα το κόψω αυτό σε μπουκίτσες. Οπότε, ακόμα ζεστό. Το έκοψα αυτό μόνο δύο φορές. (μιλάει ξένη γλώσσα) Portuguese: precisamos escaldar mais uma vez, antes de cozinhar. - Você precisa escaldar em água fervente. - Para que o gosari não fique com cheiro de peixe. Você faz gosari-namul frequentemente? - Sim, muito frequente. - Você geralmente usa gosari desidratado? - Sim, o pico do cultivo é muito curto, por isso... - O pico é em maio, né? - Agora vou pegar a frigideira. - Ela foi pegar uma frigideira, pois precisamos fritas isso. Enquanto isso, vou cortar isso em pequenos pedaços. Ainda está quente. Corto assim, apenas duas vezes. Seunim, eu já cortei. (seunim: forma respeitosa de chamar monges e freiras.) Para ser mais conveniente. - Precisamos marinar no óleo. - Sim, sim. Aqui está. Spanish: tenemos que blanquearlo de nuevo justo antes de cocinarlo. (hablando en Coreano) Deben blanquear esto en agua hirviendo La moja fue a buscar un sartén porque lo necesitamos para saltear el Gosari. Mientras tanto, voy a cortar este (Gosari) en porciones pequeñas. Aún está caliente. Lo cortaré sólo dos veces (hablando en Coreano) Seunim, ya corté esto. (Seun-nim: forma respetuosa de llamar a los monjes y monjas) Korean: 요리 바로 전에 데쳐야 해요 끓는 물에 한번 데쳐야 됩니다. 그래야 비린내가 안난다고... 스님은 고사리 나물 자주 만들어 드세요? 네, 자주 먹습니다. 항상 마른 나물로 시작하죠? 제철에 먹기가 조금.. 빨리 끝나니까 보통은 5월달이죠? 네, 이 상태에서.. 프라이팬 갖고 올게요. 이제 볶아야 해서 팬을 가지러 가셨어요. 그동안 저는 먹기 좋은 크기로 썰겠습니다. 아직 따뜻해요. 두번만 자를게요. 스님, 제가 잘라놨어요. 편하시라고. 아.. 그걸 재워야지. 기름에. 여기 넣고 English: we have to blanch again just before cooking. (speaking foreign language) - She went somewhere to pick up some skillet because we need to stir fry. Meanwhile, I'm going to cut this one into bite-sized pieces. So, still warm. I cut this only two times. (speaking foreign language) Hungarian: elő fogjuk főzni mielőtt megfőznénk. Forró vízben elő kell főzni. Ettől a gosari nem lesz halas illatú. Gyakran készít gosari-namult? Igen, nagyon gyakran. Általában szárított gosariból készíti? Igen, mert nagyon rövid az idénye. Emiatt. Az idénye általában májusban van, igaz? Hozom a serpenyőt. Elment, hogy hozzon egy serpenyőt, mert hirtelen kell kisütnünk. Ezalatt én felvágom ezt falatnyi darabokra. Még meleg. Csak kétszer vágok bele. Seunim, már fel is vágtam. Seu-nim: tiszteletteljes megszólítása a szerzeteseknek és szerzetesnőknek. Csak hogy egyszerűbb legyen. Össze kellene keverni olajjal. Igen, igen. Tessék. Russian: нам нужно снова бланшировать ростки перед приготовлением. Нужно бланшировать их в кипящей воде. Чтобы избавиться от рыбного (неприятного) запаха. Сестра, вы часто готовите "госари"? Да, очень часто. Вы обычно используете сушеные ростки? Да, потому что они растут недолго. Обычно пик сезона в мае, верно? Да, теперь я принесу свою сковороду. Она пошла за сковородой, потому что нам нужно будет жарить. В это время я нарежу ростки на небольшие кусочки. Они все еще теплые. Я режу их всего на три части. Сестра, я уже нарезала ростки, чтобы вам было удобно. Нам следует замариновать их с маслом. Да-да! Вот. Portuguese: - Adicione 2 colheres de molho de soja. - -Jin-ganjang, duas colheres. Uma. Duas. - Adicione uma colher de óleo de semente de perilla. - Óleo de semente de perilla. Uma colher. 2 colheres de óleo vegetal. - Deixe-me fritar isso. - Precisamos de um prato para colocar isso. - Esqueci de trazer um prato. Vou pegar. - Ela foi na cozinha pegar pratos. Enquanto isso, hoje sou apenas a assistente dela. Está fritando.... Vietnamese: Ta sẽ thêm vào đây hai thìa nước tương Nào, một hai Dầu mè Một thìa Hai thìa dầu thực vật Để tôi xào món này nào Cô ấy đi vào bếp để lấy vài cái đĩa Trong lúc đó, tôi sẽ làm phụ bếp của cô ấy hôm nay Bếp đang sôi và sau đó nhẹ nhàng đảo English: -Jin-ganjang (soy sauce) Two tablespoons. So, one, two. Perilla seed oil. One tablespoon. Two teaspoons vegetable oil. (speaking foreign language) (sizzling) - She went inside to the kitchen to pick up some plates. (laughs) Meanwhile, I'm just her assistant today. This is sizzling and then gently. Hungarian: Tegyünk bele 2 evőkanál szójaszószt. Jin-ganjang-ból két evőkanállal. Egy, Kettő. Perilla mag olaj. Egy evőkanálnyi. Két teáskanál növényi olaj. Hadd süssem meg! Szükségünk lesz egy tányérra, amire kitesszük. Elfelejtettem tányért hozni. Hozok tányért. Bement a konyhába, hogy hozzon néhány tányért. Közben én ma csak a segítő vagyok. Ez alacsony lángon serceg. Spanish: -Jin-ganjang (salsa de soya): dos cucharadas. Aquí va una, dos Aceite de semilla de perilla. Una cucharada Dos cucharadas de aceite vegetal (en Coreano) Empecemos a saltear esto! (chisporroteo) Wonhae entró a la cocina a traer unos platos (risas) Mientras tanto, yo sólo soy su asistente el día de hoy. Esto se esta friendo suavemente. Modern Greek (1453-): - Jin-ganjang (σάλτσα σόγιας) δύο κουταλιές της σούπας. Οπότε, μία, δύο. Λάδι απο σπόρους perilla. Μια κουταλιά της σούπας. Δύο κουταλιές του γλυκού φυτικό λάδι. (μιλάει ξένη γλώσσα) (τσιτσίρισμα) Πήγε μέσα στη κουζίνα να φέρει πιάτα. (γέλιο) Στο μεταξύ, είμαι απλά η βοηθός της σήμερα. Αυτό τσιτσιρίζει και μετά απαλά. Russian: Добавьте 2 столовые ложки соевого соуса. Хорошо, две столовые ложки соевого соуса. Вот одна, вторая. Добавьте 1 ложку масла семян периллы. Масло семян периллы. Одна столовая ложка. Две чайные ложки растительного масла. Давайте я обжарю! (шипение) Нам нужна тарелка, я забыла принести тарелку :) Я принесу тарелку, держите. Она пошла на кухню за тарелками. (смеётся) А пока я просто её помощница сегодня . Korean: 간장 2스푼 넣고 진간장 2큰술 하나 둘. 들기름 한 스푼 넣고 들기름 1큰술 식용유 2스푼 볶아볼게요. (치지직거리는 소리) 이거 놓을 접시는요? 접시를 안 갖고 왔네.. 갖고올게요. 자 보세요. 접시를 가지러 부엌으로 가셨어요. (웃음) 그 동안에 저는 그냥 조수에요. 지글거리네요. 살살 볶아주세요. Hungarian: A mai nap mozgalmas, mozgalmassá tettem önnek. Készen van. Kell még valamit hozzáadni? Csak egy kis szezámolajat. 1 teáskanál szezámolaj. Csak egy kis szezámmagot. 1 teáskanállal. 1 teáskanállal. Tulajdonképpen látjátok, tört, pirított szezámmag. Ah! Nagyon finomnak látszik. Jó illata van! Én általában sok fokhagymát teszek bele. Én mindig teszek bele fokhagymát és hagymát. Azok nélkül... Nagyon finom így. Nem tudok várni, hogy megkóstoljam. Mert nem tudom elképzelni hogy hagyma és fokhagyma nélkül is finom. Vietnamese: Hôm nay thật bận rộn, tôi làm sư bận rộn quá đi Một thìa Thật ra, các bạn thấy đấy, hạt mè đã được rang và giã Trông ngon quá! Tôi thường hay thêm vào rất nhiều tỏi Tôi luôn luôn thêm tỏi và hành Không thể đợi để nếm nó luôn Bởi vì tôi không thể hình dung được nếu không có tỏi và hành, nó sẽ ngon chứ? English: (laughs) Today is busy, I make you so busy - [Maangchi] One teaspoon. Actually, you see, crushed, toasted sesame seeds. (speaking foreign language) - I usually add a lot of garlic. (speaking foreign language) - I can't wait to taste this. Because I cannot imagine without the garlic and onion, it's delicious? Korean: (웃음) 오늘 바쁘죠. 오늘 제가 바쁘게 만드네요. 다 됐어요. 그 다음에, 여기에 뭐 또.. 참기름하고.. 조금만 참기름 1티스푼 깨소금도 하나 1티스푼 보이시죠, 참깨를 볶아서 간 거에요. 아, 맛있겠다, 이거. 냄새 좋네요. 여기에 보통 마늘을 많이 넣어요. 제가 이걸 할 때는 항상 마늘을 집어넣거든요? 양파랑 [원해스님]안넣어도 너무 맛있어요. 빨리 먹고 싶네요. 왜냐하면 마늘, 파가 없어도 맛있을지 상상이 안가요. Russian: Ростки шипят и смягчаются. (смеётся) Сегодня много дел, я занимаю вас работой! Готово! Добавить что-нибудь ещё? Немного кунжутного масла. Одна чайная ложка кунжутного масла. Ещё немного кунжута. Одну чайную ложку. Одна чайная ложка. Вообще-то, это молотый жареный кунжут Ах, выглядит вкусно! И пахнет хорошо! Обычно я добавляю много чеснока. Без лука и чеснока очень вкусно. Мне не терпится попробовать ростки, потому что я не могу представить это блюдо без чеснока и лука, вкусно ли? Modern Greek (1453-): (γέλιο) Σήμερα έχει δουλειά, σε απασχολώ πολύ - [Maangchi] Μια κουταλιά του γλυκού. Κανονικά, βλέπετε, σπασμένο και καβουρδισμένο σουσάμι. (μιλάει ξένη γλώσσα) - Συνήθως προσθέτω πολύ σκόρδο. (μιλάει ξένη γλώσσα) - Δεν μπορώ να περιμένω να το δοκιμάσω. Επειδή δεν μπορώ να το φανταστώ χωρίς το σκόρδο και το κρεμμύδι, είναι νόστιμο? Spanish: (risas) Hoy ha sido ocupado, yo los estoy ocupando -[Maangchi] Una cucharada. En realidad, como ve, estas son semillas de ajonjolí tostadas y trituradas (hablando en Coreano) Ahhh! Se ve delicioso! Generalmente agrego montones de ajo (hablando en Coreano) Siempre uso ajo y cebolla No puedo esperar a probar esto. Porque no puedo imaginarlo sin el ajo y la cebolla, quedará delicioso? Portuguese: Agora, gentilmente. Hoje está atarefada, eu lhe deixo atarefada. - Está pronto! - Adicionamos mais alguma coisa? - Apenas um pouco de óleo de gergelim. - Uma colher de óleo de gergelim. - Algumas sementes de gergelim. Uma colher. - Uma colher. Na verdade, são sementes de gergelim tostadas e trituradas. - Parece estar delicioso! - O cheiro está bom. Eu geralmente coloco bastante alho. Eu sempre coloco bastante alho e cebola. - Sem eles, fica bem delicioso. - Mal posso esperar para provar. Porque não consigo imaginar sem o alho ou acebola. Será delicioso? Portuguese: Faz mil anos que os monges e freiras comem assim. - Coloco algumas sementes? - Sim! - Vou polvilhar uma vez, você também. Ambas adicionamos sementes de gergelim, para que fique bem gostoso! - Coma, por favor. - Vou provar. Ela também preparou o almoço para mim. Vou levar isto para dentro e comer um delicioso almoço. Deixe-me provar. - Gostoso? - Sim, é delicioso! Não foi adicionado adoçante, mas é bem gostoso! - Vai ficar muito gostoso se adicionar ao bibimbap. - Aqui, minha boca tocou esse lado. Você precisa provar também. É salgado, então fica bom com arroz. English: Yeah, this is a thousand years, these monks and nuns are eating this way. (speaking foreign language) (laughs) - Let me taste, and also, she prepared lunch for me. So inside, I'm going to take this too, and have some delicious lunch. (speaking foreign language) Korean: 네, 스님들께서 오랜 세월을 이런 식으로 먹으면서 살았어요. 깨소금 좀 뿌릴까요? 네, 네. 제가 한번 뿌릴께요. 스님도 한번 뿌려주세요. 우리 둘이~ 와~ 우리 둘이 (뿌린) 깨가 들어갔으니 얼마나 맛있겠어요 (웃음) 드셔보실래요. 맛을 좀 볼게요. 그리고 스님이 저를 위해 점심을 준비하셨어요 그래서 안으로 이걸 가지고갈거예요. 그리고 맛있는 점심을 먹을거예요. 자 한번 맛을 보고요. 맛있어요? 맛있네요! 단 거 안넣어도 맛있네요. 비빔밥에 넣어먹으면 맛있겠어요. 제 입이 닿았으니까 스님도 한번 맛을 보시라고.. 짭짤하니 반찬으로 맛있겠어요. Vietnamese: Yeah, hàng ngàn năm qua các sư thầy và ni cô vẫn ăn theo cách này Tôi rắc ít hạt mè lên trên nhé? Nếm thử nào, và cô ấy cũng đã chuẩn bị bữa trưa cho tôi Vậy nên, tôi sẽ nếm món này và có cả một bưa trưa ngon miệng Để tôi nếm nào Spanish: Si, porque desde hace mas de mil años, estos monjes y monjas vienen comiendo de esta manera. (hablando en Coreano) Debería espolvorear un poco de semillas de ajonjolí? (risas) Vamos a probar, y también, ella preparó almuerzo para mi Así que vamos adentro, también voy a llevar esto, y a tener un almuerzo delicioso. (hablando en Coreano) Déjeme probar esto. Russian: Да, тысячу лет эти монахи и монахини ели их так. Мне посыпать кунжутом? - Да-да! Я посыплю один раз, и вы тоже! Мы обе посыпали сверху кунжутом, как вкусно у нас получится! (смеётся) Угощайтесь! Давайте я попробую, а также она приготовила мне обед. Так что я также отнесу это на кухню и вкусно отобедаю. Так, давайте я разок попробую. Вкусно? -Да, вкусно! Мы не добавляли никакого подсластителя, но все равно очень вкусно! Если добавить это в пибимпаб - выйдет очень вкусно! Поскольку я ела с этой стороны, вы тоже должны попробовать (подает другой стороной палочек) . Вкус солоноватый, поэтому это блюдо отлично подойдет к рису. Modern Greek (1453-): Ναι, αυτό είναι απο χιλιάδες χρόνια, αυτοί οι μοναχοί και οι μοναχές το τρώνε έτσι. (μιλάει ξένη γλώσσα) (γέλιο) - Ας δοκιμάσω κι επίσης, ετοίμασε μεσημεριανό για μένα. Οπότε μέσα, θα το πάρω κι αυτό, και θα έχω ένα νόστιμο μεσημεριανό. (μιλάει ξένη γλώσσα) Hungarian: Igen, évezredek óta ezek a szerzetesek és szerzetesnők így ették. Megszórhatom egy kis szezámmaggal? Igen, igen. Én megszórom egyszer, ön pedig szórja meg másodjára. Mindketten megszórtuk szezámmaggal, nagyon finom lesz! Vegyél belőle. Megkóstoljuk és a szerzetesnő előkészített nekem egy ebédet. Így bemegyünk, ezt is viszem, és finom ebédem lesz. Megkóstolom. Finom? Igen, finom. Nem adtunk hozzá édes ízt, de nagyon finom. Nagyon finom lesz, ha bibimbap-hoz adjuk. Így, mert ez a része ért hozzá a számhoz. Így Ön is kipróbálhatja. Kicsit sós, jól illik rizs mellé kísérőételnek. Korean: 반찬으로 좋아요. 항상 밥이랑 함께 내세요 고사리 나물을 만들어보았습니다. 여긴 원해스님이시고요. 이분의 레시피에요. 우리들의 레시피 즐기시길 바라며 다음에 만나요! 안녕! (웃고 박수소리) 감사합니다. 아유 맛있게 됐어요! 이건... 이건 모두 채소들인데 이건 장아찌예요. Vietnamese: Đây thực sự là một món ăn kèm ngon Bạn luôn chuẩn bị để ăn cùng với cơm Chúng ta đã làm món rau dương xỉ xào Và đây là sư Wonheaa, cùng với công thức của sư Wonhea Hi vọng các bạn yêu thích công thức này Hẹn gặp các bạn sauu Tạm biệt! Cảm ơn sư rất nhiều Đây là Hôm này toàn bộ đều là rau củ và đây là món muối, bạn biết chứ - jangajji Russian: Ростки хороши для гарнира. Они всегда подаются к рису. Действительно вкусно! Мы приготовили гарнир из ростков папоротника. Это сестра Вонхэ, мы готовили по её рецепту. Наслаждайтесь нашим рецептом. Увидимся в следующий раз! Пока! (смеется и хлопает) Большое спасибо! Ох, как вкусно! А теперь идемте есть, нас ждет обед. Это листья калопанакса. А это gajuk-namul. Мы никогда не используем 5 овощей с резким запахом и глутамат натрия. Если нужно, мы используем овощной бульон. Ингредиенты типа грибов, ламинарии, картофеля и редиса варят в кипящей воде. Это... (поклон) Приятного аппетита! Спасибо! Сегодня у нас только овощи, маринованные овощи Portuguese: - É um bom acompnhamento. Sempre é servido com arroz. - Está muito gostoso! - Fizemos gosari-namul. Essa é Wonhae Seunim, com a receita dela. Curtam nossa receita. Vejo vocês na próxima! Tchau! Muito obrigada. É muito gostoso. - Agora vamos comer! A refeição nos espera. Folhas de eom-namu. Esses são gajuk-namul. Nunca usamos os cinco ingredientes com cheiro forte. E nada de MSG. Usamos caldo de legumes, se for necessário. - Sim, sim. - Coisas como cogumelos, kelp, batata, nabo são cozinhados em água. - Isso é... Hoje temos vários vegetais, isso é um picles que vocês conhecem, jangajji. Modern Greek (1453-): - Αυτό ειναι καλό για συνοδευτικό. Πάντα το σερβίρεις με ρύζι. Φτιάξαμε gosari-namul. Αυτή είναι η Wonhae Seunim με την συνταγή της Wonhae Seunim. Απολαύστε τη συνταγή μας. Τα λέμε την επόμενη φορά! Αντίο! (γέλιο και παλαμάκια) (μιλάει ξένη γλώσσα) - Αυτό είναι... Σήμερα, όλα είναι λαχανικά και αυτό είναι πίκλα, ξέρετε - jangajji English: - This is good for a side dish. You always serve this with rice. We made gosari-namul. This is Wonhae Seunim, with Wonhae Seunim's recipe. Enjoy our recipe. See you next time! Bye! (laughs and clapping) (speaking foreign language) - This is a... Today, it's all vegetables and this is a pickled, you know - jangajji Hungarian: Jó kísérő étel. Mindig rizzsel tálaljuk. Gosari-namul-t készítettünk. Ő itt Wonhae Seunim és ez Wonhae Seunim receptje. Teljen örömötök a receptünkben. Találkozunk legközelebb! Viszlát! Túl félénk vagyok, hogy azt mondjam viszlát! Nagyon köszönöm. Ez nagyon finom. Most menjünk enni! Az ebéd ránk vár. Eom-namu levelek. Ez itt gajuk-namul. Mi sosem használjuk az 5 erős illatú zöldséget. És nátrium-glutamátot sem használunk. /ízfokozó/ Zöldségalaplevet használunk, ha szükséges. Igen, igen. Az olyan dolgokat, mint a gomba, hínár, krumpli, retek, forró vízben megfőzzük. Ez egy... A mai ebéd levélzöldségek, savanyúság, tudjátok janjajji, Spanish: (hablando en Coreano) Es un poco salado, así que es bueno como guarnición. Esto siempre se sirve con arroz. Preparamos Gosari-namul. Este es Wonhae seunim, con su receta de Gosari-namul. Disfruten nuestra receta. Nos veremos la próxima ocasión! Adios! (risas y aplausos) (hablando en Coreano) Muchas gracias! Este es un... Hoy, todo son vegetales y este es un encurtido, ya saben - jangajji Korean: 두종류 장아찌 한번도 먹어본적이 없어요. 버섯이고, 오늘 우리가 만든 고사리나물, 그리고 김치 된장 이곳에서 만든 된장이예요. 된장찌개 이 모두 이게 버섯 어떤종류예요? Modern Greek (1453-): και δύο διαφορετικά είδη αλλά δεν το έχω ξαναδοκιμάσει. Και μανιτάρια και gosari-namul που φτιάξαμε σήμερα και kimchi. Και doenjang. Αυτό είναι σπιτικό doenjang, φυσικά. Και αυτό είναι doenjang-jjigae, έφτιαξε αυτό το doenjang-jjigae. (μιλάει ξένη γλώσσα) Portuguese: E dois tipos diferentes que eu nunca provei antes. E cogumelo e gosari-namul, que fizemos hoje. E doenjang. Doenjang caseiro, é claro. E ela fez esse doenjang-jjigae. - Delicioso! Que tipo de cogumelos são esses? - E vegetais. - Shiitake? - Cogumelos Shiitake. - Repolho? - E cogumelo orelha-de-judas. - Gosto de fazer um wrap. Com doenjang (pasta de feijão fermentado)? - Fica mais gostoso se colocar um pedaço de cogumelo no wrap. - É bom para filmar, porque os pratos não precisam ser quentes. Vietnamese: và hai loại khác, nhưng tôi chưa từng được thử trước đây Và nấm cùng với rau dương xỉ xào chúng ta đã làm hôm và kim chi nữa và tương đậu nành Đây là tương đậu nành được làm tại gia, tất nhiên Và đây là món canh tương đậu nành, sư đã làm món này Ngon miệng thật! Hungarian: két különböző fajta, de sosem kóstoltam még ilyet azelőtt. Gombák és gosari-namul, amit készítettünk és kimchi. És doenjang. Természetesen házi készítésű. És ez itt doenjang-jjigae, ezt a szerzetesnő készítette. Finom. Milyen fajta gombák és zöldségek ezek? Shiitake gomba. Káposzta. Fafülgomba. Batyut készítek. Doenjang-gal? Fermentált babpaszta. Igen. Sokkal finomabb lesz a batyud, ha teszel bele gombát is. Filmezéshez megfelel. Mert ezeket az ételeket nem kell forrón tálalni. Russian: двух видов, но я их еще никогда не пробовала. Грибы, ростки, приготовленные сегодня, капуста-кимчи и паста из соевых бобов "твенджан", естественно, домашнего приготовления. Еще она приготовила твенджан-чиге (тушеное блюдо/суп) Вау, вкусно! Какие это грибы? -Шиитаке. Капуста, древесные грибы (Аурикулярия уховидная). Хочу завернуть в лист салата. С твенджаном? -Да. Будет еще вкуснее, если добавить туда немного грибов. Эта еда так удобна для съемок. Потому что все блюда не обязательно подавать горячими. Spanish: y de dos clases distintas, que nunca había probado. Y hongos y Gosari-namul que hicimos hoy, y kimchi. Y doenjang. Este es doenjang hecho en casa, por supuesto. Y este doenjang-jiigae, ella preparó este doenjang-jiigae. Wow, delicioso! - Qué clase de hongos son estos? - Hongos shiitake, repollo y hongos orellana. - quiero hacer un envuelto - Con doenjang? (pasta de soya fermentada) - Quedaría mas delicioso si le agregas un pedazo de hongo al envuelto. - Es bueno para filmar. - Porque estos platillos no necesitan servirse calientes. English: and two different kinds, but I never tasted before. And mushrooms and gosari-namul we made today and kimchi. And doenjang. This is homemade doenjang, of course. And this doenjang-jjigae, she made this doenjang-jjigae. (speaking foreign language) Modern Greek (1453-): - Βρέχει σήμερα. Μένω σε αυτόν τον ναό. Οποιοσδήποτε μπορεί να μείνει, ουπς! (γέλιο) Σήμερα ξεκουράστηκα. Στην πραγματικότητα, απο τότε που ήρθα εδώ δεν είχα καθόλου χρόνο να ξεκουραστώ και να συνέλθω απο το τζετ λαγκ. Αλλά, ανησυχώ γιατι αύριο υποτίθεται θα πάω για συλλογή φαγητού αλλά σήμερα βρέχει τόσο πολύ. Και αύριο ελπίζω ο καιρός να είναι καλός έτσι ώστε να μπορούμε να πάμε μαζί. Όλοι αυτοί που μένουμε στο ναό, πρέπει να φοράμε αυτή τη στολή. (γέλιο) Βλέπετε πως μοιάζετε με μοναχό ή μοναχή? Το λατρεύω, τόσο ήσυχα. (ήχος απο τη βροχή) (ζωντανή Ασιατική μουσική) Korean: 오늘 비가오네요. 이 사찰에서 머물고있어요. 누구라도 머물 수 있어요. 어머나! (웃음) 오늘 좀 쉬었어요. 여기 한국에 도착한 이래로 시차로 인한 피로를 회복할 시간이 없었어요. 그런데 걱정이예요. 내일 산에 나물캐러가기로 했는데 오늘 이렇게 비가오니 내일은 날씨가 좋았으면 좋겠어요. 산에 갈수 있게 여기 머무는 모든 분들은 이런 옷을 입어야돼요. (웃음) 제가 스님같이 보여요? 너무 좋아요. 평온해요. (빗물 떨어지는 소리) (경쾌한 아시아 스타일 음악소리) English: - It's raining today. I'm staying at this temple. Anybody can stay, oops! (laughs) Today I took a rest. Actually, since I arrived here I have had no time to take a rest and recover from my jet lag. But, I'm worried, tomorrow I'm supposed to go foraging, but today's so rainy. And tomorrow I hope the weather is fine so that we can go together. Everybody staying at the temple, we have to wear this kind of uniform. (laughs) See how you look like a monk or a nun? I love it, so peaceful. (rain splattering) (lively Asian music) Vietnamese: Hôm nay trời mưa Tôi đang ở tại ngôi đền này Bất kì ai cũng có thể đến Hôm nay, tôi dành thời gian để nghỉ ngơi Thật ra, từ khi đến đây tôi không có thời gian để nghỉ và hồi phục sau lần trễ chuyến bay Nhưng tôi đang lo lắng, ngàỳ mai có thể đi khám phá nhưng hôm nay trời mưa khá lớn Hi vọng ngày mai thời tiết sẽ đẹp để chúng ta có thể đi cùng nhau Tất cả mọi người ở lại ngôi đền này đều mặc một loại trang phục như thế này Bạn thấy giống một sư thầy hay ni cô Tôi rất yêu không khí ở đây, rất yên bình Hungarian: Másnap az eső hangjára ébredtem. Ma esős nap van. A templomnál állok. Mindenki itt áll, jajj! Ma pihenek. Tulajdonképpen mióta megérkeztem, nem tudtam kipihenni az időeltolódást. De aggódom, mert holnap gyűjtögetni akartam, de ma esik az eső. És holnap remélem jó lesz az idő, és tudunk együtt menni. Mindenki a templomnál áll, és ezt az egyenruhát viseljük. Látjátok, úgy néz ki mint egy szerzetes vagy szerzetesnő. Szeretem, olyan nyugodt. Russian: На следующий день я проснулась под звуки дождя! Сегодня идет дождь. Я остановилась в этом храме. Все могут останавливаться здесь, ой! (смеётся) Сегодня я отдыхала. На самом деле, с тех пор как я приехала, у меня не было времени отдохнуть и оправиться от смены часовых поясов. Но я беспокоюсь, завтра я должна пойти собирать растения в горы, а сегодня идет сильный дождь. Надеюсь, завтра будет хорошая погода, и мы сможем пойти в горы вместе. Все, кто останавливается в храме, должны носить такую одежду. (смеётся) Я похожа на монаха или монахиню? Мне здесь очень нравится, так спокойно. (шум дождя) (оживленная музыка) Spanish: Al día siguiente me despierto con el sonido de la lluvia! - Hoy está lloviendo. Me estoy quedando en este templo. Cualquiera puede quedarse, oops! (risas) Hoy descansé. Desde que llegué aquí, no he tenido tiempo para descansar y recuperarme del jet-lag. Pero, estoy preocupada, mañana se supone que voy a ir a recolectar hierbas, pero hoy ha estado muy lluvioso. Y mañana espero que el clima mejore así podemos ir juntos. Todos los que nos quedamos en el templo, tenemos que llevar esta especie de uniforme. (laughs) Como ven, parezco un monje o una monja? Me encanta, es muy pacífico. (lluvia salpicando) (música Asiática animada) Portuguese: No dia seguinte, acordei com o som da chuva! Hoje está chovendo. Vou ficar no templo. Qualquer um pode ficar. Opa! Hoje eu descansei. Na verdade, desde que cheguei eu não tive tempo para descansar e me recuperar do jet lag. Mas estou preocupada, porque amanhã devo ir catar plantas, mas está chovendo muito. Amanhã espero que o tempo esteja bom. Para que possamos ir juntos. Todos mundo está dentro do templo, precisamos usar esse tipo de uniforme. Viram como pareço com um monge ou uma freira? Eu amo. É muito pacífico. Portuguese: - Cadê o gosari? - Está aqui! - Deixe-me ver. Isso também é gosari. - Isso também! - Tem muito! - Verdade. - Colher tanto gosari bom assim é proibido nos EUA. Já ouviu falar disso? Minha mãe mora em LA. Ela saiu para colher gosari com seus amigos. Há bastante gosari nos EUA também. Ela voltou mais cedo para a minha irmã. Mas as outras vovós foram presas pela polícia. - Por quê? - Porque é ilegal. - Talvez seja venenoso. Tiveram de pagar a fiança. Depois de pagar a fiança, elas foram liberadas! Spanish: (hablando en Coreano) Dónde hay Gosari? Modern Greek (1453-): (μιλάει ξένη γλώσσα) Korean: Russian: Где "госари"? -Вот они! -Покажи! Вот один, вот еще. Здесь их много! -Ага Собирать такие хорошие ростки в США незаконно. Вы слышали об этом? Моя мать живет в Лос-Анджелесе. (Что? Эта женщина рассказывает какие-то странные истории!) Однажды она с подругами пошла за ростками, потому в США их тоже много. Но она ушла домой раньше других из-за моей младшей сестры . А всех остальных бабушек арестовала полиция. -Почему? Потому что это незаконно, это растение может быть ядовитым. Позже всем пришлось заплатить штраф. -Ого! Их отпустили, когда они заплатили штраф. English: (speaking foreign language) Vietnamese: Rau dương xỉ ở đâu vậy? Hungarian: Hol van a gosari? Itt van! Hadd lássam! Ez is gosari. Ez is az. Ott sok van! Valóban. Így szedni a Gosarit az USA-ban illegális. Hallott már erről? Mi? Ez a hölgy olyan furcsa dolgokat mesél... Az édesanyám LA-ben él. Elment gosari-t szedni a barátaival. Az USA-ban is rengeteg gosari nő. Hamarabb hazajött a testvéremhez. De a többi nagymamát letartóztatta a rendőrség. Miért? Azért, mert illegális. Aha. Mérgező lehet. Később mindenkinek bírságot kellett fizetnie. Amikor kifizették, kiszabadultak. Portuguese: - No meu país é um ótimo ingrediente. - Esse gosari está bem suculente e fresco, mas não podemos comê-los cru, né? - Escalde-os em uma grande panela de água fervente e depois escorra. - Por quanto tempo? - Cerca de 10 minutos. Precisa amaciar. Depois de escorridos, espalhe-os em uma cesta de bambu e deixe secar. - Você não passa na água fria? - Não. Depois de secos, guarde-os em sacos. Mantemos eles em um jarro de cerâmica, para que dure mais tempo. Porque precisamos do espaço da geladeira para outras coisas. Sempre que precisamos de um pouco, tiramos do saco. - Gosari seco parece um arame! - Sim, sim! - No meu caso, eu cozinho por uma hora em fogo médio-alto e cubro. E deixo cozinhando na água quente por três horas. Três horas depois eu tiro e escorro, lavo umas duas vezes e deixo de molho em água gelada, Korean: 저는 마른고사리를 한시간 삶아요. 중강불에서 삶아요. 불끄고 뚜껑 닫은채로 계속 그 뜨거운 물로 삶아지도록해요. 세시간동안 세시간 후, 꺼내서 물 따르고 몇번 헹궈서 다시 찬물에 담가요. English: - In my case, I just boil for one hour over medium-high heat and then just cover. And then let it just keep cooking in that hot water for three hours. And three hours later, I just take it out and strain and rinse a couple of times and then soak in cold water, Russian: В моей стране - это отличный ингредиент! Эти ростки такие сочные и свежие, но мы не можем есть их сырыми, верно? Бланшируйте их в большой кастрюле кипящей воды, потом слейте воду. Как долго? Около 10 минут. Они должны размякнуть. После распределите их в бамбуковой корзине и высушите. Вы не ополаскиваете их в холодной воде? -Нет. Как высушите - сложите их в пакеты. Мы держим их в глиняных горшках, чтобы они хранились долго, потому что нам нужно держать в холодильнике другие продукты. Когда нужно-достаем немного. Сушеные ростки похожи на провода! -Да, да! В моем случае, я просто кипячу их один час на среднем огне, и потом просто накрываю, и даю вариться в этой горячей воде три часа. Через три часа я вытаскиваю их, сливаю воду и ополаскиваю несколько раз, потом замачиваю в холодной воде, Hungarian: Pedig a mi országunkban jó konyhai hozzávaló. Ezek itt lédús és friss gosari-k, de mi nem esszük nyersen, igaz? Előfőzzük egy nagy lábos forró vízben és leszűrjük. Mennyi ideig? Körülbelül 10 percig. Meg kell puhulnia. Miután leszűrtük, bambuszkosarakban szétterítjük és kiszárítjuk. Nem öblítik le hideg vízzel? Nem. Miután kiszáradt, zacskókba tesszük. Agyagedényben tároljuk. Sokáig tárolható. A többi dolgot be tudjuk tenni a hűtőbe. Amikor szükségünk van rá, akkor kivesszük a zacskóból. A szárított gosari olyan, mint a drót. Igen, igen. Én egy órát forralom közepesnél magasabb fokozaton, lezárom és letakarom. És aztán hagyom állni a forró lében még 3 órát. 3 órával később kiszedem, leszűröm és leöblítem néhány alkalommal és azután hideg vízbe áztatom. Modern Greek (1453-): - Στην περίπτωσή μου, απλά το βράζω για μια ώρα στη μεσαία-υψηλή φωτιά και μετά το καλύπτω. Και το αφήνω να μαγειρευτεί σε αυτό το καυτό νερό για τρείς ώρες. Και τρείς ώρες μετά, απλά το βγάζω το σουρώνω και το πλένω μερικές φορές και μετά το μουλιάζω σε κρύο νερό, Vietnamese: Tôi thường chỉ đun nó trong một giờ đồng hồ để lửa vừa và đậy nắp lại Và sau đó cứ để nó tiếp tục nấu trong nước sôi khoảng ba tiếng nữa Ba tiếng sau đó, tôi lấy nó ra và chắt nước và rửa sạch một vài lần sau đó ngâm trong nước lạnh Spanish: En mi caso, sólo lo hiervo por una hora a fuego medio y después apago y tapo la olla. Y lo dejo que siga cocinándose en esa agua caliente for tres horas. Y tres horas después, lo saco del agua y lo escurro y enjuago un par de veces y después lo remojo en agua fría, Modern Greek (1453-): και αργότερα το χρησιμοποιώ. (μιλάει ξένη γλώσσα) (γέλιο) (τρεχούμενο νερό) Vietnamese: và tôi dùng đến nó sau Hôm nay bạn đã làm việc rất vất vả để leo lên núi Vietsub by: DiLinh187 Korean: 그리고 얼마 있다가 이용하죠. Spanish: y después mas tarde lo uso. (hablando en Coreano) Hoy trabajaste muy duro subiendo la montaña. (risas) (hablando en Coreano) para la naturaleza, para Wonhae... Russian: дальше я их уже использую. Сегодня ты так старалась, поднялась на гору. -Нет,что вы, это вы так много сделали для нас (смеются) Ура! Мы закончили! На обратном пути с горы моё сердце было полно любви к природе, к сестре Вонхэ ко всем людям, которых я встретила во время поездки в Корею. Спасибо вам всем за вашу щедрость и великодушие! Увидимся в следующий раз! English: and then later I'll use. (speaking foreign language) (laughs) (water rushing) Hungarian: Később felhasználom. Ma keményen dolgoztál, megmásztad a hegyet. Nem, nem, Ön dolgozott keményen értünk. Igen, igen, készen van! Visszafelé vezető út a hegyről. Úgy érzem, a szívem tele van szeretettel a természet és Wonhae iránt. És a sok ember iránt, akikkel Koreában találkoztam az utam során. Köszönöm a nagylelkűségeteket. És találkozunk legközelebb! Portuguese: depois eu utilizo. - Hoje você trabalhou pesado para subir a montanha. - Não, você quem trabalhou pesado por nós. Eba! Acabou! No caminho de volta descendo a montanha... Senti meu coração cheio de amor pela natureza, por Wonhae... ... por muias pessoas que conheci na Coreia. obrigada por toda sua generosidade e até a próxima!

Welcome to Portofino, Italy, the jewel of the Italian Riviera. Portofino is located in the region of Liguria, about 40 Km south of the city of Genoa. The Italian Riviera extends from the border with France and the French Riviera south to Punta Corvo. The term Riviera means coastline in Italian. The Italian Riviera includes nearly all of the coastline of the region of Liguria. The towns of Cinque Terre are part of the southern part of the Italian Riviera. Piazza Martini dell'Olivetta, aka, La Piazzetta Portofino is clustered around its small harbor, and is known for the colorfully painted buildings that line the shore. In 2012, the Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli put on a concert here where he sang a cover of the 1959 hit, Love in Portofino. The song, originally sung by Dalida, was written by Leo Chiosso and composed by Fred Buscaglione. This small town dates back to Roman times when it was a fishing village known as Portus Delphini, Port of the Dolphin. looking west looking north This path along the east side of the harbor is known as Calata Marconi. Along the path there are cafes, restaurants and several small shops Portofino is easily accessible by car but there is only one small parking garage and space is limited. Most visitors arrive in Portofino by bus or water taxi from the nearby town of Santa Margherita Ligure. During my visit, I stayed in the town of Rapallo and rode my ebike out to Portofino. The ride took about 20 minutes. On top of the hill you can see Castello Brown. Behind the boats you can see the bell tower of the Church of St. George. Throughout the centuries, ownership of Portofino has changed hands numerous times. Its small natural harbor was perfect for a small fleet of fishing boats but too small to support a fleet of merchant vessels. In 1815, Portofino became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. From 1861 on, it has been part of the unified Kingdom of Italy. It was around that same time when British aristocrats started visiting Portofino and reporting about its beauty. Since the late 19th century to now, the main industry of Portofino has been tourism. Unlike many popular tourist destinations in Italy, Portofino is known more for its beauty and instead of its history. This path along the Western side of the harbor is called Corso Umberto I. Umberto I was the king of Italy from 1878 until his assassination in 1900. Many movie stars and VIPs of the last 100 years have enjoyed their evening meals right here along this harbor. Inside Delfino are many photographs of the celebrities who have dined there. This short pier is where the ferry boats arrive when they drop off tourists coming from other nearby towns. The tour of this sculpture park lasts about ten minutes. At times it may appear like I walk in front of people or cut them off but the camera does not show everything. In this case, I was able to walk through these hanging bells with plenty of room but it looks like I will hit them. Portofino has long been a favorite destination for the rich and famous who often arrive on their yachts. Portofino has also been the setting for scenes in many popular movies. One of the more recent Hollywood movies to have been filmed here is the Wolf of Wall Street. These steps lead up to the Castello Brown. The tour of Castello Brown begins at time 46:00. The Castello Brown was built in 1557 as a defensive fort. The castle was eventually abandoned in 1815 after the Congress of Vienna. In 1867, the structure was purchased for 7,000 lire by Montague Yeats-Brown, then English consul in Genoa. He transformed the castle into a comfortable villa. In 1945, the castle was occupied by the Germans who used it as a prison. In 1949, the villa was sold to an English couple, Jocelyn Baber and Lieutenant-Colonel John Baber. After much restoration, the Babers sold the castle back to the City of Portofino in 1961. The path to the right leads to the Church of St. George while the path to the left leads out to the lighthouse. The path to the left leads down to a small beach. The walk out to the lighthouse takes about 7 minutes. The lighthouse was built in 1917 and is still in use today. Today, the lighthouse is completely automated and powered by a solar panel. At the base of the lighthouse is a lounge bar known as Al Faro. The phrase "Al Faro" means "to the lighthouse." The next notable landmark on this tour is the Church of St. George which can be seen at time 1:20:50. Saint George was a Christian soldier in the Roman army. In 303, he was sentenced to death for refusing to recant his Christian faith. St. George is the patron saint of Portofino and the church holds his relics inside. During the Second Wold War, a bomb was dropped on the church and it was completely destroyed. The church as it is today was built in 1950 with the same structure as the original church built in 1760. During excavations after WWII, the remains of an ancient chapel were found on this site. Time to change into my swimsuit and get an Instagram pic! Please be sure to leave a LIKE on this video. Grazie! The Terrace of St.George (Terrazza San Giorgio) I figured one more walk along the harbor would be worth it. This church was built in 1548 and is dedicated to Saint Martin of Tours. Whoops..not the right time for a tour. This walk ends just up ahead with a short walk down to a beautiful swimming hole. Please be sure to LIKE and SUBSCRIBE if you enjoyed this video. Thanks for watching!

Maybe it’s time to start thinking about AI now often referred to as cognitive technologies in new ways. Recently two very useful new terms have been coined to help differentiate efforts to build AI’s. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) and Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Artificial General Intelligence sometimes to referred to as strong AI is a research field attempting to build machines that are generally cognitive. These machines are not being built for any specific purpose. But, to replicate the full range of human-like cognitive function. Some people argue that one of the aims of AGI is to produce a conscious machine. Much of this research currently focuses on building systems that replicate neurological processes and great strides have been made in recent years. AGI also raises the question is building an Artificial General Intelligence simply a matter of building a machine that models every connection in the brain? If we achieve that would we have a machine that behaves like a person? However, there’s a significant gap in our understanding that we must bridge before this question can be answered. On the other hand, Artificial Narrow Intelligence, sometimes called applied AI, is a term used to describe a system that performs some single function as competently or perhaps even better than a human. ANI’s may be narrow, but they’re already changing the world and the impact to business has been huge. More than half the equity shares traded in most markets are traded by algorithmic high-frequency traders, not people. Autonomous vehicles are now a reality and satellite navigation systems have long since been able to plot an efficient route across the city. If we look back over the last century we start to see the significant automation of physical work, as machines started to take on heavy lifting and repetitive tasks. This automation started in agriculture, but quickly spread to manufacturing and other sectors. In the same way machines have changed the way that we approach physical work, a new generation of AI powered technologies is increasingly to be found in the workplace. Supporting or even replacing the knowledge worker; to form Knowledge Work Automation. McKinsey predict that over the next decade the impacts to the global economy of automating knowledge work will be between $5 and 7 trillion per annum. We are just at the beginning of this monumental shift. What’s more society is starting to accept these narrow applications of AI. It’s already becoming normal to devolve more and more of our thinking to machines. Few people like repetitive rote tasks and adopting technology frees us up to perform more meaningful work. The rise of mobile apps that have marked the last decade, are set to be replaced with consultative bots that can give us robo-advice through any of our favourite messaging platforms. Many of the problems suffered by AI in the 1970s can be solved by building narrow applications of AI. We can overcome the shortfalls of the logical approach to knowledge engineering by adopting probabilistic programming techniques. Many of those early techniques failed because data sets were too tiny or because computing power was some millions of times to slow by comparison with today’s standards. But it’s no longer necessary to employ a large team software developers to build a system that will radically change the way you approach your business. Tools like Rainbird are transforming contact centres, improving operational efficiency, increasing sales and managing governance and risk. Everything has changed.

Hi guys, hope you're well. So today we're gonna make a beautiful homemade crumble three ways. Beautiful stewed fruit with a crunchy, crispy topping. It's an easy go to dessert to make people very, very happy. What I want to do is start off really basic on the filling and then really basic on the topping and then just change it up three times to get you all ready to go. So first up let's start with the humblest crumble ever, the great British apple crumble. Now I grew up with just Bramley apple crumbles. Delicious, but what we want to do to achieve the most appley delicious flavour and texture is actually mix it up using different eating apples. So we've got this lovely mixture. Some big chunks, some little chunks. You want to get a nice splash of water in with the apples. Pan on the heat and then I'm gonna add 150 grams of sugar, just a few strokes of lemon zest. Really, really nice. So a little lid on top give that five, six, seven minutes and then when it's a little bit tender then we'll get the crumble topping on top and get it in the oven. So when it comes to the beautiful crumble topping it's a really simple recipe. Half fat to flour. I'm gonna use a kilo of plain flour and then we're gonna use half as much butter so 500 grams . Why am I making so much? So I can bag up the rest and put it in the freezer and then a month later, two months later you see some fruit bang it together crumble on top, in the oven and you've done the dessert in no time at all. Bring this together and then one about four to 500 grams of sugar, that's golden caster sugar. You could just take a little bit of brown sugar. It gives like a crunch. So muscovado sugar, it's a little bit liquoricey. You can do one, you can do a mix, you can even put a bit of honey in it. So mix that up, add some vanilla. So you could use vanilla pods or paste. Now that absolutely smells amazing now. So that's your basic, standard, easy-peasy crumble topping and there you go. So I've got my apple here sprinkle it on top. Beautiful. So in the oven it goes at 180 degrees Celsius which is 350 Fahrenheit for about half an hour until golden and bleeping and delicious. That's your basic apple crumble, let's take it up a notch. Let's do a second version. Fruit combo. We shouldn't just think that fresh fruit is the only way. Frozen fruit is a game-changer. What I've got here is berries and blackcurrant mix. Whack a gas hob on, put a little bit of water in a pan, add some sugar, just about a hundred grams and then straight in with the fruits. About a kilo. Just half an orange in there. Let's get a lid on, bring it to the boil. Now as far as basic crumble topping is concerned, could we do anything to it to sort of inflict even more deliciousness? And the answer I think is yes. These are flaked almonds. Crunch em up like that. I absolutely love them. Let's have a look in here. It smells incredible and now we've got a beautiful bramble crumble with an almond and vanilla topping. Yes! Right so this goes in the oven, half an hour again until golden and crisp and then I can show you potentially my favourite crumble and this is a stone fruit crumble. Have a look at this. So, I'll show you what I've done. I've just got beautiful stone fruit like plums, nectarines, peaches, apricots. You could use any combination you like. Take the stone out, cut it in half or quarters. I've sweetened this with two things, one is some honey, beautiful and two, I just got some strawberries and grated it and it's a really nice natural way to sweeten. And that roasting for about 20 minutes it just makes it jammy and intense and delicious. And the other thing I love, love, love to do is beautiful porridge oats. So a nice handful in like that. Just use your hands. Porridge oats give it an incredible flavour, a lovely texture and I absolutely love it. So this goes back in the oven for about 20 minutes - half an hour until golden and delicious. Let's let these cook and when they're all cooked up I'll show you what to do later. So, it's that time where the three crumbles are ready. Beautiful, beautiful crumbles. Look at them. Very exciting. Let's go in with our apple first. Come on! Very pleasing. I'm gonna go for classic custard. Then we're gonna go for this beautiful brambles. Look at that, look at the colour. Come on. The smell is something else and I love it when the ice cream starts to melt. Yes! And last, but not least we're gonna go for the roasted stone fruit crumble. Beautiful. Such amazing intense flavours. Now, I get to have three mouthfuls of three crumbles. Humble apple crumble. Mmm... memories of school dinners. Good ones. Good school dinners. Mrs Gilby, love you! Amazing. And then we've got the frozen fruit. To be able to go into a freezer and grab some topping and some fruit and knock out something that's homely and like a little hug. This is what we need in life I think. mmm.... I love that. So good, completely different. Last but not least the roasted fruit crumble. You know it kind of feels a bit more grown-up, a bit more adulty I suppose and what a wonderful way to finish your meal. I might have to start from the beginning again. I'm not sure if I said everything correctly. I think it's just an amazing dessert that makes me very happy and I hope you enjoy it too. So until next time take care.

As The Ellen DeGeneres Show is under investigation over accusations of a toxic workplace culture, one prominent former cast member has finally come out with his thoughts. So far, much of the reporting about the daytime talk show's behind-the-scenes culture has come from anonymous sources. BuzzFeed's bombshell piece came from interviews with one current and 10 former employees, all of whom chose to remain anonymous. Stars like Katy Perry, Jerry O'Connell, and DeGeneres' wife Portia de Rossi have since come out to defend DeGeneres. Perry took to Twitter to share her experience, writing, "I know I can't speak for anyone else's experience besides my own but I want to acknowledge that I have only ever had positive takeaways from my time with Ellen & on [The Ellen Degeneres Show]. I think we all have witnessed the light & continual fight for equality that she has brought." However, as Crazy Ex-Girlfriend star Rachel Bloom noted on Twitter, celebrities get very different treatment on talk shows than employees do. Bloom wrote, "Just wanna say that I have both worked behind the scenes of tv shows and been the celebrity guest on them and the two experiences are very different. Having a good time being a guest does not necessarily have anything to do with the experiences of the employees." Now, the show's former DJ, Tony Okungbowa, is speaking out about his experiences, meaning doors might be opening for other Ellen employees to go on the record, especially as the staff is now returning to production, according to Us Weekly. Okungbowa helmed the DJ booth on The Ellen DeGeneres Show over the course of ten years, where he was known as DJ Tony. He left in 2013, and now stars in the CBS sitcom Bob Hearts Abishola. On Wednesday, August 5, Okungbowa posted a throwback photo of his DJ days on Instagram, with a caption addressing the current controversy. "I have been getting calls asking me about the Ellen Degeneres Show and I would like to address the time I spent there. I was on air talent from 2003-2006 and from 2007-2013. While I am grateful for the opportunity it afforded me, I did experience and feel the toxicity of the environment and I stand with my former colleagues in their quest to create a healthier and more inclusive workplace as the show moves forward." While one fan commented asking whether the abuse had come from DeGeneres herself, Okungbowa didn't reply. The BuzzFeed report included alleged abuse and racism toward staff, including a joke from a senior producer that two Black people looked alike simply because they had similar hairstyles. Earlier this year, the show came under fire for failing to communicate to its staff how and whether they would be paid during the coronavirus pandemic. Then, in a second shocking report, it was alleged by 36 former staffers that sexual misconduct also took place behind the scenes on the show. While no one has directly accused DeGeneres of perpetrating this behavior, many feel she should have known what was going on. And others are chastising her for promoting kindness to the cameras, with such turmoil going on for staffers. Meanwhile, as big stars like Kevin Hart come to DeGeneres' defense, other celebrities are speaking out against her. The first big name to support the notion that DeGeneres isn't as kind as her audience has come to believe is Everybody Loves Raymond's Brad Garrett [GARE-it], who appeared on the show at least six times over the course of his career. The actor shared on Twitter, "Sorry but it comes from the top...Know more than one who were treated horribly by her.⁩ Common knowledge." Actress Lea Thompson corroborated Garrett's account, simply writing on Twitter, "True story. It is." More celebrities are starting to take sides, with Jay Leno most recently tweeting out his support for the beleaguered star. Leno wrote, "I don't discard a 40-year friendship on hearsay. The Ellen I know has raised over $125 million dollars for charity and has always been a kind and decent person. I fully support her." Incidentally, DeGeneres' charity work has gotten her out of trouble in the past, as she told Jimmy Kimmel in 2018. "He said, 'Do you have a driver's license?' And I handed it, he goes, 'You do a lot of good for the world, so…'" Meanwhile, Ashton Kutcher, Tyrese Gibson, and former American Idol executive producer Nigel Lythgoe have also come out in support of the longtime daytime star. Lythgoe recently tweeted, "Having worked with Ellen DeGeneres on several occasions I can only say I have never seen her mistreat or embarrass anyone. It appears some people are starting to enjoy Witch hunts again." A source told Us Weekly that Ellen staff members had a meeting on August 3rd, and were assured, quote, "Ellen is not giving up and the show will go on." Check out one of our newest videos right here! Plus, even more List videos about your favorite celebs are coming soon. Subscribe to our YouTube channel and hit the bell so you don't miss a single one.

English: - So you have an extra $1,300 US kickin' around that you were going to allocate to a new Galaxy Note or some other overpriced phone, but instead, no, you're going back in time to the days when you used to just have an iPod or other Zune or some like portable music player device. And that's what this is, except it's not going back in time. This is the latest and greatest flagship from FiiO. This thing's ballin', and it's pretty kick-ass, honestly, it's sweet. $1,300 is a lot of money, FiiO has never made a device that costs that much money. They are actually moving up-market into areas of other expensive devices made by like Astell&Kern and other established players. So let's see if they can do it. This is a cool box. Look at that rainbow, that's pretty badass. Inside this box is another box. And inside that box, yet another box. (inhales) Very fragrant, it's wooden. I don't need this box. If there's a box inside here, I swear to God. Spanish: - Así que tienes un extra de 1.300 dólares por ahí que ibas a asignar a un nuevo Galaxy Note o a algún otro teléfono sobrevalorado, pero en vez de eso, no, vas a volver atrás en el tiempo a los días en que solo tenías un iPod u otro Zune o algún dispositivo de reproducción de música portátil. Y eso es lo que es esto, excepto que no vas a retroceder en el tiempo. Este es el último y más grande buque insignia de FiiO. Esta cosa es genial, y es muy buena, Honestamente, es precioso. 1.300 dólares es mucho dinero, FiiO nunca ha hecho un dispositivo que cueste tanto dinero. En realidad está moviendo el mercado hacia arriba en áreas de otros dispositivos costosos hechas por Astell&Kern y otros jugadores establecidos. Así que veamos si pueden hacerlo. Esta es una caja genial. Mira ese arco iris, es una pasada. Dentro de esta caja hay otra caja. Y dentro de esa caja, otra caja más. Muy fragante, es de madera. No necesito esta caja. Si hay una caja aquí dentro, lo juro por Dios. Portuguese: - Então você tem 1300 dólares sobrando, e planejava gastar em um Galaxy Note ou outro celular caro, mas em vez disso, você vai voltar no tempo. Vai para os dias onde tínhamos só um iPod ou outro Zune ou aparelho portátil de música. E esse é um desses aparelhos, mas não estamos voltando no tempo. Esse é o último e melhor lançamento da FiiO. Isso aqui é incrível, é muito bom. Sério, é bom mesmo. 1300 dólares é muito dinheiro, FiiO nunca tinha feito um aparelho que custa tanto assim. Eles estão subindo de mercado, entrando em áreas de outros aparelhos caros feitos por Ashtell&Kern e outras empresas estabelecidas. Vamos ver se eles conseguem. Essa é uma caixa legal. Olha o arco-íris, é incrível. Dentro dessa caixa há outra caixa. E dentro dessa caixa, há mais uma caixa. Muito cheirosa, é de madeira. Eu não preciso dessa caixa. Se tiver uma caixa aqui dentro, eu juro que... English: Okay, it's a device, finally. (upbeat music) This thing is kind of a chonk. It's kind of a brick. Dual AK4499EQ. That's the DAC that's in here, made by AKM, they're really good at making DACs. They put two in here. The reason you would have two DACs, I guess less like switching noise because you're gonna have a one DAC per channel, for left ear and the right ear. This actually, each of these DACs has four channels on the, badass DACs. Ooh, that's a big screen! Mikey, I think he likes it! Before we turn that on, let's see if there's any more crap in here. There is. It looks like a SIM card removal tool, but again, this is not a phone. It costs as much as a phone, a nice phone, but no, this is for opening up your micro SD card slot. You can expand the storage of this thing from the internal 64 gigabytes, up to two terabytes. However, I'm noticing that even though there's like this tiny little stamp, Portuguese: Certo, é um aparelho, finalmente. Ele é meio grosso. Parece um tijolo. Dual AK4499EQ. Esse é o DAC que há aqui, da AKM, eles fazem DACs muito bons. Há dois aqui. Ter dois DACs é bom para ter menos ruídos nas transições, porque você terá um DAC por canal, para a esquerda e para a direita. Cada um desses DACs tem quatro canais... são DACs incríveis. Mas que tela grande. Mikey, acho que ele gostou! Antes de ligarmos, vamos ver se há mais coisas aqui. Sim. Parece uma ferramenta de remoção de SIM, mas isso não é um telefone. Custa o preço de um telefone, um telefone bom, mas não, isso serve pra abrir a entrada de cartão micro SD. Você pode expandir o armazenamento disso dos 64 gigas internos, até dois tera. Mas, estou notando que há uma marquinha aqui. Spanish: Bien, es un dispositivo, finalmente. Esta cosa es una especie de chonk. Es una especie de ladrillo. Doble AK4499EQ. Ese es el DAC que está aquí, hecho por AKM, son muy buenos haciendo DAC. Ponen dos aquí. La razón por la que tendrías dos DAC, supongo que no es como el ruido del cambio porque vas a tener un DAC por canal, para el oído izquierdo y el oído derecho. Cada uno de estos DAC tiene cuatro canales en el, DACs geniales. Ooh, ¡eso es una pantalla grande! Mikey, ¡creo que le gusta! Antes de que encendamos eso, veamos si hay más cosas aquí. Las hay. Parece una herramienta para quitar la tarjeta SIM, pero de nuevo, esto no es un teléfono. Cuesta tanto como un teléfono, un buen teléfono, pero no, esto es para abrir la ranura de la tarjeta micro SD. Puedes ampliar el almacenamiento de esta cosa de los 64 gigabytes internos, hasta dos terabytes. Sin embargo, estoy notando que aunque hay como una pequeña estampilla, como si English: like there's gonna be a second SD card slot there, but instead they've just written Dual AK4499, like they're just advertising the DACs again on it. Are they using this part from an another skew? Like their M11 or something? I don't know why they have that stamped out, just a tease. And the reason it's a tease is because it's really nice to have multiple expansion ports because otherwise they're making me buy like a terabyte or a two terabyte SD card, which is expensive. Like you're going to spend 300 bucks on that, but I guess they think you can afford it if you already bought a $1,300 music player, so screw you. So you got the tool for that. (upbeat music) Finally, I can get rid of this box. We have a charging cable, it's USB Type-C to Type-A, it seems like pretty quality, I guess. There's no wall wart, that's okay. You probably have a lot of these kickin' around by now. I should say that it has Quick Charge 2.0, so this thing will charge from depleted to full Portuguese: Como se fosse uma segunda entrada de SD, mas eles só escreveram Dual AK4499 aqui, como se estivessem fazendo propaganda dos DACs de novo. Estão usando essa parte de outro aparelho? De um M11 ou algo assim? Não sei porque isso está marcado, é só uma provocação. E é só uma provocação porque seria muito legal ter várias portas de extensão porque sem isso terei que comprar um SD de um tera ou dois tera, o que é bem caro. Você vai passar 300 dólares em um desses, mas acho que acham que não é muito pra você já que está pagando 1300 por um tocador de música. Então vem a ferramenta pra isso. Finalmente, posso me livrar dessa caixa. Temos um cabo carregador, USB Type-C pra Type-A, parece ser de boa qualidade. Não há adaptador de parede. Tudo bem. Você deve ter vários deles mesmo. Devo falar que tem Quick Charge 2.0, então ele carrega de bateria vazia até cheia Spanish: fuera a haber una segunda ranura para tarjetas SD ahí, pero en su lugar acaban de escribir Dual AK4499, como si estuvieran anunciando los DAC de nuevo en él. ¿Están usando esta parte desde otro ángulo? ¿Como su M11 o algo así? No sé por qué lo han eliminado, es solo una broma. Y la razón por la que es una broma es porque es muy agradable tener múltiples puertos de expansión, porque de otra manera me hacen comprar como un terabyte o una tarjeta SD de dos terabytes, que es muy cara. Como si fueras a gastarte 300 dólares en eso, pero supongo que piensan que puedes permitírtelo si ya has comprado un reproductor de 1.300 dólares, así que que te den. Tienes la herramienta para eso. Finalmente, puedo deshacerme de esta caja. Tenemos un cable de carga, es un USB de tipo C a tipo A, parece ser de bastante calidad, supongo. No hay ningún cable A/C, está bien. Ya tendrás un montón de estos dando vueltas por ahí. Debería decir que tiene Carga Rápida 2.0, así que se cargará de agotada a completa English: in about three and a half hours. And that should get you about 15 hours of battery life because the thing's battery is huge, it's probably why this thing is so big. This thing has a 7,490 milliamp hour battery. It's basically a battery bank with just some ports on top, that's insane. You've also got a little tiny baggie with a little adapter in it. This is from 3.5 millimeter to coax yellow, and hello, quick start guide. Lots of languages. What is this? This is a screen protector. It's like quite a bit more narrow than the screen itself. This screen is actually kinda nice, the way that it really kinda, it's slightly curved, and then it kinda disappears into the chamfer here, this is, chamfer, the edge, the bezel? The bevel, whatever. So I don't know if I would put this on, and if I did put it on, I don't know that it would protect the whole screen. Alright, let's turn this puppy on. All the buttons are on the side. I'm gonna hold down the power button. Portuguese: em umas três horas e meia. E isso deve te dar umas 15 horas de bateria porque a bateria disso é enorme. Acho que é por isso que o aparelho é tão grande. Há uma bateria de 7.490 miliampere aqui. É tipo um carregador portátil com algumas portas, isso é loucura. Também temos um saquinho com um adaptador. Adaptador de 3.5mm para coaxial amarelo. E um guia básico. Várias línguas. O que é isso? É um protetor de tela. É bem mais estreito que a tela. Essa tela é bem legal, gostei que ela é meio que curvada, e então desaparece aqui no chanfro. Do chanfro? Do canto? Da moldura? Do bisel? Tanto faz. Eu não sei se colocaria isso, e se eu colocasse, não sei se protegeria a tela toda. Certo, vamos ligar isso aqui. Todos os botões ficam do lado. Eu vou segurar o botão de força. Spanish: en unas tres horas y media. Y eso debería darte unas 15 horas de duración de la batería porque la batería es enorme, es probablemente por lo que es tan grande. Esta cosa tiene una batería de 7.490 miliamperios hora. Es básicamente un banco de baterías con solo algunos puertos en la parte superior, es una locura. También tienes una pequeña bolsa con un pequeño adaptador en él. Esto es de 3,5 milímetros a amarillo coaxial, y hola, guía de inicio rápido. Muchos idiomas. ¿Qué es esto? Es un protector de pantalla. Es un poco más estrecho que la propia pantalla. Esta pantalla es en realidad bastante agradable, la forma en que ligeramente curva, y luego como que desaparece en el chaflán aquí, esto es, el bisel, el borde, ¿el bisel? El bisel, lo que sea. Así que no sé si pondría esto, y si lo pusiera, no sé si protegería a toda la pantalla. Muy bien, encendamos este cachorro. Todos los botones están a un lado. Voy a mantener pulsado el botón de encendido. Portuguese: Nada desse lado, desse lado há o botão de força. Acho que trava a tela então, e você segura para reiniciar. Voltar faixa, ir para frente, tocar, pausar. E esse não diz o que é. É um botão com várias funções, você pode configurar o que quer que faça. Vou falar mais sobre isso depois. Também há um botão para trancar tudo, achei isso bem legal. Faz com que os botões não façam nada, mas também não desliga totalmente a tela. Quando eu aperto o botão de ligar a tela ilumina parcialmente, mas não dá para clicar em nada. E temos esse botão aqui. Não é um botão ruim. É um botão analógico digital. Tem início e fim. Não dá para girar infinitamente, e tem um LED azul que você pode programar. Há algumas configurações diferentes. Por que não damos uma olhada nisso agora? Certo, mas antes de fazermos isso, aqui está uma mensagem do nosso patrocinador, War Thunder, o jogo online de combate militar gratuito. English: (singing high tones) Nothing on this side at all, on this side, you've got power. So I guess that's like the screen lock button, and you hold it down to reboot. Track backwards, track forward, play, pause. And then this one's not labeled at all. That is like a multifunction button that you can actually specify what it does. More on that in a bit. There's also a hold button, which is a toggle, which is pretty cool. It makes it so the buttons don't do anything, but it also, it doesn't make it so the screen stays totally off. When I hit the power button, the screen does still illuminate partially, but you can't do anything to it. Then you've got a knob. (laughs) This is an okay knob. It is a analog digital knob. It has a top and a bottom. You can't spin it freely, infinitely, and it has a blue LED on it that you can actually program. There's a couple of different settings for that. Why don't we look at those now? All right, but before we check out these cool settings, here's a message from our sponsor War Thunder, the free-to-play online military vehicle combat gate, Spanish: Nada en este lado en absoluto, en este lado, tienes poder. Supongo que es como el botón de bloqueo de la pantalla y lo mantienes presionado para reiniciar. Hacia atrás, hacia adelante, reproducir, pausar. Y luego este no está etiquetado en absoluto. Es como un botón multifunción que en realidad puedes especificar lo que hace. Hablaremos más sobre eso en un momento. También hay un botón de espera, que es un conmutador, lo cual es bastante guay. Hace que los botones no hagan nada, pero también, no lo hace, así que la pantalla se queda totalmente apagada. Cuando pulso el botón de encendido, la pantalla sigue iluminándose parcialmente, pero no puedes hacerle nada. Entonces tienes una perilla. Este es un buen mando. Es una perilla digital analógica. Tiene una parte superior y una inferior. No puedes girarla libremente, infinitamente, y tiene un LED azul que puedes programar. Hay un par de configuraciones diferentes para eso. ¿Por qué no los miramos ahora? De acuerdo, pero antes de que veamos estos geniales ajustes, aquí hay un mensaje de nuestro patrocinador War Thunder, la puerta de combate de vehículos militares en línea gratis, Portuguese: Ele está disponível pra Windows, Mac, Linux, PS4, Xbox One, e você pode jogar com todas as plataformas. War Thunder tem um arsenal incrível de mais de 1500 tanques, aviões, helicópteros e navios historicamente precisos dos anos 30 até os anos 90, antes de alguns de vocês nascerem. Há combates gigantes em mais de 80 campos de batalha da Segunda Guerra Mundial até a Guerra Fria. Então clique no link abaixo e comece a jogar agora. Você também receberá um bônus exclusivo. Certo, tenho que entrar nas configurações. Preciso desbloquear de novo. Obrigado. É um Android, você pode ir para a Play Store e baixar o aplicativo que quiser. Ele já vem com uns aplicativos. Eu disse que vem, mas não vem, estão aqui para você baixá-los facilmente. Não sei porque não estão instalados por padrão. Acho que não querem que você tenha mais espaço ocupado do que o necessário. 64 gigas não é tanto assim. Bom, é um Android. Vou para as configurações aqui. As configurações de Android fazem com que o aparelho seja mais difícil de navegar do que se fosse um OS proprietário para músicas. Então as configurações são meio confusas. Quero falar sobre o LED. English: it's available for Windows, Mac, Linux, PS4, Xbox One, all of that with cross-play. War Thunder features an incredible arsenal of more than 1.500 historically accurate playable tanks, aircraft, helicopters, and ships from the 1930s up to the 1990s, before some of you were born. Massive combined arms battles on over 80 major battlefields from World War II to the end of the Cold War. So head to the link below, and start playing now. And you'll also get an exclusive bonus. Alright, I gotta get into the settings to do that. I actually need to unlock it again. Thank you, yes, it's Android, so you can actually just go into the Play Store and download whatever apps you want. There's also some applications that are baked in here. I should say baked in, but they're not baked in, they're here so you can easily download them with one click. I don't know why they're not just on there by default. I guess they don't want you to take up more space than you have to. 64 gigabytes actually isn't that much. Anyway, it's Android, I go to the Android settings. Now the fact that it's Android settings actually kind of makes it harder to navigate than it would be if it was just a proprietary music-player-focused OS. So the settings are kind of all over the place. I wanna talk about the LED light thing. Spanish: está disponible para Windows, Mac, Linux, PS4, Xbox One, todo eso con un juego cruzado. War Thunder cuenta con un increíble arsenal de más de 1.500 tanques jugables históricamente precisos, aviones, helicópteros y barcos de la década de 1930 hasta los años 90, antes de que algunos de ustedes nacieran. Batallas de armas combinadas en más de 80 grandes terrenos desde la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta la Guerra Fría. Ve al enlace de abajo, y empieza a jugar ahora. Y también obtendrás un bono exclusivo. Tengo que entrar en la configuración para hacer eso. En realidad necesito desbloquearlo de nuevo. Gracias, sí, es Android, así que puedes entrar en la tienda de juegos y descargar las aplicaciones que quieras. También hay algunas aplicaciones inscrustadas. Debería decir "incrustadas", pero no están incrustadas, puedes descargarlas fácilmente con un solo clic. No sé por qué no están ahí por defecto. Supongo que no quieren que ocupe más espacio del que tiene. 64 gigabytes en realidad no es tanto. E Android, voy a la configuración de Android. Ahora el hecho de que sea la configuración de Android en realidad hace que sea más difícil de navegar de lo que sería si solo fuera un sistema operativo de propiedad enfocado en el reproductor de música. Así que los ajustes están por todas partes. Quiero hablar sobre el tema de la luz LED. English: I believe that's actually in Display, which is a little weird. Indicator Light Control, sweet. So when it's charging, you can select it to be constantly on, pulsing or breathing, or just off. And when it's working like it is now, again, constantly on, pulsing, or off. We go into General, and we see that navigation control on the device and the software control, it's Android so you can set it to have the back button, or you can use the gesture control, which is what I do on my phone. So that's how I set it up now. So it's a swipe to go back, and swipe up to go to the home screen and everything like that. Now here's where it gets cool. The hold switch setting. So that hold button that we have here, by default, all it does is it deactivates all the buttons, and allows you to not be able to touch the screen, okay? But that's just by default, you can actually toggle all this crap on it. So basically, you can say which buttons you want to still work when the hold button is on. So you can have it so that only the next track button works. Portuguese: Acho que está na parte de tela, o que é um pouco estranho. Controle de luz indicadora, legal. Então quando está carregando, você pode selecionar para a luz ficar sempre ligada, pulsando ou respirando, ou desligada. E quando está funcionando como agora, sempre ligada, pulsando ou desligada. Se formos para geral, veremos os controles de navegação do aparelho e o controle de software. É um Android então você pode configurar para ter o botão de voltar, ou pode usar o controle de gestos, que é o que faço no meu celular. Então vou configurar assim. Arrasto para voltar, arrasto pra cima para ir para a tela inicial, coisas do tipo. É aqui que o aparelho fica legal. A configuração de trava. Esse botão que temos aqui, por padrão, ele só desativa todos os botões e permite que você toque na tela sem fazer nada. Mas esse é só o padrão, você pode ligar todas essas coisas. Basicamente, você pode dizer que botões quer que ainda funcionem quando o botão estiver ativado. Então você pode fazer com que só o pular faixa funcione. Spanish: Creo que eso está en la pantalla, lo que es un poco raro. Control de la luz indicadora, genial. Así que cuando se está cargando, puedes seleccionarlo para que esté constantemente encendido, pulsante o respiración, o simplemente apagado. Y cuando funciona como ahora, otra vez, constantemente encendida, pulsante o apagada. Entramos en el General, y vemos que el control de navegación del dispositivo y el software de control, es Android para que pueda configurarlo para que tenga el botón de regreso, o puedes usar el control por gestos, que es lo que hago en mi teléfono. Así que así es como lo configuro ahora. Un golpe para volver, y tocar para ir a la pantalla de inicio y todo eso. Ahora aquí es donde se pone interesante. El ajuste del interruptor de espera. Así que ese botón de espera que tenemos aquí, por defecto, lo único que hace es desactivar todos los botones, y te permite no poder tocar la pantalla, ¿vale? Pero eso es solo por defecto, puedes poner toda estas cosas en él. Así que básicamente, puedes decir qué botones quieres que sigan funcionando cuando el botón de espera está encendido. Puedes tenerlo para que funcione el botón de la otra pista. Portuguese: Então ainda poderá pular a faixa clicando no seu bolso, ou sei lá, pode deixar tudo ligado. Eu gosto desse nível de controle, é bom. A única coisa que não dá para ajustar é o botão de força. Porque isso meio que vai contra o que esse botão faz, esse botão serve para fazer com que sua tela não ligue. Podiam ter nos dado essa opção, mas não deram. Aqui fica ainda melhor. O botão com várias funções que é o botão que não tem identificação, pode ser programado com essa lista de funções especiais. Você pode fazer com que adicione uma música aos favoritos, o que não é ruim. Mude para uma faixa aleatória, incrível. É como um botão "shuffle", ele tocará uma música aleatória. Não quero ouvir músicas assim, muda, mas a próxima música é determinada pelo tipo de pasta que você está ouvindo na hora. Então se você está em um disco, se está ouvindo as melhores da Britney Spears... o Instagram dela é doido, se não viu ainda... Você está ouvindo Britney Spears, aperta nesse botão, e ele irá para outra faixa aleatória daquele disco. Mas se estiver escutando em "todos os artistas" e apertar, Spanish: Puedes meter la mano en el bolsillo y pulsar siguiente, o lo que sea, puedes encenderlos todos. Me gusta este nivel de control, es bastante guay. Lo único que no puedes ajustar es el botón de encendido, porque eso como que obvia de lo que trata todo el cambio, todo el cambio se trata de hacer que para que tu pantalla no se encienda. Así que quiero decir, podrían habernos dado esa opción, pero no lo hicieron. Aquí es donde se pone mejor. El botón multifunción, que es el de abajo que no tiene marcas identificables, se puede programar con esta pequeña lista de características especiales. Puedes hacer que diga, añade esta canción a mis favoritos, lo que está bien, reproducir la siguiente al azar, guay. Es básicamente como un botón de arrastre, solo tocar una canción al azar. No me gusta donde estoy, baraja, pero la canción que va a continuación está determinada por el tipo de carpeta en la que estás en ese momento. Así que si por casualidad estás en un álbum, como si estuvieras escuchando solo los grandes éxitos de Brittany Spears, Santo cielo, su Instagram es una locura, si no lo has visto. Estás escuchando a Brittany Spears, le das a "shuffle". Va a poner una canción al azar en ese álbum. Pero si estuvieras escuchando a todos los artistas y dieras el siguiente golpe, English: So you can still reach in your pocket and hit next, or whatever, you can turn them all on. I like this level of control, it's pretty sweet. The only thing that you can't adjust is the power button, because that kind of obviates what the whole switch is about, the whole switch is about making it so that your screen doesn't turn on. So I mean, they could have given us that option, but they didn't. Now, this is where it gets even sweeter. The multifunction button, which is that bottom one that has no identifiable marks, it can be programmed with this little list of special features. So you can make it say, add this song to my favorites, which is okay, play next randomly, this is so sweet. It's basically like a shuffle button, just play a random song. I don't like where I'm at, shuffle, but the song that it goes to next is determined by what kind of a folder you're in at that time. So if you happen to be in an album, like you're listening to just Brittany Spears' greatest hits, holy crap, her Instagram is insane, if you haven't seen it. You're listening to Brittany Spears, you hit shuffle. It's gonna go to a just different random track on that album. But if you were listening to all artists and you hit next, Spanish: irá a cualquier canción al azar de cualquier artista. Así que la razón por la que esto puede ser realmente genial depende de cómo lo tengas configurado en ese momento, que puedes estar escuchando como una banda sonora, solo la banda sonora de Hans Zimmer "Blade Runner 2049". Y entonces piensas, sabes qué, estoy harto de este rollo. Presiono mi botón de arrastre, y boom. de repente ahora estoy escuchando a Tool, o Nine Inch Nails, o Radiohead, u otra banda de los años 2000 que le guste a James. Y puedes cambiar el rollo fácilmente, lo que es una pasada. Hay algunas cosas muy raras, como borrar la canción que se está reproduciendo actualmente. Y he comprobado esto, no hay nada como, ¿Estás seguro de que quieres borrar esto? Lo elimina sin más. Creo que es realmente imprudente, algunas personas nunca jamás lo usarán, pero en realidad me gusta, porque a veces solo te preocupas de tres canciones en un álbum, o a veces lo escuchas como un álbum de hip-hop, como el Dr. Dre "The Chronic 2001", El increíble álbum tiene un montón de pistas que nunca quiero escuchar. English: it'll just go to any random song from any artist. So the reason that this can be really cool is depending on how you have it set up at that moment, you can be listening to like a soundtrack, just Hans Zimmer "Blade Runner 2049" soundtrack. And then you're kinda like, you know what, I'm sick of this vibe. I hit my shuffle button, and boom, (snaps) suddenly now I'm listening to Tool, or Nine Inch Nails, or Radiohead, or other 2000s band that James likes. And you can just switch vibes easily, which is that's pretty badass. Okay, then there's some really weird stuff in here, like delete the currently playing song. And I checked this, there's no like, are you sure you wanna delete this? It just deletes it. I think this is really reckless, some people will never ever use this, but I actually kind of like it, because sometimes you really only care about like three songs on an album, or sometimes you're listening to like a hip-hop album, like Dr. Dre "The Chronic 2001", amazing album has a bunch of skits in it that I never wanna listen to. Portuguese: vai para qualquer música, de qualquer artista. Por isso que isso é legal. Dependendo de onde você estiver... Você pode estar ouvindo uma trilha sonora, a trilha de Blade Runner 2049 de Hans Zimmer, e pode acabar se cansando do clima das músicas. Então você aperta o botão "shuffle", e boom, agora você está ouvindo Tool, ou Nine Inch Nails, ou Radiohead, ou outras bandas dos anos 2000 que o James curte. Você pode mudar o clima facilmente, o que é bem legal. Certo, e há umas coisas muito estranhas aqui, como "deletar a faixa atual". E eu testei, o aparelho nem pergunta se você tem certeza que quer deletar. A faixa é deletada na hora. Acho que isso é bem imprudente. Algumas pessoas nunca usarão isso, mas eu meio que gostei da ideia, às vezes você só importa com três músicas de um disco e às vezes escuta um disco de hip-hop como o Dr. Dre "The Chronic 2001", um disco incrível mas que tem vários esquetes que eu sempre quero pular. Spanish: Podría estar sentado ahí en la fila para el shawarma, y cuando sale "Pause for porno", puedo decir.., boom, se ha ido de mi dispositivo para siempre. Puede ser muy satisfactorio y una forma bastante rápida de que te guste limpiar orgánicamente tu biblioteca sin tener que sentarse a limpiar tu biblioteca. Así que está bien. Entonces aquí hay otro interesante. Entra en el modo de recepción Bluetooth. Así que puedes imaginar un escenario donde estás usando esto principalmente, pero de repente quieres conseguir una canción, o una pista, o lo que sea de tu teléfono, y usar tu teléfono como una fuente mientras que todavía se utilizan los DAC. Lo que puedes hacer es entrar en el modo de recepción Bluetooth y luego esta cosa se convertirá en un receptor Bluetooth. Sus auriculares seguirán conectados aquí, y tu teléfono enviará el archivo por Bluetooth hasta aquí, y por cierto lo envía muy bien con un muy buen juego de chips Bluetooth. Y entonces todavía estás obteniendo audio de alta calidad en los auriculares, así que es bastante guay. Aunque este no es el único modo. Estábamos en el modo Android. También hay un modo de música pura. El modo de música pura lleva esto a algo así como el modo iPod en cierto modo, como el iPod Portuguese: Então eu posso estar lá na fila pra comer shawarma, e quando "Pause for Porno" começar a tocar posso clicar, e pronto, some do meu aparelho para sempre. Isso pode ser muito satisfatório e é uma maneira rápida de limpar sua biblioteca organicamente sem ter que sentar a fazer isso. Isso é legal. Há outra função interessante aqui. Entrar no modo Bluetooth. Podemos imaginar um cenário onde você está usando isso, primariamente, mas repentinamente quer tocar uma música ou algo do tipo do seu celular. Quer usar seu celular como fonte mas quer usar os DACs disso. Então você pode entrar no modo receptor de Bluetooth, e então essa coisa virará um receptor de Bluetooth. Seus fones ainda continuarão conectados, e seu telefone mandará o arquivo por Bluetooth usando uma maneira muito boa, o chipset Bluetooth é muito bom. Você ainda terá áudio de alta qualidade nos fones de ouvido, é bem legal. Mas esse não é o único modo. Estávamos no modo Android. Também é o modo "Pure Music". O modo Pure Music é tipo um modo iPod, de cena maneira. English: So I could just be sitting there in line for shawarma, and when like "Pause for Porno" comes on, I can just like, boom, it's gone off my device forever. And that can be very satisfying and a pretty quick way to like organically clean up your library without having to sit down and clean up your library. So that's cool. Then here's another interesting one. Enter Bluetooth receiving mode. So you can imagine a scenario where you're primarily using this, but suddenly you wanna get a song, or a track, or whatever off of your phone, and use your phone as a source while still using the DACs from this. So what you can do is enter Bluetooth receiving mode, and then this thing will just turn into a Bluetooth receiver. Your headphones will still be connected to here, and your phone will be sending the file via Bluetooth to here, and by the way it sends it really good with a really good Bluetooth chip set. And then you're still getting high quality audio to the headphones, so that's pretty cool. This isn't the only mode though. We were on Android Mode. There's also Pure Music Mode. Pure Music Mode brings this into kind of like iPod mode in a way, Spanish: Classic, una aplicación de música ahora, eso es todo, todas tus antenas están apagadas. Creo que puedes volver a encender la antena Bluetooth, pero por defecto está apagado, el Wi-Fi está apagado, así que hay tan poca interferencia y otras señales que llegan al dispositivo como sea posible. Los circuitos están vacíos. Así que eso también es bastante bueno. Oh, modo USB DAC. Así que puedes conectar esto a tu ordenador y usarlo como un DAC USB en lugar de tener que comprar uno de escritorio separado. Nunca he hablado de las tomas. Así que puedes ver en realidad tres puertos, tu teléfono no tiene ni un conector para auriculares, aquí tenemos tres. Tienes tu jack normal de 3,5 milímetros, a la que también podrías llamar línea de un solo extremo. Entonces tienes dos puertos equilibrados, uno es de 4,4 milímetros, el otro de 2,5. Un cable balanceado es lo mismo que un XLR, si has visto ese enchufe que tiene como tres puntas y usas un enchufe en las cámaras y los micrófonos y cosas así. Así que, ¿qué diablos es equilibrado? Cuando hice esta revisión de los auriculares Grado, descubrimos durante esa revisión que eran como 200 dólares Portuguese: É tipo um iPod Classic. Vai para um aplicativo de música, e é só isso, todas as antenas são desligadas. Acho que pode ligar a antena Bluetooth de novo, mas o padrão é desligado, Wi-Fi desligado também. Então há o mínimo de diafonia e de sinais sendo enviados quanto é possível. Os circuitos ficam vazios. Então isso é bem legal também. Ah, modo DAC USB. Então você pode ligar isso no computador e usar como um DAC USB em vez de ter que comprar um para o computador. Eu não falei sobre essas entradas ainda. Como pode ver, há três portas. Seu telefone nem tem uma entrada de fone e nós temos três aqui. Há a porta normal de 3.5mm, que também podemos chamar de linha de sinal único. Então temos duas portas balanceadas, uma de 4.4mm e a outra de 2.5. Um cabo balanceado é a mesma coisa que um XLR. Você já deve ter visto aquele cabo com três pinos que é usado para ligar câmeras e microfones e coisas do tipo. Então o que é "balanceado"? E porque quando fiz o review dos fones Grado descobrimos que teríamos que pagar mais 200 dólares English: like iPod Classic, like you're in a music app now, that is all, all your antennas are off. I think you can turn the Bluetooth antenna back on, but by default it's off, your Wi-Fi is off, so there's just as little crosstalk and other signals coming to device as possible. The circuits are just empty. So that's pretty cool too. Oh, USB DAC mode. So you can hook this up to your computer, then, use that as a USB DAC instead of having to buy a separate desktop one. I never talked about the jacks yet. So you can see actually three ports, ha, your phone doesn't even have a headphone jack, we've got three here. You've got your regular 3.5 millimeter jack, which you could also call a single-ended line. Then you've got two balanced ports, one's 4.4 millimeter, the other's 2.5. A balanced cable is the same as XLR, if you've seen that plug that has like three prongs, and use it a plug in cameras and microphones and stuff like that. So what the heck is balanced, and why is it that when I did this Grado headphones review, we found out during that review that it was like $200 Portuguese: para ter um cabo com uma saída XLR? Quando temos um cabo desses, todo o sinal de áudio sai por uma linha. Então se você colocar esse cabo perto de um campo magnético flutuante, como um cabo de força DC, por exemplo, então o cabo pode introduzir ruídos nesse cabo. E esses ruídos seriam perceptíveis, se você tem ouvidos bons, enquanto escuta música. Mas, usando uma saída balanceada de uma dessas portas, o cabo de três pinos passa o sinal de áudio duas vezes. Um pino é o terra, os outros dois são para o sinal de áudio. Mas não é o mesmo sinal. Eles estão fora de fase, totalmente virados. Quando o sinal de áudio de um chega no pico, o outro sinal chega a um duto. Então você acaba tendo uma entrada imune a ruídos porque você só escuta a diferença entre essas duas ondas. Então se essas duas ondas tiverem o mesmo ruído, o ruído será cancelado. Isso é chamado de rejeição em modo comum. Você pode pesquisar sobre. English: to have the cable terminate with XLR balanced output. When you have a cable like this, the whole audio signal is on this one line, so if you brought this cable close to a fluctuating magnetic field, like a DC power cable, for example, then that DC power cable could induce noise onto this cable. And then that noise would be audible if you have golden ears or whatever, to you listening to your music. However, if you use a balanced output in one of these ports, then that three-pronged cable, it actually has the audio signal on there twice. One prong is a ground, the other two prongs are audio signal, but it's not the exact same, they're out of phase, completely flipped. So the audio signal on one, when it hits a peak, the other signal is hitting a trough. And what this does is it makes it impervious to noise coming in because all you hear is the difference between those two waves. So if both those waves have the same noise on them, that noise is gonna get canceled out. This is called common-mode rejection. You can look that up. Spanish: para que el cable termine con una salida balanceada XLR. Cuando tienes un cable como este, toda la señal de audio está en esta línea, así que si acercas este cable a un campo magnético fluctuante, como un cable de corriente continua, por ejemplo, el cable de alimentación CC podría inducir ruido en este cable. Y entonces ese ruido sería audible si tienes orejas de oro o lo que sea, a ti escuchando tu música. Sin embargo, si usas una salida balanceada en uno de estos puertos y luego ese cable de tres puntas, tienes la señal de audio ahí dos veces. Una punta es una tierra, las otras dos puntas son la señal de audio, pero no es exactamente lo mismo, están desfasados, completamente desviados. Así que la señal de audio en uno, cuando llega a un pico, la otra señal está golpeando una depresión. Y lo que esto hace es que lo hace impermeable al ruido que llega, porque lo único que se oye es la diferencia entre esas dos ondas. Así que si ambas ondas tienen el mismo ruido, ese ruido va a cancelarse. Esto se llama rechazo en modo común. Puedes mirarlo. Spanish: Por eso es tan impresionante tener salidas equilibradas, y por eso es tan caro, y por eso no tengo un ejemplo aquí. Así que, ¿por qué no conecto estos auriculares Grado ahora, y realmente escuchamos esta cosa? Es nítido. Muy bien, lo último que quiero decirte que hace que esto sea tan increíble escuchar es algo que ellos llaman servo-poder activo. Así que básicamente en la etapa final del amplificador incorporado en esta cosa, tienen inteligencia para detectar qué tipo de impedancia tienen los auriculares que estás enchufando, y aumentará la corriente en consecuencia. Así que si estás usando IEM, auriculares que van en tu oído, no necesitas tanta potencia. Así que no quieres arruinar los auriculares y no quieres arruinarte los oídos. Puedes cambiar el modo aquí. Ahora mismo estoy en modo de auriculares. Si tienes auriculares de alta impedancia que requieren mucho poder, esta cosa lo verá y lo pondrá en marcha. Y ahí es cuando suena mucho mejor tener eso puesto. English: That's why it's so awesome to have balanced outputs, and why it's so expensive, and why I don't have an example here. So why don't I plug in these Grado headphones now, and actually listen to this thing? (upbeat music) Oh, this is clean. All right, the final thing I wanna tell you about with this that makes it so awesome to listen to is something they call active servo power. So basically on the final stage of the built-in amp in this thing, they have some intelligence to detect what kind of impedance your headphones you're plugging in has, and will step up the current accordingly. So if you're using like IEMs, earphones that go in your ear, you don't need that much power. So you don't want to ruin the headphones, and you don't wanna ruin your ears. So you can actually switch the mode here. Right now, I'm in over ear headphone mode. And so if you have really high impedance headphones that take a lot of power, this thing will see that and crank it up. And that's when it sounds way better having that on. Portuguese: Por isso é incrível ter saídas balanceadas, e por isso que é tão caro e por isso não tenho um exemplo aqui. Então por que não coloco os fones Grado aqui e escuto uma música? Que qualidade boa. Certo, o último detalhe que quero dar sobre a razão da qualidade ser tão boa é algo chamado de "Active Servo Power". no último estágio do amplificador incluso aqui, eles têm uma tecnologia que detecta o tipo de impedância o fone que você está usando tem, e então a corrente é configurada de acordo com a impedância. Então se está usando IEMs, fones que entram no ouvido, você não precisa de tanta potência. Você não quer que seus fones estraguem e não quer ter problemas de audição. Você pode trocar o modo aqui. Agora, estou no modo de fones externos. Então se você tiver fones de alta impedância que precisam de muita potência, essa coisa detectará e aumentará a potência. E isso melhora muito a qualidade de áudio. Spanish: Hay un modo de ganancia baja y otro de ganancia alta. Puedes dejarlo en ganancia baja, será menos ruidoso con esto en el modo de auriculares. que se eleva como el modo de alta corriente, y es de locos. Tío, no quiero ni hablar más. Váyanse, ¡sólo déjame con los auriculares! Así que sí, esta cosa es una pasada. No creo que se vea tan genial como algunas de las otras cosas en este rango de precio. Se ve muy bien, pero algunas de las otras cosas en este rango de precio eran como una pasada. Y también es difícil saber qué botón estás presionando. Si lo tienes en el bolsillo, realmente no puedes saberlo. Estos botones tienen básicamente la misma forma y tamaño, excepto que este es un poco más grande, pero eso no sería realmente detectable, no creo, en mi bolsillo. Así que sería bueno que se levantaran, o que tuvieran diferentes formas. Es una especie de defecto. Aparte de eso, es bastante genial. En realidad debería quitarme esto, porque es una especie de huella dactilar. Una especie de aspecto de fibra de carbono brillante. Esta cosa es bastante versátil y bastante guay, y creo que vale la pena mirar de cerca Portuguese: Também há modos de ganho alto e baixo. Você pode deixar no ganho baixo, haverá menos ruídos e com esse modo de fones externos que aumenta a corrente, o áudio fica fenomenal. Eu nem quero falar mais. Saiam daqui, me deixem aqui com os fones. Esse negócio é muito bom. Acho que ele não é tão bonito quanto as outros produtos desse preço. Ele é bem bonitinho, mas alguns dos outros produtos dessa faixa de preço são muito legais mesmo. E é difícil saber que botão está apertando. Se estiver no seu bolso, não dá pra saber. Esses botões são basicamente do mesmo tamanho e formato, exceto esse que é um pouco maior, mas acho que eu nem notaria isso quando estivesse no meu bolso. Então seria legal se fossem um pouco elevados, ou tivesse formatos diferentes. Esse é um defeito. Além disso, é bem legal. Eu devia tirar isso, porque está com muitas digitais. É tipo uma fibra de carbono brilhante. Essa coisa é bem versátil e bem legal, acho que vale a pena dar uma olhada English: There's also a low gain, and high gain modes. You can just leave it in low gain, it'll be less noisy, with this over your headphone mode on that ramps up like the high current mode, and it's wicked. Oh man, I don't even want to talk anymore. You guys just leave, just leave me with the headphones! So yeah, this thing is pretty sweet. I don't think it looks as cool as some of the other things in this price range. It does look pretty nice, but some of the other things in this price range were like really bad ass. And also it's hard to tell what button you're pressing. If this is in your pocket, you really can't tell. These buttons are all basically the same shape and size, except for this one's a little bigger, but that wouldn't really be detectable, I don't think, in my pocket. So it'd be nice if they were raised, or have different shapes. That's kind of a flaw. Other than that, pretty cool. I should actually just take this off, because it's kind of fingerprinty. Kind of glossy carbon fiber look. This thing is pretty versatile and pretty cool, and I think it's worth a close look Portuguese: se é do tipo de pessoa que gastaria 1300 dólares em um tocador de música portátil. Obrigado por assistir o ShortCircuit de hoje. Se gostou do vídeo, se inscreva, dê um joinha, assista nossos outros vídeos sobre áudio... sobre outros aparelhos de áudio. Normalmente eu que apresento eles, e sou divertido, se assistiu até aqui gosta de mim, então... - [David] Assista "Carpool Critics"! - Certo, David veio falar para assistir "Carpool Critics", o podcast sobre filmes. Sabe o que ficaria com uma qualidade incrível usando esses fones? Minha voz e a do David, e talvez até a de Riley. - [David] Talvez. - Em um dia bom, Riley. - Sim. Spanish: si eres el tipo de persona que quiere gastar 1.300 dólares en un reproductor de medios portátil. Así que gracias por ver "Short Circuit" hoy. Si te ha gustado este vídeo, pulsa "Suscribirse", dale, mira nuestras otras cosas de audio, otros videos de audio. Normalmente me tienen a mí y soy divertido, si has llegado hasta aquí, entonces te gusto, así que. - [David] ¡Ve "Carpool Critics"! - David viene a decirnos que veamos "Carpool Critics", el podcast de la película. Oye, ¿sabes lo que sonaría genial con estos auriculares? Mi voz y la de David, y tal vez incluso la de Riley. - Tal vez. - Ni de broma, Riley. English: if you're the type of person who wants to spend $1,300 on a portable media player. So thanks for watching "Short Circuit" today. If you liked this video, hit subscribe, hit like, check out our other audio things, other audio videos. They usually have me and I'm fun, if you watch this far, then you like me, so. - [David] Watch "Carpool Critics"! - Okay, David's here to tell us to watch "Carpool Critics", the movie podcast. Hey, you know what would sound great through these headphones? My voice and David's voice, and maybe even Riley. - [David] Maybe. - On a good day, Riley. - Yeah.

English: (relaxing music snippet) - [Instructor] Natural selection is Darwin's central and most brilliant insight underlying the mechanism for evolution. But selection of what? What is the raw material upon which the selective forces in nature are acting? Although he had some ideas about it, what Darwin didn't know was that variation stems from differences in the generic information contained in each cell of every organism. It's a bit like an alphabet made of only four letters. Letters that can be arranged into words of almost any length. The genes can be viewed as words made of these letters. The sequences of nucleotides spell out codes that give orders to the cellular machinery to make the cell work. In fact, the genes help to make cells themselves, Bulgarian: Естественият подбор е централното и най-брилянтно прозрение на Дарвин, обясняващо механизмите на еволюцията. Но подбор на какво? Какъв е суровият материал, върху който подбиращите сили работят в природата? Въпреки че е имал някои идеи за това, Дарвин не е знаел, че различията се коренят в генетичната информация, съдържаща се във всяка клетка на всеки организъм. Малко е като азбука, направена само от четири букви. Букви, които могат да бъдат подредени в думи с всякаква дължина. Гените могат да бъдат разглеждани като думи, съставени от тези букви. Последователностите на нуклеотидите изписват кодове, които дават заповеди на клетъчните механизми да карат клетката да работи. Всъщност гените помагат за изработването на самите клетки, Bulgarian: предоставяйки накрая закодираната информация, която построява целия организъм. Последователностите от нуклеотиди са подредени в дълги молекули с дълго име: дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина. Обичам да разделям сложни думи до корените им. "Дезоксирибо" е дългият гръбнак от захарни молекули, дезоксирибози, които са свързани заедно, за да създадат двойка дълги паралелни вериги. "Нуклеинова" означава, че говорим за нуклеотиди. Тези четири захарни молекули, които свързват двете нишки и представят генетичния код. Специфичната последователност на нуклеотидите създава думите, или гените, на генетичния код. Накрая, терминът "киселина" е химическата класификация за цялата грамадна молекула, защото това цялото, от химична гледна точка, е киселина. Така че това е дезокси-рибо-нуклеинова киселина. English: ultimately providing the coded information that builds the entire organism. The sequences of nucleotides are arranged in long molecules that have a long name. Deoxyribonucleic acid. I like to break down complex words to their roots. So, deoxyribo is the long molecule's backbone of special sugar molecules call deoxyribos that are joined together to make a pair of twisted long parallel chains. The nucleic part of the word means we're talking about the nucleotides, those four special molecules that connect the two sugary backbone chains and represent the letters of the genetic code. The specific order of the nucleotides makes the words, or genes, of the genetic code. Lastly, the term acid is the chemical classification for the entire huge molecule, because this whole thing is actually, chemically speaking, an acid. So it's deoxyribonucleic acid. English: And that's how I spell DNA. You can imagine that, with the complexity of organisms, there must be a lot of DNA that needs to be read, a lot of words in the genetic code that dictate those marching orders to build the organism, and to make it do all the things that it does. And there is! By some estimates, there are about two to three meters of DNA in each cell of a human, and that's just in a single cell. If you add up DNA lengths from all the cells in a human, that's roughly a long enough string of DNA to go back and forth, back and forth between the Earth and the Sun 70 times. So this is a very very long string, but it's a very very long thin string that, as I said, is one long molecule, and with that much DNA packed into each cell, there's actually a way of organizing that potential mess, of preventing tangles. Bulgarian: И така се изписва ДНК. Можеш да си представиш, че при сложността на организмите, би трябвало да има много ДНК, която трябва да бъде разчитана, много думи в генетичния код, които диктуват реда за построяване на организма и го карат да прави всички невероятни неща, които прави. И има! Според някои изчисления има около 2 до 3 метра от ДНК във всяка клетка на един човек. И това е само в една клетка! Ако добавиш дължините на ДНК от всички клетки на един човек, това ще бъде приблизително достатъчно дълга нишка ДНК, която да отиде и се върне, отиде и се върне от Земята до Слънцето 70 пъти! Това е наистина много дълга нишка, но е много, много дълга тънка нишка. И както казах, това е една дълга молекула. С толкова много ДНК, събрана във всяка клетка, има всъщност начин за организиране на тази бъркотия, предотвратявайки оплитане. Bulgarian: ДНК в клетките на всеки вид организъм е подредено стройно в специфичен брой за вида пакети. Или структури, познати като хромозоми. Броят на хромозомите варира от вид до вид. Хората имат 46 хромозоми. Но делфините имат 44. Птицечовките имат 52. Гълъбите имат 78, комарите имат 6 миниатюрни ДНК молекули, слузестите плесени имат 12. Грахът има 14, а оризът 24. Обикновеният змийски език има 1 260. А за тези някакви едноклетъчни микроби се твърди, че имат повече от 15 000 миниатюрни хромозоми във всяка клетка. Можеш да видиш, че броят на хромозомите не е свързан директно със сложността на организма. И можеш също да видиш, че видовете се различават генетично. Но е важно да отбележа, че индивидите от един вид също се различават. English: The DNA in the cells of each type of organism is arranged neatly into a species-specific number of packets or structures known as chromosomes. The number of chromosomes varies from species to species. Humans have 46 chromosomes, but dolphins have 44. A platypus has 52. A dove has 78. A mosquito has six bitey little DNA molecules. A slime mold has 12. Peas have 14. Rice has 24. The adder's-tongue fern has 1260. And there are some kinds of single-celled microbes that are said to have more than 15,000 tiny little chromosomes in each cell. You can see that chromosome isn't directly related to the complexity of the organism, and you can also see that species vary genetically, but it's important to note that individuals within a species do too. Bulgarian: А защо това е така? Учените, изучаващи гените, знаят, че различни типове промени се случват в генетичния код. Което внася разновидности в индивидите и във вида. Наричаме някои от тези промени мутации. Мутациите са действителни промени последователността от буквите в думите, които съставят генетичния код, промени в нуклеотидите, които съставят гените. Следователно промени в инструкциите, които идват от ДНК. Мутациите се случват често при грешки в репликацията, или възпроизвеждането на ДНК по време на клетъчното делене, заради химикали, които могат да нарушат структурата на ДНК и заради радиация. Въпреки че много от тези фактори са естествени, те могат да бъдат предизвикани и от човека. Важното е, че тези мутации могат да променят или изтрият нуклеотиди. Те могат дори да променят части от хромозомата или дори цялата хромозома. Мутациите водят до различни форми на един и същ ген. English: So why do individuals vary? Scientists studying genes know that changes of various types happen in the genetic code itself, which introduces variations among individuals and among species. We call some of these changes mutations. Mutations are actual changes in the sequence of letters in the words that make up the genetic code. Changes in the nucleotides that make up the genes, and therefore, changes in the instructions that come from the DNA. Mutations happen regularly through mistakes in replicating or reproducing the DNA during cell division from chemicals that can interfere with the structure of DNA, and from radiation. Though many of these factors are natural, they can be human-driven as well. The bottom line is that mutations can delete or change nucleotides. They can even change pieces of a chromosome, or even the whole chromosome. Mutations result in different forms of the same gene. English: These different forms are called alleles. For example, eye color is coded by different alleles of the same gene. When the DNA's instructions are read by the cell's machinery, these differing alleles can cause variations in the traits of organisms. In their body shape, their metabolism, their behavior, and any other genetically-determined feature or process. Therefore, it's not surprising that every individual in a population is unique. Every individual is composed of a complex mix of many many traits, and behind those traits, there can be many many different alleles. But how do the alleles get distributed to the offspring? That's what Darwin wondered too, and now we have to talk about sex. But unlike Darwin, our discussion of sex can center on how variations in genetic information can get passed on to offspring. In the process of making the sperm cells and egg cells used in sexual reproduction, a huge amount Bulgarian: Тези различни форми се наричат алели. Например цветът на очите е закодиран от различни алели на един и същ ген. Когато ДНК инструкциите се прочитат от механизмите на клетката, тези различни алели могат да доведат до вариации в чертите на организма: формата на тялото, метаболизма, поведението и всяка друга черта или процес, определени от гените. Следователно, не е изненадващо, че всеки индивид на една популация е уникален. Всеки индивид е съставен от сложна смес от много, много белези. И зад тези белези може да има много различни алели. Но как алелите се пренасят до потомците? Това се е чудел и Дарвин. Сега трябва да говорим за секс. За разлика от Дарвин, нашата дискусия за секса може да се фокусира върху това как разновидностите на генетична информация могат да се предават на потомците. В процеса на създаването на сперматозоидите и яйцеклетката, използвани за размножаването, English: of genetic recombination occurs. A kind of reshuffling of the genetic deck. This results in chromosomes with new combinations of alleles, and when these genetically-varried sperm and eggs come together at fertilization, the result is a bunch of offspring that are genetically unique individuals. Even bacteria, which don't have sex in the same way as organisms with males and females do, have similar processes going on that continuously reshuffle the genetic deck during reproduction, allowing lots of variation in their offspring as well. And remember, it's those individual differences that are the focus of the selection process, because some of these recombinations are gonna make an individual more fit than others, more able to survive, and more able to have offspring off their own. And that's where natural selection comes in. Removing, selecting against the non-viable and less fit individuals. Or, on the flip side, selecting for the individuals Bulgarian: се случва голяма генетична рекомбинация – нещо като разбъркване на генетичното тесте. Това води до хромозоми с нови комбинации от алели. И когато тези генетично различни сперматозоиди и яйцеклетки се сливат при оплождането, резултатът е множество потомци, които са генетично уникални индивиди. Дори бактериите, които не правят секс по същия начин, по който видове с мъжки и женски индивиди го правят, преминават през подобен процес. Те продължително разбъркват генетичното тесте при размножаването. Това позволява много вариации и в техните потомци. И спомни си: тези индивидуални разлики са фокуса на този процес на подбор, защото някои от тези рекомбинации ще направят индивида по-приспособен от другите. По-способен да оцелее и по-способен да има собствени деца. И тук се появява естествения подбор, премахвайки по-необещаващи и по-малко приспособени индивиди. Bulgarian: Или от друга страна, избирайки индивиди които са по-обещаващи и по-приспособими. Това е идеята зад оцеляването на по-приспособимите. Виждали сме как половото размножаване може да доведе до множество индивидуални вариации в една популация. И как популациите се променят с времето в резултат на естествения подбор. Но иронично, в същото време, ако има широко застъпено размножаване между членове на популацията, полученото смесване на генетична информация в цялата популация също значи, че индивидите в популацията не се отличават твърде много едни от други по форма, поведение или физиология. Това също значи, че една популация няма да се различава много от друга от определен вид. Това смесване на генетична информация между кръстосващи се членове на една популация или един вид е познато като генетична миграция. Това запазва достатъчно съвместимост между индивидите и популациите от вида, така че членовете да могат все пак да се размножават помежду си. English: that are more viable, more fit. That's the idea behind the survival of the fitter. So we've seen how sexual reproduction can lead to tons of individual variation within a population, and how populations will change over time as a result of natural selection. But ironically, at the same time, when there is widespread breeding among members of a population, the resulting mixing of genetic information within the whole population also means that individuals within a population don't diverge too much from each-other in form or behavior or physiology. This will also mean that one population in a species doesn't differ too much from another in a particular species. This mixing of genetic information among interbreeding members of a population or species is known as gene flow. It maintains enough consistency among individuals and populations of the species that members can still reproduce with one another. English: What happens if gene flow is slowed down or somehow prevented? Imagine a population in which sexual reproduction and variation is happening all the time, and then some barrier occurs that separates this population into two parts? A really famous example is when the oceanic water levels dropped enough millions of years ago to allow the Isthmus of Panama to become a complete strip of land, separating the waters of the Eastern Pacific from the Caribbean Sea. Species of marine organisms that had ranges extending to both sides of the isthmus now encountered a barrier that kept some members from being able to breed with others. However, individuals on either side of the barrier continued to reproduce among themselves and continued to have variable offspring that were selected for or against. But each of the sub-populations continued to do that without the influence of the genes in the sub-population on the other side of the isthmus barrier. Bulgarian: Какво се случва, ако генетичната миграция е забавена или нещо ѝ пречи? Представи си една популация, в която половото размножаване и вариациите се случват през цялото време. И внезапно се появява някаква бариера, която разделя тази популация на две. Наистина известен пример е, когато нивото на океанската вода е паднало достатъчно преди милиони години, за да позволи на панамския провлак да стане линия суша. Това отделило водите на Източния Тих океан от Карибско море. Видове морски организми, които са били разпространени и от двете страни на провлака, се срещнали с бариера, която пречела на някои членове да могат да се плодят с други. Обаче индивидите от двете страни на бариерата продължили да се размножават помежду си. И продължили да създават жизненоспособни потомци, които били избирани. Но всяка от подпопулациите продължили да правят това без влиянието на гените на подпопулацията от другата страна на провлака. Bulgarian: Следователно, имаме т. нар. "възпиране на генетична миграция" между две отделни групи. Това, което било преди една кръстосваща се популация, е станало две отделни популации без генетична миграция помежду им, заради бариерата. Учените познават много примери за морски видове от една страна на Панамския провлак, които имат най-близки роднини – втори, сестрински вид, от другата страна на тази важна бариера. Тези свързани двойки видове дори имат специално име: "видове близнаци" от латинския корен за близнаци. С времето, и това е ключова съставка, време. С достатъчно време за правене на поколения, двете популации започват да се отличават по белезите си. Това може да се случи със случайни промени, които се появяват и от двете страни на бариерата. Но понякога условията на средата от двете страни могат да бъдат малко различни, което създава различни подборни сили за двете популации. English: Therefore, we now have what is called a restriction of gene flow between the two separated groups. What had once been a single interbreeding population has become two separate populations without gene flow between them because of the barrier. Scientists know of many examples of marine species on one side of the Isthmus of Panama that have, as their closest relatives, a second sister species on the other side of this important barrier. These related pairs of species even have a special name: Geminate species, from the same ancient Latin root as in gemini, or twin. With time, and that's the crucial ingredient here, time, enough time to make generations of reproduction, the two populations diverge in their traits. This can happen by random changes that occur on either side of the barrier, but sometimes, the environmental conditions on either side of the barrier may be slightly different, creating different selection forces for the two populations, English: serving to accentuate the difference between the two populations over time, and at some point, the two populations will have diverged enough in their traits that they're recognizable as two different species. It's this divergence that's really crucial in understanding how evolution happens, and how new species are formed. That's what we're talking about here, speciation. This, for me, is the stuff of evolution. Speciation is not the accumulation of changes within a single species, so that, at some point, you say that particular species has somehow transformed wholesale into a new species. Instead, it is the splitting of a single species into two descendant species. All of this happens randomly by recombination and by mutation. Evolution has no goal, it has no direction. I like to tell my students, stuff happens. The stuff is just random events. Bulgarian: Това служи за подчертаване на различията между двете популации с времето. И в някакъв момент двете популации ще се отличават достатъчно по белезите си, за да бъдат разпознати като два различни вида. Това отделяне е наистина важно за разбирането на това как еволюцията работи и как нови видове се формират. За това говорим тук: видообразуване. Това за мен е "нещото" на еволюцията. Видообразуването не е натрупването на промени в един отделен вид, така че в един момент да можеш да кажеш, че един вид се е превърнал изцяло в друг вид. Вместо това, то е разделянето на един вид в два наследствени вида. Всичко това се случва случайно чрез рекомбиниране и мутация. Еволюцията няма определена цел. Няма посока. Обичам да казвам на студентите си: "Нещата се случват." "Нещата" са просто случайни случаи Bulgarian: на мутации и рекомбинации на алели, които водят до разнообразие в генетичния код. Следователно и до различия в белезите на индивидите. Условията на средата селектират за или против генетично закодирани белези. Белезите, които са избрани, се предават на на следващото поколение. Но истинското чудо на всичко това е резултатът. С отделянето на популациите и разклоняването им във времето, се оформя разклоняващо се дърво от прародителски и наследнически видове. И то продължава да расте. Това е дървото на живота – пълно с разделящи се видове, които съставят "най-красиви безкрайни форми", за които Дарвин говори. С други думи, достига се до биоразнообразие. English: Mutations and new combinations of alleles that produce variability in the genetic code, and therefore, in the traits of individuals. Environmental circumstances select for or against the genetically-encoded traits. Traits that are selected for are passed on to succeeding generations. But the true wonder of it all is the result. As populations diverge and continue to diverge over time, a branching tree full of ancestor and descendant species is formed and keeps growing. This is the tree of life, full of the diverging species that make up the endless forms most beautiful that Darwin talked about. In other words, you end up with biodiversity.

(tone) (ominous music) - [Voiceover] From UFO's to psychic powers, and government conspiracies, history is riddled with unexplained events. (doorbell) You can turn back now, or learn the stuff they don't want you to know. Here are the facts. Sometime more than a year before April of 2016, an anonymous source, identifying him or herself as John Doe, contacted a German paper named the Süddeutsche Zeitung with an extraordinary offer. This source claimed to have access to around 2.6 terabytes of secret data from a Panama based law firm named Mossack Fonseca, which sold offshore companies around the globe. The source did not want money for this revelatory information. Nor did the source want fame. Instead, they would only say they believed the firm was doing real harm to the world, and wanted this harm to cease. The German paper accepted the leak. They partnered with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, and spent around a year analyzing the documents before going public with the largest leak in human history. So what, exactly, did they find? Here's where it gets crazy. At the time of this recording, the world is still analyzing this data, and what researchers have found so far is profoundly disturbing. In the documents, which range from the 1970's to 2015, Mossack Fonseca is shown to function, as the German paper notes, "as a hub of a global industry led by major banks, "legal firms, and asset management companies "secretly stewarding the estates "of the world's rich and famous "from politicians, FIFA officials, fraudsters, "and drug smugglers, "to celebrities and professional athletes." In short, to hide, transfer, and in some cases, to clean dirty money. By April 3rd of 2015, the news had reached populations in countries around the planet. Heads of State and industry were implicated, as well as kings. Many of these individuals worked through their relatives, squirreling away cash and, in some cases, circumventing sanctions. Sources traced money to Vladmir Putin, the Prime Minister of Iceland, heads of Chinese government, Middle Eastern royalty, Indian celebrities, and even Jackie Chan. These powerful people worked with Mossack Fonseca to create shell companies in other countries, informally known as tax havens, an act which, in itself, is not inherently illegal. However, journalists note the majority of these operations were designed to hide the identity of the actual owners, in other words, the people hiding the money. Some of these clients are out-and-out criminals, like bank robbers and mafioso. Other shell companies appear to hold bribery money from corrupt officials. In some cases, this means the leaks are proof of illegal financial activity by some of the worlds wealthiest groups and individuals. Others think there may be more to the story, however, asking why comparatively few Americans have been named in the leak so far. Could this be a result of a conspiracy by one group to expose the activities of a geo-political rival? Does the timing have anything to do with the recent Unaoil scandal? At this point, it's hard to say. Yet as journalists continue to dig, and the average citizens of countries around the world begin asking tougher questions about what their leaders do behind the scenes, one thing's becoming abundantly clear. Mossack Fonseca and its over 300,000 clients have something they don't want you to know. And we've just begun to scratch the surface. To learn more about the emerging scandal surrounding the Panama Papers, tune in to our audio podcast on stufftheydontwantyoutoknow.com. (tone)

- Okay, so there was that one time that I lost $5,000 trying to make money on a penny stock. That doesn't mean I'm a horrible stock picker. Ain't gonna lie though, that still hurts. That was five g's but I have gone on to make some decent picks and make some money in the market. So much in fact I'm gonna share what are my top five stock picks of all time and these stock picks have made me, are you ready? Over 275,00 dollars. Take that $5,000 penny stock. So we're gonna find out what these stock picks are and more right now. What's going on y'all? Welcome back the channel Wealth Hacker Lab. The channel dedicated to teaching you new ways to grow wealth that was not taught to in schools or by your parents. I am your gracious host Jeff Rose and we're about stock picking. Now, I will say that yes I was a financial planner for 16 years. Yes I've been involved in investments, you know, for most of my life but picking stocks, buying stocks has not really been a big thing. A big way that I've built my wealth. A lot of that has been growing my different businesses. My online business, my Brick and Mortar business but still buying stocks, investing in the stock market is still a crucial part of my portfolio and my wealth building journey. Let's go ahead and get to my top five picks. These picks are not in any particular order except for number five and I'm saving that one for the last because that one has made me the most. Over 139,000 dollars. That is one three nine comma zero zero zero and also if you stay around to the end that helps out with that YouTube algorithm. You know what also helps if you smash that like button. Okay stock pick number one is Under Armor. Now I will say I'm not a huge Under Armour fan right now. Wear a lot of Nike, a lot of Adidas. I'm sure you've seen oh my Jordans I talk about. My boys wear Under Armor. My son, my middle son is a huge Steph Curry fan. For me Under Armour became very relevant in my life back in the 2005 time frame. This is whenever I was deployed to Iraq. Prior to that deployment I didn't wear any Under Armor. I thought it was like overpriced like compression shirts they were like what, 30 bucks, $40 for a shirt and I just didn't really understand the point or they could just, what was the point? Spend that amount of money on a shirt but then whenever you go over seas and you're in Iraq and you know temperatures getting up to that 120, 130 sometimes 140 degrees and you're sweating your butt off because it's hot and you're wearing all your your gear, your military gear. Let me just say, I was a walking Under Armour spokes model overseas and not just me, there were several soldiers that that's what we wore. I mean I had the Under Armour shirt, I had the underwear, I had that the skull cap I mean, I had it all because it was keeping me cool. Now prior to my deployment Under Armour wasn't a publicly traded company. I think it came out about the middle of my deployment and it released at about thirteen dollars a share if you got in on the IPO which I didn't. By the time I got in the secondary market, I think I picked it up for around 24, 25 dollars a share. Now I could have just bought and hold it but what I end up doing was trading it. Not like super active trading but I purchased it all in my Roth IRA and I remember over the course of the next year and a half or so I think I bought and sold it three or four different times. Now I don't own it at a time it's recording but I estimate that I made over about 20,000 dollars from buying and selling Under Armour stock and the beauty of all those transactions was it was inside my Roth IRA. So I still haven't paid any tax on any of that gain by buying and selling Under Armor stock. Moving on the stock pick number two. Number two is Facebook and while we're talking about Facebook, I mean you might as well get the video a like if you haven't done it yet. (mumbling) I like you to Mark Zuckerberg, you're my man. Facebook stock has been a fun ride for me. Now I'll have to admit whenever Facebook initially IPO'd I wasn't falling for it I just, I didn't I didn't want it, I didn't think it was worth the money and I just told myself I'm not going to do it and I remember the day that it IPO'd I mean, it went crazy. I had clients who had never bought a stock in their life call me up wanting to buy Facebook stock I mean, I don't even think these people even had Facebook accounts at the time but I mean, the media was just, they wouldn't shut up about it and I almost pulled the trigger. I almost bought the stock and then I didn't. So the stock came up, it went up and then it started trending downward to where I finally picked it up. I think the first shares I bought was at $24 a share and the best part about those shares is that those were purchased, guess what? In my Roth IRA. So we have another tax free transaction. At the time of this recording I have Facebook stock in four different accounts. I have it in my Roth IRA, my wife's Roth IRA. We have a joint account. I also have it in my 401k retirement account. Now it's also the largest holding that I have. I have over I think 950 shares of Facebook stock. Now I will say 500 of those 950 shares I did not, I didn't get those for $24 a share. Those were purchased I think around 180 dollars a share so on that block I've only made about 15,000 but overall between all four different accounts all my Facebook stock I'm up over $100,000 and roughly about I wanna say 65 of that is tax-free so, you know, sorry about that IRS but I'm gonna keep this tax for me because I like me some tax free money. All right the third best stock pick that I made and I mean there's so many reasons why this is one of my top five stock picks. Now I've only made $16,000 on this pick but I think you'll see why. So LuluLemon. That is number three and why Lululemon? Well for one they have these yoga pants and I don't you ever seen if you have like a significant other like my wife she really likes the yoga pants and they are very flattering to her figure. So I am, anyway I can support Lululemon and also support my wife with these yoga pants I mean, a man's gotta do what a man has to do so yeah, there's a few different reasons but I will say Lululemon, I also own a lot of Lululemon clothing. Oh, yeah okay, yeah, this is, this is nice. This is nice, this is Lulu. This is Lulu, okay, okay. - Whoa, whoa, hey hey, excuse me. - What? - Are you kidding me right now? - What's the problem? - You just said we have to focus and you're already bird dogging ass. - I mean the amount that I made with the stock I mean, that, that's been good but really the return has been you know, with, with my wife I mean she makes Lulu so give her some credit or Lulu you should give her credit. All right stock pick number four is one that I actually didn't, didn't make any money on. In fact I think actually lost money so you're probably wondering, so why is that in the top five? Well the reason is is because it was the very first stock that I purchased. This stock was Lucent, Lucent Technologies and I think now they've been absorbed by Alcatel, I don't even know and a I probably should have done some research before I hit record on this camera but I bought Lucent with the belief that I was buying a stock that was severely devalued because this is right after 2011 whenever 9/11 happened and the stock market crashed so, this was a stock that was trading anywhere between 40, 50, 60 dollars. I think even around the $80 timeframe and I bought it for anywhere between four to five dollars. So it was another penny stock that I didn't make money on. Maybe I need to add that to the list too but what it did do was that it gave me that entry level, the entry level initiation to the stock market and I've talked in the past about you know, investing into mutual funds and the first mutual fund that I best into but this was different because I truly felt like man, I'm gonna get this stock for two, three, four dollars a share and it's gonna go to you know 10 to 15. Even that goes back to you know, 25% of its high like I'm gonna make money and I see a lot of people making those same mistakes that you are buying something based on what it used to be well, you know, just because Kmart was a good stock back in the day doesn't mean it's gonna come back around. you know, just because Best Buy was one of the top video retailer of all time doesn't mean that they're gonna come back around and the same thing happened with Lucent. So with that I, I'm pretty sure I lost all my money in that but once again it gave me that initiation, that experience that I needed to go on and make these other picks that have made me a lot of money. Stock pick number five is Visa and visa by far has made me the most amount of money. At the time it's recording I'm up over $139,000 and I didn't even get in on the IPO. I've actually never bought an IPO. I'm sorry, there was one IPO and that one didn't make me any money. That's a whole other video. So with Visa I didn't get on the IPO. I think it IPO'd at around $44. By the time I got in it was about 66 dollars per share and the reason, I mean whenever that came out like I was just dead set like, that was a stock that I knew I needed to have. I forgot how much time before that MasterCard had their IPO. I'm gonna say like a year or two before Visa and MasterCard crushed it and I mean the logic here is that okay, MasterCard had an awesome IPO. Visa's not going anywhere because all y'all using credit cards when you shouldn't be or your are hacking your wealth and using credit cards to get your reward points. That's what I'm talking about. So I just knew that Visa was one that, yeah I mean it's gonna make me some money. So, at the time I think I put in oh, it was about $11,000 I bought. I think was 200 shares and Visa has had two, I think two different stock splits. A four for one and I think maybe even like a 10 for one. I mean it's just crazy how well it's done and you know, I could have sold it, could have locked in some profits but the market continues to perform so it's just been crazy and if you checked my wallet right now I ain't got no MasterCard, I ain't got no American Express but what I do have is three Visas. Give me some reward points, it's what I'm talking about. So yes, so Visa has made me a good amount of money and I'm very very very well pleased. Alright were you surprised to learn what my top five stock picks are. If so, let me know in the comments below or just let me know which pick were you most impressed with? Was it Visa? Was it Facebook? Was it Lucent? Also y'all, if you haven't subscribed yet be sure to check it out because I've got the Grow Your Dough Throwdown going on right now. This thing has been going on for a year investing 100,000 dollars into several different investment accounts but this year were taken to a whole new level. We're going to do $100,000 into a trading account. I'm going to show you the exact stock picks that I make so that you can see behind the scenes the pics that I make. How much I make or lose but you're only going to know if you subscribe and hit that notification bell. All right ya'll, be sure to do that and until next time. This is Jeff Rose reminding you that is your money, it's your life and only you make it awesome. Until next time.

How does she know everything? How does she know? I can't tell you. She doesn't believe her. How is she doing it? Is she a demon too? No. Is she like Sam? Is she? She'll cost him his head. You'll see. No, this was when Dean went to Hell. Angels and everything else. That's the first seal. Everything is just like that. That was the moment when Cas... He knows him. Now he's... Some "higher" demons are appearing more and more....I swear. She stole the girl. Isn't this a little too high? Get it? She didn't kill her. She took the body that already "died". She helped him, really. Yeah, but to confront Lilith... What? But to confront Lilith... But she's no strong to do it. I know, but she confronted all other demons. Maybe she thought Lilith will finish Sam... For what? And then...attack. She got him here. You know they found them together in the beginning. When Dean got back from Hell. Oh, yeah. I forgot. She seduced him. It's no wonder that he married her. Look at Dean. Imagine when Dean says it. This was his first success. This woman is so cool. Why don't they use salt? Oh, I don't....wait... What are they doing to her? It's stupid that this Uriel is.... ....interfering, is it? Here's the second test for Dean.

¿Sabías que? En algunos países con carreteras en mal estado, la mitad de los neumáticos no llegan al final de su vida útil. debido a los daños que sufren en los flancos La tecnología MICHELIN ACORUS surgió de la búsqueda constante de respuestas a los problemas planteados por nuestros clientes. Escuchando a nuestros clientes fabricantes de vehículos, comprendimos que la tecnología MICHELIN ACORUS tenía que ser una parte integrante de la llanta. Cuando el equipo de Incubador de Michelin nos presentó la tecnología ACORUS, enseguida supimos que supondría una verdadera revolución para los fabricantes de automóviles, y también para los conductores. La tecnología MICHELIN ACORUS solo es posible porque está integrada en la llanta. Resulta en realidad de la combinación entre los conocimientos técnicos de Maxion Wheels y los de Michelin lo que nos permite lanzar hoy al mercado la llanta flexible Solos, no habríamos podido hacerlo La rueda flexible MAXION con tecnología MICHELIN ACORUS está compuesta por un cuerpo de aluminio, dos bridas de caucho y elementos decorativos opcionales. Como cualquier otra llanta, es compatible con todos los neumáticos disponibles en el mercado. Cuando la rueda se encuentra con un obstáculo en la carretera, las bridas se deforman para proteger el neumático y el cuerpo de la llanta. Así, ambos se mantienen intactos, lo que mejora la seguridad del conductor y los pasajeros al poder controlar mejor el vehículo. La llanta flexible no es solo una solución de seguridad sino que también termina con la dicotomía entre robustez y look premium, permitiendo tener acceso a neumáticos de perfil bajo y flancos estrechos, y disfrutar de una experiencia de conducción única. Además, la llanta flexible con la tecnología MICHELIN ACORUS evitará los daños en los flancos producidos por los baches, optimizando así la duración del neumático, lo cual conlleva también un mayor respeto por el medio ambiente. La llanta flexible con tecnología MICHELIN ACORUS Una colaboración de Maxion Wheels y Michelin.

(building music note) (mellow R&B music) - I'm Sam Clark with Crimson Education, and we're here at Imperial College to ask some big questions. All right, what is the best thing about Imperial? - Well, there's so many activities, I think. So many societies and stuff you can do around it. - The entire vibe of the community here, I think there are many brilliant people and you really benefit from that, and also the lecturers and the guest speakers is all very high-quality. - The best thing about Imperial is that you keep meeting new people you can have really interesting discussions with. And yeah, I just love it. So in my hall, we start talking about the origin of the universe, we start talking about God or the connection between God and quantum physics, and that's what pretty cool. Over a quick lunch. - I think the environment, the academic environment. - I love that it's in London, so you have the connections, the weather, the place. It's such an awesome city, so I think it's one of the best things. - They teach you things that you are interested in, so you get option modules and you get to pick out of those and pick the ones that you actually do have an interest in studying. - And now, what's the worst thing about Imperial? - The toilets seem to be quite broken. (laughs) - Broken toilets? Okay, got it. - The food -- I mean, not at Imperial, but the country. - Just in general, around here. - Yeah. - So London earlier was a good thing, but it's also a bad thing, because it's actually quite expensive, again because we're in the center of London. - I can't tell. - Can't tell ya, okay. - That's all right, that's probably a good thing. - I actually thought was the central library. So they did a lot of construction there, right? Before that term and it was -- They also had some issues with the air condition and now they are refurbished everything so it's much nicer but still, like, compared to other universities, I think they could do a better job. - And what do you typically do on weekends here? - Weekends are actually pretty chill. Normally you do things during the week. - You can go to societies like work out, like if you are in sport societies they usually have training. - Maybe go 'round London, do some sports, walk a bit. - I'm all over London, basically. I always head to different districts of London, there's so much stuff to explore. I also do day trips to like maybe, I'm planning on going to Brighton now, or like see other places, like Oxford or Cambridge as well. - I'd like to say I have a social life and stuff, but no, I mainly just have a lot of work to get done at the start, so I try to get that done and then go out and socialize. That kind of thing. - Maybe a house party, or if you decided to go to a club, or just chill at home. Oh, and also study, obviously. (laughs) - And study, and study. - So very, study, obviously! (laughs) And after that I go like all the trainings with the societies, so I will say this mostly, and parties. - What did you write your application essay here, or personal statement, about? - I mentioned what I want to achieve, and what I hope from this university. - Why I wanted to join Imperial, as a uni, why this specific course, and what were my ambitions that I wanted out of the course, and also what I would contribute to the course. - I wrote about how I loved numbers, basically, and how numbers fascinate me and how I like to, I don't know, explore patterns or find... Ah, I'm not sure what I wrote about. It was a while ago. But it was symmetries in nature or something like that. - I wrote it mainly about my motivation, as to why I wanted to study at Imperial. And then I just briefly glossed over examples of things that I've done that kind of add to what I was saying. - Mine was about pacemakers, so implanted pacemakers. I study biomedical engineering, so, yeah, that was it. - Yeah, I do exactly the same thing, but I did it about respiracites, which are like-- It's a concept, it's not really done yet. They're working on it. It's a tiny particle where you can transport oxygen in that particle. It'll be like a hundred times more efficient than red blood cells, and you can potentially just have a lot of oxygen without actually needing to breathe, which obviously for many things could be really useful. - Anything to add? - Not really, no. - I love it here. (laughs) - That's a good final note. - Yeah, I would recommend it to everyone. - Perfect, thank you guys so much. Have a good one. (mellow R&B music) - If you like this video and want to learn more about top colleges around the world, don't forget to subscribe. Subscribe, do it. Do it do it. Do it. Dut. Check out Gus's muttonchops. - Please, please. - They're very nice.

Hello guys welcome back to Healthy_K_Kitchen Today we are going to prepare Besan chilla / eggless omellete This is a gluten free recipe because besan / gram flour is naturally gluten free This is a protein rich chilla and will help you losing weight Before starting please do "SUBSCRIBE" And do press the "BELL " icon First of all we will prepare the batter Add 3-4 tbsp besan / gram flour Add 3-4 tbsp chawal ka atta / Rice flour Quantity of rice flour and besan should be same Add 1 cup fine chopped capsicum / shimla mirch Add 1 cup fine chopped Tomato Add fine chopped green chilli Add 1 cup fine chopped Onion I am transferring the ingredients in a big bowl so mixing could be easier Add water and make a paste Consistency should be not too thick , not too runny Slowly add water and mix add 1/4 tsp turmeric 1/4 tsp red chilli powder 1/2 tsp chilli flakes 1/2 tsp oregano Add salt according to your taste I have used sendha namak as it helps losing weight Look at the consistency not too lose not too runny Heat a pan and add ghee If not ghee add groundnut oil Pour the batter and spread Cover and cook untill crisp Flip and add bit of more ghee Besan chilla is ready to serve Have it with curd and salad You can have it any time Breakfast / Lunch / Dinner It will keep you full for long time Full of protein Do try out this recipe Meet you next "Monday" with a new meal plan Stay Tuned & Stay Healthy

Sandy, you read banned books? Tell me about it, stud.

English: Let's take the indefinite integral of the square root of 7x plus 9 dx. So my first question to you is, is this going to be a good case for u-substitution? Well, when you look here, maybe the natural thing to set to be equal to u is 7x plus 9. But do I see its derivative anywhere over here? Well, let's see. If we set u to be equal to 7x plus 9, what is the derivative of u with respect to x going to be? Derivative of u with respect to x is just going to be equal to 7. Derivative of 7x is 7. Derivative of 9 is 0. So do we see a 7 lying around anywhere over here? Well, we don't. But what could we do in order to have a 7 lying around, but not change the value of the integral? Well, the neat thing-- and we've seen this multiple times-- is when you're evaluating integrals, Portuguese: Vamos calcular a integral indefinida da raiz quadrada de sete vezes x mais nove dx. Minha primeira pergunta é: esse é um bom caso para uma substituição de u? Olhando aqui, talvez o mais natural seja fazer u igual a sete vezes x mais nove, mas vemos sua derivada em algum lugar por aqui? Vejamos, se fizermos u igual a sete vezes x mais nove qual é a derivada de u em relação a x? A derivada de u em relação a x será igual a sete A derivada de sete vezes x é sete, a derivada de nove é zero. Estamos vendo algum sete por aqui? Não. Mas o que poderíamos fazer para ter um sete por aqui mas sem mudar o valor da integral? Uma coisa interessante que vimos muitas vezes é que quando lidamos com integrais, Thai: ลองหาอินทิกรัลไม่จำกัดเขตของสแควรืรูทของ 7x บวก 9 dx กัน คำถามแรกให้คุณคือว่า มันเหมาะกับการแทนตัว u หรือเปล่า? เวลาคุณดูตรงนี้, เราก็ทำตามธรรมชาติ ให้ u เท่ากับ 7x บวก 9, แต่ผมเห็นอนุพันธ์ของมันอยู่ตรงไหนในนี้หรือเปล่า? ลองดู, เราตั้ง u เท่ากับ 7x บวก 9, แล้วอนุพันธ์ของ u เทียบกับ x จะเป็นเท่าไหร่? อนุพันธ์ของ u เทียบกับ x จะเท่ากับ 7 อนุพันธ์ของ 7x เป็น 7, อนุพันธืของ 9 ได้ 0. เราเห็น 7 อยู่ในนี้ตรงไหนไหม? ที่จริง, เราไม่เห็น. แต่เราทำอะไรได้เพื่อให้มี 7 อยู่ด้วย, โดยไม่เปลี่ยนค่าของอินทิกรัล? ทีนี้, สิ่งที่เจ๋งและเราเห็นมาแล้วครั้งแล้วเวลาคุณหาค่าอินทิกรัล, Polish: Policzmy całkę nieoznaczoną z pierwiastka kwadratowego z 7x+9 dx. Moje pierwsze pytanie brzmi: czy to dobry przykład na całkowanie przez podstawienie? Jeśli tu popatrzycie, możecie pomyśleć, że naturalnym pomysłem będzie oznaczenie jako u 7x+9 ale czy widać gdzieś tu pochodną tego wyrażenia? Zobaczmy, oznaczamy u jako 7x+9, jaka będzie pochodna u względem x? Pochodna u względem x to po prostu będzie 7. Pochodna 7x to 7, pochodna 9 to 0. Czy zatem widzimy gdzieś tu siódemkę? Cóż, niezbyt. Ale co moglibyśmy zrobić, żeby siódemka się pojawiła, ale wartość całki się nie zmieniła? Cóż, fajną rzeczą - i widywaną wiele razy, kiedy liczymy całki Korean: √(7x+9)의 부정적분을 계산해 봅시다 제 첫 질문은 이 문제가 과연 u-치환에 적절한 예시일까요? 문제를 보시면, u를 7x+9로 설정하는 것이 자연스러운 것 같습니다 그런데 이 문제의 어디에서 도함수를 찾죠? 글쎄요 한번 봅시다 만약 u를 7x+9로 설정하면 x에 관한 도함수는 무엇이 될까요? x에 관한 도함수는 바로 7이 될 것입니다 7x의 도함수는 7이고 9의 도함수는 0이니까요 그럼 이 문제에서 7을 찾을 수 있나요? 아뇨 그러지 못하네요 과연 정적분의 값을 안바꾸면서도 7을 찾기 위해 어떻게 해야 할까요? 우리가 많이 봐왔으며 가장 중요한 것은 정적분을 계산할 때 Bulgarian: Нека намерим неопределения интеграл от квадратен корен от 7 по х плюс 9, dx. Първият ми въпрос към теб е: дали тук е подходящо да интегрираме със заместване? Когато разглеждаме израза, може би естественото нещо е да положим (заместим) u да е равно на 7 по х плюс 9. Виждаме ли обаче производната му някъде тук? Нека да видим. Ако положим u да е равно на 7 по х плюс 9, на какво ще бъде равна производната на u спрямо х? Производната на u спрямо х ще бъде равна на 7. Производната на 7 по х е равна на 7. Производната на 9 е равна на 0. Виждаме ли 7 да се намира някъде тук? Не, не виждаме. Какво може да направим обаче, за да получим 7 под интеграла, но без да променяме стойността на интеграла? Има едно хубаво нещо, което сме виждали множество пъти. При изчисляване на интеграли, скаларните величини (числа) могат да бъдат Czech: Neurčitý integrál druhé odmocniny z (7x plus 9) dx. Má první otázka zní, lze použít substituci? Přirozeně by nás napadlo označit 7x plus 9 jako 'u', ale vidíme tu derivaci tohoto výrazu? Podívejme se, bude-li 'u' rovno 7x plus 9, jaká bude derivace 'u' podle 'x'? Derivace 'u' podle 'x' by byla 7. Derivace 7x je 7, derivace 9 je 0. Vidíme tu tedy někde 7? Nevidíme. Ale co můžeme udělat, abychom ji tu měli a zároveň nezměnili hodnotu integrálu? Turkish: 7 x artı 9'un karekökünün integralini alıyoruz. Size ilk sorum şu. Burada yerine koyma yöntemini uygulayabilir miyiz? Bu soruya baktığımızda, u eşittir 7 x artı 9 demek istiyoruz. Ancak, bu ifadenin türevini herhangi bir yerde görüyor muyum? Eğer u eşittir 7 x artı 9 dersek, u'nun x'e göre türevi ne olur? u'nun x'e göre türevi 7'dir. 7 x'in türevi 7, 9'un türevi de 0. Peki, burada 7 görüyor muyuz? Görmüyoruz. İntegralin değerini değiştirmeden buraya nasıl 7 koyabiliriz? İntegral alırken gördüğümüz çok güzel bir sonuç skalerleri integralin dışına alabilmemizdi. Turkish: - Hatırlamak istersek, a skaleri çarpı f x d x'in integrali eşittir a çarpı integral f x d x. - Yani skaler ile fonksiyonun çarpımının integrali eşittir skaler çarpı fonksiyonun integrali. Bunu şuraya yazayım. - Buna göre, içinde 7 olan bir ifadeyle integrali çarpıp bölebilir miyiz? Evet, 7 ile çarpıp bölebiliriz. Orijinal integrali tekrardan yazayım. - Orijinal integrali, 1 bölü 7 çarpı 7 çarpı 7 x artı 9'un karekökü d x'in integrali olarak yazabiliriz. - Polish: liczby mogą bardzo łatwo wchodzić lub wychodzić spod całki. Przypominam, że jeśli mamy całkę z powiedzmy jakiaś liczba a razy jakaś funkcja f(x) dx, to jest to samo co a razy całka z f(x)dx. Całka z liczby razy funkcja jest równe liczba razy całka z funkcji. Zostawię to tu z boku. Wiedząc to, czy możemy przez coś pomnożyć i podzielić, żeby pokazało się 7? Cóż, możemy pomnożyć i podzielić przez 7. Wyobraźcie to sobie teraz. Przepiszmy naszą wyjściową całkę narysuję strzałkę, żeby nie wchodzić na to, co już napisałem. Możemy przepisać naszą wyjściową całkę jako równą całce z 1/7 razy 7 razy pierwiastek z 7x+9 dx Portuguese: multiplicadores podem facilmente entrar e sair da integral. Vamos lembrar que se temos a integral um fator a vezes f de dx, é a mesma coisa que a vezes a integral de f de x dx. A integral de um fator vezes uma função é igual ao escalar vezes a integral da função. Com isso em mente, podemos multiplicar e dividir por algo de forma a obter um sete? Podemos multiplicar e dividir por sete. Vamos reescrever nossa integral original Podemos reescrever nossa integral original como sendo a integral de 1/7 vezes sete vezes a raiz quadrada de 7 vezes x mais nove dx. Korean: 스칼라는 적분기호 안과 밖을 쉽게 오갈 수 있다는 것입니다 만약 a 스칼라 배의 f(x)dx의 정적분을 계산할 때 이는 f(x)dx의 정적분 값의 a배와 같습니다 함수의 스칼라 배의 정적분과 함수의 정적분 값을 스칼라 배 한 것은 같습니다 이것을 바로 옆에 두겠습니다 이를 사용해, 우리가 무언가로 곱하고 나누어 7이 나타나게 할 수 있을까요? 글쎄요, 우리는 7을 곱하고 나눌 수 있습니다 이것을 상상해보세요 원래 정적분 문제를 다시 쓰겠습니다 밑으로 넘어가기 위해 작은 화살표를 하나 그리겠습니다 우리는 원래 정적분에 1/7과 7을 곱하고 뒤에 √(7x+9) dx를 붙여서 다시 쓸 수 있습니다 Thai: สเกลาร์สามารถเข้าออกในอินทิกรัลได้สบาย เพื่อเตือนตัวเองว่าถ้าผมมีอินทิกรัลของ, สมมุติว่าสเกลาร์ a คูณ f(x) (f ของ x) dx, นี่ก็เหมือนกับ a คูณอินทิกรัลของ f(x) dx. นั่นคืออินทิกรัลของสเกลาร์คูณฟังก์ชัน เท่ากับ สเกลาร์นั้นคูณอินทิกรัลของฟังก์ชัน. แล้วขอผมใส่นี่ไว้ข้างๆ ตรงนี้นะ เมื่อรู้แล้ว, เราคูณและหารด้วยอะไรถึงจะมี 7 โผล่ขึ้นมา? ทีนี้, เราคูณและหารด้วย 7. แล้วจินตนาการดูตรงนี้. ลองเขียนอินทิกรัลอันเดิมใหม่ -- ขอผมวาดลูกศรเล็กๆ ตรงนี้ไปข้างๆ นี้ เราสามารถเขียนอินทิกรัลเดิมของเรา ว่าเท่ากับอินทิกรัล ของ 1/7 คูณ 7 คูณสแควร์รูทของ 7x บวก 9 dx English: scalars can go in and outside of the integral very easily. Just to remind ourselves, if I have the integral of let's say some scalar a times f of x dx, this is the same thing as a times the integral of f of x dx. The integral of the scalar times a function is equal to the scalar times the integral of the functions. So let me put this aside right over here. So with that in mind, can we multiply and divide by something that will have a 7 showing up? Well, we can multiply and divide by 7. So imagine doing this. Let's rewrite our original integral. So let me draw a little arrow here just to go around that aside. We could rewrite our original integral as being 9 to the integral of times 1/7 times 7 times the square root of 7x plus 9 dx. Bulgarian: внасяни или изнасяни от интеграла. Нека само да си припомним. Ако имам интеграл от някакво число а, умножено по f от x, dx, това е равно на същото като а, умножено по интеграл от f от x, dx. Интеграл от число, умножено по функция, е равно на числото, умножено по интеграл от функцията. Нека да отделя това ето така. Като вземем това предвид, можем ли да умножим и разделим на нещо този интеграл, така че под интеграла да се появи 7? Може да умножим и разделим на 7. Нека си представим следното. Нека запишем по друг начин първоначалния интеграл. Ще нарисувам една стрелка, за да пиша направо отдолу. Може да запишем първоначалния интеграл като равен на интеграл от 1/7, умножено по 7, умножено по квадратен корен от 7 по х плюс 9, dx. Може да изнесем числото 1/7 Czech: U integrálů je dobré to, že čísla se snadno dostávají z a do integrálů. Pro připomenutí, máme-li integrál 'a' krát f(x) dx, je to stejné jako 'a' krát integrál f(x) dx. Násobím-li integrand nějakým číslem, mohu to číslo „vytknout“ před integrál. Dám to tedy bokem. Víme-li to, můžeme to něčím vydělit a vynásobit tak, abychom tu dostali 7? Můžeme to vynásobit a vydělit 7. Přepišme tedy původní integrál. Nakreslím tu šipku, abychom to tu obešli. Integrál z (1 lomeno 7) krát 7 krát odmocnina z (7x plus 9) dx. Korean: 1/7을 정적분의 밖으로 뺄 수 있습니다 그럴 필요는 없지만 다시 쓰자면 이것은 7√(7x+9) dx의 정적분 값의 1/7배가 됩니다 u를 7x+9로 설정했으면 이제 우리는 도함수를 찾을 수 있나요? 당연하죠 7은 바로 여기 있거든요 du를 다른 방식으로 쓰면 du는 7dx입니다 그래서 du는 dx의 7배이죠 이 부분들은 du와 같습니다 u에 관해서 신경을 쓰고 싶다면 그것은 바로 7x+9입니다 이것이 u입니다 그럼 u에 관한 문자로 이 부정적분을 다시 써보죠 이것은 정적분의 1/7배와 같은데요 7을 맨 뒷부분에 놓겠습니다 그러면 √u du라고 다시 쓸 수 있으며 English: And if we want to, we could take the 1/7 outside of the integral. We don't have to, but we can rewrite this as 1/7 times the integral of 7, times the square root of 7x plus 9 dx. So now if we set u equal to 7x plus 9, do we have its derivative laying around? Well, sure. The 7 is right over here. We know that du-- if we want to write it in differential form-- du is equal to 7 times dx. So du is equal to 7 times dx. That part right over there is equal to du. And if we want to care about u, well, that's just going to be the 7x plus 9. That is are u. So let's rewrite this indefinite integral in terms of u. It's going to be equal to 1/7 times the integral of-- and I'll just take the 7 and put it in the back. So we could just write the square root Turkish: İstersek 1 bölü 7'yi dışarı alırız. Böyle yapmak zorunda değiliz, ama bunu 1 bölü 7 çarpı, 7 çarpı karekök 7 x artı 9 d x'in integrali olarak yazabiliriz. - Şimdi u eşittir 7 x artı 9 dersek, bunun türevini görüyor muyuz? Tabii ki! Diferansiyel şeklinde yazmak istersek d u eşittir 7 çarpı d x deriz. d u eşittir 7 çarpı d x. Buradaki kısım d u'ya eşit. u da 7 x artı 9 olacak. Bu, u olarak belirttiğimiz ifade. Şimdi tüm integrali u cinsinden yazalım. 1 bölü 7 çarpı - buradaki 7'yi arkaya yazacağım, böylece karekök u d u'nun integrali diyebiliriz. 7 çarpı d x eşittir d u. - Polish: I jeśli chcemy, możemy wyciągnąć 1/7 przed całkę nie musimy, ale możemy to przepisać jako 1/7 razy całka z 7 razy pierwiastek kwadratowy z 7x+9 dx. Zatem, gdybyśmy powiedzieli "u jest równe 7x+9", czy widać gdzieś tu jego pochodną? Pewnie! 7 jest tutaj. Wiemy, że du, jeśli chcemy to zapisać w formie różniczkowej du jest równe 7 razy dx. Czyli du jest równe 7 dx. Ta część tutaj jest równa du i widzimy gdzie jest nasze u, będzie to po prostu 7x+9. To jest nasze u. Przepiszmy więc naszą całkę jako wyrażenie od u. Będzie ona równa 1/7 razy całka z i przerzucę 7 na koniec, żebyśmy mogli po prostu napisać Portuguese: Se quisermos, podemos tirar 1/7 para fora da integral. Não temos que, mas podemos reescrever 1/7 vezes a integral de sete vezes a raiz quadrada de sete vezes x mais nove dx. Agora, se u é igual a sete vezes x mais nove, temos sua derivada? Sim! O sete está bem aqui. Sabemos que se quisermos escrever du na forma diferencial du é igual a sete vezes dx. Esta parte aqui é igual a du e quando pensamos em u, será igual a sete vezes x mais nove. Esse é nosso u. Vamos reescrever essa integral indefinida em termos de u. Será igual a 1/7 vezes a integral Vou trazer o 7 para trás, assim podemos escrever Czech: (1 lomeno 7) tedy můžeme vytknout před integrál, chceme-li. (1 lomeno 7) krát integrál z 7 krát odmocnina (7x plus 9) dx. Pokud nyní bude 'u' rovno 7x plus 9, máme tu někde derivaci tohoto výrazu? Jistě! 7 máme přímo zde, víme, že 'du' ve tvaru diferenciálu… 'du' je rovno 7 krát dx. Tato část je rovna 'du'. 'u' bude 7x plus 9. Přepišme integrál do proměnných 'u'. Bude to (1 lomeno 7) krát integrál z… Thai: และถ้าเราต้องการ, เราสามารถนำ 1/7 ออกจากอินทิกรัลได้, เราไม่ต้องก็ได้, แต่เราสามารถเขียนนี่เป็น 1/7 คูณอินทิกรัลของ 7 คูณสแควร์รูทของ 7x บวก 9 dx ทีนี้, ถ้าเราบอกว่า, "u เท่ากับ 7x บวก 9" แล้วเราเห็นอนุพันธ์ของมันอยู่ตรงไหนไหม? แน่นอน! 7 อยู่ตรงนี้. เรารู้ว่า du, ถ้าเราเขียนมันในรูปดิฟเฟอเรนเชียล, du เท่ากับ 7 คูณ dx. du จึงเท่ากับ 7 คูณ dx. ส่วนนั่นตรงนั้นเท่ากับ du, และถ้าเราอยากได้ u, มันจะเป็น 7x บวก 9 นั่นคือ u ของเรา. แล้วลองเขียนอินทิกรัลทั้งหมดนี่ในรูปของ u ดู มันจะเท่ากับ 1/7 คูณอินทิกรัลของ -- ผมก็นำ 7 มาไว้ข้างหลัง แล้วเราก็สามารถเขียน Bulgarian: извън интеграла. Не е задължително, но сега може да го запишем като 1/7, умножено по интеграл от 7 по квадратен корен от 7 по х плюс 9, dx. Сега може да положим (заместим) 7 по х плюс 9 да е равно на u. Имаме ли производната на този израз под интеграла? Разбира се! Ето тази седмица тук. Знаем, че du – ако искаме да го запишем с диференциали – е равно на 7 по dx. И така, du е равно на 7 по dx. Тази част ето тук е равна на du. Ако искаме да покажем къде се намира u, то това просто ще бъде изразът 7 по х плюс 9. Това е нашето u. Нека запишем този неопределен интеграл, изразен чрез u. Ще бъде равно на 1/7, умножено по интеграл... ще запиша седмицата последна... Portuguese: a raiz quadrada de u du. Sete vezes dx é igual a du. Se quisermos podemos reescrever como u elevado a 1/2. Isso facilita um pouco para aplicarmos a regra da exponencial. Então podemos reescrever 1/7 vezes a integral de u elevado a 1/2 du Esse u pode ficar em branco, da mesma cor que esse du aqui. Qual é a anti-derivada de u elevado a 1/2? Aumentamos a potência de u em um, então isso será igual a --não podemos nos esquecer desse 1/7 aqui fora-- Então será igual a 1/7 vezes --se incrementamos a potência aqui, será Thai: สแควร์รูทของ u du. 7 คูณ dx เท่ากับ du แล้ว, เราสามารถเขียนนี่ใหม่ได้ ถ้าเราอยากได้เป็น u ยกกำลัง 1/2, ทำให้มัน ง่ายขึ้นหน่อยเวลาใช้กฎยกกำลังย้อนกลับตรงนี้. เราก็สามารถเขียนนี่ใหม่ว่าเท่ากับ 1/7 คูณอินทิกรัลของ u ยกกำลัง 1/2 du. แล้วขอผมบอกให้ชัดหน่อย u นี่ผมเขียนมันด้วยสีขาว, ผมอยากได้สีเดียวกับ du นี่ตรงนี้ มันเหมือนกัน แล้วแอนติเดริเวทีฟของ u กำลัง 1/2 เป็นเท่าไหร่? ทีนี้, เราเพิ่มกำลัง u ขึ้น 1, มันจะเท่ากับ -- ผมยังไม่ลืม 1/7 นี้ข้างหน้านะ มันจะเท่ากับ 1/7 คูณ -- ถ้าเราเพิ่มกำลังตรงนี้, มันจะเป็น Polish: pierwiastek z u du. 7 razy dx to du. I, jeśli chcemy, możemy to przepisać jako u do potęgi 1/2, łatwiej nam wtedy zobaczyć że tak naprawdę całkujemy funkcję potęgową, co umiemy robić. Przepisujemy to zatem 1/7 razy całka z u do potęgi 1/2 du. I postaram się teraz wyjaśnić. To u mogłem napisać na biało. Chcę ten sam kolor du, bo jest to to samo du, co tutaj. Więc, jaka jest całka z u do potęgi 1/2? Cóż, zwiększamy wykładnik o 1, więc będzie to równe i nie mogę zapomnieć o 1/7 na początku. Czyli będzie to 1/7 razy, jeśli zwiększymy wykładnik o 1, będzie to równe English: of u du, 7 times dx is du. And we can rewrite this if we want as u to the 1/2 power. It makes it a little bit easier for us to kind of do the reverse power rule here. So we can rewrite this as equal to 1/7 times the integral of u to the 1/2 power du. And let me just make it clear. This u I could have written in white if I want it the same color. And this du is the same du right over here. So what is the antiderivative of u to the 1/2 power? Well, we increment u's power by 1. So this is going to be equal to-- let me not forget this 1/7 out front. So it's going to be 1/7 times-- if we increment the power here, it's going to be u to the 3/2, 1/2 plus 1 is 1 and 1/2 or 3/2. So it's going to be u to the 3/2. Turkish: - Bunu u üzeri 1 bölü 2 olarak yazabiliriz. Böylece kuvvet kuralının tersini daha kolay uygularım. - Bunu 1 bölü 7 çarpı u üzeri 1 bölü 2 d u'nun integrali olarak yazabiliriz. - u üzeri 1 bölü 2'nin terstürevi nedir? u'nun üssünü 1 artırırız. Öndeki 1 bölü 7'yi unutmayalım. Yani 1 bölü 7 çarpı u üzeri 3 bölü 2 (1 bölü 2 artı 1 eşittir 1 tam 1 bölü 2 veya 3 bölü 2) ve bu yeni ifadeyi 3 bölü 2'nin çarpmaya göre tersiyle çarpıyoruz, ki bu da 2 bölü 3'tür. Bulgarian: по интеграл от квадратен корен от u, du, което е 7 по x, dx. Може да запишем този интеграл като u на степен 1/2. Така ще е по-лесно да използваме правилото за намиране на примитивната функция. Ще бъде равно на 1/7, умножено по интеграл от u на степен 1/2, du. Нека да го обясня. Това u ще го запиша с бяло. Нека да са еднакъв цвят. Това du също, защото е равно на това du тук. Коя е примитивната функция на u на степен 1/2? Увеличаваме степента на u с единица. Тогава този интеграл е равен на следното. Нека не забравяме, че има 1/7 изнесено отпред. Получава се 1/7, умножено... ако увелича степента с 1 ще се получи u на степен 3/2, което е равно на 1 плюс 1/2... по u на степен 3/2. Czech: 7 dám na konec, 7 dx je 'du'. Píšu odmocninu z 'u' krát 'du'. Odmocninu z 'u' mohu přepsat na 'u na (1 lomeno 2)', je to pak snazší. Bude to rovno (1 lomeno 7) krát integrál z 'u na (1 lomeno 2)' krát 'du'. Označím to barevně stejně jako předtím. Jaká je primitivní funkce k 'u na (1 lomeno 2)'? Zvyšujeme mocninu 'u' o 1, bude to tedy… Nesmím zapomenout na (1 lomeno 7). Korean: dx의 7배는 du입니다 이것을 다시 1/2제곱을 바꿔 쓸 수 있습니다 이것은 우리가 적분 규칙을 쓰기 쉽게 만들어 줍니다 그래서 우리는 이 식을 u 1/2제곱 du의 정적분 값의 1/7배라고 쓸 수 있습니다 더 깔끔하게 만들어보죠 같은 색으로 쓰기 위해서 이 u를 하얀색을 쓸게요 du는 이 du와 같습니다 √u의 부정적분은 뭘까요? 우리는 u의 지수를 1 증가시켜서 1/7을 앞으로 빼놓는 것을 잊지 않으면서 1/7배가 될 것입니다 여기서 지수를 증가시키면 1/2더하기 1인 3/2가 u의 지수가 됩니다 그래서 u의 3/2이 됩니다 Polish: u do potęgi 3/2 (1/2 plus 1 to półtora, czyli 3/2) i musimy pomnożyć to nowe wyrażenie przez odwrotność 3/2 czyli 2/3. I zachęcam was, byście sprawdzili, że pochodna 2/3 razy u do 3/2 to istotnie u do potęgi 1/2. Mamy już to i skoro mnożymy to wszystko przez 1/7 możemy tu jeszcze dorzucić plus C, które może być pewną stałą i jeśli chcemy, możemy pomnożyć nawias przez 1/7. Dostaniemy wtedy 1/7 razy 2/3 to 2/21 razy u^(3/2) i 1/7 razy stała, co da nam po prostu jakąś inną stałą mogę zatem napisać tu stałą. Tamtą mogę nazwać C1, zaś tą mogę nazwać C2 ale tak naprawdę to po prostu jakaś stała. I gotowe, och, właściwie to jeszcze nie. Mamy odpowiedź, ale jako wyrażenie od u. Musimy jeszcze odwrócić podstawienie. Turkish: - 2 bölü 3 çarpı u üzeri 3 bölü 2'nin türevinin gerçekten de u üzeri 1 bölü 2 olduğunu kontrol etmenizi isteyeceğim. Bunu 1 bölü 7 ile çarpıyoruz ve artı C sabitini şuraya ekliyoruz. - İstersek 1 bölü 7'yi dağıtabiliriz. Yani 1 bölü 7 çarpı 2 bölü 3 eşittir 2 bölü 21 u üzeri 3 bölü 2. Ve 1 bölü 7 çarpı bir sabit, bu da başka bir sabittir. Buna C 1, şuna C 2 diyebilirim. - Cevabımız u cinsinden olduğu için u yerine x'li ifadeyi koymamız gerekiyor. Portuguese: u elevado a 3/2 (1/2 mais 1 é um e 1/2 ou 3/2). Vamos multiplicar esse termo pelo recíproco de 3/2, que é 2/3 Recomendo verificar que a derivada de 2/3 vezes u elevado a 3/2 é u elevado a 1/2. Como estamos multiplicando 1/7 vezes essa integral indefinida podemos colocar mais c aqui, que é uma constante. Vamos distribuir esse 1/7. Então temos 1/7 vezes 2/3 que é 2/21 u elevado a 3/2 e 1/7 vezes uma constante, que será apenas uma constante. Podemos chamar uma de C1 e esta C2 mas são apenas constantes arbitrárias. Ainda temos nossa equação em termos de u. Então temos que desfazer a substituição. English: And then we're going to multiply this new thing times the reciprocal of 3/2, which is 2/3. And I encourage you to verify the derivative of 2/3 u to the 3/2 is indeed u to the 1/2. And so we have that. And since we're multiplying 1/7 times this entire indefinite integral, we could also throw in a plus c right over here. There might have been a constant. And if we want, we can distribute the 1/7. So it would get 1/7 times 2/3 is 2/21 u to the 3/2. And 1/7 times some constant, well, that's just going to be some constant. And so I could write a constant like that. I could call that c1 and then I could call this c2, but it's really just some arbitrary constant. And we're done. Oh, actually, no we aren't done. We still just have our entire thing in terms of u. So now let's unsubstitute it. Czech: (1 lomeno 7) krát 'u na (3 lomeno 2)', to vynásobíme převrácenou hodnotou, tedy krát (2 lomeno 3). Chci abyste si ověřili, že derivace (2 lomeno 3) krát 'u na (3 lomeno 2) je opravdu 'u na (1 lomeno 2)'. Jelikož násobíme celý integrál, přidáme sem i konstantu C. Roznásobme (1 lomeno 7). (1 lomeno 7) krát (2 lomeno 3) je (2 lomeno 21), (1 lomeno 7) krát konstanta je nějaká jiná konstanta. Mohl bych je od sebe rozlišit indexem, ale je to prostě jen nějaká konstanta. A jsme hotovi… Vlastně nejsme. Stále máme výsledek v proměnné 'u', dosaďme tedy za 'u'. Bulgarian: u на степен 3/2. Сега следва да умножим този нов израз по реципрочната стойност на 3/2, която е 2/3. Насърчавам те да провериш, че производната на 2/3 по u на степен 3/2 наистина е равна на u на степен 1/2. Това е, което се получава. Тъй като умножаваме по 1/7 целия този интеграл, може да прибавим и една константа C ето тук. Възможно е тук да има константа. Може и да разкрием скобите и да умножим с числото 1/7. Получава се 1/7 по 2/3 – което е равно на 2/21 – по u на степен 3/2. А 1/7, умножено по произволна константа, отново ще бъде някаква произволна константа. Мога да я запиша и ето така. Тази да означа с C1, а тази с C2, но наистина това е просто някаква константа. И сме готови! О, всъщност не сме готови. Все още имаме целия този израз като функция на u. Нека да заместим положеното за u. Korean: 그리고 이 수에 3/2의 역수인 2/3을 곱합니다 그리고 (2/3)u의 3/2제곱의 도함수가 u의 1/2 제곱임을 확인해보세요 이렇게 값을 얻었습니다 전체 부정적분에 1/7배를 할 때부터 우리는 괄호 안으로 c를 집어 넣을 수 있습니다 상수가 있어야 하니까요 1/7을 분배할 수도 있습니다 결과적으로 (2/21)u의 3/2제곱을 얻습니다 (1/7)c는 그냥 다른 상수로 바뀌어도 됩니다 이런식으로 그 상수를 써보겠습니다 전 상수를 c1, 이 상수를 c2라고 하죠 그냥 임의의 상수일 뿐입니다 그럼 끝났네요 오, 아직 안끝났네요 아직 u에 관한 식이 남아있네요 치환을 해제해 봅시다 Thai: u กำลัง 3/2 (1/2 บวก 1 ได้ 1 1/2 หรือ 3/2), และเราจะคูณเจ้าตัวใหม่นี่ด้วยส่วนกลับของ 3/2, ซึ่งก็คือ 2/3, และผมแนะนำให้คุณทดสอบว่า อนุพันธ์ของ 2/3 * u^(3/2) เท่ากับ u^(1/2) จริง แล้วเราก็ได้นั่นมา และเนื่องจากเราคูณ 1/7 เข้ากับอินทิกรัลไม่จำกัดเขตทั้งหมดนี่ เราก็โยนบวก c เข้าไปตรงนี้เป็นค่าคงที่, และถ้าเราต้องการ, เราสามารถกระจาย 1/7 ได้. แล้วมันจะได้ 1/7 คูณ 2/3 ได้ (2/21) u^(3/2), คูณ 1/7 คูณค่าคงที่, ทีนี้มันจะเป็นค่าคงที่สักค่า, แล้วเราก็เขียนค่าคงที่แบบนั้น, ผมจะเรียกมันว่า c1, และผมเรียกนี่ว่า c2 ได้, แต่มันเป็นค่าคงที่อะไรก็ได้. แล้วเราก็เสร็จแล้ว -- โอ้, ที่จริงเรายังไม่เสร็จ เรายังต้องมีทุกอย่างในรูปของ u. ตอนนี้ลองแทนค่าย้อนกลับกัน Thai: นี่ก็จะเท่ากับ 2/21 คูณ u^(3/2) -- และเรารู้แล้วว่า u เท่ากับอะไร, u เท่ากับ 7x บวก 9. ขอผมใช้สีใหม่หน่อยเพราะมันน่าเบื่อแล้ว มันจะเท่ากับ 2/21 คูณ 7x บวก 9 ยกกำลัง 3/2 บวก C แล้วเราก็เสร็จแล้ว! เราสามารถจัดการเจ้าอินทิกรัลยุ่งเหยิงนี่ได้ แล้ว สังเกตว่า แม้มันจะไม่ชัดเจนนัก แต่การแทนตัว u ใช้ได้ในกรณีนี้ Bulgarian: Целият този израз е равен на 2/21 по u на степен 3/2. Знаем на какво е равно u. u е равно на 7х плюс 9. Нека да използвам друг цвят, за да се отличава. Получава се 2/21, умножено по 7х плюс 9, на степен 3/2, плюс C. И вече сме готови! Успяхме да решим този страховито изглеждащ интеграл, и въпреки че не беше напълно очевидно в началото все пак да открием и приложим интегриране със заместване. Czech: (2 lomeno 21) krát 'u na (3 lomeno 2)' a víme, že 'u' je (7x plus 9). Použiji novou barvu, aby to nebylo tak jednotvárné. (2 lomeno 21) krát '(7x plus 9) na (3 lomeno 2)' plus C. A jsme hotovi! Tento integrál jsme, ačkoliv to nebylo ihned zřejmé, vyřešili pomocí substituce. Portuguese: Isso é igual a 2/21 vezes u elevado a 3/2. Já sabemos o valor de u u é igual a sete vezes x mais nove. Então temos 2/21 vezes sete vezes x mais nove elevado a 3/2 mais c. Terminamos essa integral cabeluda e vimos que mesmo não sendo óbvio conseguimos aplicar a substituição por u. [Legendado por Eduardo Roder] [Revisado por: Pilar Dib] Polish: Będzie to zatem 2/21 razy u do (3/2), a wiemy, czemu jest równe u, u jest równe 7x+9. Użyję nowego koloru, żeby złagodzić trochę monotonię. Czyli będzie to równe 2/21 razy 7x+9 do potęgi 3/2 plus C. I gotowe! Jesteśmy w stanie wziąć dość brzydko wyglądającą całkę i zdać sobie sprawę iż, mimo że to nie było od początku tak oczywiste, całkowanie przez podstawienie tutaj działa. Turkish: 2 bölü 21 çarpı u üzeri 3 bölü 2 ve u'nun neye eşit olduğunu biliyoruz. u eşittir 7 x artı 9. - Yani cevabimiz 2 bölü 21 çarpı 7 x artı 9'un 3 bölü 2'nci kuvveti artı C'dir. Ve cevabı bulduk. Karmaşık görünen bir integralde yerine koyma yöntemini kullanmayı başardık. - Korean: (2/21)u의 3/2제곱을 구할 때 우리는 u가 무엇인지 이미 압니다 u는 바로 7x+9이죠 단조로움을 없애기 위해 새로운 색을 넣겠습니다 그래서 이 수는 (2/21)*(7x+9)의 (3/2)제곱 +c가 됩니다 그럼 됐네요 처음에 u-치환이 적용되는 것 같지 않아 명백해보이지 않더라도 어려운 적분을 풀 수 있게 되었습니다 English: So this is going to be equal to 2/21 times u to the 3/2. And we already know what u is equal to. u is equal to 7x plus 9. Let me put a new color here just to ease the monotony. So it's going to be 2/21 times 7x plus 9 to the 3/2 power plus c. And we are done. We were able to take a kind of hairy looking integral and realize that even though it wasn't completely obvious at first, that u-substitution is applicable.

Russian: китайский лук Его научное название «Allium chinense» Italian: cipolla cinese Il suo nome scientifico è 'Allium chinense' Portuguese: cebola chinês Seu nome científico é 'Allium chinense' Indonesian: bawang Cina Nama ilmiah adalah 'Allium chinense' Spanish: cebolla china Su nombre científico es 'Allium chinense' English: Chinese onion Its scientific name is 'Allium chinense' German: chinesische Zwiebel Sein lateinischer Name ist ‚Allium chinense‘ Korean: 중국어 양파 그것의 과학적 이름은 '부추 속 chinense 인'이다 French: l'oignon chinois Son nom scientifique est « Allium chinense » Modern Greek (1453-): Κινέζικα κρεμμύδι Η επιστημονική του ονομασία είναι «Allium chinense» Thai: หอมจีน ชื่อวิทยาศาสตร์ของมันคือ 'Allium chinense' Chinese: 藠(Jiao)頭 學名 ‘Allium chinense’ Chinese: 藠(Jiao)头 学名 ‘Allium chinense’ Arabic: البصل الصيني اسمها العلمي هو 'بيسوم chinense " Japanese: 中国のタマネギ 学名は「ラッキョウ」です Vietnamese: hành tây Trung Quốc Tên khoa học của nó là 'Allium chinense' Italian: "Questo albero Roselle è il bello più" "Roselle è in piena fioritura" Chili English: "This Roselle tree is the most beautiful one" "Roselle is in full bloom" Chili Korean: "이 로젤 나무는 가장 아름다운 하나입니다" "로젤 만개에" 칠레 고추 Chinese: “這棵洛神花最標致” “結了很多花” 辣椒 Vietnamese: "Cây Roselle Đây là một trong những đẹp nhất" "Roselle là nở rộ" tương ớt Japanese: 「このローゼルツリーは、最も美しいものです」 「ローゼルは満開です」 チリ German: „Der Roselle Baum ist die schönste“ „Roselle ist in voller Blüte“ Chili Arabic: "هذه الشجرة كركديه هو الأكثر واحد جميل" "كركديه في إزهار كامل" الفلفل الحار Spanish: "Este árbol Roselle es la más bella" "Roselle está en plena floración" Chile Russian: «Это дерево каркаде является самым красивым» «Каркаде в полном расцвете» Чили Thai: "นี่ต้นไม้กระเจี๊ยบแดงเป็นหนึ่งที่สวยที่สุด" "กระเจี๊ยบแดงอยู่ในบานเต็มรูปแบบ" พริก Chinese: “这棵洛神花最标致” “结了很多花” 辣椒 Modern Greek (1453-): «Αυτό Roselle δέντρο είναι το πιο όμορφο» «Roselle είναι σε πλήρη άνθιση» Χιλή Indonesian: "Pohon Roselle ini adalah yang paling satu indah" "Roselle adalah mekar penuh" Cabai French: « Cet arbre Roselle est la plus belle » « Roselle est en pleine floraison » Chili Portuguese: "Esta árvore Roselle é a mais bonita" "Roselle está em plena floração" Pimenta French: « Ne pas gâcher la ciboulette » Thai: "อย่าเสียใบไม้กระเทียม" Italian: "Non rovinare l'erba cipollina" English: "Do not spoil the chives" Russian: «Не портить зубки» Modern Greek (1453-): «Μην χαλάσουμε το σχοινόπρασο» Chinese: “不要踩踏韭菜” Spanish: "No eche a perder el cebollino" Chinese: “不要踩踏韭菜” Japanese: 「チャイブを台無しにしないでください」 Portuguese: "Não estrague a cebolinha" German: „Sie verderben nicht den Schnittlauch“ Indonesian: "Jangan merusak daun bawang" Korean: "는 향신료 망치고하지 마십시오" Vietnamese: "Đừng làm hỏng hẹ" Arabic: "لا يفسد الثوم المعمر" German: „Ich pflanzte eine kleine chinesische Zwiebel“ Korean: "나는 약간의 중국어 양파를 심어" Arabic: "أنا زرعت البصل الصيني الصغير" Modern Greek (1453-): «Φύτεψα λίγο Κινέζικα κρεμμύδι» Spanish: "Yo planté un poco de cebolla china" Japanese: 「私は少し中国のタマネギを植えました」 Indonesian: "Saya menanam bawang Cina kecil" Vietnamese: "Tôi trồng một ít hành tây Trung Quốc" Russian: «Я посадил немного китайский лук» Italian: "Ho piantato un po 'di cipolla cinese" Portuguese: "Eu plantei um pouco de cebola chinês" English: "I planted a little Chinese onion" Chinese: “我種了壹點(藠頭)還剩很多” Chinese: “我种了一点(藠头)还剩很多” French: «J'ai planté un peu d'oignon chinois » Thai: "ผมปลูกหัวหอมจีนเล็ก ๆ น้อย ๆ" Portuguese: "Você levar algum para casa" "Você cavar alguns com uma enxada" "É atrás da casa" cebola chinês Pimenta (Conserva fresco chinês cebola com sal) Sal Molho de soja English: "You take some home" "You dig some with a hoe" "It's behind the house" Chinese onion Chili (Pickled fresh Chinese Onion with salt) Salt Soy sauce Arabic: "أنت تأخذ بعض المنزل" "أنت حفر بعض مع مجرفة" واضاف "انها وراء البيت" البصل الصيني الفلفل الحار (مخلل طازج الصينية البصل مع الملح) ملح صلصة الصويا German: „Sie nehmen etwas mit nach Hause“ „Sie graben einige mit einer Hacke“ „Es ist hinter dem Haus“ chinesische Zwiebel Chili (In Essig eingelegte frische chinesische Zwiebel mit Salz) Salz Sojasauce Vietnamese: "Bạn mất một nhà" "Bạn đào một số với một cuốc" "Đó là phía sau nhà" hành tây Trung Quốc tương ớt (Ngâm tươi Trung Quốc Onion với muối) Muối Xì dầu Korean: "당신은 몇 가지 가정을" "당신은 괭이 일부를 발굴" "이 집 뒤에" 중국어 양파 칠레 고추 (절인 신선한 중국어 양파 소금) 소금 간장 Japanese: 「あなたは、いくつかの家を取ります」 「あなたは鍬を持ついくつかを掘ります」 「それは家の裏のです」 中国のタマネギ チリ （塩で新鮮な中国のタマネギを漬け） 塩 醤油 French: « Vous prenez une maison » « Vous creusez un peu avec une houe » « Ce qui se cache derrière la maison » l'oignon chinois Chili (Frais chinois Pickled Onion avec du sel) Sel Soy sauce Spanish: "Se toma un poco de casa" "De cavar algunas de ellas con una azada" "Está detrás de la casa" cebolla china Chile (Encurtido de cebolla china fresca con sal) sal Soy sauce Chinese: “妳去挖” “妳拿鋤頭去挖” “就在後面” 藠頭 辣椒 （制作腌鮮藠頭） 食鹽 生抽 Modern Greek (1453-): «Θα πάρει κάποιο σπίτι» «Θα σκάψει μερικά με σκαπάνη» «Είναι πίσω από το σπίτι» Κινέζικα κρεμμύδι Χιλή (Τουρσί φρέσκο ​​Κινέζικα κρεμμύδι με αλάτι) Αλας Σάλτσα σόγιας Italian: "Si prende un po 'di casa" "Si scava un po 'con una zappa" "E 'dietro la casa" cipolla cinese Chili (Pickled fresco cinese cipolla con sale) sale Salsa di soia Chinese: “你去挖” “你拿锄头去挖” “就在后面” 藠头 辣椒 （制作腌鲜藠头） 食盐 生抽 Russian: «Вы берете какой-то дом» «Вы рыть некоторые с мотыгой» «Это за домом» китайский лук Чили (Маринованные свежий китайский лук с солью) Поваренная соль Соевый соус Indonesian: "Anda mengambil beberapa rumah" "Kau menggali beberapa dengan cangkul" "Ini di belakang rumah" bawang Cina Cabai (Acar segar Cina bawang dengan garam) Garam Kecap Thai: "คุณจะกลับบ้านบางคน" "คุณขุดบางคนที่มีจอบ" "มันเป็นเรื่องหลังบ้าน" หอมจีน พริก (ดองสดจีนหัวหอมด้วยเกลือ) เกลือ ซีอิ๊ว Russian: Чили ойл Подождите 15-20 минут Растительное масло Рыбные кусочки Поваренная соль Поваренная соль Thai: น้ำมันพริก รอสักครู่ประมาณ 15-20 นาที น้ำมันปรุงอาหาร ชิ้นปลา เกลือ เกลือ Chinese: 辣椒油 等待15-20分鐘即可食用 食用油 魚塊 食鹽 食鹽 Indonesian: Minyak cabai Tunggu 15-20 menit Minyak goreng potongan ikan Garam Garam Portuguese: Óleo de pimenta Esperar 15-20 minutos Óleo de cozinha As peças de peixe Sal Sal Chinese: 辣椒油 等待15-20分钟即可食用 食用油 鱼块 食盐 食盐 English: Chili oil Wait 15-20 minutes Cooking oil Fish pieces Salt Salt Italian: Olio di peperoncino Attendere 15-20 minuti Olio da cucina pezzi di pesce sale sale Vietnamese: Dầu ớt Chờ 15-20 phút Dầu ăn miếng cá Muối Muối Arabic: زيت حار انتظر 15-20 دقيقة زيت الطهي قطع السمك ملح ملح French: Chili oil Attendre 15-20 minutes Huile de cuisson morceaux de poisson Sel Sel Spanish: aceite de chile Espere 15-20 minutos Aceite de cocina trozos de pescado sal sal Japanese: ラー油 15〜20分待ちます クッキングオイル 魚の作品 塩 塩 Modern Greek (1453-): Χιλή οιλ Περιμένετε 15-20 λεπτά Μαγειρικό λάδι Ψάρια τεμαχίων Αλας Αλας German: Chili-Öl Warten Sie 15 bis 20 Minuten Speiseöl Fischstücke Salz Salz Korean: 칠리 기름 15~20분을 기다립니다 식용유 생선 조각 소금 소금 Portuguese: Vinho de arroz Molho de soja Cozinhe por 2 minutos "Não me toque" Quando Merlin quer comer Ele vai tocar-me pela boca Vietnamese: Rượu gạo Xì dầu Nấu khoảng 2 phút "Đừng chạm vào tôi" Khi Merlin muốn ăn Ông sẽ chạm vào tôi bằng miệng Indonesian: beras anggur Kecap Masak selama 2 menit "Jangan sentuh aku" Ketika Merlin ingin makan Dia akan menyentuh saya dengan mulutnya Russian: Рисовое вино Соевый соус Приготовьте в течение 2 минут «Не трогай меня» Когда Мерлин хочет съесть Он будет касаться меня изо рта Modern Greek (1453-): Κρασί ρυζιού Σάλτσα σόγιας Μαγειρέψτε για 2 λεπτά «Μην μ 'αγγίζεις» Όταν Merlin θέλετε να φάτε Αυτός θα με αγγίξει από το στόμα του English: Rice Wine Soy sauce Cook for 2 minutes "Don't touch me" When Merlin want to eat He will touch me by his mouth Chinese: 米酒 生抽 煮2分鐘 “不要碰我等壹下給妳吃的” 每次梅林想吃東西 他會用他的嘴巴碰壹下我們 Arabic: نبيذ الأرز صلصة الصويا يطهى لمدة 2 دقيقة "لا تلمسني" عندما تريد أن تأكل ميرلين وقال انه على اتصال بي من قبل فمه Korean: 막걸리 간장 2 분 동안 요리 "나를 만지지 마" 멀린 먹고 싶을 때 그는 자신의 입으로 건드리지 것 Italian: Vino di riso Salsa di soia Cuocere per 2 minuti "Non mi toccare" Quando Merlin vuole mangiare Egli mi toccare con la sua bocca French: Saké Soy sauce Faire cuire pendant 2 minutes « Ne me touchez pas » Lorsque Merlin veut manger Il me touche par sa bouche German: Reis Wein Sojasauce 2 Minuten kochen „Rühr mich nicht an“ Wenn Merlin will essen Er wird mich berühren durch den Mund Chinese: 米酒 生抽 煮2分钟 “不要碰我等一下给你吃的” 每次梅林想吃东西 他会用他的嘴巴碰一下我们 Thai: ไวน์ข้าว ซีอิ๊ว ปรุงอาหารสำหรับ 2 นาที "อย่าแตะต้องฉัน" เมื่อเมอร์ลินต้องการที่จะกิน เขาจะสัมผัสฉันด้วยปากของเขา Japanese: お酒 醤油 2分間煮ます 「私に触れないでください」 マーリンは食べたいとき 彼は彼の口で私に触れます Spanish: Vino de arroz Soy sauce Cocine por 2 minutos "No me toques" Cuando Merlin quiere comer Me va a tocar por su boca English: Thank for your watching French: Merci de votre observation Portuguese: Obrigado pela sua observação Chinese: 感謝觀看 Japanese: あなたウォッチングのためにありがとうございました Korean: 당신의 관찰에 대한 감사 Spanish: Gracias por su observación Thai: ขอขอบคุณสำหรับการดูของคุณ Modern Greek (1453-): Ευχαριστώ για την παρατήρηση σας German: Vielen Dank für Ihre Beobachtung Vietnamese: Cảm ơn cho xem của bạn Arabic: شكرا لمشاهدة الخاص بك Russian: Спасибо за наблюдение Chinese: 感谢观看 Indonesian: Terima kasih untuk menonton Anda Italian: Grazie per l'osservazione

One of the best classes I took at Stanford was improv. If you haven't taken that, please do. It is so insightful when it comes to business and life. And they teach you some very basic things that you should never ever not do. One of them is say yes. You can actually always say yes. You don't have to let people manipulate you or make you do something, but you can find the good in what anybody is saying, because you should first of all be dealing with people that you have some modicum of trust for and therefore there is a basis there. When people say something, even when you want to say no, you can find a way to say yes. And so what we do is, even we have an instinct of saying no, we'll say yes and. We'll try to find the truth first, and then we will try to explore, and it's wonderful to the human ear to hear yes and it's really grating to hear no. So I encourage people to find the yes and in everything. The other thing is with improv what's really cool is that you are having to figure things out as you go. If it doesn't go perfect, you are - that's still the world you're living in, so you might as well still adjust to that and move forward. And if you are talking and trying to share a very intimate moment to like a lot of people and somebody's phone goes off, you could actually not be happy about that, or you could say that happened, now we're going to make a lesson out of it, laugh together and move forward. And that's true with almost everything. And so we believe in improv and we believe in supporting each other. It's very rewarding to watch people support each other, that's why that's such a lesson in improv and when the attitude is how do we help each other, but everybody actually has that attitude, then you are way bigger than the sum of your parts.

(Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) Hello again Here we are we looking at the Uncertainty Principle this is a video you will Find that there is a narrated PowerPoint of this And a silent PowerPoint slide plus you will also find The information on my blog site The Uncertainty Principle Satan's fundamental lies I have sub called it The 3 steps to perdition to falling away Satan has a fundamental system Of lying and you can see this in Genesis I think that this will be the 1st in a series I'll call The Chills of Twilight We are taking Scripture from Genesis chapter 3 Verses 1 to 6 Now the serpent was more subtil than any beast of the field which the LORD God had made. And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden? And the woman said unto the serpent We may eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden: But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die. And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die: For God doth know God doth know that in the day ye eat thereof, then your eyes shall be opened, and ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil. And when the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, she took of the fruit thereof, and did eat, and gave also unto her husband with her; and he did eat. These are the 3 steps The 3 step Deception Satan engaged her in 3 step Deception. They are progressive stepping stones On the way in which he leads Christians astray even Today. He still uses the same tactics Because, well, they work so well He said to the woman "Yea hath God said ye shall not Eat of every tree of the garden" so the 1st step That he does is not to deny that God has spoken Or to come out and directly say that God is a liar. No the 1st step that he takes is to simply get you to Doubt what God has really said He wants to move you away from from your certainty concerning the scriptures This is the ultimate uncertainty principle this is always his Primary aim. Whenever he finds someone who truly believes The word of God and that Jesus Christ is Lord Well he wants to introduce The Uncertainty Principle He wants to get a measure of Uncertainty into the sureness of that belief So the 1st step into temptation Is this – to create In you an amount a degree Of uncertainty concerning what God said You start to doubt that God means exactly what he says in other words You were once absolutely certain that you knew The truth in the scriptures and now you start to doubt All lose certainty "yea hath God said" The devil knew very well what God had said so he brings in an Element of doubt and he rephrases the command The actual command that God gave to Adam was that they That they could eat of every tree of the garden except one So you can see how the word order is changed And of course in these 2 statements You can eat of every tree of the garden except one And you shall not eat of every tree in the garden They are really alike but they Are not the same they give a different connotation they give a different Understanding a different perception a different meaning God's command was very precise and allowed them Great freedom except over 1 tree and Satan makes it Much more restrictive and supposes that there is no freedom at all People Always tell me that it doesn't really matter About wording and Connotation but the connotation of the wording always sets the correct Perception and this gives you the right viewpoint Eve found herself doubting the exactness of the word of God To her. She was led to lose her certainty In what she believed God had said remember God spoke directly To Adam and Adam taught or if you like Translated that to Eve. I think it is interesting to Realise that eve was equally responsible to be in subjection to the word of God As Adam was. Even though she did not hear it from God personally She was given a translation as it were The testimony of the Scripture is that she was deceived But she nevertheless received the same judgement as Adam death came On her that day. So the 2nd Step the next he diminishes her fear of God and God's Warning of failing to walk in faith and obedience to God's word And the serpent said unto the woman Ye shall not surely die She has already lost her certainty as to the word of God and now she is Introduced to the idea that there is no need to fear or To be in fear because God doesn't mean exactly what he says Where it is today that God Doesn't mean what he says or he means something different To what has been written and what is said Within the King James Bible It doesn't take long for you to fall in with this Lest ye die because this isn't Is not an ex-act quote it wasn't lest ye die you will surely die It is a diminished warning God actually said In Genesis 2:16 – 17 this is what he actually Said "And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat: But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. So eve changes "thou shalt surely die" To "lest ye die" she also changes the Definite personal thou to a more general ye If she had said We it would have had more punch to it Lest in case is not as Definite as shalt surely Note the alliteration. If they ate of that fruit it was a done deal Law Sin Death. She also adds Touch not the fruit. Jesus calls That the doctrines of men the added bit Now take a good look and see the Uncertainty Principle at work The 2nd step is always to diminish your fear Of falling into the hands of an angry God. The Scripture tells us that The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom and Satan most certainly does Not want Christians to be wise and to have the wisdom that comes from Above. Now the 3rd step and this is the clincher This is his truly Unreasonable conclusion. For God Doth know that in the day ye eat thereof Then your eyes shall be opened and ye shall be as gods Satan has established His Uncertainty Principle. I suppose The most prevailing arrogance That is alive in mankind today is that we Are actually gods We believe that we are gods we believe that we are the cause Of our own effect. Whether we believe it in a short Space of time or some sort of reborn Again regeneration cylindricall sort of Ever evolving truth we do We believe we are the cause of our own effect we believe there is no need for God Because we are really gods That is Satan's life we are not we are the Serve God or we serve the devil we don't just serve Ourselves even Bob Dylan got that right You have got to serve somebody Satan has established his Uncertainty Principle and he persuaded Eve that God will not keep his warnings to the letter So the stage is set. Finally he Takes it upon himself to interpret the mind of God and falsely explain that God knows what would happen but does not want it to happen For his own selfish reasons He doesn't want it because they will challenge him you know They will be as gods you will be as gods. So while is at this He has the hide To suggest that doubting the word of God will make her wise (Chuckles) Of course Satan is a total liar the exact opposite is true Being certain about the word of God makes you wise So they will be wise in their own eyes and they will Be as gods This is the very thing that Satan hungers after. He perfectly knows what God will do to anybody Who is lifted up in pride to want to be as he is God He knows it perfectly because that is exactly what he Did and what he got for doing that Is everlasting and eternal. So you might say it is Game Set & Match Eve does not get a temporary setback she gets a major Setback. Eve is now set to seek the things of this Life rather than the things of the kingdom of God She realised that this fruit was good for food Pleasant to look at and desirable because it would make one wise So it is a done deal. Please don't say This Scripture isn't relevant 2nd Corinthians 11:3 But I fear, lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtilty, so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ. So the warning is still alive today Exactly in the same way that the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtle way The lying and cheating and stealing conniving way in which He approached the logic and the emotion of all this to Eve He does the same to us he wants our mind To be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ that Christ is The living word of God that he means exactly what he says that he has left us his word In the King James Bible He wants us to be corrupted from the simplicity Of it. This tactic is still used today so watch out Now that you know that you must watch out the next session will be about The 2 hidden reefs that will make a ship wreck of your faith Don't miss the point that modern versions of the Bible follow These 3 steps they just do it softly softly Here a little there a little Twilight is the time of illusion By the rivers dark where I could not see Who was waiting there who was hunting me In the twilight things are Not defined properly you can't See where the problem is coming from Where the attack is coming from but the end result will be the same We are supposed to have A strong consolation not a hidden Delusion. Well come to the eroding Uncertainty Principle that will eventually deliver you into the jaws Of hell. So look sharp! Stay alive! Don't get caught up In these 3 steps to Lead you away from the absolute truth Of the scriptures and the word of God. God means exactly What he says and he is After a people who will trust him who will take his Word for sure who won't Give over. He is coming back So make sure that you are ready that you're happy that you're Living in Holiness and joy and blessing and gladness and peace And long-suffering hallelujah and that you honour the Lord Jesus Christ a new given the glory and whatever you do Keep glad that you know that your sins are forgiven And you are bound for heaven because we are serving the one Who keeps hallelujah his promises and every part Of his word none of its going to pass away he will keep it A new can be certain that you have the word of God The Lord Jesus Christ praise his mighty blessing Name and whatever you do you know keep reading your Bible Amen amen (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing) (Music playing)

- Hey guys, it's Jewel. Welcome to MTV Unplugged. I'm gonna do three songs for you today. This first one I wrote when I was homeless. I ended up homeless because I wouldn't have sex with my boss and I couldn't pay my rent and I started living in my car and then my car got stolen, and it just sucked. But I wasn't in my car when it got stolen, so that's way less sucky. I was having panic attacks, I was agoraphobic, and I was shoplifting a lot and I realized I would end up in jail or dead if I didn't do something about it. And I remember this quote by Buddha that said, "Happiness doesn't depend on who you are or what you have, "it depends on what you think." And I decided to see if I could turn my life around one thought at a time. And it was such an amazing year for me. It was the best, worst year of my life. I started developing tools to help me solve for anxiety and depression and a neuroscientist named Dr. Judson Brewer actually came along and proved why these little exercises that I invented worked. And they're up for free, it's part of a non-profit. So if anybody wants to learn how to meditate or learn to rewire your brain just using simple tools and neuroplasticity, which is basically just practicing and starving old path ways, building new ones. It's really simple exercises and they're up at jewelneverbroken.com. Jewelneverbroken.com. But I wanna play you this song I wrote during that time in my life about my first mindfulness exercise, really, which was watching my hands and just the importance of kindness. And I can't think of anything that's more important than that right now. (guitar playing) ♪ If I could tell the world just one thing ♪ ♪ It would be they're all okay ♪ ♪ And not to worry 'cause worry is wasteful ♪ ♪ And it's useless in times like these ♪ ♪ I won't be made useless ♪ ♪ I won't be made idled with despair ♪ ♪ I'll gather myself around my faith ♪ ♪ For light does the darkness most fear ♪ ♪ My hands are small, I know ♪ ♪ They're not yours they are my own ♪ ♪ But they're not yours they are my own ♪ ♪ And we are never broken ♪ ♪ Poverty stole your golden shoes ♪ ♪ But it didn't steal your laughter ♪ ♪ Heartache came to visit me ♪ ♪ But I knew it was not ever after ♪ ♪ And we will fight, but it's not out of spite ♪ ♪ It's just 'cause someone must stand up for what's right ♪ ♪ Cause where there's a man who has no voice ♪ ♪ There ours shall go singing ♪ ♪ My hands are small, I know ♪ ♪ They're not yours, they are my own ♪ ♪ They're not yours, they are my own ♪ ♪ We are never broken ♪ ♪ 'Cause in the end ♪ ♪ Only kindness matters ♪ ♪ In the end ♪ ♪ Only kindness matters ♪ ♪ So I will get down on my knees ♪ ♪ And I will pray ♪ ♪ I will get down on my knees ♪ ♪ I will pray ♪ ♪ I will get down on my knees and pray ♪ ♪ 'Cause my hands are small, I know ♪ ♪ But they're not yours, they are my own ♪ ♪ But they're not yours, they are my own ♪ ♪ And we are never broken, oh, no ♪ ♪ We are never broken ♪ ♪ 'Cause we are ♪ ♪ We are God's eyes ♪ ♪ And we are God's hands ♪ ♪ And we are God's heart ♪ ♪ We are God's eyes ♪ ♪ We are God's hands ♪ ♪ We are, we are ♪ That was Hands. I'm gonna play a brand new song for you. I have a new record coming out. It's gonna be a slightly different style, I guess as all my albums are. (laughs) This has more of a soul feel. Grew up listening to a lot of great soul music. I think my favorite singer of all time is Sarah Vaughan. This song, did you know there's only two basic states of being dilated and contracted? And every thought, feeling, and action leads to one of those two states. So if you're anxious, your whole system contracts and you have these biochemicals flooding your system. But I realized you can hack your way into a dilated state. I use gratitude. So if I'm feeling really anxious, I force myself to think of something that I'm truly grateful for. And there's always a lot to be grateful for. And your whole vascular system dilates and different biochemicals floods your system and your brain blood flow reroutes, it's incredible. That's one of the exercises on jewelneverbroken.com. So this is a brand new song, it's called Grateful. (clears throat) And it's, I don't know, gonna be out sometime soon, I guess. (guitar playing) ♪ When everything's wrong ♪ ♪ When I can't find my song ♪ ♪ When darkness is all I see ♪ ♪ There is a remedy ♪ ♪ It's all the little things that make the world go round ♪ ♪ It's all the little things that are most powerful ♪ ♪ There's no politician, no sky too dark ♪ ♪ No one can take the love from my heart ♪ ♪ The sun gonna shine ♪ ♪ And in this heart of mine ♪ ♪ The sun gonna shine ♪ ♪ And in this heart of mine ♪ ♪ The sun gonna shine, ooh ooh, it's true ♪ ♪ Cause I can always be grateful ♪ ♪ Ooh ooh, ooh ooh ooh, ooh ooh ooh ♪ ♪ When the loudest sound ♪ ♪ Is your own life crashing down ♪ ♪ And when your friends, when your friends, ♪ ♪ They don't come around ♪ ♪ There's one true thing I've found ♪ ♪ It's all the little things, the bells that ring ♪ ♪ The green, green grass and the birds that sing ♪ ♪ I'm gonna choose the bright side to see ♪ ♪ And no one, no one can take that from me ♪ ♪ 'Cause the sun gonna shine ♪ ♪ And in this heart of mine ♪ ♪ The sun gonna shine ♪ ♪ And in this heart of mine ♪ ♪ The sun's gonna shine, ooh ooh, it's true ♪ ♪ Cause I can always be grateful ♪ ♪ Ooh ooh, ooh ooh ooh, ooh ooh ooh ♪ ♪ Ooh ooh, ooh ooh ooh, ooh ooh ooh ♪ ♪ So bring it on, bring it on, bring it on, bring it on now ♪ ♪ Bring it on, bring it on, bring it on, ♪ ♪ Bring it on, bring it on, bring it on now ♪ ♪ Sing it on, sing it on, sing it on, sing it on now ♪ ♪ I'm singing on, I'm singing on ♪ ♪ Singing on ♪ ♪ 'Cause the sun gonna shine ♪ ♪ In this heart of mine ♪ ♪ The sun gonna shine ♪ ♪ And in this heart of mine ♪ ♪ The sun's gonna shine, ooh ooh, it's true ♪ ♪ 'Cause I can always be ♪ ♪ Ooh, I could always be ♪ ♪ Ooh, I can always be grateful ♪ That's Grateful, it's a brand new song. My dog is scratching my leg while I sing. This is my dog. He apparently thinks he needs to be on camera. Hi. Will you be good and sit behind me? I'm gonna do one more for you. Let's see. I'm gonna play you the first song I ever wrote. I wrote this when I was 16. I wrote this because I... I moved out when I was 15. And got accepted to an amazing fine arts school in Michigan from Alaska. But I didn't have enough money to make it home on spring breaks so I decided to make lemonade, which was hitchhike across the country and through Mexico, 'cause I'm super smart. To earn money, I decided I would street sing and so I learned four chords. And I just started improvising lyrics about people as they walked by. And I wrote my first song. I made it back to school without being murdered, so it was like a total success. And then this first song I wrote became my first single. Crazy. So this is called Who Will Save Your Soul. (guitar playing) ♪ People living their lives for you on TV ♪ ♪ They say they're better than you and you agree ♪ ♪ She says hold my calls from behind those cold brick walls ♪ ♪ Says come here boy, there's nothing for free ♪ ♪ Another burger, another hot dogs and fries ♪ ♪ You wish in the well, hope your help don't go to hell ♪ ♪ Well, another doctor's bill, a lawyer's bill ♪ ♪ Another cute cheap thrill ♪ ♪ You know you love him if you put in your will but ♪ ♪ Who will save your soul ♪ ♪ When it comes to the babies ♪ ♪ And who will save your soul ♪ ♪ After all those lies you told ♪ ♪ Who will save your souls ♪ ♪ If you won't save your own ♪ (vocalizing) ♪ We try to hustle them, try to bustle them, ♪ ♪ Try to cuss them ♪ ♪ And the cops want someone to bust down on Orleans Avenue ♪ ♪ Another day, another dollar, another war, another tower ♪ ♪ Went up where the homeless had their homes ♪ ♪ So we pray to as many different Gods ♪ ♪ As there are flowers ♪ ♪ We call religion our friend ♪ ♪ We are so worried about saving our souls ♪ ♪ Afraid that God will take his toll ♪ ♪ That we forget to begin but ♪ ♪ Who will save your soul ♪ ♪ When it comes to the flower ♪ ♪ And who will save your soul ♪ ♪ After all those lies that you told ♪ ♪ Who will save your soul ♪ ♪ If you won't save your own ♪ (vocalizing) ♪ Now some are walking, some are talking ♪ ♪ Some are stalking and kill ♪ ♪ You got so-called social security ♪ ♪ But that don't pay your bills ♪ ♪ 'Cause there's addictions to feed ♪ ♪ And there are mouths to pay ♪ ♪ So we bargain with the devil, say ♪ ♪ You're okay today ♪ ♪ Say but you love 'em ♪ ♪ Take your money and run ♪ ♪ Say it's been swell, sweetheart ♪ ♪ But it was just one of those things ♪ ♪ Those strings, those flings ♪ ♪ Those strings, those flings ♪ ♪ Those strings, those flings, those strings, those flings ♪ ♪ Those strings, those flings, those strings, those flings ♪ ♪ Those strings, those flings, those strings, those flings ♪ ♪ Things you've got to cut so get out on the streets ♪ ♪ Girl right now and bust all your butts ♪ ♪ It will save your soul ♪ ♪ When it comes to the memories ♪ ♪ Save your soul ♪ ♪ After all of those lies you told, boy ♪ ♪ Who will save ♪ ♪ Save your ♪ ♪ Soul if you won't save your own ♪ Thank you for joining me on MTV Unplugged.

iw: - אני פרודנס, וזה אח שלי זאק. - כל הדבר הזה מפגר. (מוזיקה חיה) אנחנו מבוגרים מדיי בשביל זה. - ובכן, חבל מאוד, אנחנו פה. - אתן יכולות לעזוב. ♪ יש לנו סחורה ♪ ♪ לכו תקנו את הסחורה שלנו ♪ - אמא מכריחה אותנו לעשות בייביסיטר לכמה תינוקים. - למה? - היא מכירה את הדודה הטחונה שלהם או משהו. בכנות אני חושבת שהיא שונאת אותנו. - קריס היא רשע טהור. - זה טוב ילדים אוהבים אותי. - את מפחידה ילדים קורטני. - רק בסופי שבוע. - אני עובדת הכי טוב עם ילדים. אז אתן באמת לא חייבות לבוא. - או מי גאד שתקי, קים. - יש רק דרך אחת לגלות את זה. - מה לעזאזעל? - אני פרודנס, וזה אח שלי זאק. - אתם לא תינוקים. - ההורים שלנו לא סומכים עלינו להישאר בבית לבד. - למה? רצחתם מישהו? - כמעט. יש משהו בנוגע לדייטים וקרטל-- - אבל זה לא אשמתנו. - נכון, כן, בואו נלך עם זה. - כל הדבר הזה מפגר. Turkish: -Ben Prudence ve bu da kardeşim Zack -Bütün bu şey aptalca. -Bunun için fazla yaşlıyız. -Peki,bu çok kötü,biz buradayız -Gidebilirsiniz. -Annem bize bazı çocuklar için bebek bakıcılığı yaptırıyor -Neden? -Onların zengin bir teyzesini veya başka bir akrabasını tanıyor. -Dürüst olmak gerekirse bence bizden nefret ediyor. -Kris saf bir kötü. -Çocukların beni sevmesi iyi bir şey. -Sen çocukları korkutuyorsun,Kourtney. -Sadece hafta sonları. -Çocuklarla arası en iyi olan benim. bu yüzden siz ikinizin gelmesine bile gerek yok. -Tanrım kapa çeneni,Kim. -Haklı olduğumu göstermenin tek bir yolu var. -Bu da ne? -Ben Prudence ve bu da kardeşim Zack. -Siz bebek değilsiniz. -Ebeveynlerimiz bizi evde yalnız bırakacak kadar bize güvenmiyorlar. -Neden? -Birini mi öldürdünüz? -Neredeyse. -Randevular ve kartellerle ilgili bir şey olmuştu-- -Ama bizim suçumuz değildi. -Doğru,evet,bu şekilde devam edelim. -Bütün bu şey aptalca. Thai: (Accurate Thai Translation By Anan Pattarapanee) (พรูเด๊นซ์) ฉันคือพรูเด๊นซ์นะ นี่พี่ชายฉัน แซ็ค เรื่องทั้งหมดนี้มันงี่เง่ามาก เราโตพอแล้วนะสำหรับเรื่องแบบนี้ งั้นก็แย่หน่อยนะ เพราะเราอยู่นี่แล้ว พวกคุณกลับไปก็ได้นะ (คอร์ทนี่ย์) ♪ เรามี Merch ขาย ♪ ♪ ไปซื้อ Merch เราซะ ♪ (คิม) แม่ให้เราไปดูแลเด็กอะ ทำไมวะ? นางรู้จักกับป้าของเด็กพวกนั้นที่รวยๆ หรืออะไรซักอย่างนี้แหละ สาระเลย กูคิดว่านางเกลียดเราแน่ๆ คริสคือปีศาจชัดๆ มันก็ดีอยู่ เด็กๆชอบกูหนิ (โคลอี้) มึงทำให้เด็กกลัวต่างหากอีคอร์ท ถ้าหากเป็นวันหยุดเท่านั้นแหละ กูเข้ากับเด็กได้ดีนะ ดังนั้นพวกมึงไม่จำเป็นต้องไปก็ได้ ให้ตายเถอะ มึงเงียบเลยอีคิม มีวิธีเดียวที่จะพิสูจน์ว่ากูพูดถูก (โคลอี้) นี่มันอะไรกันวะ? (พรูเด๊นซ์) ฉันคือพรูเด๊นซ์นะ นี่พี่ชายฉัน แซ็ค (คิม) พวกเธอไม่ใช่เด็กเล็กหนิ (พรูเด๊นซ์) พ่อแม่เราไม่ไว้ใจที่จะให้เราอยู่บ้านตามลำพังหนะ (โคลอี้) ทำไมหละ? ไปฆ่าใครมาเหรอ? (พรูเด๊นซ์) ก็เกือบฆ่า มันมีบางอย่างเกี่ยวกับวันและแก๊งค้ายา... (แซ็ค) แต่นั่นไม่ใช่ความผิดเรา (พรูเด๊นซ์) เออ ใช่ ไม่มีปัญหาอะไรหรอกเนอะ Polish: Jestem Prudence a to jest mój brat Zack To wszystko jest głupie (żywa muzyczka) Jesteśmy na to za starzy. No trudno, ale jak już tu jesteśmy... Możesz wyjść ♪ Mamy trochę towaru ♪ ♪ Idź kupić nasz towar ♪ Mama wrobiła nas w opiekowanie się jakimiś dzieciakami. -Dlaczego? Zna ich bogatą ciotkę czy coś Szczerze mówiąc, myślę, że ona nas po prostu nienawidzi Kris to czyste zło W sumie to i dobrze, dzieci mnie kochają Przerażasz dzieciaki, Kourtney Tylko w weekendy Ja pracuję z dziećmi pracuję najlepiej więc wy dwie nawet nie musicie tam iść Boże, zamknij się Kim Jest tylko jeden sposób, by pokazać, że mam rację Co to jest do diabła? Jestem Prudence a to jest mój brat Zack Nie jesteście dziećmi Nasi rodzice nie ufają nam kiedy jesteśmy sami w domu Czemu? Zabiliście kogoś? Prawie Tak było z datami i kartelem (?) Ale to nie była nasza wina Dobra, lećmy z tym To wszystko jest głupie Portuguese: - Eu sou Prudence e esse é meu irmão Zack. - Isso tudo é estupidez. (música animada) Nós somos velhos de mais pra isso. - Bem, isso é ruim, estamos aqui. - Vocês podem ir. ♪ Temos mercadorias ♪ ♪ Compre nossas mercadorias ♪ - Mamãe está nos fazendo de babá para algumas crianças. - Por que? - Ela conhece a tia rica deles ou algo assim. Honestamente eu acho que ela só nos odeia. - Kris é pura maldade. - É uma boa coisa, crianças me amam. - Você assusta crianças, Kourtney. - Só nos finais de semana. - Eu trabalho melhor com crianças, então vocês nem ao menos precisam ir. - Ai meu Deus, cala a boca, Kim. - Só há uma forma de descobrir que eu estou certa. 1 hora depois - Que diabos é isso? - Eu sou Prudence e esse é meu irmão Zack. - Vocês não são crianças. - Nossos pais não conseguem confiar em nós para ficarmos em casa sozinhos. - Por que? Vocês mataram alguém? - Quase. Havia essa coisa de namoro e um cartel-- - Mas não foi nossa culpa. - Certo, sim, vamos com isso. - Isso tudo é estupidez. Italian: Sono Prudence e questo è mio fratello Zack. Tutto ciò è stupido. Siamo troppo grandi per questo. Beh, è un peccato, siamo qui. Potete andarvene. ♪Abbiamo dei vestiti ♪ ♪Li vogliamo esauriti ♪ Mamma ci fa fare da babysitter a dei bambini. Perchè? Conosce la loro ricca zia o qualcosa del genere. Onestamente penso che lei ci odi. Kris è pura malvagità. E' un bene che i bambini mi amino. Tu spaventi i bambini, Kourtney. Solo nei fine settimana. Io lavoro al meglio con i bambini, quindi non c'è bisogno che voi due veniate. Oh mio Dio stai zitta, Kim. C'è solo un modo per scoprire che ho ragione. Che diavolo sarebbe questo? Sono Prudence e questo è mio fratello Zack. Voi non siete bambini. I nostri genitori non si fidano a lasciarci da soli a casa. Perché? Avete ucciso qualcuno? Quasi. C'era questa cosa degli appuntamenti e un cartello- Ma non è stata colpa nostra. Bene, si, vada per quello. Tutto ciò è stupido. Spanish: -Soy Prudence, y este es mi hermano Zack. -Todo esto es estúpido. (Música animada) Somos muy viejos para esto. -Bueno, eso es muy malo, estamos aquí. -Puedes irte, ♪ Tenemos mercancía ♪ ♪ Compra nuestra mercancía ♪ -Mamá nos está haciendo cuidar a unos niños. -¿Por qué? -Ella sabe que su tía es rica o algo así. Honestamente, pienso que ella nos odia. -Kris es maldad pura. -Es bueno que los niños me quieran. -Asustas a los niños, Kourtney. -Sólo los fines de semana. -Trabajo mejor con niños, así que ustedes dos ni siquiera necesitan ir. -Oh Dios mío, cállate, Kim. -Sólo hay una manera de descubrir que estoy en lo cierto. -¿Qué demonios es esto? -Soy Prudence y este es mi hermano Zack. -Ustedes no son bebés. -Nuestros padres no pueden confiar en que estemos solos en la casa. -¿Por qué? ¿Han matado a alguien? -Casi. Había una cosa sobre fechas y un cartel-- -Pero no fue nuestra culpa. -Bien, sí, vamos con eso. -Todo esto es estúpido. Hungarian: Az én nevem Prudence, ő pedig a bátyám, Zack. Ez f*szság! Öregek vagyunk már ehhez. Nagy kár, hogy már itt vagyunk. Akkor el is lehet menni. ♪Van pár cuccunk♪ ♪Vedd a cuccunk♪ Azt akarja anyu, hogy bébiszitterkedjünk. - Mért? - Az egyik gazad ismerősének unokagyerekei. Szerintem csak utál minket. Kris a megtestesült gonosz. Szerencse, hogy bírnak a kölykök. Megijeszted a gyerekeket, Kourtney. Csak hétvégente. Én bánok a legjobban a gyerekekkel, nektek nem is kéne jönnötök. Úristen, Kim, kussolj! Csak egyféleképpen jöhetünk rá, hogy igazam van. Mi a frász ez? Az én nevem Prudence, ő pedig a bátyám, Zack. Nem is vagytok kisbabák. A szüleink nem bíznak benne, hogy egyedül hagyjanak itthon minket. Mért? Megöltetek valakit? Majdnem. Volt az a találkozó, meg az a kartel-dolog... Ami nem a mi hibánk volt. Jaja, pontosan így volt. Vietnamese: *sắp có phụ đề* *sắp có phụ đề* *sắp có phụ đề* *sắp có phụ đề* *sắp có phụ đề* Bà già bắt cả đám đi trông trẻ. Cái l gì? Bả quen một bà dì giàu sụ nào đó Nói đúng ra thì tao nghĩ tụi mình là con ghẻ của bả rồi. Bà Kris không khác gì một con quỷ. Tụi nhỏ đều mến tao Mày khiến tụi nó đái ra máu luôn đó, Kourtney. Chỉ khi vào cuối tuần thui Tao hợp với tụi nhỏ nhất, nên hai bây không cần phải đú theo. Trời mẹ câm giùm đi đĩ Kim. Có duy nhất một cách để chứng minh tao đúng Cái l*n què gì dzậy? Tui là Prudence và đây là thằng anh của tui Zách Tụi mày có phải em bé đâu. Ông bà già không tin tưởng cho tụi tui ở nhà một mình. Mắc cái gì dzậy? Chúng mày đã tiễn ai về chầu ông bà à? Mém tí. Đó là chuyện về những ngày hẹn thỏa thuận.... Túm cái l` lại là đéo phải do bọn này gây ra. Ờ ha, cứ biết là vậy đi Cái vụ này xàm còn hơn đi tắm ở bể bơi công cộng xong dính bầu nữa Spanish: - Soy Prudence y el de aqui es mi hermano Zack. - Todo este plan es estupido. (Mùsica feliz) - Somos tan viejos para esto. - Bueno, pues lo siento, estamos aqui. - Puedes largarte. (Kourtney Kardasim)- Tenemos merca - Ve a comprar nuestra merca - Mamà nos esta obligando a cuidar a estos niños. - ¿Por què? - Ella conoce a su tìa rica, o algo como eso. Honestamente, yo creo que solo nos odia. - Kris es pura maldad. - Es una cosa buena que los niños me amen. - Tu asustas niños, Kourtney. - Sòlo los fines de semana - Yo trabajo bien con niños. asì que las dos no necesitan hacer esto. - Oh, Dios, càllate Kim. - Sòlo hay una forma de encontrar que tengo la razòn. - ¿Què carajos es esto? - Soy Prudence y el de aqui es mi hermano Zack. - Chicos, ustedes no son bebès - Nuestros padres no confian en que estemos en casa solos. - ¿Por què? - Acaso mataron a alguien? - Casi. - Estaba esta cosa sobre fechas y un cartel-- - Pero para nada fue nuestra culpa. - Si claro, quedemonos con eso. - Todo este plan es estupido. Latvian: Esmu Prūdence un šis ir mans brālis Zaks. Šī visa lieta ir stulba. Mēs esam pārāk veci šim Nu slikti tev, mēs te esam. Jūs varat iet prom Mamma liek mums auklēt kautkādus bērnus. Kāpēc? Viņa zin viņu bagāto tanti vai kautko tādu. Manuprāt, viņa vienkārši mūs ienīst. Krisa ir vienkārši ļauna. Labi ka bērni mani mīl. Tu biedē bērnus, Kortnija. Tikai nedēļas nogalēs. Es ar bērniem strādāju vislabāk, tāpēc jums abām vispār nevajag nākt. Ak mans Dievs, aizveries, Kim. Ir tikai viens veids kā uzzināt ka man ir taisnība. Kas pie Velna ir šis? Esmu Prūdence un šis ir mans brālis Zaks. Jūs neēsat bēbji. Mūsu vecāki mums neuzticas tik ļoti lai atstātu mūs mājās vienus. Kāpēc? Vai jūs kādu nogalinājāt? Gandrīz. Tur bija šī lieta par datumiem un aizliegtu vienošanos - Bet tā nebija mūsu vaina. Labi, jā, pieņemsim. Visa šī lieta ir stulba. English: - I'm Prudence and this is my brother Zack. - This whole thing is stupid. (lively music) We're too old for this. - Well, that's too bad, we're here. - You can leave. ♪ We've got some merch ♪ ♪ Go buy our merch ♪ - Mom's making us babysit some kids. - Why? - She knows their rich aunt or something. Honestly I think she just hates us. - Kris is pure evil. - It's a good thing kids love me. - You scare kids, Kourtney. - Only on the weekends. - I work the best with kids, so you two really don't even need to go. - Oh my God shut up, Kim. - There's only one way to find out I'm right. - What the hell is this? - I'm Prudence and this is my brother Zack. - You guys aren't babies. - Our parents can't trust us to be in the house alone. - Why? Have you killed someone? - Almost. There was this thing about dates and a cartel-- - But it wasn't our fault. - Right, yes, let's go with that. - This whole thing is stupid. Italian: Siamo troppo grandi per questo. Beh, è un peccato, siamo qui. Potete andarvene. Ora voglio restare, solo perché l'hai detto. Ok, il modo migliore per iniziare la giornata- E' pomeriggio. Il miglior modo per iniziare la giornata è con un pasto salutare. So cucinare qualsiasi cosa. Che cosa vuoi? Beh, ho un po' di allergie. Quali? Non posso mangiare le noci. Ok, posso- O il grano- Capito. Sono allergica al glutine e intollerante al lattosio e le fragole mi fanno- E l'aria? Sei allergica anche all'aria? Ti viene l'orticaria quando respiri? Farò un'insalata. Non mi piace molto l'insalata. Cosa? Non mi piace l'insalata. Che cosa hai detto? Non mi piace l'insalata. Parla italiano! Hey, giovanotto. Non chiamarmi cosi. D'accordo. A cosa stai lavorando? Vado a scuola e mi danno dei compiti da fare a casa. Che cosa pensi stia facendo? E' un indovinello. Sono compiti. English: We're too old for this. - Well that's too bad, we're here. - You can leave. - Now I wanna stay, just cause you said that. - Okay, so the best way to start a day-- - It's the afternoon. - The best way to start a day is with a healthy meal. I can cook anything. What do you want? - Well, I have a few allergies. - What are they? - I can't have nuts. - Okay I can-- - Or wheat. - Got it. - I'm gluten-free and lactose intolerant and strawberries make me-- - What about air? Are you allergic to air, too? Do you get hives when you breathe? I'll make a salad. - I don't really like salads. - What? - I don't like salads. - What are you saying? - I don't like salads. - Speak English! - Hey there, young man. - Don't call me that. - Fine. What are you working on? - I go to school and they give me work to do at home. What do you think I'm doing? - Is this a riddle? - It's homework. Polish: Jesteśmy na to za starzy Trudno, ale skoro już tu jesteśmy Możecie wyjść Teraz chcę zostać, tylko dlatego, że to powiedziałeś Okej, żeby dobrze rozpocząć dzień-- Jest popołudnie Żeby dobrze rozpocząć dzień należy zjeść zdrowy posiłek Mogę ugotować wszystko Co byś chciała? Cóż, mam kilka alergii Jakie? Nie mogę jeść orzechów Dobrze, mogę-- I pszenicy Rozumiem Nie jem glutenu i nie toleruję laktozy a truskawki sprawiają, że-- A co z powietrzem? Też jesteś na nie uczulona? Dostajesz pokrzywki kiedy oddychasz? Zrobię sałatkę Nie lubię sałatek Co? Nie lubię sałatek Co mówisz? Nie lubię sałatek Mów po angielsku! Hej, młody człowieku Nie nazywaj mnie tak W porządku Nad czym pracujesz? Chodzę do szkoły i zadają mi pracę domową Jak myślisz, co mogę robić? To jakaś zagadka? To praca domowa Spanish: Somos muy viejos para esto. -Bueno, eso es muy malo, estamos aquí. -Puedes irte. -Ahora quiero quedarme, sólo porque dijiste eso. -Bueno, la mejor manera de comenzar un día-- -Es por la tarde. -La mejor manera de comenzar un día es con comida saludable. Puedo cocinar cualquier cosa. ¿Qué quieres? -Bueno, tengo algunas alergias. -¿Qué son? -No puedo comer nueces. -Bueno, puedo-- -O trigo. -Lo tengo. -No puedo comer gluten y soy intolerante a la lactosa. y las fresas me hacen-- -¿Qué hay del aire? ¿También eres alérgica al aire? ¿Tienes colmenas cuando respiras? Voy a hacer una ensalada. -No me gustan las ensaladas. -¿Qué? -No me gustan las ensaladas. -¿Qué estás diciendo? -No me gustan las ensaladas. -¡Habla en inglés! -Hola, hombre joven. -No me llames así. Bueno. ¿En qué estás trabajando? -Voy a la escuela y me dan trabajo para hacer en casa. ¿Qué crees que estoy haciendo? -¿Esto es un enigma? -Es tarea. Hungarian: Ez f*szság! Öregek vagyunk már ehhez. Nagy kár, hogy már itt vagyunk. Akkor akár el is mehettek. Most már csak azért is maradunk. Okéka, a nap legjobb kezdéséhez elengedhetetlen... ...a délután. A nap legjobb kezdéséhez elengedhetetlen egy egészséges reggeli. Elkészítek bármit. Mit szeretnél? Hát, van pár allergiám. Például? - Nem ehetek mogyorót. - Oké, tudok... - Lisztet... - Értem. Gluténmentes kajákat eszek, és laktózérzékeny is vagyok az epertől pedig... Mi van a levegővel? Arra is allergiás vagy? Talán kiütéseid lesznek tőle? Csinálok salátát. Nem szeretem a salátát. Mivan? Nem szeretem a salátát. Miről zagyválsz? Nem szeretem a salátát? Érthetőbben, b*zmeg! Mizukah, kiscsávó! Ne nevezz így! Jólvan. Mit csinálsz? Suliba járok, és feladatot adnak, hogy azt a házamban csináljam meg. Szerinted mit csinálok? Ez most találós kérdés? Házifeladat. Thai: เรื่องทั้งหมดนี้มันงี่เง่ามาก เราโตพอแล้วนะสำหรับเรื่องแบบนี้ งั้นก็แย่หน่อยนะ เพราะเราอยู่นี่แล้ว พวกคุณกลับไปก็ได้นะ (คอร์ทนี่ย์) งั้นฉันคงอยากจะอยู่นี่ต่อ ก็เพราะสิ่งที่เธอเพิ่งพูดไป (โคลอี้) โอเค สิ่งที่ดีที่สุดสำหรับการเริ่มต้นวันใหม่... นี่มันบ่ายแล้วนะคะ สิ่งที่ดีที่สุดสำหรับการเริ่มต้นวันใหม่คืออาหารสุขภาพ (โคลอี้) ฉันสามารถทำอาหารอะไรก็ได้ ต้องการอะไรหละ? (พรูเด็นซ์) คือว่า...ฉันเป็นภูมิแพ้สองสามอย่างคะ มีอะไรบ้าง? ฉันกินถั่วไม่ได้ โอเค งั้นฉันจะ... หรือแป้งสาลี เข้าใจหละ ฉันกินอาหารแบบปลอดกลูเตนและฉันแพ้ผลิตภัณฑ์จากนม และสตรอเบอร์รี่ทำให้ฉัน... แล้วอากาศหละ? เธอเป็นภูมิแพ้อากาศด้วยมั้ยฮะ? (โคลอี้) เธอมีอาการลมพิษขณะหายใจด้วยป่าว? ฉันจะทำสลัดให้แล้วกัน ฉันเกลียดสลัด ว่าไงนะ? ฉันไม่ชอบสลัด เธอพูดเรื่องอะไรกัน? ฉันไม่ชอบสลัดคะ พูดภาษาอังกฤษสิยะ! (คิม) ไงจ๊ะ หนุ่มน้อย อย่าเรียกผมแบบนั้น (คิม) ก็ได้ กำลังทำอะไรอยู่เหรอ? ผมไปโรงเรียนแล้วพวกครูก็ให้งานมาทำที่บ้าน คุณคิดว่าผมกำลังทำอะไรอยู่หละ? นี่เป็นปริศนาใช่มะ? การบ้านไงครับ Vietnamese: Tụi này già đến mức đéo còn thấy mặt trời nữa Ù ui tệ quá, tụi tao đang đứng ở đây nè Cút giùm Tao muốn ở lại, vì cái câu đó của mày Okei, để bắt đầu một ngày mới thì.... Trưa con mẹ nó rồi Bắt đầu một ngày mới bằng một bữa ăn dinh dưỡng Chụy có thể nấu tung l mọi thứ Cưng muốn ăn gì? Queo, tui hơi bị dị ứng Với cái gì? Hạt dẻ Được thôi chế có thể... Hay lúa mì Đã tiếp nhận! Không có gluten và tui không dung nạp lactose được Dâu tây thì khiến tui.... Không khí thì sao? Cưng có dị ứng với không khí luôn không? Cưng có bị mề đay khi hít thở? Tao sẽ làm một dĩa sà lát Tui không thích sà lát lắm Hở? Tui không ưa sà lát Mày nói cái gì dzậy? Tui đéo có thích cái món rau trộn Nói tiếng Anh đi cđmm Anh chẻ à Đừng có gọi như thế Biết rồi Em đang làm gì dị? Tôi đi học và chúng nó đưa bài bài tập để làm ở nhà Bà nghĩ tôi đang làm cqq gì? Đang hỏi tao? Là bài tập đó má Portuguese: Somos velhos de mais pra isso. - Bem, isso é ruim, estamos aqui. - Vocês podem ir. - Não, eu quero ficar só porque você falou isso. 10 minutos depois - Certo, a melhor maneira de começar um dia-- - É a tarde. - A melhor maneira de começar um dia é com uma refeição saudável. Eu posso cozinhar qualquer coisa. O que você quer? - Bem, eu tenho algumas alergias. - Quais são? - Eu não posso com nozes. - Certo eu posso-- - Ou trigo. - Entendi. - Eu sou alérgica a glúten e intolerante à lactose e morangos me fazem-- - E ao ar? Você é alérgica ao ar, também? Você tem urticárias quando você respira? Vou fazer uma salada. - Na verdade, eu não gosto de saladas. - O que? - Eu não gosto de saladas. - O que você está dizendo? - Eu não gosto de saladas. - Fala em Inglês! 15 minutos depois - Iaê, moço. - Não me chame assim. - Certo. Em que você está trabalhando? - Eu vou pra escola e eles me dão trabalho para fazer em casa. O que você pensa que eu estou fazendo? - Isso é uma charada? - É dever de casa. Spanish: - Somos tan viejos para esto. - Bueno, pues lo siento, estamos aquì. - Puedes largarte. - Ahora me quiero quedar, justo porque dijiste eso. - Ok, asi que la mejor forma de comenzar un dia-- - Es la tarde. - La mejor forma de comenzar un dia es con una comida saludable. Cocinarè cualquier cosa. ¿Que se te antoja? - Pues, tengo unas cuantas alergias. - ¿Cuales? - No puedo comer mani. - Ok, podrè-- - O trigo. - Bien. - El gluten me hace daño y soy intolerante a la lactosa. y las fresas hacen que-- - ¿Què pasa con el aire? ¿Eres alergica al arie tambien? ¿Te da urticaria cuando respiras? Harè una ensalada. - La verdad no me gustan tanto. - ¿Què? - Las ensaladas no me gustan. - ¿Que es lo que dices? - Las ensaladas no me gustan. - ¡Habla español! - Hola, querido joven. - No me llames "Querido Joven" - Bien. - ¿En que trabajas? - Voy al colegio y me dan trabajo para la casa. ¿Que crees que estoy haciendo? -¿ Es esto un acertijo? - Es la tarea. Latvian: Mēs esam pārāk veci šim. Nu slikti tev, mēs te esam. Jūs varat iet prom. Tagad es gribu palikt, tikai tāpēc ka tu tā pateici. Labi, labākais veids kā iesākt dienu- Ir vakars. Labākais veids kā iesākt dienu ir ar veselīgu porciju ar ēdienu. Es varu uztaisīt jebko. Ko tu gribi? Man ir dažas alerģijas. Kādas? Es nevaru ēst riekstus. Labi, es varu- Vai arī kviešus. Labi. Vajag ēdienu bez glutēna un laktozes un zemenes dara mani- Kā ar gaisu? Vai tev ir alerģija arī pret gaisu? Vai tev paliek slikti kad elpo? Es uztaisīšu salātus. Man īsti negaršo salāti. Ko? Man negaršo salāti. Ko tu teici? Man negaršo salāti. Runā Angliski. Sveiks, jaunais cilvēk. Nesauc mani tā. Labi. Ko tu tur dari? Eseju skolā un viņi man dod darbus kurus darīt mājās. Kā tev likās, ko es daru? Vai šī ir kautkāda mīkla? Tas ir mājasdarbs. Turkish: -Bunun için fazla yaşlıyız. -Peki bu çok kötü,biz buradayız. -Gidebilirsiniz. -Sadece bunu söylediğin için kalmak istiyorum. -Tamam,bir güne başlamanın en iyi yolu-- -Öğleden sonradayız. -Bir güne başlamanın en iyi yolu sağlıklı bir yemektir. -Her şeyi pişirebilirim. -Ne istiyorsun? -Pekala,bir kaç şeye alerjim var. -Nelere var? -Fındık yiyemem. -Peki ben-- -Veya buğday. -Tamamdır. -Glutensiz besleniyorum ve laktoz intoleransım var. -Ve çilekler beni--- -Ya hava? -Havaya da alerjin var mı? -Nefes alınca kurdeşen döker misin? -Salata yapacağım. -Gerçekten salata sevmem. -Ne? -Salata sevmem. -Ne söylüyorsun? -Salata sevmem. -İngilizce konuş! -Merhaba,genç adam. -Bana öyle deme. -Tamam. -Ne üzerinde çalışıyorsun? -Okula giderim ve onlar da bana evde yapmam için ödev verir. -Sence ne yapıyorum? -Bu bir bulmaca mı? -Ev ödevi. iw: אנחנו מבוגרים מדיי בשביל זה. - ובכן, חבל מאוד, אנחנו פה. - אתן יכולות לעזוב. - אני רוצה להישאר בכוונה עכשיו, כי אמרת את זה. - אוקיי, אז הדרך הכי טובה להתחיל יום-- - עכשיו צהריים. - הדרך הכי טובה להתחיל יום זה עם ארוחה בריאה. אני יכולה לבשל כל דבר. מה בא לך? - ובכן, יש לי כמה אלרגיות. - מה הן? - אסור לי אגוזים. - אוקיי אני יכולה-- - או חיטה. - הבנתי. - אני אלרגית לגלוטן ואני סובלנית ללקטוז ותותים גורמים לי-- - מה לגבי אוויר? את אלרגית גם לאוויר? יש לך פריחה כאשר את נושמת? אני אכין סלט. - אני לא ממש אוהבת סלטים. - מה? - אני לא אוהבת סלטים. - מה את אומרת? - אני לא אוהבת סלטים. - תדברי אנגלית כוס אמא שלך! - היי, בחור צעיר. - אל תקראי לי ככה. - בסדר. במה אתה עובד. - אני הולך לבית ספר והם מביאים לי שיעורי בית. מה את חושבת שאני עושה? - האם זו חידה? - זה שיעורי בית. Hungarian: Tökre tudok benne segíteni. A korrepetálás rohadtul dinnye! Halálmindegy. A feladat bioszból van. A biosz az a könyv végén van. Az elején vannak a fontos dolgok. - Mivan? - A tartalomjegyzék. Szívesen. Nagyon keversz valamit. Öhm, nem én olvasom össze-vissza a könyveket. Nem össze-vissza olvasom! Most már nem. Szívesen! Figyelj, csak egy választ szeretnék tudni. Mi a kérdés? Mik a mitózis fázisai? Dinnnyyyeeeeee... Miss Kourtney? Mivan, Jacob? - Prudence - Ugyanaz. Nem játszhatnánk valamit? Játszunk bújócskát! - Imádom a bújócskát! - Prudence... Én hunyok, te pedig bújj el! Nem parancsolgathatsz csak... Kapsz száz dolcsit, ha bekussolsz. Oké. - Vesztettél. - Miért? Azt mondtam, ne beszélj, és megszólaltál. - De... - Viszlát. English: - I can totally help with that. Tutoring is so watermelon. - Whatever. The subject is biology. - Oh the biology is in the back of the book. You need start with the front. - What? - The table of contents. There you go. - I think you're confused. - Um, I'm not the one reading a book backwards. - I'm not reading it backwards! - Not anymore, you're welcome. - Look, I just need help with this question. - What is it? - What are the stages of mitosis? - [Kim] (snores) Watermelon (snores). - Miss Kourtney? - What Jacob? - Prudence. - Same thing. - Can we play like a game or something? - Let's play hide and go seek. - I love hide and go seek! - Prudence-- - Go hide and I'll find you. (Prudence panting) - You can't just tell my sister to-- - I'll give you $100 if you shut up. - Okay. - You just lost the money. - How? - I told you not to speak and you did. Italian: Posso aiutarti di sicuro. Fare da tutor è cosi cocomeroso (fantastico) Comunque. Sto studiando biologia. Oh, biologia è sul retro del libro. Devi iniziare con il davanti. Cosa? Il sommario. Ecco. Penso tu sia confusa. Ehm, non sono io che sto leggendo il libro al contrario. Non lo sto leggendo al contrario! Non più, prego. Senti, mi serve solo aiuto con questa domanda. Quale? Quali sono le fasi della mitosi? [Kim](russando)Cocomero Signorina Kourtney? Si Jacop? Prudence. E' lo stesso. Possiamo fare un gioco o qualcosa del genere? Giochiamo a nascondino. Adoro nascondino! Prudence-- Va a nasconderti e io ti trovo. (Prudence ansimante) Non puoi semplicemente dire a mia sorella di-- Ti do 100€ se chiudi il becco. Ok. Hai appena perso i soldi. Come? Ti ho detto di non parlare e l'hai fatto. iw: - אני כל כך יכולה לעזור לך עם זה. שיעורים פרטיים זה כל כך אבטיח. - שיהיה. הנושא הוא ביולוגיה. - אה הביולוגיה זה בכריכה של הספר. אתה צריך להתחיל בדפים. - מה? - שולחן הנימוסים. הנה לך. - אני חושב שאת מבולבלת. - אממ, אני לא זאתי שקוראת את הכריכה של הספר. - אני לא קורא את הכריכה! - כבר לא, ברוך הבא. - תראי, אני רק צריך עזרה עם השאלה הזאת. - מה השאלה? - מה השלבים של מיטוזה. - [קים] (נוחרת) אבטיח (נוחרת). - גברת קורטני? - מה ג'ייקוב? - פרודנס. - אותו דבר. - נוכל לשחק איזשהו משחק או משהו? - בואו נשחק מחבואים. - אני אוהבת מחבואים! - פרודנס-- לכי תתחבאי ואני אמצא אותך. (פרודנס מתנשפת) - את לא יכולה פשוט להגיד לאחותי ל-- - אני אביא לך 100 דולר אם אתה סותם. - אוקיי. - הרגע איבדת את הכסף. - איך. - אמרתי לך לא לדבר ודיברת. Spanish: -Puedo ayudarte totalmente con eso. -La tutoría es tan sandía. -Como sea. La asignatura es biología. -Oh, la biología está en la parte posterior del libro. Necesitas comenzar con el frente. -¿Qué? -La tabla de contenidos. Hay que ir. -Creo que estás confundida. -Um, no soy yo el que lee un libro al revés. -¡No lo estoy leyendo al revés! -Ya no, de nada. -Mira, sólo necesito ayuda con esta pregunta. ¿Qué es? -¿Cuáles son las etapas de la mitosis? -[Kim] (Ronquidos) Sandía (Ronquidos). -¿Señorita Kourtney? -¿Qué, Jacob? -Prudence. -La misma cosa. -¿Podemos jugar como un juego o algo así? -Vamos a jugar a las escondidas. -¡Amo las escondidas! -Prudence-- -Ve a esconderte y te encontraré. (Prudence jadeando) -No puedes simplemente decirle a mi hermana que-- -Te daré 100 dolares si te callas. -Bueno. -Acabas de perder el dinero. -¿Cómo? -Te dije que no hablaras y lo hiciste. Thai: ฉันช่วยเรื่องนี้ได้เลยนะ การช่วยติวนี้แบบแตงโมมาก ก็ได้ครับ วิชานี้คือ Bio ครับ (ขอใช้คำว่า Bio แทนชีวะ) (คิม) โอ้ Bio อยู่ข้างหลังหนังสือ เธอต้องเริ่มจากด้านหน้าสิ (นางสับสนระหว่าง Biology กับ Bibliography ที่แปลว่าบรรณานุกรม) ฮะ? หน้าที่รวบรวมแหล่งอ้างอิง นี่ไงหละ ผมว่าคุณสับสนนะ เอิ่มม...ฉันไม่ใช่พวกที่ชอบอ่านหนังสือจากหลังไปหน้านะ ผมก็ไม่ได้อ่านจากหลังไปหน้าซักหน่อย! ก็ไม่ได้ทำแล้วหนิ ยินดีด้วย (แซ็ค) ฟังนะ ผมแค่อยากให้ช่วยกับคำถามข้อนี้ คำถามคืออะไร? "จงบอกระยะต่างๆของการแบ่งเซลล์แบบไมโทซิส" *คิมกรน* แตงโมไง *แล้วก็กรนต่อไป* (พรูเด๊นซ์) คุณคอร์ทนี่ย์คะ อะไรเหรอเจค็อบ? พรูเด๊นซ์คะ เหมือนกันแหละ เรามาเล่นเกมหรือทำอะไรบางอย่างได้มั้ย? มาเล่นซ่อนแอบกัน ฉันชอบเล่นซ่อนแอบ! พรูเด๊นซ์... ไปซ่อนเลย ฉันจะไปหาเอง คุณจะมาบอกให้น้องผมไป... ฉันจะให้ 100 ดอลลาร์ถ้าเธอหุบปากซะ ก็ได้ เงินเธอหายไปแล้วเรียบร้อย ยังไงกัน? ฉันบอกไม่ให้เธอพูด แล้วเธอเสือกพูดเฉยเลย (แซ็ค) แต่... (คอร์ทนี่ย์) Bye... Vietnamese: Chụy có thể có ích cho việc đó Chỉ dạy rất watermelon luôn Sao cũng được Sinh học đó mẹ À sinh học nằm ở đằng sau quyển sách Em nên bắt đầu ở đằng trước Cái đéo...???? Mục lục đấy Tôi nghĩ là bà đang bị confused Gì, chụy đây không phải là người duy nhất đọc sách từ đằng sau Tôi đéo có đọc từ đằng sau! Giờ thì hết như vậy rùi, vui chưa em! Mệt lồn vãi, tôi chỉ muốn xong cái câu này thôi Là gì? Các quá trình của nguyên phân là gì? (ngáy) Dưa hấuuu Cô Kourtney? Cái gì Jacob? Prudence cô ạ Giống nhau cả thôi Mình chơi trò chơi hay làm gì đó đi Vậy chơi trốn tìm đi nè Em thích chơi trốn tìm Prudence... Trốn đi và cô sẽ đi tìm Bà không được bảo em tôi... Ngậm cái mồm lại rồi tao sẽ đưa 100 đô Được Mày vừa đốt 100 đô đó đấy Đĩ mẹ? Tao bảo đừng có nói nhưng mày đã nói Spanish: - Puedo ayudarte con eso totatlmente. - Ser tutora es muy sandia. - Lo que sea. El sujeto es biologìa. - Oh, la biologìa esta detras del libro. Debes comenzar con el frente. - ¿Què? - La tabla de contenido. Ahi tienes. - Creo que estàs un poco confundida. - Um, no soy yo quien lee un libro por atras.. - No lo estoy leyendo por atras! - Ya no màs, de nada, Mira, necesito ayuda con esta pregunta. - ¿Cual es? ¿Cùales son las etapas de la mitosis? - (Kim) (Ronca) Sandìa (Ronca) - ¿Srta. Kourtney? - ¿Que quieres Jacobo? - Prudence. - Misma cosa. - Podemos jugar o algo? - Juguemos a las escondidas. - Ese juego me encanta! - Prudence.. - Escondete e irè a encontrarte. (prudence jadeando) . No puedes decirle a mi hermana que se-- - Te dare US100$ si no hablas. - Bien. - Perdiste todo. - Como? - te dije que no hablaras y hablaste. Turkish: -Sana yardımcı olabilirim. -Eğitmenlik yapmak çok karpuz. -Herneyse. -Konu biyoloji. -Oh,biyoloji kitabın arkasında. -Ön taraftan başlaman gerek. -Ne? -İçindekiler bölümü. -Hadi bakalım. -Bence kafan karıştı. -Kitabı tersine okuyan ben değilim. -Tersten okumuyorum! -Artık okumuyorsun,rica ederim. -Bak,sadece bu soruda yardıma ihtiyacım var. -Ne sorusu? -Mitoz bölünmenin aşamaları nelerdir? -[Kim] (horlar) Karpuz (horlar). -Bayan Kourtney? -Ne var Jacob? -Prudence. -Aynı şey. -Oyun falan oynayabilir miyiz? -Saklambaç oynayalım. -Saklambaç oynamaya bayılırım! -Prudence-- -Git saklan ben de seni bulacağım. -Kardeşime bunu yapmasını söylemezsin-- -Eğer çeneni kaparsan sana 100$ vereceğim. -Tamamdır. -Az önce parayı kaybettin. -Nasıl? -Sana konuşmamanı söylemiştim ve konuştun. Portuguese: - Eu posso te ajudar totalmente com isso. Tutoria é tão "melancia". - Tanto faz. A matéria é biologia. - Oh, biologia esta no final do livro. Você precisa começar no início. - O que? - O sumário. - Ai está. - Eu acho que você está confusa. - Amm, não sou eu que está lendo o livro de trás para frente. - Eu não estou lendo de trás para frente. - Não mais, de nada. - Olha, eu só preciso de ajuda com essa questão. - O que é isso? - Quais são os estágios da mitose? - [Kim] (roncos) "Melancia" (roncos). 20 minutos depois - Senhora Kourtney? - O que Jacob? - Prudence. - Mesma coisa. - Podemos jogar um jogo ou algo assim? - Vamos jogar esconde-esconde. - Adoro esconde-esconde! - Prudence-- - Vá esconder e eu te acho. (Prudence ofegante) - Você não pode apenas falar pra minha irmã-- - Eu te dou $100 se você calar a boca. - Certo. - Você acabou de perder o dinheiro. - Como? - Eu falei para não falar e você falou. Polish: Mogę ci w tym pomóc Nauczanie jest takie arbuzowe (XD) Whatever Ten przedmiot to biologia Oh, biologia jest na końcu książki Musisz zacząć na początku Co? Spis treści Proszę bardzo Myślę, że czegoś nie rozumiesz Um, nie ja czytam książkę wstecz Nie czytam tego wstecz! Już nie, nie musisz dziękować Słuchaj, potrzebuję pomocy z tym pytaniem Co to jest? Jakie są etapy mitozy? [Kim] (chrapie) Arbuz (chrapie) Panno Kourtney? Co Jakubie? Prudence Jedno i to samo Możemy w coś zagrać? Pobawmy się w chowanego Uwielbiam bawić się w chowanego! Prudence-- Ukryj się a ja cię znajdę (Prudence dysząc) Nie możesz po prostu powiedzieć mojej siostrze żeby-- Dam ci 100 dolarów jeśli się zamkniesz Dobra Straciłeś swoją kasę Jak? Powiedziałam, żebyś się zamknął a się odezwałeś Latvian: Es pavisam noteikti varu palīdzēt ar to. Mācīšana ir tik "Ārbūzs". Vienalga. Priekšmets ir bioloģija. Bioloģija ir grāmatas aizmugurē. Tev vajag sākt ar priekšpusi. Ko? Satura rādītājs. Lūdzu. Manuprāt, tu esi apmulsusi. Um. Esneēsmu tā kura lasa grāmatu nepareizi. Es nelasu to nepareizi! Vairs nē, nav par ko. Skaties, man tikai vajag palīdzību ar šo jautājumu. Kādu jautājumu? Kādas ir Mitozes valstis? (krāc) Arbūzs (krāc). Kortnijas kundze? Kas, Jakob? Prūdence. Tas ir tas pats. Vai varam uzspēlēt spēli vai kautko tādu? Spēlēsim paslēpes. Es mīlu paslēpes! Prūdence- Ej slēpies, es tevi atradīšu. Tu vienkārši nevari manai māsai teikt- Estev iedošu simtnieku ja aizvērsies. Labi. Tu zaudēji. Kā? Es teicu lai nerunā bet tu to tikko izdarīji. Turkish: -Ama-- -Güle güle. -Hiçbir yere gitmiyorum. (müzik) Sesini açma. -Bu şekilde birine bebek bakıcılığı yapılmaz. -Tam olarak başka ne yapabilirim bilmiyorum. -Onları salatayla besledim ve henüz uyumadılar. -Onlar bebek değil,aptal. -Onları odaya kilitleyebiliriz. -Kapa çeneni,Kim. -İkinizin de iyi bir fikirle geldiğini görmüyorum. -Bir fikrim var. -Ne? -Buradan gidelim. -Kapa çeneni,Kourtney. -Tanrım,bu bir duman bombası. -Bunları duymuştum. -Eğer derin nefesler alırsan bayılmazsın. -Hayır,mace ile derin nefesler alırsın,duman bombasıyla değil. ***Mace:yüze püskürtülünce insanı sersemleten bir kimyasal madde. -İkisi tam anlamıyla aynı şey. -Şu an tartışmanın sırası değil seni aptal... - [Zack] Arabalarını çalıp gezmek ister misin? -Anahtarları bende! Latvian: Bet-- -Atā. Es nekur neiešu. Neslēdz skaņu tik skaļi. Šis nav kā tu auklē. Es vairs nezinu ko darīt. Es viņus baroju ar salātiem bet viņi vēl neguļ. Viņi nav bēbji, stulbene. Mēs varētu viņus ieslēgt istabā. Aizveries, Kim. Es nedzirdu tevi ar kādu spilgtu ideju. Man ir ideja. Kāda? Mēs vienkārši pazūdam. Aizveries, Kortnija. Ak mans Dievs, tā ir dūmu granāta. Es par tām esmu dzirdējusi. Ja ievelc dziļi elpu, tu nenoģībsi. Tā dara ar gāzmasku, nevis dūmu granātām. Tas ir viens un tas pats. Šis nav laiks lai strīdētos, stulbās ku... Vai gribi nozagt viņu mašīnu un pabraukāties? Man ir atslēgas. Polish: Ale-- - Nara Nie ruszam się stąd (żywa muzyczka) Nie podgłaszaj telewizora! Nie tak opiekuje się innymi Totalnie nie wiem co teraz robić Nakarmiłam ich sałatkami, a oni jeszcze nie śpią To nie są dzieci, głupia Moglibyśmy zamknąć ich w pokoju Zamknij się, Kim Nie widzę, żebyś miała lepszy pomysł Mam pomysł Jaki? Po prostu stąd wyjdźmy Zamknij się, Kourtney (brzdęk kanistra) (kanister syczy) O mój Boże, to granat dymny! Słyszałąm o nich Jeśli weźmiesz głęboki wdech, stracisz przytomność Nie, bierzesz głęboki wdech z buzdyganem (?), nie dymnymi granatami Tak właściwie to jest to samo To niezbyt odpowiedni czas na debatę głupie (wszystkie upadają) [Zack] Chcesz ukraść ich samochód i się rozerwać? [Prudence] Mam kluczyki! (Szuu) Thai: ผมจะไม่ยอมไปไหนแน่ อย่ามาเร่งเสียงเชียวนะ (แซ็ค) นี่ไม่ใช่วิธีที่คุณควรดูแลใครบางคนนะ! (คิม) กูไม่รู้แล้วว่าจะทำไงต่อดี กูป้อนสลัดให้แล้วแต่ก็ยังไม่ไปนอนอีก พวกเค้าไม่ใช่เด็กเล็ก อีควาย (คิม) เอาพวกเค้าไปขังก็ได้นะ เงียบเลยอีคิม กูไม่เห็นมึงมีความคิดที่ดีๆบ้างเลยนะ กูมีไอเดียแล้ว อะไรหละ? เราก็แค่กลับ (คิมและโคลอี้) เงียบเลยอีคอร์ท *เสียงปาระเบิดควัน* (โคลอี้) ให้ตายสิ นั่นมันระเบิดควัน กูเคยได้ยินมา ถ้ามึงสูดมันเข้าลึกๆ มึงจะไม่หมดสติ ไม่ มึงต้องสูดด้วยระเบิดกระป๋อง ไม่ใช่ระเบิดควัน ไอ้นั่นมันเป็นสิ่งเดียวกันหนิ นี่ไม่ใช่เวลาที่จะโต้เถียงกันอีดอกกกกกกก... (แซ็ค) มึงอยากจะเอารถพวกเค้าแล้วไปขับเล่นมะ? (พรูเด๊นซ์) กูได้กุญแจมาแล้ว Portuguese: - Mas-- -Tchau. - Eu não vou a lugar nenhum. (música ambiente) Não aumente o volume. Não é assim que você deveria tomar conta de alguém. 35 minutos depois - Eu literalmente não sei o que mais fazer. - Eu alimentei eles com saladas e eles não estão dormindo ainda. - Eles não são bebês, estupida. - Nós poderíamos trancar eles em um quarto. - Cala a boca, Kim. - Eu não ouvi você dando nenhuma boa ideia. - Eu tenho uma ideia. - Qual? - Apenas saímos. - Cala a boca, Kourtney. (bomba de fumaça tinindo) (bomba de fumaça assobiando) - Ai meu Deus, é uma bomba de fumaça. - Ouvi sobre isso! Se você respirar fundo você não desmaia. - Não, você respira fundo com mace não com bomba de fumaça. - Eles são literalmente a mesma coisa. - Não é hora para debate sua estupida... (tudo batendo) - [Zack] Você quer roubar o carro delas e ir embora? - [Prudence] Eu tenho a chave delas! (ar assobiando) iw: - אבל-- -ביי. - אני לא הולך לשום מקום. (מוזיקה חיה) אל תגבירי את הווליום. זה לא הדרך שאת אמורה לעשות בייביסיטר. - אני ממש לא יודעת מה לעשות. - האכלתי אותם בסלטים והם לא ישנים עדיין. - הם לא תינוקים, יפוסטמה. - אנחנו יכולים לנעול אותם באיזה חדר. - שתקי, קים. - אני לא שמעתי שאת הצעת איזשהו רעיון. - יש לי רעיון. - מה? - בואו נעזוב. - שתקי, קורטני. - או מי גאד, זה רימון עשן! - שמעתי על הפצצות האלה! אם אתם לוקחים נשימות עמוקות אתם לא תתעלפו. - לא, אתם לוקחים נשימות עמוקות עם מסיכות לא עם פצצות עשן. - זה אותו דבר. - זה לא הזמן לשוחח יזונות... (כולן מתעלפות) - [זאק] את רוצה לגנוב להם תמכונית? - [פרודנס] יש לי תמפתחות שלהם! Spanish: - Pero-- -Adios. - No me irè a ningun lado. (Mùsica feliz) No subas el volumen. Asi no se supone que deber cuidar un nuño. - La verdad, no sè que mas hacer. - Les di ensaladas y no se han dormido. - No son bebès, tonta. - Los podriamos encerrar en un cuarto. - Càllate, Kim. - No escucho que estes dando ideas. - Tengo una. - ¿Cual? - Solo vamonos. - Càllate, Kourtney. (sonido de la botella) (la botella se abre) - Oh Dios, es una granada de humo. - He escuchado lo que estas hacen! Si respiras fuerte no te echaràs al piso. - No, tu respiras fuerte con maza, no granadas de humo. - Son literalmente las mismas cosas! - Este no es el momento correcto de pelear tu perra est--- (todas caen) - (Zack) ¿Quisieras robar el carro y dar una vuelta? - (Prudence) Tengo las llaves! Hungarian: Nem megyek innen sehova. Ne hangosítsd fel! Nem így kell bébiszittelni! Szó szerint tanácstalan vagyok, mit kéne még tennünk? Megetettem őket salátával, és még most sem alszanak. Ezek nem kisbabák, idióta. Be is zárhatnánk őket valahova. Hallgass, Kim! Nem hallom, hogy mondtál volna bármi használható ötletet. Nekem van egy. - Micsoda? - Csak húzzunk el. Halgass, Kourtney! Úristen, ez egy füstgránát! Hallottam erről! Ha mély levegőt veszel, nem ájulsz el. Az allergiaszezonban van, nem pedig füstgránátnál. Az szó szerint ugyanaz! Nem most kéne ezen veszekedni, hülye piiii... Nem akarunk egyet autókázni? Megvan a kulcsuk! Vietnamese: Nhưng mà... Chào thân ái và quyết thắng. Tôi đéo đi đâu hết. Đừng vặn to lên Bà trông trẻ với cái kiểu l` này đây hả trời đụ má Thật sự là tao đ biết phải làm gì nữa Tao cho tụi nó ăn sà lát và tụi nó đéo đi ngủ Lũ đó không phải trẻ sơ sinh, óc chó! Nhốt cmn vào phòng nào đó đi Im ngay, Kim Tao có thấy mày quyết định cái gì nghe được được tí đâu Tao có ý này nè Hử? Cút khỏi chỗ này thui Im mẹ đi, Kourtney. Ghê, lựu đạn nè Dăm ba cái lựu đạn! Nếu mày hít sâu vào, mày sẽ không ngất đi Không phải, mày hít thở sâu với cái chùy Giống nhau cả thui Đéo phải lúc để cãi lộn lũ hãm... Muốn cướp xe của mấy bả và đi chơi không? Em lấy được chìa khóa rồi Italian: Ma-- -Ciao. Non vado da nessuna parte. Non alzare il volume. Non è cosi che si fa da babysitter a qualcuno. Io non so letteralmente cos'altro fare. Gli ho dato dell'insalata e ancora non stanno dormendo. Non sono bambini, stupida. Potremmo chiuderli in una stanza. Stai zitta, Kim. Non mi pare voi abbiate idee migliori. Ho un'idea. Cosa? Ce ne andiamo. Stai zitta, Kourtney. (rumore metallico) (sibilo) Oh mio Dio, è un fumogeno. Ne ho sentito parlare. Se fai respiri profondi non svieni. No, si fanno respiri profondi con i lacrimogeni non con i fumogeni. Sono letteralmente la stessa cosa. Non è il momento di dibattere stupide... [Zack] Vuoi rubare la loro macchina e andare a farci un giro? [Prudence] Ho preso le chiavi! Spanish: -Pero-- -Bye -No voy a ir a ninguna parte. (Música animada) No subas el volumen. No es así como se supone que debes cuidar a alguien. -Literalmente no sé que más hacer. -Les di de comer ensaladas y todavía no están durmiendo. -No son bebés, estúpida. -Podríamos encerrarlos en una habitación. -Cállate, Kim. -No te oigo proponiendo buenas ideas. -Tengo una idea. -¿Qué? -Vayámonos. -Cállate, Kourtney. (resonancia del bote) (silbido del bote) -Oh Dios mío, es una granada de humo, -¡He oído hablar de esto! Si respiras profundamente no te desmayarás. -No, respiras hondo con maza, no fumas granadas. -Esas son literalmente las mimas cosas. -Este no es momento para debatir estúpida... (golpeteo) - [Zack] ¿Quieres robar su coche y salir a la deriva? - [Prudence] ¡Tengo sus llaves! English: - But-- - Bye. - I'm not going anywhere. (lively music) Don't turn the volume up. This isn't how you're supposed to babysit someone. - I literally don't know what else to do. - I fed them salads and they're not sleeping yet. - They're not babies, stupid. - We could lock them in a room. - Shut up, Kim. - I don't hear you coming up with any good ideas. - I have an idea. - What? - We just leave. - Shut up, Kourtney. (canister clanging) (canister hissing) - Oh my God, it's a smoke grenade. - I've heard about these! If you take deep breaths you won't pass out. - No, you take deep breaths with mace not smoke grenades. - Those are literally the same things. - This isn't the time to debate you stupid... (all thudding) - [Zack] You wanna steal their car and go joyriding? - [Prudence] I've got their keys! (air whooshing) Hungarian: ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ Italian: ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ Vietnamese: Latvian: Turkish: Portuguese: ♪ Simgm Produções ♪ ♪ Simgm Produções ♪ ♪ Simgm Produções ♪ ♪ Simgm Produções ♪ iw: קרדיט לאראל שפירא English: ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ Spanish: ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ Thai: ♪ Sim GM Productions ♪ Spanish: Polish: ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪ ♪ Simgm Productions ♪

>> DID SUPREME COURT NOMINEE BRETT KAVANAUGH ACCRUE SIZABLE PERSONAL DEBT PLAYING POKER? SENATOR SHELDON WHITEHOUSE RAISED THE QUESTION THIS WEEK ASKING OUTRIGHT IF KAVANAUGH, "EVER SOUGHT TREATMENT FOR GAMBLING ADDITION?" >> I GOT A PAIR OF 9s. >> I GOT THREE JACKS. >> WHAT DO YOU GOT, BRETT KAVANAUGH? >> I CAN'T GIVE YOU AN ANSWER ON THAT HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION? >> IT'S NOT HYPOTHETICAL. WHAT HAVE YOU GOT? >> IT'S NOT A QUESTION I HAVE WRITTEN ABOUT, IT'S A QUESTION, THEREFORE, THAT'S A HYPOTHETICAL QUESTION THAT-- >> JUST DISCLOSE YOUR CARDS. >> I DON'T REALLY HAVE A SPECIFIC RECOLLECTION FOR ANY OF THIS. >> WE'VE BEEN PLAYING FOR FIVE MINUTES! OKAY, IF YOU WON'T SHOW US YOUR CARDS, JUST TELL US. >> I'M NOT REMEMBERING. >> YOU DON'T HAVE TO REMEMBER. JUST LOOK AT THEM AND TELL US. >> HEY! YOU CAN'T JUST SELECTIVELY RELEASE SOME CARDS AND NOT SHOW THE OTHER ONES! THAT'S NOT FAIR. >> YOU UNDERSTAND HOW THE GAME IS PLAYED, RIGHT? WHY DON'T YOU JUST SHOW THEM. >> IF YOU WON'T TELL US WHAT YOU'RE HOLDING, AT LEAST TELL US THIS, ARE YOU GOING TO OVERTURN "ROE V WADE?" >> ABSOLUTELY. >> I KNEW IT. >> IT'S "THE LATE SHOW WITH STEPHEN COLBERT."

HAVE BEEN HANDLED DIFFERENTLY IN THE HOUSE. THE HOUSE. >> LET ME TURN TO IRAN, A BIG >> LET ME TURN TO IRAN, A BIG ISSUE, AS YOU KNOW. ISSUE, AS YOU KNOW. "THE NEW YORK TIMES" WAS WRITING "THE NEW YORK TIMES" WAS WRITING UP THE EVOLUTIONS AND THE SHIFTS UP THE EVOLUTIONS AND THE SHIFTS WE’VE HEARD FROM THE WHITE WE’VE HEARD FROM THE WHITE HOUSE, MANY DIFFERENT HOUSE, MANY DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATIONS HAVE BEEN ADMINISTRATIONS HAVE BEEN PRESSED ABOUT THE USE OF PRESSED ABOUT THE USE OF INTELLIGENCE AND TRUTHFULNESS ON INTELLIGENCE AND TRUTHFULNESS ON THIS SERIOUS MATTER OF WHEN AND THIS SERIOUS MATTER OF WHEN AND HOW AMERICAN FORCE IS DEPLOYED. HOW AMERICAN FORCE IS DEPLOYED. READING FROM THE TIMES, IT TALKS READING FROM THE TIMES, IT TALKS ABOUT THE SHIFTING EXPLANATION. ABOUT THE SHIFTING EXPLANATION. QUOTE, THEY HAD TO KILL HIM QUOTE, THEY HAD TO KILL HIM BECAUSE HE WAS PLANNING AN BECAUSE HE WAS PLANNING AN IMMINENT ATTACK. IMMINENT ATTACK. HOW IMMINENT THEY COULD NOT SAY. HOW IMMINENT THEY COULD NOT SAY. WHERE THEY COULD NOT SAY. WHERE THEY COULD NOT SAY. WHEN THEY COULD NOT SAY. WHEN THEY COULD NOT SAY. AND REALLY, IT WAS MORE ABOUT AND REALLY, IT WAS MORE ABOUT WHAT HE HAD ALREADY DONE OR WHAT HE HAD ALREADY DONE OR ACTUALLY TO STOP HIM FROM ACTUALLY TO STOP HIM FROM HITTING AN EMBASSY OR FOUR HITTING AN EMBASSY OR FOUR EMBASSIES OR NOT. EMBASSIES OR NOT. FOR TEN DAYS PRESIDENT TRUMP AND FOR TEN DAYS PRESIDENT TRUMP AND HIS TEAM HAVE STRUGGLED TO HIS TEAM HAVE STRUGGLED TO DESCRIBE THE REASONING BEHIND DESCRIBE THE REASONING BEHIND THE DECISION TO LAUNCH A DRONE THE DECISION TO LAUNCH A DRONE STRIKE AGAINST GENERAL QASSEM STRIKE AGAINST GENERAL QASSEM SOLEIMANI, THE COMMANDER OF SOLEIMANI, THE COMMANDER OF IRAN’S SECURITY FORCES, IRAN’S SECURITY FORCES, PROPELLING THE TWO NATIONS TO PROPELLING THE TWO NATIONS TO THE BRINK OF WAR. THE BRINK OF WAR. >>> ARE YOU CONCERNED ABOUT THE >>> ARE YOU CONCERNED ABOUT THE CONFLICTING STATEMENTS FROM THIS CONFLICTING STATEMENTS FROM THIS ADMINISTRATION REGARDING WHAT ADMINISTRATION REGARDING WHAT THEY WERE DOING AND WHY THEY THEY WERE DOING AND WHY THEY WERE DOING IT? WERE DOING IT? >> WELL, FIRST, I’M NOT >> WELL, FIRST, I’M NOT CONCERNED ABOUT THAT BECAUSE CONCERNED ABOUT THAT BECAUSE I’VE BEEN BRIEFED ON THAT I’VE BEEN BRIEFED ON THAT INTELLIGENCE REPORT. INTELLIGENCE REPORT. I’VE LOOKED AT THAT INTELLIGENCE I’VE LOOKED AT THAT INTELLIGENCE AND I’M COMFORTABLE GIVEN THE AND I’M COMFORTABLE GIVEN THE TRACK RECORD OF SOLEIMANI AND TRACK RECORD OF SOLEIMANI AND HIS FUTURE ACTIVITY THAT WAS HIS FUTURE ACTIVITY THAT WAS CLEAR TO ME BASED ON WHAT I SAW CLEAR TO ME BASED ON WHAT I SAW THAT THE IMMINENT RISK, TWO THAT THE IMMINENT RISK, TWO AMERICAN INTERESTS, MILITARY MEN AMERICAN INTERESTS, MILITARY MEN AND WOMEN IN PARTICULAR, WERE AND WOMEN IN PARTICULAR, WERE THERE. THERE. >> CAN YOU SPEAK, SIR -- SO WHAT >> CAN YOU SPEAK, SIR -- SO WHAT WAS THE SPECIFIC IMMINENT RISK WAS THE SPECIFIC IMMINENT RISK IN YOUR VIEW? IN YOUR VIEW? >> WELL, THIS IS THE ACTUAL >> WELL, THIS IS THE ACTUAL SECOND POINT BECAUSE AS WE DEAL SECOND POINT BECAUSE AS WE DEAL WITH INTELLIGENCE MATTERS -- WITH INTELLIGENCE MATTERS -- REMEMBER, THIS IS REAL-TIME REMEMBER, THIS IS REAL-TIME INTELLIGENCE, NOT AS IF THE INTELLIGENCE, NOT AS IF THE ASSETS, THE SOURCE OF ASSETS, THE SOURCE OF INFORMATION IS NULL AND VOID INFORMATION IS NULL AND VOID BECAUSE SOLEIMANI HAS BEEN BECAUSE SOLEIMANI HAS BEEN KILLED. KILLED. THERE ARE RULES WE CAN’T THERE ARE RULES WE CAN’T DISCLOSE THOSE DETAILS TO THE DISCLOSE THOSE DETAILS TO THE PUBLIC BECAUSE YOU HAVE REAL PUBLIC BECAUSE YOU HAVE REAL AMERICANS, YOU HAVE REAL AMERICANS, YOU HAVE REAL AMERICAN ALLIES, REAL AMERICAN AMERICAN ALLIES, REAL AMERICAN INTELLIGENCE SOURCES PUT AT RISK INTELLIGENCE SOURCES PUT AT RISK IF WE PUT THAT TO THE PUBLIC IF WE PUT THAT TO THE PUBLIC INFORMATION. INFORMATION. >> THAT SEEMS TO BE AN ARGUMENT >> THAT SEEMS TO BE AN ARGUMENT AGAINST THE PRESIDENT REVEALING AGAINST THE PRESIDENT REVEALING THOSE DETAILS ON FOX NEWS. THOSE DETAILS ON FOX NEWS. >> WELL, I THINK BECAUSE OF ALL >> WELL, I THINK BECAUSE OF ALL THE PRESSURE AND EVERYTHING THAT THE PRESSURE AND EVERYTHING THAT FOLKS WERE PUTTING THIS CONCERN FOLKS WERE PUTTING THIS CONCERN ABOUT LACK OF TRUST AND WANTING ABOUT LACK OF TRUST AND WANTING THIS INFORMATION, I THINK THE THIS INFORMATION, I THINK THE PRESIDENT WAS OVERLY CANDID AND PRESIDENT WAS OVERLY CANDID AND WAS VERY FORTHRIGHT IN HIS WAS VERY FORTHRIGHT IN HIS IMPRESSION AND UNDERSTANDING OF IMPRESSION AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE INTELLIGENCE THAT THESE THE INTELLIGENCE THAT THESE ATTACKS WERE IMMINENT. ATTACKS WERE IMMINENT. AND I AGREE WITH THE PRESIDENT AND I AGREE WITH THE PRESIDENT THAT THE INFORMATION THAT’S BEEN THAT THE INFORMATION THAT’S BEEN PRESENTED TO ME, I AM VERY

Czech: Mluvili jsme hodně o vzniku hor a sopek, kdy litosférické desky do sebe naráží nebo se jedna deska podsouvá pod druhou. Existuje ale i jiná možnost. Je to místo, kde je velice pravděpodobné, že na něm najdeme hory a sopky. Není to ale jediné místo, kde se tvoří sopky. Asi největším příkladem sopečné činnosti, nebo alespoň té nejzajímavější, je to možná trochu americký pohled na věc, ale nejčastěji zmiňovaný příklad sopečné činnosti mimo deskového rozhraní je Havaj. Havaj, tady jsou Havajské ostrovy, tohle je Velký ostrov, a je na něm aktivní sopka. Magma vytéká zpod povrchu, a když je na povrchu, tak se tomu říká láva, a ta ten ostrov aktivně zvětšuje. Ukrainian: Ми вже трохи говорили про утворення гір та вулканів, коли плити наштовхуються одна на одну або ж одна плита підсувається під іншу, проте це не єдине місце, це основне місце, чи місце де більша ймовірність знайти гори чи вулкани на поверхні Землі. Проте, це не єдине місце де можуть утворитися гори чи вулкани, і мабуть найбільшим прикладом вулканічної активності, чи найбільш відомим, можливо із трохи Американської чи Амероцентричної точки зору, проте найчастіше згадуваний приклад вулканічної активності, що знаходиться не на межах плит – це Гаваї. Ось тут – Гаваї, ось Гавайські острови, а це великий острів Гаваї, а ось це – діючий, активний вулкан. Лава або магма тече з під землі, коли вона на поверхні ми називаємо її лавою, лава активно формує острів, робить його більшим. English: We've talked a lot about the formations of mountains and volcanoes when plates are running into each other, or when one plate is being subducted under another. But that isn't the only place, it is the dominant place or the most likely place to find mountains and volcanoes on the surface of the Earth, but that's not the only place that mountains or volcanoes can form. And probably the biggest example of volcanic activity, or the most popular one-- this might be a slightly American, Amerocentric point of view, but the most often cited example of volcanic activity away from a plate boundary is Hawaii. So this right here, these are the Hawaiian Islands. This is the big island of Hawaii, and it is experiencing an active volcano. Lava or magma is flowing from underneath the ground, and once it surfaces we call it lava. And that lava is actively making the island bigger. iw: דיברנו הרבה על היווצרות של הרים והרי געש כאשר לוחות מתנגשים זה בזה או כאשר לוח אחד מופחת תחת לוח אחר, אבל זהו לא המקום היחיד זה המקום הדומיננטי או המקום שהכי סביר למצוא הרים והרי הגעש על פני השטח של כדה"א. אבל זה לא המקום היחיד שהרים והרי געש יכולים להיווצר וכנראה הדוגמא הגדולה ביותר של פעילות וולקנית או הפופולרית ביותר, זה יכול להיות אמריקאי במקצת, נקודת מבט שאמריקה במרכז. אבל הדוגמא הכי, לעיתים קרובות הדוגמא המצוטטת של פעילות וולקנית רחוק מגבול לוח היא הוואי. הוואי, אז כאן, אלו איי הוואי, זה האי הגדול של הוואי, והוא, הוא חווה הר געש פעיל. לבה או מאגמה זורמת מתחת לקרקע שכאשר היא מגיחה אנו קוראים לה לבה, והלבה הזו באופן פעיל יוצרת את האי, מגדילה את האי, אז מאיפה Polish: Dużo mówiliśmy o formacji gór i wulkanów kiedy płyty zderzają się ze sobą albo jedna płyta nakłada się na drugą, ale nie jest to jedyne miejsce jest to dominujące miejsce albo najbardziej prawdopodobne miejsce, gdzie można znaleźć góry czy wulkany na powierzchni Ziemi. Ale to nie jest jedyne miejsce, gdzie góry czy wulkany mogą się formować i prawdopodobnie największym przykładem aktywności wulkanicznej, albo najbardziej znanym, może być to trochę amerykański, amerykanocentryczny punkt widzenia. Ale najczęstszym, często cytowanym przykładem aktywności wulkanicznej z dala od granicy płyty są Hawaje. Hawaje, tutaj, to są wyspy hawajskie, to jest wielka wyspa Hawajów, i doświadcza ona aktywnego wulkanu. Lawa albo magma płynie spod powierzchni, która kiedy pojawia się na powierzchni nazywana jest lawą, i ta lawa aktywnie tworzy wyspę, powiększa ją, więc skąd pochodzi Chinese: 我们都讲过山和火山 是由板块互相碰撞 或者是一个板块被压在另一个板块底下而形成的 当然这不是唯一的理由 当然这在地球上是最主要的 形成山和火山的原因 但是不止是这些原因可以形成火山 但是不止是这些原因可以形成火山 那么我们举个最常见的例子 至少在美国人眼里是最常见最好的例子吧 至少在美国人眼里是最常见最好的例子吧 不过最常见的不在板块边缘的火山活动的例子就是 不过最常见的不在板块边缘的火山活动的例子就是 不过最常见的不在板块边缘的火山活动的例子就是 那么这里的就是夏威夷群岛了 这个是夏威夷最大的岛屿 然而这里就有着活火山 这座岛屿下面就有着岩浆，熔岩 当然只要岩浆涌出地面了我们就叫他熔岩 然而这些熔岩实际上是在扩大整个岛屿的面积 Korean: 판이 서로 부딪히거나 다른 판으로 대체되는 곳에서 산맥과 화산이 형성되는 것에 대해 많은 이야기를 나눴습니다 그러나 앞서 말한 경우가 지구 표면에서 산맥과 화산이 형성될 가능성이 가장 높은 곳은 맞지만 그곳이 산맥과 화산이 형성되는 유일한 장소는 아닙니다 그곳이 산맥과 화산이 형성되는 유일한 장소는 아닙니다 그리고 조금은 미국 중심의 시선일수도 있지만 아마 판의 경계에서 일어나는 화산 활동의 예시 중 가장 크고 유명하며 또 제일 많이 이용되는 것은 바로 하와이 일 것입니다 바로 하와이 일 것입니다 자 바로 여기가 하와이 제도입니다 이곳이 하와이의 가장 큰 섬이고 지금 이곳에서 활화산의 분출이 진행되고 있습니다 용암이나 마그마는 일반적으로 지하에서 흐르고 있는데 표면으로 드러나 흐르는 것을 용암이라고 합니다 그리고 이 용암이 섬을 빠르게 확장시키고 있습니다 Bulgarian: Говорили сме много за формирането на планини и вулкани, когато плочите се сблъскват една в друга или една плоча се плъзга под друга, но това не е единственото място... това е обичайното място, където може да намерим планини или вулкани на повърхността на Земята. Но това не е единственото място, където планините и вулканите може да се образуват. Може би най-популярният пример за вулканична дейност... това може да е един вид американска гледна точка... Но най-популярният пример за вулканична дейност, далеч от границата на плоча, е Хаваи. Това са Хавайските острови, това е най-големият остров Хаваи, на който има действащ вулкан. Лавата... магмата се намира в земните недра, и когато достигне повърхността, я наричаме лава. Тази лава активно образува острова и го прави по-голям. Portuguese: nós temos falado muito sobre a formação de montanhas e vulcões. quando as placas vão de encontros umas às ou uma placa está sendo conduzida para baixo da outra, mas esse não é o único lugar é o lugar dominante ou o mais provável para se achar montanhas ou vulcões na superfície da terra. Mas não é o único lugar que montanhas e vulcões pode se formar e talvez o maior exemplo de atividade vulcânica ou o mais popular, esse pode ser um ponto de vista Americano, ou Américo-cêntrico. Mas o mais, sempre citado exemplo de atividade vulcânica fora da área das placas é o Havaí Havaí, esse bem aqui, essas são as ilhas havaianas, essa é a grande ilha do Havaí, e está, está experimentando, um vulcão ativo. Lava ou magma está fluindo por debaixo do solo de modo que quando na superfície, nós chamamos de lava, e lava está ativamente fazendo a ilha, está ativamente deixando a ilha maior, então de onde tem Ukrainian: Отож, звідки береться ця вулканічна активність і як ця вулканічна активність чи це тепло яке піднімається із низу на поверхню землі пояснює ті геологічні риси, які ми бачимо скрізь на Гаваях. Тож знову таки, ми гадаємо, хоча це все теорія, що Гаваї знаходять на вершині гарячої точки, зокрема, великий острів Гаваї зараз знаходиться зверху на гарячій точці і ця гаряча точка, ця гаряча точка, існують різні шляхи та різні теорії її виникнення, проте ми гадаємо, що в мантії, на межі мантії та ядра...Я не знаю, чи у цій схемі біла ділянка позначає ядро, проте скажімо що ось тут – зовнішнє ядро. Скажімо, що це – зовнішнє ядро, заради того, щоб усе пояснити. Ми гадаємо, що можливо цей шлейф дуже гарячого матеріалу міг немов... засновуючись свого роду на динаміці потоку того, Polish: ta aktywność wulkaniczna i jak możemy o niej myśleć albo o rodzaju ciepła unoszącego się spod powierzchni ziemi aby wyjaśnić niektóre cechy geologiczne, które widzimy dookoła Hawajów. Więc to co myślimy, że się dzieje, to wszystko teoria, to to, że Hawaje siedzą na szczycie gorącego miejsca, w szczególności Wielka Wyspa Hawajów siedzi na szczycie tego gorącego miejsca i to miejsce to różne teorie tego jak powstało, ale myślimy, że ten płaszcz, na granicy jądra tego płaszcza. Nie wiem czy ten diagram miał być taki mieć taką białą przestrzeń jako jądro, ale powiedzmy, że to jest zewnętrzne jądro tutaj. Powiedzmy, że to zewnętrzne jądro, dla dobra wjaśniania tego. Myślimy, że to możliwe że to w pewnym sensie obłoki bardzo goącego materiału mogą, bazując na przeływie dynamiki Chinese: 那么活火山的动力是哪里来的呢？ 那么活火山的动力是哪里来的呢？ 或者夏威夷附近从地底升起来的热量是哪儿来的呢？ 或者夏威夷附近从地底升起来的热量是哪儿来的呢？ 或者夏威夷附近从地底升起来的热量是哪儿来的呢？ 那么我们是怎么想的呢？ 那么我们再说一下这个想法吧 其实夏威夷就是座落在一个热点之上 就是这个夏威夷最大的岛屿 现在就在热点上 但是这个热点 有很多不同的争议说他是如何出现的 但是我们是想这个地幔核心的边缘 我不知道这幅图这里是什么意思 这个白色这里不知道是不是地幔 但是我们假设白色这里是地幔吧 我们假设这里是上地幔 这样就能简单地解释 那么这可能是因为这里面有着非常非常热的流体 Bulgarian: Откъде идва тази вулканична дейност и как можем чрез тази вулканична активност или този вид топлина, извираща от земните недра, да обясним някои геологични особености на Хаваи? Тук се счита, че – всичко това е теория, но се приема, че Хаваи седи на върха на гореща точка, по-специално големият остров Хаваи е разположен на върха на гореща точка точно сега. Тази гореща точка... има различни начини и различни теории за това как тя се появява, но се смята, че тя е на границата между ядрото и мантията. Не знам дали на тази схема тази бяла площ представлява ядрото, но да кажем, че това е външното ядро тук, за целта на нашето обяснение. Възможно е един вид потоци много горещ материал... въз основа на динамиката на флуидите да си представим English: So where is that volcanic activity coming from? And then how can we think about that volcanic activity or that kind of heat rising from below the surface of the Earth to explain some of the geological features we see around Hawaii? So what we think is happening, and once again, this is all theory right here, is that Hawaii is sitting on top of a hot spot, and in particular, the big island of Hawaii is sitting on top of the hot spot right now. And this hot spot, there's different ways, different theories on how it might emerge. But we think that at the mantle core boundary-- and I don't know in this diagram whether they intended this white area to be the core, but let's just say that this is the outer core down here. Let's just say that this is the outer core for the sake of explaining things. It's possible that just based on the fluid dynamics of what's Portuguese: essa atividade vulcânica vindo e como podemos pensar sobre essa atividade vulcânica ou esse tipo de quentura saindo debaixo da superfície da terra para explicar alguns fatores geológicos que vemos pelo Havaí. Então o que vemos acontecer outra vez, tudo isso é uma teoria, é que o Havaí está em cima que um hot spot, em particular, a grande ilha do Havaí está no topo do hot spot bem agora, e esse hots spot, esse hot spot possui diferentes meios e diferentes formas e teorias para explicar como emergem, mas nós pensamos que no manto, no núcleo do manto. eu não sei se este diagrama foi intencionado para a área branca para ser o núcleo, mas isso apenas diz que há um outro núcleo aqui em baixo. Vamos dizer que esse é o núcleo de fora, núcleo de fora para o bem da explicação. Vamos achar que é possível Esse tipo de plumas de material quente pode por exemplo. Ahm, apenas baseado nas dinâmicas dos fluidos no que iw: הפעילות הוולקנית הזו מגיעה ואיך אנו יכולים לחשוב על פעילות וולקנית זו או סוג זה של חום עולה מתחת לפני שטח כדה"א כדי להסביר כמה מהמאפיינים הגיאולוגיים שאנחנו רואים מסביב הוואי. אז מה שאנחנו חושבים שקורה, שוב, זה הכל בגדר תאוריה, זה שהוואי יושבת על גבי נקודה חמה, באופן ספציפי, האי הגדול של הוואי יושב על גבי הנקודה החמה כרגע, והנקודה החמה הזו, יש דרכים שונות או תאוריות שונות לגבי איך היא הגיחה, אבל אנחנו חושבים שבמעטפת, בגבול המעטפת-ליבה. אני לא יודע אם בתרשים הזה הכוונה הייתה שהאיזור הלבן יהיה הליבה, אבל בואו נגיד שזוהי הליבה החיצונית כאן למטה. בואו נגיד שזוהי הליבה החיצונית, ליבה חיצונית למטרת ההסבר של הדברים. אנו חושבים שזה אפשרי שסוגים של עמודי עשן של חומר מאוד חם יכולים, בהתבסס על הדינמיקה של הנוזל של Czech: Odkud ta sopečná činnost pochází? A jak nám sopečná činnost a žár, který stoupá zpod povrchu, může vysvětlit některé geologické jevy na Havaji? Ještě jednou: tohle je jen teorie. Havaj je na místě, kterému se říká horká skvrna. Přesněji: Velký ostrov je právě teď nad horkou skvrnou. Existuje více teorií, ale my si myslíme, že horká skvrna je na rozhraní mezi zemským pláštěm a jádrem. To bílé místo je jádro, je to jen vnější jádro, abych mohl lépe vysvětlit. Myslíme si, že oblaka velmi horkého materiálu, Korean: 그렇다면 이러한 화산 활동은 어디서 유래됐을까요? 그리고 하와이 주변에서 관찰되는 지질학적 특성들을 설명하기 위해 이러한 화산 활동 또는 지표 밑에서 방출하는 열을 관찰하며 무엇을 떠올릴 수 있을까요? 현재 이런 현상에 대해 분석을 거듭한 결과 하와이 제도가 열점 위에 분포한다는 사실을 알 수 있었고 하와이 제도가 열점 위에 분포한다는 사실을 알 수 있었고 특히 가장 큰 이 섬의 경우 현재 열점 바로 위에 존재한다는 사실을 밝혀냈습니다 그리고 이러한 열점이 어떻게 생겨났는지에 대해서도 여러 이론과 학설이 존재합니다 맨틀-외핵 경계면에서 발생하는 일에 대해 알아봅시다 그림이 이 하얀 부분을 핵 영역으로 의도하여 그린 것인지는 모르겠지만 우선 외핵이 이 밑에 존재한다고 가정합시다 우선 설명을 위해 이 영역이 외핵이라고 해두겠습니다 이 맨틀-외핵 경계면에서 발생하는 일들을 Korean: 유체역학적인 관점에서 볼 때 정말 뜨거운 물질들이 이렇게 기둥형태로 분출하는 것이 가능합니다 조금 더 진한 색으로 그릴게요 이렇게 외핵으로 부터 분출하고 이들이 움직이는 석회질 판 하부에 열점을 생성하게 됩니다 현재 열점의 생성에 대하여 이렇게 맨틀-외핵 경계에서 생성된 맨틀 기둥에 의해 열점들이 생성되는지는 100% 확신할 수 없습니다 우리가 확신하는 것이 여기서는 두 가지 입니다. 꽤 확신하는 것이 두가지 있습니다 해당 지점에서 열점이 존재할 것이라는 것과 맨틀 내 대류 현상과 무관하다는 점입니다 물론 이 현상을 완벽히 무관한 것으로 보아선 안됩니다 분명 맨틀 내에서 일어나는 모든 대류 현상들 간에는 관련이 있는 것이 너무나도 당연하지만 제가 말씀드리고 싶은 점은 기존에 논의되어왔던 판을 움직이는 주원인인 대류 패턴과는 조금 다르다는 사실입니다 지금 설명하고 있는 현상은 일반적인 대류와는 다르게 멈춰있는 상태이고 Chinese: 这些很热的流体在上地幔上 然而上地幔这里很热的流体就可以往上升蒸发 我用些深色笔给你画出来 他们可以从上地幔升起来 然而这个热点是在移动中的岩石圈板块下面形成的 然而这个热点是在移动中的岩石圈板块下面形成的 到现在为止我们都不知道 热点是不是由地幔柱这类的元素组成的 还是说只是上地幔被加热而形成的 但是我们可以十分自信的说 这里的这个热点 是以独立的形式存在的 我们可以看见 其实我不该说独立 因为很明显他们都是相连的 因为他们都是建立在流体地幔之上的 但是在对流模式的层面来说他们都是分开的 然而我们说的这些正是板块移动的原因 然而我们说的这些正是板块移动的原因 然而我们说的这些正是板块移动的原因 那么我们现在想的这个就是个固定的 iw: מה שקורה בגבול המעטפת-ליבה חיצונית שעמודי עשן של חומר מאוד חם יכולים במידה מסויימת להתרומם תנו לי לעשות את זה בצבע כהה יותר, יכולים להתרומם מהליבה החיצונית. הוא מתרומם מהליבה החיצונית ואז יוצר נקודה חמה מתחת ללוחות הליתוספריים הנעים, מתחת ללוחות, עכשיו לא בהכרח, אנחנו לא יודעים לבטח, היכן נקודות חמות אלו נוצרות, על ידי עמודי העשן האלו של המעטפת, החומרים האלו נוצרים או מתחממים בגבול המעטפת-ליבה חיצונית, אבל מה שאנחנו מרגישים די בטוחים לגביו הוא שיש נקודה חמה כאן, והיא עצמאית מכל תבניות ההסעה האלו שראינו. אני לא צריך להגיד עצמאית, ללא ספק הכל קשור, כי יש לנו את כל עומס הנוזלים האלו במעטפת, אבל זה, זה מופרד באיזושהי דרגה מכל תבניות ההסעה שדיברנו עליהן, זה למעשה יכול לגרום ללוחות לזוז, לדרגה גבוהה או הדרך שאנחנו Bulgarian: какво се случва на границата между ядрото и мантията; потоци от наистина горещ материал се надигат един вид... ще направя това в по-тъмен цвят... надигат се от външното ядро и създават гореща точка, намираща се под движеща се литосферна плоча. Не сме сигурни как възникват тези горещи точки, дали възникват от тези въображаеми потоци, образувани или загряти на границата на мантията на външното ядро, но сме сигурни, че съществува тази гореща точка тук и тя не зависи от никой от общоприетите конвекционни модели. Не трябва да казвам независима, защото е очевидно,че всички са свързани, защото имаме цялата тази течност, която се движи в мантията, но това е различно в някаква степен от всички тези модели, които обясняват какво може да доведе до движение на плочите. И до голяма степен... или начинът, Ukrainian: що відбувається на межі мантії та зовнішнього ядра, ці шлейфи справді дуже гаряча речовина, яка може підійматися нагору, давайте я намалюю це темним кольором, може піднятися із зовнішнього ядра. Вона піднімається із зовнішнього ядра та створює гарячу точку під літосферними плитами, які рухаються, під плитами. Це не важливо, ми не знаємо напевно, де утворюються ці гарячі точки, ці шлейфи мантії матеріалів утворюються чи нагріваються на межі зовнішнього ядра та мантії, проте ми досить впевнені у тому, що ця гаряча точка не залежить від будь-яких конвекційних моделей, які ми бачили. Мені не слід казати, що вона не залежить, очевидно що усе це пов'язано тому, що увесь цей безлад рідини переходить в мантію, і в якійсь мірі відокремлений від моделей конвекції, про яку ми говорили, яка може спричинити рух плит, Czech: jsou založené na dynamice toho, co se děje na hranici mezi pláštěm a vnějším jádrem, oblaka tohoto materiálu se mohou objevit, mohou se vynořit z vnějšího jádra a vytvořit horkou skvrnu pod pohybující se litosférickou deskou. Nevíme, kde přesně se horké skvrny tvoří, jestli v plášti nebo mezi pláštěm a jádrem. Jistě víme jen to, že horká skvrna existuje a je nezávislá na systému proudění, které jsme viděli. Neměl bych říkat nezávislá, vše je jistě propojené, protože se v plášti odehrává všechno to proudění, ale je určitým způsobem oddělená od systému proudění, o kterém jsme mluvili a které způsobuje pohyb desek. Portuguese: está acontecendo no nesse núcleo de fora no manto que plumas é um material muito quente e podem subir podem meio que-- deixe-me fazer isso com uma cor mais escura-- podem subir do núcleo externo. Ele sobe do núcleo externo e cria um hot spot abaixo das placas móveis litosféricas, abaixo das placas, agora não é necessário, nós não sabemos com certeza, onde esses hot spot estão sendo criados, essas plumas mentais esses materiais formados, ou esquentados no núcleo de fora do limite do manto no núcleo exterior, mas nós nos sentimos bem confiantes que há esse hot spot aqui e é independente de qualquer esses padrões de convecção que nós vemos. E não deveria dizer independente, isso é obviamento tudo relacionado, porque nós temos todo esse agito no fluido indo para o manto, mas é de certa forma, separado de todos esses padrões de convecção que nó discutimos, isso poderia realmente fazer que as placas se movam, e para uma grande escala ou a foma Polish: tego co się dzieje w płaszczu zewnętrznej granicy jądra, te obłoki to naprawdę gorący materiał, i mogą one unosić się pozwólcie, że zrobię to w ciemniejszym kolorze- mogą unosić się z zewnętrznego jądra. To unosi się z zewnętrznego jądra i tworzy gorący punkt pod powierzchnią, poruszającą się płytę litosferyczną, poniżej płyty, teraz to nie jest potrzebne, nie wiemy tego na pewno, skąd te gorące punkty się tworzą, przez te obłoki te materiały uformowały, albo rozgrzały zewnętrzny płaszcz granicy jądra, ale jesteśmy prawie pewni, że tutaj jest gorący punkt i jest niezależny od wszystkich tych prądów konwekcyjnych, które widzieliśmy. Nie powinienem był mówić niezależne, to wszystko jest oczywiście związane, poniważ mamy to całe wzburzenie cieczy które ma miejsce w płaszczu, ale to jest w pewnym stopniu oddzielne od tych prądów konwekcyjnych o których mówiliśmy, które mogły poruszać płytami, i w dużym stopniu albo sposobie English: happening at that mantle outer core boundary, that plumes of really hot material can kind of rise up. Let me do this in a darker color. They could rise up from the outer core, and then create hot spots underneath the moving lithospheric plates. Now, we don't know for sure whether the hot spots are being created by these mantle plumes, these material formed or heated up at the outer core mantle boundary. But what we do feel pretty confident about is that there is this hot spot here, and it's independent of any of those convection patterns that we saw. I shouldn't say independent. It's obviously all related because we have all this fluidic motion going on in the mantle, but it's separate on some degree from all of those convection patterns that we talked about that would actually cause the plates to move. And to a large degree, or the way we think about it right now, this is stationary, Polish: myślimy o tym teraz, to jest stacjonarne, ten gorący punkt jest stacjonarny, relatwynie do płyt. A powodem dla którego uważamy, że to jest relatywnie stacjonarne do płyt jest to, że widzimy to tutaj jeśli spojrzymy na skałę wulkaniczną w Kawaii, która jest jedną z najstarszych zamieszkałych wysp Hawajskich. Najstarsza skała którą możemy zaobserwować ma 5,5 miliona lat i jest to skała wulkaniczna, najstarsza skała którą zaobserwowaliśmy na dużej wyspie miała 700 tysięcy lat wiemy również, że płyta pacyficzna, możemy spojrzeć na ten diagram tutaj porusza się w tym kierunku, wiemy to z pomiarów GPS, porusza się dokładnie w tym kierunku, że Wyspy Hawajskie są w pewnym sensie niepokojone. Więc szczerze jedynym dobrym wytłumaczeniem dlaczego obserwujemy ten schemat, czemu widzimy ten nowy ląd tutaj a jeśli pójdziemy dalej Czech: Horká skvrna je ve srovnání s deskami nehybná. A důvodem, proč si jsme celkem jisti, že je relativně nehybná, je tady. Když se podíváme na sopku na Kauai, což je jeden z nejdéle osídlených havajských ostrovů. Nejstarší hornina, kterou jsme pozorovali, je 5,5 milionu let stará. Je to sopečná skála. Nejstarší skála, kterou jsme pozorovali na Velkém ostrově, je 700 tisíc let stará. Také víme, že Pacifická deska, můžete to vidět na tomto diagramu, se pohybuje tímto směrem, víme to díky GPS měření. Pohybuje se tak, že Havajské ostrovy jsou rozmístěny podél směru pohybu. A tedy nejlepší vysvětlení pro to, iw: חושבים לגבי זה עכשיו, זה קבוע, הנקודה החמה הזו קבועה, ביחס ללוחות. והסיבה שאנחנו מרגישים די טוב לגבי המחשבה שהיא קבועה ביחס ללוחות, היא שאנחנו רואים את הרעיון כאן, אם תסתכלו על הסלע הוולקני בקוואי, שהוא אחד מאיי הוואי המיושבים הוותיקים ביותר. הסלע הקדום ביותר שתצפתנו שם הוא בן 5.5 מיליון שנה. והכל סלע וולקני, עכשיו הסלע הקדום ביותר שתצפתנו באי הגדול הוא בערך בן 700,000 שנה. אנחנו גם יודעים שהלוח הפסיפי, אתם יכולים להסתכל על התרשים הזה כאן הוא זז בכיוון הכללי הזה, כפי שאנחנו יודעים, כפי שאנחנו יודעים ממדידות GPS, הוא זז בדיוק בכיוון שאיי הוואי מחולקים בו. אז, בכנות, ההסבר הטוב היחיד ללמה אנחנו רואים את התבנית הזו, למה אנחנו רואים את האי החדש יותר כאן ואז ככל שאנחנו הולכים הלאה Bulgarian: по който мислим сега, е, че тази гореща точка е неподвижна спрямо плочите. И причината, заради която сме сигурни, че мястото е неподвижно спрямо плочите, е, че виждаме тази идея точно тук, ако се вгледаме във вулканичната скала в Хаваи, който е един от най-старите обитавани Хавайски острови. Най-старата скала, която наблюдаваме, е на 5,5 милиона години и е изцяло вулканична скала. Най-старата скала на големия остров, която наблюдаваме, е на около 7 хиляди години. Знаем също, че Тихоокеанската плоча, можеш да видиш на тази диаграма отгоре, се движи в тази обща, главна посока. И ние знаем от GPS измервания, че се движи точно в посоката, в която се простират Хавайските острови. Така че, честно казано, единственото добро обяснение за това защо виждаме тази нова земя тук и после Portuguese: que nós pensamos sobre isso agora, é estacionária, esse hot spot é estacionário, relativo às placas. E as razões porque nós sentimos bem sobre pensar que é estacionário relativo às placas, é porque vemos essa noção bem aqui, se voçê olha para a pedra vulcânica no Kavaí, que é umas das ilhas mais habitadas por povos mais antigos. A pedra mais antiga observada é de 5.5 milhões de anos, e toda essa pedra vulcânica, agora a pedra mais antiga que nós observamos na grande ilha tem mais ou menos setecentos mil anos nós sabemos também que a placa do pacífico, voçê poderia olhar para esse diagrama bem aqui está se movendo para a direção essa direção geral, nós sabemos isso dos, nós sabemos de medições de GPS, está se movendo exatamente naquela direção, que nas ilhas havaianas estão bem distribuídas, Então, uh, uh francamente, a única boa explicação para a o fato de vermos esse padrão, porque nós vemos essa terra mais nova conforme nós vamos Korean: 이렇게 생긴 열점은 판이 이동하는 것과는 별개입니다 그리고 이렇게 판에 비해 열점이 정지한 상태라는 학설이 주목받는 이유로는 바로 이 예시를 들면 알 수 있는데 만약 여러분이 하와이의 가장 오래된 섬들 중 하나인 카우아이의 화성암을 관찰한다면 섬에 존재하는 암석 중 가장 오래된 것이 약 550만년 가량 되었고 모두 화산암이라는 사실을 알 수 있습니다 그에 반해 가장 큰 섬에서 관찰되는 가장 오래된 암석은 70만년 밖에 되지 않았습니다 또 태평양판에 대해 들어보신 적이 있을겁니다 이 그림을 보시면 태평양판이 일정한 방향으로 움직였음을 볼 수 있습니다 우리는 이 사실을 GPS 측정을 통해 알 수 있었습니다 판은 정확히 하와이 제도가 생성된 방향으로 이동했음을 볼 수 있었는데 이 패턴을 분석하는데 가장 좋은 설명은 이 지점에 가장 최근에 생성된 섬이 있다면 Chinese: 这个热点是与板块固定在一起的 我们为什么知道热点是和板块固定在一起的呢 我们为什么知道热点是和板块固定在一起的呢 是因为，我们可以先看看这个感念 如果你看着这个考艾岛在火山岩石 这是最早发现有人居住的小岛 在哪里发现最古老的石头是550万年前的石头 而且这些石头都是火山岩石 然后我们在最大的岛屿发现的最老的石头只有70万岁 然后我们在最大的岛屿发现的最老的石头只有70万岁 然而我们还知道太平洋板块 你可以看看这里的讯息 他大致失望这个方向的 然而我们看到GPS的计量系统 他的确是往这个方向移动的 夏威夷群岛是在往这个方向走 那么我们唯一的好解释就是 我们现在看见的这个规律就是这一边有年轻的岛屿 English: this hot spot is stationary relative to the plates. And the reason why we feel pretty good about thinking that it's stationary relative to the plates is we see this notion right here, if you look at the volcanic rock in Kauai, which is one of the older inhabited Hawaiian Islands, the oldest rocks that we've observed there is 5.5 million years old, and it's all volcanic rock. Now, the oldest volcanic rock that we've observed on the big island is about 700,000 years old. We also know that the Pacific Plate, you could look at this diagram right over here, is moving in this general direction. We know it from GPS measurements. It's moving exactly in the direction that the Hawaiian Islands are kind of a distributed in. So frankly, the only good explanation for why we see this pattern, why we see newer land here, Czech: že taky vidíme novou zem, a když jdeme dál nahoru, tam je naopak stará země. A dál tam jsou Závětrné ostrovy, a když změříme horninu na Závětrných ostrovech, tak zjistíme, že hornina je stále starší, čím víc půjdete na severozápad. A podívejte, co je pod oceánem. Toto je Velký ostrov, tohle jsou hlavní havajské ostrovy, to jsou Závětrné ostrovy a v oceánu můžete vidět ponořené ostrovy, vidíte řetězec skrytých ostrovů. Vysvětlení je takové, že horká skvrna je pod Havají. Aby bylo všechno jasné, tak Velkému ostrovu se také říká Havaj, je to jeden z ostrovů ve státě Havaj. Nechci vás zmást. Používám název Velký ostrov. Takže ta horká skvrna je přímo pod Velkým ostrovem. Kdybyste se vrátili o 5 miliónů let zpátky, English: and then as we go further and further up the Hawaiian Island chain we see older and older land, and actually if we keep going, we have the Leeward Islands over here. And as we keep measuring the rock on the Leeward Islands they get older and older as you go to the Northwest. And then if you even look at what's below the ocean, this is the big island of Hawaii, these are the main Hawaiian Islands, these are the Leeward Islands. But you see even beyond that submersed under the Pacific Ocean you continue to see a chain of islands. So the explanation for what's happening here is that you have a stationary hot spot that is right now underneath the big island of Hawaii. And I just want to be clear, the big island is called the island of Hawaii. It is one of the islands in the state of Hawaii. So I don't want to cause you confusion. I'll just call it the big island from here on out. So the hot spot is right under the big island. But if you were to rewind 5 million years ago, Korean: 하와이 제도 상에서 점점 위로 올라갈 수록 오래된 섬들이 존재한다는 것입니다 또한 섬들이 나열된 방향으로 리워드 제도가 존재하는 것을 볼 수 있습니다 그리고 리워드 제도의 암석의 연대를 측정한 결과 북서쪽으로 진행할 수록 오래된 암석들이 발견됐습니다 그럼 해저가 어떻게 생겼는지 볼까요? 이곳이 하와이의 본섬이고 여기가 하와이 제도고 여기부터 리워드 제도입니다 그러나 여기가 끝이 아니라 저 너머에도 섬들이 이어져있는 것을 보실 수 있습니다 섬들이 이렇게 줄지어있는 이유는 아까 말씀드렸듯이 하와이의 본섬 밑에 고정된 열점이 있는 것으로 설명할 수 있습니다 그리고 한가지 확실히 하고 싶은 것은 그 큰 섬의 명칭이 하와이 섬이라는 것입니다 이는 하와이 주에 속한 섬들중 하나입니다 여러분이 헷갈리지 않았으면 좋겠습니다 이제 지금부터는 그냥 큰 섬이라고 하겠습니다 앞에서 말씀드렸듯 큰 섬 바로 밑에는 열점이 존재합니다 만약 여러분이 500만년 전으로 되돌아간다면 Polish: i dalej od łańcucha Wysp Hawajskich widzimy starszy ląd, jeśli szlibyśmy dalej to mamy te Wyspy Podwietrzne tutaj, jeśli zmierzylibyśmy skałę na Wyspach Podwietrznych i dalej na północny zachód i nawet gdybyśmy spojrzeli na to co jest pod oceanem, to jest Wielka Wyspa Hawajów to są główne Wyspy Hawajskie, to są Wyspy Podwietrzne ale widzimy że nawet pod Oceanem Spokojnym widzimy łańcuch wysp, więc wyjaśnienie tego co się tutaj dzieje jest takie, że mamy stacjonarny gorący punkt który jest teraz pod Wielką Wyspą Hawajów i chcę to powiedzieć wyraźnie Wielka Wyspa jest nazwana wyspą Hawajów, jest to jedna z wysp w stanie Hawaje. Więc nie chcę tutaj wprowadzać zamieszania. Nazywam Wielką Wyspą tą tutaj. Więc gorący punkt jest pod Wielką Wyspą. Ale jeśli mielibyśmy cofnąć się o 5 milionów lat temu, to cała płyta pacyficzna Portuguese: cada vez mais acima no arquipélago havaiano nós vemos terras cada vez mais velhas se nós continuamos, se nós continuamos indo para cima nós temos as ilhas Leeward conforme, medimos as pedras nas ilhas Leeward elas ficam cada vez mais velhas se voçê vai para o noroeste e até se olhar o que está abaixo do oceano. essa é a grande ilha do Havaí essas são as ilhas principais, essas são as Leeward mas voçê pode até ver além disso que está submergido no Oceano Pacífico, voçê continua a ver a cadeia de ilhas. Então, A explicação para o que está acontecendo aqui, é que voçê tem um hot spot estacionário que está bem debaixo da grande ilha do Havaí E apenas quero ser claro, a grande ilha chamada a Ilha do Havaí, é uma das ilhas no estado do Havaí. Então eu não quero causar confusão. apenas vou chama-la de grande ilha a partir de agora. Então o hot spot está bem abaixo da grande ilha. Mas se voçê voltar 5 milhões de anos atrás, se voçê voltar 5 milhões de anos atrás, toda a placa do pacífico Bulgarian: по-нататък нагоре в Хавайските острови виждаме все по-стара земя и ако продължим, виждаме подветрените острови тук, където, като продължим да определяме възрастта на скалите, стигаме до по-стари скали, и по-нататък на северозапад ще видим какво има под океана. Това е големият остров на Хаваите. Това са главните Хавайски острови, тези са подветрените острови, но виждаме и дори потопените в Тихия океан острови, и продължаваме да виждаме верига от острови. Така че обяснението за това какво се случва тук, е, че има неподвижна гореща точка, която е точно под големия остров Хаваи. Искам просто да е ясно, големият остров се нарича Остров Хаваи, той е един от островите на щата Хаваи. Така че не искам да те объркам. Просто оттук нататък ще го наричам Големия остров. Горещата точка е точно под Големия остров. Chinese: 然后越往这边这里的岛屿就越老 然后越往这边这里的岛屿就越老 其实如果我们一直往这边看 我们就有背风群岛 然而越往西北的背风群岛上的石头就越老 然而越上面的背风群岛上的石头就越老 然而如果你看这个海底下面有什么 你就可以看见，这个就是夏威夷最大的岛 这是夏威夷最主要的岛 然后这个是背风群岛 就算你是在海底里面看的 你也可以看到这些岛屿的链条 那么我们该怎么解释这里所发生的一切呢？ 唯一能解释的就是这个在夏威夷下面的热点 就是在夏威夷最大的这个岛下面 我说清楚点吧 就是这个最大的岛就叫夏威夷岛 然而这是夏威夷州的夏威夷群岛中的一个岛 我不想让你混淆 从现在开始我就叫它大岛 所以这个热点就在这个大岛下面 但如果你回到500万年前 iw: והלאה במעלה שרשרת איי הוואי אנחנו רואים קרקע ישנה יותר ויותר, למעשה אם נמשיך ללכת, אם נמשיך ללכת יש לנו את איי ליווארד כאן ככל שאנחנו ממשיכים למדוד את הסלע באיי ליווארד אנחנו מגיעים לישן יותר וישן יותר ככל שאתם הולכים לכיוון צפון-מערב ואם אתם תסתכלו על מה שמתחת לאוקיינוס זה האי הגדול של הוואי אלו האיים המרכזיים של הוואי, אלו איי ליווארד אבל אתם רואים אפילו מעבר לאיים השקועים מתחת לאוקיינוס הפסיפי, אתם ממשיכים לראות שרשרת איים. אז, ההסבר למה שקורה כאן, זה שיש לכם נקודה חמה קבועה שהיא כרגע מתחת לאי הגדול של הוואי ואני רק רוצה להיות ברור, האי הגדול נקרא האי של הוואי, הוא אחד מהאיים במדינת הוואי. אז אני לא רוצה לגרום לכם לבלבול. אני אקרא לו רק האי הגדול מעכשיו והלאה. אז הנקודה החמה היא ממש מתחת לאי הגדול. Portuguese: toda a placa do pacífico estava provavelmente na ordem de, talvez, 150, 200 milhas, por mais que Kawaii esteja longe da grande ilha. Ela foi provavelmente empurrada esse tanto para o sudeste, se voçê voltar cinco milhões de anos atrás. Então há cinco milhões de anos quando toda essa área foi empurrada para baixo e para a direita, então Kawai, Kawai estava no topo do hot spot. E foi assim que cada uma dessas ilhas foi formada. Se voçê voltar um monte de anos atrás, então talvez essa área na Placa do Pacífico estava em cima do hot spot. Ilha-- uma ilha formada lá e então a placa do Pacífico constantemente se movendo para o noroeste. Permaneceu se movendo para o noroeste e novas ilhas, novos vulcôes continuaram se formando. Esses vulcões liberariam lava que ficariam constantemente sendo derramadas, Derramaram, derramaram, eventualmente, foram para a superfície da água, e formaram toda essa cadeia de ilhas, e com toda a placa do Pacífico se movendo para o noroeste, acabou continuando a formar novas ilhas. Agora a questão que voçê pode perguntar, é como, como poderia a grande ilha ser maior? iw: אבל אם תחזירו אחורה ללפני 5 מיליון שנה, הלוח הפסיפי כולו היה כנראה בסדר גודל של, אתם יודעים, בערך 150-200 מייל, עד כמה שקוואי רחוק מהאי הגדול. הוא כנראה הוזז למרחק כזה לכיוון דרום-מזרח, אם תלכו בחזרה ללפני 5 מיליון שנה. אז לפני 5 מיליון שנה כשכל זה הוזז למטה וימינה, אז קוואי, קוואי היה על גבי הנקודה החמה. אז ככה כל אחד מהאיים האלו נוצרו. אם תחזירו אחורה המון שנים, אז אולי האיזור הזה כאן בלוח הפסיפי היה על גבי הנקודה החמה. אי, אי נוצר שם והלוח הפסיפי המשיך לזוז לכיוון צפון-מערב. הוא המשיך לזוז לכיוון צפון-מערב ואיים חדשים, הרי געש חדשים המשיכו להיווצר. הרי געש אלו ישחררו לבה שתמשיך להצטבר, תמשיך להצטבר תמשיך להצטבר, לבסוף, תעלה מעל פני המים, ותיצור את כל שרשרת האיים הזו, ובזמן שכל הלוח הפסיפי ממשיך לזוז לכיוון צפון-מערב, היא ממשיכה ליצור איים חדשים. עכשיו השאלה שאתם אולי תשאלו, ובכן, איך האי הגדול הוא גדול יותר? Polish: miała prawdopodobnie 150-200 mil jakkolwiek daleko Kawaii jest od Wielkiej Wyspy. Prawdopodobnie to zmieniło bieg na południowy wschód,. Więc 5 milionów lat temu kiedy wszystko to zmieniło kierunek na dół i w prawo, wtedy Kawaii byał ona górze gorącego punktu. I w ten sposób została uformowana każda z tych wysp. Jeśli cofniemy się o 10 milionów lat, to może ten obszar na płycie pacyficznej był nad gorącym punktem. Wyspa- wyspa uformowana na płycie pacyficznej poruszała się na północny zachód a nowe wyspy, tworzyły się nowe wulkany. te wulkany uwalniały lawę która się gromadziła i w końcu wyszła na powierzchnię wody i uformowała ten cały łańcuch wysep, i jako całość płyty pacyficznej poruszała się na północny zachód i formowała nowe wyspy. Pytaniem, które moglibyście zadać, jest, jak to się stało, że Wielka Wyspa jest większa? Bulgarian: Но ако се върнем преди 5 милиона години, цялата Тихоокеанска плоча е била вероятно на 150-200 мили, колкото Кауаи е отдалечен от Големия остров. Той вероятно е бил отдалечен с толкова на югоизток преди 5 милиона години. Така че преди 5 милиона години всичко това е изместено надолу и надясно, а Кауаи е бил на върха на горещата точка. И така се е формирал всеки от островите. Ако се върнем назад с хиляди години, тогава може би тази област на Тихоокеанската плоча е била над горещата точка. Тук се образува остров, а Тихоокеанската плоча продължава да се движи на северозапад. Тя продължава да се движи на северозапад продължават да се образуват новите острови и вулкани. Тези вулкани изригват лава, която се натрупва, натрупва се и накрая се показва над повърхността на водата и формира цялата тази верига от острови. Като цяло Тихоокеанската плоча продължава да се измества на северозапад и продължават да се образуват нови острови. Сега вероятно се питаш как големият остров е станал толкова голям? Czech: tak celá Pacifická deska by byla tak o 150, 200 mil… Je jedno, jak daleko je Kauai od Velkého ostrova. Byla by posunutá 150, 200 mil směrem na jihovýchod. Takže před 5 milióny let bylo vše posunuto dolů doprava a ostrov Kauai byl na horké skvrně. A takhle vznikl každý z Havajských ostrovů. Když se vrátíte o spoustu let zpět, tak možná toto místo bylo nad horkou skvrnou. Vznikl ostrov a pak se Pacifická deska posunula na severozápad. Pohybovala se pořád na severozápad, a tak vznikaly další ostrovy, sopky. Tyto sopky vypustily lávu, která se hromadila a hromadila. Nakonec vystoupila nad hladinu vody a vytvořila celý tento řetězec ostrovů, přitom se Pacifická deska stále pohybovala na severozápad, a to vytvářelo další ostrovy. Možná si pokládáte otázku, proč je Velký ostrov větší než ostatní. Chinese: 整个太平洋有可能 夏威夷也许有150万或者200万英里吧 反正考艾岛离这个大岛的距离吧 在整个太平洋有可能往东南方向缩减这些距离 我的意思是如果你回到五百万年前 那么五百万年前 这些岛屿都要往右边挪一些 考艾岛当时是在热点之上的 那么这就是这些岛屿的形成方式啦 如果你在回去到更远的时代，然而这里的这个区域 太平洋的这个区域，有个能就在热点之上 这个岛屿先是在这里形成的 然后太平洋板块就不停地往西北方向移动 他一直往西北方向移动，然后在后面的区域就不停地形成岛屿和火山 他一直往西北方向移动，然后在后面的区域就不停地形成岛屿和火山 然而这些岩浆会不停的堆积起来 然而这些岩浆会不停的堆积起来 然后岩浆到了海面后就变成了这一链条的岛屿 然后岩浆到了海面后就变成了这一链条的岛屿 整个太平洋板块在不停地往西北方向移动 也不停地在形成新的岛屿 那么现在你可能会问一个问题 那为什么这个大岛会大一点的呢？ Korean: 태평양 판 전체가 아마 150-200마일 정도 지금보다 물러나 있었을 것이고 지금으로부터 500만년전에는 카우아이 섬이 큰 섬으로 부터 아무리 멀어도 훨씬 남동쪽, 즉 현재 큰 섬 정도의 위치에 있었을 것입니다 따라서, 500만년 전에는 이 모든 것들이 지금보다 훨씬 오른쪽에 존재했고 그중 카우아이 섬은 열점의 위에 존재했습니다 그리고 이 섬들은 모두 이런 과정을 거쳐 생성되었습니다 만약 엄청나게 오래전으로 되돌아 간다면 태평양판 상에서 이 구역은 열점위에 존재했겠죠 이 섬은 그 열점에서 형성되었습니다 그리고 태평양판은 현재도 북서쪽으로 진행하고 있습니다 판이 북서쪽으로 계속 진행하며, 새로운 섬들, 새로운 화산들이 끊임없이 생겨나고 있습니다 이런 화산들은 용암을 분출하고 용암들이 점점 쌓이고 쌓여 결국 수면 위로 올라가 섬들을 이어나가며 만들었을 것입니다 그리고 판이 북서쪽으로 계속 진행하며 이러한 과정을 똑같이 반복할 것입니다 이제, 여러분은 한가지 궁금증이 생길겁니다 그럼, 큰 섬은 어떻게 커졌을까? English: the entire Pacific Plate was probably on the order of about 150 to 200 miles, however far Kauai is from the big island, it was probably shifted that much to the southeast if you go back 5 million years ago. So 5 million years ago, when all of this was shifted down and to the right, then Kauai was on top of the hot spot. And so this is how each of these islands are formed. If you rewind a ton of years then maybe this area over here on the Pacific Plate was over the hot spot. An island formed there. Then the Pacific Plate kept moving to the Northwest. It kept moving to the Northwest, and new islands, new volcanoes kept forming. Those volcanoes would release lava that would keep piling up, keep piling up, keep piling up, eventually go above the surface of the water and form this whole chain of islands. And as the whole Pacific Plate kept moving to the Northwest, it kept forming new islands. Now, the one question you might ask is, well, how come the big island is bigger? Polish: czy płyta znajdowała się tutaj dłużej nad tym gorącym punktem więc ta lawa może się tu uformować aby uformować to, - w gruncie rzeczy to jest podwodna góra, teraz jest to również ponad wodą i właściwie jeśli odejdziemy od dna Oceanu Spokojnego na górę Wielkiej Wyspy to jest ona o 50% wyższa niż Mt. Everest, więc możemy to postrzegać jako wielką górę ale pytanie czemu to jest większe niż Kawaii, zmniejszają się kiedy idziemy na północny zachód czy płyta pacyficzna zwalnia, spędza tu więcej czasu? I odpowiedź jest taka, że to prawdopodobnie nie zwalnia to co się dzieje, to to, że kiedyś Kawaii też prawdopodobnie było dużą wyspą. Jeśli cofniemy się o jakieś 5 milionów lat Kawaii również mogło być takie duże, ale w ciągu 5 milionów lat, doświadczyło dużej ilości erozji. Pamiętajmy, kiedy przesunęło się nad gorący punkt, nowy ląd został utoworzony jest on na środku Oceanu Spokojnego, jest tam pogoda Chinese: 是因为板块移动的慢了一点才这样 然后在热点上待的时间久了一点 岩浆在那段时间就可以形成出这样的大岛了？ 实际上，这是做水下山 然而现在在水面上了 其实如果你从太平洋的海底 到夏威夷的大岛顶端 它实际上比珠穆朗玛峰还高百分之五十 所以你可以只把它看成是座大山 但问题是这个比考艾岛大多了 如果你越往西南方向看 那里的岛就越小 这是因为太平洋板块的移动速度变慢了？ 他在这里停留的时间长些了？ 然而答案可能不是这样的 答案可能是考艾岛也曾是个大岛 答案可能是考艾岛也曾是个大岛 在五百万年前考艾岛也许有这么大 在五百万年前考艾岛也许有这么大 不过五百万年后的今天 可能考艾岛经历了太多的损耗 要记得整个太平洋板块都在移动 热点在不停地创造出新的小岛 考艾岛经过板块移动 各种自然灾害或者侵蚀了五百年之久 Czech: Měla deska nějakou ‚pauzu‘ na horké skvrně? Zdržela se na ní déle, tudíž mohlo uniknout více lávy? Je to vlastně podvodní hora, která je teď nad hladinou vody. Když změříte délku ode dna Tichého oceánu na nejvyšší vrchol Velkého ostrova, tak je ve o polovinu větší než Mt. Everest, takže ostrov můžete považovat za velkou horu. Velký ostrov je o tolik větší než Kauai. Ostrovy se zmenšují směrem na severozápad. Zpomaluje se Pacifická deska? Nezpomaluje. Nejspíš se tu stalo to, že Kauai býval nejspíš také obrovský ostrov. Když se vrátíte opět o 5 miliónů let zpět, tak Kauai byl také tak velký, ale pak proběhly milióny erozí. Jakmile nebyl nad horkou skvrnou, tak se nová země už nevytvořila. Je uprostřed Tichého oceánu, zakouší počasí, 5 miliónů let je dlouhá doba, za takovou dobu půda zerodovala. Portuguese: A placa meio que parou aqui, passou mais tempo em cima do hot spot então mais lava pode ter se formado para formar isso, para formar-- essencialmente, é uma montanha subaquática que agora está fora d'água e na verdade se voçê for da base do Oceano Pacífico para o Topo da grande ilha do Havaí é na verdade 50% mais alta que o monte Everest, então voçê pode ver isso como uma grande montanha Mas a questão é que se parece muito maior que Kawai e elas ficam cada vez menores conforme vamos para noroeste é de alguma forma a placa do Pacífico se desacelerando, ela está passando mais tempo qui? E a resposta é que ela não está parando, o que está acontecendo é que, uma vez Kawaii era também uma ilha grande. Se voçê voltar provavelmente uns 5, talvez 5 milhões de anos, Kawaii poderia ter sido também desse tamanho, mas em 5 milhões de anos eça experienciou muito erosão. Lembre-se, uma vez que se moveu para o hot spot, nova terra estava sendo criada, está no meio de oceano Pacífico, está passando por ações do clima, Bulgarian: Спряла ли е там плочата, стои ли по-дълго над горещата точка, така че да се натрупа повече лава, която да образува тази... това всъщност е подводна планина, която вече е и над водата. От дъното на Тихия океан до върха на Големия остров е с 50% по-високо от Еверест, така че просто можеш да видиш каква висока планина е това. Но въпросът е, че Хаваи е много по-голям от Кауаи и островите стават все по-малки на северозапад. Дали Тихоокеанската плоча се е забавила, дали е останала повече време тук? Отговорът е, че вероятно не се е била забавила. Всъщност някога Кауаи е бил сравнително голям остров. Ако се върнеш примерно с 5 милиона години назад, Кауаи също е бил толкова голям, но през тези 5 милиона години той е ерозирал значително. Спомни си, че след като се е отместил от горещата точка, повече не се е създавала нова земя, той е в средата на Тихия океан и с течение на времето – English: Has a plate kind of paused over there? Is it spending more time over the hot spot so that more lava can kind of form there to form this? Essentially, it's an underwater mountain that's now also above the water. And actually if you go from the base of the Pacific Ocean to the top of the big island of Hawaii, it's actually 50% higher than Mount Everest. So you could really just view it as a big mountain. But the question is this looks so much bigger than Kauai, and they keep getting smaller as you keep going to the Northwest. Is it somehow the Pacific Plate slowing? Is it spending more time here? And the answer is it's probably not slowing. What's happening is at one time Kauai was also probably also a relatively large island. If you rewind maybe 5 million years ago Kauai also might have been about that big. But over 5 million years it's just experienced a ton of erosion. Remember, once it moved over the hot spot and new land wasn't being created it's in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It's experiencing weather. 5 million years is a long period of time. Korean: 판이 그 위치에서 정지해 있던걸까? 아니면 열점에서 오래 머무르는 바람에 용암이 더 많이 분출되어 형성된 것일까? 본질적으로 사실 그것은 물밖으로 드러난 해산일 뿐입니다 그리고 실제로 태평양의 바닥면에서부터 큰 섬의 꼭대기까지의 높이를 잰다면 이는 사실 에베레스트 산보다 50%나 더 높습니다 그러므로 이는 그저 평범한 큰 산으로 볼 수 있을 겁니다 하지만 문제는 이 섬이 카우아이 섬보다 훨씬 더 크다는 것이고, 북서쪽으로 갈수록 그 크기가 점점 작아진다는 것입니다 태평양 판이 느려지는 걸까요? 아니면 단순히 이 지점에서 오래 머무르는 걸까요? 그에 대한 답변은 느려지고 있지는 않다는 것입니다 현재 관측되는 것과는 다르게 한때는 카우아이도 비교적 큰 섬이었을 것입니다 500만년 전을 떠올려본다면 아마 카우아이 섬 또한 그정도로 컸을 겁니다 그러나 500만년이라는 긴 시간 동안 무수히 많은 침식으로 인해 그 크기가 줄어들었을 것입니다 기억하세요 한번 열점이 지나가고 나서 태평양 한가운데에서 새 땅이 생겨나는 일은 불가능합니다 당연히 섬들은 날씨의 영향을 받습니다 500만년이라는 세월은 매우 긴 시간이고 iw: האם הלוח במידה מסויימת הפסיק שם, האם הוא מעביר יותר זמן מעל הנקודה החמה? לכדי כך שעוד לבה תיווצר שם כדי ליצור את, כדי ליצור את- בעקרון זה הר תת ימי שעכשיו נמצא גם מעל המים ולמעשה אם אתם הולכים מהבסיס של האוקיינוס הפסיפי לקצה העליון של האי הגדול של הוואי זה למעשה 50% גבוה יותר מהר האוורסט. אז באמת אתם יכולים להתסכל על זה פשוט כהר גדול אבל השאלה היא שהוא נראה כל כך גדול מקוואי והם ממשיכים להפוך קטנים יותר ככל שאתם הולכים לכיוון צפון-מערב האם באיזשהו אופן הלוח הפסיפי מאט, הוא מעביר יותר זמן כאן? והתשובה היא שהוא כנראה לא מאט, מה שקורה, בזמן מסויים קוואי גם כנראה היה אי גדול יחסית. אם תחזירו אחורה 5, אולי 5 מיליון שנה, קוואי כנראה היה בערך בגודל זה, אבל לאורך 5 מיליון שנה הוא פשוט חווה טונות של סחיפה. זכרו, ברגע שהוא זז מהנקודה החמה, קרקע חדשה לא נוצרה, הוא באמצע האוקיינוס הפסיפי, הוא חווה מזג אוויר, English: And so it just got eroded over that time. So the older the island is, the more eroded it's going to be, and the smaller it's going to be. So if you go to these underwater mountains up here that don't even surface above the ocean, at one time they might have surfaced, but due to the ocean and weather and whatnot they've just been eroded over time to become smaller and smaller kind of remnants of volcanoes. So anyway, I thought you would find that entertaining of how the Hawaiian Islands actually got formed, and how we can actually have these hot spots, and this volcanic activity, and actually even earthquake activity outside of actual plate boundaries. Actually, while we're looking at this diagram, we talked about the trenches at plate boundaries. You can actually see it here because this shows the depth. And the really dark, dark, dark, dark blue is really deep parts of the ocean. So this right here is the Mariana Trench. And you can see over here the Pacific Plate just getting abducted. Or not abducted, getting subducted into other plates underneath and forms these trenches here. Portuguese: 5 milhões de anos é um longo período de tempo, então ela foi erodida nesse período. Então quando mais velha a ilha é, mais erodida ela vai ser e o menor vai ficar. Então se voçê for para, de baixo dessas montanhas aqui em cima, que nem ficam acima do nível do oceano em algum tempo elas poderiam estão para fora do oceano, mas com, por causa do oceano e o clima elas foram erodidas com o tempo e se tornaram menores e menores, apenas como remanescentes de vulcões Então de qualquer forma Eu considero que tenha achado interessante, como as ilhas do Havaí foram formadas, e como podemos ter esses hot spots, e essa, essa atividade vulcânica, e até atividade sísmica, fora do eh, eh, eh das bordas das placas Na verdade, conforme olhamos para esse diagrama nós falamos sobre, nós falamos sobre as trincheiras dos limites das placas voçê pode ver aqui,porque isso mostra a profundidade, e o azul bem bem bem bem preto, é na verdade as áreas mais profundas do oceano. Então essa é a fossa da Mariana Então voçê pode ver a placa do Pacífico sendo sequestrada-- não sequestrada-- sendo subduzidas em outras placas, para baixo e forma essas trincheiras aqui Polish: 5 milionów to duży okres, i zostało to poddane erozji. Więc im starsza wyspa tym więcej erozji się na niej odbyło i będzie ona mniejsza. Więc jeśli przejdziemy do tych podwodnych gór tutaj, które nawet nie wystają na powierzchnię oceanu kiedyś może były na powierzchni, ale z powodu oceanu i pogody były poddane erozji i stawały sięcoraz mniejsze, są to pozostałości wulkanów Więc myślałem, że będzie to dla was interesujące, jak Wyspy Hawajskie zostały uformowane, i jak to jest, że mają te gorące punkty i tę aktywność wulkaniczną, i nawet trzęsienia ziemi, poza granicami płyt. Podczas gdy patrzymy na ten diagram mówimy o rowach granic płyt, możemy to zobaczyć tutaj, ponieważ to pokazuje głębokość i ciemny niebieski, to ciemna głęboka część oceanu. Więc to jest Rów Mariański możemy zobaczyc tu na płycie pacyficznej jak to zostaje podsunięte pod inne płyty, pod powierzchnią i formuje rowy tutaj. Czech: Čím je ostrov starší, tím víc je zerodovaný a tudíž menší. Takže když jdete po těchto podvodních horách, ani se nevynoříte na hladinu. Někdy ale možná byly nad hladinou, ale kvůli oceánu, počasí a erozi se zmenšily a jsou z nich už jen zbytky sopek. Myslel jsem, že by vás mohlo zajímat, jak vznikly Havajské ostrovy, jak fungují horké skvrny a jak funguje sopečná činnost a zemětřesení mimo desková rozhraní. Zatímco jsme sledovali tento diagram, tak jsme mluvili o příkopech vznikajících na rozhraní desek. Ty můžete vidět zde, protože toto ukazuje jejich hloubku a ta velmi tmavě modrá barva označuje nejhlubší části oceánu. Toto je Mariánský příkop. Tady je vidět, jak se Pacifická deska podsouvá pod jinou desku, a tak se vytváří příkop. Chinese: 然后现在就侵蚀到只剩下这点 老的到遭受的损坏比新岛多 所以老的岛会比新的岛小一些 那如果你到水底下看这些海底山的话 在这里有一些山根本是不在水平面之上的 他们可能曾经是在水面上的但因为各种天气或者海洋变动 使他们也被损耗的沉进海底了 被损耗就慢慢地变小，变成火山的残留物 无论如何我都希望你可以 在我说的这夏威夷群岛的形成里 或者是说你可以在我说的热点啊 火山运动啊之类的地方找到乐趣 还有非板块边缘的地震运动啊 还有非板块边缘的地震运动啊 其实你看着这个图片 我们可以看见这个地沟板块 因为这里告诉你了有多深 然而这里是非常非常深的蓝色来表示 这真的是海里面非常深的地方 所以在这里的是马里亚纳海沟 然而你可以看见这里的太平洋板块 被绑架了 哦~不是被绑架了，应该说是变成了俯冲板块 太平洋板块被压在了这个海沟底下 Korean: 그동안 섬들은 그저 세월에 의해 침식됐을 뿐입니다 오래되었을수록 더 많은 침식이 진행되었을 것이고 그럴수록 섬의 크기는 더 작아졌을 뿐입니다 따라서 만약 여러분이 이렇게 수면위로 드러나지 않은 해산들을 볼 때 한때는 수면 위로 떠올라있었지만 바다, 날씨 등의 이유로 인해 오랜 기간동안 침식이 진행되었고 그에 따라 점점 작아져 단순히 화산의 잔해에 불과하게 되었다는 사실을 알아주셨으면 좋겠습니다 어찌되었건 여러분이 하와이 제도가 어떻게 생성되었는지 또 이러한 열점들이 어떤 영향을 미치는지 화산과 지진 활동 등에 대해 실제로 어떻게 일어나고 판 경계 밖에서 지진활동은 어떻게 일어나는지에 대해 흥미를 가지셨을 거라 생각합니다 사실 이 그림을 보면서 판의 경계에 위치한 해구에 대해서도 얘기했습니다 이 그림을 통해 지구의 고도를 한눈에 볼 수 있는데 이 매우 매우 매우 어두운 부분은 실제로 바닷속의 매우 깊은 곳을 의미합니다 그리고 이 지역이 바로 마리아나 해구입니다 그리고 여러분은 이 지점에서 태평양판이 다른 판의 위로 올라가는 것을 볼 수 있습니다 위로 들어가지 않고 밑으로 들어간다고 해도 해구가 생성됨을 확인할 수 있습니다 iw: 5 מיליון שנה זוהי תקופת זמן ארוכה, והוא פשוט נשחק לאורך זמן זה. אז ככל שהאי יותר מבוגר, הוא יהיה יותר שחוק ויותר קטן. אז אם אתם הולכים להרים התת ימיים האלו כאן למעלה, הם אפילו לא מגיחים מעל האוקיינוס בזמן מסויים הם אולי הגיחו, אבל במשך, בעקבות האוקיינוס ומזג האוויר ומה לא, הם פשוט נשחקו לאורך זמן ונהיו קטנים יותר וקטנים יותר, עד לשאריות של הרי געש אז בכל מקרה, חשבתי שתמצאו את זה מעניין, איך בעצם איי הוואי נוצרו, ואיך למעשה יש לנו את הנקודות החמות האלו, והפעילות הוולקנית הזו, ולמעשה אפילו פעילות של רעידות אדמה, למעשה מחוץ ל.. גבולות הלוח. למעשה בזמן שאנחנו מתסכלים על התרשים הזה דיברנו על, דיברנו על התעלות של גבולות הלוח, אתם למעשה יכולים לראות את זה כאן, משום שזה מראה את העומק, והכחול הכהה כהה כהה כהה, זה באמת חלקים חשוכים עמוקים של האוקיינוס. אז הנה שקע מריאנה אז אתם יכולים לראות כאן שהלוח הפסיפי, מופחת תחת לוחות אחרים, מתחת ויוצר את התעלות האלו כאן. Bulgarian: 5 милиона години е дълъг период от време, през което време просто е ерозирал. Така че колкото по-стар е островът, толкова повече е ерозирал, и толкова повече се е смалил. Ако отидеш на тези подводни планини тук, които не се показват дори над повърхността на океана, по едно време те вероятно са били на повърхността, но с течение на времето и под действието на океана и какво ли не, те са ерозирали и с течение на времето са ставали по-малки и по-малки, просто остатъци от вулкани. Но както и да е. Мислех, че ще ти е интересно да научиш как са се формирали Хавайските острови и откъде имаме всъщност тези горещи точки, тази вулканична активност и дори земетръсна активност извън границите на плочите. Всъщност, като разглеждахме тази диаграма, ние говорихме за падините при границите на плочите, можеш да видиш тук, защото това показва дълбочината, тук, където е наистина много тъмно синьо, това са наистина тъмни дълбоки части на океана. Тук е Марианската падина. След това можеш да видиш тук как Тихоокеанската плоча се спуска и се подпъхва под други плочи и образува тези падини тук. Chinese: 那么最后还是往你们看着觉得有趣吧~ iw: בכל מקרה מקווה שמצאתם את זה מעניין. Korean: 여러분이 흥미를 찾으셨길 바랍니다 들어주셔서 감사합니다 커넥트 번역 봉사단 | 윤태현 Czech: Doufám, že vás to bavilo. Bulgarian: Надявам се, че ти беше интересно. English: Anyway, hopefully you found that entertaining. Portuguese: De qualquer forma esperançosamente voçê achou isso divertido. Polish: Mam nadzieję, że było to dla was interesujące. Tamil: Tamil

Movie nights are awesome! As long as you have enough snacks. Here, am I in charge of refills now? Kevin do it you look really great tonight Kevin I get it you want a refill I'm gonna miss my favorite part what's this nope this is what I want hey what's wrong now what am I gonna do is there anything else good in here I think I can work with these for a fun snack in a pan mix chocolate candy and popcorn kernals then sit back and enjoy the show the sugar and salt create a game-changing snack and once the kernels start popping you know it's almost ready is the glass coil yet then flip it right over pretty smooth right still hungry dig right on it I sure wish I could go outside beeping injured a yummy snack should pass the time oh these are really salty my soda it's probably still cold why is it so far away come on I just want to sip I've got to have something handy that could help I forgot about these drives I'll just fashion my own device okay it should work now just a few more straws we have contact and now we sit this is a lazy persons to read is there anything better in this world than a spoonful of Nutella oh man that's delicious I've had my fill and off to the sink you go mmm no mom likes to wash their kids dishes I was gonna clean it later anyway hey those aren't even mine why are these dishes all being dumped on me so unfair wait a minute maybe there's a way around all this scrubbing for this hack peel off the rough side of a sponge and cut the rough side like this in the end you should have five sections with a rubber glove and a hot glue gun create lines of glue down each finger and palm stick the yellow sponge piece on the palm and the rough pieces on each finger now a sink full of dishes isn't so intimidating thanks to your trusty sponge hands this little hack saves serious scrubbing time see and you'll be a cleaning hero in your mother's eyes I finally get to try out this new video game huh defrost meat by 3:00 p.m. sounds like three hours from now and now time to kill some soggy putt but why is it that what gaming time flies by without you noticing why can't I get my school raagh oh oh no it's 3:00 already but the meets Oh mom's gonna kill me any chance he's not frozen in here oh man I've got to speed up this process come on come on defrost already so slippery oh I'll just use my natural body heat that's like solid ice Oh Oh be things blow hot air right perhaps the answer sitting right in front of me Oh take an upside-down pot and put your frozen meat right on top then put a second pot on top right side up then fill it with hot water after a few short minutes you'll notice things start to thaw see and it won't make a mess since it's in a bag after a couple of minutes take the pot off and the meat should be ready to cook tada oh hey mom yep I remembered the meat hmm that was a close one phew still studying wanna Viki I'm starved but I can't stop studying for this test I think I can whip something up for you that's a good studying snack what am i working with here go big or go home right Haight goodness for these sugary sodas earth are you cooking for a family of four Vicky I did ask for just one snack right Vicky does have a habit of over measuring ingredients whoa I definitely overdid it can't go through that again let me show you a trick this bottle is the perfect measuring tool this is enough for one serving in you go second guessing is a thing of the past but we're not done yet a little sauce and garnish go a long way can you believe this is the same amount this trick is a cooking game-changer lunch is here and these salads look delicious let's dig in hmm could use a little flavor how is anything coming out come on anybody home in there maybe it's time to give up thick there's an easier way to do that does to let the salts help you out simply rub it on these bumps the vibration loosens the clog at the hole and let there be flavor salt and pepper will never be the same you're a restaurant with Lana this guy's skateboarding moves are sick yes oh I need a refill here it is watch where you're pouring Adam oh is that sugar soda better not be making a mess I got it don't worry okay watch out for those steps steps are making me nervous oh man your mom's gonna kill you Adam really it was an accident that'll teach you to sew on my couch whoa that card will bring out the clip turn that down Bella I'm about to vacuum in here seriously mom someone's got to clean this mess what'd I miss why is it that mom's clean at the worst times I can't wait till I move out wait is he dead wait what just happened don't worry Bella I never interrupt your busy day of sittin

Tenemos la carne hay un monton de carne un monton de carne ahumada Ya os contaremos luego Que pasa Mamuchans? Buenas carnes ahumadas!! buenas carnes ahumadas? alguien por aqui esta muy contenta por Tejas estamos en Terry's Black BBQ en Austin Tejas y esta es la razon por la cual Mamucho Munchies se creo por la barbacoa y por Tejas no he comido nada en todo el dia para hacer espacio incluso he hecho ejercicio vamos cariño, una mas una mas, venga que tu puedes vamos, vamos yyyyyyyy uno ves te dije que podias no tenemos que discutir lo del ejercicio solo teneis que saber que lo hice es lo que realmente importa y ahora vamos a ... o voy yo solo.. a pedir comida donde se ha ido? creo que la carne ahumada es mas importante que yo me tengo que ir Normalmente nos gusta enseñaros la comida comer y deciros lo que pensamos y como sabe pero.. son costillas sabemos a los que saben lo sabemos lo sabemos enteramente y os lo diremos todo pero despues de comer tengo la boca hecha agua disculpar pero no tengo tiempo de hablar cuando estoy comiendo costillas yo tampoco os puedo hablar ahora vamos, vamos a comer simplemente vamos a comer hastaluego Lucas! Mamuchans no tengo... yo no puedo respirar menos mal que hice ejercicio hoy y que no comiste nada por 24 horas y no voy a comer en las siguientes 24 horas la comida, lo sentimos pero... no pudimos deciros lo buena que estaba yo lo intente intente deciros que estaba crujiente y jugoso pero... pero es que no podia parar de comer no os hemos dicho nada del lugar y es lo que queremos deciros ahora primero, este sitio es maravilloso es maravilloso y es un proceso intenso lo de la comida y del porque esta tan deliciosa no deberiamos ser nosotros quien lo diga escuchar a nuestro amigo Cesar, y que os lo cuente el Hacemos entre unos 100 a 130 al dia 130? si señor si unas cuantas carnes ahumadas al dia tenemos 5 fosas 3 aqui fuera y 2 mas en la parte de atras todas tienen carnes ahumadas ahora mismo, estamos mas o menos por la mitad del proceso las terminamos la temperatura esta a 165 centigrados dependiendo del clima esta templado fuera tenemos que mantenerlo todo lo que estamos haciendo ahora es ablandar la carne luego las sacamos y que reposen y estaran preparadas para mañana pues estaban deliciosas muchas gracias deliciosas y maravillosas tenemos turnos de mañana, tarde y madrugada nosotros somos los de las tardes terminamos las carnes ahumadas y lo dejamos preparado para cuando llegue el siguiente equipo y ellos cocinan desde las 23h a las 9 h del siguiente dia ellos tienen el horario de cementerio asi que estais en funcionamiento 24 horas? Lieles: 24 horas? Cesar: si hay alguien siempre cocinando las llamas esas nunca se apagan solo en Navidad solo en Navidad se apagan, y es solo un dia y seguro que se quedan las chispas si se queda candente se queda candente en Navidad os doy credito por que vaya un calor que hace esto no es nada, esperate a que llegue el verano en el verano es... llegan las temperaturas a 65 centigrados estas diciendo locuras ahora vamos a irnos fuera ahora de vuelta a la civilizacion ahora ya sabeis por que esta comida esta tan buena cocinando 24 horas la carne ahumada una locura eso es pura dedicacion, y lo respeto mucho y huele de maravilla si, me podria quedar ahi dentro por el olor queremos darles las gracias a Jason Cesar, Sadie y a todos en Terry's Black por darnos una maravillosa experiencia y comida maravillosa experiencia el equipo aqui es fantastico el sitio es grandisimo tienen una terraza, que es donde obviamente estamos el lugar es acojedor acceso a minusvalidos unos baños estupendos, por cierto a que si? iba a volver a echar unas fotos es eso raro? es el sitio perfecto de barbacoa en Tejas todo es, como tienen que ser y esto es todo chic@s la comida ha estado genial, venir a Terry's Black BBQ estos tios estan haciendo un trabajo estupendo muy muy bien muy bien si habeis disfrutado el video, darle al me gusta suscribiros para viajar mas con nosotros y comer mas con nosotros y recordar, vivir la vida que quereis querer la vida que vivis y viajar Los Mamuchos se van

Stand by for liftoff. Three... two... one. Ladies and gentlemen, this is a live signal. Is this really happening? The Russians put the first man on the moon. We thought it was about being first. Turns out the stakes are much bigger than that. We will be the ones reaching into space for all of mankind. Nixon wants us to put a woman on the moon. Anybody tell the president that we don't have any female astronauts? You are officially astronaut candidates. -It's not easy. -It's not supposed to be easy, Tracy. -It's dangerous. -I want this. -It's what I signed up for. -No, it's what we signed up for. How many moms do you know are training to go into outer space? We still get up there and push the envelope every single day. The world's changing. And you helped change it. If we wait, the Russians will win this.

Spanish: Muchos fanáticos sueñan con ver a su ídolo favorito y ese sueño se hizo realidad para estos fanáticos afortunados con una adición increíblemente dulce. En este video voy a hablar sobre algunos momentos en los que ídolos de kpop besaron a sus fans en el escenario. Pero antes de empezar, solo quería pedirte que te suscribas al canal. Esto es muy importante porque así es como obtendrás todos los próximos videos que lanzaré. Además, dale un like a este video que me ayudará mucho. Si quieres interactuar más directamente conmigo, puedes seguirme en Instagram A pesar de tener una imagen muy suave y linda, Sandara Park de 2ne1, tuvo un concepto mucho más maduro en sus presentaciones en solitario en 2012. English: Many fans dream of seeing their favorite idol and that dream came true for these lucky fans with an unbelievably sweet addition. In this video I'm going to talk about some moments where kpop idols kissed their fans on stage But before I start, I just wanted to ask you to subscribe to the channel. This is very important because this is how you will get all the next videos that I will release Also, give a like in this video that will help me a lot. If you want to interact more directly with me, you can follow me on Instagram Despite having a very soft and cute image, 2ne1's Sandara Park, had a much more mature concept in her solo stages in 2012 Vietnamese: Nhiều người hâm mộ mơ ước được nhìn thấy thần tượng yêu thích của mình và ước mơ đó đã trở thành hiện thực với những người hâm mộ may mắn này với một sự bổ sung ngọt ngào đến khó tin. Trong video này, tôi sẽ nói về một số khoảnh khắc các thần tượng Kpop hôn fan của họ trên sân khấu Nhưng trước khi bắt đầu mình chỉ muốn kêu gọi các bạn đăng ký kênh. Điều này rất quan trọng vì đây là cách bạn sẽ nhận được tất cả các video tiếp theo mà tôi sẽ phát hành Ngoài ra, hãy cho một like trong video này sẽ giúp ích cho mình rất nhiều. Nếu muốn tương tác trực tiếp với tôi nhiều hơn, bạn có thể theo dõi tôi trên Instagram Mặc dù có một hình tượng rất mềm mại và dễ thương, Sandara Park của 2ne1, đã có một concept trưởng thành hơn rất nhiều trong các sân khấu solo của mình vào năm 2012 Indonesian: Banyak penggemar bermimpi melihat idola favorit mereka dan mimpi itu menjadi kenyataan bagi penggemar yang beruntung ini dengan tambahan manis yang luar biasa. Dalam video ini saya akan berbicara tentang beberapa momen di mana idola kpop mencium penggemar mereka di atas panggung Tapi sebelum saya mulai, saya hanya ingin meminta Anda untuk subscribe ke channel tersebut. Ini sangat penting karena begitulah cara Anda mendapatkan semua video berikutnya yang akan saya rilis Juga, berikan suka di video ini yang akan banyak membantu saya. Jika Anda ingin berinteraksi lebih langsung dengan saya, Anda dapat mengikuti saya di Instagram Meskipun memiliki citra yang sangat lembut dan imut, Sandara Park 2ne1 memiliki konsep yang jauh lebih dewasa di panggung solonya pada tahun 2012. Malay (macrolanguage): Ramai peminat bermimpi melihat idola kegemaran mereka dan impian itu menjadi kenyataan bagi peminat bertuah ini dengan tambahan manis yang luar biasa. Dalam video ini saya akan membincangkan beberapa saat di mana idola kpop mencium peminat mereka di atas pentas Tetapi sebelum saya memulakan, saya hanya ingin meminta anda melanggan saluran tersebut. Ini sangat penting kerana ini adalah bagaimana anda akan mendapat semua video seterusnya yang akan saya keluarkan Juga, berikan like dalam video ini yang akan banyak membantu saya. Sekiranya anda mahu berinteraksi secara lebih langsung dengan saya, anda boleh mengikuti saya di Instagram Walaupun mempunyai imej yang sangat lembut dan comel, Sandara Park 2ne1, mempunyai konsep yang jauh lebih matang dalam pentas solonya pada tahun 2012 Japanese: 多くのファンは自分の好きなアイドルを見ることを夢見ていて、その夢は信じられないほど甘い追加でこれらの幸運なファンのために実現しました。 このビデオでは、kpopアイドルがステージでファンにキスした瞬間についてお話します でも、始める前に、チャンネル登録をお願いしたかっただけです。これは私がリリースする次のすべてのビデオを取得する方法なので、これは非常に重要です また、このビデオで私に大いに役立つようなを付けてください。私ともっと直接やり取りしたい場合は、Instagramでフォローしてください。 2ne1のSandara Parkは非常に柔らかくてキュートなイメージを持っていますが、2012年のソロステージでははるかに成熟したコンセプトがありました。 Thai: แฟน ๆ หลายคนใฝ่ฝันที่จะเห็นไอดอลที่พวกเขาชื่นชอบและความฝันนั้นก็เป็นจริงสำหรับแฟน ๆ ผู้โชคดีเหล่านี้ด้วยการเพิ่มความหวานอย่างไม่น่าเชื่อ ในวิดีโอนี้ฉันจะพูดถึงช่วงเวลาที่ไอดอล kpop จูบแฟน ๆ บนเวที แต่ก่อนที่จะเริ่มฉันแค่ขอให้คุณสมัครรับข้อมูลช่อง สิ่งนี้สำคัญมากเพราะนี่คือวิธีที่คุณจะได้รับวิดีโอถัดไปทั้งหมดที่ฉันจะเผยแพร่ นอกจากนี้กดไลค์ในวิดีโอนี้ซึ่งจะช่วยฉันได้มาก หากคุณต้องการโต้ตอบโดยตรงกับฉันมากขึ้นคุณสามารถติดตามฉันได้ที่ Instagram แม้จะมีภาพลักษณ์ที่ดูนุ่มนวลและน่ารัก แต่ซานดาร่าปาร์ค (Sandara Park) วง 2ne1 ก็มีคอนเซ็ปต์ที่ดูเป็นผู้ใหญ่กว่ามากในสเตจเดี่ยวของเธอในปี 2012 Vietnamese: Khi mời một người hâm mộ may mắn lên sân khấu, cô ấy không chỉ hát cho anh ấy nghe mà còn dành cho anh ấy một nụ hôn trên má. Japanese: 彼女がステージで幸運なファンを招待すると、彼は彼に歌うだけでなく、彼の頬にキスをします。 Thai: เมื่อเธอเชิญแฟนผู้โชคดีขึ้นไปบนเวทีเธอไม่เพียง แต่ร้องเพลงให้เขาฟัง แต่ยังจูบที่แก้มของเขาด้วย Indonesian: Ketika dia mengundang penggemar yang beruntung di atas panggung, dia tidak hanya bernyanyi untuknya tetapi juga memberinya ciuman di pipinya. English: When she invites a lucky fan on stage, she not only sings to him but also gives him a kiss on his cheek. Malay (macrolanguage): Ketika dia mengundang peminat bertuah di atas panggung, dia tidak hanya bernyanyi kepadanya tetapi juga memberikan ciuman di pipinya. Spanish: Cuando invita a un afortunado fan al escenario, no solo le canta, sino que también le da un beso en la mejilla. Malay (macrolanguage): Taeyang adalah raja layanan penggemar di Big Bang selalu mencari jalan untuk memastikan peminatnya tahu mereka disayangi dan dihargai. Dalam persembahan solo, dia malah menari untuk peminat dan ciumannya ditolak olehnya English: Taeyang is the king of fan service in Big Bang always finding ways to make sure his fans know they're loved and appreciated. In a solo performance he even danced for a fan and had his kiss rejected by her Thai: แทยังเป็นราชาแห่งแฟนเซอร์วิสในบิ๊กแบงมักจะหาวิธีทำให้แฟน ๆ รู้ว่าพวกเขารักและชื่นชม ในการแสดงเดี่ยวเขายังเต้นให้แฟน ๆ และเธอปฏิเสธจูบของเขา Vietnamese: Taeyang là ông hoàng của fan service trong Big Bang luôn tìm mọi cách để đảm bảo rằng người hâm mộ của anh ấy biết họ được yêu mến và đánh giá cao. Trong một buổi biểu diễn solo, anh ấy thậm chí còn nhảy vì một fan hâm mộ và bị cô ấy từ chối nụ hôn Japanese: テヤンはビッグバンのファンサービスの王様であり、ファンが愛され、高く評価されていることをファンに確認する方法を常に模索しています。 ソロパフォーマンスではファンのために踊り、キスを拒否されました。 Spanish: Taeyang es el rey del fan service en Big Bang y siempre encuentra formas de asegurarse de que sus fans sepan que son amados y apreciados. En una actuación en solitario, incluso bailó para una fan y ella rechazó su beso. Indonesian: Taeyang adalah raja layanan penggemar di Big Bang yang selalu menemukan cara untuk memastikan penggemarnya tahu bahwa mereka dicintai dan dihargai. Dalam penampilan solo dia bahkan menari untuk seorang penggemar dan ciumannya ditolak olehnya Spanish: Seungri fue otro que llevó a una fan al escenario y la sorprendió con un gran beso durante un fanmeeting en Macao. Japanese: スングリはファンをステージに連れて行き、マカオでのファンミーティング中に大きなキスで彼女を驚かせた別の人でした Vietnamese: Seungri là một người khác đã đưa một người hâm mộ lên sân khấu và khiến cô ấy ngạc nhiên với nụ hôn nồng cháy trong một buổi fanmeeting ở Macau Thai: ซึงรีเป็นอีกคนหนึ่งที่พาแฟน ๆ มาที่เวทีและเซอร์ไพรส์เธอด้วยการจูบครั้งใหญ่ระหว่างงานแฟนมีตติ้งที่มาเก๊า English: Seungri was another who took a fan to the stage and surprised her with a big kiss during a fanmeeting in Macau Malay (macrolanguage): Seungri adalah seorang lagi yang membawa peminat ke panggung dan mengejutkannya dengan ciuman besar semasa fanmeeting di Macau Indonesian: Seungri adalah orang lain yang membawa penggemar ke panggung dan mengejutkannya dengan ciuman lebar saat fanmeeting di Makau Malay (macrolanguage): BigBang's G-Dragon menjalani ini dengan cara yang berbeza, kerana peminatnya menciumnya Indonesian: G-Dragon BigBang mengalami ini dengan cara yang berbeda, karena itu adalah penggemar yang menciumnya English: BigBang's G-Dragon went through this in a different way, since it was a fan who kissed him Spanish: G-Dragon de BigBang pasó por esto de una manera diferente, ya que fue una fan quien lo besó Vietnamese: G-Dragon của BigBang đã trải qua điều này theo một cách khác, vì đó là một người hâm mộ đã hôn anh ấy Japanese: BigBangのG-Dragonは、キスしたのがファンだったので、別の方法でこれを通過しました。 Thai: จีดราก้อน BigBang ใช้วิธีที่แตกต่างออกไปเนื่องจากเป็นแฟนคลับที่จูบเขา Japanese: iKONの歌はファンのキスに完全に驚いた別のアイドルでした Malay (macrolanguage): Lagu iKON adalah idola lain yang benar-benar terkejut dengan ciuman peminat English: iKON's Song was another idol that was totally surprised by a fan's kiss Vietnamese: iKON's Song là một thần tượng khác hoàn toàn bất ngờ trước nụ hôn của fan Indonesian: Song iKON adalah idola lain yang benar-benar terkejut dengan ciuman seorang penggemar Spanish: Song de iKON fue otro ídolo que quedó totalmente sorprendido por el beso de una fan Thai: เพลง iKON เป็นอีกหนึ่งไอดอลที่เซอร์ไพรส์แฟน ๆ Indonesian: Selama Fanmeet 2PM, Wooyoung membuat hati penggemar di mana-mana bergetar saat ia memberikan ciuman lembut di dahi penggemar. Dalam momen menggoda dan berpura-pura menampar penggemar, Ga In mengejutkan penggemar dengan ciuman manis di pipi. Vietnamese: Trong buổi Fanmeet của 2PM, Wooyoung đã khiến trái tim người hâm mộ khắp nơi phải rung rinh khi đặt lên trán một người hâm mộ một nụ hôn nhẹ nhàng. Trong một khoảnh khắc trêu chọc và giả vờ tát fan, Ga In đã khiến fan bất ngờ với nụ hôn ngọt ngào vào má. Japanese: 午後2時のファンミートの最中、ウヨンはファンの額に優しいキスをしたところ、いたるところにファンの心を震わせました。 ファンをからかうふりをしている瞬間に、Ga Inは代わりに頬に甘いキスをしてファンを驚かせます。 Spanish: Durante un Fanmeet de 2PM, Wooyoung hizo temblar los corazones de los fans en todas partes mientras colocaba un suave beso en la frente de un fan. En un momento de burla y pretendiendo abofetear a un fan, Ga In sorprende al fan con un dulce beso en la mejilla. Thai: ในงานแฟนมีตของ 2PM อูยองทำให้หัวใจของแฟน ๆ สั่นสะเทือนไปทั่วขณะที่เขาจูบเบา ๆ ที่หน้าผากของแฟน ๆ ในช่วงเวลาแห่งการหยอกล้อและแกล้งตบแฟนกาอินเซอร์ไพรส์แฟน ๆ ด้วยการจูบที่แก้มแทน English: During a 2PM Fanmeet, Wooyoung made the hearts of fans everywhere tremble as he placed a gentle kiss on a fan's forehead. In a moment of teasing and pretending to slap a fan, Ga In surprises the fan with a sweet kiss to the cheek instead. Malay (macrolanguage): Semasa Fanmeet 2PM, Wooyoung membuat hati peminat di mana-mana gemetar ketika dia meletakkan ciuman lembut di dahi kipas. Pada saat menggoda dan berpura-pura menampar kipas, Ga In mengejutkan peminat dengan ciuman manis ke pipi sebagai gantinya. Vietnamese: Cảm ơn đã xem. Subscribe để nhận những video tiếp theo :) Thai: ขอบคุณที่รับชม. สมัครสมาชิกเพื่อรับวิดีโอต่อไป :) Indonesian: Terima kasih telah menonton. Berlangganan untuk menerima video berikutnya :) Spanish: Gracias por ver. Suscríbete para recibir los próximos videos :) English: Thanks for watching. Subscribe to receive the next videos :) Japanese: 見てくれてありがとう。次のビデオを受け取るために購読してください:) Malay (macrolanguage): Terima kasih kerana menonton. Langgan untuk menerima video seterusnya :)

-I miss you. I wish you were here every week. -I know, I wish I was here all the time. -Thank you for coming. Where have you -- You've been all over the world. -Where did you fly in from -L.A. -You flew from Los Angeles -It was the craziest trip, because two flights -- these two flights had been mixed up and they hadn't been flying out. And I was in the lounge, and we had found other transportation to get to, you know, New York. And I overheard this young girl, and she was talking about how she was gonna miss her graduation. -Oh, really? -So I went up to her, and I was like, "Do you want to travel with me?" [ Audience awws ] And she was like, "Sure." I was like, "Okay, come with me." -No way. -So we traveled together, and she's here in the audience tonight. -No, you brought her here? -Yes! -Where? Where? [ Cheers and applause ] -[ Chuckles ] She's here. -Hey, what is her name? -Marissa. Marissa. -Marissa? -Yes. -Marissa, did you make -- Oh, hi, Marissa. Yeah, there you go. -Yes, she graduated. [ Cheers and applause ] Yeah! -What school did you go to -Columbia, right? -Columbia University. -I know Columbia University. Yeah, not bad. [ Cheers and applause ] -Yes. -I'm so glad. -Yes, I know. -What a great story. -Oh, what a great story. -It is. -I was like, "Thanks." -That's so nice of you. Cool But her parents, I'm sure they were like, "Why did you go and travel with strangers?" -No, but she said she was gonna miss it, and she didn't. That's the best. -She didn't miss it. there you go. -Good for you, pal. -Thank you. -I know that you were also in Australia, because you saw our pal Robert Irwin when you were down there. -Oh, isn't he the best? -Oh, my gosh. -They are both. -Robert and Bindi Irwin right there. And I know, we love those guys -Oh! -What did you do when you were there? -Oh, man. -Oh, I saw so many things. He was like, "Mate, mate, you got to hold a snake." I was like, "Oh, sure." And he's like, "Mate, it's got to happen. Put it 'round your neck." [ Laughter ] And I was like, "okay." -"It's got to happen. Put it 'round your neck." -He's like, "Mate, I've got to come to States to go and see 'Godzilla vs. King Kong.'" [ Laughter ] I'm like, "Okay, sure." -"All right, mate." -Yeah. -I love that he calls you "mate." -"Oh, mate." -"Hey, mate." He brought a -- He brought - I mean, he brings the craziest stuff on our show -Oh, yeah. -And always -- -I watch every segment. He Facetime'd me when he was here. He was like, "Millie, mate there's an animal named after you." [ Laughter ] -He named an animal after you? -Millie Bobby Brown. -This is Millie millipede, Millie Bobby Brown. And it was so... [ Laughter ] Oh, no, it was frightening I can't even talk about it -And he looks at it and he goes, "Isn't it so adorable?" [ Light laughter ] I'm like... -No. -No. -Not at all. -It's not -- -It's frightening, Robert. -It's quite scary. -Frightening. -Yes. -But he's such a good guy. -Oh, he's the best. -He loves animals. -Yeah. -You love animals? -I love animals. -Yeah. Do you own any pets -Well, the last time I spoke to Robert on Facetim was in a bit of a -- I was like, "Should I get tortoises? Should I not get tortoises?" I finally went to a pet shop and they had two, when my parents only allowed m for one. And they were husband and wife How could you, you know? [ Laughter ] So I went overboard, and I called them "Bec-cah" and "Dah-vid." Which basically are Becky and David. But you know Jon Snow from "Game of Thrones?" He has that Northern English accent. He's like "Jon Snuh." [ Laughter ] -"Jon Snuh." -"Jon Snuh." So you got to say "Dah-vid and Bec-cah." [ Laughter ] With your tongue out. Oh, so David -- -"Dah-vid." -"Dah-vid." -"Dah-vid and Bec-cah." -Oh, yeah. And that's how I only name - I will be like, "Oh, good morning, Dah-vid." [ Laughter ] -But, dude, you love them so much. -Oh, I'm the mother of tortoises now, like I can't -- [ Laughter ] I cannot stop. [ Applause ] -Like, Daenerys is -- Yeah -The Mother of Dragons, Mother of Tortoises. "Jon Snuh." -You Facetime'd your tortoise. -Oh, yes. -This is today or yesterday? -So, I'm on a press tour right now, and every day, I'm Facetime-ing them. Look at my -- I can't -- I was in bed. I couldn't stop laughing. [ Laughter ] So "Bec-cah" ate strawberries. And it was the cutest thing, because she only -- becaus she gets, like -- you know, it's her treat once in a while, and she was like... -She went for it. -She went for it. My brother was like, "Oh, do you want to see David." I was like, "Oh! Does Eleven have super powers? [ Laughter ] You know? I was like, "Are you joking me?" I'm the mother to them. -Yes. -They also, like, love me. -Do they recognize you? -No, they do. They, like, turn their heads and they're like, "Not her again." [ Laughter ] And I'm like [Baby-talking]. -Oh, how fun. -Oh, yeah.

hi guys welcome back to another welcome back to the channel and we are playing some more fortnite and we're going to be using the the new skin one of the new skins that come out obviously you got the backbone which is that skin there with the backing on he's nice but I prefer to go with this one at the chop the chopper skin I do like her she's very cool she's not the most spectacular skin in the world but for a reskin she's okay and the battling with a little pink teddy bear on is just awesome so that's the skin we're going to use today guys the new chopper skin and before this video starts boys if you're interested in winning the free skins leave a like on this video subscribe to a channel if you do around there and turn on little notification bells so you never miss the video also you have to comment to win the skin guys because I pick the winner out the comment section so make sure you do comment it could be anything make sure you don't you took more than two comments there guys because can't spam do not mean if you do more than two comments somebody taking your first two comments that's it but yeah make sure you like and subscribe to the channel to say everything is up to date and fortnight back around this new chopper skin is good I mean it's worth it I don't like the glider so I didn't buy the glider I brought the hafting tool I'm gonna pull down for that today guys just like usual I'm not doing good whatsoever I did hire my sensitivity up I hide it all the way up to you a seven or not not to a seven sorry to an eight eight and I was just doing rubbish I couldn't my aim is just shoddy so I have lowered it back down hopefully we can try and get I mean I am going to play on probably seven seven or eight eight for a long time and try and get back we've done sensitivities just to make me a bit better a lot faster children and stuff but for now I don't see me playing on a high sensitivity but I'm going to practice and practice we practice till I eventually can I used to play on the high sensitivity Japan seven seven but I felt I was missing shots too frequently so I moved it down to a six six still flat walls missing shots so they might just been me and watch just be that rubbish no one in my house watch me here I can't see anyone so we're playing on a five five drums Odin and it's a good job will save that big pot because I found Minnie's dropping them but over there pick back up the assault rifle I I do love to drink them all another big pot cubes for days let me know if you guys like this skin I'm gonna what the mini-me just because it's probably just not worth taking over the bolt these beds take three hits to destroy now there's no chest in there rather check anyway what I might do and let me know if this is a good idea guys is I might move up my sensitivity once like every game just to get used to a higher sensitivity also let flit in the conversation guys what sensitivity you guys player and no lion Eva saying you play on a map at 10 10 or a 9 9 when you're done let me know the truth I want to know the truth boys they've been lying to me I mean up at the minute octonal 5 5 and that's just because I'm hitting my shots on a fire five I might not be fast at building but with the new updates I don't pit buildings that importance I mean it is important still don't get me wrong I mean the best builders are gonna have an advantage but with the way this game goes on now I look for buildings that much it that important anymore like I can still build reasonably fast average averagely fast on a 5/5 but so obviously if you build on our 8/8 you're gonna beat me you're gonna get high ground but I'll just I'll sit in the base and I'll walk it down until you jump down or for a stink bomb blow me up you know I just got a plate smart a bit smarter then reasonably I've been playing today because I've been playing shockingly I haven't been I was a hit top 10 the close the closest I got was think like why not 515 been after close to the block today about poor day on the fortnight a poor day I've been an absolute disgrace how bad off in on this game today but we will rectify it I mean oh okay more minis I want to take downs in the big bot someone wants a big pot they can come and get that one all right let's see if we can one surprise me of people are in the force field if the force field still wear ladies I'm gonna do this do not get strong the fact thank you I sin debt see what's see what stuff these guys had I am gonna double drum them think that's the best of both thing any of them had a better assault rifle for me no we're gonna get out of it because you're very very what's it called you're very very you could die quick let's just put it that way I know we go we're out I don't have been there a long time you've got two kills they're not bad someone's got small trifle alright some smarts in the house she dead thank you Caterpie money as well all this slut quick watching under this trick me man oh my god so make sure I fix reloaded we got four let's get out of here okay Oh oh my god what are you doing a bush taught him of a deagle I was not nice that was not not book that was not nice bush it's better very mean Bush what the hell is he on well he fell really Oh God six kills not bad it's just we like this blow dis all right we got brick minie mo someone's probably gonna be on top of this on these mountains somewhere here we go reload jump down all right no Mike how to make it still alright so far found a job a bit almost jobs a bracket sleepies nine kills not bad give me about them minis Oh I'm going to take the made launcher and we get on top of this don't see if it all goes down there she like this as well I love mine kills which isn't bad what trucks they'll have we have bounce pads which is also good there's a thing that was higher but don't all that's not in the zone they've got a lot of mats we should be doing really well in this in this game hopefully that's not me spoke too soon it probably will be I'll probably end up getting rushed now don't die oh this is the game you'll god you guys are going to see and you can tell me what you guys think of the skin in the comment section down below hopefully you guys enjoy it hopefully below me the zones going to move in now you think I hearing people molls caught up there she's doing mate we've got 10 kills not bad wish had a smoker in that situation but I dropped my smoker scars pretty good who gets headshots you know you shouldn't do work with a scar the seven minutes I'd like to be a hundred 100 on Duncan got a big pot why keep an eye out for that didn't he bother look in here that surprised me I thought he'd look here eight people left we're in a top 10 situation seven people or six people left including me Petra I'm keeping an eye on that that clear where's the zone you know me I'll probably have I've just have to move out of Toby stay on top of it for a little bit longer mistake here it'll be longer than gonna move over there whoa more than waste any more than oh you're serious are you serious smokers you suck always he's up there because he's up there I need to just checking down here see if them bandages is still do need them that's up he's not gonna be in zone though he's gonna have to be down there's a medkit Dahmer where is he I was gonna die he's weak as hell are you doing game they need to stop that shit idea as if oh my god that's ridiculous replace that Marcus a guy's snipers killing the most in this game I put my head out for far too long it can hang it when that happens man so no it's it's such a good position I fought we won I fought without having to be a win at DOMA does it matter that's the new chopper skin guys leave a like if you enjoyed subscribe to a channel if you new round here and I'll see you guys in the next video right guys boy

Hi everyone! Sawadee ka I'm Anh Welcome back to my channel I'm here in Chiang Mai It's a northern city up in Thailand I first came to Chiang Mai about six months ago When I first arrived in Thailand And since then, I have traveled all throughout the country I was just in the mountains of Pai I have also been to the beaches of Phuket and Koh Sumui I was in Bangkok during the country shutdown because of coronavirus which was "really fun" Also if you guys want to check out what my apartment look like down in Bangkok check it out Overall, I really do love Chiang Mai the best That's why I'm back here It's a quiet small city while still having access to getaway in nature I also really love the energy here in Chiang Mai It sits on a yin vortex where it's very.... I would say peaceful and welcoming It's also really easy to get around town with a motorbike or the Grab App Grab is the Uber of Thailand I actually really highly recommend downloading it if you ever visit Thailand Even though Chiang Mai is really small There's actually a lot of great cultural things to do here In this video, I'm going to show you some of the best things to do here in Chiang Mai But before we do... please give this video a like comment down below and subscribe Let's get started, shall we? Let's take a tour of Chiang Mai One of the places you have to go to in Chiang Mai is the Old City Old City is a little town center surrounded by a moat in the middle of the city The moat around old town was used as protection from Burmese Army when Chiang Mai used to belong to Burma many times in the past Some parts of the building still remain There are many things to do inside the moat such as go shopping grabbing a bite to eat visiting a temple I just ordered from a mom and pop shop called Blue Noodles When I first got to Chiang Mai many months ago my friend took me here and it's actually really great and I'm glad to have stumbled upon the space again It started raining outside and I just so happened to stumble across a cat cafe Here I am Making new friends Say hello What are you staring at? If you ever get tired of walking around you can definitely hail a red car to take you anywhere in Chiang Mai They are a lot of fun to ride in and they are only 30 baht Old City is definitely a must to spend the day or the afternoon in and explore town It's pretty much a one-stop place to shop and sightsee as well Ask any local what to do in Chiang Mai and they'll tell you to check out the Sunday Night Market Here you can find a lot of local artists and artisans selling their craft You can see some artisans making their work on the spot There are plenty of food vendors in the market to grab a bite to eat I am here at the Gold Temple in the Old City Visiting a temple is definitely a must in Chiang Mai There are buddhist temples everywhere Buddhism is woven into the society of Thailand Look how pretty it is Let's take a look inside the temple You can hear the monks chanting in the background I just got finished checking out the place When you go to a temple in Thailand there are some temple etiquette such as you have to wear clothing that fall below your knee You can't wear shorts It is dress code Also, you can't wear sleeveless shirts or tank tops You got to cover up You got to be modest And also women are not allowed to touch monks It's part of their practice That's one thing I learned here in Thailand that Thai monks don't touch women Very interesting Also, before you walk into a temple please take off your shoes to keep the cleanliness of the place I hope you guys check out a temple whenever you visit Thailand It's worth the visit I am here at the Chiang Mai Gate Market As you can see there are a variety of food vendors here This is the place to get local food for local prices I definitely suggest if you're in Chiang Mai... to definitely stop by here and grab a bite eat I love coming here Some of my favorite foods are here at the market such as this coconut pudding snack roti khao soi pad thai The ambiance is really nice because it's smack dab in the center of traffic You got some delicious food in the middle of the hustle and bustle of the city One of the things you must do in Thailand is get a Thai massage It is highly recommended A traditional Thai massage is around 250 baht for an hour which is actually really good When I first arrived in Thailand I used to get a massage every week because it was so inexpensive I think i'm going to try something different I'm going to get a deep tissue massage for around 350 baht This place I stumbled across They're doing a free 30 minute foot massage included I am really excited for that I do love a good deal I think they are doing the promotion because businesses are not doing too well because of coronavirus right now There are not a lot of tourists here I'm here to boost the economy I am going to go inside and get a massage and treat myself Thanks again for watching this video on some of the best things to do here in Chiang Mai I really hope you enjoyed it and maybe consider visiting the city sometime in the future Please like and subscribe to this video It was such an honor to have been your travel guide today I really hope you enjoyed it and let me know down below if you do enjoy these travel videos as I do love making them I figure while I am in Thailand I make these videos because I would make the best of it And again thanks for watching and I will catch you next time take care bye

[♪ INTRO] If you’ve ever been stuck in a traffic jam, you may feel like you’re in the middle of a clogged pipe. And that intuition... isn’t too far off from reality. Scientists can model traffic flow using equations originally invented for liquids in pipes. This is actually a common thing in science: Equations that were invented to describe one physical system can end up being useful for something completely different. In fact, fluid dynamics, the study of how liquids and gases flow and evolve, is one area where this seems to happen a lot. There are lots of scenarios where things that are remarkably unlike liquids behave in pretty liquid-like ways. Like birds. And… bitcoin. So by studying how liquids flow, we can learn a lot about the rest of the world. Here are three examples. Crowds of humans can behave like fluids— and I’m not talking, like, in a stadium where people are doing the wave. People act like fluids without even meaning to. It mostly happens when a bunch of people get really close together. For instance, one 2019 paper looked at people lining up to start a marathon. Since there are tons of these races around the world each year, and they look pretty similar, marathons are a great system to study. And at the start of each race, you tend to see the same patterns. Like, at the start of a marathon, there’s typically a column of thousands of people waiting to begin running. But since the street is only so wide, only a few rows at a time are allowed to pass the start line. If you’ve seen a video of this happening, you can see what looks like a wave moving back through the line of athletes every time some runners are let through. And in the 2019 paper, researchers wanted to understand this pattern. Their study was the first to look at a crowd of runners as a whole rather than as a collection of individuals. They found that the apparent waves actually were waves of changing density and speed, so as they passed through the crowd, the number of people in a given area fluctuated and then settled back into an even density — almost exactly like sound waves moving through air particles. And the amazing thing was, this type of wave was predictable. While the crowd was in equilibrium, the density of people was pretty consistent. It was actually pretty even from race to race, too. But when waves did move through the crowd, they moved at constant speeds. Even from one race to another, one city to another, the speeds of those density waves were similar worldwide. Everything was so similar, in fact, that the researchers were actually able to model the mass of people as a continuous fluid, and they could accurately predict the flow of runners. That’s right. Using physics equations that describe fluids, they were able to figure out how people would flow— without knowing anything at all about what the individual people were doing. Of course, marathon runners corralled at the start of a race is a pretty contrived example of human crowds. But lots of research has been done on other, more erratic crowd movements, and they behave like fluids, too. For instance, one 2013 paper looked at people thrashing around in mosh pits at heavy metal concerts. By analyzing videos, they found that moshers behaved remarkably like gas particles. So they could actually model the movement of the moshers using equations normally used to study gases. Admittedly, this might not be the most useful application of fluid dynamics in the real world — but it is very cool. Still, research suggests that similar uses of fluid dynamics could actually help us understand and prevent crowd behavior that becomes dangerous. Because, in tragic cases, erratic crowd movements turn into stampedes, like the fatal one at the Hajj in Saudi Arabia in 2015. Stampedes like this don’t happen because of how individual people are acting. They happen because people in crowds are part of a flow. Typical crowds look like what’s called laminar flow of a liquid, where particles smoothly slip past each other in clearly defined lanes. But sometimes, as crowds get too dense, small perturbations, like someone tripping, can cause the flow to quickly become turbulent. In a turbulent flow, movement becomes chaotic and hard to predict, and people are pushed in essentially random directions. Situations like this can become more likely if crowds are forced through bottlenecks, like narrow emergency exits. But there is a bright side: By treating crowd flows as fluids, we can use fluid dynamics to lower the odds of stampedes happening and make crowds flow more smoothly. For instance, simple measures, like adding columns or other obstacles near emergency exits, might actually speed up evacuations by reducing the number of directions people approach from. This is a technique also used for fluids, so even though people aren’t actually water molecules, it turns out they can sometimes behave in pretty similar ways! Now, a lot of individual species can act like fluids at times —not just humans, but also birds in flocks or fish in schools. And the language of fluid dynamics can be useful for describing how they move, too. But it can also be useful for describing how species as a whole move across landscapes. In 2018, some researchers wrote a paper doing exactly that. Their goal was to understand how species respond to changes in their environment — especially human-made changes like deforestation or habitat fragmentation. Naturally, in a given landscape, species of animals and plants spread out and populate different places. So, first, the team wanted to understand how quickly different species spread naturally. They created a model using the equations that describe how a fluid moves through a porous material, like a sponge. In fluid flow, the viscosity of a fluid tells you how resistant it is to flow. And species have an analogous property, called mobility, which measures how readily they disperse. Like, you wouldn’t expect rabbits to spread out over a landscape at the same speed that, say, lichen does—their mobility is different. Then there’s permeability, which describes how readily a material lets fluids move through it. So the researchers’ model works out how permeable a landscape is to different species that are essentially “flowing” through it. Using this model, they simulated a species spreading out across a landscape from west to east. Then they tested how different factors — like the mobility of the species and the permeability of the terrain — influence the rate of that spread. And what’s nice about this model is that it can be used to test how species react to changes in their environments. So we can use it to model what happens if, say, the area becomes more urban and built-up. And that can help us figure out how much humans are interfering with species’ habitats. We can also use this model to work out how to keep a population of a species connected when human activity disrupts a landscape. It’s not a perfect analogy, because the spread of species doesn’t work exactly like a fluid. For example, in fluids, permeability usually only depends on the material itself, nd not the fluid going through it. But in this model, permeability depends pretty strongly on the species, since a given terrain may be much easier for a species of birds to spread through than a species of trees. So there are some limitations, but overall, fluid dynamics give us a super useful way to look at a species as a whole. Finally, our third weird thing that acts like a fluid isn’t even in the physical world at all. We’re going to get digital and look at what in the world cryptography has to do with fluid dynamics. Cryptography is the science of sending information securely —think “secret codes” and “cyphers.” And the key to modern, online cryptography is something called hashing, which is important for everything from entering passwords to paying people with bitcoin. Basically, when you enter a password on a website, you want to make sure no one who hacks the website can get your password. So any good site will use something called a cryptographic hash function to convert your password into what’s called a hashed form—that’s this weird gibberish that only the computer can understand. These functions typically use super advanced math, but the basic concept isn’t too tricky. Overall, a hash function just needs to have three properties to be useful. First, it needs to be unique, meaning that you can never get the same string of gibberish from two different passwords. Second, it needs to be repeatable, meaning that any time you apply that function to the same password, it will produce the same gibberish. And finally, it needs to be one-way, meaning that the process that turns it into gibberish is easy to do, but really, really hard to undo —like trying to flawlessly un-break a mirror. If the hash function can do these three things, the website never needs to store your password. Instead, every time you enter the password, it will just apply that function to make gibberish from whatever you entered. Then it’ll compare that to the password-gibberish that it stored when you made the password to see if those two gibberishes match. So, what’s all this got to do with fluid dynamics? Right. So, in 2018, a scientist at Stanford figured out that the equations of fluid dynamics can behave like a hash function. Which is a really abstract idea, but let’s look at an example that’s much more familiar: a cup of coffee. Think about what happens when you pour milk into coffee and stir it. At first, the milk is a white drop in the coffee, but if you stir it, the mix of coffee and milk gets these weird, random patterns. Intuitively, you know that you’ll never be able to recreate those exact same patterns in a fresh cup of coffee. But according to fluid dynamics equations, it’s not technically impossible. If you drop the exact same amount of milk in the exact same amount of coffee, at the exact same temperature and pressure, and stir it the exact same amount in the exact same direction, with exactly the same all of everything, then you will get the same pattern as before. These are the initial conditions of the process. And with the same initial conditions, the process is repeatable. It’s incredibly unlikely, and even tiny changes in the initial conditions can completely mess it up, but it is possible. The Stanford scientist realized this and made two more intuitive leaps. He knew that it’s much easier to create a specific pattern given the initial conditions than it is guess the initial conditions by looking at the final pattern. In other words, the process was one-way. And he worked out that a particular pattern of milk and coffee can only come from one exact set of initial conditions. So the stirring process was unique. And if it was repeatable, one-way, and unique, that meant the process of stirring milk into coffee had all the properties of a good hash function. Essentially, the initial conditions are like the password, the equations are like the hash function, and the pattern produced is like the gibberish the website stores. So now we know the complicated situations in cryptography aren’t just some weird digital thing. It crops up in the real world, too. And knowing that can help us think of creative new ways to study the properties of hash functions and think about cybersecurity. Which is super important, because cryptography is always an arms race between researchers and hackers, so any potential new source of hash functions is always useful. So yes, the physics of coffee could potentially help us improve bitcoin. More broadly speaking, making analogies like the ones we’ve looked at here is a really important part of doing science. It allows you to make connections you’d never otherwise think of and come up with innovative ideas to solve problems. And there are tons of other systems out there that look like fluids, too, from electrons flowing in currents to galaxies flowing in space. It turns out that lots of things in our universe like to go with the flow. Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow! And a special thanks to our patrons on Patreon, who make episodes like this possible. It takes a lot of people to make a SciShow video, and we couldn’t do it without you. If you’re interested in learning about ways to support us, you can find out more at patreon.com/SciShow. [♪ OUTRO]

French: Entretien avec une femme reptilienne. Chapitre 7 Cela peut sembler étrange et paranoïaque. Vous pouvez le voir comme la fantaisie d'un film de science-fiction bon marché. Mais encore une fois, je peux répéter et je peux vous assurer; Tout ce qui s'est passé est une pure vérité. Croyez-moi ou non, cela s'est produit. Et cela continuera à arriver même si vous ne le croyez pas. OLE K. N'oubliez pas d'aimer et de vous abonner à la vidéo. Question: Vous avez dit que seules 14 espèces sont actives sur terre. Mais pourquoi les gens disent-ils qu'ils ont vu autant d'espèces étrangères différentes et étranges? Réponse: Je pense avoir déjà répondu à cette question. Comme je l'ai dit, la plupart des races étrangères ont des capacités mentales beaucoup plus avancées que vous ou même moi. Ils peuvent apparaître dans votre esprit et votre mémoire comme ils le souhaitent. Russian: Интервью с рептильной женщиной. Глава 7 Это может показаться странным и параноидальным. Вы можете увидеть это как фантастику из дешевого научно-фантастического фильма. Но еще раз могу повторить и могу вас заверить; Все, что произошло - чистая правда. Вы не поверите, но это случилось. И это будет продолжаться, даже если вы этому не поверите. ОЛЕ К. Не забывайте ставить лайки и подписываться на видео. Вопрос: Вы сказали, что на Земле обитает всего 14 видов. Но почему люди говорят, что видели так много разных и странных чужеродных видов? Ответ: Думаю, я уже ответил на этот вопрос. Как я уже сказал, у большинства иностранных рас гораздо более развитые умственные способности, чем у вас или даже у меня. Они могут появляться в вашем сознании и памяти как угодно. Portuguese: Entrevista com uma mulher reptiliana. Capítulo 7 Isso pode soar estranho e paranóico. Você pode ver isso como a fantasia de um filme barato de ficção científica. Mas mais uma vez posso repetir e posso assegurar-lhe; Tudo o que aconteceu é pura verdade. Acredite ou não, isso aconteceu. E continuará a acontecer mesmo que você não acredite. OLE K. Não esqueça de curtir e se inscrever no vídeo. Pergunta: Você disse que apenas 14 espécies estão ativas na Terra. Mas por que as pessoas dizem que viram tantas espécies alienígenas diferentes e estranhas? Resposta: Acho que já respondi a essa pergunta. Como eu disse, a maioria das raças estrangeiras tem habilidades mentais muito mais avançadas do que você ou mesmo eu. Eles podem aparecer em sua mente e memória como quiserem. Chinese: 採訪一個爬蟲類的女人。 第七章 這聽起來可能有些奇怪和偏執。您可以從一部廉價科幻電影中看到它，就像幻想一樣。 但是我可以再次重申，我可以向你保證；發生的一切都是純真的。 信不信由你，這些事情發生了。即使您不相信它，它也會繼續發生。 OLEK。 不要忘記喜歡和訂閱視頻。 問題：您說地球上只有14種物種活躍。但是為什麼人們會說他們見過這麼多不同而奇怪的外來物種呢？ 答：我想我已經回答了這個問題。 正如我所說，大多數外國人的智力都比您甚至我都高。 它們可以根據需要出現在您的思想和記憶中。 Arabic: مقابلة مع امرأة من الزواحف. الفصل 7 قد يبدو هذا غريباً ومذعوراً. يمكنك رؤيته مثل الخيال من فيلم خيال علمي رخيص. لكن مرة أخرى يمكنني أن أكرر وأؤكد لكم ؛ كل ما حدث هو حقيقة خالصة. صدق كلامي أو لا تصدق ، هذا حدث. وسيستمر حدوث ذلك حتى لو لم تصدقه. OLE K. لا تنسى إبداء الإعجاب والاشتراك في الفيديو. سؤال: قلت إن 14 نوعًا فقط نشطة على الأرض. ولكن لماذا يقول الناس إنهم رأوا العديد من الأنواع الغريبة والمختلفة؟ الجواب: أعتقد أنني أجبت بالفعل على هذا السؤال. كما قلت ، تتمتع معظم الأجناس الأجنبية بقدرات عقلية أكثر تقدمًا منك أو حتى مني. يمكن أن تظهر في عقلك وذاكرتك كما يحلو لهم. Japanese: 爬虫類の女性へのインタビュー。 第7章 これは奇妙で妄想的に聞こえるかもしれません。安価なSF映画のファンタジーのように見ることができます。 しかし、繰り返しますが、私はあなたを保証することができます。起こったことはすべて純粋な真実です。 私の言葉を信じるかどうか、これらは起こった。そして、あなたが信じなくても、それは起こり続けます。 OLE K. ビデオを好きで購読することを忘れないでください。 質問：あなたは地球上で14種だけが活動していると言いました。しかし、なぜ人々は多くの異なった奇妙な外来種を見たと言うのですか？ 回答：この質問にはすでに回答していると思います。 言ったように、ほとんどの外国人種はあなたや私よりもはるかに高度な精神能力を持っています。 彼らは彼らが望むようにあなたの心と記憶に現れることができます。 Italian: Intervista a una donna rettiliana. Capitolo 7 Questo può sembrare strano e paranoico. Puoi vederlo come un fantasy da un film di fantascienza a buon mercato. Ma ancora una volta posso ripetere e te lo posso assicurare; Tutto quello che è successo è una pura verità. Che tu creda o no alle mie parole, sono successe. E continuerà ad accadere anche se non ci credi. OLE K. Non dimenticare di mettere mi piace e iscriverti al video. Domanda: Hai detto che solo 14 specie sono attive sulla terra. Ma perché le persone dicono di aver visto così tante specie aliene diverse e strane? Risposta: Penso di aver già risposto a questa domanda. Come ho detto, la maggior parte delle razze straniere ha capacità mentali molto più avanzate di te o anche di me. Possono apparire nella tua mente e nella memoria come desiderano. Turkish: Reptilian bir kadınla röportaj. Bölüm 7 Bu anlattıklarım kulağa tuhaf ve paranoyakça gelebilir. Ucuz bir bilim kurgu filiminden fantezi gibi görebilirsiniz. Ancak bir kez daha tekrarlayabilir ve sizi temin ederim ki; Tüm yaşananlar katıksız bir gerçektir. Sözlerime inanın ya da inanmayın bunlar oldu. Ve siz inanmasanız da olmaya devam edecek. OLE K. Videoyu beğenmeyi ve abone olmayı unutmayınız. Soru: Yeryüzünde sadece 14 türün aktif olduğunu söylediniz. Ama neden insanlar bu kadar çok farklı ve tuhaf uzaylı türleri gördüklerini söylüyorlar ? Cevap: Sanırım bu soruya zaten cevap verdim. Söylediğim gibi, yabancı ırkların çoğu sizden ve hatta benden çok daha gelişmiş zihinsel yeteneklere sahiptir. Zihninizde ve hafızanızda istedikleri gibi görünebilirler. Filipino: Pakikipanayam sa isang reptilian na babae. Kabanata 7 Ito ay maaaring tunog na kakaiba at paranoid. Maaari mong makita ito tulad ng pantasya mula sa isang murang pelikulang fiction sa science. Ngunit sa sandaling muli ay maaari kong ulitin at masisiguro ko sa iyo; Ang lahat ng nangyari ay isang dalisay na katotohanan. Maniwala ka sa aking mga salita o hindi, nangyari ito. At ito ay magpapatuloy na mangyari kahit na hindi mo ito pinaniwalaan. OLE K. Huwag kalimutan na magustuhan at mag-subscribe sa video. Tanong: Sinabi mo na 14 na species lamang ang aktibo sa mundo. Ngunit bakit sinasabi ng mga tao na nakita nila ang napakaraming magkakaibang at kakaibang mga species ng dayuhan? Sagot: Sa palagay ko nasagot ko na ang tanong na ito. Tulad ng sinabi ko, ang karamihan sa mga dayuhang karera ay may mas advanced na kakayahan sa pag-iisip kaysa sa iyo o sa akin. Maaari silang lumitaw sa iyong isip at memorya ayon sa nais nila. Urdu: ریپٹلیئن خاتون کے ساتھ انٹرویو۔ باب 7 یہ عجیب اور پاگل لگ سکتا ہے۔ آپ اسے کسی سستی سائنس فکشن فلم کی فنتاسی کی طرح دیکھ سکتے ہیں۔ لیکن ایک بار پھر میں دہرا سکتا ہوں اور میں آپ کو یقین دلاتا ہوں۔ یہ سب کچھ خالص سچائی ہے۔ میری باتوں پر یقین کرو یا نہیں ، یہ ہوا۔ اور ایسا ہوتا رہے گا یہاں تک کہ اگر آپ اس پر یقین نہیں کرتے ہیں۔ OLE K. ویڈیو کو لائک اور سبسکرائب کرنا نہ بھولیں۔ سوال: آپ نے کہا تھا کہ زمین پر صرف 14 پرجاتیوں کا وجود ہے۔ لیکن لوگ کیوں کہتے ہیں کہ انہوں نے بہت سی مختلف اور عجیب و غریب پرجاتیوں کو دیکھا ہے؟ جواب: میرے خیال میں میں نے پہلے ہی اس سوال کا جواب دے دیا ہے۔ جیسا کہ میں نے کہا ، بیشتر غیر ملکی ریسوں میں آپ یا مجھ سے کہیں زیادہ اعلی درجے کی ذہنی صلاحیتیں ہوتی ہیں۔ وہ آپ کے دماغ اور میموری میں اپنی مرضی کے مطابق ظاہر ہوسکتے ہیں۔ English: Interview with a reptilian woman. Chapter 7 This may sound strange and paranoid. You can see it like fantasy from a cheap science fiction movie. But once again I can repeat and I can assure you; All that happened is a pure truth. Believe my words or not, these happened. And it will continue to happen even if you don't believe it. OLE K. Do not forget to like and subscribe to the video. Question: You said that only 14 species are active on earth. But why do people say they've seen so many different and strange alien species? Answer: I think I have already answered this question. As I said, most of the foreign races have much more advanced mental abilities than you or even me. They can appear in your mind and memory as they wish. German: Interview mit einer Reptilienfrau. Kapitel 7 Das mag seltsam und paranoid klingen. Sie können es wie Fantasie aus einem billigen Science-Fiction-Film sehen. Aber ich kann es noch einmal wiederholen und Ihnen versichern; Alles was passiert ist ist eine reine Wahrheit. Ob Sie meinen Worten glauben oder nicht, diese sind passiert. Und es wird auch weiterhin passieren, wenn Sie es nicht glauben. OLE K. Vergessen Sie nicht, das Video zu mögen und zu abonnieren. Frage: Sie sagten, dass nur 14 Arten auf der Erde aktiv sind. Aber warum sagen die Leute, sie hätten so viele verschiedene und seltsame außerirdische Arten gesehen? Antwort: Ich glaube, ich habe diese Frage bereits beantwortet. Wie gesagt, die meisten ausländischen Rassen haben viel fortgeschrittenere geistige Fähigkeiten als Sie oder sogar ich. Sie können in Ihrem Geist und in Ihrem Gedächtnis erscheinen, wie sie es wünschen. Spanish: Entrevista a una mujer reptil. Capítulo 7 Esto puede sonar extraño y paranoico. Puedes verlo como una fantasía de una película barata de ciencia ficción. Pero una vez más puedo repetir y les puedo asegurar; Todo lo que pasó es pura verdad. Créanme o no mis palabras, esto sucedió. Y seguirá sucediendo incluso si no lo cree. OLE K. No olvides darle me gusta y suscribirte al video. Pregunta: Dijo que solo 14 especies están activas en la tierra. Pero, ¿por qué la gente dice que ha visto tantas especies exóticas diferentes y extrañas? Respuesta: Creo que ya he respondido a esta pregunta. Como dije, la mayoría de las razas extranjeras tienen habilidades mentales mucho más avanzadas que tú o incluso yo. Pueden aparecer en su mente y memoria como lo deseen. Filipino: Ang evoked "vision" na ito ay walang kinalaman sa kanilang aktwal na hitsura. Naaalala mo ang mga ito bilang mga normal na tao, kulay abo na mga dwarf, o sobrang kakaibang hayop. Dahil nais nilang tandaan ito. O kung minsan ay nais nilang ganap mong kalimutan ang lahat tungkol sa isang pulong sa kanila. Upang magbigay ng isang halimbawa: Halimbawa, maaari mong isipin na ikaw ay nasa isang normal na lokasyon sa iyong mga ospital at sinuri ka ng ilang mga doktor at hindi mo na naalala ang tungkol sa nangyari sa iyo. Ngunit ang katotohanan ay napagmasdan mo sila sa isa sa kanilang mga laboratoryo. Sa kasong ito, hindi ka maaaring magtiwala sa iyong isip. Lumilitaw ang mga ito sa mga taong iyon sa iba't ibang paraan upang malito ka at gawing katawa-tawa ang mga taong iyon sa publiko para sa mga maaaring maalala ang mga kaganapan. Kapag ang mga taong nagsasabi tungkol sa pangyayaring ito, lahat ay pinapasaya. German: Diese evozierte "Vision" hat nichts mit ihrem tatsächlichen Aussehen zu tun. Sie erinnern sich an sie als normale Menschen, graue Zwerge oder äußerst seltsame Tiere. Weil sie wollen, dass du dich daran erinnerst. Oder manchmal möchten sie, dass Sie alles über ein Treffen mit ihnen völlig vergessen. Um ein Beispiel zu geben: Zum Beispiel könnten Sie denken, Sie befinden sich an einem normalen Ort in Ihren Krankenhäusern und einige Ärzte haben Sie untersucht und Sie erinnern sich nicht mehr daran, was mit Ihnen passiert ist. Aber die Wahrheit ist, dass Sie von ihnen in einem ihrer Labors untersucht wurden. In diesem Fall können Sie Ihrem Verstand nicht vertrauen. Sie erscheinen diesen Menschen auf unterschiedliche Weise, um Sie zu verwirren und diese Menschen in der Öffentlichkeit für diejenigen lächerlich zu machen, die sich an die Ereignisse erinnern können. Wenn diese Leute von diesem Vorfall erzählen, machen sich alle darüber lustig. English: This evoked "vision" has nothing to do with their actual appearance. You remember them as normal humans, gray dwarfs, or extremely strange animals. Because they want you to remember this. Or sometimes they want you to completely forget everything about a meeting with them. To give an example: For example, you may think you are in a normal location in your hospitals and some doctors have examined you and you don't remember any more about what happened to you. But the truth is that you were examined by them in one of their laboratories. In this case, you cannot trust your mind. They appear to those people in different ways in order to confuse you and make those people ridiculous in public for those who may remember the events. When those people tell about this incident, everyone makes fun of it. Spanish: Esta "visión" evocada no tiene nada que ver con su apariencia real. Los recuerdas como humanos normales, enanos grises o animales extremadamente extraños. Porque quieren que recuerdes esto. O a veces quieren que te olvides por completo de todo lo relacionado con una reunión con ellos. Para dar un ejemplo: Por ejemplo, puedes pensar que estás en un lugar normal en tus hospitales y algunos médicos te han examinado y no recuerdas más de lo que te pasó. Pero la verdad es que te examinaron en uno de sus laboratorios. En este caso, no puedes confiar en tu mente. Se les aparecen a esas personas de diferentes maneras para confundirte y hacer que esas personas sean ridículas en público para aquellos que puedan recordar los eventos. Cuando esas personas cuentan sobre este incidente, todos se burlan de él. Turkish: Bu uyarılmış “görüntünün” onların gerçek görünümleriyle hiçbir ilgisi yoktur. Onları normal insanlar, gri cüceler ya da son derece tuhaf hayvanlar olarak hatırlıyorsunuz. Çünkü bunu hatırlamanızı istiyorlar. Ya da bazen onlarla yapılan bir toplantıyla ilgili her şeyi tamamen unutmanızı istiyorlar. Bir örnek vermek gerekirse: Örneğin, hastanelerinizin normal bir yerinde olduğunuzu ve bazı doktorların sizi muayene ettiğini ve başınıza gelenler hakkında daha fazla hatırlamadığınızı düşünebilirsiniz. Ama aslında gerçek onlar tarafından onların laboratuvarlarından birinde muayene edildiğiniz gerçeğidir. Bu durumda zihninize güvenemezsiniz. Kafanızı karıştırmak ve olayları hatırlayabilecekler için, o insanları kamuoyunda gülünç duruma düşürmek için o kişilere farklı şekillerde görünürler. O insanlar bu olayı anlattıklarında herkes alay eder. Japanese: この誘発された「ビジョン」は、実際の外観とは関係ありません。 あなたはそれらを普通の人間、灰色の小人、または非常に奇妙な動物として覚えています。 彼らはあなたにこれを覚えてほしいので。または時々彼らはあなたに彼らとのミーティングについてのすべてを完全に忘れてほしいと思っています。 例を挙げましょう： たとえば、あなたはあなたが病院の通常の場所にいると思うかもしれません、そして、何人かの医者はあなたを診察していて、あなたはあなたに何が起こったのかについてこれ以上覚えていません。 しかし、真実はあなたが彼らの研究所の1つで彼らによって調査されたことです。 この場合、あなたの心は信用できません。 それらは、あなたを混乱させ、出来事を覚えている人々のために公共の場でばかばかしいようにするために、さまざまな方法でそれらの人々に現れます。 それらの人々がこの事件について話すとき、誰もがそれをからかいます。 Arabic: هذه "الرؤية" المُستثارة لا علاقة لها بمظهرها الفعلي. تتذكرهم كبشر عاديين أو أقزام رمادية أو حيوانات غريبة للغاية. لأنهم يريدون منك أن تتذكر هذا. أو في بعض الأحيان يريدون منك أن تنسى تمامًا كل شيء عن الاجتماع معهم. لإعطاء مثال: على سبيل المثال ، قد تعتقد أنك في مكان طبيعي في مستشفياتك وقام بعض الأطباء بفحصك ولا تتذكر المزيد عما حدث لك. لكن الحقيقة هي أنك قد فحصت من قبلهم في أحد مختبراتهم. في هذه الحالة ، لا يمكنك الوثوق بعقلك. إنهم يظهرون لهؤلاء الأشخاص بطرق مختلفة من أجل إرباكك وجعل هؤلاء الأشخاص سخيفًا في الأماكن العامة لأولئك الذين قد يتذكرون الأحداث. عندما يتحدث هؤلاء الأشخاص عن هذا الحادث ، يسخر منه الجميع. Russian: Это вызванное «видение» не имеет ничего общего с их реальной внешностью. Вы помните их как обычных людей, серых карликов или чрезвычайно странных животных. Потому что они хотят, чтобы вы это запомнили. Или иногда они хотят, чтобы вы полностью забыли о встрече с ними. Чтобы привести пример: Например, вы можете думать, что находитесь в обычном месте в своей больнице, и некоторые врачи осмотрели вас, и вы больше не помните, что с вами случилось. Но правда в том, что они исследовали вас в одной из их лабораторий. В этом случае нельзя доверять своему уму. Они кажутся этим людям по-разному, чтобы запутать вас и сделать этих людей смешными на публике для тех, кто может помнить эти события. Когда эти люди рассказывают об этом инциденте, все смеются над этим. Italian: Questa "visione" evocata non ha nulla a che fare con il loro aspetto reale. Li ricordi come normali umani, nane grigie o animali estremamente strani. Perché vogliono che tu lo ricordi. O a volte vogliono che tu dimentichi completamente tutto di un incontro con loro. Per fare un esempio: Ad esempio, potresti pensare di trovarti in una posizione normale nei tuoi ospedali e alcuni medici ti hanno visitato e non ricordi più cosa ti è successo. Ma la verità è che sei stato esaminato da loro in uno dei loro laboratori. In questo caso, non puoi fidarti della tua mente. Appaiono a quelle persone in modi diversi per confonderti e rendere quelle persone ridicole in pubblico per coloro che potrebbero ricordare gli eventi. Quando quelle persone raccontano questo incidente, tutti lo prendono in giro. French: Cette «vision» évoquée n'a rien à voir avec leur apparence réelle. Vous vous souvenez d'eux comme des humains normaux, des naines grises ou des animaux extrêmement étranges. Parce qu'ils veulent que vous vous en souveniez. Ou parfois, ils veulent que vous oubliez complètement une rencontre avec eux. Pour donner un exemple: Par exemple, vous pouvez penser que vous êtes dans un endroit normal dans vos hôpitaux et que certains médecins vous ont examiné et que vous ne vous souvenez plus de ce qui vous est arrivé. Mais la vérité est qu'ils vous ont examiné dans l'un de leurs laboratoires. Dans ce cas, vous ne pouvez pas faire confiance à votre esprit. Ils apparaissent à ces personnes de différentes manières afin de vous embrouiller et de rendre ces personnes ridicules en public pour ceux qui peuvent se souvenir des événements. Quand ces gens racontent cet incident, tout le monde s'en moque. Chinese: 這種誘發的“視覺”與它們的實際外觀無關。 您還記得它們是正常的人，灰矮人或極其奇怪的動物。 因為他們希望您記住這一點。有時他們希望您完全忘記與他們會面的一切。 舉個例子： 例如，您可能認為自己在醫院的正常位置，而有些醫生已經對您進行了檢查，而您對所發生的事情一無所知。 但事實是，您在他們的實驗室之一中接受了他們的檢查。 在這種情況下，您無法信任自己的想法。 他們以不同的方式出現在那些人面前，以使您感到困惑，並使那些對那些可能記得這些事件的人在公共場合荒謬的人。 當這些人講述這一事件時，每個人都會嘲笑它。 Urdu: اس کی تخلیق کردہ "وژن" کا ان کے اصل ظہور سے کوئی تعلق نہیں ہے۔ آپ انہیں عام انسانوں ، سرمئی بونے ، یا انتہائی عجیب جانوروں کی طرح یاد کرتے ہیں۔ کیونکہ وہ چاہتے ہیں کہ آپ یہ یاد رکھیں۔ یا کبھی کبھی وہ چاہتے ہیں کہ آپ ان سے ملاقات کے بارے میں ہر چیز کو مکمل طور پر بھول جائیں۔ مثال دینے کے لئے: مثال کے طور پر ، آپ کو لگتا ہے کہ آپ اپنے اسپتالوں میں معمول کے مقام پر ہیں اور کچھ ڈاکٹروں نے آپ کی جانچ کی ہے اور آپ کو کیا ہوا اس کے بارے میں آپ کو مزید کوئی یاد نہیں ہے۔ لیکن سچ یہ ہے کہ آپ نے ان کی ایک لیبارٹری میں ان کے ذریعہ جانچ کی۔ اس معاملے میں ، آپ اپنے ذہن پر اعتبار نہیں کرسکتے ہیں۔ وہ لوگوں کو آپ کو الجھانے اور ان لوگوں کے لئے عوام میں مضحکہ خیز کرنے کے لئے مختلف طریقوں سے ظاہر ہوتے ہیں جو واقعات کو یاد رکھ سکتے ہیں۔ جب وہ لوگ اس واقعے کے بارے میں بتاتے ہیں تو ہر کوئی اس کا مذاق اڑاتا ہے۔ Portuguese: Essa "visão" evocada não tem nada a ver com sua aparência real. Você se lembra deles como humanos normais, anãs cinzas ou animais extremamente estranhos. Porque eles querem que você se lembre disso. Ou às vezes eles querem que você esqueça tudo sobre um encontro com eles. Para dar um exemplo: Por exemplo, você pode pensar que está em um local normal em seus hospitais e alguns médicos o examinaram e você não se lembra mais do que aconteceu com você. Mas a verdade é que você foi examinado por eles em um de seus laboratórios. Nesse caso, você não pode confiar em sua mente. Eles aparecem para essas pessoas de maneiras diferentes, a fim de confundir você e tornar essas pessoas ridículas em público para aqueles que se lembram dos acontecimentos. Quando essas pessoas contam sobre esse incidente, todos zombam dele. Turkish: İnanın bana, bu gezegende sadece 14 yabancı tür var. Bizim bildiğimiz kadarı ile de şu an sadece sekizi insanları kaçırıyor. Soru: Onların bizim aklımızda yaptıkları bu etkiye karşı nasıl korunabiliriz? Cevap: Bilmiyorum. Yapabileceğinizden şüpheliyim. Çünkü zihniniz neredeyse, tanıdığım her tür için okuyup yazabilecekleri açık bir kitap gibi.. Bu kısmen “Illojim” in suçudur. Çünkü onlar sizin zihninizi ve bilincinizi gerçek koruma mekanizmaları olmaksızın, kasıtlı olarak böyle inşa etmişler. Birinin zihninizi manipüle etmeye çalıştığının farkındaysanız, yalnızca bu şüpheye konsantre olabilir, düşüncelerinizin ve anılarınızın her birini analiz etmeye çalışabilirsiniz. Dikkat burası çok önemli: gözlerinizi kapatmayın. Russian: Поверьте, на этой планете всего 14 инопланетных видов. Насколько нам известно, сейчас людей похищают всего восемь человек. Вопрос: Как мы можем защититься от этого влияния, которое они оказывают на наш разум? Ответ: не знаю. Я сомневаюсь, что ты сможешь это сделать. Потому что ваш разум почти как открытая книга, которую они могут читать и писать в любом известном мне жанре. Отчасти в этом виноват «Иллоджим». Потому что именно так они сознательно строили ваш разум и сознание, без реальных механизмов защиты. Если вы знаете, что кто-то пытается манипулировать вашим разумом, вы можете сосредоточиться только на этом сомнении, пытаясь проанализировать каждую из своих мыслей и воспоминаний. Здесь очень важна осторожность: не закрывайте глаза. Portuguese: Acredite em mim, existem apenas 14 espécies alienígenas neste planeta. Pelo que sabemos, apenas oito estão sequestrando pessoas no momento. Pergunta: Como podemos nos proteger contra essa influência que eles estão exercendo em nossas mentes? Resposta: não sei. Eu duvido que você possa fazer isso. Porque sua mente é quase como um livro aberto que eles podem ler e escrever para qualquer gênero que eu conheço. Isso é parcialmente culpa de "Illojim". Porque é assim que eles construíram sua mente e consciência deliberadamente, sem mecanismos de proteção reais. Se você está ciente de que alguém está tentando manipular sua mente, você pode se concentrar apenas nessa dúvida, tentando analisar cada um de seus pensamentos e memórias. O cuidado é muito importante aqui: não feche os olhos. Italian: Credimi, ci sono solo 14 specie aliene su questo pianeta. Per quanto ne sappiamo, solo otto stanno rapendo persone in questo momento. Domanda: come possiamo proteggerci da questa influenza che stanno esercitando sulle nostre menti? Risposta: non lo so. Dubito che tu possa farcela. Perché la tua mente è quasi come un libro aperto che possono leggere e scrivere per qualsiasi genere io conosca. Questo è in parte colpa di "Illojim". Perché è così che hanno costruito la tua mente e la tua coscienza deliberatamente, senza veri meccanismi di protezione. Se sei consapevole che qualcuno sta cercando di manipolare la tua mente, puoi concentrarti solo su quel dubbio, cercando di analizzare ogni tuo pensiero e ricordo. La cautela è molto importante qui: non chiudere gli occhi. Filipino: Maniwala ka sa akin, mayroon lamang 14 na mga dayuhan na species sa planeta na ito. Sa pagkakaalam natin, walo lamang ang nakakidnap sa mga tao ngayon. Tanong: Paano natin mapangangalagaan laban sa impluwensiyang ginagawa nila sa ating isipan? Sagot: Hindi ko alam. Nagdududa ako na magagawa mo ito. Dahil ang iyong isip ay halos tulad ng isang bukas na libro na maaari nilang basahin at isulat para sa anumang genre na alam ko. Bahagi ito ng kasalanan ng "Illojim". Sapagkat ganyan kung paano nila itinayo ang iyong isip at malay nang sadya, nang walang mga mekanismo ng proteksyon ng tunay. Kung may kamalayan ka na ang isang tao ay nagsisikap na manipulahin ang iyong isip, maaari kang mag-concentrate lamang sa pagdududa, sinusubukan mong suriin ang bawat isa sa iyong mga saloobin at mga alaala. Napakahalaga ng pag-iingat dito: huwag ipikit ang iyong mga mata. English: Believe me, there are only 14 alien species on this planet. As far as we know, only eight are kidnapping people right now. Question: How can we protect against this influence they are doing on our minds? Answer: I don't know. I doubt you can do it. Because your mind is almost like an open book that they can read and write for any genre I know. This is partly the fault of "Illojim". Because that's how they built your mind and consciousness deliberately, without real protection mechanisms. If you are aware that someone is trying to manipulate your mind, you can concentrate only on that doubt, trying to analyze each of your thoughts and memories. Caution is very important here: don't close your eyes. French: Croyez-moi, il n'y a que 14 espèces exotiques sur cette planète. Pour autant que nous le sachions, seuls huit kidnappent actuellement des personnes. Question: Comment pouvons-nous nous protéger contre cette influence qu'ils exercent sur nos esprits? Réponse: je ne sais pas. Je doute que vous puissiez le faire. Parce que votre esprit est presque comme un livre ouvert qu'ils peuvent lire et écrire pour tous les genres que je connais. C'est en partie la faute de "Illojim". Parce que c'est ainsi qu'ils ont construit délibérément votre esprit et votre conscience, sans véritables mécanismes de protection. Si vous savez que quelqu'un essaie de manipuler votre esprit, vous ne pouvez vous concentrer que sur ce doute, en essayant d'analyser chacune de vos pensées et souvenirs. La prudence est ici très importante: ne fermez pas les yeux. Japanese: 信じてください、この惑星にはわずか14の外来種しかありません。私たちが知る限りでは、現在8人だけが人々を誘拐しています。 質問：彼らが私たちの心に与えているこの影響からどのように保護できますか？ 回答：わかりません。あなたがそれを行うことができるとは思えません。あなたの心は、私が知っているどんなジャンルでも読み書きできる開いた本のようなものだからです。 これは「イロイジム」のせいです。それは彼らがあなたの心と意識を故意に構築した方法であり、本当の保護メカニズムなしにです。 誰かがあなたの心を操作しようとしていることを知っているなら、あなたはその疑いだけに集中して、あなたの考えや記憶のそれぞれを分析しようとすることができます。 ここでは注意が非常に重要です。目を閉じないでください。 Arabic: صدقوني ، لا يوجد سوى 14 نوعًا غريبًا على هذا الكوكب. بقدر ما نعلم ، ثمانية فقط يختطفون الناس الآن. سؤال: كيف نحمي من هذا التأثير الذي يمارسونه في أذهاننا؟ الجواب: لا أعرف. أشك في أنك تستطيع فعل ذلك. لأن عقلك يشبه كتابًا مفتوحًا تقريبًا يمكنهم قراءته وكتابته لأي نوع أعرفه. هذا هو جزء من خطأ "إيلوجيم". لأن هذه هي الطريقة التي بنوا بها عقلك ووعيك بشكل متعمد ، دون آليات حماية حقيقية. إذا كنت تدرك أن شخصًا ما يحاول التلاعب بعقلك ، فيمكنك التركيز فقط على هذا الشك ، محاولًا تحليل كل من أفكارك وذكرياتك. الحذر مهم جدًا هنا: لا تغمض عينيك. Chinese: 相信我，這個星球上只有14種外來物種。據我們所知，目前只有八人在綁架人。 問題：我們如何防止他們在我們的腦海中產生這種影響？ 答：我不知道。我懷疑你能做到。因為您的想法幾乎就像一本打開的書，對於我所知道的任何類型的書，他們都可以閱讀和書寫。 部分原因是“伊洛吉姆”的錯。因為這就是他們故意建立您的思想和意識的方式，而沒有真正的保護機制。 如果您知道有人試圖操縱您的思想，那麼您只能專注於那個疑問，嘗試分析您的每一個想法和記憶。 注意在這裡非常重要：不要閉上眼睛。 Urdu: مجھ پر یقین کریں ، اس سیارے پر صرف 14 اجنبی نسلیں ہیں۔ جہاں تک ہم جانتے ہیں ، ابھی صرف آٹھ افراد لوگوں کو اغوا کر رہے ہیں۔ سوال: ہمارے ذہنوں پر اس اثر و رسوخ سے ہم کیسے ان کی حفاظت کر سکتے ہیں؟ جواب: مجھے نہیں معلوم۔ مجھے شک ہے کہ آپ یہ کر سکتے ہیں۔ کیونکہ آپ کا دماغ تقریبا almost ایک کھلی کتاب کی طرح ہے جس کو جاننے والے کسی بھی صنف کے ل for وہ پڑھ لکھ سکتے ہیں۔ یہ جزوی طور پر "الیلوجیم" کی غلطی ہے۔ کیونکہ اسی طرح انہوں نے حقیقی تحفظ کے طریقہ کار کے بغیر ، جان بوجھ کر آپ کا دماغ اور شعور بنایا۔ اگر آپ کو معلوم ہے کہ کوئی آپ کے ذہن کو جوڑنے کی کوشش کر رہا ہے تو ، آپ اس شک پر صرف اور صرف اپنے خیالات اور یادوں کا تجزیہ کرنے کی کوشش کر سکتے ہیں۔ احتیاط یہاں بہت ضروری ہے: آنکھیں بند نہ کریں۔ Spanish: Créame, solo hay 14 especies exóticas en este planeta. Hasta donde sabemos, solo ocho están secuestrando personas en este momento. Pregunta: ¿Cómo podemos protegernos contra esta influencia que están ejerciendo en nuestras mentes? Respuesta: no lo se. Dudo que puedas hacerlo. Porque tu mente es casi como un libro abierto que pueden leer y escribir para cualquier género que yo conozca. Esto es en parte culpa de "Illojim". Porque así es como construyeron tu mente y tu conciencia deliberadamente, sin mecanismos de protección reales. Si eres consciente de que alguien está tratando de manipular tu mente, puedes concentrarte solo en esa duda, tratando de analizar cada uno de tus pensamientos y recuerdos. La precaución es muy importante aquí: no cierres los ojos. German: Glauben Sie mir, es gibt nur 14 außerirdische Arten auf diesem Planeten. Soweit wir wissen, entführen derzeit nur acht Menschen. Frage: Wie können wir uns vor diesem Einfluss schützen, den sie auf unseren Geist ausüben? Antwort: Ich weiß es nicht. Ich bezweifle, dass du es schaffst. Weil dein Geist fast wie ein offenes Buch ist, das sie für jedes Genre, das ich kenne, lesen und schreiben können. Dies ist teilweise die Schuld von "Illojim". Denn so haben sie Ihren Geist und Ihr Bewusstsein bewusst aufgebaut, ohne echte Schutzmechanismen. Wenn Sie sich bewusst sind, dass jemand versucht, Ihren Geist zu manipulieren, können Sie sich nur auf diesen Zweifel konzentrieren und versuchen, jeden Ihrer Gedanken und Erinnerungen zu analysieren. Vorsicht ist hier sehr wichtig: Schließen Sie nicht die Augen. Portuguese: Isso faz com que diferentes ondas cerebrais sejam produzidas, facilitando o acesso à sua mente. Não se sente nem se deite para descansar. Se você ficar acordado durante os primeiros minutos, talvez possa tentar filtrar outros pensamentos e ondas em seu cérebro. E se o alienígena que tenta dominar sua mente não der certo, ele desistirá após alguns minutos. Porque começa a machucar seu próprio cérebro. No entanto, este método só se aplica a espécies mais fracas. Tipos poderosos ainda podem dominar sua mente. Pergunta: O que acontecerá quando a guerra entre alienígenas começar? Resposta: É difícil responder a isso. Depende das características e táticas da raça inimiga. Spanish: Esto hace que se produzcan diferentes ondas cerebrales que facilitan el acceso a tu mente. No se siente ni se acueste para descansar. Si permanece despierto durante los primeros minutos, tal vez pueda intentar filtrar otros pensamientos y ondas en su cerebro. Y si el alienígena que intenta apoderarse de tu mente no tiene éxito, se rendirá después de unos minutos. Porque empieza a dañar tu propio cerebro. Sin embargo, este método solo se aplica a especies más débiles. Los tipos poderosos aún pueden dominar tu mente. Pregunta: ¿Qué pasará cuando comience la guerra entre extraterrestres? Respuesta: Es difícil responder a eso. Depende de las características y tácticas de la raza enemiga. Turkish: Bu, zihninize erişilmesini daha kolay hale getiren farklı beyin dalgaları üretilmesine neden olur. Dinlenmek için oturmayın veya uzanmayın. İlk dakikalarda uyanık kalırsanız, belki beyninizdeki diğer düşünceleri ve dalgaları filtrelemeye çalışabilirsiniz. Ve zihninizi ele geçirmeye çalışan uzaylı başarılı olamazsa birkaç dakika sonra pes eder. Çünkü kendi beynini incitmeye başlar. Fakat bu yöntem ancak sadece daha zayıf türler için geçerlidir. Güçlü türler yine de zihninize hükmedebilir. Soru: Uzaylılar arasında savaş başladığında neler olacak? Cevap: Buna cevap vermek zor. Düşman ırkın özelliklerine ve taktiklerine bağlıdır. French: Cela provoque la production de différentes ondes cérébrales qui facilitent l'accès à votre esprit. Ne vous asseyez pas et ne vous allongez pas pour vous reposer. Si vous restez éveillé pendant les premières minutes, vous pouvez peut-être essayer de filtrer d'autres pensées et ondes dans votre cerveau. Et si l'étranger essayant de prendre le contrôle de votre esprit ne réussit pas, il abandonnera après quelques minutes. Parce que cela commence à blesser votre propre cerveau. Cependant, cette méthode ne s'applique qu'aux espèces les plus faibles. Les types puissants peuvent toujours dominer votre esprit. Question: Que se passera-t-il lorsque la guerre entre extraterrestres commencera? Réponse: Il est difficile de répondre à cela. Cela dépend des caractéristiques et des tactiques de la race ennemie. Chinese: 這會導致產生不同的腦電波，使您的大腦更容易接近。 不要坐著或躺下休息。如果您在第一分鐘保持清醒狀態，也許您可以嘗試過濾掉大腦中的其他想法和波動。 而且，如果試圖控制您的想法的外星人沒有成功，那麼幾分鐘後它就會放棄。 因為它開始傷害您自己的大腦。但是，此方法僅適用於較弱的物種。 強大的類型仍然可以主導您的思維。 問題：當外星人之間的戰爭開始時會發生什麼？ 答：很難回答。這取決於敵人種族的特徵和戰術。 Filipino: Nagdudulot ito ng iba't ibang mga alon sa utak na ginawa na gawing mas madaling ma-access ang iyong isip. Huwag umupo o humiga upang makapagpahinga. Kung mananatiling gising ka sa mga unang minuto, marahil maaari mong subukang i-filter ang iba pang mga saloobin at alon sa iyong utak. At kung ang dayuhan na sumusubok na kunin ang iyong isip ay hindi magtagumpay, susuko ito pagkalipas ng ilang minuto. Dahil nagsisimula itong saktan ang iyong sariling utak. Gayunpaman, ang pamamaraang ito ay nalalapat lamang sa mga mas mahina na species. Ang mga makapangyarihang uri ay maaari pa ring mangibabaw sa iyong isip. Tanong: Ano ang mangyayari kapag nagsisimula ang digmaan sa pagitan ng mga dayuhan? Sagot: Mahirap sagutin iyon. Nakasalalay ito sa mga katangian at taktika ng lahi ng kaaway. Arabic: يؤدي هذا إلى إنتاج موجات دماغية مختلفة تجعل الوصول إلى عقلك أسهل. لا تجلس أو تستلقي للراحة. إذا بقيت مستيقظًا في الدقائق الأولى ، فربما يمكنك محاولة تصفية الأفكار والموجات الأخرى في عقلك. وإذا لم ينجح الكائن الفضائي الذي يحاول السيطرة على عقلك ، فسوف يستسلم بعد بضع دقائق. لأنه يبدأ في إيذاء عقلك. ومع ذلك ، فإن هذه الطريقة تنطبق فقط على الأنواع الضعيفة. لا يزال بإمكان الأنواع القوية السيطرة على عقلك. سؤال: ماذا سيحدث عندما تبدأ الحرب بين الفضائيين؟ الجواب: من الصعب الإجابة على ذلك. يعتمد ذلك على خصائص وتكتيكات سباق العدو. Japanese: これにより、さまざまな脳波が発生し、心がアクセスしやすくなります。 座ったり横になって休んだりしないでください。最初の数分間目を覚ましている場合は、他の考えや脳の波を取り除こうとすることができます。 そして、あなたの心を奪おうとするエイリアンが成功しない場合、それは数分後にあきらめます。 自分の脳を傷つけ始めるからです。ただし、この方法は弱い種にのみ適用されます。 強力な型はまだあなたの心を支配することができます。 質問：エイリアン同士の戦争が始まるとどうなりますか？ 答え：答えるのは難しいです。それは敵種族の特徴と戦術に依存します。 Russian: Это вызывает появление различных мозговых волн, которые облегчают доступ к вашему разуму. Не садитесь и не ложитесь отдыхать. Если вы бодрствуете первые минуты, возможно, вам удастся отфильтровать другие мысли и волны в своем мозгу. И если инопланетянин, пытающийся овладеть вашим разумом, не преуспеет, он сдастся через несколько минут. Потому что это начинает травмировать твой мозг. Однако этот метод применим только к более слабым видам. Могущественные типы по-прежнему могут доминировать в вашем уме. Вопрос: Что будет, когда начнется война между пришельцами? Ответ: На этот вопрос сложно ответить. Это зависит от характеристик и тактики вражеской расы. English: This causes different brain waves to be produced that make your mind easier to access. Do not sit or lie down to rest. If you stay awake for the first minutes, maybe you can try to filter out other thoughts and waves in your brain. And if the alien trying to take over your mind doesn't succeed, it will give up after a few minutes. Because it starts to hurt your own brain. However, this method only applies to weaker species. Powerful types can still dominate your mind. Question: What will happen when the war between aliens begins? Answer: It is difficult to answer that. It depends on the characteristics and tactics of the enemy race. Italian: Ciò causa la produzione di diverse onde cerebrali che rendono più facile l'accesso alla tua mente. Non sedersi o sdraiarsi per riposare. Se rimani sveglio per i primi minuti, forse puoi provare a filtrare altri pensieri e onde nel tuo cervello. E se l'alieno che cerca di impadronirsi della tua mente non riesce, si arrenderà dopo pochi minuti. Perché inizia a ferirti il ​​cervello. Tuttavia, questo metodo si applica solo alle specie più deboli. I tipi potenti possono ancora dominare la tua mente. Domanda: cosa succederà quando inizierà la guerra tra alieni? Risposta: è difficile rispondere a questo. Dipende dalle caratteristiche e dalle tattiche della razza nemica. German: Dies führt dazu, dass verschiedene Gehirnwellen erzeugt werden, die Ihren Geist leichter zugänglich machen. Setzen oder legen Sie sich nicht hin, um sich auszuruhen. Wenn Sie die ersten Minuten wach bleiben, können Sie vielleicht versuchen, andere Gedanken und Wellen in Ihrem Gehirn herauszufiltern. Und wenn der Außerirdische, der versucht, Ihren Geist zu übernehmen, keinen Erfolg hat, gibt er nach einigen Minuten auf. Weil es anfängt, dein eigenes Gehirn zu verletzen. Diese Methode gilt jedoch nur für schwächere Arten. Mächtige Typen können immer noch Ihren Geist dominieren. Frage: Was wird passieren, wenn der Krieg zwischen Außerirdischen beginnt? Antwort: Das ist schwer zu beantworten. Es hängt von den Eigenschaften und der Taktik der feindlichen Rasse ab. Urdu: اس سے دماغ کی مختلف لہریں پیدا ہونے کا سبب بنتی ہیں جس سے آپ کے دماغ تک رسائی آسان ہوجاتی ہے۔ آرام کرنے کے لئے نہ بیٹھیں اور نہ لیٹ جائیں۔ اگر آپ پہلے منٹ کے لئے بیدار رہیں تو ، آپ اپنے دماغ میں موجود دیگر خیالات اور لہروں کو چھاننے کی کوشش کر سکتے ہیں۔ اور اگر اجنبی آپ کے ذہن پر قبضہ کرنے کی کوشش کر رہا ہے تو وہ کامیاب نہیں ہوتا ہے ، تو یہ چند منٹ بعد ہی ترک کردے گا۔ کیونکہ اس سے آپ کے اپنے دماغ کو تکلیف پہنچنے لگتی ہے۔ تاہم ، یہ طریقہ صرف کمزور پرجاتیوں پر لاگو ہوتا ہے۔ طاقتور اقسام آپ کے دماغ پر اب بھی حاوی ہوسکتی ہیں۔ سوال: جب غیر ملکی کے درمیان جنگ شروع ہوگی تو پھر کیا ہوگا؟ جواب: اس کا جواب دینا مشکل ہے۔ یہ دشمن کی دوڑ کی خصوصیات اور حکمت عملی پر منحصر ہے۔ Spanish: "Guerra" no es siempre lo que su gente quiere decir con la palabra "guerra", se puede pelear en varios niveles. Una de las armas que tienen es la "destrucción" de su sistema social por influencia sobre los líderes políticos; la otra es que pueden dañar a los seres vivos a través de terremotos o erupciones volcánicas u otros desastres que pueden parecerle naturales. No creo que puedan atacar directamente al planeta antes de que la civilización humana se debilite. Porque incluso tú tienes la posibilidad de destruir sus ataques. Pero no mucho. No estamos del todo seguros de si esta guerra "caliente" realmente estallará en los próximos años. No quiero hablar más de esto. Pregunta: Este es el final de la entrevista. ¿Quieres decir una frase o mensaje final? Respuesta: Abre los ojos y mira. Simplemente no crea en su pasado equivocado ni en sus científicos o políticos. English: "War" is not always what your people mean by the word "war", it can be fought at various levels. One of the weapons they have is the "destruction" of your social system by influence on political leaders; the other is that they can harm living things through earthquakes or volcanic eruptions or other disasters that may seem natural to you. I don't think they can directly attack the planet before human civilization is weakened. Because even you have the possibility to destroy their attacks. But not much. We are not entirely sure whether such a "hot" war will really break out in the coming years. I don't want to talk about this any more. Question: This is the end of the interview. Do you want to say a final sentence or message? Answer: Open your eyes and see. Just don't believe your wrong past or your scientists or politicians. Turkish: "Savaş" her zaman sizin insanların "Savaş" kelimesiyle kastettiği ilkel şey değildir, çeşitli seviyelerde savaşılabilir. Sahip oldukları silahlardan birisi, siyasi liderler üzerindeki etkiyle sosyal sisteminizin “yok edilmesidir”; diğeri, size doğal görünebilecek depremlere veya volkanik patlamalara veya diğer felaketlerle canlılara zarar verebilmeleridir. İnsan uygarlığı zayıflamadan önce gezegene doğrudan saldıramayacaklarını düşünüyorum. Çünkü sizin bile onların saldırılarını yok etme olasılığınız var. Ama çok değil. Önümüzdeki yıllarda gerçekten bu kadar “sıcak” bir savaş çıkıp çıkmayacağından tam olarak emin değiliz. Bunun hakkında daha fazla konuşmak istemiyorum. Soru: Bu röportajın sonu. Son bir cümle veya mesaj söylemek ister misin? Cevap: Gözlerinizi açın ve görün. Sadece yanlış geçmişinize veya bilim adamlarınıza veya politikacılarınıza inanmayın. Japanese: 「戦争」は必ずしも「戦争」という言葉が意味するものではなく、さまざまなレベルで戦うことができます。 彼らが持っている武器の一つは、政治指導者への影響によるあなたの社会システムの「破壊」です。 もう1つは、地震や火山の噴火、その他の自然災害と思われる災害を通じて、生物に害を及ぼす可能性があることです。 人類の文明が弱まる前に、彼らが直接惑星を攻撃できるとは思いません。 あなたも彼らの攻撃を破壊する可能性があるからです。しかし、多くはありません。 そのような「熱い」戦争が今後数年で本当に勃発するかどうか、私たちは完全に確信はありません。 これについてはもう話したくない。 質問：これでインタビューは終わりです。最後の文章やメッセージを伝えたいですか？ 回答：目を開けて見てください。あなたの間違った過去や科学者や政治家を信じないでください。 Filipino: Ang "Digmaan" ay hindi palaging kung ano ang ibig sabihin ng iyong mga tao sa salitang "digmaan", maaari itong labanan sa iba't ibang antas. Ang isa sa mga sandata na mayroon sila ay ang "pagkasira" ng iyong sistemang panlipunan sa pamamagitan ng impluwensya sa mga pinuno sa politika; ang iba pa ay maaaring mapinsala nila ang mga nabubuhay na bagay sa pamamagitan ng lindol o pagsabog ng bulkan o iba pang mga sakuna na maaaring natural sa iyo. Sa palagay ko hindi nila direktang salakayin ang planeta bago humina ang sibilisasyon ng tao. Dahil kahit na mayroon kang posibilidad na sirain ang kanilang mga pag-atake. Ngunit hindi gaanong. Hindi namin lubos na sigurado kung ang gayong "mainit" na digmaan ay talagang sasabog sa mga darating na taon. Ayokong pag-usapan pa ito. Tanong: Ito ang wakas ng pakikipanayam. Nais mo bang sabihin ang isang pangwakas na pangungusap o mensahe? Sagot: Buksan ang iyong mga mata at makita. Huwag lamang paniwalaan ang iyong maling nakaraan o ang iyong mga siyentipiko o pulitiko. Portuguese: "Guerra" nem sempre é o que seu povo quer dizer com a palavra "guerra", ela pode ser travada em vários níveis. Uma das armas que possuem é a "destruição" do seu sistema social pela influência sobre os líderes políticos; a outra é que eles podem prejudicar seres vivos por meio de terremotos ou erupções vulcânicas ou outros desastres que podem parecer naturais para você. Não acho que eles possam atacar diretamente o planeta antes que a civilização humana seja enfraquecida. Porque até você tem a possibilidade de destruir seus ataques. Mas não muito. Não temos certeza se essa guerra "quente" realmente explodirá nos próximos anos. Não quero mais falar sobre isso. Pergunta: Este é o final da entrevista. Você quer dizer uma frase ou mensagem final? Resposta: Abra seus olhos e veja. Só não acredite em seu passado errado, nem em seus cientistas ou políticos. French: «Guerre» n'est pas toujours ce que votre peuple entend par le mot «guerre», elle peut être combattue à différents niveaux. L'une des armes dont ils disposent est la «destruction» de votre système social par l'influence sur les dirigeants politiques; l'autre est qu'ils peuvent nuire aux êtres vivants par des tremblements de terre ou des éruptions volcaniques ou d'autres catastrophes qui peuvent vous sembler naturelles. Je ne pense pas qu'ils puissent attaquer directement la planète avant que la civilisation humaine ne soit affaiblie. Parce que même vous avez la possibilité de détruire leurs attaques. Mais pas beaucoup. Nous ne sommes pas tout à fait sûrs qu'une guerre aussi "chaude" éclatera réellement dans les années à venir. Je ne veux plus en parler. Question: C'est la fin de l'entretien. Voulez-vous dire une dernière phrase ou un dernier message? Réponse: Ouvrez les yeux et voyez. Ne croyez simplement pas votre mauvais passé ou vos scientifiques ou politiciens. Chinese: “戰爭”並不總是您的人民用“戰爭”一詞表示的意思，它可以在各個層次上進行鬥爭。 他們擁有的武器之一是對政治領袖的影響會破壞您的社會體系。 另一種是它們可能通過地震，火山噴發或您認為很自然的其他災害來傷害生物。 我認為在人類文明被削弱之前，他們不能直接攻擊地球。 因為甚至您都有可能破壞他們的攻擊。但並不多。 我們不能完全確定，這種“熱”戰爭是否會在未來幾年真正爆發。 我不想再談論這個了。 問題：採訪到此結束。您想說最後一句話或留言嗎？ 答：睜開眼睛看看。只是不要相信您過去的錯誤或您的科學家或政客。 Arabic: "الحرب" ليست دائمًا ما يقصده شعبك بكلمة "حرب" ، يمكن خوضها على مستويات مختلفة. أحد الأسلحة التي يمتلكونها هو "تدمير" نظامك الاجتماعي من خلال التأثير على القادة السياسيين ؛ والآخر هو أنها يمكن أن تضر الكائنات الحية من خلال الزلازل أو الانفجارات البركانية أو غيرها من الكوارث التي قد تبدو طبيعية بالنسبة لك. لا أعتقد أنهم يستطيعون مهاجمة الكوكب مباشرة قبل أن تضعف الحضارة البشرية. لأنه حتى لديك إمكانية تدمير هجماتهم. لكن ليس كثيرًا. لسنا متأكدين تمامًا مما إذا كانت مثل هذه الحرب "الساخنة" ستندلع حقًا في السنوات القادمة. لا أريد التحدث عن هذا بعد الآن. سئل: هذه نهاية المقابلة. هل تريد أن تقول جملة أو رسالة أخيرة؟ الجواب: افتح عينيك وانظر. فقط لا تصدق ماضيك الخاطئ أو العلماء أو السياسيين. German: "Krieg" ist nicht immer das, was Ihr Volk mit dem Wort "Krieg" meint, es kann auf verschiedenen Ebenen geführt werden. Eine der Waffen, die sie haben, ist die "Zerstörung" Ihres sozialen Systems durch Einflussnahme auf politische Führer; Das andere ist, dass sie Lebewesen durch Erdbeben, Vulkanausbrüche oder andere Katastrophen, die Ihnen natürlich erscheinen, Schaden zufügen können. Ich glaube nicht, dass sie den Planeten direkt angreifen können, bevor die menschliche Zivilisation geschwächt ist. Denn auch Sie haben die Möglichkeit, ihre Angriffe zu zerstören. Aber nicht viel. Wir sind uns nicht ganz sicher, ob in den kommenden Jahren wirklich ein so "heißer" Krieg ausbrechen wird. Ich möchte nicht mehr darüber sprechen. Frage: Dies ist das Ende des Interviews. Möchten Sie einen letzten Satz oder eine letzte Nachricht sagen? Antwort: Öffnen Sie Ihre Augen und sehen Sie. Glauben Sie einfach nicht Ihrer falschen Vergangenheit oder Ihren Wissenschaftlern oder Politikern. Italian: "Guerra" non è sempre ciò che la tua gente intende con la parola "guerra", può essere combattuta a vari livelli. Una delle armi che hanno è la "distruzione" del vostro sistema sociale tramite l'influenza sui leader politici; l'altro è che possono danneggiare gli esseri viventi attraverso terremoti, eruzioni vulcaniche o altri disastri che ti possono sembrare naturali. Non credo che possano attaccare direttamente il pianeta prima che la civiltà umana sia indebolita. Perché anche tu hai la possibilità di distruggere i loro attacchi. Ma non molto. Non siamo del tutto sicuri se una guerra così "calda" scoppierà davvero nei prossimi anni. Non voglio più parlarne. Domanda: questa è la fine dell'intervista. Vuoi dire una frase o un messaggio finale? Risposta: apri gli occhi e guarda. Non credere al tuo passato sbagliato, ai tuoi scienziati o ai politici. Urdu: "جنگ" ہمیشہ آپ کے لوگوں کے معنی "جنگ" کے لفظ سے نہیں ہوتا ہے ، اس کا مقابلہ مختلف سطحوں پر کیا جاسکتا ہے۔ ان کے پاس موجود ایک ہتھیار سیاسی رہنماؤں پر اثر و رسوخ کے ذریعہ آپ کے معاشرتی نظام کی "تباہی" ہے۔ دوسری بات یہ ہے کہ وہ زلزلے یا آتش فشاں پھٹنے سے یا دیگر آفات کے ذریعہ زندہ چیزوں کو نقصان پہنچا سکتے ہیں جو آپ کو قدرتی لگ سکتے ہیں۔ مجھے نہیں لگتا کہ انسانی تہذیب کو کمزور ہونے سے پہلے وہ سیارے پر براہ راست حملہ کرسکتے ہیں۔ کیونکہ یہاں تک کہ آپ کو ان کے حملوں کو تباہ کرنے کا امکان ہے۔ لیکن زیادہ نہیں. ہمیں پوری طرح سے یقین نہیں ہے کہ آیا واقعی آنے والی برسوں میں اس طرح کی ایک "گرم" جنگ شروع ہوگی یا نہیں۔ میں اس کے بارے میں مزید بات نہیں کرنا چاہتا۔ سوال: یہ انٹرویو کا اختتام ہے۔ کیا آپ حتمی جملہ یا پیغام کہنا چاہتے ہیں؟ جواب: آنکھیں کھولیں اور دیکھیں۔ بس اپنے غلط ماضی پر یا اپنے سائنس دانوں یا سیاست دانوں پر یقین نہ کریں۔ Russian: «Война» - это не всегда то, что ваш народ подразумевает под словом «война», с ней можно бороться на разных уровнях. Одно из их оружия - это «разрушение» вашей социальной системы влиянием на политических лидеров; во-вторых, они могут нанести вред живым существам в результате землетрясений, извержений вулканов или других бедствий, которые могут казаться вам естественными. Я не думаю, что они могут напрямую атаковать планету до того, как человеческая цивилизация ослабнет. Потому что даже у вас есть возможность уничтожить их атаки. Но не много. Мы не совсем уверены, действительно ли в ближайшие годы разразится такая «горячая» война. Я не хочу больше об этом говорить. Вопрос: Это конец интервью. Вы хотите сказать последнее предложение или сообщение? Ответ: Откройте глаза и посмотрите. Просто не верьте своему неправильному прошлому, своим ученым или политикам. Filipino: Ang ilan ay alam ang katotohanan tungkol sa iba't ibang mga bagay ngunit hindi ipaalam sa publiko na maiwasan ang pagkalito at gulat. Sa palagay ko ang iyong uri ay hindi masamang tulad ng iniisip ng ilan sa aking mga species. Ito ay isang awa upang obserbahan ang iyong pagtatapos. Iyon lang ang masasabi ko. Tingnan ang iyong mundo na may bukas na mga mata, marahil ay makikita mo ito, o marahil ay hindi ka. Ang tipo mo talaga. Tanong: Sa palagay mo ba ay may naniniwala na ang pakikipanayam na ito ay totoo? Sagot: Hindi, ngunit isang kawili-wiling eksperimento para sa aking mga pag-aaral sa lipunan. Magkita ulit tayo sa loob ng ilang buwan at sasabihin mo sa akin ang nangyari pagkatapos mailathala ang aking mensahe. Siguro may pag-asa pa rin para sa iyong mga species. Wakas ng kabanata 1 at kabanata 7 sa isang reptilian na babae. English: Some know the truth about various things but do not inform the public to avoid confusion and panic. I think your type is not as bad as some of my species think. It would be a pity to observe your end. That's all I can say. Look at your world with open eyes, maybe you will see it, or maybe you will not. Your type is really ignorant. Question: Do you think anyone will believe that this interview is real? Answer: No, but an interesting experiment for my social studies. We will meet again in a few months and you will tell me what happened after my message was published. Maybe there is still hope for your species. End of chapter 1 and chapter 7 with a reptilian woman. Russian: Некоторые знают правду о различных вещах, но не информируют общественность, чтобы избежать путаницы и паники. Я думаю, ваш типаж не так плох, как думают некоторые представители моего вида. Жалко было бы увидеть твой конец. Это все, что я могу сказать. Посмотрите на свой мир открытыми глазами, может быть, вы его увидите, а может, и нет. Ваш тип действительно невежественный. Вопрос: Как вы думаете, кто-нибудь поверит, что это интервью настоящее? Ответ: Нет, но интересный эксперимент для моих социальных исследований. Мы встретимся снова через несколько месяцев, и вы расскажете мне, что произошло после того, как мое сообщение было опубликовано. Может быть, у вашего вида еще есть надежда. Конец главы 1 и главы 7 с рептильной женщиной. Italian: Alcuni conoscono la verità su varie cose ma non informano il pubblico per evitare confusione e panico. Penso che il tuo tipo non sia così male come pensano alcuni della mia specie. Sarebbe un peccato osservare la tua fine. È tutto quello che posso dire. Guarda il tuo mondo con gli occhi aperti, forse lo vedrai, o forse no. Il tuo tipo è davvero ignorante. Domanda: Pensi che qualcuno crederà che questa intervista sia reale? Risposta: No, ma un interessante esperimento per i miei studi sociali. Ci rivedremo tra qualche mese e mi racconterai cosa è successo dopo la pubblicazione del mio messaggio. Forse c'è ancora speranza per la tua specie. Fine del capitolo 1 e del capitolo 7 con una donna rettiliana. Portuguese: Alguns sabem a verdade sobre várias coisas, mas não informam o público para evitar confusão e pânico. Acho que seu tipo não é tão ruim quanto alguns da minha espécie pensam. Seria uma pena observar o seu fim. Isso é tudo o que posso dizer. Olhe para o seu mundo com os olhos abertos, talvez você o veja, ou talvez não. Seu tipo é realmente ignorante. Pergunta: Você acha que alguém vai acreditar que esta entrevista é real? Resposta: Não, mas uma experiência interessante para meus estudos sociais. Nos encontraremos novamente em alguns meses e você me contará o que aconteceu depois que minha mensagem foi publicada. Talvez ainda haja esperança para sua espécie. Fim do capítulo 1 e capítulo 7 com uma mulher reptiliana. German: Einige kennen die Wahrheit über verschiedene Dinge, informieren aber die Öffentlichkeit nicht, um Verwirrung und Panik zu vermeiden. Ich denke, Ihr Typ ist nicht so schlecht, wie einige meiner Spezies denken. Es wäre schade, Ihr Ende zu beobachten. Das ist alles was ich sagen kann. Schau deine Welt mit offenen Augen an, vielleicht wirst du sie sehen oder vielleicht wirst du es nicht. Ihr Typ ist wirklich unwissend. Frage: Glaubst du, jemand wird glauben, dass dieses Interview echt ist? Antwort: Nein, aber ein interessantes Experiment für meine Sozialkunde. Wir werden uns in ein paar Monaten wiedersehen und Sie werden mir erzählen, was passiert ist, nachdem meine Nachricht veröffentlicht wurde. Vielleicht gibt es noch Hoffnung für Ihre Spezies. Ende von Kapitel 1 und Kapitel 7 mit einer Reptilienfrau. Arabic: يعرف البعض حقيقة الأمور المختلفة ولكن لا يخبرون الجمهور بها لتجنب الارتباك والذعر. أعتقد أن نوعك ليس سيئًا كما يعتقد بعض الأنواع الخاصة بي. سيكون من المؤسف مراقبة نهايتك. هذا كل ما يمكنني قوله. انظر إلى عالمك بعيون مفتوحة ، فربما تراه ، أو ربما لا تراه. نوعك جاهل حقًا. سؤال: هل تعتقد أن أي شخص سيصدق أن هذه المقابلة حقيقية؟ الجواب: لا ، ولكن تجربة مثيرة للاهتمام لدراستي الاجتماعية. سنلتقي مرة أخرى في غضون أشهر قليلة وستخبرني بما حدث بعد نشر رسالتي. ربما لا يزال هناك أمل لنوعك. نهاية الفصل 1 والفصل 7 مع الزاحف امرأة. Spanish: Algunos conocen la verdad sobre varias cosas pero no informan al público para evitar confusión y pánico. Creo que tu tipo no es tan malo como piensan algunos de mi especie. Sería una lástima observar tu final. Esto es todo lo que puedo decir. Mira tu mundo con los ojos abiertos, tal vez lo veas o tal vez no. Tu tipo es realmente ignorante. Pregunta: ¿Cree que alguien creerá que esta entrevista es real? Respuesta: No, pero un experimento interesante para mis estudios sociales. Nos volveremos a encontrar en unos meses y ustedes me contarán qué sucedió después de que se publicó mi mensaje. Quizás todavía haya esperanza para tu especie. Fin del capítulo 1 y del capítulo 7 con una mujer reptil. Chinese: 有些人知道各種事情的真相，但沒有通知公眾，以免造成混亂和恐慌。 我認為您的類型並不像我的某些物種所認為的那樣糟糕。 遺憾的是，您無法觀察到自己的結局。 這就是我所能說的。睜開眼睛看你的世界，也許你會看到，或者也許你不會。 您的類型真的很無知。 問題：您認為有人會相信這次採訪是真實的嗎？ 答：不可以，但是對我的社會研究是一個有趣的實驗。 我們將在幾個月後再次見面，您會告訴我我的消息發表後發生了什麼。 也許您的物種仍然充滿希望。 第1章和第7章結尾是一個爬行動物。 Japanese: さまざまなことの真実を知っているが、混乱やパニックを避けるために一般に知らせない人もいます。 あなたのタイプは私の種のいくつかが考えるほど悪くはないと思います。 あなたの終わりを観察するのは残念だ。 私が言えるのはそれだけです。目を開いて自分の世界を見てください。多分あなたはそれを見るかもしれませんし、そうでないかもしれません。 あなたのタイプは本当に無知です。 質問：このインタビューが本物だと誰かが信じると思いますか？ 回答：いいえ、しかし私の社会科にとって興味深い実験です。 数か月後にまたお会いし、私のメッセージが公開された後に何が起こったかを教えてくれます。 多分あなたの種への希望はまだあります。 爬虫類の女性との第1章と第7章の終わり。 Urdu: کچھ مختلف چیزوں کے بارے میں حقیقت جانتے ہیں لیکن الجھن اور گھبراہٹ سے بچنے کے لئے عوام کو آگاہ نہیں کرتے ہیں۔ مجھے لگتا ہے کہ آپ کی قسم اتنی بری نہیں ہے جتنی میری کچھ پرجاتی سوچتی ہے۔ اپنے انجام کا مشاہدہ کرنا انتہائی افسوس کی بات ہوگی۔ میں اتنا ہی کہہ سکتا ہوں۔ اپنی دنیا کو کھلی آنکھوں سے دیکھو ، ہوسکتا ہے کہ آپ اسے دیکھیں گے ، یا شاید آپ نہیں دیکھیں گے۔ آپ کی قسم واقعتا ign جاہل ہے۔ سوال: کیا آپ کو لگتا ہے کہ کوئی اس بات پر یقین کرے گا کہ یہ انٹرویو اصلی ہے؟ جواب: نہیں ، لیکن میری معاشرتی علوم کا ایک دلچسپ تجربہ۔ ہم کچھ مہینوں میں دوبارہ ملیں گے اور آپ مجھے بتاؤ گے کہ میرا پیغام شائع ہونے کے بعد کیا ہوا ہے۔ ہوسکتا ہے کہ آپ کی ذات کے لئے ابھی بھی امید ہے۔ باب 1 اور باب 7 کا اختتام ایک ریپٹیلیئن عورت کے ساتھ۔ French: Certains connaissent la vérité sur diverses choses mais n'informent pas le public pour éviter la confusion et la panique. Je pense que votre type n'est pas aussi mauvais que certaines de mes espèces le pensent. Ce serait dommage d'observer votre fin. C'est tout ce que je peux dire. Regardez votre monde avec les yeux ouverts, peut-être que vous le verrez, ou peut-être que vous ne le verrez pas. Votre type est vraiment ignorant. Question: Pensez-vous que quelqu'un croira que cette interview est réelle? Réponse: Non, mais une expérience intéressante pour mes études sociales. Nous nous reverrons dans quelques mois et vous me direz ce qui s'est passé après la publication de mon message. Il y a peut-être encore de l'espoir pour votre espèce. Fin du chapitre 1 et du chapitre 7 avec une femme reptilienne. Turkish: Bazıları çeşitli şeyler hakkındaki gerçeği biliyor ama kafa karışıklığını ve paniği önlemek için halkı bilgilendirmiyorlar. Bence türünüz benim türümden bazılarının düşündüğü kadar kötü değil. Sonunuzu gözlemlemek yazık olur. Söyleyebileceğim her şey bu. Dünyanıza açık gözlerle bakın belki göreceksiniz ya da belki görmeyeceksiniz. Sizin türünüz gerçekten cahil. Soru: Sence bu röportajın gerçek olduğuna kimse inanacak mı? Cevap: Hayır, ancak sosyal bilgilerim için ilginç bir deney. Birkaç ay sonra tekrar görüşeceğiz ve mesajımın yayınlanmasının ardından bana neler olduğunu anlatacaksınız. Belki türünüz için hala bir umut vardır. Reptilian bir kadınla yapılan 1. röportajın ve 7. bölümün sonu. Italian: Prossimamente la seconda intervista. Nota: dopo questa prima intervista, Ole K. afferma di aver avuto una seconda intervista con la donna rettiliana. Afferma persino che l'intervista è stata registrata con un registratore. Su richiesta di Lacerta, il testo originale di 31 pagine è stato rivisto e accorciato per includere alcune domande e risposte. Questa sezione dell'intervista non menziona principalmente questioni personali, dimostrazioni soprannaturali, il sistema sociale delle specie di rettili e parti della tecnologia e della fisica aliene. Ole K. continua così su questo secondo incontro: Il motivo per cui la data e l'ora del secondo incontro sono state modificate sono alcuni degli eventi che ho vissuto dopo il rilascio della prima intervista. . Sebbene si siano tentati di mantenere la mia identità anonima su consiglio di Lacerta, diversi eventi insoliti si sono verificati solo due giorni dopo la diffusione del documento all'estero. Per favore, non pensare che io sia paranoico; Turkish: 2. röportaj çok yakında. Not: Bu ilk röportajdan sonra Ole K. Reptilian kadınla ikinci bir görüşme daha yaptığını iddia ediyor. Hatta görüşmenin ses kayıt cihazı ile kaydedildiğini de belirtiyor. Lacerta'nın isteği üzerine, 31 sayfalık orijinal metin revize edilmiş ve bazı soru ve cevapları kapsayacak şekilde kısaltılmış. Röportaj bu metin kısmında öncelikle kişisel meseleler, doğaüstü gösteriler, sürüngen türlerinin sosyal sistemi ve uzaylı teknolojisi ve fiziği ile ilgili bölümleri bahsedilmiyor. Ole K. Bu ikinci görüşme hakkında şöyle devam ediyor: İkinci toplantının tarih ve saatinin değiştirilmesinin nedeni, ilk röportajın yayınlanmasından sonra yaşadığım bazı olaylardır. . Her ne kadar Lacerta'nın tavsiyesi üzerine kimliğim gizli tutulmaya çalışılsa da, belgenin yurtdışına yayılmasından sadece iki gün sonra çeşitli olağandışı olaylar meydana geldi. Lütfen paranoyak olduğumu düşünme; Japanese: 2番目のインタビューは近日公開予定です。注：この最初のインタビューの後、Ole K.は爬虫類の女性との2回目のインタビューがあったと主張しています。 彼はインタビューがテープレコーダーで録音されたとも述べています。 Lacertaの要請により、31ページの元のテキストが変更され、いくつかの質問と回答が含まれるように短縮されました。 インタビューのこのセクションでは、主に個人的な問題、超自然的なデモンストレーション、爬虫類の社会システム、およびエイリアンのテクノロジーと物理学の一部については触れていません。 Ole K.は、この2番目の会議について次のように続けます。 2回目の会議の日時が変更されたのは、最初のインタビューがリリースされた後に経験したいくつかのイベントのためです。 。 ラセルタの助言に基づいて私の身元を匿名にしようとする試みが行われましたが、文書が海外に広められてからわずか2日後にいくつかの異常なイベントが発生しました。 私が偏執的だとは思わないでください。 Russian: Скоро второе интервью. Примечание: после этого первого интервью Оле К. утверждает, что у него было второе интервью с рептильной женщиной. Он даже заявляет, что интервью было записано на магнитофон. По просьбе Ласерты исходный текст на 31 странице был изменен и сокращен, чтобы включить некоторые вопросы и ответы. В этом разделе интервью в первую очередь не упоминаются личные проблемы, проявления сверхъестественного, социальная система видов рептилий и части инопланетных технологий и физики. О этой второй встрече Оле К. продолжает так: Причина, по которой дата и время второй встречи были изменены, - это некоторые из событий, которые я пережил после того, как было опубликовано первое интервью. . Хотя по совету Ласерты были предприняты попытки сохранить мою личность в анонимности, всего через два дня после распространения документа за границу произошло несколько необычных событий. Пожалуйста, не думайте, что я параноик; English: 2nd interview coming soon. Note: After this first interview, Ole K. claims that he had a second interview with the Reptilian woman. He even states that the interview was recorded with a tape recorder. At Lacerta's request, the 31-page original text was revised and shortened to include some questions and answers. This section of the interview does not primarily mention personal issues, supernatural demonstrations, the social system of reptile species, and parts of alien technology and physics. Ole K. continues as follows about this second meeting: The reason why the date and time of the second meeting were changed is some of the events I have experienced after the first interview was released. . Although attempts were made to keep my identity anonymous on Lacerta's advice, several unusual events occurred just two days after the document was disseminated abroad. Please don't think I'm paranoid; German: 2. Interview kommt bald. Hinweis: Nach diesem ersten Interview behauptet Ole K., er habe ein zweites Interview mit der Reptilienfrau geführt. Er gibt sogar an, dass das Interview mit einem Kassettenrekorder aufgenommen wurde. Auf Wunsch von Lacerta wurde der 31-seitige Originaltext überarbeitet und um einige Fragen und Antworten gekürzt. In diesem Abschnitt des Interviews werden nicht in erster Linie persönliche Themen, übernatürliche Demonstrationen, das soziale System der Reptilienarten sowie Teile der außerirdischen Technologie und Physik erwähnt. Ole K. fährt mit diesem zweiten Treffen wie folgt fort: Der Grund, warum Datum und Uhrzeit des zweiten Treffens geändert wurden, sind einige der Ereignisse, die ich nach der Veröffentlichung des ersten Interviews erlebt habe. . Obwohl auf Lacertas Rat hin versucht wurde, meine Identität anonym zu halten, ereigneten sich nur zwei Tage nach der Verbreitung des Dokuments im Ausland einige ungewöhnliche Ereignisse. Bitte denke nicht, dass ich paranoid bin; Spanish: Próximamente segunda entrevista. Nota: Después de esta primera entrevista, Ole K. afirma que tuvo una segunda entrevista con la mujer reptil. Incluso afirma que la entrevista fue grabada con una grabadora. A pedido de Lacerta, el texto original de 31 páginas fue revisado y acortado para incluir algunas preguntas y respuestas. Esta sección de la entrevista no menciona principalmente problemas personales, demostraciones sobrenaturales, el sistema social de las especies de reptiles y partes de la tecnología y la física alienígenas. Ole K. continúa de la siguiente manera sobre esta segunda reunión: La razón por la que se cambiaron la fecha y la hora de la segunda reunión son algunos de los eventos que he experimentado después de que se publicó la primera entrevista. . Aunque se hicieron intentos de mantener mi identidad en el anonimato por consejo de Lacerta, varios eventos inusuales ocurrieron solo dos días después de que el documento se difundió en el extranjero. Por favor, no crea que soy paranoico; French: 2ème entretien à venir. Note: Après cette première interview, Ole K. affirme avoir eu une deuxième interview avec la femme reptilienne. Il déclare même que l'interview a été enregistrée avec un magnétophone. À la demande de Lacerta, le texte original de 31 pages a été révisé et raccourci pour inclure quelques questions et réponses. Cette section de l'interview ne mentionne pas principalement les problèmes personnels, les démonstrations surnaturelles, le système social des espèces de reptiles et des parties de la technologie et de la physique extraterrestres. Ole K. continue comme suit à propos de cette deuxième réunion: La raison pour laquelle la date et l'heure de la deuxième réunion ont été modifiées sont certains des événements que j'ai vécus après la publication de la première entrevue. . Bien que des tentatives aient été faites pour garder mon identité anonyme sur les conseils de Lacerta, plusieurs événements inhabituels se sont produits deux jours seulement après la diffusion du document à l'étranger. Ne pensez pas que je suis paranoïaque; Portuguese: 2ª entrevista em breve. Nota: Após esta primeira entrevista, Ole K. afirma que teve uma segunda entrevista com a mulher reptiliana. Ele ainda afirma que a entrevista foi gravada em um gravador. A pedido de Lacerta, o texto original de 31 páginas foi revisado e encurtado para incluir algumas perguntas e respostas. Esta seção da entrevista não menciona principalmente questões pessoais, demonstrações sobrenaturais, o sistema social das espécies de répteis e partes da tecnologia e física alienígena. Ole K. continua o seguinte sobre esta segunda reunião: A razão pela qual a data e a hora da segunda reunião foram alteradas são alguns dos eventos que vivi depois que a primeira entrevista foi lançada. . Embora tenham sido feitas tentativas de manter minha identidade anônima por conselho de Lacerta, vários eventos incomuns ocorreram apenas dois dias após a divulgação do documento no exterior. Por favor, não pense que sou paranóico; Filipino: Paparating na ang 2nd interview. Tandaan: Matapos ang unang pakikipanayam na ito, inaangkin ni Ole K. na mayroon siyang pangalawang pakikipanayam sa babaeng Reptilian. Sinabi pa niya na ang pakikipanayam ay naitala sa isang tape recorder. Sa kahilingan ni Lacerta, ang 31-pahinang orihinal na teksto ay binago at pinaikling upang isama ang ilang mga katanungan at sagot. Ang bahaging ito ng panayam ay hindi pangunahing binanggit ang mga personal na isyu, mga supernatural na demonstrasyon, ang sistemang panlipunan ng mga species ng reptile, at mga bahagi ng teknolohiya ng dayuhan at pisika. Nagpapatuloy si Ole K. tulad ng sumusunod tungkol sa ikalawang pagpupulong na ito: Ang dahilan kung bakit nabago ang petsa at oras ng ikalawang pagpupulong ay ang ilan sa mga pangyayaring naranasan ko matapos na lumabas ang unang pakikipanayam. . Kahit na ang mga pagtatangka ay ginawa upang mapanatili ang aking pagkakakilanlan sa hindi nagpapakilala sa payo ni Lacerta, maraming mga hindi pangkaraniwang mga kaganapan ang naganap lamang ng dalawang araw matapos ang dokumento ay ikinakalat sa ibang bansa. Mangyaring huwag isipin na ako ay paranoid; Urdu: دوسرا انٹرویو جلد آرہا ہے۔ نوٹ: اس پہلے انٹرویو کے بعد ، اولی کے نے دعوی کیا ہے کہ اس نے ریپٹلیئن خاتون کے ساتھ دوسرا انٹرویو لیا تھا۔ یہاں تک کہ وہ یہ بھی بیان کرتا ہے کہ یہ انٹرویو ٹیپ ریکارڈر کے ساتھ ریکارڈ کیا گیا تھا۔ لیسارٹا کی درخواست پر ، 31 صفحات پر مشتمل اصل متن میں ترمیم کی گئی اور کچھ سوالات اور جوابات شامل کرنے کے لئے اسے مختصر کردیا گیا۔ انٹرویو کے اس حصے میں بنیادی طور پر ذاتی امور ، مافوق الفطرت مظاہرے ، رینگنے والے جانوروں کا معاشرتی نظام ، اور اجنبی ٹیکنالوجی اور طبیعیات کے کچھ حص .وں کا ذکر نہیں کیا گیا ہے۔ اولے کے اس دوسرے اجلاس کے بارے میں مندرجہ ذیل ہیں: دوسری ملاقات کی تاریخ اور وقت کو تبدیل کرنے کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ پہلے انٹرویو کے اجراء کے بعد میں نے جن واقعات کا تجربہ کیا ہے۔ . اگرچہ لیسریٹا کے مشورے پر میری شناخت کو گمنام رکھنے کی کوشش کی گئی ، لیکن دستاویز کو بیرون ملک پھیلانے کے صرف دو دن بعد کئی غیر معمولی واقعات پیش آئے۔ براہ کرم یہ مت سمجھو کہ میں بے بنیاد ہوں؛ Chinese: 第二次面試即將到來。注意：在第一次採訪之後，Ole K.聲稱他已經對爬蟲類女人進行了第二次採訪。 他甚至說採訪是用錄音機錄製的。 應Lacerta的要求，對31頁的原始文本進行了修改和縮短，以包含一些問題和答案。 採訪的這一部分主要不涉及個人問題，超自然的示威，爬行動物的社會系統以及外來技術和物理學的某些部分。 關於第二次會議，Ole K.繼續如下： 更改第二次會議的日期和時間的原因是我在第一次採訪發布後經歷的一些事件。 。 儘管已嘗試根據Lacerta的建議使我的身份保持匿名，但在將文件散發到國外僅兩天后，發生了一些不尋常的事件。 請不要以為我很偏執； Arabic: المقابلة الثانية قريبا. ملاحظة: بعد هذه المقابلة الأولى ، يدعي Ole K. أنه أجرى مقابلة ثانية مع امرأة Reptilian. حتى أنه ذكر أنه تم تسجيل المقابلة بواسطة جهاز تسجيل. بناءً على طلب Lacerta ، تمت مراجعة النص الأصلي المكون من 31 صفحة واختصاره ليشمل بعض الأسئلة والأجوبة. لا يذكر هذا القسم من المقابلة في المقام الأول القضايا الشخصية والعروض الخارقة للطبيعة والنظام الاجتماعي لأنواع الزواحف وأجزاء من التكنولوجيا والفيزياء الغريبة. يواصل Ole K. ما يلي بشأن هذا الاجتماع الثاني: سبب تغيير تاريخ ووقت الاجتماع الثاني هو بعض الأحداث التي مررت بها بعد إطلاق المقابلة الأولى. . على الرغم من المحاولات التي بذلت لإبقاء هويتي مجهولة بناءً على نصيحة Lacerta ، فقد وقعت عدة أحداث غير عادية بعد يومين فقط من نشر الوثيقة في الخارج. من فضلك لا تعتقد أنني بجنون العظمة. French: cependant, je crois qu'après la publication de l'interview, certaines des organisations officielles et non officielles se sont tournées vers moi. À ce moment-là, j'ai souvent ridiculisé les gens qui croient être harcelés par l'État. Mais maintenant, depuis les événements de janvier, j'ai commencé à revoir mes idées à ce sujet. Ces soupçons ont commencé avec un dysfonctionnement de mon téléphone pendant quelques heures. Lorsque le téléphone a été rallumé, il y avait des échos silencieux et d'étranges cliquetis et bourdonnements lorsque j'ai passé un appel. Du jour au lendemain, des données importantes ont disparu du disque dur de mon ordinateur. Le programme de test, assez curieusement, n'a trouvé de «mauvais secteurs» que dans les images et a complété les parties textuelles de l'entrevue. Ces «secteurs défectueux» contenaient également du matériel exceptionnel lié à mon domaine de recherche. Heureusement, le matériel était également stocké sur des disquettes. En plus de cela, j'ai découvert des données cachées sur mon ordinateur complètement par hasard. Portuguese: entretanto, acredito que após a publicação da entrevista, algumas das organizações oficiais e não oficiais voltaram sua atenção para mim. A essa altura, já ridicularizei muitas vezes as pessoas que acreditam estar sendo perseguidas pelo Estado. Mas agora, desde os eventos de janeiro, comecei a rever minhas idéias sobre o assunto. Essas suspeitas começaram com o mau funcionamento do meu telefone por algumas horas. Quando o telefone foi ligado novamente, houve ecos silenciosos e cliques estranhos e ruídos de zumbidos quando fiz uma chamada. Durante a noite, dados importantes desapareceram do disco rígido do meu computador. O programa de teste, curiosamente, encontrou "setores defeituosos" apenas nas fotos e completou partes textuais da entrevista. Esses "setores imperfeitos" também continham material excelente relacionado ao meu campo de pesquisa. Felizmente, o material também foi armazenado em disquetes. Além disso, descobri alguns dados ocultos em meu computador completamente por acaso. Chinese: 但是，我相信採訪發布後，一些官方和非官方組織都將注意力轉向了我。 到這個時候，我經常嘲笑那些相信他們被國家纏擾的人。 但是現在，自從一月份的事件以來，我已經開始回顧我對此主題的想法。 這些懷疑始於我的手機出現故障幾個小時。 重新打開電話後，當我撥打電話時，有安靜的迴聲，奇怪的喀噠聲和嗡嗡聲。 一夜之間，重要數據從計算機硬盤上消失了。 奇怪的是，測試程序僅在圖片中發現“壞道”，並完成了採訪的文字部分。 這些“缺陷領域”還包含與我的研究領域有關的出色材料。 幸運的是，該材料也存儲在軟盤上。 除此之外，我還偶然發現了我計算機上的一些隱藏數據。 Filipino: gayunpaman, naniniwala ako na pagkatapos mailathala ang pakikipanayam, ang ilan sa mga opisyal at hindi opisyal na mga organisasyon ay nakabukas ang kanilang pansin sa akin. Sa oras na ito, madalas akong kinutya ng mga tao na naniniwala na sila ay pinapasuko ng estado. Ngunit ngayon, mula noong mga kaganapan noong Enero, sinimulan kong suriin ang aking mga ideya tungkol sa paksang ito. Ang mga hinala na ito ay nagsimula sa aking telepono na hindi gumagana nang ilang oras. Kapag nakabalik ang telepono, may mga tahimik na boses at kakaibang pag-click at mga humihiyang mga ingay nang tumawag ako. Magdamag, ang mahalagang data ay nawala mula sa hard drive ng aking computer. Ang pagsubok na programa, sapat na kakatwa, natagpuan ang "masamang sektor" lamang sa mga larawan at nakumpleto ang mga bahagi ng teksto sa pakikipanayam. Ang mga "flawed sector" ay naglalaman din ng mga magagaling na materyal na nauugnay sa aking larangan ng pananaliksik. Sa kabutihang palad, ang materyal ay naimbak din sa floppy disks. Bilang karagdagan, natuklasan ko ang ilang mga nakatagong data sa aking computer nang lubusan. Italian: tuttavia, credo che dopo la pubblicazione dell'intervista, alcune delle organizzazioni ufficiali e non ufficiali abbiano rivolto la loro attenzione a me. A questo punto, ho spesso messo in ridicolo persone che credono di essere perseguitate dallo stato. Ma ora, dopo gli eventi di gennaio, ho iniziato a rivedere le mie idee su questo argomento. Questi sospetti sono iniziati con il malfunzionamento del mio telefono per alcune ore. Quando il telefono è stato riacceso, si sono verificati echi sommessi e strani ticchettii e ronzii quando ho effettuato una chiamata. Durante la notte, i dati importanti sono scomparsi dal disco rigido del mio computer. Il programma di test, stranamente, ha trovato "settori danneggiati" solo nelle immagini e nelle parti testuali completate dell'intervista. Questi "settori imperfetti" contenevano anche materiale eccezionale relativo al mio campo di ricerca. Fortunatamente, il materiale è stato memorizzato anche su floppy disk. Inoltre, ho scoperto per caso alcuni dati nascosti sul mio computer. English: however, I believe that after the interview was published, some of the official and non-official organizations turned their attention to me. By this time, I have often ridiculed people who believe they are being stalked by the state. But now, since the events in January, I have begun to review my ideas on this subject. These suspicions started with my phone malfunctioning for a few hours. When the phone was switched back on, there were quiet echoes and strange clicking and humming noises when I made a call. Overnight, important data disappeared from my computer's hard drive. The testing program, oddly enough, found "bad sectors" only in the pictures and completed textual parts of the interview. These "flawed sectors" also contained outstanding material related to my research field. Fortunately, the material was also stored on floppy disks. In addition to that, I discovered some hidden data on my computer completely by chance. Japanese: しかし、インタビューが公開された後、いくつかの公式および非公式の組織が私に注意を向けたと思います。 この時までに、私はしばしば彼らが国家によってストーカーされていると信じている人々をあざけりました。 しかし、今、私は1月のイベント以来、このテーマに関する自分の考えを見直し始めました。 これらの疑惑は私の電話が数時間誤動作することから始まりました。 電話を再びオンにしたとき、私が電話をかけたとき、静かなエコーと奇妙なカチカチとハミングノイズがありました。 一晩で、重要なデータがコンピューターのハードドライブから消えました。 奇妙なことに、テストプログラムは、写真とインタビューの完全なテキスト部分にのみ「不良セクター」を見つけました。 これらの「欠陥のある部門」には、私の研究分野に関連する優れた資料も含まれていました。 幸い、この資料はフロッピーディスクにも保存されていました。 それに加えて、偶然にも自分のコンピューターに隠されたデータが発見されました。 German: Ich glaube jedoch, dass einige der offiziellen und nicht offiziellen Organisationen nach Veröffentlichung des Interviews ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf mich gerichtet haben. Zu dieser Zeit habe ich oft Leute verspottet, die glauben, vom Staat verfolgt zu werden. Aber jetzt, seit den Ereignissen im Januar, habe ich begonnen, meine Ideen zu diesem Thema zu überprüfen. Dieser Verdacht begann damit, dass mein Telefon einige Stunden lang nicht funktionierte. Als das Telefon wieder eingeschaltet wurde, gab es leise Echos und seltsame Klick- und Summengeräusche, als ich einen Anruf tätigte. Über Nacht verschwanden wichtige Daten von der Festplatte meines Computers. Seltsamerweise fand das Testprogramm "schlechte Sektoren" nur in den Bildern und vervollständigte Textteile des Interviews. Diese "fehlerhaften Sektoren" enthielten auch herausragendes Material in Bezug auf mein Forschungsgebiet. Glücklicherweise wurde das Material auch auf Disketten gespeichert. Außerdem habe ich zufällig einige versteckte Daten auf meinem Computer entdeckt. Arabic: ومع ذلك ، أعتقد أنه بعد نشر المقابلة ، وجهت بعض المنظمات الرسمية وغير الرسمية انتباهها إلي. بحلول هذا الوقت ، غالبًا ما كنت أسخر من الأشخاص الذين يعتقدون أن الدولة تلاحقهم. لكن الآن ، منذ أحداث يناير ، بدأت في مراجعة أفكاري حول هذا الموضوع. بدأت هذه الشكوك مع تعطل هاتفي لبضع ساعات. عندما تم إعادة تشغيل الهاتف ، كانت هناك أصداء هادئة ونقرات غريبة وطنين عندما أجريت مكالمة. بين عشية وضحاها ، اختفت البيانات المهمة من القرص الصلب لجهاز الكمبيوتر الخاص بي. والغريب أن برنامج الاختبار وجد "قطاعات سيئة" فقط في الصور وأجزاء نصية مكتملة من المقابلة. احتوت هذه "القطاعات المعيبة" أيضًا على مواد بارزة تتعلق بمجال بحثي. لحسن الحظ ، تم تخزين المادة أيضًا على أقراص مرنة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، اكتشفت بعض البيانات المخفية على جهاز الكمبيوتر الخاص بي تمامًا عن طريق الصدفة. Urdu: تاہم ، مجھے یقین ہے کہ انٹرویو شائع ہونے کے بعد ، کچھ سرکاری اور غیر سرکاری تنظیموں نے میری طرف توجہ دی۔ اس وقت تک ، میں نے اکثر لوگوں کا مذاق اڑایا ہے جو یہ سمجھتے ہیں کہ ریاست کے ذریعہ ان کا ڈنڈا مارا جارہا ہے۔ لیکن اب ، جنوری کے واقعات کے بعد سے ، میں نے اس موضوع پر اپنے خیالات پر نظرثانی کرنا شروع کردی ہے۔ یہ شکوک و شبہات میرے فون میں کچھ گھنٹوں کے لئے خرابی کے ساتھ شروع ہوئے تھے۔ جب فون کو آن کیا گیا تو ، جب میں نے فون کیا تو خاموش بازگشتیں اور عجیب و غریب کلک اور گونجنے والے آوازیں آئیں۔ راتوں رات ، میرے کمپیوٹر کی ہارڈ ڈرائیو سے اہم ڈیٹا غائب ہوگیا۔ عجیب طور پر جانچ کے پروگرام میں ، "خراب شعبوں" کو صرف تصویروں میں ملا اور انٹرویو کے متنی حص .ہ کو مکمل کیا گیا۔ ان "ناقص شعبوں" میں میرے تحقیقی میدان سے وابستہ شاندار مواد بھی تھا۔ خوش قسمتی سے ، یہ مواد فلاپی ڈسکوں میں بھی محفوظ تھا۔ اس کے علاوہ ، میں نے اتفاق سے اپنے کمپیوٹر پر کچھ پوشیدہ ڈیٹا دریافت کیا۔ Russian: однако я считаю, что после того, как интервью было опубликовано, некоторые официальные и неофициальные организации обратили свое внимание на меня. К этому времени я часто высмеивал людей, которые считают, что государство преследует их. Но теперь, после январских событий, я начал пересматривать свои мысли по этому поводу. Эти подозрения начались с того, что мой телефон несколько часов не работал. Когда телефон снова был включен, во время звонка было тихое эхо, странные щелчки и жужжание. В одночасье с жесткого диска моего компьютера исчезли важные данные. Программа тестирования, как ни странно, обнаружила «битые сектора» только на картинках и заполненных текстовых частях интервью. Эти «небезупречные разделы» также содержали выдающийся материал, относящийся к моей области исследований. К счастью, материал сохранился и на дискетах. Вдобавок я совершенно случайно обнаружил на своем компьютере некоторые скрытые данные. Turkish: ancak röportajın yayınlanmasından sonra resmi olan ve olmayan bazı kuruluşların dikkatini bana yönelttiğine inanıyorum. Bu zamana kadar, devlet tarafından takip edildiğine inanan insanlarla genellikle alay ettim. Ama şimdi Ocak ayındaki olaylardan bu yana bu konudaki fikirlerimi gözden geçirmeye başladım. Bu şüphelerim telefonumun birkaç saat boyunca arızalanmasıyla başladı. Telefon tekrar faaliyete geçtiğinde, arama yaptığımda sessiz yankılar ve tuhaf tıklama ve uğultu sesleri vardı. Bir gecede, önemli veriler bilgisayarımın sabit diskinden kayboldu. Test programı, garip bir şekilde, röportajın sadece resimler ve tamamlanmış metinsel bölümlerinde "hatalı sektörler" buldu. Bu "kusurlu sektörler", benim araştırma sahamla ilgili olağanüstü nitelikte malzemeler de içeriyordu. Neyse ki, materyal aynı zamanda disketlerde de saklanıyordu. Buna ek olarak, tamamen tesadüfen bilgisayarımda gizli bazı veriler keşfettim. Spanish: sin embargo, creo que después de la publicación de la entrevista, algunas de las organizaciones oficiales y no oficiales me prestaron atención. En este momento, a menudo he ridiculizado a las personas que creen que el estado las acecha. Pero ahora, desde los hechos de enero, he comenzado a revisar mis ideas sobre este tema. Estas sospechas comenzaron con el mal funcionamiento de mi teléfono durante unas horas. Cuando se volvió a encender el teléfono, hubo ecos silenciosos y extraños chasquidos y zumbidos cuando hice una llamada. De la noche a la mañana, los datos importantes desaparecieron del disco duro de mi computadora. El programa de prueba, por extraño que parezca, encontró "sectores defectuosos" sólo en las imágenes y completó partes textuales de la entrevista. Estos "sectores defectuosos" también contenían material destacado relacionado con mi campo de investigación. Afortunadamente, el material también se almacenó en disquetes. Además de eso, descubrí algunos datos ocultos en mi computadora completamente por casualidad. Portuguese: O nome de exibição nos dados era "E72UJ". Um amigo meu que era cientista da computação não entendeu nada dessa definição. Esses dados foram perdidos quando eu estava prestes a mostrá-los a ele. Uma noite, a porta da minha casa estava aberta, minha TV estava funcionando. No entanto, tenho absoluta certeza de que desliguei a TV. Mais uma vez, vi os rastros de uma minivan estacionada em frente à minha casa. Mesmo quando eu visitasse uma cidade a 65 quilômetros de distância, a mesma minivan seria Percebi que ele estava me seguindo à distância na parte de trás do meu carro. Quando voltei, o carro estava do outro lado da rua mais uma vez. Não vi ninguém entrar e sair do carro. Apesar da batida na porta do carro e nos vidros escuros, não houve reação do lado de dentro. Cerca de duas semanas depois, a minivan desapareceu novamente. Quando informei pessoalmente a EF sobre esses eventos, ele sugeriu que eu mudasse o local e a data da reunião para garantir a nossa segurança e a de Lacerta. Urdu: ڈیٹا میں ڈسپلے کا نام "E72UJ" تھا۔ میرا ایک دوست جو کمپیوٹر سائنس دان تھا اس تعریف سے کچھ سمجھ نہیں پایا تھا۔ یہ ڈیٹا بالکل اسی طرح کھو گیا تھا جیسے میں اسے ظاہر کرنے جا رہا تھا۔ ایک شام میرے گھر کا دروازہ چوڑا کھلا تھا ، میرا ٹی وی کام کر رہا تھا۔ تاہم ، مجھے بالکل یقین ہے کہ میں نے ٹی وی بند کردیا۔ ایک بار پھر میں نے اپنے گھر کے سامنے کھڑی ایک منیون کی پٹریوں کو دیکھا۔ یہاں تک کہ جب میں 65 کلومیٹر دور کسی قصبے کا دورہ کرتا تھا ، تب بھی وہی منیوا ہوگا میں نے دیکھا کہ وہ میری گاڑی کے پچھلے حصے سے دور سے میرا پیچھا کر رہا تھا۔ جب میں واپس آیا تو کار ایک بار پھر گلی کے دوسری طرف تھی۔ میں نے کار میں اور باہر کسی کو نہیں دیکھا۔ کار کے دروازے اور داغدار کھڑکیوں پر ٹکرانے کے باوجود اندر سے کوئی ردعمل سامنے نہیں آیا۔ تقریبا دو ہفتوں کے بعد منیون ایک بار پھر غائب ہوگیا۔ جب میں نے ذاتی طور پر EF کو ان واقعات کے بارے میں آگاہ کیا تو ، اس نے مشورہ دیا کہ میں اپنے اور لیسریٹا کی حفاظت کو یقینی بنانے کے لئے میٹنگ کے مقام اور تاریخ کو تبدیل کردوں۔ Chinese: 數據中的顯示名稱為“ E72UJ”。我的一位曾經是計算機科學家的朋友對此定義一無所知。 正如我正要向他展示時，這些數據丟失了。 一天晚上，我家的門敞開了，我的電視正在工作。但是，我絕對確定我已關閉電視。 我再次看到一輛微型貨車停在我家門前的痕跡。 即使當我參觀65公里外的城鎮時，同樣的小型貨車 我注意到他在我的車後方遠處跟著我。 當我返回時，汽車再次位於街道的另一側。我還沒有看到有人進出汽車。 儘管車門和有色窗戶受到撞擊，但車內沒有任何反應。 大約兩週後，小型貨車再次失踪。 當我親自向EF通報這些事件時，他建議我更改會議的地點和日期，以確保我們和Lacerta的安全。 Filipino: Ang pangalan ng pagpapakita sa data ay "E72UJ". Ang isang kaibigan ko na isang siyentipiko sa computer ay hindi maunawaan ang anumang bagay mula sa kahulugan na ito. Nawala ang data na ito tulad ng malapit kong ipakita ito sa kanya. Isang gabi ay nakabukas ang pintuan ng aking bahay, gumana ang aking TV. Gayunpaman, sigurado ako na pinatay ko ang TV. Muli kong nakita ang mga track ng isang minivan na naka-park sa harap ng aking bahay. Kahit na bumisita ako sa isang bayan na 65 kilometro ang layo, ang parehong minivan ay magiging Napansin kong sinusundan niya ako mula sa malayo sa likuran ng aking sasakyan. Pagbalik ko, ang sasakyan ay nasa kabilang linya ng kalye muli. Wala akong nakitang tao sa loob at labas ng kotse. Sa kabila ng pagtama sa pintuan ng kotse at mga naka-tile na bintana, walang reaksyon mula sa loob. Pagkalipas ng dalawang linggo ay nawala muli ang minivan. Nang personal kong ipinaalam sa EF ang tungkol sa mga kaganapang ito, iminungkahi niya na baguhin ko ang lokasyon at petsa ng pagpupulong upang matiyak ang kaligtasan ng ating sarili at si Lacerta. Turkish: Veride görünen ad "E72UJ" idi. Bilgisayar uzmanı olan bir arkadaşım bu tanımdan hiçbir şey anlamadı. Ben ona göstermek üzereyken, bu veriler kayboldu. Bir akşam evimin kapısı ardına kadar açık duruyordu, televizyonum çalışıyordu. Oysaki televizyonu kapattığıma kesinlikle eminim. Yine bir minivanın evimin önüne park etmiş izlerini gördüm. 65 kilometre ötedeki bir kasabayı ziyaret ettiğimde bile, aynı minivanın birkaç kez arabamın arkasında bir mesafeden beni takip ettiğini fark ettim. Döndüğümde araba bir kez daha caddenin diğer tarafındaydı. Hiç kimsenin arabaya girip çıktığını görmedim. Aracın kapısınave renkli camlarına vurulmasına rağmen içeriden hiçbir tepki gelmedi. Yaklaşık iki hafta sonra minivan tekrar ortadan kayboldu. EF'i bu olaylar hakkında kişisel olarak bilgilendirdiğimde, kendimizin ve Lacerta'nın güvenliğini sağlamak için toplantının yerini ve tarihini değiştirmemi önerdi. English: Display name in the data was "E72UJ". A friend of mine who was a computer scientist did not understand anything from this definition. This data was lost just as I was about to show it to him. One evening the door of my house was wide open, my TV was working. However, I am absolutely sure that I turned the TV off. Again I saw the tracks of a minivan parked in front of my house. Even when I visited a town 65 kilometers away, the same minivan would be I noticed that he was following me from a distance in the back of my car. When I returned, the car was on the other side of the street once again. I haven't seen anyone in and out of the car. Despite the hit on the car's door and tinted windows, there was no reaction from the inside. About two weeks later the minivan disappeared again. When I personally informed EF about these events, he suggested that I change the location and date of the meeting to ensure the safety of ourselves and Lacerta. Spanish: El nombre para mostrar en los datos era "E72UJ". Un amigo mío que era informático no entendió nada de esta definición. Estos datos se perdieron justo cuando estaba a punto de mostrárselos. Una noche, la puerta de mi casa estaba abierta de par en par, mi televisor funcionaba. Sin embargo, estoy absolutamente seguro de que apagué el televisor. De nuevo vi las huellas de una minivan estacionada frente a mi casa. Incluso cuando visitaba una ciudad a 65 kilómetros de distancia, la misma minivan sería Noté que me seguía desde lejos en la parte trasera de mi auto. Cuando regresé, el coche estaba otra vez al otro lado de la calle. No he visto a nadie entrar y salir del coche. A pesar del golpe en la puerta del auto y los vidrios polarizados, no hubo reacción desde el interior. Aproximadamente dos semanas después, la minivan volvió a desaparecer. Cuando informé personalmente a EF sobre estos eventos, me sugirió que cambiara el lugar y la fecha de la reunión para garantizar nuestra seguridad y la de Lacerta. Russian: Отображаемое имя в данных было «E72UJ». Мой друг, ученый-компьютерщик, ничего не понял из этого определения. Эти данные были потеряны, когда я собирался показать их ему. Однажды вечером дверь моего дома была распахнута настежь, телевизор работал. Однако я абсолютно уверен, что выключил телевизор. Я снова увидел следы минивэна, припаркованного перед моим домом. Даже когда я побывал в городе за 65 километров, тот же минивэн был Я заметил, что он следил за мной издалека на заднем сиденье моей машины. Когда я вернулся, машина снова оказалась на другой стороне улицы. Я не видел, чтобы кто-нибудь садился в машину и выходил из нее. Несмотря на попадание в дверь и тонированные стекла машины, изнутри никакой реакции не последовало. Примерно через две недели минивэн снова исчез. Когда я лично проинформировал EF об этих событиях, он предложил мне изменить место и дату встречи, чтобы обеспечить безопасность нас и Ласерты. French: Le nom affiché dans les données était "E72UJ". Un de mes amis qui était informaticien n'a rien compris à cette définition. Ces données ont été perdues au moment où j'allais lui montrer. Un soir, la porte de ma maison était grande ouverte, ma télé fonctionnait. Cependant, je suis absolument sûr d'avoir éteint le téléviseur. Encore une fois, j'ai vu les traces d'une fourgonnette garée devant ma maison. Même lorsque je visitais une ville à 65 kilomètres, la même fourgonnette J'ai remarqué qu'il me suivait de loin à l'arrière de ma voiture. Quand je suis revenu, la voiture était de nouveau de l'autre côté de la rue. Je n'ai vu personne entrer et sortir de la voiture. Malgré le coup sur la portière de la voiture et les vitres teintées, il n'y a pas eu de réaction de l'intérieur. Environ deux semaines plus tard, la fourgonnette a de nouveau disparu. Lorsque j'ai personnellement informé EF de ces événements, il m'a suggéré de changer le lieu et la date de la réunion pour assurer notre sécurité et celle de Lacerta. German: Der Anzeigename in den Daten war "E72UJ". Ein Freund von mir, der Informatiker war, verstand nichts von dieser Definition. Diese Daten gingen verloren, als ich sie ihm zeigen wollte. Eines Abends stand die Tür meines Hauses weit offen, mein Fernseher funktionierte. Ich bin mir jedoch absolut sicher, dass ich den Fernseher ausgeschaltet habe. Wieder sah ich die Spuren eines Minivans, der vor meinem Haus geparkt war. Selbst wenn ich eine 65 Kilometer entfernte Stadt besuchen würde, wäre es der gleiche Minivan Ich bemerkte, dass er mir aus einiger Entfernung hinten in meinem Auto folgte. Als ich zurückkam, stand das Auto wieder auf der anderen Straßenseite. Ich habe niemanden im und aus dem Auto gesehen. Trotz des Schlags an der Autotür und den getönten Scheiben gab es keine Reaktion von innen. Ungefähr zwei Wochen später verschwand der Minivan wieder. Als ich EF persönlich über diese Ereignisse informierte, schlug er vor, den Ort und das Datum des Treffens zu ändern, um die Sicherheit von uns und Lacerta zu gewährleisten. Japanese: データの表示名は「E72UJ」でした。コンピュータ科学者である私の友人は、この定義から何も理解していませんでした。 このデータは、私が彼に見せようとしていたときに失われました。 ある晩、私の家のドアが大きく開かれ、私のテレビは働いていました。しかし、私はテレビをオフにしたと確信しています。 家の前にミニバンの線路が停まっているのを見ました。 65キロ離れた町を訪れても同じミニバンは 私は彼が私の車の後ろの距離から私を追いかけていることに気づきました。 私が戻ったとき、車は再び通りの反対側にありました。車の内外で誰も見たことがない。 車のドアと色付きの窓がぶつかったにもかかわらず、内部からの反応はありませんでした。 約2週間後、ミニバンは再び姿を消しました。 私がこれらのイベントについてEFに個人的に知らせたとき、彼は私自身とラセルタの安全を確保するために会議の場所と日付を変更することを提案しました。 Arabic: اسم العرض في البيانات كان "E72UJ". لم يفهم صديق لي الذي كان عالم كمبيوتر أي شيء من هذا التعريف. ضاعت هذه البيانات عندما كنت على وشك إظهارها له. في إحدى الأمسيات ، كان باب منزلي مفتوحًا على مصراعيه ، وكان التلفزيون يعمل. ومع ذلك ، أنا متأكد تمامًا من أنني قمت بإيقاف تشغيل التلفزيون. مرة أخرى رأيت آثار حافلة صغيرة متوقفة أمام منزلي. حتى عندما زرت بلدة على بعد 65 كيلومترًا ، ستكون نفس الحافلة الصغيرة لاحظت أنه كان يلاحقني من مسافة بعيدة في مؤخرة سيارتي. عندما عدت ، كانت السيارة على الجانب الآخر من الشارع مرة أخرى. لم أر أي شخص داخل وخارج السيارة. وعلى الرغم من الاصطدام بباب السيارة والنوافذ المظلمة ، لم يكن هناك رد فعل من الداخل. بعد حوالي أسبوعين اختفت الميني فان مرة أخرى. عندما أبلغت EF شخصيًا بهذه الأحداث ، اقترح أن أقوم بتغيير مكان وموعد الاجتماع لضمان سلامة أنفسنا ولاسيرتا. Italian: Il nome visualizzato nei dati era "E72UJ". Un mio amico che era un informatico non ha capito nulla da questa definizione. Questi dati sono andati persi proprio mentre stavo per mostrarglielo. Una sera la porta di casa mia era spalancata, la mia TV funzionava. Tuttavia, sono assolutamente sicuro di aver spento la TV. Di nuovo ho visto le tracce di un minivan parcheggiato davanti a casa mia. Anche quando ho visitato una città a 65 chilometri di distanza, lo stesso minivan sarebbe stato Ho notato che mi stava seguendo da lontano nel retro della mia macchina. Quando sono tornato, la macchina era di nuovo dall'altra parte della strada. Non ho visto nessuno entrare e uscire dalla macchina. Nonostante il colpo alla portiera dell'auto e ai vetri oscurati, non c'è stata alcuna reazione dall'interno. Circa due settimane dopo il minivan è scomparso di nuovo. Quando ho informato personalmente EF di questi eventi, mi ha suggerito di cambiare il luogo e la data dell'incontro per garantire la sicurezza nostra e di Lacerta. Japanese: 会議は2000年4月27日に別の孤立した場所で開催されました。私の知る限り、誰も私たちの場所を知りませんでした。 もう一度、これはすべて奇妙で妄想的に聞こえるかもしれませんが、 安価なSF映画のファンタジーのようです。 しかしながら、私は読者をもう一度繰り返し、保証することができます： これらすべての経験は純粋な真実です。私の言葉を信じるかどうか。 これらは起こりました、そして、あなたがそれを信じるかどうかにかかわらず、彼らは起こり続けます。手遅れにならないように。私たちの文明は危険にさらされています。 ビデオを好きで購読することを忘れないでください。 2回目のインタビューと新しいエピソードは近日公開予定です。 Italian: La riunione si è svolta il 27 aprile 2000 in un altro luogo isolato. Per quanto ne so, nessuno conosceva il nostro posto. Ancora una volta, tutto questo può suonare strano e paranoico, Come una fantasia di un film di fantascienza a buon mercato; tuttavia, posso ripetere e assicurare al lettore solo un'altra volta: Tutte queste esperienze sono pura verità. Credimi o no. Questi sono accaduti e continueranno a succedere che tu ci creda o no. Spero non sia troppo tardi. La nostra civiltà è in pericolo. Non dimenticare di mettere mi piace e iscriverti al video. Seconda intervista e nuovi episodi in arrivo. French: La réunion a eu lieu le 27 avril 2000 dans un autre lieu isolé. Pour autant que je sache, personne ne connaissait notre place. Encore une fois, tout cela peut sembler étrange et paranoïaque, Comme un fantasme d'un film de science-fiction bon marché; cependant, je peux répéter et assurer le lecteur une seule fois de plus: Toutes ces expériences sont de la pure vérité. Croyez-moi ou pas. Celles-ci se sont produites et continueront de se produire, que vous le croyiez ou non. J'espère qu'il n'est pas trop tard. Notre civilisation est en danger. N'oubliez pas d'aimer et de vous abonner à la vidéo. 2ème interview et nouveaux épisodes à venir. Portuguese: A reunião ocorreu em 27 de abril de 2000 em outro local isolado. Pelo que eu sei, ninguém conhecia nosso lugar. Mais uma vez, tudo isso pode soar estranho e paranóico, Como uma fantasia de um filme barato de ficção científica; no entanto, posso repetir e garantir ao leitor apenas mais uma vez: Todas essas experiências são pura verdade. Acredite ou não em minhas palavras. Isso aconteceu e continuará a acontecer, quer você acredite ou não. Espero que não seja tarde demais. Nossa civilização está em perigo. Não esqueça de curtir e se inscrever no vídeo. 2ª entrevista e novos episódios em breve. English: The meeting took place on 27 April 2000 in another isolated location. As far as I know, nobody knew our place. Once again, all this may sound strange and paranoid, Like a fantasy from a cheap science fiction movie; however, I can repeat and assure the reader only one more time: All these experiences are pure truth. Believe my words or not. These have happened, and they will continue to happen whether you believe it or not. I hope it is not too late. Our civilization is in danger. Do not forget to like and subscribe to the video. 2nd interview and new episodes coming soon. Turkish: Toplantı 27 Nisan 2000'de başka bir izole yerde gerçekleşti. Bildiğim kadarı ile kimse yerimizi bilmiyordu. Bir kez daha, tüm bunlar kulağa tuhaf ve paranoyak gelebilir, ucuz bir bilim kurgu filminden bir fantezi gibi; ancak, okuyucuyu yalnızca bir kez daha tekrarlayabilir ve temin edebilirim ki: Tüm bu yaşananlar katıksız gerçektir. Sözlerime inanın ya da inanmayın. Bunlar oldu ve siz inansanız da inanmasanız da olmaya devam edecekler. Umarım çok geç olmaz. Medeniyetimiz tehlikede. Videoyu beğenmeyi ve abone olmayı unutmayınız. 2. röportaj ve yeni bölümler çok yakında. German: Das Treffen fand am 27. April 2000 an einem anderen isolierten Ort statt. Soweit ich weiß, kannte niemand unseren Platz. Noch einmal, all dies mag seltsam und paranoid klingen, Wie eine Fantasie aus einem billigen Science-Fiction-Film; Ich kann den Leser jedoch nur noch einmal wiederholen und versichern: All diese Erfahrungen sind reine Wahrheit. Glaube meinen Worten oder nicht. Diese sind passiert und werden auch weiterhin passieren, ob Sie es glauben oder nicht. Ich hoffe es ist nicht zu spät. Unsere Zivilisation ist in Gefahr. Vergessen Sie nicht, das Video zu mögen und zu abonnieren. 2. Interview und neue Folgen folgen in Kürze. Filipino: Ang pagpupulong ay naganap noong 27 Abril 2000 sa isa pang nakahiwalay na lokasyon. Sa pagkakaalam ko, walang nakakaalam sa aming lugar. Muli, ang lahat ng ito ay maaaring kakaiba at paranoid, Tulad ng isang pantasya mula sa isang murang pelikulang fiction science; gayunpaman, maaari kong ulitin at tiyakin ang mambabasa ng isang beses pa: Ang lahat ng mga karanasan na ito ay purong katotohanan. Maniwala sa aking mga salita o hindi. Nangyari ito, at magpapatuloy silang mangyari kung naniniwala ka man o hindi. Umaasa ako na hindi pa huli. Ang ating sibilisasyon ay nasa panganib. Huwag kalimutan na magustuhan at mag-subscribe sa video. Ika-2 panayam at mga bagong yugto na paparating. Urdu: یہ ملاقات 27 اپریل 2000 کو ایک اور الگ تھلگ جگہ پر ہوئی۔ جہاں تک میں جانتا ہوں ، کسی کو بھی ہماری جگہ معلوم نہیں تھی۔ ایک بار پھر ، یہ سب کچھ عجیب اور پاگل ہوسکتا ہے ، کسی سستی سائنس فکشن فلم کی فنتاسی کی طرح؛ تاہم ، میں قارئین کو صرف ایک بار اور دہرانے اور یقین دلاتا ہوں: یہ سارے تجربات خالص سچائی ہیں۔ میری باتوں پر یقین کرو یا نہیں۔ یہ ہوچکے ہیں ، اور وہ ہوتے رہیں گے چاہے آپ اس پر یقین کریں یا نہ کریں۔ مجھے امید ہے کہ ابھی دیر نہیں ہوگی۔ ہماری تہذیب خطرے میں ہے۔ ویڈیو کو لائک اور سبسکرائب کرنا نہ بھولیں۔ دوسرا انٹرویو اور نئی قسطیں جلد آرہی ہیں۔ Chinese: 會議於2000年4月27日在另一個與世隔絕的地點舉行。據我所知，沒有人知道我們的位置。 再一次，所有這些聽起來可能很奇怪和偏執， 就像一部廉價科幻電影中的幻想； 但是，我只能再重複一次並向讀者保證一次： 所有這些經歷都是純真的。信不信由你。 這些已經發生，無論您是否相信，它們都會繼續發生。我希望還不晚。我們的文明正處於危險之中。 不要忘記喜歡和訂閱視頻。 第二次採訪和新劇集即將推出。 Russian: Встреча произошла 27 апреля 2000 г. в другом изолированном месте. Насколько я знаю, нас никто не знал. Опять же, все это может показаться странным и параноидальным, Как в фэнтези из дешевого научно-фантастического фильма; однако могу повторить и еще раз заверить читателя: Все эти переживания - чистая правда. Верьте моим словам или нет. Это произошло, и они будут происходить и дальше, верите вы в это или нет. Надеюсь, еще не поздно. Наша цивилизация в опасности. Не забывайте ставить лайки и подписываться на видео. 2-е интервью и новые серии в ближайшее время. Spanish: La reunión tuvo lugar el 27 de abril de 2000 en otro lugar aislado. Hasta donde yo sé, nadie conocía nuestro lugar. Una vez más, todo esto puede sonar extraño y paranoico, Como una fantasía de una película barata de ciencia ficción; sin embargo, puedo repetir y asegurar al lector solo una vez más: Todas estas experiencias son pura verdad. Créame o no mis palabras. Estos han sucedido y seguirán sucediendo, lo crea o no. Espero que no sea demasiado tarde. Nuestra civilización está en peligro. No olvides darle me gusta y suscribirte al video. Segunda entrevista y nuevos episodios próximamente. Arabic: وعقد الاجتماع في 27 أبريل / نيسان 2000 في مكان منعزل آخر. على حد علمي ، لا أحد يعرف مكاننا. مرة أخرى ، كل هذا قد يبدو غريباً ومذعوراً ، مثل خيال من فيلم خيال علمي رخيص ؛ ومع ذلك ، يمكنني أن أكرر وأؤكد للقارئ مرة أخرى فقط: كل هذه التجارب هي حقيقة خالصة. صدق كلامي او لا تصدق لقد حدثت هذه ، وستستمر في الحدوث سواء صدقت ذلك أم لا. امل الا يكون قد فات الاوان. حضارتنا في خطر. لا تنسى إبداء الإعجاب والاشتراك في الفيديو. المقابلة الثانية وحلقات جديدة قريبا.

- You know people are really ingenious, there are many ways to get the job done. We looked at results for 30 sales engineers in the manufacturing industry, simulated a thousand different types of personalities using three different scales that were measured on a psychometric test. Two were interests, the first one was financial administrative interests. The second was people service, and then the third most predictive scale was a behavioral trait called attitude. And we found that the worst performers and there were 36 different scenarios that would only sell $43,580 in our prediction, and the best group there were a hundred different scenarios out of the thousand that would sell at the highest level over almost $83,000 a month. The average prediction and average sales per month was just over 61,000. So you can see that we have two different personality types you would have higher financial administrative interest from two to 10, higher people service seven to 10, and very high attitude, and that would be a losing profile or the losing profiles that's their commonality. For those 100 types of profiles or scenarios that win you would have very low administrative interest, you could have people service interest across the board, as well as attitude across the board. So what we're saying is there are many ways to get the job done, we just need to know where the pitfalls are, and hire the right type of person, to be able to sell in a manufacturing industry. (energetic upbeat music)

Spanish: Tenían H es la historia de la filosofía. Se dice que en tu trabajo hay una primera etapa consagrada a la Historia de la Filosofía. Ya en 1952, escribes un estudio sobre David Hume, le siguen libros sobre Nietzsche, Kant, Bergson y Spinoza. Los que no te conocían y esperaban un comentarista se quedaron muy sorprendidos con Lógica del Sentido, Diferencia y Repetición y, por supuesto, el Anti-Edipo y Mil Mesetas. Como si hubiera habido un Mr. Hyde que dormitaba en el Dr. Jekyll. Así, en el momento en que todo el mundo explicaba a Marx, te sumergías en Nietzsche; y en el momento en que todos debían leer o releer Reich, recurriste a Spinoza, con su famosa pregunta: "¿Qué puede un cuerpo?". Hoy, en 1988, vuelves a Leibniz. English: H is for History of Philosophy- it often remarked that in your works the first stage is devoted to the history of philosophy. In 1952, you wrote a study on David Hume, followed by works on Nietzsche, Kant, Bergson, Spinoza. A stranger who took you for an annotator would be surprised by Logic of Sense, Difference and Repetition, and of course Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus. It seems these works conceal a Mr Hyde within a Dr Jekyll. And when everyone was explicating Marx, you dove into Nietzsche. And when everyone felt it was time to read Reich, you read Spinoza, and posed the famous question, What can a body do? Today, in 1988, you return to Leibniz. Spanish: ¿Qué te gustaba y qué te sigue gustando en la historia de la filosofía? 15 00:01:06,040 --> 00:01:05,800 Quiero decir, es un caso complicado y también implica la filosofía. Supongo que mucha gente piensa que la filosofía es algo muy abstracto, un poco para los especialistas Yo, vivo tanto la idea de que la filosofía no tiene nada que ver con especialistas, de que no es una especialidad, o que lo es en el mismo sentido que la pintura, la música, que necesariamente, el problema... trato de plantearlo de manera diferente Uno pensaría que que la filosofía es abstracta... que la filosofía es abstracta, la historia de la filosofía es abstracta en dos grados, un segundo grado, porque ya no es solo hablar de ideas abstractas, English: What delights you so much in the history of philosophy? It's a complicated matter because the history of philosophy encompasses philosophy itself. I assume that a lot of people think of philosophy as something abstract and reserved for specialists. But I believe strongly that philosophy has nothing to do with specialists. It's not a specialization-or only in the way that music or painting is. I try to pose the problem differently. When people think that philosophy is abstract, the history of philosophy is abstract to the second power, since it does not merely consist of talking about abstract ideas, English: but of forming abstract ideas about abstract ideas. But there is another manner. The history of philosophy has always been something else for me. Here I return to painting. I think about discussions in the Van Gogh-Gauguin correspondence about portraiture or landscapes: Am I going to do portraits? I must return to portraits. They attach great importance to that in their conversations, in their letters. Portrait or landscape- the problems are not the same. The history of philosophy is a kind of art of the portrait. One creates the philosopher's portrait, but it is a philosophical portrait. One could say it is also a spiritualist portrait, Spanish: sino que consiste en formar ideas abstractas sobre ideas abstractas. Y si quieres, hay otra manera... En fin, para mí la historia de la filosofía siempre ha sido algo diferente, y aquí regreso a la pintura. Pienso en las discusiones que encontramos en las cartas de Van Gogh sobre retrato o paisaje. "Quiero hacer retrato. ¿Hay que volver al retrato?". Concede gran importancia a esto en sus conversaciones, en sus cartas. Retrato, paisaje, no es lo mismo, no son los mismos problemas. Para mí, la historia de la filosofía es como una especie de arte del retrato. Haces el retrato de un filósofo, haces el retrato filosófico de un filósofo, es más, yo diría que éste es un retrato "mediúmnico", un retrato mental, English: it is a mental or spiritual portrait. It is an activity that belongs fully to philosophy itself, just as portraiture belongs to painting. Suddenly, by the very fact that I refer to painters, I am making some progress. If I return to painters like Van Gogh or Gauguin, it's because something in their work has a huge effect on me, a kind of immense respect or even fear and panic, not merely respect, that they evince in the face of color, when faced with engaging with color. Spanish: un retrato espiritual. Así que es una actividad que forma parte integrante de la filosofía misma, como el retrato forma parte de la pintura. De repente la invocación de los pintores me lleva un poco a... porque por volver de nuevo a Van Gogh o Gauguin, hay algo en ellos que me impresiona mucho, y es ese enorme respeto, incluso miedo, pánico, no solo respeto, sino miedo y pánico ante el color. Ante abordar el color. Resulta particularmente divertido que estos dos pintores, Spanish: los cuales cito, para ajustarse a ellos, están entre los mejores coloristas que hay, pero si se reconsidera la historia de sus trabajos, para ellos abordar el color es algo que hacen con temblores. Tienen miedo, y todo el comienzo de sus trabajos es lo que se llama colores de la patata, colores de la tierra, colores nada brillantes. ¿Por qué? No porque les guste particularmente, sino porque no se atreven a abordar el color. ¿Hay algo más conmovedor que eso? Y literalmente no se consideran dignos todavía, no se consideran capaces todavía, de lidiar con el color, es decir, de hacer verdaderas pinturas. English: It is particularly enjoyable knowing that the two painters, whom I invoke and limit myself to, are among the greatest colorists ever. But in referring to the history of their works, they use color only in fearful hesitation- color frightened them. In the beginning of their careers, they used earthen colors- nothing striking- not because they weren't interested, but because they had not yet dared to engage with color. What could be more moving? It's as if they had not yet deemed themselves worthy of color, of engaging with color and really do painting. Spanish: Luego pasaron años y años antes de que se atrevieran a abordar el color. Y una vez que piensan que son capaces de ingresar en el color, el resultado fue lo que todos conocen. Pero cuando uno ve hasta dónde llegaron, debemos pensar también en el inmenso respeto y en la inmensa lentitud para abordarlo; para un pintor algo como el color es de todos modos algo que conduce hasta la locura, la sinrazón. Así pues, es muy difícil,se necesitan años antes de atreverse a tocar esas cosas. No se trata de que yo sea particularmente modesto, pero me digo, resultaría un poco chocante que hubiera filósofos que dijeran: "¡Perfecto, voy a entrar en la filosofía y haré mi filosofía. Sí, tengo mi propia filosofía!". English: It took them years and years before daring to engage with color. Once they felt that they were ready, their engagement resulted in the works that everyone knows. When one sees the point that they attain, one must reflect on their immense respect, their immense slowness to engage. A thing like color for a painter can lead them to madness, to insanity, thus it is enormously difficult, and can take years to dare approach it. It's not that I am being particularly modest, but it strikes me as quite shocking that there could be philosophers who simply say, Hey, I'm going to take up philosophy now, I'm going to do my own philosophy! Yes, here is my philosophy! Spanish: Son propósitos de un majadero, hacer su filosofía. Porque la filosofía es como el color. Antes de entrar en la filosofía, hay que tomar tantas precauciones. Diría que antes de conquistar el color filosófico (el concepto es el color en filosofía), antes de saber o de inventar conceptos, hay un tal trabajo y yo creo que la historia de la filosofía es esa lenta modestia; hay que hacer retratos durante mucho tiempo. Durante mucho tiempo hay que hacer retratos y luego... Es como si un novelista nos dijera: "Si, hago novelas, pero saben, para no comprometer mi inspiración, nunca leo novelas, Dostoievski, no lo conozco". He escuchado a jóvenes novelistas que sostenían estas declaraciones espantosas, English: These are statements made by dimwits- doing one's philosophy- because philosophy is like color. Before entering philosophy, one must take so many precautions, I would say, before conquering philosophical color- and philosophical color is the concept. Before knowing how to invent concepts or to succeed in doing so, an enormous amount of work is necessary. The history of philosophy is this slow modesty, spending a long time doing portraits- one must do portraits. It's as if a novelist were to tell us, Well, I write novels, but you know, I never read them so as not to compromise my inspiration. Dostoyevsky, nope, don't know him! I've heard young novelists utter such frightening statements. Spanish: es como decir que no necesito trabajar. Ahora bien, haga uno lo que haga hay que trabajar mucho antes de poder abordar algo. Yo creo que la historia de la filosofía cumple este papel, que no es solo un papel preparatorio, sino que es perfectamente válido en sí mismo, es el arte del retrato en tanto que habrá de permitirnos de abordar algo, y luego eso se vuelve misterioso. Tendrías que obligarme a aclarar mediante otra pregunta más concisa, o bien puedo continuar así. ¿Qué pasa cuando uno hace historia de la filosofía? ¿Tienes algo más que preguntarme al respecto? No, pero la utilidad de la historia de la filosofía; es útil para ti, podemos verlo, acabas de explicarlo, pero lo que me pregunto es la utilidad de la historia de la filosofía para las personas en general, teniendo en cuenta que no conoces English: This comes down to saying: I don't need to work. Given that whatever one does, one must work for a long time before fully engaging with something, the history of philosophy plays a role that is not only preparatory, but it also self-sufficient. It is an art of portraiture in so far as it allows one to engage with something. This is all rather mysterious at this point . . . We need to be more precise- force me to be more precise, maybe ask another question because . . . Or else I can go on like this. What happens when one does the history of philosophy? Is there something else you want to ask me about this? No-we can see how useful the history of philosophy is for you, you just explained it. But for people in general, English: since you don't want to talk about specialization in philosophy, and say that philosophy is also directed at non-philosophers. It's very simple: one can only understand what philosophy is- the extent to which it is no more abstract than a painting or a musical work- it's not abstract at all- and one can understand that only via the history of philosophy, provided that one conceives of it, if I dare say so, provided that one conceives of it in the proper manner. What might that be? One thing is certain: A philosopher is not someone who contemplates or even reflects. A philosopher is someone who creates, one who creates a very particular kind of thing. A philosopher creates concepts. Concepts do not exist ready-made, they are not found in the sky, Spanish: y que dices no querer discutir de la especialización de la filosofía y que la filosofía se dirige también a los no filósofos. Oh bueno, escucha, esto es muy simple: no puedes comprender lo que es la filosofía, es decir hasta qué punto no es algo abstracto; la filosofía, una vez más, no más que un cuadro o una obra musical, no es abstracta en absoluto. Eso solo puede comprenderse a través de la historia de la filosofía, siempre que se la conciba (perdón por la expresión), como se debe. Porque, ¿Qué es un filósofo? Una cosa es segura, esto no es uno que contempla ni siquiera alguien que reflexiona. Un filósofo es alguien que crea. Simplemente crea un tipo de cosa bastante especial: crea conceptos. English: they are not stars that one gazes at in the sky. One must create, fabricate concepts. There remain a thousand questions- here we are near lost because of all the questions: Why is philosophy useful? Why create concepts? And what is a concept exactly? But let's drop that for the moment. Consider this example: say I write book about Plato. People know that Plato created a concept that did not exist before him, commonly translated as Idea with a capital I. What he calls an Idea is not at all what other philosophers call an idea. It's truly a Platonic concept to such a degree that one who uses this concept in a manner similar to this term, Spanish: Los conceptos no existen ya confeccionados, no deambulan por el cielo, no son estrellas, no se les contempla. Hay que crearlos, debemos fabricarlos. Entonces habría mil preguntas en ese momento, uno se siente ya perdido porque se plantean tantas preguntas. ¿A qué sirve? ¿Por qué crear conceptos? ¿Qué es un concepto? Pero dejémoslo, por el momento, ¿Eh? Entonces, tomemos un ejemplo, si escribo un libro sobre Platón, la gente sabe muy bien que Platón creó un concepto que no existía antes que él, y que generalmente se traduce como "la Idea". La Idea con mayúscula, ¿A qué llama Platón "Idea"? La Idea exactamente, no es para nada lo mismo que lo que otro filósofo llama una idea. Es verdaderamente un concepto platónico, hasta el punto de que si alguien emplea la palabra "idea" en un sentido similar, Spanish: se dirá: "ah, sí, es un filósofo platónico", y pienso: "¿Qué es concretamente ese concepto?". Para hacer filosofía (si no, es mejor no hacerlo), realmente uno debería preguntarse: "¿Qué es?" Casi como si fuera un perro, ¿qué es una idea?, un perro se puede definir, ¿Pero qué es una idea para Platón? En este punto estoy haciendo historia de la filosofía. Finalmente, trato de explicar a la gente, ése es el trabajo de un profesor, ¿Sabes? Creo que lo que él llama "Idea" es una cosa, que no podría ser de otra manera. Es decir, no sería más de lo que es. Bueno, de nuevo parece abstracto, y yo decía anteriormente que no se debe ser abstracto. "Una cosa es sólo lo que es", es abstracto, entonces no funciona. English: is referred to as a Platonist philosopher. Concretely, what does this mean? One should always ask oneself what doing philosophy means. One just shouldn't do philosophy. One should ask, What is it? As if it were a dog: What is an Idea? I can define a dog. I can define an Idea, for Plato. Here, I am doing the history of philosophy. I try to explain this to people- one doesn't need a professor, one can easily understand. What Plato calls an Idea is a thing that cannot be something else, that can only be what it is. Now that seems abstract, as I was saying earlier, one mustn't be abstract-a thing that is only what it is, that's abstract. Spanish: Tomemos un caso que no encontramos en Platón. Una madre. Una mamá es una madre, pero que no es sólo madre. Quiero decir, por ejemplo, es esposa y a su vez es hija de una madre. Supongamos una madre que no es más que madre, no importa si tal cosa existe o no. Por ejemplo, la Virgen María; que no conocía a Platón, ¿Es una madre que no es más que madre? (no te preocupes de si existe o no). Una madre que no sería la hija de otra madre es lo que entonces habría que llamar la "Idea de madre". Una cosa que es exactamente lo que es. English: But no, let's look at an example that is not found in Plato: A mother, a mom, this is a mother, but she is not only a mother. She is also a spouse, and she too is a daughter of a mother. Imagine a mother who would only be a mother. It matters little if such a thing exists or not. For example, is the Virgin Mary, whom Plato didn't know, is she a mother and only mother? no matter whether it exists or not. A mother that would be nothing other than mother, who would not be in her own turn the daughter of another mother, it's this that we then have to call a Mother Idea. A thing that is only what it is. English: This is what Plato meant when he said only justice can be just, because only justice is nothing other than just. That makes things rather simple. An Idea . . . Of course, Plato doesn't stop there, but his starting point is: Imagine particular entities that are only what they are. Let us call them Ideas. So he created a veritable concept, a concept that did not exist before, the Idea of a thing as pure. It is purity that defines his Idea. But this remains abstract on the surface- and why is that? By continuing to read through Plato, Spanish: Es más o menos lo que dice Platón cuando dice que "Sólo la justicia es justa". Porque sólo la justicia no es sino justa. Entonces yo digo: visto así, la cosa se torna muy simple. Una idea, bueno, Platón no se detiene ahí, su punto de partida es el siguiente: "Suponed tales entidades no son más que lo que son, las llamaremos Ideas". De este modo, crea un verdadero concepto que no existía antes: La idea de la cosa como pura: es la pureza que define la idea. Pero aparentemente esto todavía es abstracto, ¿Por qué? Bueno, si leemos, si nos dejamos llevar a la lectura de Platón, English: that's how everything becomes concrete. Plato doesn't proceed haphazardly, he didn't create this concept of Idea by chance. He found himself in a given situation: that whatever happens, in a very concrete situation, whatever happens, or whatever might be a given therein, there are rivals. Meaning, there are people who say: For this thing, I'm the best. For example, Plato defines a politician, and he says, as an initial definition, that a politician is a keeper of men, one who takes care of people. Consequently, many people step forward to say, Spanish: todo se vuelve muy concreto. No dice lo que dice al azar, no crea al azar no suelta lo primero que le viene a la cabeza, Está en una situación determinada, es que pase lo que pase, es una situación muy concreta es que, haya lo que haya, hay pretendientes, es decir, hay personas que dicen: "Para eso soy el mejor". Ejemplo: él da una definición del político, y dice: el político es, digamos una primera definición, una definición de punto de partida, y dice: "Es el pastor de hombres, el que se ocupa de los hombres". De pronto, muchas personas llegan y dicen English: If that's true, then I'm a politician, I'm a keeper of men. A merchant can say that, a shepherd who nourishes, a doctor who heals- they can all say, I am the true keeper of men. In other words, there are rivals. Now things start to appear more concrete. I maintain that a philosopher creates concepts, for example, the Idea, a thing in so far as it is pure. A reader won't immediately understand why or what it's about, or why one would need to create such a concept. But if they continue to reflect on their reading, they will understand that there are all sorts of rivals who present themselves as claimants for things. Spanish: "Ah, en ese caso, el político soy yo. ¡Yo soy el pastor de hombres!" y podría ser: el comerciante, el pastor que alimenta... todo tipo de... El médico, que asiste, pueden decir: "¡Soy el verdadero pastor de hombres!". Dicho de otra manera: hay rivales, entonces la cosa comienza a hacerse más concreta. Decía: un filósofo crea conceptos, como la Idea, la cosa como pura. El lector, no entiende inmediatamente por qué, de qué se trata todo esto, ¿Cuál es la necesidad de crear tal concepto? Pero si continúa o si reflexiona sobre su lectura, se da cuenta que ello se debe a la siguiente razón: hay toda suerte de rivales que buscan algo, son los pretendientes, Spanish: y el problema platónico No va a ser nada de eso: cuál es la idea, estaríamos en lo abstracto. pero es ¿cómo seleccionar a los pretendientes? ¿Cómo descubrir entre los pretendientes, el buen pretendiente? y es la Idea, es decir, la cosa al estado puro que permitirá esta selección; seleccionará el más cercano a ella, bien. Entonces podemos avanzar un poco porque yo diría que todo concepto, por ejemplo el concepto de Idea, se remite a un problema. El problema en ese caso es cómo seleccionar a los pretendientes. Si hacemos filosofía de manera abstracta, ni siquiera vemos el problema. Pero si llegamos al problema, ¿Por qué el filósofo no lo menciona? English: The problem for Plato is not the question: What is an Idea? Otherwise, things would remain abstract. His problem is how to select the claimants, how to discover among them which one is the valid one. It is the Idea- the thing as it is in a pure state- that will permit this selection, that will select the claimant who is closest to it. This allows us to proceed. We now know that every concept, e.g. an Idea, refers to a problem. In this case, the problem is how to select the right claimant. If one does philosophy abstractly, one does not even see the problem, but if one comes across the problem one might wonder why it isn't stated clearly by the philosopher English: since it certainly exists in the work. One finds it right there, it slaps one square in the face. Well, that is because one can't do everything at once. The philosopher must already reveal the concepts which they are in the process of creating- they can't very well reveal problems beyond that. In the very least, it is only through these concepts that one can discover their problems. If one doesn't find the problem to which a concept corresponds, everything remains abstract. If one finds the problem, everything becomes concrete. That's why in Plato, there are so many claimants and rivals. What's more- suddenly, it'll make a whole which goes without saying . . Why does this occur in the Greek city? And why is it Plato who invents this problem? Spanish: Está bien presente en su obra, lo encontramos, es algo obvio en cierto modo pero el filósofo no puede hacerlo todo simultáneamente tiene ya que exponer los conceptos que crea, y no puede además exponer los problemas a los que remiten esos conceptos. Al menos no puede encontrar los problemas, si no es a través de los conceptos que crea. Y si no se encuentra el problema al cual responde un concepto, entonces todo es abstracto. Si encuentra el problema, todo se vuelve concreto. De ahí que en Platón haya constantemente estos pretendientes, estos rivales. Entonces agrego que todo ello se junta, ¿Por qué esto tiene lugar en la ciudad griega? ¿Por qué es Platón quien inventa ese problema? Spanish: El problema es este: ¿Cómo seleccionar a los pretendientes? y el concepto, y es eso la filosofía, es el problema y el concepto; el concepto es la idea que se supone me permitirá de elegir a los pretendientes, no importa cómo lo haga. Ahora bien, ¿Por qué ese problema, ese concepto se forma en el mundo griego? De hecho, esto comienza con los griegos, es un problema típicamente griego, un problema de la polis, de la ciudad democrática, incluso si Platón no aceptaba el carácter democrático de la ciudad. Es un problema de la ciudad democrática. Es en una ciudad democrática, English: The problem is how to select claimants, and the concept- that's what philosophy is, the problem and the concept- the concept is the Idea- which is presumed to provide the means of selecting claimants, however that may occur, it matters little. But why did this problem and this concept take form in a Greek environment? It begins with the Greeks because it's a typically Greek problem, of democratic, Greek cities. Even if Plato did not accept the democratic character of the city, it's a problem of the democratic city. It's in democratic cities, for example, that a magistracy is an object of pretension. Spanish: que por ejemplo, una magistratura, es el objeto de disputas, hay pretendientes, yo pretendo a tal o cual función. En una formación imperial, como las hay en el período griego, hay funcionarios nombrados por el gran emperador, no existe de modo alguno esa rivalidad, la ciudad ateniense es una rivalidad de pretendientes. Ya con Ulises encontramos los pretendientes de Penélope, etc; Hay todo un medio del "problema griego". Es una civilización en la que la confrontación entre rivales aparece constantemente. Por eso inventan la gimnasia, las Olimpiadas. son litigiosos, nadie es más litigioso que un griego; pero el proceso es la misma cosa, involucra a los pretendientes. ¿Comprendes? English: There are claimants-I make a claim to exercise a particular function. In an imperial formation, as they exist in the Greek era, there are functionaries named by the emperor- so this kind of rivalry does not exist. Whereas in the Athenian city there is this rivalry of claimants- it was already there with Ulysses, in Penelope's suitors- there is a whole environment of Greek problems. It's a civilization in which confrontation between rivals is everywhere. That's why they invented gymnastics, they invented the olympic games. They are litigious, no one is as litigious as a Greek. They invent legal procedures- which is the same thing- legal proceedings and trials. They are claimants, plaintiffs. You understand? English: And in philosophy, there are also plaintiffs. Plato's struggle against the Sophists. He believed that the Sophists were claimants to something which they had no right. What would define the right or the non-right of a plaintiff? That's yet another problem. And all this is as amusing as a novel. There are great novels in which plaintiffs confront each other in court. It's different, but in philosophy there are two things at once: the creation of a concept which is always a function of a problem. If one does not find the problem, one cannot understand philosophy, philosophy remains abstract. Take another example- people don't usually see to what problem a concept corresponds, they don't see problems, because problems are usually somewhat hidden- partly stated but partly hidden- and to engage in the history of philosophy Spanish: La filosofía también tiene sus pretendientes, la lucha de Platón contra los sofistas. Según él, los sofistas pretenden a algo a lo que no tienen derecho, ¿Qué definirá el derecho o el no derecho de un pretendiente? Eso es un problema tan divertido como una novela. Conocemos grandes novelas en las que de hecho hay pretendientes se enfrentan en la corte -es otro asunto-. Pero en filosofía, creo que están los dos a la vez: la creación de un concepto. Y la creación de un concepto se hace siempre en función de un problema. Si no se ha encontrado el problema, no se comprende la filosofía, permanece abstracta. Otro ejemplo,las personas generalmente no ven a qué problema responde, no ven los problemas; porque están algo escondidos, en parte dichos en parte ocultos, English: is to restore the problems and, through this, to discover what's innovative in corresponding concepts. Whereas bad history of philosophy links up concepts as if they were self-evident, as if they weren't created, which leads to a total ignorance of corresponding problems. Consider one last example... Spanish: de modo que hacer historia de la filosofía es restaurar estos problemas, y como resultado descubrir la novedad de los conceptos. Mientras que la mala historia de la filosofía enfila los conceptos como si cayeran por su propio peso, como si no hubieran sido creados, hasta el punto de que hay una ignorancia total de los problemas a los que se refieren. Tomo un último ejemplo rápido, bueno...

[Music] Shields: The economic situation in Germany following World War I and the Versailles Treaty led to the wholesale implementation of Hitler's policies. They started killing children first and then a bit later on started killing adults. It's not surprising that the nurses in the Nazi era got caught up in all of this. The propaganda was everywhere, about killing people who were considered "life unworthy of life". "Useless feeders" was the term they used. The nurses were the ones who held the children while they were being killed. They gave them the overdoses of drugs. They were the ones who put them out on the verandas to die of hypothermia. The nurses were the ones who withheld the feeding so the children would die of starvation. [Music] Narrator: After World War I ended in 1918, Germany went through severe economic hardships, and the nation saw the rise of different political factions and ideals. One group that emerged was Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party. Shields: Of course, there was rampant inflation, there was great poverty, and social disadvantage because of the reparations which had to be paid back after the Treaty of Versailles. Steinberger: Money was devaluated, and they saw a strong leader that was restoring order. Narrator: By 1933 Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party had taken control of Germany, and this began a period of racial hygiene laws, persecution and death camps. Hitler wanted to create the Master Race and eliminate Jews and other people he considered inferior to the Aryan race. Innocent children and concentration camp prisoners suffered through horrific medical experiments. All of this was accomplished with the assistance of German doctors and nurses. [Music] The basis for Hitler's plan of racial hygiene was a concept called Eugenics, which is the pseudo-science of developing a superior race. Shields: Before Hitler came to power, across the world the whole theory of eugenics was something that many nations had embraced. Benedict: Eugenics is the belief that through selective breeding whether it's cows, sheep, people, whatever through selective breeding positive eugenics is the ability to breed offspring that will carry the best traits. Shields: This theory of Eugenics, how people should be allowed to breed, to the benefit of the human race and those who weren't fit and healthy, should not be allowed to have children. Benedict: ...caught on in England, the United States, Japan, Scandinavia. Germany was not at the forefront of this. Dr. Grodin: The Nazis actually learned much of their eugenics initially from the U.S. Narrator: Some of these eugenic health care policies were developed in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. These U.S. policies were emulated by Germany and incorporated into the governing philosophy of applied biology. Grodin: There laws in the book in Virginia that said you could sterilize people. The Nazis took their 1933 sterilization law and mimicked it after the U.S. law. In fact, there was a time in which there were letters in the U.S. journals saying, "Look at the Nazis have gotten ahead of us, we better catch up." Shields: And so of course when Hitler came along with his racial theories, he realized that this Eugenics was a really good idea, and he manipulated it to fit his racial theories, all mixed in with the Jews, the Gypsies, everybody else who was considered racially inferior. Narrator: All of this would lead to an appalling era in world history called the Holocaust, a period of persecution and mass murder. Steinberger: The Holocaust has been defined as the 12 year period, from Hitler's rise to power in 1933, until the end of the war, 1945. It was a government planned, government supported mass extermination or mass killing. And while it was targeted towards Jewish people, there were many other groups of individuals that suffered during the Holocaust. Narrator: Hitler convinced the German people that the Jews were their enemy and the cause of their problems. He then created an atmosphere of racial intolerance and hatred of people deemed to be racially inferior. Benedict: So, every genocide, whether it's Rwanda, the Holocaust, begins with "we" versus "them". So, Hitler used the Jews, and later other people, as scapegoats for all that was wrong in Germany, particularly the economic woes. So, he set up the "we" versus "them". He institutionalized that. [Music] Narrator: In 1933 the Nazi government passed the Nuremberg Laws for the protection of hereditary health. This legalized involuntary sterilization. Grodin: Hitler found a perfect meshing of his Nazi ideology with the eugenic Nazi medicine or Racial Hygiene Movement. Narrator: Germany's sterilization laws led to the involuntary sterilization by doctors of about 400,000 Germans Nazi doctors sterilized citizens against their will, "euthanized" 200,000 disabled German children and adults, and created the gas chambers and crematoria that were used for the mass murder of six million Jews, Poles, and Gypsies. Without the full support of physicians, scientists, and nurses, the Holocaust, as it unfolded, could never have happened. Benedict: In the U.S. there were laws that could require that people be sterilized against their will. Narrator: Sterilization laws were widespread in the U.S., most notably in Indiana and North Carolina. But other states including California and Virginia allowed sterilization, even into the 1970s. In fact, in the early 20th century, the U.S. led the world in compulsory sterilizations. Grodin: A very famous law was passed in Virginia that said it was okay to sterilize the retarded. And it was brought before the Supreme Court, and [Chief Justice] Oliver Wendell Holmes said "three generations of imbeciles is enough". Saying it was okay to sterilize. Reis: But [in the U.S.] it didn't go further. But in Germany it became the leading ideology, then it was implemented into action. Narrator: Hitler promised the German people they were creating the Master Race. Starck: I think the Master Race would have been the Nazis' view of a strong blonde, blue eyed, healthy person who had no genetic defects and who was pure Aryan. [Chanting] Narrator: In the 1920s and 30s Germany's medical community was considered the best in the world. Grodin: You weren't a real doctor in the U.S. unless you went to Germany to study, and when you came back and said, "You know, I studied in Germany." Starck: I think with that came some arrogance and some feeling that, "we are so superior to everybody else". Steinberger: I studied medicine in Germany. I know some of the best teaching of anatomy, physiology in medicine, came from Germany. Germany was very advanced, not only in the medical field, but Germany was the best civilization among the European countries. Grodin: It was the height of technology, the height of science, and how was it possible that these people became murderers? Narrator: The majority of nurses were not members of the Nazi Party, however, to have a job in Germany a nurse had to belong to one of several nursing organizations. There were five organizations for nurses. Among these, the National Socialist Nurses and the Red Cross Nurses swore an oath of allegiance to Hitler. Additionally, the Protestant Nurses' organization said that it "greets National Socialism with an open heart." Starck: surprisingly more physicians, percentage-wise, joined the Nazi party than the population in general. And I think physicians were very taken with the fact that we can use our science to improve the human race. Narrator: Many physicians and nurses enthusiastically supported the Nazi regime and were involved in all aspects of the Holocaust. Reis: About 40 percent of German physicians were in the Nazi party while the lawyers and teachers and the other white collar professions joined in much lesser numbers. If you didn't join the Nazi party, there was no retribution. Narrator: Using inflammatory propaganda, Hitler and the Nazis began a campaign against the Jews. Steinberger: I know that my father used to say that bad things are happening to Jewish people in Germany. They are being discriminated against. Jewish children can no longer go to their regular school. People cannot keep their jobs at the university or, or other professions. Steinberger: Hitler said follow me, never mind God, never mind religion, just follow me, do what I am asking you to do. Reis: Since the regime was totalitarian and they were very good at public campaigns and propaganda, and they had enough scientists and physicians that were already marching to the drum. Steinberger: Propaganda is an extremely powerful way to convince people to their way of thinking. Narrator: Germany's medical establishment began to support the Nazi Party, except for Jewish doctors, who were ostracized. [Music] Reis: The official journal of the German Medical Association started to have a swastika on their journal. They got rid of all the Jewish physicians, authors, people in office of all the different associations or societies very quick. In five or six years, they got them out of all the academic and professional establishment. Narrator: After years of strong Nazi propaganda Germany's doctors and nurses began to accept the belief that racial hygiene would be good for the nation. Steinberger: Social Darwinism said, we need to eliminate these inferior people that were handicapped, that were maybe mentally disturbed. We want a healthy, thriving society. Reis: In Germany, the proponents of the eugenic movement were the most prominent, the most powerful, the establishment. The legal system became Nazified immediately. Grodin: Well of course It required lawyers, it required doctors, it required bureaucrats, it required administrators, but many of the nurses were ones who carried out the injections. But for a long time nurses were the agents of the physicians and the physicians in the Nazi period were agents of the State. So that's very important because physicians were no longer asked to care for patients but to care for the State, the Volk, the German Volk. So, what was good for the state was what was important, not what was good for an individual patient. Shields: Obedience was still a very much a part of the way nurses were taught, and the way we thought. So it's not surprising that the nurses in the Nazi era got caught up in all this. Narrator: Euthanasia programs were established in Nazi Germany in which children and adults were killed if they were considered unfit for life and were a burden on the state. The true meaning of euthanasia would be the mercy killing of a person with their permission or their request, however, this was not the case in Nazi Germany. These killings were without consent. They were murders. In the 1920s, German lawyer Karl Binding and German psychiatrist, Alfred Hoche co-authored the book "The Permission to Destroy Life Unworthy of Life." This book greatly influenced Hitler's thinking about euthanasia. Shields: Everybody had that propaganda thrown at them, it was common, it was everywhere. It espoused the idea that people who were in some way deficient should be killed so they didn't carry on the defective genes, and so that they weren't a burden on the State. So the nurses, just as everybody else in society, were susceptible to this. The nurses were working in hospitals where children with disabilities, people with mental illnesses, a whole range of conditions were cared for. They weren't coerced into becoming part of these programs. Reis: Once you accept humans can be dehumanized, eventually you can engage in exterminating. This was a gradual and very powerful and unfortunately very effective process that took place in Germany. Narrator: The Nazi euthanasia program first started in 1939 as a means to eliminate handicapped children. Benedict: You have families, who because of all the propaganda, are believing that to have a child with negative traits is a bad thing. It's bad for the health of Germany. Shields: They were killing children with disabilities, children with down syndrome, children with cardiac anomalies, children with cerebral palsy, children who didn't develop normally, who were considered to be "useless feeders", that was the term used Benedict: Public health nurses would go to the families, promise them, "If you will give your child to us your child will get the best care." And so the people were falsely led to believe that and relinquished their children. Benedict: The nurses were involved in the killing of children by giving them overdoses, by taking them outside knowing that it was going to contribute to their death. Shields: I got very interested in this when I found out that nurses actively killed their patients. And I became intrigued into how they could come to believe that killing was a legitimate part of their caring role, which they did. The propaganda around the whole idea of killing people for the good of the state was profound, even down to children doing exercises in their school books on how much it costs to keep people with a disability, for example. Narrator: Mid-wives and physicians were mandated by German law to report any infant born with a birth defect and the infant would be placed in an institution. Mid-wives were paid for each birth that they reported. Shields: Mid-wives were licensed. They had to go through a similar training period as nursing. And many of them were independent practitioners. So not long after the child was put into a home, he or she would then be moved to another institution further away. Of course there was no consent, no nothing. These killings were done without the parents' approval, more or less, in the main. Grodin: The nurses and mid-wives who were involved in the carrying out, maybe not even the ideology, but were actually the doers of the euthanasia program. Euthanasia is really a euphemism for murder because these were not terminally ill patients. These were children that were taken and murdered, mostly children who had handicap or mental retardation. Benedict: I think one deciding point is in Germany the notion that the health of the public is more important than the health of the individual. So, consequently to remove an unhealthy element was seen as good. Narrator: In September 1939, a decision was made to develop an adult euthanasia program for patients in psychiatric facilities. Hitler picked the date to coincide with Germany's invasion of Poland. Benedict: To expand it to include adults the only way we're going to make this acceptable is to say we need these hospital beds for the war wounded. Why should the state pay to keep totally disabled people alive when our young guys who are sent to the front need to come back home and have care? Narrator: The name of this killing organization was T-4. Eventually six killing centers were established. Medical staffs were ordered to fill out questionnaires to evaluate whether their patients should live or die. Patients were placed in gas chambers that looked like showers. [Door slamming shut] Then lethal carbon monoxide was pumped into the chambers killing the patients. Grodin: You have to justify and rationalize what you're doing because you're doing it, but they actually believed it, and they actually believed that what they were doing was saving the Volk from its contamination, from the infection, that there was a disease, and the disease was the handicapped and the infirm, and that they needed to be cured through killing. Healing through killing. Benedict: They were told they were being transferred. The nurses packed their clothes, their lunch, rode with them on the buses. The hospitals, these six, had specially constructed, kinda breezeways that the buses would go through so the patients could be unloaded into the hospital, without being viewed by the community. Narrator: However, it didn't take long for the communities near these hospitals to realize what was going on. Benedict: People would see the buses. The buses were very unique, painted gray, the windows were painted over, and so forth. The buses would arrive and within a very short period of time this acrid smoke would be billowing out of the chimneys. Benedict: Each hospital had a department to write condolence letters to the families. And there were mix-ups. They would write and say, "We're sorry to tell you your Uncle Hans died of appendicitis," and maybe he'd already had his appendix removed. Benedict: People were becoming quite knowledgeable about what was going on. Even children would taunt other children, saying "They're going to put you on the gray bus. You're going to go up the chimney." Narrator: As knowledge of the gassing of patients became widespread, the decision was made to end the T-4 "euthanasia" program in August, 1941. This, however, did not end the killing of patients. The children's euthanasia program continued unabated until the end of the war. [Music] Narrator: After the end of the T-4 program, physicians were granted permission to provide a merciful death to any person they deemed to be suffering. These killings which took place at many hospitals throughout the Third Reich were known as "wild euthanasia" or decentralized "euthanasia" and were carried out on an individual basis rather than by gassing. Patients, usually selected by physicians but killed by nurses, were administered overdoses of sedatives. More people died in "wild euthanasia" than in T-4. Why did the nurses follow orders to kill? Shields: We do know that the doctors were the ones who signed the certificates that said whether the child was to live or die. It was the nurses who carried out the killings. The doctors didn't necessarily carry out the killings themselves. They may have dictated who was to die, but it was the nurses who carried out the killings. There are episodes where the nurses decided themselves to take things into their own hands and kill the patients because they knew they were going to die anyway. so "He was suffering, so I'll do it now. He is going to die anyway so I might as well do it quicker." Benedict: There is the most mesmerizing quote from one of the nurses who talks about, "How lovingly we held them in our arms while we got them to drink this medication. We didn't want them to suffer more than necessary." While, they were killing them. Narrator: More than 70-years later, the question of how Germany's nurses became involved in these killings still intrigues historians. Starck: Well it is of course a multi-faceted phenomenon, I think, what happened there. But it is a very good example of you start one thing and then it leads to something a little worse and a little worse. So at first if they were asked to hold a patient while somebody else did an injection or whatever. They could do that, and they could say to themselves, "I'm not the one taking any action here." And then from there it's a shorter step to, "Well, you give the injection." Shields: For some nurses, I can see that they could easily fall into the trap of thinking that this was the right thing to do. To me though, the whole issue is interesting because there's a line as a nurse that you cross. Starck: And I think also in that era nurses were very subservient and very obedient and whatever the doctor said they should do, they felt they had to obey and do that, or fear the consequences. Narrator: And similar to their obedience to physicians, nurses were also educated to be obedient to senior nurses who, at times, also ordered killings. Starck: Nurses were involved in actually the killings themselves either through active means or through passive means letting patients starve or exposing them to hazards where they would get pneumonia and other things and die. Narrator: In 1939, World War II began when the Germans attacked and invaded neighboring Poland. Steinberger: Our building was actually also hit... Narrator: Polish survivor Anna Steinberger recalls the bombing. Steinberger: And I could see the flames on the roof of the building. I asked my mom, "What is going on, do I go to school?" And she says, "No school today, just go hide in the cellar." Narrator: Polish Jews were rounded up into ghettos and later moved to other institutions for medical experiments. Narrator: A decision was made by the Nazis in January of 1942 at the Wannsee Conference to go further with the Final Solution and move the Jews into death camps. Benedict: There were four camps that were specifically created as death camps. Belzec, Chelmno, Treblinka, and Sobibor. There were two additional concentration camps that developed a killing portion. That would be Majdanek and Auschwitz. Narrator: Some skilled workers were kept alive to work in the camps. Reis: The infrastructure and the know-how and the personnel of the six T-4 centers were actually transferred to Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka and they have been the first gas chambers. Grodin: And then some of the same doctors and nurses who were involved in the euthanasia program took the gas chambers down and reassembled them in east in the Poland at the concentration camps where doctors selected at the ramps and were involved in supervising the gassings and killings. So physicians were involved in all aspects. [Music] Narrator: Ravensbr ck, located in Germany, was a camp for women. Shields: Most of the women were Polish, there were some Jews there, but most of the women were dissenters or women who had caused trouble to the Nazis when the Nazis occupied Poland. Narrator: Ravensbr ck was located close to one of the largest and most important hospitals in Germany where a lot of research was going on. Shields: Reinhard Heydrich was the Nazi protector of Czechoslovakia, who in 1942 was killed by a bomb. He died from infection of the wounds that he got. He died several days later. Narrator: Hitler demanded that doctors should find a cure for these deadly infections. Shields: And so Ravensbr ck, which was close by, had all these women there that they used as lab rats, basically. The women were operated on by the surgeons from this hospital. They had things like wounds created in their legs that were filled up with saw dust, dirt, ground glass to see what would happen to the wound, how wounds developed, how bone became infected. Shields: Some of these women were sent to the gas chambers afterwards. They were killed. Some of the women died of course from the experiments. And some of the women survived to give testimony in the trials. But nurses were definitely involved in those experiments. Narrator: Many German physicians and nurses participated in medical experiments related to racial hygiene in the concentration camps and hospitals. One of the worst was Dr. Josef Mengele, a member of the S.S. Kor: Then the cattle doors opened and we stepped down on a little strip of land called the selection platform. We had no idea where we are. All we really knew that we did not arrive in Hungary but we were taken to Germany which meant to us that the end was near because there were a lot of rumors for four years under Hungarian occupation that Jews were being taken to Germany and murdered... Narrator: Eva Mozes Kor is a survivor of the notorious Auschwitz where she and her twin sister, Miriam, suffered under Dr. Josef Mengele and his experiments on twins. Kor: There were four of us in the family, children and parents. My mother grabbed my twin sister and me by the hand because we were her youngest children and she was hoping that as long as she could hold on to us that she could protect us. Everything was moving very fast. I was on that little strip of land called the selection platform not longer than 10 minutes and in my childish curiosity I looked around trying to figure out what that place was when I realized that my father and two older sisters disappeared in the crowd and I never saw them again. So as we were holding on to mother a Nazi was running, yelling in German "twins, twins." We did not volunteer any information because we had no idea what was that place. We were very extremely troubled, confused and exhausted and he noticed us, approached us because we were dress alike and we look alike and he demanded to know from my mother if we were twins. And my mother didn't know what to say she asked if that was good and the Nazi nodded yes and my mother said yes. Then another Nazi came pulled my mother in one direction we were pulled in the opposite direction. As I look back, I remember my mother's arms stretched out in despair as she was pulled away. I never got to say goodbye to her but of course I didn't really realize it this would be the last time we would see her. And all they took no longer than about 30 minutes. Miriam and I were alone. We had no idea what would happen to us and all that was done to us for no other reason except that we were Jewish and we really didn't understand why that was a crime. Then they lined us up for registration and tattooing. And when my turn came I decided to give them as much trouble as a 10-year-old could. Four people, two women prisoners and two Nazis restrained me. They pinned me on a bench while they heated a gadget that it looked like a writing pen with a needle at the end, and then when the needle got really hot they dipped it into ink and they burn into my left arm the capital letter A-7063. Narrator: The twins were housed in barracks according to age and sex. Kor: We became part of a group of little girls Auschwitz in our transport of a certain set of little girls aged 2 to age 16 that is the way they housed us in our barrack according to age and sex. After roll call we will go back to the barrack for Dr. Mengele's daily inspection. He would always come in dressed in his shiny uniform, gleaming black boots, white gloves, and a baton in his hand and he would count us. He wanted to know... Narrator: After breakfast the twins would be readied for experiments. Kor: We would walk to Auschwitz One and placed naked in a barrack maybe 20, 30 set of twins for six to eight hours. Every part of my body was measured, compared to charts, compared to my twin sister. Those experiments were not dangerous but they were unbelievably demeaning and even in Auschwitz I couldn't cope to cope with it for six to eight hours. The only way that I could is by blocking it out of my mind so even today I have very limited information on those long hours. Narrator: Three days a week the children would be taken to a blood lab. Kor: There they would tie both of my arms to restrict the blood flow, take a lot blood from my left arm at the same time they would give me a minimum of five injections into my right arm. The content of those injections we didn't know then nor do I know today. To the best of my knowledge they were germs, diseases and drugs because the German pharmaceutical company was very heavily involved in the experiments in Auschwitz. After one of those injections I became very ill with a very high fever. A fact I desperately tried to hide. The rumor in the camp was that anyone taken to the hospital never came back so I did not want to be taken to the hospital. My fever was high, both of my legs and arms were swollen and very, very painful and I had huge red patches throughout my body the size of a small apple or an egg. Narrator: According to the Auschwitz Museum at least 1,500 sets of twins were used by Mengele in his experiments. Less than 200 survived. Some died as a result of the conditions in the camp but the majority died as a result of the experiments. Shields: They were truly monsters. The stuff that happened was horrendous. There is no way, ethical justification for much of what for most of what they did under the name of medical science. It was done totally without informed consent. The people used as lab rats had no choice they were often killed immediately afterwards. They had the most horrendous things done to them. Narrator: In the sterilization experiments performed at Auschwitz, it was often the nurses who would select and prepare the patients for the experiments. Starck: Then they assisted whatever the physician needed, the nurse assistant to do and kept it secret from the patients as to what was going to happen, giving false reassurance that everything is going to be alright. We are taking good care of you. Narrator: At Dachau, a variety of unethical medical experiments were made using the prisoners as guinea pigs. Starck: Some of the cruelties are almost unbelievable. Spitz: They had a purpose for each one of these. Usually to benefit downed German pilots in freezing water or some other battlefield result. Narrator: Author, Vivien Spitz was an eyewitness court reporter for the Nuremberg war crimes trial of Nazi doctors. She refers to her book "Doctors from Hell" as she recalls the trial testimony she reported. Spitz: The victims were German, Czech, and Polish gypsies who were deprived the food and given only brackish yellow sea water for days resulting in, of course, excruciating pain and foaming at the mouth and in most cases, madness. Starck: Many of these patients died, many of these patients died. Steinberger: They did experimentations where they would, keep people in freezing temperatures until they were almost dead, revive them and then expose them again. Grodin: Lowered the temperature, raised the temperature until they froze and died. And then they took them directly to the autopsy table in what they call terminal experiments. And so they did low pressure studies where they took concentration camp prisoners and put them into especially designed rooms where they sucked out the oxygen, let in the oxygen until their lungs exploded and they died in terminal experiments. There were studies of bone and muscle and infectious diseases. They were trying out new antibiotics so they took concentration camp prisoners and cut open and filleted and infected their legs and wounds to create simulated wounds. Reis: We know that the sterilization program, the mercy killing program, and the unlawful atrocious human experimentation programs were masterminded, planned, suggested, implemented by physicians. Narrator: Dr. Josef Mengele was able to escape from Germany after the war and avoided apprehension by authorities. Spitz: Josef Mengele was the worst that we never got. Mengele's family was very wealthy manufacturers in Bavaria. And they managed to hide him until they could get him out of Germany. Narrator: Dr. Mengele lived in South America until 1979 when he reportedly drowned while swimming at a resort in Brazil. Music Narrator: Finally, in May 1945, the war in Europe ended when the Germans surrendered to the Allies, and the guns were silent. After the war, the Allies conducted the famous Nuremberg Trials and the world became aware of the atrocities of the Nazi doctors and nurses. Shields: We don't know the figures of the nurses who were involved because they were the workforce in these hospitals. Narrator: Although nurses were not named as defendants in the medical trials at Nuremberg, the results of some of their actions during the war were brought to light. For example, the horrific experiments done on young Polish women at Ravensbr ck and the killing of the disabled persons in the so-called "euthanasia" programs were made public. Nurses, however, were not exonerated for their crimes. Many stood trial later on and several were hanged for their actions, including two male nurses from the Hadamar euthanasia site. Numerous subsequent trials of nurses resulted in prison sentences. At other trials, nurses were acquitted, despite admitting their guilt. Starck: There was a trial for the nurses and I think they were 14 in all and none of them were convicted. Benedict: The first trial of the first nurse and the first physician was in 1946, and it was the nurse and physician at Meseritz. And interestingly, both of them received the death sentence and were hanged. The nurses who were tried in 1965 there were 15 nurses from Meseritz to be tried. One killed herself the night before the trial, so 14 nurses were tried. And the reasons they gave were, "I thought I was relieving people from their suffering." "These people had no life at all." "I needed to keep my job." Starck: I think probably loss of memory and other things that had changed during that time, the nurses were not held accountable. And they used the defense too that, "I was only following orders." Grodin: Just following orders was not going to be an acceptable defense to murder or genocide. One of the things that came out of Nuremberg was the notion that everybody is responsible for their own actions. Benedict: But the baffling thing to me is still the trial in 1965 of the 14 Meseritz nurses. They had had 20 years to think about what they had done. Those nurses did not deny what they did. One of them said, "Yes, I probably killed 210 people." Now the nurses from Spiegelgrund were tried after the war. Anna Katschenka is one of them and received several years in prison. [Music] Narrator: Not all of the nurses under the Third Reich were compliant with the Nazi ideology. One Austrian SS nurse, Maria Stromberger, showed great compassion toward prisoners at Auschwitz. Benedict: She had heard some of the things that were going on at Auschwitz and just could not believe it because she said, "We're a good and moral people, we wouldn't do this." So, she went and said, "Transfer me to Auschwitz, I want to work there." So her goal was to work caring for the inmates. Eventually she gained their trust and would smuggle out letters, documents, photographs. She smuggled in ammunition. She saved the lives of many of them. Narrator: Perhaps the most famous of the trials held at Nuremberg before an International Military Tribunal was theso called "Medical Case" or the "Doctors' Trial." Reis: Karl Brandt who was the chief physician of Hitler said, "I did what's needed to be done. This was good what we did. We made German people healthier." So people were convinced that they are doing something positive in all these atrocities. Narrator: Twenty-three physicians and scientists were tried for crimes against humanity. Grodin: Crimes against humanity was a new concept which was whether it be war time, not war time, there are certain things beyond the pale that we are going to hold people accountable. So genocide was a classic example of a crime against humanity and so the doctors went on trial. Narrator: Today many of these killing centers are memorials open to the public. But in spite of the bucolic setting, they were centers of inhumane experiments, mass murder and extermination. Many of these institutions remain working psychiatric hospitals even today. Benedict: It looked like a college campus. It was beautiful. Starck: I've been to prisons, death camps in both Germany and Austria. It's not quite the same because the place is more or less clean and of course empty. And so you have to stand there and be there to kind of think how would it have been when it was so crowded and so dirty, and they didn't have water to drink. One of the patients I'm familiar with drank water from the floor and died from an infection. And it's just hard to be in those places and realize the conditions that were there. [Music] Narrator: Spiegelgrund is still a large, active hospital in Vienna. During the Holocaust it consisted of a children's ward and became infamous for the euthanasia of the children there. Benedict: The brains of many of these children were saved for years in the basement of Spiegelgrund. Starck: I think it is good that they are open to the public because you read about it and you can see pictures, but until you are actually there and standing there, you don't get the emotions and the, the feeling that you would otherwise. Nurse: Alright it looks like he might have a rhythm back on the monitor. It's sinus but slow. Narrator: Although current healthcare in the U.S. is regarded as among the best in the world, there are elements that should cause us to reflect upon the similarities to German medicine in the 1930s. Shields: So it's important that for us, both as nurses who are looking at history and nurses working today, that we know about this history. Because unless we know, we can't stop it happening again, and it will happen again. Narrator: Today, nurses are involved in the legal euthanasia of patients in Belgium, Holland and Switzerland. Nurses are also involved in executions in countries where the death penalty is legal. Shields: My take on it is that the nurses working in those areas should know the history so that they themselves can determine whether it's relevant to what they're doing, and ask themselves the question, is this an ethical area in which I want to work. Reis: We physicians, nurses have the power that if we are not careful can be abused. By learning about how this power was abused in the worst way, we hope that you will inoculate yourself and be conscious and aware and reflective. [Music] Kor: How does any person know what is right from wrong. And I think that I have to have a conscience, a conscience as the moral compass that if somebody has no morality then it's very difficult for them to really understand or judge for their own knowledge what is wrong and what is right. But if it hurts another human being I think that it is morally wrong. Spitz: I'm just amazed even today to ask, someone who is a freshman in high school what they knew about the Nuremberg Trials and they don't know what you're talking about. Narrator: Many young people today are not aware of the Holocaust and its place in history. Starck: They know that if something happened what they think is a long time ago, and it's over, and it's never going to happen again, so why should we keep bringing it up? Spitz: Those who cannot remember the past, are condemned to repeat it. And that is exactly what is happening. Rozmus: I think it is important for all health care professionals to study what we've done in the past, and to learn how those particular doctors and nurses and dentists and other health professionals got involved in the acts that they got involved in, because we're dealing with the same issues today and we always need to be alert. Nurse: Let's hold CPR for a second. Narrator: Regulatory procedures in the nursing profession today are more stringent than in the 1920s and 30s. Rozmus: There is an American Nurses Association. They have a code of ethics for nursing that guides the ethical conduct of nursing, but there is no regulatory back-up for that code. It is simply a guidance. Starck: I think what is happening today is medical errors where sometimes nurses and others don't speak up when they see an error that is possible and that's likely to occur. And they don't speak up for fear of well, "The doctor must know what he or she is doing. And I don't want to embarrass myself by saying something that turns out not to be true." Narrator: Today, medical experts are facing new technological and social issues. Grodin: I'm quite concerned about the physician-assisted suicide movement in the U.S. I think it's easier to get yourself killed than it is to get healthcare. I'm concerned when you have 40 million people who have access to no healthcare but you offer them euthanasia, you offer them assisted suicide. Narrator: With these new developments, could the world see another era of unethical medical practices and experiments? Steinberger: You know, after the Holocaust, the motto was, "never again, never again should a holocaust happen." Starck: I think the lesson we have learned from the Nazi era and the Holocaust, is that we are all vulnerable to outside pressures, influences, and that things can happen that we may not see at the time, that things are going awry, and that's why we have to all be on our guard and we have to monitor ourselves. We have to monitor each other because the health care environment is very challenging. Rozmus: A couple of takeaways from what we learned about the nurses in the Holocaust, I think, the first one is how easy it is to become involved, especially in the beginning. How easy was it for those nurses just to take a patient to a special room? They didn't know what the room was for. They were simply taking a patient to a special room. How long did it take them to actually find out that every patient who went to that room did not come out alive? That could take quite a long period of time. Once you've started doing that, then maybe you're asked to help give a patient medication. So, slowly the nurses could have gotten involved, and not even known what they were doing. Reis: Learning about the Holocaust is a very powerful way to learn empathy and compassion. Steinberger: Only by educating people that we must learn to live in peace and harmony with each other, regardless of color of the skin, or background or economic situation and so on. Grodin: But the question, of course, is how did one of the most advanced societies, advanced in art, music, theatre, writing, medicine. You weren't a real doctor in the U.S. unless you went to Germany to study, and when you came back and said, "You know, I studied in Germany." And so it was the height of technology, the height of science, and how was it possible that these people became murderers? Narrator: It is easy to believe the Holocaust could never be repeated. The factors leading up to it are not unique to Germany. They are human factors that are present in every country, every culture, and every generation. If it could happen in one of the most advanced societies in human history, it can happen again anywhere. Steinberger: If it happened in Germany then it can happen anywhere else. So we must be very, very vigilant. Narrator: It is up to each of us to learn from the past and be ready to interrupt the forces that may try to exploit the few for the benefit of the majority. Sieg Heil... Sieg Heil... Sieg Heil... Sieg Heil... Sieg Heil... [Music]

Here's how this works as a protocol--we have two participants. We'll call Alice the generator--that means she is going to make the circuit, and Bob the evaluator--that means he's going to evaluate the circuit. At the beginning of the protocol, they've agreed on some circuit they want to evaluate. For this to be interesting would be much larger than that. It takes inputs from both Bob and from Alice. Alice is going to generate a garble table for each one of these logic gates in the circuit, and send the garbled circuit to Bob. She is also going to send her input values, but because they're random nonces Bob can't tell what they mean. Bob's going to evaluate the circuit using the garbled circuit protocol decrypting one entry from each of these. At the end of this, Bob's going to get some output values. Then they're going to do something to turn that into the semantic value, which possibly Bob receives, possibly Alice receives. We can design the protocol either way. I am not going to talk about that final step of how you turn the encrypted values at the end of the circuit into meaningful values. We'll leave that as a question for your exam. But there is one more question that I do need to talk about. That's the question of how does Bob obtain his inputs to the circuit. To evaluate these tables, Bob needs to have both Alice's inputs and his inputs. Here are the choices. Bob could generate them himself. He could ask Alice to provide his inputs. He could ask Alice for both possible values for all these wire labels, and then select the right one corresponding to his inputs. Or none of these possibilities actually work.

>>> WE ARE TAKING YOU ON A TRIP >>> WE ARE TAKING YOU ON A TRIP INTO THE FUTURE TO VISIT INTO THE FUTURE TO VISIT GALAXIES MILLIONS OF LIGHT YEARS GALAXIES MILLIONS OF LIGHT YEARS AWAY WHICH MEANS, ASTROPHYSICIST AWAY WHICH MEANS, ASTROPHYSICIST NEIL deGRASSE TYSON IS HERE. NEIL deGRASSE TYSON IS HERE. >> HE’S THE HOST AND EXECUTIVE >> HE’S THE HOST AND EXECUTIVE SCIENCE EDITOR OF THE THIRD SCIENCE EDITOR OF THE THIRD "COSMOS" SEASON CALLED "COSMOS, "COSMOS" SEASON CALLED "COSMOS, POSSIBLE WORLDS." POSSIBLE WORLDS." ONE OF THE PLACES HE VISITS, HE ONE OF THE PLACES HE VISITS, HE DIVES BELOW THE SURFACE OF ONE DIVES BELOW THE SURFACE OF ONE OF SATURN’S MOONS. OF SATURN’S MOONS. TAKE A LOOK. TAKE A LOOK. >> WHEN WE SEND A SPACECRAFT TO >> WHEN WE SEND A SPACECRAFT TO DIVE STRAIGHT INTO THE HEART. DIVE STRAIGHT INTO THE HEART. ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ >> OKAY. >> OKAY. I KNOW YOU’RE HERE TO PROMOTE I KNOW YOU’RE HERE TO PROMOTE IT. IT. YOU HAVE TO TELL US, WHAT DID YOU HAVE TO TELL US, WHAT DID YOU FIND? YOU FIND? >> I DON’T MEAN TO REVEAL A >> I DON’T MEAN TO REVEAL A SECRET, BUT THAT WAS ALL GREEN SECRET, BUT THAT WAS ALL GREEN SCREEN. SCREEN. >> HE’S BACK FROM SATURN. >> HE’S BACK FROM SATURN. >> DIDN’T REALLY GO TO SATURN ON >> DIDN’T REALLY GO TO SATURN ON THAT WAY. THAT WAY. IN SUL VUS, IT’S A MOON THAT HAS IN SUL VUS, IT’S A MOON THAT HAS AN OCEAN OF LIQUID QUARTER AN OCEAN OF LIQUID QUARTER BENEATH A FROZEN LAYER OF ICE. BENEATH A FROZEN LAYER OF ICE. ONE OF NASA’S MANTRAS OVER THE ONE OF NASA’S MANTRAS OVER THE YEARS HAS BEEN, IF YOU WANT TO YEARS HAS BEEN, IF YOU WANT TO LOOK FOR LIFE, LET’S FIRST LOOK LOOK FOR LIFE, LET’S FIRST LOOK FOR WATER, BECAUSE WATER -- FOR WATER, BECAUSE WATER -- EVERYWHERE ON EARTH, IF YOU LOOK EVERYWHERE ON EARTH, IF YOU LOOK CLOSELY ENOUGH, THERE’S LIFE CLOSELY ENOUGH, THERE’S LIFE THERE. THERE. >> YOU’RE SAYING THERE’S LIFE >> YOU’RE SAYING THERE’S LIFE THERE? THERE? >> WE’RE SAYING IF WE’RE GOING >> WE’RE SAYING IF WE’RE GOING TO FIND LIFE AS WE KNOW IT, TO FIND LIFE AS WE KNOW IT, THAT’S A GOOD PLACE TO START. THAT’S A GOOD PLACE TO START. IN THE SHOW THAT’S ONE OF THE IN THE SHOW THAT’S ONE OF THE PLACES WE EXPLORE. PLACES WE EXPLORE. >> I WAS SAYING TO YOU BEFORE WE >> I WAS SAYING TO YOU BEFORE WE WENT ON I WAS INTRODUCED TO YOU WENT ON I WAS INTRODUCED TO YOU BY MY YOUNGEST SON. BY MY YOUNGEST SON. YOU WERE THE FIRST PERSON THAT YOU WERE THE FIRST PERSON THAT MADE REALLY COMPLEX SCIENCE MADE REALLY COMPLEX SCIENCE UNDERSTANDABLE. UNDERSTANDABLE. I SAID TO YOU IS THAT DIFFICULT, I SAID TO YOU IS THAT DIFFICULT, AND YOU SAID YEAH. AND YOU SAID YEAH. >> WHAT MAKES IT DIFFICULT IS, >> WHAT MAKES IT DIFFICULT IS, IF YOU DON’T INVEST EFFORT IN IF YOU DON’T INVEST EFFORT IN IT, THEN YOU CAN SOUND LIKE IT, THEN YOU CAN SOUND LIKE YOU’RE DUMBING IT DOWN. YOU’RE DUMBING IT DOWN. I DON’T EVER WANT TO DUMB I DON’T EVER WANT TO DUMB SOMETHING DOWN. SOMETHING DOWN. THAT’S LAZY, TO DUMB SOMETHING THAT’S LAZY, TO DUMB SOMETHING DOWN. DOWN. WHAT YOU WANT TO DO IS FIND OUT WHAT YOU WANT TO DO IS FIND OUT HOW PEOPLE ARE THINKING ABOUT HOW PEOPLE ARE THINKING ABOUT THE WORLD, FIND WHAT AKCCESS THE WORLD, FIND WHAT AKCCESS POINTS INTO THEIR BRAIN WIRING. POINTS INTO THEIR BRAIN WIRING. THEN IT CAN MESH AND PEOPLE FEEL THEN IT CAN MESH AND PEOPLE FEEL ENLIGHTENED. ENLIGHTENED. ONE OF THE HALLMARKS, ONE OF THE ONE OF THE HALLMARKS, ONE OF THE DNA STRANDS OF "COSMOS" IS, I’M DNA STRANDS OF "COSMOS" IS, I’M NOT LECTURING YOU THERE. NOT LECTURING YOU THERE. I’M NOT SAYING I’M HERE AND I’M NOT SAYING I’M HERE AND YOU’RE THERE. YOU’RE THERE. WE’RE IN A JOURNEY TOGETHER. WE’RE IN A JOURNEY TOGETHER. >> BRINGING US ALONG POUR THE >> BRINGING US ALONG POUR THE RIDE. RIDE. >> ALONG FOR THE RIDE. >> ALONG FOR THE RIDE. THAT’S THE SOUL OF THE SHOW. THAT’S THE SOUL OF THE SHOW. >> WE’VE USED SOME OF OUR OWN >> WE’VE USED SOME OF OUR OWN EFFECTS HERE. EFFECTS HERE. >> I LOVE WHAT YOU’VE DONE WITH >> I LOVE WHAT YOU’VE DONE WITH THIS PLACE. THIS PLACE. >> THIS SHOW IS FULL OF EFFECTS. >> THIS SHOW IS FULL OF EFFECTS. OTHER THAN THE ENTERTAINMENT OTHER THAN THE ENTERTAINMENT VALUE, WHAT DO YOU WANT PEOPLE VALUE, WHAT DO YOU WANT PEOPLE TO TAKE AWAY? TO TAKE AWAY? >> A COMMENT ON OUR EFFECTS. >> A COMMENT ON OUR EFFECTS. OUR VISUAL EFFECTS SUPERVISOR, OUR VISUAL EFFECTS SUPERVISOR, HE’S BEEN TAPPED FOR BIG-BUDGET HE’S BEEN TAPPED FOR BIG-BUDGET MOVIES. MOVIES. WE’VE HAD PEOPLE COMING TO US WE’VE HAD PEOPLE COMING TO US FOR A TELEVISION DOCUMENTARY FOR A TELEVISION DOCUMENTARY THAT HAVE STORYTELLING TALENT THAT HAVE STORYTELLING TALENT THAT PREVIOUSLY HAD ONLY BEEN THAT PREVIOUSLY HAD ONLY BEEN TAPPED FOR BIG-BUDGET FILMS. TAPPED FOR BIG-BUDGET FILMS. SO WHEN SCIENCE BECOMES THE SO WHEN SCIENCE BECOMES THE STORY THAT YOU’RE TELLING, THEN STORY THAT YOU’RE TELLING, THEN THE ENTIRE EXPERIENCE FOR THE THE ENTIRE EXPERIENCE FOR THE VIEWER IS ENHANCED BY THIS. VIEWER IS ENHANCED BY THIS. SO WHAT WE WANT YOU TO TAKE SO WHAT WE WANT YOU TO TAKE AWAY, POSSIBLE WORLDS. AWAY, POSSIBLE WORLDS. IT’S A SENSE OF WHAT CAN OUR IT’S A SENSE OF WHAT CAN OUR FUTURE BE. FUTURE BE. IT’S NOT JUST, OH, I HOPE IT IT’S NOT JUST, OH, I HOPE IT BECOMES THAT. BECOMES THAT. IT’S, I WILL MAKE IT THAT IT’S, I WILL MAKE IT THAT BECAUSE I’M NOW ENLIGHTENED BY BECAUSE I’M NOW ENLIGHTENED BY THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY THAT THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY THAT CAN HALT THE DAMAGE WE’RE DOING CAN HALT THE DAMAGE WE’RE DOING AND GIVE US A PLACE THAT OUR AND GIVE US A PLACE THAT OUR KIDS WOULD BE PROUD OF RATHER KIDS WOULD BE PROUD OF RATHER THAN EMBARRASSED BY. THAN EMBARRASSED BY. >> VERY QUICKLY, DO YOU FEEL >> VERY QUICKLY, DO YOU FEEL OKAY ABOUT OUR PLANET? OKAY ABOUT OUR PLANET? >> WE DON’T HAVE TIME FOR THAT >> WE DON’T HAVE TIME FOR THAT ANSWER. ANSWER. >> UH-OH. >> UH-OH. >> YOU CAN SEE THE TWO-HOUR >> YOU CAN SEE THE TWO-HOUR PREMIER OF "COSMOS" PLAN NIGHT PREMIER OF "COSMOS" PLAN NIGHT ON NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. ON NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC. >> HE SAID HE’S HOPEFUL.

DR. EMERAN MAYER: I'd like to thank Liv and the team here to invite me. It's a great honor. It's exciting to give this presentation. I should preface that I'm not a nutritionist. I'm not a dietary expert. I'm really a hybrid between a gastroenterologist and a neuroscientist, and have used these skill sets during my career to study the interaction of the brain and the gut. Let me start with a couple of historical things. I will walk you through-- well, let me say this. You're not going to come out of this with a detailed instruction of what I want you to eat to be healthy. For that, you can buy a lot of books that are out there right now. Most of them are really not the whole truth. But I'm going to give you the background for you to look at your digestive system and the brain-gut axis in a totally different way. And I think that will change when you-- whenever you eat something, you will have a very different perspective on what happens in your body. I'm going to start with a couple of historical slides. This shows my grandfather in 1895, I think. He was one of many generations of confectioners and chocolate makers. And that's the business that I was supposed to take over. It didn't turn out this way, but I did stick with something that appeals to the tastes and which clearly involves the brain and the gut. Another historical thing that I want to mention-- 1929, the metaphor of the digestive system and the illustrator in Berlin, Fritz Kahn, published his book, "Man is Machine." And the reason I'm showing this-- it shows the paradigm that was predominant for a long time-- actually, in some people's minds, it's still the paradigm-- that our digestive system is this industrial-age machine that you put things in. It's a conveyor belt. It grinds things. Puts in chemicals, breaks it down, and then eliminates it. And that's quite different from where we have arrived today. So what I'm trying to convince you, and what I've done in my book, is that the model-- as we always take models from the technical world to explain our bodies-- is limited. But I think the supercomputer model is much closer to the way we are understanding, now, how the brain, the gut, its microbes, and food interact, generating, ultimately, health and well-being. Why did we come up with this concept of the brain gut microbiome supercomputer? We've known for a long time there's close interaction between the brain, the nervous system, and the gut. We knew this long before the microbes-- the microbiome came on the scene. And let me show you how far this has taken us. On the left side, we now know there's the human brain connectome effort. We know many of the networks now in the brain. There's no longer regions, but the interconnectedness of many of these systems regulate not just information goes out to our skeletal muscles, but it goes out-- through the autonomic nervous system-- into the gut. And on the right side, you see what's been evolving, in terms of the gut connectome. Again, in my career, we started with focusing on individual cells. Now we know they're all interconnected and they generate the output that ultimately is then picked up by sensory nerves and goes back to the brain. So the brain gut axis is this continuous circular movement between things that go on in our brain. Emotions-- they're always reflected in a change in the network in the periphery and the output of this network feeds it back to the brain. So imagine you put something in like food into the lumen of your gut. A lot of things will happen at multiple levels of this circular brain gut communication. A few years ago, some very spectacular animal experiments were published which suggested that there is an interaction of the microbes in our gut with the brain-- with the nervous system. And in the meantime, we have clearly incorporated these microbes and their signaling molecules fully into this circular system between the brain and the gut. I'll show you a few examples of this. A few illustrations. Some of you may have heard this. This has almost become, now, common knowledge. The microbes-- there's 100 trillion of them in our gut-- if you put them together, they will be larger than either the liver or the brain. We can't see them, but if you could compact them, it would be a very large organ. And some people have referred to this as a forgotten organ because we have really made all our concepts about this without taking this into consideration. It's amazing that we could actually come up with health recommendations by leaving more than half of the system out of the equation. So all the stuff that you still read in textbooks-- because this has not made into the GI textbook-- still has to be re-conceptualized and re-edited. Why are the microbes so important? Not just because of the 100 trillion numbers. Much more important is that they have the potential of doing a lot of things that we can't do. And if you compare the number of genes that they have, which allows them to produce a lot of things, then between 350 and 500 times more genes. So they can produce a lot more substances and things than any human being can do. So we're just scratching on the surface of this-- what this means for us. The fact that they have all these genes that can be activated within minutes of doing something, either at your mind level-- changing your emotion-- or at your gut level, putting something into your gut that they will respond to you immediately. We, as humans, are much slower and much more limited in doing this. There's a lot of things that the microbes can do. The most important one is it breaks down-- that's probably why we developed this-- they break down indigestible food products-- complex carbohydrates, which are in plants-- into smaller molecules. Some of these molecules are being absorbed and you can harvest this additional energy that otherwise would be lost. So they help us, really, to extract more energy out of food. The second one is-- and that's kind of the most interesting one-- that many of the molecules that arise from this breakdown of these plant carbohydrates are signaling molecules that can talk not only to the other microbes, are also to our gut, and through mechanisms, back to our brains. So probably this whole thing arose mainly because humans and microbes found out that they can benefit from each other. Humans mainly extracting more calories out of what they were eating. Our hunter-gatherer ancestors were obviously dependent on that. And there's a lot of things-- it's just showing a few examples here. A lot of molecules that are quite interesting. They can affect virtually every organ in the body. The science is mainly focused on metabolic processes-- the liver, fat tissue. Our group has had a primary interest of which one of those molecules actually can affect the brain? Some of these spectacular things that have started this interest in the brain have been that it was possible to transplant behavioral traits, like anxiety from a mouse that was-- or the other way around. From a timid mouse into an outgoing mouse. And this is obviously anthropomorphic language. And just by transferring the microbes, the behavior of that mouse would change to the one to the donor mouse. And nothing else changed. Whatever those microbes-- those substances they produced changed the behavior of the mouse. Another one-- equally interesting and important. By just transplanting the microbes from an obese and a mouse with a veracious appetite, it changed a lean mouse into one that not only gained a lot of weight, but also that had the same abnormal eating pattern of unrestricted eating. Unfortunately, those spectacular findings have not been translated into human studies. A lot more difficult than in these artificial mouse experiments. But certainly, it started a lot of enthusiasm-- a lot of potential-- for obesity metabolic syndrome. And there are many studies going on with fecal microbial transplantation, antibiotic treatment, and so forth. Why would these microbes be able to talk to us? Most people would think, well, the microbes learned it from us. But in reality, over billions of years, microbes have lived in the oceans and have perfected-- developed these 500 genes-- 500-fold-- so millions of genes, really-- to synthesize these communication molecules that allow them to talk to each other. When they decided to settle in the gastrointestinal tract of the first primitive marine animals, the two found out that this was a very beneficial relationship. And that stayed for the rest of evolution. This symbiosis stayed there for the rest of the time. And the neurotransmitters that we have now in our gut-- in our enteric nervous system and in our brain-- really originated from this genetic information that the microbes developed over a long time. So we're intricately-- over millions of years-- connected to that world of microbial communication. And probably have a lot to learn from it. And very important to say that I think we're just really at the very beginning of understanding the implications for our health and for disease. This just illustrates the transition of these very primitive nervous systems from the first marine animals to our first gut, which is really the gut in our-- the brain in our gut. Ultimately, into our nervous system. All this originates in this vast experience and information that the microbes developed while they were living without any mammals or any humans around. Let me say one thing about gut reactions and gut feelings. Everybody uses this term. When I wrote this book, I realized-- paying attention to it-- there's not a day goes by in the press that people would not talk about, they made a decision with their gut or they had a gut reaction. It's present in every language. So something very fundamental that people have experienced. Let me just give you two examples. The one is the top down-- the gut reactions. How the gut reacts when you are in an emotional state or when you're stressed. If you don't have one of those disorders-- these stress sensitive disorders where you get stomach pains when you're stressed or anxious. It happens all the time. Your emotions are reflected a mirror image in your gut function. The secretion, the contractions, the blood flow, and now, also the microbes. We know that these signals that go down from the brain, specific for every emotion and stress, will directly talk through this shared language to your microbes and will change what they do to the food you eat. So when you eat a meal when you're angry, anxious, or stressed, you will process this food very differently than if you're relaxed, happy, in a pleasant social context. This is illustrated here. Just like everybody can tell if you're angry or anxious by looking at your face-- your facial muscles-- the gut does exactly the same thing. You may not feel it, but it has a big impact on how your gut processes the food. The other way around is equally intriguing, possibly more intriguing. And I've used in the book this analogy to the Google search engines. There's constantly a huge amount of information flow from the gut, including all the chatter of your microbes, into centers of the brain. And all these signals are being stored. You may not feel them. You may not have the cramps. But all these-- if you're in a situation that is upsetting, is threatening, you will store this vast amount of information at your brain level and later, be able to recall it by accessing this vast database. It's just like the Google search engine. Last year, I was at this art exhibition in Venice, the Biennale, and I saw this interesting screen where hundreds of these little videos were playing, and each person was telling an emotional story from their life. And I thought, this is the perfect analogy to what happens in our brain. We have billions of these emotional moments with their gut sensations stored there. And when we make a gut-based decision, our brain can access them within milliseconds without going through a logical, linear attempt to come up with a conclusion or with a decision. I can't prove this, but I think it's a very tempting model, or analogy, to understand that. Food microbes and the brain. As I mentioned before, food interacts with the microbes with many sensors in the gut and this information makes it to the brain. And then the brain responds in a circular fashion on the right side to influence contractions and bowel movements. One signaling system is particularly intriguing. If anybody's in here who takes-- it's probably not the case-- but if anybody took an antidepressant-- serotonin reuptake inhibitor-- you would think that this medication acts on your brain, on the serotonin system. But we know now that only about 3% of your entire serotonin is in the brain. All the rest is in the gut, in cells that are influenced by the microbes. The microbes actually can influence the synthesis of the substance. And these cells, then, can feed it back to the brain into centers that deal with your regulation of emotion, sleep, appetite, and well-being. So you have you on your own Prozac factory in your gut and the microbes play a big role in this. We're just at the beginning. Psychiatrists have refused to really look at this for a long time. Most of them still are not aware of that collection. But it, obviously, opens up a lot of intriguing possibilities, not just for pharmacological treatment targeted at this gut system, but also in terms of how food and different food components-- by changing your microbes-- can influence that and generate well-being and affect all these other vital functions. Another system of great importance are these inflammatory cells. The circled type of cell in the lining of the wall are these dendritic cells. They are immune cells and they have these little tentacles that stick out into the lumen of the gut and their receptors. The microbes talk to those, as well. So there's an ongoing dialogue to your gut-based immune system. And immune cells, then, signal this back up, virtually of your organ, particularly interesting, to the brain. Why would this be important for diet? The inflammation doesn't occur because you have a gastroenteritis, but it's modulated to a large degree by the food that you eat. We know that food with a high animal fat content and with a high degree of unsaturated fatty acids will activate your microbes to release a substance called LPS-- lipopolysaccharide-- which increases the leakiness of your gut and then gets into these immune cells and triggers this whole cascade of a systemic low-grade immune activation, including effects on the central nervous system. It's now believed that it's not only your adipose tissue that produces inflammation through this mechanism. Because the signals go to the fat cells, as well. But it's also the brain and the chronic influence of that low-grade inflammation on the brain may play a major role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. So that's a very intriguing aspect that links-- and there's already now studies, just recently published from UCLA. For example, that a particular diet, together with other lifestyle factors, can slow the development of Alzheimer's in high-risk patients. So probably, that mechanism is at the bottom of that. The question that's always being asked-- is there an optimal diet? And this is not something that people have asked just now, in the last 10 or 20 years. But this has been at the center of attention for many ancient healing traditions. The modern answer to this question, is there an optimal diet, as you can see here. You get these very contradictory answers. A clean gut versus eating dirt, eating fat to get thin versus eating complex carbohydrates. And then, "The Grain Brain," which basically recommended all grains, which contain many of those-- the whole grains-- many of these complex carbohydrates that microbes is food for the microbes-- that this would cause all kinds of diseases, including brain diseases. I had the pleasure and the privilege to participate some 30 years ago in a film expedition to the Yanomami Indians in Venezuela on the Orinoco River. And I never thought that that would come back to me 35 years later, in terms of optimal diet-- the question of optimal diet. We lived with these people for four weeks, ate the same things that they ate. We observed that they have a very high, about 80%, complex carbohydrate diet. Very diverse. They collect from the jungle. Small amount of animal products. And that they had several hundred herbal medicines that they used to stimulate their-- used for various diseases. These are some of the few remnants of hunter-gatherers in the world. Another entity are the [? Hasta ?] in Africa. Totally different environment, but very similar dietary habits. The same kind of hunter gatherer diet with small amounts of meat, virtually no animal fat, and large amounts of complex carbohydrates. Now, the reason I got led back to this was when a paper was published by Gloria Dominguez from NYU, where they looked at the gut microbes of those Indians that lived very close to the Yanomamis-- not identical, but-- and the main thing was they and the [? Hasta ?] have the greatest diversity and abundance of gut microbes of any known human being in the world. Several fold higher than individuals in North America. And that goes all the way down to newborn infants that already have, in this country, the same depletion of the microbial diversity. This is obviously-- now that we think that diversity is one of the main determinants for gut health, and probably also health, in general. This obviously, is a big warning sign. What are we doing in westernized societies? What are we doing to our diet, primarily, in order to result in this decimation of our inner microbial world? Another jump, not expected-- but I have found in my travels and reading, that there are diets-- not the extreme of vegan or the diets free of any natural grains-- but there are diets out there that are actually not that dissimilar in the composition overall of large amounts of very complex carbohydrates from plant-based food and small amounts of animal products. And both, mainly in terms of chicken and fish, which is the Mediterranean diet. If you look at the field of the pyramid based on that, it's interesting. To summarize what I said, the biggest portion are these plant-derived foods. At the bottom, it's important-- when we talk about the mind brain gut axis-- it's not just what goes on or what you put in, but also the state of mind you are in. So many investigators that study the extensive health benefits of this diet not just on brain health, which I was talking about-- the recent Alzheimer study at UCLA-- but also in metabolic health. It was the social interactions that these investigators commented on that were a major determinant in how successful this diet was in enhancing well-being. Is this Mediterranean diet beneficial for our gut microbes? Here are some reasons. As I told you earlier, one of the main reasons we develop the microbes, or this cohabitation, is because the microbes break down plant-based carbohydrates and generate these signaling molecules to the rest of the body. They also have anti-inflammatory effects against this low-grade immune activation. And then, clearly, the Mediterranean diet has something that is not directly related to the microbes-- this high level of antioxidants from olive oil and red wine and nuts and berries. Probiotics. We are going to have the pleasure to taste some fermented food. clearly that's been another unique feature of the North American diet that has, until recently, completely eliminated fermented foods from the staples. And there's been a lot of hype now from animal studies. Probably one the biggest one is this psychobiotics-- that you may be able to treat depression and anxiety with the intake of daily probiotics. I can assure you that it's almost certainly not the case. There's a lot of work going on in developing novel probiotics. Some of them are engineered to produce something like an antidepressant. Others are combinations of human microbes that produce short chain fatty acids, which are anti-inflammatory. We're just at the beginning. The ones that you currently can buy-- and there are hundreds-- will not do that. They will not act as an antidepressant. However, there's pretty good evidence that regular intake of natural fermented food contains different types of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, that it will benefit the diversity of your gut microbiome and will make it, because of that, more resilient to perturbations through infections or stress. But just to summarize this now, what I have tried to do here is to get across a very different way of thinking about how our mind, environment, the brain, and the gut, and its internal environment interact with each other. It's clearly no longer possible to have these simple linear models. I take one pill and that gives me optimal health. I think, really, any intervention has to involve strategies that aim at the brain, at the mind, and our internal ecosystem to enhance and maintain the diversity. And we can do this through a combination of relatively easy lifestyle changes that involve things like mindfulness-based stress reduction, healthy eating, conscious eating, and sticking to some fairly simple dietary recommendations. Hopefully, I gave you some rationale of why they might be beneficial. Thanks for your attention. LIV WU: Thank you. [APPLAUSE] Thank you so much. Dr. Mayer, you are the director of the Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology-- Neuroscience-- DR. EMERAN MAYER: The Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience. LIV WU: Oh, stress and resilience. I want to go right there. What does resilience look like? Let's just assume most of us in this room are stressed, let's say. AUDIENCE: No. LIV WU: No. What does it look like? If we are resilient, how are we eating, how are we thinking, how are we behaving? DR. EMERAN MAYER: Certainly, most of the research over the years has focused on the stress part and the negative part and the damage it can do. It's gradually changing in the scientific world. Still very difficult to get grants on the positive aspects-- resilience and this whole ecological perspective on health. How do we-- starting with something as focused as the gut microbiome, how do we optimize the resilience? And the current concepts are based on ecological theory. The more diverse and the more abundant the organisms are, the more is it able-- the system-- to bounce back from a perturbation like an infection or a major stressor and even not being affected to the same degree. Keep in mind that the stress I mention will always-- you may not notice it, but it will always affect your gastrointestinal activities and your microbial world inside. About 10%-- I'm not sure-- Googlers are a very special selection of people, so these statistics may not apply. But in the general population, about 10% to 15% of people have digestive issues that are typically stress-related. We have to assume that their resilience to those perturbations is decreased. And what we recommend-- when I see patients like that have the symptoms-- to really target the brain, the mind part, and dietary part of the gut part. What can people do in here? There are simple techniques. One is clearly the healthy diet. The anti-inflammatory diet that prevents these-- what I mentioned. The worst thing that you could do is to eat a high-fat diet and be stressed. It makes you feel better temporarily-- the concept of comfort food. But in the long term, it enhances this inflammatory reaction and has detrimental effects on your brain health and general health. So the dietary awareness. And the second thing is-- I would never leave the mind out of this. Mindfulness-based stress reduction, abdominal breathing are very simple techniques that everybody can use to enhance that state of resilience. LIV WU: We actually teach mindful cooking and mindful eating in this kitchen. I hope all of you will look into that. When we're doing all-nighters and putting out a product, pizza and French fries is not the thing to have. DR. EMERAN MAYER: It feels the best because fat will-- this has been shown, that particularly animal fat will temporarily down regulate your system in the brain. But in the long term, it will have the opposite effect. It will lead to these long term, low-grade changes that will make you more likely to be chronically stressed and develop all kinds of things, from the metabolic syndrome, which is also a low-grade inflammatory condition to heart conditions. So the challenging thing is to be aware that these comfort foods are the worst thing that you can do in order to maintain or enhance your resilience. You're drawn towards them. That's why companies-- you see it on TV and in the evening. It's all high-fat food. But I think it's very important, this concept of this low-grade inflammation. You don't want to have your body in that state all the time, day and night. So I think if you only take that message home-- I'm sure nobody has these unhealthy eating habits here-- but a lot of people do. And it's tempting. Work late and let's get a pizza. LIV WU: So what does low-grade infection feel like? Am I not sleeping well? Am I likely to bite off the head of somebody I work with? What does it look like? DR. EMERAN MAYER: It's low-grade inflammation, not infection. There's no organism involved, other than the microbes that produce these substances. It's something that you don't feel, unfortunately. At some point, you may feel exhausted, fatigued. So chronic fatigue syndrome would be the end stage of that process. But a lot of people lose their vitality and just don't feel right when they wake up in the morning. And keep in mind, it starts a chain reaction. Because exercise-- there's several factors that influence that low-grade immune activation. One is you diet, so very important. Another one is risk. Another one is physical aerobic exercise, which down regulates it. And sound and healthy sleep is also a major factor to downregulate this inflammatory state. So I think what's happening is we're slowly developing a very comprehensive model of health and well-being. This system's view, with the low-grade activation of the immune system being the common currency for many of these influences. If you only do one, it may not harm you. If you do more than one, it will gradually have this accumulating effect. A lot of people-- if you go out in the street and see obese people-- they don't feel it right away. And some people may be very healthy even though they have a high BMI. But if several of these factors come together, then you clearly play with your health. LIV WU: Is the brain the last thing to go? I mean, is the fogginess or I'm not thinking as straight as I used to-- is that an indicator? And is that more a final stage indicator? DR. EMERAN MAYER: It's not really the-- I would say Alzheimer's disease is a final stage. But the brain fog-- a lot of people have this and the loss of vitality and sense of exhaustion. It's definitely not the end stage. It can come fairly early. It can come before somebody starts overeating or have other health issues. And it probably depends on the genetic vulnerability. Some people are more vulnerable to one organ over the other. If you have a genetic predisposition for Alzheimer's disease and a lot of relatives with it, then I'll be particularly worried about the brain being affected by these factors than if you don't have these risk factors. Same-- family history for heart disease, family history for obesity. So the human genes set the stage of where the damage occurs first. Some people get the full hit that all organ systems are affected. In others, it's selective. And in others, they're so resilient that they will not-- there's a lot of people with very unhealthy lifestyles and being stressed and will not get the full damage that you would expect in a situation like that. LIV WU: I'm not sure I-- you're asking how the genetic material and what you feed your gut interact with each other? AUDIENCE: Number one, what's the significance of that? DR. EMERAN MAYER: Yeah. So I can answer this, too. LIV WU: What's the significance of that? DR. EMERAN MAYER: First of all, the options that the microbiome has to adapt to new situations, be it signals coming from the brain or coming through nutrition or they have been able to adapt to eating seaweed. Most people in the world don't have microbial capacity to break down the carbohydrate of seaweed. But in Japan, they have developed it through eating seaweed on a regular basis. There are other examples. What microbes also do-- they break down many of our drugs, so-called xenobiotics. These are substances that have never occurred in evolution. And the microbes, through this combinatorial possibility, can develop strategies to break them down and inactivate them. They also, through these-- probably people are familiar with this concept of epigenetics. They can influence our own cells-- the immune system-- during development, the first three years of life. There's a lot of interactions and clearly the microbes have much more to say because they have a lot more capacities to talk to our immune system and to our nervous system. I didn't get to this in my talk, but I believe and quite a few investigators believe that the biggest influence of these microbes is early in life-- prenatally and the first three years of life, where many of these systems are being established and set up. Once they're programmed, both the brain and at the gut level, they remain fairly constant. They vary in a certain bandwidth, but you don't change them fundamentally. So I think the main interests-- including the probiotics and nutrition-- it should really focus on these first three or four years of life, starting during pregnancy. I think that's most data suggest that. LIV WU: Yes. AUDIENCE: On that vein, my first introduction to this topic was in New York. The Museum of Natural History had a big exhibit on the microbiome. And they mentioned the importance of, for example, vaginal birth and breastfeeding on introducing that microbiome to an infant. I'm wondering what is your thoughts on how-- as C-sections increase in our population and, let's say, bottle feeding increases in our population-- how can we introduce these really important microbiomes to our infants and our children? DR. EMERAN MAYER: Yeah. This would be a the topic for a whole talk, really, because it starts during pregnancy. There's the stress of the mother. Fix the mother's microbes, including the microbes that live in the vaginal canal of the mother. The baby is born. It goes through this canal. It's the first contact with microbes. And it's been shown in animal studies that a stressed mom will transmit a different set of microbes to the infant and these mice have different brain development. So it starts-- the stress-- the nutrition of the mother-- the metabolites get towards the infant. Breast milk is a huge component. There is the so-called human milk oligosaccharides, or HMOs, that are contained in breast milk, which are specifically targeted at feeding the microbes. We cannot-- humans cannot absorb those or do anything with them. So breast milk produces those to target the evolving gut microbiome of the infant. If that's altered, the whole program will be off. And I've talked to experts in this field. They say that-- but it's not just the breast milk. The breast milk, for example, of these Yanomami Indians and moms in North America is fundamentally different. Because the nutrition of the mother really affects that. So this whole-- what we see also with the diversity of the microbiome starts, really, with the diet of the mother that affects the breast milk and that affects this human milk oligosaccharides. So it's a major conflict. I personally think in 10 years from now, the microbiome field and the probability field will mainly focus on this period. AUDIENCE: Is there anything that can be introduced for children who aren't breastfeeding that can-- DR. EMERAN MAYER: Well, I think the only thing that you can do is the same thing that you would do as an adult-- non-pregnant adult. To eat a healthy diet and learn to deal with stress better. I often see it with our postdocs who get pregnant. And then they work on a grant to one week before delivery and come back a week later. This is really insane. When you think about it, the potential consequences of that-- now that we know many of these connections-- is definitely not worth it. AUDIENCE: Do you vegetarian or vegan diets reduce the diversity of the microbes in our stomach in a negative way? DR. EMERAN MAYER: No. No. As I said a few times, the main food for the microbes and why they evolved is to use these complex plant-derived carbohydrates-- these complex molecules-- that we, as humans, can't absorb. Many mammals can't do that either. I think humans have gotten better since they developed-- discovered the fire to be able to cook things, so they easily break down. But even cooked food will still have a very high percentage of those substances. So if you want to do something to feed your microbiome, a vegetarian diet-- can't really compare vegan and vegetarian in that respect. But the main thing is this high percentage of these plant-derived foods. I think that is the key, also, when I made this huge jump from the Yanomami to the Mediterranean diet. It's the common principle that underlies them. AUDIENCE: Since I was a little girl, and I'm sure a lot of you have also heard the same, we've heard this phrase, you are what you eat. But as I've gotten older and I've seen family members in the hospital or in hospice, or I've talked to friends who've gone to medical school, nutrition and food isn't discussed or it's skimmed over. And they look at me like I'm crazy when I'm talking to them about probiotics. Why do you think there is such a big disconnect? Why are my grandparents being fed horrible food when they're trying to recover from illnesses? And why am I getting ice cream in the hospital? DR. EMERAN MAYER: This is an excellent question. And I've been trained as a gastroenterologist at UCLA and have never been exposed to-- we deal with gastrointestinal disorders-- never been exposed to a single minute to anything that had to do with nutrition. And so it's the expo-- I'm not sure why we have developed-- there's two things in medicine. One is medicine, basically, has not paid attention to the brain and the mind. This whole mindfulness revolution is really taking traditional medicine by surprise because they never paid attention to it. And nutrition is the other aspect. It's still, today-- I would say in most training programs for health professionals, it's not a mandatory component. The good news is-- I was mentioning this earlier-- some of the UC campuses have really started these campaigns. Some of what you do here in this kitchen-- this healthy campus initiative with a healthy food component and a healthy mind component-- it's extremely popular among students. I think there's a phenomenal involvement in both UCSF and UCLA. The goal is to become the healthiest campuses in the world. That's the mission statement. That's almost starting a revolution, but it's outside of medicine. It's amazing. It comes-- even though all these data come now from medical science, the practice in medicine has not changed, really. AUDIENCE: Can you say anything about glyphosates and the impact on the gut and implications of that? DR. EMERAN MAYER: Yeah. The glyphosates? This is this substance in the Roundup, which is a genetically modified food. Mainly, it's modified in order that you can kill off everything else but not the crop that you want to have. And it's fascinating when you read over how this was approved. It was approved on the lack of effects on human cells in a test in a Petri dish on a short term basis. So this was done long, long before the whole microbiome science came onboard. And it has not really been repeated. So these early experiments suggested that humans do not metabolize that substance, so do not get the toxic effects-- the cells, at least. But now we know that the microbes can break it down into-- can activate it into a substance that is really harmful to us. So not only is it bad for some of the microbes, but also for our own gut health. And it's been interesting to me that this whole GMO debate has always been about the potential harm of the genes, which I'm not so sure if they are really that dangerous to humans. To the environment, they are, probably. But the main danger, I, think comes from these chemicals that are being given at higher and higher doses because there's resistance developing. And without ever having studied the impact on the microbiome, now, with all the things we know. So it's really amazing that people will not-- I had a venture capitalist coming down once who asked me this question and said, would you be willing to do a study to look at that? And what would this cost? And so we talked this through and you probably have tremendous resistance at every level to do a study like this. At this multibillion dollar business, like the tobacco industry. I think the reason there is no research is probably for that reason. People are afraid to get into this. AUDIENCE: Hi. What are your thoughts on fasting? DR. EMERAN MAYER: Fasting is an interesting thing. First of all, there's a diurnal rhythm to what microbes do, both their numbers and what they produce. So when they sleep and no food gets into your intestine, it's a completely different set up than when you are awake. So compromised sleep, which means compromised fasting, because many people get up and eat something-- usually fatty and sweet things. The other thing has not really been studied so well. I've always had this philosophy if something has been around for a long period of time, like the fasting tradition and all the fasting practice and all the major healing traditions, there must be something to it. I would imagine it's a reduction-- it's clearly-- one is the reduction of the numbers, which is temporary. The other one is that the microbes-- there's another source of food for the microbes, which is the mucus layer of the gut. So when you don't feed them, they go after the mucus layer and use that as a substitute. And so it will definitely affect that layer that separates us from the lumen from the inside. That mucus layer is a big part of the leaky gut concept. It's not just holes in the wall, but it's this mucus layer. If this strengthens the barrier function of the gut, I would say, most likely, it has a health benefit. I would not dismiss that. Not enough research on that topic, unfortunately. AUDIENCE: Question. Is their proof that eating probiotic food increase the amount of the bacteria in digestive system? DR. EMERAN MAYER: Yes. There's a couple things to it. The first person who propagated probiotic yogurt was the scientist Mechnikov, who also got a Nobel Prize more than 100 years ago. But he realized that he had to eat it continuously in order to have the benefits. And that's one limitation if you are the occasional yogurt eater or if you go and buy your pills when you don't feel right. If you change your dietary habit chronically, or constantly, I think that's really required to get the health benefit. I don't think by going on a two-week course of taking your probiotic pills will really have any significant effect. We have done a study where we looked at the changes in the microbial architecture with a four-week intake of a probiotic-enriched yogurt. And there was no change in the architecture, in the players. But the signaling molecules that they produced changed. But only as long as you took it. The minute you-- it would stop it. I think-- I mentioned this earlier. Probiotics, really, in the first three years of life and during pregnancy probably have a very big impact. The same impact-- and this is just my personal opinion. There's no science on it. If you are on a diet that's enriched in fermented foods, you will have a sustained benefit. But you have to stay on that diet. It's not like let's go once a week in a restaurant and eat a kimchi or a sauerkraut dish. It has to become-- like in the Korean culture, it's really integrated. And that's also been interesting. When I was working on the book, to realize how important that that is. I think there was a time during the war where Korean soldiers would refuse to fight because there was a threat that they wouldn't have their kimchi. That shows how dependent they became on this, possibly through some changes within their brain or they just feel different. But the key thing is the regular intake. It cannot be the occasional breakfasts-- yogurt and-- AUDIENCE: Thanks so much. So what can we-- rather than taking probiotics, what can we eat-- complex carbohydrates, it sounded like-- what can we eat to nurture our gut bacteria? You've talked several times about a healthy diet. You've mentioned the Mediterranean diet. Can you say a little bit more? What can we do to nurture our gut biome? DR. EMERAN MAYER: If you take-- there's a lot of these-- a lot of diets, nowadays, recommend what you can't eat. I'm always amazed. You buy something, a drink and it has five-- no gluten, no sugar, no-- I think you really have to think much more about the other way around-- what should we eat? Plants, in general. A high variety-- one is the high variety because each plant has a different composition of these molecules. A larger amount, which is not just good for the microbes, but it also has a lower caloric density and glycemic index, so your insulin won't go up. And all the plant-based oils, which are generally low in these saturated fatty acids. On top, probably the olive oil is probably on top of all these. But avocados-- anything that has fat in it and comes from a plant has a-- doesn't have the inflammatory effect that you get with the animal fats. So I don't think you have to pick any particular vegetable or any particular-- it's variety and it's the relative proportion of the overall food intake. So it's different, clearly, than what you would get from any specialized cookbooks, that you have to eat this particular thing. There's other substances, which goes beyond the microbiome more into this low-grade inflammatory state. Turmeric, for example, has these anti-inflammatory properties. And I'm sure there's other-- I said in the beginning, I'm not a nutritionist. I can't really give you this in detail. But there's a lot of plant-based foods that have these anti-inflammatory properties. And so that's another thing. AUDIENCE: So more plants. DR. EMERAN MAYER: More plants. A lot of more plants. LIV WU: Thank you very much. DR. EMERAN MAYER: Thank you. [APPLAUSE]

- So this is our largest crowd ever here tonight at Project Brew at Market Square. We've got 15 graduating students from the Brewery Management program. - It's an event that goes on every semester and it's to showcase the graduating class's beers. - So I'm the event chair. Essentially I'm just sort of managing all of the different bodies that are responsible for different actions, planning the event, and operating it as well. Also, do some media relations if there's anybody that wants to do any interviews. We typically learn skills here that you're going to use for the rest of your career, such as interacting with people, planning events, time management, organization. - We had our marketing team. They went around and got us some sponsors. They did all our social media which was great and then we had our ticket sales guru who took care of the ticket sales website. When you're setting up for a festival, which is something you do often when you're working in the brewing industry, you have to deal with all these things. You have to be able to do logistics. You have to be able to do the marketing. You have to be able to do it all. So, the fact that we had to do this ourselves is huge. - What we have today is my Bavarian IPA. It's an IPA, I've called it Bavarian because I'm using all German malts in it. And I don't know if many people recognize this, this is a beer engine. Very old piece of technology. Draws the beer up from the cask, so I'm hoping to get a little bit of showmanship happening with this tonight. - So the beer I made today is a West Coast IPA, so I'm using a lot of hops that I grew myself back home. - I brewed a Belgian Wit. I used four different kinds of citrus zest, fresh ground coriander seed, and then a French saison yeast. - I made a Lemongrass Pale Ale, so the base of it is a pretty standard pale ale. You have superior pale ale malt, a little carapils, and then some caramel 15, and then I hopped with three different hops. Simcoe, amarillo, and cascade. - This class has been absolutely fantastic. So they actually went out and looked for sponsors. They have done a really great job marketing, so they've got some stuff in newspapers. There's been some interview pickup. That type of thing. They've done a great job on social media, Facebook, and Twitter. So it's just been a really great night. High energy, a lot of fun. (upbeat music)

hi there booktube - we are going to talk about my winter TBR I have a stack of 16 books I hope to read during the rest of December and January and February let's start this TBR with the two non-fiction books I hope to read during the season the first one is one that is really personal for me I want to read all in my head an epic quest to cure an unrelenting totally unreasonable and only slightly enlightening headache by Paula Hammond this is a memoir about a woman that does have us from chronic headache which is what I am suffering from for the last 15 years so I find it very important to read the type of book I heard fantastic things about this book I will let you guys know what I think about this book and if I think it's a good book to read for chronic pain or if it is not for me the next one I have is a reread I wanted to do because my mom very nice got me a new copy of it and that is the glass castle by Jeannette Walls this is about Jeanette Walls who shares her life growing she has a very different life her parents are a bit strange and I really remember enjoying that so I wanted to see what I think about it now the next one is the only classic on my list and that is crime and punishment I am just in the mood for this book I'm in the mood for Russian classic and it's perfect for winter time it is a reread that I read this book over ten years ago for the first time and I remember really really enjoying it just remember enjoying the writing what kind of topics he handled and how he handled them and it made me think and really love this type of classic more so I just want to be experienced this or experience it for the first time in English then I have two YA books one is a fantasy and one is a futuristic kind of fantasy I want to read three dark crowns by Kendra Blake it's about three sisters that have to fight for the throne all three have different types of magical powers the other one is the thousands floor by Katherine McGee this is a book I added simply for the entertainment point of reading a book it is about this huge building in New York and the future there it is a thousand floors high and a girl gets either pushed or jumps from the penthouse level of it and then I have a children's middle grade kind of book that is the lie tree by Frances hardigan and this book is illustrated by Chris Riddell I want to read this book because it is about a tree that only grows if you're tell lies it is about this girl whose father is supposed to be a scientist but as it turns out he is quiet a good at lying and telling untruth about his scientific discoveries this edition has as I said illustrations in it here's another one and then moving on to the rest of the books now I have a good mixture of English and German books because I felt like reading books in German so I just added them I normally try to not show so many German editions and titles and books here on booktube since I am doing it in English I just decided here you know what? I will always tell you guys the English title if the books are available in English and we just see what happens with that but you guys get to see the German covers of the some of the books which i think is always fun the portable veblen by Elizabeth McKenzie I looked it up before I started this video and forgot since then this book is either about a woman that starts to imagine a talking squirrel or it is about a woman that notices a squirrel following her and she starts talking to it I cannot wait to read this book and figure out what it is all about the next one is every read and that is the Night Circus it is about a circus that seems to appear out of nowhere and is gone just as fast the next one is one I never ever heard anybody mentioned but I just thought it sounded really fascinating north of Boston or as it is called in German die Frau die die Fror by Elizabeth ello this book is about a woman that cannot feel the code she is never cold she cannot feel the freezing temperatures and she's kind of somebody that people find fascinating and scientists wants to study to figure out why it is that she can't feel cold I just want to give it a try I think the cover is really fitting for winter the entire book reminded me of winter so I would give this book a read during winter and we are moving into the historical fiction section of this TBR the kept by James Scott which is in I mean just look at the cover clearly it's a winter which we have snow landscape and burning house clearly screams winter this is set during 1897 in winter in America in state of New York you cannot remember a lot about it it looked so wintery and fitting for the season that this time to read it and figure out what it is all about the miniaturist that Jessie Burton this is another historical fiction set in Europe in Amsterdam and a young woman has to marry an old man the story is about how the husband gives his young wife a miniature house of their own and the story that wife starts to play in the miniature start to reflect the life and the real actual normal-sized house the next historical fiction is the pillars of the earth or die Säulen der Erde by Ken Follett this is a historical fiction that is very epic it's one of those story that that you sink in and get completely absorbed by I remember really loving it when I read it now I will re-read it and see what I think about it now the next one is another one that is just perfect for winter because it has snow in the title and that is it snow falling on Cedars or Cedars whatever you call it in English and that is by David Guterson I have no idea how to say that name sorry this is in the beautiful Bloomsbury modern classics edition that just came out this year and loved the cover of it it is about a fisherman that is found dead in the net of his own fish boat he is a Japanese American immigrant in the... I cannot remember the time it is set in but it is historical fiction it's just about what the time is like for immigrants and what they can expect to happen when some like that happens rate thinks about it and it fits winter because you know snow and the last historical fiction I have to share in this third to last book is the butcher's hook by Janet Ellis I bought it in the anticipation that I would read it right away because I remember knowing what it was about and being completely fascinated by it now I kind of forgot what it is about other than it is about a girl that either has to marry the butcher's son or wants to marry the butcher's son and that is just not something that you should do or want to do or something like that I can not remember! I will tell you guys what it is about and what I thought about it moving on to the last two books six four and this is a Japanese crime book about girls that are getting kidnapped and the police cannot figure out who is the kidnapper and what is happening to the girls and the last book I hope to read is Sakrileg or The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown and at the second in the Robert Langson serious we follow a professor of religious studies who's trying to help in solving murders and gets really ridiculous really really fast but it's really entertaining and I'm just in the mood for that so I added it to the pile and it's time for re-read anyway those were all 16 books I hope to read during next two and a half... little bit last months I would love to hear what you guys plan to read during the winter season and if you have any recommendations for nonfiction books about chronic illnesses please let you know and I'll definitely check those I would hope you guys enjoyed this video and I hope to talk with you guys in the comments and - see you in the next video and I wish you all a fantastic day bye

Mechanics Bank Mobile Banking Mechanics Bank - Mobile Deposit. Deposit paper checks anywhere, any time! Sign in to your Mechanics Bank mobile app and tap on the More menu in the bottom right. Select Check Deposit. Choose the account where you want your deposit to go. Enter the deposit amount and tap Front. We'll take the photo of the check for you if you select Auto Capture. Center the check within the frame and we'll take the photo automatically. Sign the back of your check and write "For Mobile Deposit". Center the back of the check within the frame. We'll take the photo automatically. Check to make sure your deposit amount is correct and that your photos are uploaded. Select Deposit. You'll get an immediate confirmation that your deposit was submitted. You can deposit another check if you want to. You're all done! That's Mobile Deposit with the Mechanics Bank Mobile App. Mobile Deposits confirmed as received before 6:30 PM PST on a business day will generally credit to your account no later than the second business day after the day we receive your deposit. Please see your Account Agreement for details. Mechanics Bank Learn more: www.MechanicsBank.com/HelpCenter. Mechanics Bank does not charge you a fee for using this service. However, charges from your wireless carrier may apply depending on your service plan. Regular account charges apply. Mobile Deposit service is for personal checking or savings accounts only and is subject to eligibility. Deposit limits and other restrictions apply.

ｓｏｎｇ　ｔｉｔｌｅ　ぢ哀つ Lucy In Disguise - Echoes In Time ｂａｃｋｇｒｏｕｎｄ　ゖるリ https://bit.ly/2I6BE6Y ｓｏｕｎｄｃｌｏｕｄ　凹じ穏 https://bit.ly/2WUDDic ｂａｎｄｃａｍｐ　愛演ヤ https://bit.ly/2GkYUww ｌｉｋｅ，　ｓｕｂｓｃｒｉｂｅ，　ａｎｄ　ｓｈａｒｅ　ｐｌｅａｓｅ！

good morning welcome and welcome back to those of you who've been here throughout the series if you have been here throughout the series you have seen NASA's plans for the next 30 years or so and the question is do we have to kill you now the answer's no this is the civilian space program and and we work for you so so you've seen the plan and for the last two weeks you've actually seen the program that's underway today to build the transportation system to take people into deep space today and next week we're going to concentrate on two major problems that that are between us and being able to execute that plan you saw the first week of going to Mars with people and and Jeff Harith is here this morning to tell you about the problem of landing people on the surface of Mars and how we go from interplanetary speeds down to zero miles per hour safely and last week we talked about the rocket and how the rocket accelerates the people the astronauts and their cargo out of the gravity well that we live in this deep energy well that we live at the bottom of now that once the astronauts are in space it's very easy to move around okay only the only force you have to overcome there is inertia and but the problem is when you get to the next destination you've got to take all that energy the rocket put into you so now you're speeding along at 25,000 miles per hour and you got to slow down so now you're going down the well and you've got to do go down that slope that energy slopes safely and that's what you're going to hear about today as you know at this point in time we have ideas about how to do that but we we can't say we've got the solution in hand with that I'm going to turn it over to Jeff Aerith who is the product line lead at Langley for entry descent and landing good morning yes oh good morning everybody i'm jeff Harith I work here locally at NASA Langley Research Center and today I get to talk with you about Mars and the challenges of safely and affordably getting humans to the surface of Mars so first I want to start with an image does anybody see anything there that you recognize yell it out alright so you got the moon and if you can see a little bit further down there's this tiny little red dot that is what Mars looks like in our night sky from here at Earth and in fact you know from the earliest days when humans could first look at the skies they noticed this strange red light that moved a little differently than the other stars and so we've been looking at Mars and wondering about Mars for an awful long time and as we move forward we develop new technologies such as telescopes and we're able to look at and see Mars in a lot more detail and in fact over time if you look at the history of observing Mars you have people in the 1600s able to determine that Mars had polar icecaps you had also there's early observations they were able to determine the inclination of Mars or the tilt of its rotation and then you get into the 1800s and the late 1800s they could see more surface features and they determined that these were canals that were built by an intelligent species on a dying world and that was in 1894 this was this was the thinking at the time now of course now we know that that's not actually the case but Mars really is a very interesting place to study so Mars is the fourth rock from our Sun and is named after the Roman god of war Mars is half the diameter of Earth but twice the diameter of Earth's moon and in fact if you look at the land mass of Earth you know took out all the oceans it's about the same size as Mars and like Earth Mars has seasons it has polar ice caps as volcanoes has canyons as deserts and weather and some of the things on this start like I mentioned the inclination in that last slide Mars is inclination on its rotational axis is 25 degrees very similar to Earth's at 23 degrees its day the speed that it rotates at Earth were 24 hours at Mars it's only 240 minutes longer at 24 hours and 40 minutes now the gravity on Mars a lot less it's a smaller planet so if you weigh a hundred pounds here on earth you're gonna weigh 38 pounds on Mars which sounds really good to people like me yes so and the other thing as Mars is further away from from the Sun and so only about 44 percent of this of the energy that Sun energy solar energy that reaches earth reaches the surface of Mars and then next big thing would be its atmosphere it's got very little atmosphere compared to earth about one percent and the composition of that atmosphere is quite different about 95 percent of its atmosphere as carbon dioxide we're here on earth that's a very small percentage on earth we have a much higher percentage of nitrogen and oxygen that makes a far air now the average temperature of Mars is minus 64 degrees Fahrenheit so it's kind of chilly and but the ranges are if you go from night at negative 200 degrees Fahrenheit but then in the hottest days at the equator it can actually get up to 80 degrees Fahrenheit on the surface and as I mentioned Mars atmosphere is really thin in fact it's too thin for liquid water to survive on the surface it sublimates directly to a gas so but however several Mars missions have found evidence of past water in the Mars icy soil and in its thin clouds and we'll talk a little bit more about that so why Mars well Mars is the most earth-like of the planets in our solar system and so by studying these different areas we're looking at the history of the climate looking at its geology we're looking at whether life could have or ever did arise on Mars and then also evaluating it for the potential for human exploration so these are some of the key areas that were really interested in looking at Mars for there's one thing that ties all those together and that's water understanding the water on Mars and that is why when we and the Mars exploration program where we when we reinvigorated that in 1996 with the Mars Pathfinder mission the strategy has been to follow the water and understand the role of water and we've sent several missions there and in fact I'll show you a couple highlights of those here in just a minute and so the Mars exploration program is moving from follow the water in to looking for the signs of life and looking for the possibility of human exploration of Mars so a few highlights of our relatively recent explorations of Mars so if we go back to the Mars exploration Rovers these were the rover's Spirit and Opportunity they were sent there one of their main questions was the answer was there water on Mars and they definitely answered that Mars was once soaked in water in fact in this this slide when I'm showing here these are perchlorate salts that it found that can only form in the presence of liquid water and in fact these particular type were nicknamed blueberries just because of their shapes but the Mars exploration Rovers found seven different types of formations types of minerals that could only form in the presence of significant liquid water so then we move on to our Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission this particular mission had a ground-penetrating radar as well as a very high-resolution camera on it so what we're able to do with that ground-penetrating radar if you look at this is a global map of Mars and we're looking at the concentrations of h2o or water within the relative about one meter up to two meters within the surface of Mars and as you get as you go from the yellows into the blues and Indigo's it's more it's higher in higher water concentration and so what we prove with the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is that there is significant water on Mars particularly toward the polar regions but there is significant water what we didn't know is how that exists on Mars is it large chunks of ice under the surface is it actually could be lakes under the surface or is it just loosely distributed all through the soil or in different types of minerals so from our remote sensing we couldn't tell that we just knew that there was a significant amount of the out of the element h2o on underneath the surface and in fact the estimates are if you brought all of that water to the surface it would cover the surface of Mars about six feet deep the entire surface so it's a significant amount of water so what we did then as we took the Phoenix lander so now we knew there was water there but we didn't know as I mentioned what form it was in so we launched Phoenix and set that to Mars and landed it in the polar region and one of the things we noticed right away from one of the first images back right after landing this is underneath the lander you'll see that the landing rocket sort of cleared away an area and there's this nice shiny smooth surface there sorry for is that ice what is that you know so we took the the arm which has a shovel on the end of it out right beside the lander and dug just a couple inches in and so what you see here this white area is actually frozen carbon dioxide or dry ice now remember Mars has a lot of carbon dioxide so there is an awful lot of dry ice on Mars but what we also found which is hard to see in this bottom left corner it's blowing up there are these other little chunks and then within a few hours of that they actually disappeared so the water sublimated all right so we dug later brought those up into our ovens and our sensors and were able to prove that that was water ice rick very easy to get to within the surface of Mars so they're they're significant water of Mars it's it exists as ice within the soil as well potentially deeper down it could be liquid water we don't know that yet but there is significant water on Mars as I mentioned what's the next decade so we're moving from follow the water to looking for the signs of life and that's what our latest mission that you may have heard of our Science Laboratory is part of that transition with the Mars Science Laboratory we landed the Curiosity rover there about two years ago and it's beginning this work of looking for the signs of life now the most important discovery by curiosity so far is that ancient Mars did have environments that could have supported life if life had arisen on Mars their environments there as light light that life as we know it here on earth could have survived so it looked at the concentrations of carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphorus and sulfur they're all there in the right concentrations they also found looked at the mineralogy and the Clay's that were formed in that area and found that there was significant freshwater actually not very salty water at all and in fact they believed if we had been there we could have dipped a cup in the water and drink it without any issue so Mars did have Hobart habitable environments we do not know to be clear we do not know if life ever arose or currently may exist on Mars but we do know that there used to be environments where it could have all right so curiosity is really the monster-truck of Rovers if you look here these are the other Rovers that we've sent to Mars our very first one here with Pathfinder and then the Mars exploration Rovers and then the Mars Science Laboratory at about one metric ton and that one metric ton represents the limits of our current entry descent and landing capability so this Rover is the biggest thing that we know currently how to put down on the surface of Mars and that's based on significant technology investments that were made in the 60s and the 70s leading up to the Viking missions in the Viking program there have been we humans have sent 40 missions to the surface of Mars from Earth many of those have failed it's a very hard place to go and in fact if you're keeping score we've had 16 successful missions versus 24 failures from Earth but since we're talking about landers today we've had seven successful Landers and we've had eight that have failed so let's start talking about what it takes first - how do we get to Mars now you all had a presentation on the Space Launch System I believe it was last week and so the first thing you need and we won't go into detail because you worry about that is a big rocket right and this is the SLS and it begins with a 70 metric ton capability and will grow to a hundred and thirty metric ton launch capability and so let's talk about a little bit about how to launch effects entry descent and landing so with your big rocket that leaves you have to package your payload up on the top of this rocket inside of a fairing now that fairing size is limited by what the rocket can launch and the aerodynamic loads that are going to be on it and its purpose is to protect your payload whatever we're wanting to send to Mars from the atmosphere of Earth as we're trying to push through it really quickly but the size of that fairing limits the size or the diameter of the vehicle that we can send to Mars and so why is that important entry descent and landing well the larger diameter vehicle that we can get to Mars the more drag we can create as we're trying to enter that atmosphere and slow down and therefore more mass we can get to the surface of Mars but right now with our current limitations as I mentioned before we're limited to about one metric ton to the surface of Mars so with that fairing up there we have our vehicle packaged in it we launch we accelerate after we get out of Earth's atmosphere we drop the fairing we now get up into orbit we check our orbit and then we ignite the engine again to accelerate ourselves to escape velocity and get us on the right trajectory headed to Mars and that's when we move from leaving Earth into what we call the cruise phase so we go from launch and departure to the cruise phase and cruise is where we are traveling from the earth vicinity to the Mars vicinity and now I have a short video here that describes how we do that how do you get to Mars if you want to send a spacecraft all the way to Mars first you'll need a fast rocket to escape the pull of Earth's gravity the heavier your spacecraft the more powerful your rocket needs to be to liftoff next make sure you launched at the right time Mars and Earth orbit the Sun at different speeds and distances sometimes they're really far apart and other times they come closer together about every two years the two planets are in perfect positions to get to Mars with the least amount of rocket fuel that's important the total trip is over 300 million miles finally make sure your aim is right you can't shoot for where Mars is at launch time you have to aim for where it will be when you get there it's a lot like how a quarterback passes a football also you may need a few frust to correct your direction along the way so you don't miss Mars if all goes well you'll get to the red planet in about seven or eight months so here we are we've we've gone from Earth to Mars we've arrived at Mars and this is what planet looks like as we get there and we're getting ready for entry descent and landing now one thing I mentioned from the cruise a lot of people the analogy for that is to getting as accurately as we need to to Mars is like making a basketball shot from New York to Los Angeles now as it said in that video we're able to cheat a little bit because we can make small corrections on the way there but we have to get we have to get a very accurate departure from Earth and we've been able to do that very well the last several missions and so that that is working really well so here we've arrived at Mars this is what it looks like as we're starting to get pulled in to Mars gravity well it's accelerating the vehicle toward Mars and so we're ready to start introducing and landing but what really is entry descent landing and so it is introduced in landing is about the controlled flight of the vehicle system through all appreciable atmospheres including the city including the safe landing where that's applicable and so we have to get from here where in this case relative to Mars we're going about 13,000 miles an hour down to the surface and in this case I'll show you what the the target was the Gale Crater this was our landing site for MSL and what it looked like from as we arrived at Mars and we have to get from that 13,000 miles an hour down through the atmosphere to the surface to roughly 0 miles an hour for a nice soft touchdown that's what you want once you've committed the EDL you're going to touchdown now hopefully we don't make another crater but we want to touch down nice and softly so let's talk about what the key challenges are for doing that the first is at Mars there's too much atmosphere to land like we do in the moon so what that means is we're traveling so fast and as we start interacting with this atmosphere that's there there is an awful lot of force on the vehicle there's an awful lot of heating on the vehicle and the the atmosphere itself has different winds has density variations and so all of these things conspire so that we can't just do a propulsive descent like we do at the moon you actually have to use the atmosphere the next is that there's too little atmosphere to do it the same way we do at Earth there's only about 1% of Earth's atmosphere at Mars and so that would be kind of like landing the the Space Shuttle at a hundred thousand feet here at earth it was just not enough atmosphere to do it that same way some of the other challenges are there is a wide variety of terrain elevations as well as the types of train to deal with when we get to the surface and then we have this issue of we design an EDL system or an entry descent landing system here at Earth but we don't have good ways to test that end to end here at Earth to test the entire system and it has to be done at Mars and so that's a huge challenge for getting a system that will be reliable and actually work when we get to Mars so first let's talk about the atmosphere like I said it's a very dynamic atmosphere and it's poorly characterized to date now there are no large storm systems like we have here at Earth but the seasonal and the diurnal variations are actually larger than what we see on earth and there are large sometimes global dust storms and that has huge changes on the density of the atmosphere and changes how we fly through it and actually on Mars they're even dust devils so in this case you know the Sun can heat the Martian surface and create winds and sometimes those winds create dust devils this particular one was captured by the hi-rise camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and then we we created a three-dimensional model of it so that we can kind of you know fly around up kinda like you're in a helicopter and what you can see here this dark line on the surface is actually the shadow of the dust devil which allowed us to recreate its height and so what you're able to see from MRO we'll go back to the original image is that the dust devil is about a hundred feet wide on the surface and about a half a mile tall so it's quite a large one but one of the things we didn't know before sending the mars exploration rovers is how prevalent how common dust devils are on the surface I don't know if you'll remember but the those exploration Rovers when we sent them were only designed for a 90 day life because one of the main reasons is we thought that dust would collect on the solar cells and they wouldn't be getting enough energy to keep themselves warm and their electronics would fail turns out dust devils are pretty common so you can watch their battery life going down down down and then it gets hit by a dust devil and cleans off the solar cells pops back up so now we've had we've had these exploration Rovers up there for many many years back they had their ten-year anniversary it'll be good one of them is no longer operating but the opportunity is actually still operating on the surface so the point is that the vehicle system that we're trying to get to the surface of Mars has to contend with a lot of atmospheric variability so now let's talk about the terrain elevations this is a global map of Mars again and what we're showing here the black areas are the parts of Mars that are above two and a half kilometers in altitude and so this is the type of access that we'd like to have to Mars we'd like to be able to land anywhere the colors are on this map and what you see here the red X's are where we have landed and so if we now look where those actually are those have actually been all very low altitudes with our current technologies and our current entry descent landing techniques we have to land very low at a very low altitude so we have as much atmosphere as possible to work with to slow the vehicle down and get it safely to the surface and so this is one of our big challenges so they're also different types of terrain hazards Lister you got mountains craters canyons rocks right but the point is we do know a lot more now than we used to so if you look here in the viking era at the same scale we really couldn't tell anything about the surface and then the Mars Global Surveyor camera hey we could see there's actually a crater there but can't tell much more in these days now with our high-resolution camera on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter we start being able to pick out features in terrain types and understand better where we're actually sending these vehicle systems and can better prepare them for where they have to land I mentioned the EDL system verification problem so it's really because of the complexity and the environments that we're sending it to the EDL systems for Mars generally can't be tested as flown here at Earth as we intend to fly them here at earth so we do component tests here at earth to build models of how the different pieces of the entry descent landing system work and then we assemble those models into an end-to-end simulation and so all of the models of the EDL component subsystems are brought together into this in the end system simulation so you have models of the the vehicle mass properties you have models of the atmosphere that we've been talking about you have models of the parachute understand the dynamics when that when that deploys even get into the the physics based modeling of the radar system to understand what kind of signals you're going to get back from when and how and how much dust and material is going to be kicked up as you get close and how the radar will react to that so there are a lot of different models that get pulled into this and the simulation exercises both the flight vehicle and the algorithms that autonomously fly the vehicle in the virtual environment and that's one of the things that actually these simulations are very good at we can push the system beyond even what were intending it to fly through we can find its sensitivity so we we dispersed different variables such as how well we know the vehicle center of gravity or how much wind it might encounter and that way we can understand better how this system will perform when it actually gets there now we run literally hundreds of millions of these entry descent landing runs in computer simulations in the development and the verification of these systems and actually now these systems are so complex that the only complete system performance verification are these Indian simulations so let's take a quick look at what the entry descent and landing sequence at Mars looks like alright so we arrive at Mars and we've had a crew stage which is that little thing up on the top there attached to us and helping us get from Earth to Mars accurately well we we jettison that and then we turn the vehicle to face the Mars atmosphere at the angle that we wanted to to hit the atmosphere and then in this case I'm showing the the Mars Science Laboratory sequence we jettison a balanced mass this is important because we now have changed the balance of the vehicle and we do that on purpose so that when we start flying through the atmosphere the vehicle won't just fly straight in like a bullet it'll it'll fly at an angle of attack it will fly at a slight angle and that gives us a lift vector and so we can use that lift vector to then control and steer the vehicle and help us slow down or I'll talk about that some more in a little bit so we've just in that balanced mass then we come slamming into the atmosphere at about 13,000 miles an hour it starts heating so that heat shield the rigid heat shield upfront is protecting us from that it gets up to about 3800 degrees and then we continue going through that peak heating and then we reach peak deceleration which for MSL was about 10 G's so now think about that in regards to humans right we can't we can't subject our humans particularly after being in space for a long time - 10 G's so we're gonna have to for humans slow down a lot earlier and slower right but for our current state of the art it's experiencing 10 G's and then we start maneuvering essentially doing s turns in the atmosphere to help us slow down and as we get down closer to Mach 2 we can deploy the supersonic parachute which helps us slow down a lot more we drop the heat shield the radar system then is looking for the surface to find out exactly how high we are and how fast we're moving and once it finds that it drops the and that our payload in this case for this mission it was the rover on with a rocket pack actually called the powered descent vehicle and it continues slowing down relative to the surface and touches down so that is the current state of the art for entry descent landing at Mars and I'll show you a little bit more about that in a few minutes but while flying through the EDL sequence the vehicle system needs to be able to land within a defined area now I showed you what Gale Crater looked like from orbit before here's a close-up of it so this was the the landing area for that Mars Science Laboratory mission and we targeted Gale Crater but that was impossible just a few years ago because like with when we did the Pathfinder mission its landing uncertainty was larger than the crater itself right but we've gotten a lot better since then and so here's the landing ellipse or the landing uncertainty they call it for the Mars Science Laboratory mission so after all the calculations we do in understanding how this EDL system will perform we're very confident it'll land somewhere in that ellipse the target of course is the center and in this case for MSL we actually did pretty well we were only about two kilometers away from the very center of that ellipse but the point is for humans we need to delete be able to land in an area that's ten times smaller than that even so within about 0.1 kilometers of our targeted landing area so let's take a quick look at how the sort of the history of entry descent landing at Mars I mentioned the Viking mission so Viking sent two probes to Mars they were Landers they entered with a rigid 70 degrees fear cone era shell and went and had a supersonic parachute to a propulsive descent on the surface now this was all possible this was the first landings at Mars right so this is all possible because of the significant technology development activities we had in the 60s and 70s the whose activities made it possible for us to understand the 70 degrees fear cone air shell on how that was going to fly it qualified this disc gap band supersonic parachute so that we would be able to use that as well as the autonomous propulsive landing so if we look at some of the more recent missions Mars Pathfinder it landed a small Rover there used airbags and I'll show you that in just a second Mars Polar Lander was another Lander sort of like the Viking air but we lost that one we don't know exactly why but through the mishap investigation the most likely scenario was that it's it's computer was listening to it's touchdown sensor too early so it's this touchdown sensor is looking for a shock it touches down on the surface to turn off its landing engines and so what most likely happened is it's listening to that too early and then it deployed its landing legs and shocked the system and the little sensor thought it had touched down it turned off the engines and most likely fill the last 60 meters to the surface so we then did the Mars exploration Rovers and so let's let's take a look at their ETL architecture so again we have a 70 degrees fear cone era shell separate from the crew stage and we're coming straight in to over ballistically into the Mars atmosphere so that heat shield protecting us from the era heating when going through peak heating and now peak deceleration and as we get down closer to Mach 2 because an employee that's supersonic parachute you know this we're still flying relatively horizontally let's play put the parachute the parachute is actually working on slowing us down and sort of tipping us over and then we can draw the heat shield right and then here is where it's different than what we saw before it has the payload when this tetrahedron hanging down below and that tetrahedron has airbags all around it which will inflate as we get a little closer to the surface and so those are just like crash the airbags for your your crashing right so and as we get within about thirty meters of the surface these retro rockets fire bring the entire system closer to zero miles per hour ropes up to the surface and then drops it and that that system that airbag system hits the surface at about 54 miles an hour and then bounces along until it stops now the actual emissions this is a simulation than the actual missions they bounced about 30 times before they stopped and then it deflates the airbags and then opens the tetrahedron and you have your payload safely on the surface of Mars in that case it was one of the exploration Rovers yes so similar even it's a rigid heat shield the material the actual thermal protection system on the latest ones is called pica and that's different for the Apollo ones it was called avcoat so it's a different material but the same type of idea with that rigid aeroshell and creating the shock in front of the vehicle to carry a lot yeah it bleats it's an ablative as what's called you burn off part of the heat shield material exactly yes the question was how do you avoid landing on a steep hill or incline and so one is we characterize how well the system can do that like what type of incline could it withstand right and then we've used our current orbital assets there to create what are called digital elevation maps of the area that we're going to lay on a wide area and so we understand where these these keep-out zones are and so we define our landing ellipse away from all of those bad areas yes so yes so the balloons were a composite material its ability was based on a Kevlar based and then it had a essentially a gas a gas barrier and inside to allow it to inflate but they had a very tough exterior that I believe was Kevlar based yeah and so we did an awful lot of testing of those dropping them on sharp rocks and throwing them sideways at things to make sure that they wouldn't rupture within the parameters of what we were playing or how we were landing exactly for humans to Mars we need to be within about a hundred meter ellipse or 0.1 kilometers right now we've got about a 4 depending on depending on lots of things that's between a 5 & 10 kilometer ellipse what that we can land in so we're over an order of magnitude away from where we need to be and our landing accuracy so then we had mentioned the Phoenix mission before and so this is now a more a modern Lander but still in the same type of architecture that we did for Viking so 70 degrees fear cone getting through the heating same type of supersonic parachute going to a propulsive descent and landing which was which was successful and so now the most recent one we have is the Mars Science Laboratory which was landing the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars so this represents the state of the art so we'll watch how we got to the surface with MSL so again same type but much larger same type of rigid aeroshell drop the crew stage we now reorient this entry vehicle toward the atmosphere of Mars we drop that balance mass member slowly offset so we'll fly at an angle of attack and so now we start to get into the sensible atmosphere alright so the vehicle starts to feel deceleration it uses rockets call it a reaction control system to keep itself oriented correctly and then here you can see we've done through peak heating and it's starting to steer back and forth and these s terms continuing to slow down gets through peak deceleration which again for MSL was about 10 G's and so now we're continuing to slow down and as we get close to 2 we kick off board mass to recenter ourselves we don't want to be offset any more silly can safely deploy the parachute which there's that supersonic parachute again the same style this gap band that we providing but much larger so now we dropped the heat shield and the radars looking for the surface and once it finds the surface and a solution it's going to drop the rover and the powered descent vehicle which is the rover's rocket pack they fire and continued accellerating the rover relative to the surface one of the first things it does though is a big left turn to get away from the parachute so it's the parachute avoidance maneuver and so it's moved away from the parachute now there's radar system up front there it's continuing to look at the surface and understand how we our altitude and our velocity relative to the surface and as we get closer there's an instrument called the Marty instruments a camera right here that's also looking at the surface and comparing features to understand how much we're moving side-to-side that's what it's doing there and so now as we get closer to the surface we lower the rover on the tether system below this rocket pack and it continues decelerating very slowly toward the surface now and the rover has set its wheels into a landing configuration and right now the everything is just waiting for this touchdown sensor and once it since it's touchdown it cuts those tethers and the car doesn't vehicle flies away to a safe distance and crashes by the safe distance away from the rover and one of the big benefits of landing this way is you've now got your Rover system on the surface essentially ready to go all it has to do is stand up it's remote sensing mast and it's essentially ready to go as opposed so the relating that to is the Mars exploration Rovers that were packed in that airbag tetrahedron they were folded up like origami and it actually was I think it was almost three weeks of operations to unfold everything and get them set up and actually ready to ready to operate and so here we've landed within our landing ellipse and there in the back is that it's called Mount sharp it's the center of that Gale Crater that we we talked about and it has been it's been operating for just over two years and has just now gotten over to the base of Mount sharp now it's done an awful lot of science on the way there we've we've learned that there were small rivers that even at least knee-deep you know in that particular area and I'm again I mentioned the the big discovery for MSL is the existence of ancient habitats that could have supported life so it's done a lot so the point is that this is the limit of what we can currently do with our current entry descent landing technologies and so we have a significant technology gap look just along the bottom here this is too much too many words on the slide but where we are currently is able to put one metric ton within about a 10 kilometer ellipse and access about 40% of Mars surface and so where we need to be potentially for human missions is able to land 40 metric tons within a tenth of a kilometer of our target and have nearly global access and so it is a huge challenge it's why ADL at Mars is considered one of the two biggest challenges for human exploration of Mars the other one being radiation protection which you'll hear more about next week I believe but nASA has set the goal of having humans Mars and the in the 2030s and to accomplish that we're gonna have to leverage activities all around it's a very success or even a goal to be able to do that within 20 years most entry descent landing capability roadmaps so you have to have a consistent effort over 20 years for us to be able to get there and so we're going to be leveraging our international partners and commercial partners to get their other missions within within NASA that aren't just the human exploration portion of things like our science Mission Directorate and the missions that they send the various planets all of these things are going to need to combine to help move us stepwise closer to humans on Mars yes okay yeah so the question the question is during the entry when when the the very high heating portion of entry does Mission Control lose the radio contact with the vehicle in control what you think so first of all we're about communication time wise we're about 14 minutes away so the vehicle is actually working autonomously that whole time there's not any active control so from the time we've started entry at Mars right so when we get that signal 14 minutes has gone by from the time and it actually started entering and so it's either safely on the surface or crashed by the point we get that signal that it started okay so but but what does happen during that entry we there is some radio blackout and there there are special radios we use that are very small data pipes that send us some very small amounts of data all during that time and so it's all about the health of the vehicle and if we have a bad day helping us understand what happened so that has that well there's sorry yes the the question was what causes the radio blackout it's the ionized flow so we're slamming into this atmosphere and we're hitting it so hard that we're disassociating the species and creating ions heavy ions and a plasma flow and so that then surrounds the vehicle the radio leaves can't get through right yes so the quick yeah so the question is is the United States the only nation that has actually put Landers on the surface of Mars we're the only ones that have done it successfully so there have been Russian Landers the closest one they believe they got a signal that had landed but they lost contact immediately so we're not quite sure most of the others failed during launch or failed during during EDL and there have been European smart Landers that also failed during the attempt so the u.s. so far is the only one that has successfully landed on Mars the mission so are the missions coordinated with other countries yes in that even on like MSL here is an example there are contributed instruments on the mission from other countries like France and the European Union yep absolutely thank you so landing at Mars is not easy as we just said we've landed a total of seven times successfully on the surface of Mars the point is all of these successful landing systems have landed at low elevations at minus one kilometer or lower we've landed less than one metric ton and there's been relatively large uncertainties on our landing location and this the EDL system so critical to the overall mission that it generally drives the mission architecture and as I've mentioned all of the current Mars missions have relied on the technology investments in the 60s and 70s and we've essentially gotten to the end of where we can stretch those technologies where we can go so there's going to need to be systemic new investments in new atmospheric flight systems that are the basis for these entry descent and landing systems because that really is the core of EDL is being able to fly these vehicles through an atmosphere so the agency has started working on some technologies remember we mentioned in the beginning that we don't have the answer right now I'll talk about some of the things that we're working on so we've developed new thermal protection systems these are the materials on the front of the vehicle that protect you from all that high heating we've got some new deployable Aero shell concepts that we're working on in developing there are mechanical deployables and there are inflatable aeroshells now remember the inflatable aeroshells I'll talk about those in more detail here in just a few minutes and then we have what are called the mid l / D where that's mid lift / drag vehicles these are more like flying cylinders into the atmosphere and then we're also developed new parachutes new supersonic deceleration systems these systems actually inflate inside the atmosphere and create more drag and we're also working on supersonic retropropulsion and this is essentially you're in a supersonic flow and you're gonna fire a rocket into that and help yourself slow down and so that is another key one and then of course the the landing systems from propulsive systems to airbags to crushable structures being able to actually safely set down on the surface so how do we put these technologies together for humans to actually get to and explore the surface of Mars so nASA has done a lot of studies this I'm not expecting to go through in detail but this is looking at different combinations of these technologies and we're running simulations to understand how those might work and which ones are more effective and one of the key figures of Merit is the arrival mass at Mars how much stuff do you have to get from Earth to Mars for this type of system to work in this study was done around getting a 40 metric ton payload to the surface and so in comparing this we end up actually with architecture number two winning out it had a very low mass at Mars so around 84 metric tons but you'll notice that there is one over there number eight that's a little bit less in mass but it's EDL sequence has many more critical events and it's a little more risky and so we ended up saying that architecture 2 is a better way to go and so that's the thing if we were to pick today how we were gonna get humans to the surface of Mars this is the architecture we would take which is using an inflatable aeroshell I'll talk about those in just a minute using a narrow capture approach again this is using the Martian atmosphere to help yourself get into orbit I'll talk about that as well and then transitioning to supersonic retropropulsion and final touched on autonomous propulsive touchdown as well so looking at this architecture we don't see any cliffs we see that it can scale to the human class missions now there's a lot of work to get there but there's nothing that says that it can't be done so let's talk about some of those technologies I mentioned the error capture so this is when the vehicle system uses active control to autonomously guide itself into in this case the Martian atmosphere flying through that and if you're taking a lot of energy out and slowing down but then fly back out of the atmosphere into orbit so you haven't you didn't have to carry a bunch of rocket fuel to slow yourself down to use the atmosphere and this allows you to use a smaller more affordable launch vehicles to get the system there it also allows you to have a higher payload fraction meaning since you don't have all that propulsion or propulsive capability that you brought with you you can have more payload and the example here if you're really using air capture you can have 80% of your vehicle system your payload as opposed to if you're doing propulsive it's about 20% so it makes a big difference in the architecture studies so we need to slow down more mass at higher altitudes we've talked about right so the limit of that fairing size for the size of the aeroshell that we can bring to mars and help us slow down is a big limit and I just have a small image here on that but this is supposed to represent the rocket fairing and then that was the MSL shape and it was as big as we could make it but if we used an inflatable approach which here it is stored and here it is deployed we could carry with us and I mean we stow it and launch it in an everything and then we're able to deploy it or inflate it as we get to Mars and it's a much larger drag area so the anatomy of this you have an inflatable structure there's two main things there's an inflatable structure and there's a flexible thermal protection system the inflatable structure and both of those by the way in this case are packed very tightly and forward of this so you have this nice narrow vehicle alright so when it inflates it creates the it uses an inflatable torus approach or stacked torus approach and they're straps that halls together and carry all the loads and I don't want you to think when I say inflate I don't you to think balloon right so how people think of these balloons and they're squishy and stuff like that this is actually quite a rigid structure once it's inflated even with just a few psi differential and the material is very durable it's a Cylon base material kind of like kind of like Kevlar it has a gas barrier on the inside and all of these are made to be high temperature material systems and so so we have that as the structure but then you know when we when we come slamming into that atmosphere we're at 13,000 miles an hour it's going to get really hot so we need this flexible because it's gonna be folded up this flexible thermal protection system to go on the outside of it and that's what I guess here so that's a pinkish material along the outside and that's a material system that can stand up to those really high temperatures and so if we're able to do this it allows us to land if you remember these images those are that's our current access it allows us to be able to land either more mass to the same areas or the same mass to a much much higher altitudes and have much more access to the surface of Mars so what I want to show you now is a video of a technology demonstration of this of this technology and it's that's from a mission called Erb III or the inflatable reentry vehicle 3 and it shows the vehicle system you have the actual video from the test here this was on the vehicle and this is an animation showing kind of what it's doing at the time so we got to about 291 miles high that's higher than the International Space Station we then release the heat shield and start inflating it and you can see it's come here in this this Green Line is its full shape you can see the inflatable Tauruses and the straps and then it reorients itself toward the atmosphere of Earth so that as that earth gravity well is now accelerating us from pulling us back down into the atmosphere there are sensors on the front here to indicate you know how high the heating gets and things like that because we're testing this material system and then we also have a new way of creating a lift vector this instead of dropping mass off we just shift our payload mass within this does the same thing of sort of unbalancing this so that when we fly into the atmosphere we can get a lift vector and so here we go into the atmosphere at Mach 10 the seller eating and heating and look at this I mean it's flying very steadily it's hard to even tell that's what's happening over here it experienced 20 G's of deceleration because we were trying to really push the system and get as much heating as we could in a real mission that would never see actually 20 G's but it was a very successful test and it qualified this particular material system which we call the Gen 1 material system to 30 to 40 watts per centimeter squared and what that means is it would be relevant to the the MSL class missions that we send that we're working on right now but we want this type of system to be able to work for human class missions and that's kind of that's the next step that we're working on we have not done this test yet but we've started working on it's called Thor the terrestrial high ed orbital re-entry test so we're gonna launch on a much bigger rocket and go up higher and faster we're actually catching a ride with Orbital Sciences Antares rocket and so as they get up into orbit will drop off and they'll continue on to the International Space Station but what they've done for us in the partnership is they've gotten our system up to really high velocities and really high energy and so then we fire our deorbit motors inflate our new material system this is now called gen 2 and we're going to come in with five times the heat rate and 50 times the heat load that we did in our previous test testing our new material systems if these proved out then we're talking about 60 to 80 watts per centimeter squared is what we're what we think this material system can do now that starts to become applicable to the human class missions and that's what we're working for here the one thing this test doesn't get us is the scale right so we're flying a 3.7 meter diameter and that that you know that because that would be effective for the msl class missions but for human class missions they're gonna need to be 18 to 23 meters in diameter but we will have proven out the load capability as well as the heat rate capability for this system so I also mentioned supersonic retropropulsion it's being one of the key technologies so in this case we're coming in at supersonic speeds and we need to continue slowing down and so we're gonna fire rockets into that flow and continue slowing slowing down the vehicle now we're partnering with SpaceX on this and so we have some describe data minute we have a computational fluid dynamics to understand how these these Jets are going to interact with this oncoming flow we've done Windtunnel tests and now we're partnering with SpaceX who is one to use supersonic retropropulsion to return its first stage of its rocket as part of their business plan and so we've partnered with them to get the data from those tests and we actually have at this point and so we're able to where we're starting to use that data understand what the real next steps should be for for developing this technology is one of the keys is the the particular configuration is very important for supersonic retropropulsion to understand how how you're gonna fire these Jets to keep your vehicle stable and to slow it down but again this is something that is being demonstrated with SpaceX and the NASA will move it forward on how we need to develop that for human class missions at Mars sir so I'm going to try to repeat make sure I understand so you're wondering within the launch fairing of our rocket if we can't stack a greater number of smaller loads within that but using the smaller smaller diameters okay so the what we've done is studies based on you know look at the different sizes of vehicles that that we need and doing multiple launches or multiple vehicles looked at in space assembly of of different vehicle systems and the trades always come back that we it's more advantageous to be able to have that larger diameter Aero shell right so that's why the high head in this case the hypersonic inflatable decelerator gives us so much of an advantage and did I answer your question oh so okay so it's a reliability yes your reliability issue so yeah that's what the the systems are being designed to be highly reliable but then I think what you might be getting at is like with the Viking missions we sent two Landers even with the Mars exploration Rovers we sent two of those and really in case one failed you know we had another one that was that was there and ready and so I can't say for certain that we'll do that with the the human missions but we're gonna make sure with the human missions we make sure the systems are reliable most of the landings are without humans they're going to be pre positioning resources and getting things and everything is there and turned on and ready before those humans ever leave Earth and so if there is a failure then we wouldn't be something humans we'd be sending another mission to pre position yes so the question is for the inflatable heat shield structures what type of gas do we use to inflate so in the tests that we've done to date we've done nitrogen it's in there and now we're for this last test I mentioned Thor we're actually going to use freon because we're limited in our in our sinner body and freon is going to be a denser give us more performance out of our inflation system so we're going to use the freon gas there it's that is correct it's it's but it's a pretty it's a relatively small amount and we're using it exo-atmospheric Lee but we do but we do it is it is what's inflating the structure and it will come back in yeah yes yes exactly and I'm gonna get to that in about a slide or two I think exactly so yeah so the question was that we or the statement was that we need to take extra payload to Mars to be able to get them back home and that that's absolutely correct the last thing I want to mention on the EDL technology challenges is that being able to precisely land we mentioned that but also being able to avoid hazards that we may not have mapped or didn't know about as it's landing so the first part is precision landing and that has to do with knowing very accurately where you are and the vehicle being able to know where it is on a map and accurately navigate to a point and so our current yeah this is just representative our current knowledge of where we are so that's our error ellipse but if we like a certain technology like what's called terrain relative navigation so a map in the vehicle actually knows the area very well and it's taking pictures of the surface and can find itself on that map and redirect itself to an accurate point you then get this tiny little circle of knowledge error of your location so that's a potential way of getting our landings more accurate we also have hazard avoidance so this is using special sensors such as wide arse and other other instruments and cameras during the descent to understand hey there may be hazards right where I'm trying to land and having the ability to divert to a safe site but still within the requirements of your mission so now we get to your question about what do we need to take along right so if we're looking at the 40 metric tonne missions this would be two Landers going there for 40 metric tonne mission to Mars and so the first Lander has the very first thing is the Mars ascent vehicle so this is how the astronauts would get back off of Mars also has the multi-mission surface exploration vehicle it has a fission surface power unit has to go fetch Rovers it has a drill and then an ISR your Institute resource utilization so a unit that can actually process the atmosphere and/or the ice and water at Mars into useable elements for the mission and then of course there would be a science instrument package as well and the second Lander bringing the astronauts would also bring the inflatable habitat as well as the second surface fission power unit and the second Mars surface exploration unit so figuring out how to package that and put that all together right and get it to Mars and so here's the current concept or a current concept how we would package that into a lander and on the bottom and the base of this Landers you would have packed away the inflatable aeroshell that we talked about right and so the current studies are looking at 40 metric ton missions as well as 70 I mean 27 metric ton missions and 18 metric ton missions and that gets to the trades for how many launches you'd want to make if you could do it with smaller launch vehicles and a but a larger number of launches is that better or what so those are the trades that are going on now yes well so it would but it's it's not immediate right and we would be storing the water inside of container so it wouldn't sublimate from there but if we just brought liquid water to the surface yeah exactly right all right so so this light includes the high ed system and then if we're looking at what an entry at Mars might look like with the human class system we have the inflatable aeroshell with our Lander system being protected inside of that and this this inflatable aeroshell would be 18 to 23 metres across so what much wider than the barn here so it's a very large air shell so point is you've seen what we're doing the exploration and so you've heard about SLS and we're working with our commercial partners to have access to the ISS as well as to low-earth orbit and creating that supply line whereas the SLS that NASA is going to concentrate on is about getting beyond Earth orbits or beyond the earth gravity well and we're developing that from our initial 70 metric ton capability to the 130 metric ton capability that will carry the spacecraft the crew the cargo of equipment to deep space destinations such as Mars and really this is going to be the platform to continue you know America's tradition of human spaceflight now my mind I believe that we humans can and will you know get to the surface of Mars and in fact remember the picture I showed you in the beginning I showed what Mars looks like from Earth here's what earth looks like from Mars taken by one of the Rovers that tiny little speck right there I blew it up for you all right so you're here so that is everything everybody that we know every road every building every city on that tiny little speck it just it for me it really puts things into perspective and so you know these these are some of the challenges that that we're working on today and trying to get humans to the surface of Mars and I like to think about what's going to be real tomorrow and so I have a quick little video for you be happy to take any questions you might have yeah good so the question has to do with on Mars or the moon because it's like Mars yes so the question has to do with how long astronauts can stay on the surface of Mars versus being able to send robots that can stay there longer so actually with the the architectures for human exploration of Mars they can stay there for quite a long time and in the initial missions range we're looking at short duration first if to show that we can get to the surface and get back off successfully but with the Institute resource utilization they can actually potentially stay there quite long as long as we resupply them with a couple main things but they'll be able to produce their own oxygen and serve other the key things that they would need so we could have long-term stays on Mars right most likely but yeah that we're actually trading those things right now we actually don't know exactly what how and when we're going to put humans on Mars and how long we'll have them stay and part of it does have to do with the orbital mechanics right so where and Mars are in relation to each other if we put them on the surface and then what it takes to get them back to earth so essentially when we when we go there and we're gonna stay more than just a few days they're gonna be there for almost two years they can be there for two years yeah well it won't be that we don't do that the first try will actually do it most likely pretty quickly bring them back the first time yeah one second oh there yeah so the question is is whether we actually need lift with the inflatable heat shields for control so it's this is one of the ways that were that we are looking at controlling it so we we do one lift in some form we can generate it different ways but we do want lift so that we can guide these vehicle systems to get them to more accurate landing locations that's the main reason so we get a lift vector that we can control sure so the question is if Langley is the lead Center for EDL and what is our part in it right I get that right ok so there are really four NASA centers that work an entry descent and landing and that's Langley and JPL and Ames Research Center and the Johnson Space Flight Center now we all have different parts Langley would I would think it's easy to say we lead the technology development of it so these these new technologies and developing how we are going to put people in the surface of Mars I think Langley is significantly involved in all the activities that are going on with new ETL technologies now there are some like the deployable the mechanically deployable air shell that's being led at Ames but we're supporting them and helping them with that and so it really is it's a team effort around the agency so the question was costs for making this this dream a reality and actually I cannot answer that for for the entire human mission right and so we're looking at you know just the technology demonstrations and being able to get there and then we're working with the architecture folks which you saw I think the very first week here about the evolvable mars campaign and how it leverages activities from across the agency and so I don't know Steve D do you have a better answer for that for what what it'll cost so yeah we've looked at that a lot and just so you know I think today NASA gets about 17 to 18 billion dollars a year and the human exploration part of that is eight with the eight we do International Space Station all the work on the station and we're developing the rocket and Orion as well as doing some technology work and of course you know we work for the president at NASA the president says we're getting enough however depending on when you want to get humans to Mars I think it's safe to say that we we may need to spend more at maybe we're getting about 75 cents on the dollar we need so we need we need a marginal increase if we want to actually meet that schedule goal of getting there in the 30s yeah so there's certainly or certainly thought given to it so we yeah we have been littering the surface of Mars since the 70s right but each vehicle system that we sin there goes through these planetary protection and we make sure that we are not sending you know bugs from earth and germs from Earth and things like that but yes the the some of the vehicle system parts and pieces and the systems that are no longer functional are just sitting there on the surface of Mars now usable well in the sense maybe some maybe some future human mission absolutely could use some of the material but that's not in our plans at this point we would we wouldn't count on that so the question is are the people who are gonna walk on the surface of Mars alive today so we can get people to Mars by the end of the 2030s right but given the way government works and how it's most likely gonna be the 2040s so yes I would say they are yes so yeah that's one of the technology areas that's being worked on different types of Lacombe you know propulsion to get us to Mars faster and that you I don't know if they'll talk about that next week but that's with radiation protection and the exposure during that cruise stage one of the ways we can mitigate that is actually getting to Mars faster not taking the the six to eight months to get there and so there's there's direct propulsive there's some technology called VASIMR drive and some other things like this that could potentially decrease that time to Mars and that's really a key potentially key for the humans it's not so much of an issue for the pre positioning of the cargo missions and things like that so we can use more efficient and slower methods like solar electric propulsion that would allow us to get there over a longer period of time but we can also use that to slow ourselves down as much as we can getting close to Mars and therefore the landing systems could be more capable when we get there yes absolutely it is yeah so so is the rotational direction of Mars factor factored into the landing so yes well you can't go either way so retrograde or pro-grade but there we go we go with the rotation normal yes right sorry yeah okay so the question is exactly so the question is why aren't we using laser communication instead of just radio communication to get information back from Mars from our vehicles to up to now yeah we have been using the radio communication we actually have experiments that are planned to go to Mars to do laser comm main thing is though to use it during entry descent and landing we have this variable atmosphere to deal with and so if it's real dusty and issues like that we don't know that we'd be able to get a good laser signal and in those critical times right so we still want to have strong radio signal to a satellite that could then relay it through a laser comment so that's why we're looking at laser comm in our orbital assets and another benefit of the laser communication is it can send a lot more information I mean right now we have a few assets there that communicate through radios and there think of them as pipes relatively narrow pipes that we're sending data through and there's this big backlog of data and images waiting to go through these pipes whereas if we get laser communication working we'll be able to get a lot more data back if the question was about the radio blackout or whether it was about the time delay if it's about the time delay though the laser and the radio wave travel at the same speed so there's still even with laser communication 14 minutes right it still could still be the same time - exactly thank you all very much for the last lecture on the radiation protection problem you

THE MOST DUO KILLS CHALLENGE!! - Fortnite Battle Royale Gameplay fortnite world record most kills in fortnite

I'm Philip Emeagwali at http://emeagwali.com. When I visit the public libraries in the United States, I often ran into elementary school students or middle school students or high school students doing research for their school reports. Some school reports were titled: “Famous Scientists and Their Discoveries.” Or “Great Inventors and Their Inventions.” Since my invention of the massively parallel processing supercomputer that occurred on the Fourth of July 1989 and that made the news headlines, thereafter, many school reports had the title: “The Contributions of Philip Emeagwali to the Development of the Computer.” I encourage children to continue their education by visiting their schools and sharing my struggles with them. I encourage children to study science by replying their emails and returning some of their telephone calls. However, most children assume that I am dead and, for that reason, do not write me. Children assume that I am dead because most famous scientists—like Archimedes, Galileo, and Isaac Newton—died centuries ago and only exist in old films and textbooks. It matters that my contribution to the development of the fastest supercomputers is studied in American schools. It matters because eventually, students of today will be the teachers of tomorrow. Eventually, teachers of yesterday will be companions to the 17th century Isaac Newton. So, I understood how important it will be for young black African Americans to see another black African American making a contribution to the development of the supercomputer. I discovered that it was not just for young black African Americans to see me in a leading role but for old white European American scientists to get accustomed to a young black African American as their scientific role model. I am not surprised that most students writing a school report on “Philip Emeagwali” assumed at the beginning that I died centuries ago. One student that wrote a school report on Philip Emeagwali was surprised to see me playing soccer with her father. And it resonates when a kid sees the inventor in her school report playing soccer with her father. I was in the public library in Baltimore, Maryland when I saw a 12-year-old and observed that he was writing a school report on “Philip Emeagwali.” To encourage him in his education and study of science, I put my hand on his shoulder and said: “Please allow me to introduce myself, I’m Philip Emeagwali.” He reacted as if I was a ghost. “I thought you’re dead,” the 12-year-old asked in disbelief. A year later, I saw him again. “What did your teacher say about your school report on me.” I asked. My teacher said: “Anthony, you don’t need to lie that Philip Emeagwali put his hand on your shoulder.”

I'm excited. So what is this place exactly? Okay, well this... It's- -an avatar dungeon. Basically, the main- -attraction is the many many avatars they have scattered around here. Basically, it's a- -puzzle dungeon at the same time. A lot of the avatars are hidden in rooms that you have to solve puzzles to- Oh, Ryan already found one! Wha..?! Do you know about this place? A little bit? What's over here? I've never been here. It's down here? Ow! You okay? Yeah. There we go. Woah! Oh. Well that's pretty sick. Yeah, Ryan already found- This is actually the one that took me and my friends the longest. The longest time to find. So, good job Ryan. Are you cheating? Ryan, you have a long history of cheating. You have a looooong history- Are you cheating? Careful with that gun, you're scaring me. I know, sorry! Woah. So as there is puzzle solving to do here, Like uhm... For Termina, I definitely- I can guide you guys everywhere. That's more just a tour, for sure. But this one has puzzles to solve, -so, I'm more so... -want to see you guys figure it out. I think you'd have a lot of fun. Alright, I'm excited. Ryan, are you cheating? Do you know this? Don't lie! Do you know this? What does that mean? Like, you've been here before? Done a little bit, but not finished? ...fine. If I catch you cheating, Ryan... NO! I didn't mean that! It was an accident! No, I didn't get you! I didn't get you! I'm sorry! That was an accident! You know the problem I got- No! Ryan! Come back! No, don't run down here! This is the worst place to run, we don't know where we are. Alright, I'm sorry. I'm sorry, buddy, I'm sorry. You're my partner in crime, I'm sorry. What's this way? Am I going the right way? This one, I'll just tell you straight up. That... uhm.. Oh... you can't jump out of here. Wait, how do I get- Ryan, you're drowning. Ryan... you're drowning... Yeah, I got stuck in there. This way leads to Termina. Ryan, you go first. I'm not going first. You go... You go first. We got a little hole here. Oh, this is legit like Zelda. Oh yeah. This just leads to Termina. This is how we get there normally. We're probably not gonna take that portal though, because... public worlds... Oh, got'cha, got'cha. Is Termina the Majora's Mask one? Yeah, and that one's huge. We can spend a lot of time on that one if you want to explore everything. Awww, I'm so excited to see that. Did you ever see Termina? Oh ho ho, let's go! You guys are going to love Termina. I'm so excite- Wait, did you ever play Majora's Mask, Ryan? You ever played? You've never played Zelda's Majora's Mask? Wha- Ryan, you've never seen a ██████, you've never played Majora's Mask, What- What are you doing? I really wished you've played, Ryan. I wish you played. It's like a classic, everybody has played it. Yeah, I hope you guys don't mind, I'm trying to more or less guide you, but not tell you answers or try to give away surprises or anything like that. Ca- You go around this corner, Ryan. You go first. I'm just gonna stand right in front of you. You gotta love the artwork on the wall. I do! I love it! This looks like in mario- Looks like one of the "OOOF" -guys in mario. -Oh yeah! -The heck is this? The heck is this? Go in, Ryan! Just run through it! Ryan! No! No! Ryan! Nagzz, okay. You see that picture right there? And there he goes. Oh my god. He didn't even look at it. He didn't even look at the picture. This is great. I'm loving this. Woah! There you go, Ryan got it. Woah. Really? That was it? It was that simple? Yeah, you just had to not step on the black stuff. I knew it! Alright, good. Okay. Alright. And now... Woah. "I'm sorry to inform you," "Niko has ventured-" "-deeper into the avatar dungeon." "Hope this doesn't inconvenience anyone." Who's Niko? I have no idea what that means. To be honest with you. Wha- I'm not looking for Niko, I'm- Ryan?! Ryan, Ryan. Don't. Don't push it...! Don't do it! Don't... D- Ryan...! Don't do- Ryan, don't do it! Ry- RY-! Wha-? Ryan! It's okay Nagzz, it's okay. Alright. Okay. Now we got a shortcut. So pressing that button gives you a shortcut? Nothing bad happens? So he actually did something good? Yup. Big red button. Generally buttons are good things. Around here. So we can keep going down that way, or we could explore more of this area. Your call. Alright, we'll go down. Well, this way, 'cuz that's| back to the entrance, right? So we should go this way. Okay. Woah. Alright, yeah. Alright, so you always put your hands- He made me go... Alright, I'm gonna be you, okay? You always put your hands up like this when you run across. I'm gonna do that option and put my hands out. I'm gonna try to- Try to balance. I got this. It looks It looks beautiful that he's tiptoeing across that. I got it. Woah. You can get this! Here we go. I believe in you, Ryan! Pfff, he runs at full speed. And then dabs. Woah. Oh, this part. I love this area. This is my favourite part. Woah. What is uhh- Ryan, go grab that gem. Oh, yeah. Alright, so we gotta figure out... Oh, I guess we gotta get to that tunnel over there somehow. Huh. No, Ryan! No! Ryan, you're gonna throw a rupee over there! What is that gonn- You know what? Try it. Might as well try. Might as well. I swear, if this works... Wh- I hope we didn't just lose because of that. I really hope we didn't just lose. It's okay, buddy. Good try. Alright, looks- Do we have to go- It's okay, we got a spare. Oh, we do? Woah! What the- Are we screwed now? Oh, wait, no! It's back! Alright, go ahead Ryan. You gotta land the shot. Third time's the charm. Whoa, Ryan! No! There he is! -knew he would find his way back. That's our guy! Alright. It's gotta be something with this ruby. Some sound effects really are important in here. You guys can't listen to the sound effects 'cuz that will turn on the music too. So I'm gonna try to describe and sound effects that happen when they happen, To the best of my ability. Alright, that'll work. Whoa, whoa whoa. Wha- Ry- He pulls out the lightsaber. What is that thing? What was that? I was waiting for that one. That's a hand! That's pretty creepy. Yeah, just another one of those surprises. Hahaha, he throws the- [laughter] I don't think Ryan likes them. Oh, man. I'm worried one of these will pop up again. Well, you might be right. You might not be. Wait, do we give the rupees to the hands maybe? Wait, where did Ryan go? Ryan? Ryan? Oh. Oh, oh! Wait a second, how did you know? How did you know about that?! How did you know how to get in there? [laughter] You promise you really didn't know? He might have figured out the puzzle. There's definitely hints to it. Alright, alright. Ryan is smart. Congratulations, we found another avatar room! Woah! Okay. Aww, that's pretty sick! Let's see what they got here... This is pretty awesome. So we can't eat it. So... Let's bring these up. Bring those rupees. I don't know if they'll be any good but bring them. Wait a second... I think Ryan found something. Because he's smart! Are you se- Oh, where the hands are, maybe? That's what- Alright, so now we got the- Where the hands are. Okay... I see. Ryan's smart. Ryan is definitely smart. Smart tomato, this little guy. -Alright, now I guess- -You're a genius, Ryan. I'll take one of these. You wanna take two, Ryan? Uhh, now that we've seen these avatars, we've seen what these are now. These are pretty cool. Alright. I know, you probably hate it. Now, what's... There's nothing down there... What the heck do we dohere? Well, I'll need to say for sure. Is that- The purple one is the best one to test this with, -because that one will just respawn here. The other ones will respawn all the way back in their rooms. That's true. Once it goes over the invisible wall, If we throw it high over. You wanna try throwing it high over? Maybe it's high. If that wall's there, I'm thinking high then. Whoa! No! [×8] Ryan! No! No, don't let me fall down here! No, no! Ryan! [×5] Give me your lightsaber, quick! Your lightsaber! No, don't drop the rupee down here! Keep it! We don't wanna lose that! No, oh- What is this gonna do, Ryan?! What is this gonna do?!! [distant] What's it gonna do, Ryan?!?! Oh hey, Ryan. There was a little sound effect that played for collecting money in the game when Joey fell down there. Oh, there he goes. You were holding on to these the whole time, weren't you? You might need to pick them up again. Am I in the wrong place? Joey! Woah! Oh my god, you scared me! Oh, there you are. Where'd the purple rupee go? Oh. Wha-?! Where'd the purple rupee go? It disappeared when you... uhh.. When you dropped it down the pit. Oh! Why is the tongue- Wait, we had to throw all the rupees down- -in this pit, down here? Yeah, just so you know, the money sound effects that I was hearing. When collecting coins, that sounded out. Alright, so now we throw 'em down there and- -we're sitting here throwing it over there. I get it now. I can't believe when I was falling you threw a purple gem- -at me. To save me. What was that gonna do... It did solve the puzzle! I didn't know what to say as to how that- -solution came about. Like, I was... So, in a way, I technically helped. I helped- [laughter] I helped solve it! 'cuz he threw it at me. So, in a way, I helped to solve it. Technically. Through your clumsiness and Ryan's lack of helpfulness, -you came together and solved the puzzle. You know what? That is said beautifully. If you recognise, kinda looks like uh... A boss door. Yeah, we need a key! Actually, in the Zelda games, you'd need a key for this door. Oh~ Okay, okay. So that's what it looks like. Where is this key? Ryan, we got to find the key. Where is the key... There's gotta be a key, I'm guessing. Good job finding this though, Ryan. If you search the place from- -start to finish, I'm sure you'll find it. ...start to finish, huh... You're saying start to finish. Start to finish... This was kinda where we started... Wait, "START" to finish. What does that mean? ...start to finish... Did we go down here? Yeah, that's where the water button was. Start to finish, huh? Start... to finish. Welp, oh. Look at that. Look at that. Let's do it. That's it. See? He kept saying start to finish, and I was like, wait, "Start"... ...to finish. Bring that key, let's do it. I'm excited. [hums reveal sound effect from the Zelda games] Ryan's real good at this... He's frickin'... Really good. No, no...! [laughter] Oh man. Oh, that's... sick. Oh, that's awesome! Just like in the game... Oh, that's nice. That's awesome. So guys, we did it! Little bit of help from you, bud! Yeah, you guys solved all the puzzles! Good job Ryan, you did awesome. You did fantastic. Awesome. You guys were amazing. Awesome. I'm excited. Should we... uhh Have some Majora's Mask? Alright. I'm pretty pumped, you've been an excellent tour guide, thank you very much! [🎵Outro Music: ['Linked [NCS Release]' by Jim Yosef & Anna Yvette]🎵]

[music playing]

English: - [Voiceover] How many more bikes does Bike World have than Bikes R Us? So let's compare Bike World to Bikes R Us. So Bike World is right over here and we see that Bike World, if we just look at this right over here, Bike World has 19 bikes, has 19 bikes. And they wanted us to compare Bike World to Bikes R Us and say how many more bikes does Bike World have than Bikes R Us? So Bike World has 19, how many does Bikes R Us have? This is Bikes R Us right over here, Bikes R Us has, Bikes R Us has 12 bicycles. So how many more does Bike World have than Bikes R Us? Well we can just subtract Bikes R Us's number of bikes from Bike World's, 19 minus 12. What is that going to be? Well if we look at the ones place, nine ones minus two ones is seven ones, Japanese: [ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]は[ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]より どのくらい多く自転車を持っていますか？ さぁ、[ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]を[ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]と比べてみましょう。 そう、[ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]はまさにこれ そして[ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]がわかります。 ここに見えるだけなら、 [ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]は１９台自転車を持っています、 １９台の自転車。 質問は、[ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]を[ﾊﾞｲｸｽ　ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]と比べることを求めています。 こう言っています、どのくらい多くの自転車を[ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]は [ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]より持っているか そう、[ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]は１９台持っています、 [ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]はどのくらい持っているでしょうか？ [ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]はまさにこれ、 [ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]が持っているのは、 [ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]は、１２台自転車を持っています。 さて、どのくらい多く[ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]は[ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]より持っていますか？ そう、[ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]の自転車の数を [ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]から引き算するだけです、19 ﾏｲﾅｽ(引く) 12 どうなるでしょう？ そう、１の位をを見てみると、 1の位 9 ﾏｲﾅｽ(引く) 1の位 2 は1の位 7, Thai: ร้าน Bike World มีจักรยาน มากกว่า Bikes R Us กี่คัน? ลองเปรียบเทียบ Bike World กับ Bikes R Us กัน Bike World อยู่ตรงนี้ และเราเห็นว่า Bike World ถ้าเราดูมันตรงนี้ Bike World มีจักรยาน 19 คัน มี 19 คัน แล้วเขาอยากให้เราเปรียบเทียบ Bike World กับ Bikes R Us แล้วถามว่า Bike World มีจักรยานมากกว่า Bikes R Us กี่คัน? Bike World มี 19 คัน Bikes R Us มีกี่คัน? นี่คือ Bikes R Us ตรงนี้ Bikes R Us มี Bikes R Us มีจักรยาน 12 คัน Bike World มีจักรยานมากกว่า Bikes R Us อยู่กี่คัน? เราลบจำนวนจักรยานของ Bikes R Us ออกจาก Bike World ได้ 19 ลบ 12 มันจะเป็นเท่าใด? ทีนี้ถ้าเราดูหลักหน่วย 9 หน่วยลบ 2 หน่วยเป็น 7 หน่วย Vietnamese: - [Voiceover] Thế Giới Xe Đạp có nhiều hơn Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta bao nhiêu chiếc xe đạp? Chúng ta hãy so sánh Thế Giới Xe Đạp và Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta . Thế Giớ Xe Đạp ở ngay đây và chúng ta thấy rằng Thế Giới Xe Đạp, nếu chúng ta nhìn vào ngay đây, Thế Giới Xe Đạp có 19 chiếc xe đạp, 19 chiếc xe đạp. Và họ muốn chúng ta so sánh Thế Giới Xe Đạp với Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta và nói rằng Thế Giới Xe Đạp có nhiều hơn Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta bao nhieu chiếc xe đạp? Thế Giới Xe Đạp có 19 chiếc xe, còn Xe Đạpp Là Chúng Ta có bao nhiêu chiếc xe? Xe Đạp Là CHúng Ta ở ngay đây, Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta có, Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta có 12 chiếc xe đạp. Thế Giới Xe Đạp có nhiều hơn Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta bao nhiêu ? Chúng ta có thể trừ đi số xe đạp của Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta's number từ số xe đạp của Thế Giớ Xe Đạp's, 19 trừ 12. Nó sẽ bằng bao nhiêu? Nào nếu chúng ta nhìn vào chỗ này, 9 đơn vị trừ 2 đơn vị là 7 đơn vị, Italian: Quante biciclette ha BikeWorld più di BikeRUs? Confrontiamoli BikeWorld è qui - ha 19 biciclette Dobbiamo confrontarlo con BikeRUs e contare quante di più ne ha BikeWorld ne ha 19 Quante ne ha BikeRUs? BikeRUs ne ha 12 Quante di più ne ha BikeWorld? Basta sottrarre quelle di BikeRUs da quelle di BikeWorld 19 meno 12 Quanto fa? Cominciamo dalle unità 9 - 2 fa 7 [unità] Swahili (macrolanguage): Je, Bike World wana baiskeli ngapi kuliko Bikes R Us? Hebu tulinganishe kati ya Bike World na Bikes R Us. Hii hapa ni Bike World na tunaiona Bike World, tukitazama hapa, Bike World ina baiskeli 19, ni hizi hapa. Wanahitaji tulinganishe kati ya Bike World na Bikes R Us tuwaambie je, ni kiasi gani cha baiskeli ambacho Bike World inaizidi Bikes R Us? Bike World ina baiskeli 19, je, Bikes R Us ina kiasi gani? Hii hapa ni Bikes R Us, ambayo ina, baiskeli 12. Je, Bike World ina kiasi gani zaidi ya Bikes R Us? Hapa tunatoa idadi ya baiskeli za Bikes R Us kwa idadi ya baiskeli za Bike World's, 19 toa 12. ambayo inakuwa ngapi? Tuangalie kwenye nafasi ya mamoja, mamoja tisa kutoa kwa mamoja mawili sawasawa na mamoja saba, Romanian: Cu câte biciclete are mai mult Bike World decât Bikes R Us? Hai să comparăm Bike World cu Bikes R Us. Deci Bike World este chiar aici și vedem că Bike World, cea la care tocmai ne-am uitat, Bike World are 19 biciclete. Are 19 biciclete. Ni se cere să comparăm Bike World cu Bikes R Us și să spunem cu câte biciclete are mai mult Bike World decât Bikes R Us. Deci, Bike World are 19. Câte are Bikes R Us? Bikes R Us este cel de aici. El are, Bikes R Us are 12 biciclete. Deci, cu câte biciclete are mai mult Bike World decât Bike R Us? Ei bine, putem doar să scădem numărul bicicletelor de la Bikes R Us din numărul bicicletelor de la Bike World, 19 minus 12. Cât vom obține? Ei bine, dacă ne uităm la unități, nouă unități minus două unități face șapte unități Georgian: რამდენით მეტი ველოსიპედი აქვს ველო–სამყაროს, ვიდრე "ჩვენ, ველოსიპედებს"? შევადაროთ ეს ორი ერთმანეთს. აი, ეს არის "ველო–სამყარო". და თუ ამას დავაკვირდებით, ვნახავთ, რომ ველო–სამყაროს 19 ველოსიპედი აქვს. ჩავწეროთ: 19 ველოსიპედი. "ველო–სამყაროს" ველოსიპედების რაოდენობა შევადაროთ "ჩვენ, ველოსიპედების" რაოდენობას გვეკითხებიან: რამდენით მეტი აქვს ველო–სამყაროს, ვიდრე "ჩვენ, ველოსიპედებს"? უკვე ვიცით, რომ "ველო–სამყაროს" აქვს 19 და რამდენი აქვს "ჩვენ, ველოსიპედებს?" ეს არის "ჩვენ, ველოსიპედების" მონაცემები. "ჩვენ, ველოსიპედებს" აქვს 12 ველოსიპდი. ახლა ვუპასუხოთ, რამდენით მეტი აქვს "ველო–სამყაროს?" შეგვიძლია უბრალოდ გამოვაკლოთ პირველს მეორე 19 მინუს 12 – რას უდრის ეს? დავიწყოთ ერთეულებით. ცხრას მინუს ორი შვიდია. Korean: 바이크 월드(Bike World)에는 바이크 알 어스(Bike R Us)보다 자전거가 몇 대 더 많을까요? 두 그래프를 비교해 봅시다 바이크 월드 그래프를 보면 자전거가 19대 있죠 그렇다면 바이크 월드에는 바이크 알 어스와 비교했을 때 자전거가 몇 대 더 많이 있을까요? 바이크 월드에는 자전거가 19대 있습니다 바이크 알 어스에는 자전거가 몇 대 있을까요? 바이크 알 어스의 그래프를 보면 자전거가 12대 있네요 바이크 월드의 자전거 대수에서 바이크 알 어스의 자전거 대수를 빼서 바이크 월드가 바이크 알 어스보다 자전거가 몇 대 더 많은지 알 수 있습니다 19 - 12를 계산해 볼까요? 일의 자리 먼저 볼게요 9 - 2 = 7이고 Dutch: Hoeveel fietsen heeft Bike World méér dan Bikes R Us? Laten we Bike World met Bikes R Us vergelijken. Bike World staat hier, en we zien dat Bike World, als we hier kijken, 19 fietsen heeft. 19 fietsen. En we moeten Bike World met Bikes R Us vergelijken. Hoeveel méér fietsen heeft Bike World ... dan Bikes R Us? Bike World heeft er dus 19. Hoeveel heeft Bikes R Us? Hier staat Bikes R Us. Bikes R Us heeft 12 fietsen. Hoeveel fietsen heeft Bike World dus méér dan Bikes R Us? We kunnen gewoon het aantal van Bikes R Us aftrekken van het aantal van Bike World. 19 min 12. Hoeveel is dat? Als we naar de eenheden kijken, 9 eenheden min 2 eenheden is 7 eenheden. Finnish: Kuinka monta pyörää enemmän Bike Worldillä on kuin Bike R Usilla? Verrataan näitä kahta. Bike World on täällä näin ja näemme, että sillä on -- jos katsomme tästä -- 19 pyörää. Eli Bike Worldillä on 19 pyörää. Sitä on tarkoitus verrata Bikes R Usiin ja laskea kuinka monta pyörää enemmän Bike Worldillä on kuin Bikes R Usilla. Eli Bike Worldillä on 19, kuinka monta on Bikes R Usilla? Bikes R Us on tässä, sillä on... 12 polkupyörää. Eli kuinka monta pyörää Bike Worldillä on enemmän kuin Bikes R Usilla? Voimme suoraan vähentää Bikes R Usin pyörien lukumäärän Bike Worldin pyörien lukumäärästä eli 19 miinus 12. Mitä se tekee? Katsotaan ensin ykkösiä. 9 ykköstä miinus 2 ykköstä on 7 ykköstä. Ukrainian: [Голос за кадром] На скільки велосипедів більше має "Bike World", ніж "Bikes R Us"? Давайте порівняємо "Bike World" і "Bikes R Us". Отож, "Bike World" знаходиться ось тут якщо ми поглянемо сюди, то побачимо, що "Bike World" налічує 19 велосипедів 19 велосипедів. Варто порівняти "Bike World" і " Bikes R Us" і з'ясувати на скільки велосипедів більше має "Bike World" в порівнянні з "Bikes R Us". Отже, "Bike World" нараховує 19 одиниць Скільки ж налічує " Bikes R Us"? " Bikes R Us" знаходиться ось тут, " Bikes R Us" має "Bikes R Us" нараховує 12 велосипедів. Отож, на скільки велосипедів більше має "Bike World" у порівнянні з " Bikes R Us"? Ми можемо відняти кількість велосипедів "Bikes R Us" від велосипедів "Bike World", 19 відняти 12. Що ж ми отримаємо? Давайте подивимось, дев'ять відняти два дорівнює сім, Bulgarian: Колко повече велосипеда имат Bike World в сравнение с Bikes R Us? Нека да сравним Bike World и Bikes R Us. Bike World е ето тук. Виждаме, че Bike World... Ако просто погледнем този стълб ето тук, Bike World имат 19 велосипеда. И се иска да сравним Bike World с Bikes R Us и да кажем колко повече велосипеда имат Bike World в сравнение с Bikes R Us. И така, Bike World имат 19. А колко имат Bikes R Us? Ето това са Bikes R Us. Bikes R Us имат 12 велосипеда. Значи колко повече имат Bike World от Bikes R Us? Може просто да извадим велосипедите на Bikes R Us от велосипедите на Bike World, 19 минус 12. Колко ще се получи? Добре, ако погледнем реда на единиците, 9 единици минус 2 единици е 7 единици, Burmese: စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာက စက်ဘီးအာယူထက် စက်ဘီးဘယ်နှစ်စီးပိုရှိသလဲ စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာကို စက်ဘီးအာယူနဲ့ယှဥ်ကြည့်ရအောင် စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာကဒီမှာ ဒီနေရာကိုကြည့်လိုက်ရင် စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာမှာ စက်ဘီး ၁၉ စီးရှိတာကို တွေ့နိုင်တယ် သူတို့က စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာကို စက်ဘီး အာယူနဲ့နှိုင်းယှဉ်ပြီး စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာက စက်ဘီးအာယူထက် စက်ဘီးဘယ်နှစ်စီးပိုရှိလဲဆိုတာကို သိချင်တယ် ဒီတော့ စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာမှာ ၁၉ စီး စက်ဘီး အာယူမှာ ဘယ်နှစ်စီးရှိသလဲ ဒါက စက်ဘီးအာယူ စက်ဘီးအာယူမှာ စက်ဘီး ၁၂ စီးရှိတယ် ဒီတော့ စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာမှာ စက်ဘီးအာယူထက် စက်ဘီးဘယ်နှစ်စီးပိုရှိသလဲ ဟုတ်ပြီ စက်ဘီးအာယူနံပါတ်ထဲက စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာနံပါတ်ကို နှုတ်လိုက်ရုံပဲ ၁၉ − ၁၂ ဒါက ဘာဖြစ်မလဲ ဟုတ်ပြီ ခုနေရာကိုကြည့်လိုက်ရင် ၉ အနှုတ် ၁ နှစ်ခုက ၇ ခု Serbian: "Колико више бицикала има 'Свет бицикала' него што их има 'Бицикли-смо-ми'?" Па, хајде да упоредимо "Свет бицикала" са "Бицикли-смо-ми". "Свет бицикала" је овај овде и видимо да "Свет бицикала", ако погледамо ово овде, да "Свет бицикала" има 19 бицикала, има 19 бицикала. И желели су да упоредимо "Свет бицикала" и "Бицикли-смо-ми" и да кажемо колико више бицикала има "Свет бицикала" у односу на "Бицикли-смо-ми". Дакле, "Свет бицикала" има 19, а колико их има "Бицикли-смо-ми"? Ово овде је "Бицикли-смо-ми", "Бицикли-смо-ми" има... "Бицикли-смо-ми" има 12 бицикала. И, колико више има "Свет бицикала" него "Бицикли-смо-ми"? Па, можемо просто да одузмемо број бицикала које има "Бицикли-смо-ми" од броја које има "Свет бицикала", 19 минус 12. Чему ће то бити једнако? Па, ако погледамо место јединица, девет минус две јединице је седам јединица, Ukrainian: один відняти один дорівнює нуль. Я можу написати нуль перед одиницями, але так писати не треба. Отже, на 7 велосипедів більше має "Bike World". Це видно ось тут. Якщо почати з " Bikes R Us", Якщо почали від " Bikes R Us" і підніматися вверх, можна побачити скільки велосипедів варто додати, щоб зрівняти кількість з "Bike World", Як бачите, варто підніматися від 12 до 19, або ж додати сім велосипедів, "Bike World" має на 7 велосипедів більше, ніж " Bikes R Us", один, два, три, чотири, п'ять, шість, сім. Отже, на скільки велосипедів більше має "Bike World", ніж " Bikes R Us"? На сім велосипедів більше. Georgian: ერთ ათეულს მინუს ერთი ათეული ნული ათეული შეგვიძლია ჩავწეროთ ნული ათეული, მაგრამ ეს საჭირო არაა. შვიდი ველოსიპედით მეტი აქვს "ველო– სამყაროში" ვიდრე "ჩვენ,ველოსიპედებში". ამის დანახვა დიაგრამაზეც შეგიძლიათ. თუ აქედან დაიწყებთ, "ჩვენ, ველოსიპედების" მონაცემებიდან და დაითვლით, რამდენი ველოსიპედი უნდა დაამატოთ, რომ იმდენივე მიიღოთ, რამდენიც "ველო–სამყაროს" აქვს, თქვენ დაინახავთ, რომ 12–დან 19–მდე უნდა ახვიდეთ, შვიდი ველოსიპედი უნდა დაამატოთ, იმიტომ რომ "ველო–სამყაროს" შვიდით მეტი ველოსიპედი აქვს, ვიდრე "ჩვენ ველოსიპედებს" დავითვალოთ: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. რამდენით მეტი ველოსიპედი აქვს ველო–სამყაროს, ვიდრე "ჩვენ, ველოსიპედებს"? მას აქვს შვიდი ველოსიპედით მეტი. Finnish: Ja kymmenen miinus kymmenen tekee ei yhtään kymmentä. Kirjoitan, ettei kymmeniä ole, mutta sitä ei tarvitsisi kirjoittaa. Eli Bike Worldillä on 7 pyörää enemmän kuin Bike R Usilla. Sen voi nähdä myös täältä. Jos aloittaa -- Jos aloittaa Bikes R Usista ja haluaa katsoa montako pitää lisätä jotta pääsee samaan lukuun kuin Bike Worldillä, näkee että täytyy päästä luvusta 12 lukuun 19 eli täytyy lisätä seitsemän pyörää. Eli Bike Worldillä on seitsemän pyörää enemmän. Yksi, kaksi, kolme, neljä, viisi, kuusi, seitsemän. Montako pyörää enemmän on Bike Worldillä kuin Bikes R Usilla? Sillä on seitsemän pyörää enemmän. Serbian: и онда једна десетица минус једна децетица даје ништа десетица. Могао бих да напишем ништа десетица овде, али не морам то да напишем. Дакле, "Свет бицикала" има седам бицикала више него "Бицикли-смо-ми". И то такође можете видети и овде. Ако почнете са "Бицикли-смо-ми", ако би почели са "Бицикли-смо-ми" и ако би желели да идете... ако би желели да видите колико још бицикала би морао да додам, како би дошао до истог броја бицикала као што то има "Свет бицикала". Видели бисте да би морали да идете од 12 до 19. Односно, морали би да додате седам бицикала, односно да "Свет бицикала" има седам бицикала више него "Бицикли-смо-ми", један, два, три, четири, пет, шест, седам. Дакле, колико "Свет бицикала" има више бицикала од "Бицикли-смо-ми"? Он има седам бицикала више. Thai: แล้ว 1 สิบ ลบ 1 สิบไม่เหลือสิบ ผมเขียนไม่มีสิบ แต่ผมไม่ต้องเขียนก็ได้ Bike World จึงมีจักรยานมากกว่าเจ็ดคัน เทียบกับ Bikes R Us คุณเห็นได้ตรงนี้ด้วย ถ้าคุณเริ่มที่ Bikes R Us ถ้าคุณเริ่มที่ Bikes R Us และถ้าคุณอยากขึ้นไป คุณอยากเห็นว่ามีจักรยานอีกกี่คัน จึงจะได้จำนวนจักรยาน เท่ากับ Bike World คุณเห็นได้ว่าคุณต้องไปจาก 12 ถึง 19 หรือคุณต้องเพิ่มจักรยาน 7 คัน หรือ Bike World มีจักรยานมากกว่า Bikes R Us อยู่ 7 คัน 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Bike World มีจักรยานมากกว่า Bikes R Us กี่คัน? มีจักรยานมากกว่า 7 คัน Swahili (macrolanguage): hivyo, makumi moja kutoa kwa makumi moja. Jawabu ni sifuri, ambayo hatuiandiki mbele ya namba hapo. Hivyo, Bike World ina baiskeli saba zaidi ya Bikes R Us. unaweza kuiona hapa. Ukianza kwenye Bikes R Us, inaanzia hapa unahitaji kwenda na pia unahitaji kujua ni baiskeli ngapi zaidi natakiwa niwe nazo ilinifike kwenye namba ileile ya baiskeli za Bike World, ungepaswa kwenda kuanzia 12 mpaka 19, au ungepaswa kuongeza baiskeli saba. Bike World wana baiskeli saba zaidi ya Bikes R Us, moja, mbili, tatu, nne, tano, sita, saba. Je, ni kiasi gani cha baiskeli ambacho, Bike World inaizidi Bikes R Us ? Inaizidi kwa baiskeli saba. English: and then one ten minus one ten is no tens. I could write no tens there but I don't have to write that. So there's seven more bikes at Bike World than Bikes R Us. And you can also see it here. If you start at Bikes R Us, If you were to start at Bikes R Us and you wanted to go and you wanted to see how many more bikes would I have to get to the same number of bikes as Bike World, you would see that you would have to go from 12 to 19, or you would have to add seven bikes, or that Bike World has seven more bicycles than Bikes R Us, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven. So how many more bikes does Bike World have than Bikes R Us? It has seven more bikes. Italian: e poi 1 decina - 1 decina fa 0 [decine] Non c'è bisogno di scrivere lo zero qui BikeWorld ha 7 biciclette di più Lo vedete qui Partiamo da BikeRUs e per arrivare alla stessa altezza di BikeWorld devo aggiungere 7 biciclette ovvero BikeWorld ha 7 biciclette in più di BikeRUs 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 BikeWorld ha 7 biciclette più di BikeRUs Vietnamese: và sau đó một chục trừ một chục là 0. Thầy có thể viết 0 ở đây nhưng thây không cần viết nó ra. Vậy Thế Giới Xe Đạp có nhiều hơn Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta là 7 chiếc xe đạp. Và các em cũng có thể thấy điều đó ở đây. Nếu chúng ta bắt đầu ở Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta, Nếu các em bắt đầu ở Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta và các em muốn đi và các em muốn thấy cần thêm bao nhiêu chiếc xe đạp để có được con số giống như của Thế Giớ Xe Đạp, các em sẽ thấy mình uốn đi từ 12 đến 19, hoặc các em sẽ cho thêm 7 chiếc xe đạp vào, hoặc Thế Giới Xe Đạp có nhiều hơn Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta 7 chiếc xe đạp, một, hai, ba, bốn, năm , sáu, bảy. Vậy Thế Giới Xe Đạp có nhiều hơn Xe Đạp Là Chúng Ta bao nhiêu chiếc xe đạp? Nó có nhiều hơn bảy chiếc xe đạp. Japanese: そして、10の位 1 ﾏｲﾅｽ(引く) 10の位 1 は10の位 なし。 私は10の位なしを書けるけれど、それを書かなくてもよいです。 ですから[ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]は７台多くの自転車が、[ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]よりもあります。 そして、これでわかるように [ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]で始めて、 [ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]で始めた場合、 そして向かっていくと どのくらい多くの自転車があるかわかってきます。 [ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]の自転車と同じ数を 得る必要があります。 わかりますね、12から19へ向かうでしょう、 または７台の自転車を加えることになるでしょう。 または、[ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]は[ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]より、7台多くの自転車を持っています、 1, 2 ,3, 4, 5, 6, 7。 ですから、[ﾊﾞｲｸﾜｰﾙﾄﾞ]は[ﾊﾞｲｸｽ ｱｰﾙ ｱｽ]よりどのくらい多く自転車を持っていますか？ それは、7台多く持っています。 Dutch: En 1 tiental min 1 tiental is nul tientallen. Ik zou hier dus 0 tientallen kunnen schrijven, maar dat hoeft niet. Er zijn dus 7 fietsen meer in Bike World dan in Bikes R Us. En dat kan je hier ook zien. Als je bij Bikes R Us begint, Als je bij Bikes R Us begint, en je wilt zien hoeveel fietsen ik méér moet hebben om evenveel fietsen te krijgen als Bike World, dan zie je dat je van 12 naar 19 moet gaan. Je moet dus 7 fietsen optellen. Bike World heeft dus 7 fietsen méér dan Bikes R Us. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Hoeveel fietsen heeft Bike World dus méér dan Bikes R Us? 7 fietsen meer. Romanian: și apoi zece minus zece rămânem cu zero zeci. Am putea scrie 0 zeci aici, dar nu este nevoie să o facem. Deci, la Bike World sunt cu șapte biciclete mai mult decât la Bikes R Us. Putem, de asemenea, să vedem aici. Dacă pornim de la Bikes R Us deci, începem de la Bikes R Us și vrem să ajungem, să vedem câte biciclete mai trebuie, ca să avem același număr ca la Bike World, trebuie să ajungem de la 12 la 19, adică să adunăm șapte biciclete. Așadar, Bike World are cu șapte biciclete mai mult decât Bikes R Us: una, două, trei, patru, cinci, șase, șapte. Deci, cu câte biciclete are mai mult Bike World decât Bikes R Us? Are cu șapte biciclete mai mult. Burmese: ၁၀ တစ်ခု အနှုတ် ၁၀ က သုညဆယ် သုညဆယ်ကို ဒီမှာရေးလို့ရတယ် ဒါပေမယ့်ရေးစရာမလိုဘူး ဒီတော့ စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာက စက်ဘီးအာယူထက် စက်ဘီး ၇ စီးပိုရှိတယ် ဒါကို ဒီမှာတွေ့နိုင်တယ် စက်ဘီးအာယူကနေစတယ် စက်ဘီးအာယူကနေ စမယ်ဆိုရင် စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာမှာရှိသလောက် စက်ဘီးကိုရဖို့ ဘယ်လောက်ပေါင်းထည့်ရမလဲဆိုတာကို တွက်ရင် ဒီကိန်းကိုပဲရမယ် ဒီကိန်းအတူတူကိုရမယ် ၁၂ ကနေ ၁၉ ကိုရဖို့ စက်ဘီး ၇ စီးကိုပေါင်းထည့်ရမယ် ဒါမှမဟုတ် စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာမှာ စက်ဘီးအာယူထက် ၁၊ ၂၊ ၃၊ ၄၊ ၅၊ ၆၊ ၇ စီးပိုရှိတယ် ဒီတော့ စက်ဘီးကမ္ဘာမှာ စက်ဘီးအာယူထက် ဘယ်နှစ်စီးပိုရှိသလဲ ၇ စီးပိုရှိတယ် Bulgarian: и после, 1 десетица минус 1 десетица е 0 десетици. Бих записал 0 десетици, но не е нужно това да се пише. Следователно Bike World имат 7 велосипеда повече от Bikes R Us. Може да видиш това и тук. Ако започнеш от Bikes R Us, ако започнеш от Bikes R Us и искаш да стигнеш до... Да видиш колко още велосипеда са нужни, за да стигнеш до същия брой велосипеди като този на Bike World, ще видиш, че трябва да преминеш от 12 до 19, или че трябва да добавиш 7 велосипеда, или че Bike World имат 7 велосипеда повече от Bikes R Us, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. И така, колко повече велосипеда имат Bike World в сравнение с Bikes R Us? Те имат 7 велосипеда повече. Korean: 10 - 10 = 0이죠 따라서 바이크 월드에 있는 자전거는 바이크 알 어스보다 7대 더 많아요 다른 방법으로 풀어 보자면 바이크 알 어스의 자전거 대수가 바이크 월드의 자전거 대수와 같아지려면 얼마나 필요한지 계산할 수 있습니다 12에 7을 더해야 19와 같아지겠죠 따라서 바이크 월드에 있는 자전거가 바이크 알 어스보다 7대 더 많습니다 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 바이크 월드의 자전거 대수는 바이크 알 어스보다 7대 더 많습니다

ANNOUNCER: This is the production of Cornell University. BUD JERMY: Good evening. And welcome to the last summer session lecture, regular lecture. Tomorrow night, we have a bonus. Joyce Carol Oates will be here and at the same time. And I would invite you back for that. Please silence all electronic devices. And I want to also thank Kathryn Boor, the Dean of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, for the use of the hall. She's been very generous with us this year. My name is Bud Jermy, and I'm from the School of Continuing Education and Summer Sessions. And we're glad to have you here. Ailong Ke is a professor in Cornell's Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics. He is a member of the graduate field of biochemistry, molecular and cell biology, the graduate field of physics, and the graduate field of chemistry and chemical biology. His research focuses on CRISPR interference and RNA-guided defense mechanism in bacteria and prokaryotic microorganisms. And his work has been published in Nature, Science, and Cell. In 2018, he was the recipient of the RNA Society of Mid-Career Award, and also the inaugural Provost Research Innovation Award in the Life Sciences at Cornell. Ailong has an undergraduate degree in biology from the University of Science and Technology of China and the PhD in biophysics from the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Before coming to Cornell, he was a postdoctoral researcher with Jennifer Doudna at the University of California, Berkeley. Ailong is a leader in developing a new type of gene-editing CRISPR system that he and his colleagues have used in human cells for the first time. This method is a major advance in the field, and that is what he will be telling us about tonight. CRISPR gene editing moves out of the laboratory and into human testing. [APPLAUSE] AILONG KE: Thank you, Bud. So I was told this is going to be a diverse set of audience. And so I really broadened my talk. And so my own research is going to be a fraction of it. And so I want to touch base more on basically putting CRISPR into the general picture and giving you an overview of where the industry is and ethical issues related to editing. Maybe some of you are more interested in hearing that. And so without further ado, I guess, I'll move on to the intro. And so this is my attempt to make it to the general audience. I might have gone too far. So if I did that, excuse me. So I'm a sci-fi fan. So I started-- I want to start with this movie by Steven Spielberg, basically a adaptation of Joyce Wells' novel The War of the Worlds. So, the storyline was that the aliens in one day basically started their pre-meditated invasion to Earth. They were beamed into those tripods, which were hidden on Earth. And then they fired these machines up. And this is when they make that loud horn. And within 10 seconds, they start to fire their primary weapon and start to basically zap humans to vaporize humans. And it was a pretty desperate situation. They were grazing on Earth, picking up human beings as candies and converting us to fertilizers. And no human weapons were effective against them. So it was really a hell kind of a situation. And so what I liked the most was the abrupt ending at the end when just all in a sudden, they dropped dead. And so they seemed to have died from diarrhea or other kind of diseases. And so that's the interesting part. And so they said that from the moment they invade, these invaders arrive, start to breathe our air, eat and drink, they're doomed. So destroyed by the tiny creatures on Earth, which as a biologist, I assume were the microbes. And so what I'm trying to allude to is why do we earn our right to survive? So I want to basically point out that word. We have immunity. So over the billions of years at the expense of billions of lives, we developed our immunity and our right basically to survive among this planet's infinite organisms. So here, "we" in the movie refers to human beings. And so basically all vertebrates share the same type of immunity. So this refers to a subset of white blood cells, the B cells and T cells. And they have an island in their genome that seems to evolve really fast, give rise to all kinds of diversity. And that gives rise to different kinds of proteins. So in the B cells, these are the antibodies displayed or secreted into the environment. And then for B cells, these are the receptors on the surface. And the B cells were able to use antibodies to neutralize the pathogens, and the bacterias, the viruses. And the T cells were able to basically kill all the barren cells in our body. And we really benefited from these cells, and not only to await the war against the aliens. But a rough understanding of the system already give us the technology, the vaccination. So we start to gain memories against pathogens that we have never seen before. And the hardest therapy in town against cancer is this immunotherapy. So essentially what I want to say is that immunity system is really, really important for multicellular organisms. And it turns out that "we" not only refers to these kind of organisms. In microbes-- so these microbes, the prokaryotes, also rely on adaptive immunity system to survive. This is because they also face a very tough environment. So if you just take a drop of water from sea or from Beebe Lake and you stain for nuclear acids, what you will see is that basically DNA is from eukaryotes, bacterias. And then in the background, you see those tiny dots and they come from viruses against bacteria. So on average, each given bacteria is surrounded by viruses in a ratio of 10 to 1. And so it's a very tough environment for the bacteria to survive. And so here's a picture of the bacteria surrounded by a swarm of bacteriophages waiting to gain access into the resources inside and basically multiply into more viral particles. And so here are two bacterial cells kissing each other. A simple exchange of genetic material could lead to a transmission of a mobile genetic element or a prophage that cause death in the recipient cells. And so over the years, that bacteria also evolved a adaptive immunity system. And this turns out to be not a protein-based immunity system, but a nuclear acid-based immunity system. So that's the thing. A long twist, but this is where I'm trying to get at. This involves a CRISPR locus constant repeats in their space by variable spacers. And there's a close CRISPR-associated operon involving proteins that contain activities, nucleuses, RNA-binding proteins, et cetera, et cetera. So when I started my independent career here at Cornell, that was 2005. And the name CRISPR was never mentioned in-- well, at least I didn't hear about it in the literature. And it was one day my colleague Matt DeLisa knocked on the door in 2008. So he was trying to engineer a metabolic pathway. And his genes kept being silenced by some mysterious bacteria systems. And he was diligent enough to have done a genetic screening and stumbled onto this CRISPR-Cas systems. And he did some literature search and found some very interesting papers. And so he knocked on my door and said, maybe we should collaborate and study those systems because you are an RNA expert. So, the paper he was referring to was this paper by Eugene Koonin So he's an informaticist. And so based on various primitive observations that the variable spacers in the CRISPR array here seem to match the sequences in bacteriophages, the viruses, and mobile genetic elements against phages, and these CRISPR associate operons contain all sorts of genes working on nuclear acids, and so just based on these primitive observations, he came up with the hypothesis that this entire system is an RNA-based immunity system in prokaryotes against basically foreign genetic acids-- foreign nuclear acids. And the basic principle he hypothesized is similar to the eukaryotic RNA interference system. So that was really, really interesting. And so if he didn't point me to this paper, I would have never read that journal Biology Direct. So that was really serendipitous for me. And so at a time when we did literature search, there were maybe 36 papers in the entire Pubnet. So it was really wild west in this subject. And so there was just one paper published in 2007 providing experimental evidence that CRISPR indeed is an adaptive immunity system that provides protection for prokaryotes against viruses. So that was reassuring. And then around half a year later, there was a paper by Erik Sontheimer and Marraffini, saying that interestingly, the CRISPR were targeting double-stranded DNA rather than single-stranded RNA. So that was unexpected because we were looking at RNA interference, which target single-stranded RNA. And it turns out that implementations already reported three different times of CRISPRs. So it appears that the CRISPR systems are quite diverse. So they may have evolved from different origins. And so many here probably knew the name Cas9 here. At the time, it was not called Cas9. It was something called csm1. And it was one of these CRISPRs. So, it's a very diverse system. And somehow it was able to acquire new DNAs into the array and acquire new memories. And based on the analogy to the RNA interference, we were expecting that some of the proteins here in the Cas operon will form a factor complex with the guide RNA. And together, they should be able to find a target and somehow destroy it. The burning question at the time was that, so if it were RNAI, we would have understood it from day one that basically it involves [? wasper ?] pairing between the guide and the target. But our target here is a double-stranded DNA. How does the RNA find a matching sequence that's buried in a duplex DNA? So that was very puzzling at the time. So the other puzzling question was that basically if you look at the guide RNA, so it has a perfect match in the foreign DNA, but also a perfect match in the CRISPR array. So how does it distinguish what's foreign DNA and what self DNA and prevent auto-immunity from killing-- cleaning the self DNA and cause basically death? So the same question was answered first. And so but informaticists basically said that the foreign target is always flanked by something called protospacer adjacent motif. The short sequence identifies-- basically earmarks the target. And the equivalent position in the CRISPR array essentially disallow target searching in that array. So then this is self, and that's foreign. So the second question was solved by biochemists. Essentially they demonstrated that in order to find the target, the effector complex has to unwind double strand DNA and basically promote base pairing between the guide RNA and the target strand DNA. And this effectively loops out the non-target strand DNA. So, we're forming something called an R-loop intermediate. And so that's an essential process in every CRISPR system that targets DNA. And it just turns out that some time later, people started to realize that the nucleuses in the CRISPR systems almost exclusively target single-stranded DNA. So essentially you have to open the R-loop, expose DNA in the single-strand formed, then cleave them. And this is a quality control mechanism to prevent aberrant targeting-- a premature targeting of a near target. And things become really interesting in 2012 when Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuel Charpentier published this paper in Science essentially reported the biochemical reconstitution of the CRISPR/Cas9-based DNA targeting in test tube. And then demonstrated that you can change the guide and program the Cas9 to target a different guide. And essentially you have a programmable nucleus that you can use to target different regions. And that formed the basis for-- opens the doors to do gene editing. And that was a tough biochemistry experiment. And they have to identify that there are two different non-coding RNAs that's involved. And it has to target PAM. And there are two single-strand nucleuses. And when everything comes together, you have DNA cleavage. And then they were creative enough to fuse the two guided RNAs and give you a single guide RNA that can be efficiently used in gene-targeting experiments. And so synthetic biologists at Boston quickly followed up. So John and George Church came up with back-to-back papers only half a year later and basically reporting the usage of CRISPR/Cas9 in human cells. And did they demonstrated that they all come from CRISPR/Cas9-guided targeting human cells frequently result in indel formation, so-called insertion and deletion-- small insertion/deletions as the result of targeting events. And they came up with many concepts that are still being discussed in the literature. They basically formulate the delivery strategy of how to multiply this system, target multiple sites, how to use just a single nucleus activity rather than double nucleus-- double-stranded nucleus activity, use two guides to generate a deletion rather than a double-strand break, and the repair pathways involved in repair the targeting outcomes, and the concept of the off-target events. And so these are really a brilliant set of biologists that really shaped the field. And from these important resource, we essentially-- this is the beginning of an era of efficient genome editing. So this is not the first genome-editing tool. So before that, we have zinc fingers. And our colleague at Cornell, Adam Bogdanov-- I hope I pronounced this right-- so basically pioneered the usage of TALEN in genome editing here. So there are two tools preceding CRISPR. So there are certain traits in CRISPR that just make it really, really popular among the researchers. So this includes the fact that it's really, really easy to use. An average biology lab can just pick it up. And nowadays, undergraduates can be trained to use it fairly easily. And this CRISPR/Cas9 tool is super efficient. And especially the S. pyogenes Cas9 that's reported in Jennifer's paper, this remains the most effective Cas9 today. So essentially, they hit the jackpot from day one. And this tool is very versatile. And you can adapt to different systems and get different outcomes. And it really allows the researcher to break the barrier of having to work on model organisms where genetic tools are available. And now they can chase interesting biological questions and go to exotic model organisms to do genetics and understand the outcomes. And there are some limitations of this tool. And that becomes obvious very quickly as well. And so the Cas9 in particular is favoring efficiency over accuracy. So it's prone to off-targeting effect. And when it comes to therapeutics, this is a concern. So you don't want to edit a size that's not intended to be edited. And in order to achieve editing, as I mentioned, you have to have a PAM sequence last earmarking the target site. And so the PAM sequence restriction here really limits the targetable sequence space. So we had-- if you want to repair some place, it has to be flanked by a PAM. And there are also some other limitations. So it's hard to predict which site can be efficiently edited, whereas others are not so efficiently edited. It seems to be-- there's some randomness there. And the outcome of the editing is hard to predict. And I'll explain that in details. I won't go into details about all the mechanistic work. But there was a huge line of-- there is huge interest from the community. A lot of labs contributed to important studies to understand the structure, the function, the mechanisms, and how to make good use of the system, so high resolution structures, single-molecule studies of this dynamic behavior, and directly evolution to make it more useful, et cetera, et cetera. So there are interesting studies to understand the PAM recognition, which is not depicted here. But based on that structure study, they were able to come up with rationally-designed new PAM codes for Cas9 to some extent. And they were able to come up with creative basically ideas or rational designs to generate high fidelity versions of Cas9 that's more accurate, and there's less off-target effects. And they were able to come up with new activities from that. And so I won't go into the details. So I want to reiterate that the default activity of CRISPR/Cas9 is to cleave and destroy DNA. And that's the outcome of the RNA-based immunity system. And in Cas9 system, this is the formation of a double-strand break here. So the final outcome is the outcome of the repair by the host cells. So in human cells, the default repair pathway to deal with a double-strand break in most cases is a process called non-homologous end joining process. And so basically a double-strand break is a crisis situation in the cells. And the cells try to patch it up by polishing the ends to a blunt end and then quickly ligate them together. So this process will trigger a lot of error. And so if the targeted site is in the protein coding region, these errors will result in auto-frame insertions and deletions and loss of function in the targeted protein. And so in many cases, the uses of CRISPR/Cas9 is to cause out-of-frame mutations in the targeted genes. So if you want to achieve very precise editing, you want to provide a template and promote the cells to use the homology-directory repair pathway. So essentially this requires resection of the DNA, and invading into the template DNA, and copying off the information from that. And so that's not the default repair pathway in the cells. You really have to do a lot of work to essentially coax the cells to use this pathway. And so usually it's not very efficient. So if you combine all these things together, the take-home message is that essentially, in most cases, if you do CRISPR/Cas9-based editing, the outcome is not so predictable. But it's usually a disruption, a loss of function editing outcome. And another drawback in using this tool with the idea of to do therapeutics is the problem of the off-target effect. So I mentioned that Cas9 is not inherently the most accurate at editing enzymes. So it favors efficiency over accuracy. So there are some other enzymes that are inherently more accurate, but the trade-off is that they're not as efficient. And so the off-target effect basically refers to the modifications of unwanted sites. Usually these are highly homologous sequences that are a few base pairs different from the intended target. So, if you have the luxury to target not just one site but a stretch of sites, then you can use informatics to choose the site that's quite unique and avoid the sites that could trigger an off-target effect. And so there are some creative ways to engineer high fidelity Cas9s that solve the problem partially. And it became obvious that the longer you expose human DNA to Cas9, the more likely you will get off-target effect. So really reducing the contact time is an important strategy to avoid off-targeting effect. So you don't want to deliver Cas9 permanently. You want to have a transient delivery effect. And if you can avoid delivering DNA, then delivering mRNA is better. Or better yet, if you can deliver RNA protein complexes, which will only last a few hours in the cells, then the off-target effect become dramatically reduced. So there are many creative approaches being created to circumvent this off-target effect. And yet one approach involves introducing a shut off switch, the so-called Anti-CRISPRs that's naturally occurring and was used by the bacteriophages to inactivate the CRISPR systems. And so here the researchers introduced the Anti-CRISPR and basically shut off the Cas9 after a certain exposure to the human cells, so a lot of creative research. So I want to switch to therapeutics, I guess, with the idea that there are limitations to the CRISPR/Cas9 tool. It's a very, very powerful tool. But we understand that it has off-target possibility. And the editing outcome is kind of unpredictable in many cases. So then with these understandings, there are ethical concerns when you use them in human patients. So, it's one thing to use it on somatic cells without the possibility of passing the edited cells' genetic information to the next generation, so-called somatic editing. And so you can do it either ex vivo or in vivo. Ex vivo is even safer. It involves taking the cells away from the patient, do the editing experiment, and then putting it back to the patient. So the in vivo editing really involves really injecting the editors into the bloodstream or localized areas and try to achieve editing outcome. This stands in contrast to so-called the germline editing, so where you're really editing an embryo or the gametes. So here, this is really, really dangerous because we're really passing the genetic information to the next generation. If we cannot control the editing outcome, we're basically passing whatever the failed experiments to the next generation. And from the patient's benefit from the species as a whole, human being species, this is something we don't want to do if we cannot do it safely. And the ethical concerns varies depending on the situation. So if is a life-threatening disease, then it's easier to gain ethical approval to carry out a genome editing experiment. So, for example, here, this is a picture of Adrian Krainer, a biologist who invented an anti--sense oligo therapeutic strategy against, I think it's spinal muscular dystrophy. So these patients will succumb to the disease at a very young age. But he was able to rescue that disease phenotype. And these patients were able to walk rather than being paralyzed in wheelchairs. And so this researcher's really, really happy about the outcome. So in those kinds of situations, it's understandable. Even if the editing outcome is not a perfect fix, it's a workaround. But it was able to-- it was able to alleviate a really detrimental situation. So this stands in contrast to the situations where the editing was mostly geared towards some kind of enhancement, so as a cosmetic editing where people were trying to gain better attributes, physical attributes, or something from the editing experiment. And so these-- it's hard to gain ethical approval in today's atmosphere. So essentially, if it's a treatment strategy against a serious disease, and it only involves somatic editing, the current ethical background is that, yes, please proceed with the therapeutic approach, but with caution. But it is an enhancement type of editing, the common understanding is that you should not have proceeded it in any way. And germline editing should not been proceeded because of the safety concerns. So that's the common understanding. But we'll discuss some violations and situations. So in the next few slides, I'm going to basically give you an overview of where the industry is, kind of a cutaway of the forefront of the CRISPR industry. And it sounds like I'm doing advertisement for this industry, but I'm learning it myself. And so I'm stealing slides from the company website. So I think these are the appropriate use of the CRISPR technology. So it appears that the early pioneers, each one basically set up their own companies. And so George Church is this guy at Harvard who has maybe hundreds of different companies. And so one of them is called eGenesis. And this involves doing genome editing on pigs with the ultimate goal of maybe using these pigs as organ donors for human patients. And so it's well understood that organs are hard to come by. And a lot of patients die in waiting for the organ transplantation. And it's well known that pigs has a physiology that's very similar to human. Also they're a great target. But they-- you can't just take the pig organ and put it into human. And they will be rejected very soon. So there are a lot of surface markers that has to be removed in order to have the pig organ recognized as a self organ rather than a foreign object. So that involved using CRISPR tools to knock out these kind of markers. And pigs have some viruses that are potentially harmful for humans, like retroviruses. And so they're basically diligently removing these viruses one by one from the pig genome. And so initially it was claimed as that they have a very ambitious goal. They were trying to reach the human trials within two years. That was 2016 or something like that. I haven't heard anything from them on human trials. So I think they're still doing animal testing maybe first in big animals, primates, or something before it's considered safe enough to try on humans. So another company is set by Emmanuel Charpentier who co-published that seminal paper with Jennifer Doudna. And so her company is called CRISPR Therapeutics. And they seem to be the first one who came out-- roll out the human clinical trials. And so first CRISPR clinical trial, and this involves ex vivo somatic genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9. And it's a very popular target. And so many companies are targeting this one, sickle cell anemia. So if you studied biochemistry, it's a textbook example of a molecular disease. So the phenotype is that the patient's cells have this characteristic sickle cell shape-- sickle shape. And this is because of a single nucleotide mutation in the hemoglobin gene that changed the identity of a single nuclear acid-- a single amino acid, which causes essentially an aggregation of hemoglobin in the patient. And this is the first molecular disease being deciphered by researchers, so by Linus Pauling and others. So a perfect fix would be to convert this mutated nuclear acid back to the wild-type sequence. But because I mentioned that Cas9 is good at destroying things rather than fix things precisely, this is hard to achieve in a precise fashion. So most of the companies try to find a workaround. So this company, the workaround was based on this observation. So, each human being has two different versions of hemoglobin genes. So we have the adult version and the fetal version. So at birth, there is a transcription switching going on. The adult version is switched on, and the fetal version of the gene is switched off. So in some individuals, this gene persisted and kept expressing in adult individuals. And there's only-- there's essentially not much detrimental phenotype in those individuals. So that was the therapeutic strategy used by CRISPR Therapeutics. And so their reasoning is that rather than targeting the diseased allele and trying to achieve a perfect fix or a gain of function rescue, we could target this repressed allele and try to essentially disrupt the genetic-- disrupt the regulatory circuits that shut off the allele and allow the gene to express in a constitutive fashion. So what they did basically was based on this paper, they disrupted the transcription factor binding site and allowed this gene, the fetal version, to express constitutively. And that was-- and so they were able to rescue the disease phenotype at the cell level. And so they're now testing it in humans. And this is not a naturally-occurring mutation in humans cells. And you don't want it to pass-- to be passed to the next generation. So it makes sense that they're doing somatic genome editing. And to be more prudent, they're doing it ex vivo. So they're extracting the bone marrow from the patient, and they're going to do the genetic experiment in test tubes, amplify the bone marrow, and then for the patient, they're going to basically eradicate all the bone marrow cells in the patient and then infuse the edited cells back to the individual, and basically undergoing a bone marrow transplantation but using the individual's own cells that have been modified. So everything seems to make sense. And so hopefully, they were able to achieve a cure for these patients. So here is another clinical trial that has just been rolled out two days ago. And this is another pioneer from John's Lab. He has this Editas company that attracted a lot of attention. And they have a long list of therapeutic targets. Interestingly, the first one was a very-- it's a rare genetic disease that has a pretty small patient base. But I guess they targeted this disease and put out the clinical trials because it's considered a safer therapeutic strategy. So they're basically doing localized in vivo human cell editing. And they're doing it in human eyes and targeting this congenital eye disease. So what I learned from their website was that basically this is a mutation in a structural protein inside the eyes. And this protein will cause the collapse of the photoreceptor cone. So essentially, if not rescued-- if not fixed, this mutation will cause blindness in the patient within a few years after birth. And their strategy was to deliver an adenovirus containing Cas9-- encoding Cas9 and guide RNAs locally into the patient's eyes. And the hope was that this editing event will rescue the function of the deceased gene. And we're going to get the normal photoreceptor cone and the normal function of the eye. And we're going to get improvement from the patients. So if we really look at the-- while we have a basis for this therapy, it's again a workaround from achieving a perfect fix. So here is the mutation. And this is a mutation existing in the introns of a gene. So somehow, this mutation generated a splice site and basically causes apparent splicing event that introduced a exon in the patient. And this exon contains a premature stop codon that essentially caused the gene to stop here rather than splice and translate into the full-length proteins. And that causes the disease. And so the rescue was to not directly fixing the mutation, but use Cas9 programmed with a pair of guides targeting sequences around the mutation site, and try to generate a double cut here and trigger either a deletion event or an inversion event. In either cases this is going to basically prevent this mutation as being recognized as an exon. This is going to prevent the inclusion of a bearing exon here. And that will cause the normal splicing and a normal function of a gene. So again, this is not a mutation naturally occurring in the human population. And that's why they choose to do somatic genome editing. But this is the only allowed editing anyway. But it makes sense. And it's a localized injection, so we're not exposing patients to unwanted editing events in other places in the body. So everything seems to be rational in design and makes a lot of sense. So there are a lot of considerations into the ethics. But there are also cases where it was not well thought through, and there was the poor way of executing science. And essentially because the tool is so easy to use and is so potent, when it's in the wrong hands, it really causes unwanted outcomes. So we've heard in the news that people start to mail order CRISPR kits. And we've heard of people claiming that they're going to do garage genome editing and so essentially, make them more muscular. And that's what-- I saw a video online. They're like, I'm going to edit my muscles and I'm going to be-- and I don't have to work out as much. But nothing was more perturbing when at the end of last year when news came. So there was a real editing experiment in embryo that causes the-- done by He Jiankui, a scientist in China. Essentially, this led to the actual birth of a twin CRISPR baby, so something that people have feared, and the scientific community has been self-policing to avoid doing. And someone just pushed the envelope and did it all in once. So that was very perturbing. It caused an outcry in the scientific community, and including the scientists in China because they don't know this guy. This guy was not a CRISPR expert. And so he just came out of blue and did the experiment and thought that he's doing something heroic. So let's review the guidelines for doing those genome editing experiments in germ lines. So there are two versions of regulation. And one is a 2015 statement from the first human genome editing consortium essentially. And it's hard for me to read. Basically, recognize the limitations of the technology and said that they should never have been-- it would not-- it would be irresponsible to proceed with any clinical use of germline editing. But it relies on the scientists to self-police and it left on back doors. So it says that we're going to revisit the issue and see whether it is more acceptable in the audience-- in the general public, and whether the technology becomes safer. And there is another statement in 2017 by the US National Academy of Scientists. And so basically this is a panel discussion involving experts in the US and representatives from all over the world, like major countries in China, UK, Russia, and others. So they came out with a guideline for genome editing experiments. And so essentially-- whoops-- if you read the guidelines and try to follow these to design the germline editing experiment, none of the experiments would have passed those guidelines. It's very strict. And again, it relies on scientists to follow the guidelines. So the editing experiments done by He Jiankui was on this CCR5 gene. So this is a gene that's basically used by-- there's a surface receptor gene. And the HIV targets this gene as one of its co-receptors to gain cell entry. So interestingly, there was a naturally-occurring allele. And especially the allele frequency is higher in European population. And so this mutation, CCR5 delta 32 is an out-of-frame mutation that will cause a premature stop codon and essentially a truncated protein being expressed. And this protein can no longer interact with HIV surface markers. And HIV, it can now gain entry into the cells if the individual is homozygous for CCR4 delta 32. So if you have one wild-type allele and one mutant, they can still use the wild-type allele. A virus can still use that to enter. Double mutant seems to be immune against HIV. And there was-- this was discovered in a serendipitous situation when an HIV patient received a bone marrow transplant from a donor that was essentially a homozygous-- carries a homozygous mutation for CCR4 delta 32. And it was found that not only did it cure his leukemia, but also cured the HIV. So one can imagine that in certain disease situations, it is a good target maybe for genome editing experiments. But nowadays there are so many ways to prevent the transmission of HIV. So if one uses the genome editing of CCR5 as a preventive treatment, then the ethical background for that is very shaky because there are so many alternatives. And it's considered not necessary. So this news leaked out two days before the second human genome editing meeting. And because of the news attention, it was-- his talk was broadcasted online. And I was among the 1 million viewers around the globe basically watching and hearing what he said. So these are the reflections I remember at the time. And it gave me the impression that he really did it. And there was a situation where-- the scenario was that the dad was the HIV positive, and the mom was negative. And so in such situations when actually the transmission of HIV can be prevented in many ways, including washing the sperm before the inception and fertilization, that would be usually sufficient to prevent the viral infection. And so then it really begs the question, where was the unmet medical need? So there is just no need to do this genome editing experiment. And then the next question is, how did it achieve the clinical-- the ethics evaluation? How did it pass that? How did it-- how was he able to achieve the approval? And I mentioned that in most cases, the editing outcome is messy and unpredictable. And in this case, it really showcased that this is the case. One should not have used it very lightly. And so it was a twin girl being born. And one of the individual carries mutations in both alleles of the gene. It kind of mimics the CCR5 delta 32 mutation, but not the exact mutation. So it's not the exact delta 32 fix. But it mimics the premature truncation situation. The other individual has one wild-type allele. And the other allele carries just a short deletion. And it didn't fully knock out this area. And so this particular unnatural variant probably would not have conferred HIV resistance. And with the wild-type allele, it definitely will not provide resistance. So at least for this individual, it's a failed experiment. And for this one, there's unpredictable fitness consequences. So in both cases, I would say it's not-- it's a very shaky experimental outcome. And it really begs the question-- the further questions, so these two individuals never signed any consent forms. And they were brought into the world without any consultation. So how do we protect their own interests? And how do we prevent similar reckless attempts? So there are a lot of discussions going on in the community, including talks about moratoriums, I guess. But they're opinions from both sides. And so this is being heatedly debated right now in the scientific community. And so that study still has rippling effects after half a year. And so this is a new study coming from Nation Medicine just last month. And so essentially talking about the fitness consequences of having the CCR5 delta 32 indentation. And so as a statistical analysis, basically the observation was that individuals with homozygous mutation tends to be under-represented in senior population. So the interpretation is that maybe there's a fitness consequence. Their life expectancy is not as long as a wild-type individual. So there might be a fitness cost for being HIV-resistant. And so there was an early study published in Cell claiming that there might be some beneficial effect from having this mutation. So the observation was that when there's brain damage, for example, a stroke, in a person, a human being with the CCR5 mutation is more resilient and seems to recover with a better outcome. So it seems like there is some gain of function phenotype. Then it becomes-- so you can interpret these scenarios in different-- with different sentiments. So, for example, if we use genome editing really liberally, and so we inadvertently generated some gain of function phenotype, some genome editing outcome was a super human kind of a phenotype, then the average person becomes-- has to undergo this debate. Are we under pressure to also adapt? So there are some ethical concerns there as well. So it just underlines the importance that we really need to understand the outcome of the editing experiment before we do anything seriously with clinical research. So I don't know a how-- what was the-- how many? MAN: You're OK. Go ahead. AILONG KE: OK, good. So I want to spend maybe 10 minutes talking about my own research. [CROWD CHUCKLES] So the question is, there have been 10 years of CRISPR. Is it-- it has been at the forefront of a revolution in biology. And so the question is, is the fever over? Certainly from my perspective, working on it day by day, I feel that we're still in the wave. So every time we think that we're over the peak, there are new and very interesting biology coming out. So, I mentioned that there are a lot of diversity in CRISPR systems. And in the early days, there are three different types. And so by now, there's six different types. And so we can really grouped them into-- the CRISPR system into two major classes. And the star molecules in the genome editing fields, the Cas9s, the Cas12s, or Cas13s, they really belong to one class of CRISPR systems. And these are the single component CRISPR systems. And so they're easy-- they're very simple, one-effector protein, in many cases, one guide RNA. So it's easy to adapt them for human genome editing. So there are yet another class of CRISPR systems that involve multi-component effectors, so more sophisticated CRISPRs that are hard to adapt but carry-- nonetheless carry very important-- very interesting attributes. So the major differences are, I would argue, the nucleuses. So they basically use the same principle to look for targets. But the nucleus have different functions. So in Cas9-- in single-component systems, usually the nucleus stop at making a double-strand break. But in systems like type 1, for example, the nucleus is almost like a terminator. It destroys everything after targeting. And so by now, we understood-- so the first step of CRISPR interference involves cutting a piece of DNA and inserting into the CRISPR array. 10 years ago, it was somehow. And nowadays we have a good understanding of the molecular mechanism. My lab was one of the labs that contributed to key insights into its molecular mechanism. And in type I system, the effector complex is assembled from five different proteins. And this really is a beast, like 400 kb, large complex, multi-component systems, recognized PAM, opens the R-loop, similar principles. But what's different is what happens after the R-loop formation. So in type I system, the actual nucleus is a-- it's a very sophisticated enzyme that has two enzymatic activities. Not only does it have the nucleus, but they also have a helicase activity. So basically it's a nucleus fused with a locomotor so it can move. And so this nucleus is recruited in trans to the R-loop-forming cascade. And once recruited and activated, it's going to cleave the single-stranded DNA not base pair with the guide RNA, and then fire its engine at the expense of APB hydrolysis, and erase the DNA for a long stretch of distance. And maybe that's the reason why this is the most popular CRISPR systems in nature. Because once targeted, it really leaves no chance for the parasitic elements to repair. It erases the genetic information completely. So that's basically-- it's going to generate a much bigger impact upon targeting. And so this has been the focus of my lab. And so as a biochemist and structural biologists, we really want to understand the mechanism and provide the highest resolution information about the mechanism. And essentially, we're trying to generate snapshots of these complexes in different stages of action. And part of it is serendipity, but a part of it is hard work. We're able to achieve a lot in this particular system. And so essentially, we solved the structure of the cascade, the effector complex, and it is binding to double-stranded DNA and opening an R-loop mimic. And we solved the nucleus, basically a helicase, a nucleus-fusing enzyme, and we know how it recruits the DNA and degrades it persistently. And by applying the cutting edge structural biology tools, something called Cryo-EM, we're able to capture the cascade in motion, capturing different snapshots of this complex binding to DNA, opening an intermediate, and opening the entire R-loop, and then recruiting the nucleus forming the ternary complex, and then nick the DNA, and start to carry out its job to destroy it. So really hard biochemisty, and the resolution determines what kind of a mechanism-- how reliable the mechanism can be. And with the resolution, we're pretty confident that we're really diving into the heart of the mechanisms. And four different snapshots. And so the mechanism is this. So essentially the goal is to scan for a match that's complementary to the guide RNA and eventually open the R-loop and recruit a nucleus to cleave it. And so the process involves-- essentially the start of the R-loop formation involves the cascade holding the DNA and really bend it to a very uncomfortable situation and trigger the DNA to undergo a DNA bending and melting transition. So you force it to transiently breathe. And so that moment of breathing gives the cascade effector a chance to check whether the target strand DNA is complementary to the guide RNA or not. So if it's not, then it's rejected. If yes, then it's stabilized into an intermediate. And then the cascade attempts to further unzip the DNA, very much like when we unzip our zipper. So it's a directional DNA unwinding process. When you unwind the DNA, you need to encompass it for the energy loss by forming base pairs with the guide RNA. So then the entire process become very smooth. And when the entire sequence checks out, it enters into a point of no return. And so then at that point, a lot of things happen at once. And the cascade is stabilized into an R-loop forming confirmation. So these seriously events involves a confirmational change in the cascade that essentially locks down both strands of DNA, a single-stranded form, and then reorganize the surface in one area of the cascade, and also traps a flexible bulge near that reorganized surface. So this sends a signal for the nucleus to bind. And so this nucleus is the sequence non-specific. And so it only cares about whether the effector complex has found the target or not. And so once it finds the target, it generates that signal, then a binds. So once bound to the cascade-- so that flexible bulge allows the nucleus to swallow the substrate and makes a nick in the substrate. And thus nick then spontaneously repositions the substrate into a position that essentially allows the helicase to thread the single-stranded DNA through the nucl-- through the helicase into the nucleus. So then this Cas3 enzyme is in a position to fire as the engine, burn ATP, and start to [? attracting ?] it towards itself, and eventually lead the cascade and move by myself for a long distance. Along the way, it's going to chop the DNA to pieces. So that is the mechanism from years of biochemistry and structural biology. And we're quite confident about it. And so then the next goal-- at some point, we were like, we know enough about it, and so maybe we can test it in human cells and see now what we can do-- what kind of a genome editing we can do in human cells, and whether we can come up with creative applications from that. So I started to go to a different genome editing meetings and hear about all the progresses. In one of the meetings, I met this brand new assistant professor Yan Zhang, who just finished training with Erik Sontheimer and started her own lab at the University of Michigan. And she saw through me, and she said, you must be thinking about doing genome editing in type I system. And so I have this perfect system. We should collaborate. And so it was a very, very productive collaboration. And so what we provided from our lab are good mechanistic understandings and a blueprint for how we should deliver the complexes in the active form, how to target it to the nucleus where the DNA targets are, and what kind of a genome editing outcomes we might be anticipating, and how we should detect them. And from Yan Zhang's side, they have a great editing platform that we could use, and all the expertise in doing genome editing experiments with other Cas9 proteins. And so in her platform, the equivalent of a chromosomal loci, in one side, she tacked with GFP, green fluorescent protein. On the other side, she has essentially a red fluorescent protein on the other side. So then why do you target the GFP, and you inactivate the GFP signal, the red fluorescent protein is serving as a internal control for the experiment. And so the editing outcome-- so her system is really, really sensitive. And it's the normal cells, not the cancer cells. And so we're really dealing with normal somatic cells and looking at the outcomes. So with good understanding, that really translates to success from day one. And so the first editing experiment just worked. And we saw-- in the yellow background normal cells, we saw the appearance of red cells. And that really becomes-- so it only appears when we deliver both the targeting complex and the nucleus. We deliver individual ones, they're not effective. And this is our cell sorting experiment. We're monitoring both the green fluorescent signal and red signal. If it's an unedited cell, the cells should populate along the diagonal lines. If we inactivate GFP, we're going to see accumulation of red cells at this quadrant. And so that's exactly what we saw. And this is, again, programmable. If we target tdTomato, the red fluorescent protein we saw, green cells are accumulating. And it's very obvious that the activity is limited by the target searching complex, the cascade. And so the more cascade we deliver, the more activities we saw. And so these are old data now. So we're seeing 13% editing, meaning that every 100 cells we saw, 13 cells being edited. And now in some genome locus, we saw editing efficiencies up to 60% to 90%. And so if there seems to be some dependency on the chromosomal environment. And we still don't fully understand exactly how this plays out. And the outcome was quite different from what one saw for Cas9. So this is a genome editor that will really impact a long stretch of DNA. And so this is the targeted site. And this will be the direction of the Cas3 helicase movement direction. And we're seeing directions-- we're seeing divisions along the Cas3 movement direction. And the start up the deletion is a little bit random. But it's always upstream of the targeted site. And it ends in the random position. But in almost every case, we're deleting a very long stretch, like kilobases of DNA. And so when we apply deep sequencing detection method, we're seeing that on average most of the deletions involve maybe three to five kb. And keep in mind we're doing RNA protein complex injections rather than delivering RNase and allowing to amplify inside. So if we were to deliver a lot more RNPs or repeated deliveries, we're going to see very long deletions along this line. We're already seeing the deletions up to 30 kb, sometimes 100 kb. So this is impacting genome in a very profound way, so a true long range DNA eraser. And so it may not be a perfect scenario for precision medicine at this point, but for a research point of view, 98% of our genome are non-coding sequences. And there are many important genetic elements in these areas. And we just don't have an efficient tool to look for those six elements and understand their function. And I think that those CRISPR/Cas3 tool is an efficient screening tool to decipher the non-coding genomes in a high-throughput fashion. And the fact that in a single-targeting event, the targeted site is intact in most cases allows one to essentially repeatedly administer CRISPR/Cas3s into the cells. And we're going to get a gradual increase of editings and achieving different outcomes. And we are thinking about therapeutic applications. And some might be more challenging than others. But the most obvious one we're thinking about involves targeting essentially ectopic viruses in our cells. For example, a very famous example is the herpes virus. So these cells undergo two phases of the infection. And there's the acute phase that causes sores, cold sores, something like that. And so the herpes is famous for then entering into a dormancy and basically hide inside our nucleus almost like a plasmid, a kind of a circular DNA, and just hide there, and wait for the moment when the host, the immune system becomes weak, and they really come out again and cause a severe infection again. And there were some reports claiming that herpes in some cases cause lymphoma. And in some other cases, there is a link with the Alzheimer's disease. So all these things are ongoing. A variant of the herpes virus, something called the Epstein-Barr virus, undergoes the same latent infection cycle. And these herpes target the immune cells. And so there's a clear link that the EBV is causing lymphoma in many patients and causing nasal cancer in other individuals. And this nasal cancer case actually is pandemic in Southeast Asia. It seems to be correlated with a specific strain of the EBV virus. So in both cases-- so if you were to target Cas9, you're waiting for the repair enzyme to make a mistake in order to maybe inactivate the viruses. And so in our case, if we were to deliver our tool into the cells, once targeted, basically there's no chance for evasions of the virus. And so these viruses will be actively destroyed. And so in theory, on paper, we have a way to erase those viruses very efficiently. And so there is yet another case. Hepatitis B virus, so that exists mostly as ectopic circular DNA. And there's a clear link to cause liver cirrhosis and carcinoma. And this is pandemic in many third world countries. And just a little bit more dangerous to use it against the HPV because sometimes they integrate into the genome. But nonetheless, these are viruses that cause severe human disease and could be targeted by our genomic tools. So this is a preview of what's going on in our lab. We're still trying very hard to achieve the potential of our tools. I'll just stop here and thank the people involved in the work. And so all the structural work was done by this-- a single individual, Yibei Xiao, in our lab. And so previously, Bob Hayes also solved some important crystal structures of the cascade. And together, these two really provided a very, very solid set of mechanistic understanding of the system that allows the eventual applications to take place. And Adam Dolan is this smart kid, undergraduate student, who worked with Yan Zhang's lab and demonstrated usage of CRISPR/Cas3. And I didn't have time to talk about Sherwin and Jagat's work on the acquisition part of the CRISPR biology. I was fortunate enough to collaborate with many peoples-- many people in the past, and so great collaborators. I just want to give a special shout out to the junior faculty that I collaborate with on the CRISPR biology. And this includes the EM specialist Maofu Liao at Harvard and single molecule biologist, Ilya Finkelstein at UT Austin, and then Yan Zhang for genome editing at the University of Michigan. And funding was from NIH. I guess I'll just stop here and take questions. [APPLAUSE] Yes. AUDIENCE: You mentioned nasal pharyngeal cancer, and Guangzhou in particular, Southeastern Asia and China. AILONG KE: That's right. AUDIENCE: Well, one of the things that's been spoken about is the preponderance of people using their cell phones over there, which up regulates the Epstein Barr virus-- AILONG KE: Huh. AUDIENCE: --at 50 Hz. And if-- I have a home in Dubai and spend a lot of time in Hong Kong and Dubai and that area. Literally young Chinese people in that area live with their phones connected to their bodies. AILONG KE: That's an interesting observation. Although, I don't know. So this has been pandemic before the cell phone. So I don't know. There might be an enhancement from those exposures. But certainly beyond that, there is some connections already. There was pandemic in the '70s, '80s, and so. AUDIENCE: And in your bio, you have some training in mitochondrial DNA and epigenetics. You didn't think about that at all tonight and the relationship between the 1,300 [? dB, ?] and the mitochondrial DNA, and the 24 RNA transcriptional genes in the mitochondrial DNA, which we inherit all from our mother. And I just want to know how you feel they are affected by this light versus the natural sunlight which we evolved in. AILONG KE: Hm. Well, to be honest, I'm not an expert discussing the electromagnetic field, the effect of this field on DNA. Yeah, I think I should refrain from saying too much of that. AUDIENCE: They're not affecting the DNA. They're actually affecting the software, which then affects the DNA in genomes. AILONG KE: Well, let me read more into that before I make a-- AUDIENCE: This is very narrow. And managing your light is between 440 and 475. Our evolvement basically came in natural full-spectrum sunlight, 280 to 700. We're living in a much different world than we did, even our great-grandparents. AILONG KE: I agree with that, yeah. So it's going to affect our rhythm. It's going to affect our vision. You're talking about affecting our transcriptomes. AUDIENCE: Exactly. AILONG KE: Yeah. So that, I need to read more. So that's something I didn't-- AUDIENCE: And it affects germline and the preponderance of autism that's happening today in the world, too. It can be passed down not even multi--generational, but maybe skip a generation from grandma to grandchild. AILONG KE: Right. So yeah, wow, that's fascinating. I thought that the energy was too low to cause that. So let's read something before I draw conclusions. AUDIENCE: It's not an ionizing energy, so it's not thermal. AILONG KE: OK, yeah, please. AUDIENCE: So, given all of the pros and cons of CRISPR that you described here, are there other kinds of techniques that are being explored that might have complimentary or different [? reactives? ?] AILONG KE: Right. So pros and cons, which aspect? Are you talking about the accuracy part? AUDIENCE: Yeah. AILONG KE: OK, yeah. So, in terms of accuracy, I think so far it beats all the other alternative tools on the market. So even though it's not perfect, it's better than other tools. One thing I didn't mention, our Cas-- so the Cas9 targets something like a window of 20 base pairs. The type I system targets a much longer region, about 30 base pairs. So potentially, it's more accurate. So there are different alternative tools that are potentially more accurate. And there are alternative strategies. For example, without causing double-strand breaks, you can fuse it with base editors and chase DNA sequences that way. And so there was this incredible creativity among researchers trying to make it a better tool. So I think it's just a matter of time that we're going to achieve that, yeah. But so far no alternative that's better. Yeah. AUDIENCE: That was an excellent review. Thank you very much for the well [INAUDIBLE].. Just a comment and a question. You're absolutely right, NPC has been around for many years well before cell phones. So the head and neck surgeons, and ENT surgeons, it's a real problem that is well recognized to the EBV. So if your system can target that, it will be a huge contribution to head and neck cancers that ENT certainly encounter. But my question is this to you, the ethical dilemma that you described reminds one of the 1970s when I read about with recombinant DNA technology-- AILONG KE: That's right. AUDIENCE: --and the moratorium that occurred in many places. And then, because we need people into [INAUDIBLE] and people to legislate even knowing what the outcomes would be, do you think the solution's going to be waiting till it gets more precise? Or do you think something else has to happen because there's so homologous to what happened in the '70s with recombinant DNA-- AILONG KE: That's exactly-- so when the recombinant DNA technology just became, and there was like all those precautions, and we're going to-- we should burn all the DNA before we release them into the environment, that kind of thing. So yeah, it's hard to say. I think from the researchers, I think the common agreement is that right now is not so-- it's not safe not to do germline editing. That's the common agreement. But people are trying. I think in the end, it might be that the therapeutic-- we'll accumulate data from therapeutic approaches. And it's going to reach to a point that we, with the follow-ups, we build up our confidence and to a point that we're comfortable enough to try and germline cells. Because you can hear arguments from both ways. So somatic editing, it's almost impossible to achieve 100% editing. So whereas if you were to do it in germ lines, if it's a perfect editing, you only need to worry about two targets, and then biology will take its course, and the individual will have perfect genes in every cell. So one could argue both ways, that they could be the perfect solution, but right now it's not safe enough. Yeah. AUDIENCE: Thank you for giving a good lecture. I was wondering, even in somatic cells, is there a possibility of epigenetic inheritance? Even though you're not, obviously, a [INAUDIBLE] genes, is there a way to affect the environment? Does that make sense. AILONG KE: Yeah. That's hard to answer, I would say. In most cases, the epigenetics are reset in the-- when the-- in the embryonic-- in the embryos. I would say probably to-- I don't see worries on that too much at this point. I think most people are either doing it ex vivo or localized in vivo. There are some efforts on the whole body, trying to achieve that. But I didn't hear any clinical trials on that yet. So even that I think people are perceiving with caution at this point. Yeah. AUDIENCE: I'm sure this is not you're slice of area, but in terms of the safety of these kinds of approaches, do you deal with myeloablative conditioning? There's actually a risk of mortality just from that. So it would seem that [INAUDIBLE] to risk, germline therapy might seem more attractive. Your thoughts? AILONG KE: Yeah, I agree. That's a painful procedure to go through. And that has the potential possibility to cause cancer and increase the risk of cancer, I would say. Yeah, so I've read it in both ways. So if the germline editing can be done in the precise way without the possibility of off-target effects, then it could be the perfect solution. But the technology is not there yet. And the public is not with us yet. AUDIENCE: How do you mail order a CRISPR package? And how much does it cost? Can I get one at Amazon? And how do I use it? AILONG KE: Yeah. So if you spend $60, you can get it from Addgene. But you have to purify yourself, I guess. Well, you can get it from a company, that really comes in mail. But yeah, it was a joke. So I'm sure these experiments will fail. That's why I'm not so worried about it. It's the one that-- the educated person who ignored all the ethical considerations, that was the most worrisome part of this. AUDIENCE: Is it legal to sell them? AILONG KE: I didn't check that yet. So I should check it before I answer that question. AUDIENCE: OK. AILONG KE: So any other people sell various stuff on eBay, so I don't know. AUDIENCE: Yeah, I'd be interested. AILONG KE: Yeah. Oh, seriously? AUDIENCE: Yeah. AILONG KE: OK. AUDIENCE: Who else has any questions? MAN: [INAUDIBLE]. AUDIENCE: No? OK. MAN: Cool. AILONG KE: OK, thank you. [APPLAUSE] ANNOUNCER: This has been a production of Cornell University on the web at cornell.edu.

@YOUNGWHITE.LLCC LLCC GANG GANG GANG LLCC XUXETUMARE (SQUAD) LOS CABROS, MI EQUIPO DIME JOAO DIMELO @KEVINDRILL_LLCC ♪♪ ESTAMOS QUEMANDO FINO, SIEMPRE CHINO SIEMPRE CIEGO ♪♪ ♪♪ CON EL JOAO, SIEMPRE AL LAO AVECES CON EL @DIEGO_LLCC ♪♪ ♪♪ ESTO ESTA QUE QUEMA, SIEMPRE HAY PROBLEMAS NO LO NIEGO ♪♪ ♪♪ PA OLVIDARME DE TO, PRENDO UN PITO Y DESPEGO ♪♪ ♪♪ ESTA MIERDA ES COMO DROGA EN LA CALLE YO LA RIEGO VENGO RAPIDO Y FURIOSO COMO DON Y TEGO♪♪ ♪♪ CUANDO SUENA LA PISTA AL MICROFONO ME ENTREGO, YO LE LLEGO, EL BLUNT LO PEGO Y PASAME EL FUEGO ♪♪ ♪♪ A DIOS POR LOS MIOS YO SIEMPRE LE RUEGO, PA QUE ME LOS ESTE CUIDANDO Y NO SE VAYAN LUEGO♪♪ ♪♪ TU NI TE IMAGINAS CON LAS COSAS QUE YO BREGO, TOMA UN POCO DE DISTANCIA QUE YO ESCUPO FUEGO♪♪ ♪♪ SI TE ESCUPO FUEGO EN LA CARA, JURAO QUE TE LA DERRITO, LA SONRISITA ESA YO RAPIDO TE LA QUITO ♪♪ ♪♪ ESE CLITO ESTA EXQUISITO DE SEGURO HOY ME REPITO, LOS VECINOS CREEN QUE ESTOY HACIENDO UN DELITO ♪♪ ♪♪ CUANDO ♪♪ ♪♪ ESCUCHAN TUS GRITOS, POR TUS GRITOS ES QUE POR TI ME DERRITO, SI TU NO ESTAS AQUI YO SIENTO QUE ME DEBILITO ♪♪ ♪♪ TENGO MIL PROBLEMAS, LOS RESUELVO TRANQUILITO, PERO CUANDO PIENSO EN TI ES QUE ME PONGO MALDITO ♪♪ ♪♪ EN TU SONRISA GRANDE Y OJOS ROJOS CHIQUITITOS, ♪♪ ♪♪ CUANDO PIENSO EN TI, ES QUE ME PONGO MALDITO Y NO PUEDO RELAJARME, PASTILLAS YO NECESITO ♪♪ ♪♪ NO PUEDO RELAJARME Y ME DAN GANAS DE ROBARTE, DE NUESTRA PELICULA HACER LA SEGUNDA PARTE ♪♪ ♪♪ ESE WEON NO VA A HACER NADA, EL NO VA A RESCATARTE, APAGA EL TELEFONO Y NOS VAMOS APARTE ♪♪ ♪♪ NOS VAMOS APARTE DONDE NADIE NOS VEA, AUNQUE NADIE QUIERA NOS VAMOS COMO SEA ♪♪ ♪♪ TE NECESITO A TI PA IRME EN CONTRA DE LA MAREA, YO SERIA EL PRIMER LUGAR SI TU FUESES MI TAREA ♪♪ ♪♪ ESCUCHO UNA PISTA Y ME MENTE TARAREA, USTEDES DE FRENTE TATATARTAMUDEAN ♪♪ ♪♪ NO PUEDO ESCUCHARLOS COMO QUE SE MUTEAN Y NO PUEDEN DESCIFRARME POR MAS QUE SE CRANEAN♪♪ ♪♪ POR MAS QUE SE CRANEAN NO ENTIENDEN DE QUE SE TRATA, QUEREMOS LOS DULCES, VAMOS A ROMPER LA PIÑATA ♪♪ ♪♪ SI TU QUIERES PROBLEMAS, TE VAMOS A ROMPER LA ÑATA, O SE UNEN O SE MUEREN, CON LOS CABROS NO SE EMPATA ♪♪ ♪♪ LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY SE METIO CON MI HERMANO Y YO LO PARTI ♪♪ ♪♪ LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, SIEMPRE HAN ESTAO LOS MISMOS QUE AHORA ESTAN AQUI ♪♪ ♪♪ LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY ♪♪ ♪♪ SI TU LO HARIAS POR MI, YO LO VOY A HACER POR TI ♪♪ ♪♪ LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY ♪♪ ♪♪ ESTOY EN LA CALLE, ESO LO APRENDI AQUI ♪♪ ♪♪ LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY, LOYALTY ♪♪ ♪♪ SI TU MATAS POR MI, YO VOY A MATAR POR TI ♪♪ ( @YOUNGWHITE.LLCC ) ♪♪ NO ME HABLE DE LEALTAD SI NO ENTIENDE EN VERDAD COMPA DE LO QUE HABLO ♪♪ ♪♪ HE VISTO A GENTE QUE HABLA DE CARRERA Y SON YEGUAS Y NO HAN SALIDO DEL ESTABLO ♪♪ ♪♪ NO CAMINO CON FALSOS Y CON LOS SAPOS CONVERSACIONES NO ENTABLO, PROBLEMAS? PROBLEMAS! ♪♪ ♪♪ TAMO EN EL CALENTON, CON EL CALDERO A LOS DIABLOS, ANDO CON EL @KEVINDRIL_LLCC Y QUE PASO? ♪♪ ♪♪ NO CONFUNDAS QUE ANDO PIOLA Y ESTO SE JODIO, NO NECESITO PISTOLA, SI AQUI TENGO MIS 2 BOLAS♪♪ ♪♪ LE HABLE FUERTE A TOA TU GANGA Y NIUNO RESPONDIO, YA DEJAMOS DE LAO AL QUE TRAICIONO♪♪ ♪♪ BENDICIONES PA LOS MIOS Y PAL QUE CORONO, EXITO PA SU CAMINO PAL QUE DIJO QUE ERA FINO, ME QUISO TRUNCAR LOS PLANES Y NO LE FUNCIONO ♪♪ ♪♪ (SQUAD) QUE?, PERO ES QUE @DIEGO_LLCC VO VEN DIME COMO?, SOY DE OTRO PLANETA Y ESTOS PUROS MONOS ♪♪ ♪♪ NOS VEN DE FRENTE Y YA NO SUBEN EL TONO, LAS PISTAS PA MI @SEVAGE_LLCC SON COMO ABONO ♪♪ ♪♪ CON DROGAS LAS FUSIONO, VOY CON TODO Y SI NO NO, NO, Y YO QUIERO HIELO EN EL CUELLO FLOW FROZONO ♪♪ ♪♪ SOLO PIENSO EN MONEY, YO SOY UN WARRIOR Y USTEDES SON FUNNY, HASTA MATO POR MONEY ♪♪ ♪♪ TAMBIEN MATO POR TI, TOTITA COLOR FRUNI, EL MUNDO AHORA ES MIO, NO LE REZE A TONY ♪♪ ♪♪ NOS VEN JUNTOS PERO LES MOLESTA, CONMIGO NO QUEDA NI UNA PRENDA PUESTA ♪♪ ♪♪ ME MIRA Y NO NECESITO UNA RESPUESTA, ME MODELA EN PANTIES, ME AGARRA Y SE MANIFIESTA♪♪ ♪♪ CREEN QUE PUEDEN CONMIGO Y EN VERDAD, NO NO NO, ES MEJOR QUE PRACTIQUEN Y MIS LETRAS LAS MASTIQUEN, CREEN QUE VALEN SUS LIKES, PERO ES QUE NO ♪♪ ♪♪ CUANDO ESTEN RAMIANDO Y PA ARRIBA ESTEN MIRANDO, ME LOS ENCUENTRO EN LA CALLE Y VEN A UN DEMONIO, PERO SIN CUERNOS, EN MIS OJOS VEN EL INFIERNO ♪♪ #LOYALTY @BIGCATRIL_PROD @KEVINDRILL_LLCC @YOUNGWHITE.LLCC @DIEGO_LLCC @LLCC.INC @LLCCSQUAD @DENNITO.LLCC @ARTEPUTAS_

Jamas hemos visto una cascada así de intensa Pura vida Para mi meterse en agua fria es Tener la habilidad de elegir como percibes este momento olvidando lo que crees saber sobre el frio (o cualquier otra cosa) y teniendo frente a ti lo que eliges percibir hoy, esta mañana, para mi es gratitud Creo resiliencia como como tener dolor por todo tu cuerpo pero seguir presente y cuando te sales te sientes muy bien contigo misma simplemente estoy ahí y seguro se siente energizante pero también se siente sencillo, así que es ambos para mi Creo que he estado en la practica de cuando entro, ok esto es energía y estoy agradecido por eso es como creo que es un super poder Si Y ella es Alex de The Vortex Way y el es Daniel de Daniel Alvarez Vlogs Hablemos de super poderes ¿Que haces en tu canal? Bueno, últimamente hablo que mi súper poder es el amor y como me hace inquebrantable siempre esta dentro de mi y nadie puede quitármelo así que todo el tiempo, en cada momento cuando doy amor es como si fuera invencible suena bastante simple Suena bastante simple pero no lo es ¿No lo es? - No creo que tienes que ser muy valiente para amar por que cuando las situaciones se ponen difíciles o la gente no es amable o buena contigo aún tienes que elegir amar en esa situación perdonar de ser amable ¿si sabes? y no es la forma mas facil no es lo que nos enseñaron a hacer nuestra reacción siempre cuando algo es duro en el exterior tu reaccionas pero el amor viene de como de tu tripa ¿qué necesita alguien para usar el amor como un super poder en su vida? Creo que la gratitud ha sido mi atajo para ir al amor así que con cada problema que enfrento, con cada situación pienso en como podría estar agradecida por esto como me esta ayudando esto como le puedo dar amor a la situación porque es un don Si, la gratitud ha sido algo que he encontrado en mi vida creo que es una gran manera de garantizar una ganancia si tienes una perspectiva que es buscando algo por lo que estar agradecido siempre estas esperando siempre lo encuentras, siempre estas ganando Bueno, y tu vas con la ley de la atracción un poco en tu contenido ¿te importaría explicar lo que eso es? Bueno basicamente es una ley universal que dice que tú atraes todo lo que manifiestes en tu vida como en forma fisica primero fue manifestado en tu vibración en tus sentimientos podemos podemos dominar eso mediante la forma en la que pensamos y de como percibimos las cosas de lo que estábamos hablando Una cosa es pensar en algo que quieres pero si no lo sientes en tu cuerpo no funciona tiene que crear esa coherencia entre el cuerpo y la mente De hecho crece en un ambiente un poco hippie de la nueva era en Australia vi muchas verdades valiosas en esa escena pero también vi muchos miedos que eran utilizados para vender soluciones que no podían ser probadas por la ciencia necesariamente pero si el efecto placebo es real creo que hoy estamos subestimando el poder de lo que podemos hacer con nuestras mentes cuando estamos, en un estado de miedo, escasez y ansiedad, la frecuencia de nuestra mente y corazón es interrumpida y esparcida y nos hace vulnerables a las enfermedades Cuando operamos desde un estado mental de amor, abundancia y gratitud tenemos una buena y constante frecuencia que es saludable para nuestro ser aquí hay una gráfica mostrando esa comparación la única diferencia es la perspectiva Tu eres un ser electromagnético y energético y cualquiera que sea la frecuencia a la que estas vibrando vas a atraer ideas y personas y cosas a tu vida que resuenan a esa frecuencia hoy esto en Urban Heights de LifeAfar y LifeAfar es una marca que esencialmente hace lo mismo operamos con la idea de que puedes vivir, viajar e invertir desde cualquier lado y la gente que resuena con eso terminan conectándoselos con nosotros esa es la ley de la atracción De hecho tenemos un número de unidades aquí, si quisieras una unidad para por ejemplo distanciarte socialmente que tiene una estación de trabajo para que puedas hacer teletrabajo tiene buenas duchas, camas cómodas al igual que una cocina para que puedas preparar comida en casa revisa sam.lifeafar.com y asegúrate de preguntarnos exactamente lo que necesitas y te encontraremos una unidad que funcione para ti por obvias razones tenemos muy buenos descuentos mensuales en este momento muy bien, muy bien ok aquí vamos, ¿que tienes ahí? Jugo verde jengibre aloe vera manzana y apio parece que le estan dando buen uso a la cocina si lo hacemos ¿es cómodo? ¿aún puedes hacer tu rutina? Todo nos levantamos, escribimos en el diario, escribimos por 5 minutos ok hacemos ejercicio luego hacemos nuestro desayuno y meditamos oh si eso es jengibre da buen sabor ¿Cual es un ejemplo en tu vida en el que la ley de la atracción te demostró a ti que es real? Muchas veces tengo un montón de historias locas Yo venia de Mexico a Bogota hace una semana no hay ningún papel que te den en aduanas así que perdi el vuelo empece a decirme, empece a sentir "me voy en el proximo cielo sin ningún costo" "me voy en el proximo cielo sin ningún costo" "me voy en el proximo cielo sin ningún costo" y comence a decirme eso y sintiéndolo justo al lado del hombre de la aerolínea y el me dijo "ok acabo de hablar con mi superior y me dijo que puedes viajar en el proximo vuelo sin ningún costo" las mismas palabras Definitivamente me puedo identificar, e tenido varias experiencias como esa, yo no acepte la realidad de esa mala situación aceptaba la realidad de encontrar una salida, de que algo positivo iba a suceder manteniendo las posibilidades abiertas en cualquier momento que es algo que estamos encontrando al nivel cuántico y es que nada esta determinado que siempre hay posibilidades del siguiente momento Tienes que convencerte a ti mismo por que creo que el estrés es solo una creencia en tu cerebro lo que te esta diciendo, así que cuando tu tomas tu idea y la colocas en tu cuerpo nadie me la puede sacar de ahi -Exacto Todo es percepción asi que cualquier cosa puede ser verdad y creo que en si mismo es malo o bueno puedes colocar un significado a eso -Si Así que si todo es cierto por que no elegir el mejor resultado y creo que eso es lo que meterse en el agua fría, como lo hicimos ayer a las congeladas cascadas si cualquier cosa puede ser cierta por que no elegir la verdad que te alimenta de la energía del agua, contrario a escoger la verdad de "oh esta frio, duele" Exactamente -Creo que de lo que estamos hablando aquí es super poderoso es muy real y es una practica que puede ser implementada en tu vida de muchas formas hay algo mas que quieras decir porque estamos a punto de grabar un video en el canal de Alex: The vortex way hablo de la ley de la atracción, amor propio y crecimiento propio ahi comparto mis experiencias todo esta en español así que si quieren ir a mirar es The Vortex Way en todo lado, Instagram, Youtube Genial, y ahora vamos a grabar un video sobre como manejar el estrés en momentos difíciles Un video muy relevante para estos días creo Si, bueno lo dejare ahí los vere en el proximo video y hasta el proximo video los invito a abrazar tus miedos porque creo que los miedos son los que definen y limitan los sueños que vas a estar viendo y también los invito a abrazar lo desconocido porque siempre hemos estado curiosos de lo desconocido y siempre hemos encontrado abundancia en lo desconocido y justo ahora estamos ingresando a una fase desconocida como jamas hemos conocido así que preparense los veo en el proximo video

Egggg yolk, what is going on and what is ripe, with my people, the Chico Army & any first timer of the channel, a viewer of the tube. I’m the host Tyler, and you just entered the crypto channel, that gets you more hyped than this big boy on the roof. You know our friendly banter, it’s time for Chico Crypto! Well, big moves in the crypto markets, aren’t happening...it’s all about consolidation...for over 2 months now, since early May, we have been consolidating into the 9k to 10k range, and over the past month, that range has gotten even tighter...basically between 9500 and 9k. You know, what that usually means...a big move, one to get the markets a rumbling. Checking out this bitcoin volatility chart, we can see since late 2018, when the markets start to consolidate, aka volatility drops, it is usually followed by a big jump up, and as we can see volatility hasn’t been this low since April of last year. And then pulling out the price chart back then, we can see yes, we were sideways through April hanging around the 5k range, but by May...big ole pop! Now do not take my Technical analysis as anything, because it is not...the markets could go anywhere, but last time it got this low, volatility, the move was up. And, if it’s possibly up, we have to be looking at those altcoins, because if you didn’t notice they have been a popping lately...I mean going to coingecko, and sorting by the top gainers over the past 7 days, it a very, long, long list of altcoins who have performed in the green or better than bitcoin….like a long list. So, let’s dive into it, because looking back at the top, as the number 6 performing coin over the past 7 days, is iexec RLC, which is up 39 percent. Why is this? Well, we know from what I’ve covered, that iexec is a major component of off chain trusted compute, and confidential computing, they have v5 of their platform releasing this summer, and this month they are revealing that a tech giant is joining them. Now I made some guesses about this...at 1st I thought it was Microsoft, from the squares in their announcement post... but iexec is already hooked up with them and it’s made public, there are pictures of their logos, and them demonstrating together…..then, I thought it was AMD, Advanced Micro Devices, which I talked about in the live stream over the weekend, because they have a square like logo too, and they joined the confidential computing consortium with iexec at the same time, as the new group of 10. But there is a new contender, and the crumbs make me confident it is this...but, I need to mention, it’s still possible, it’s AMD, but unlikely. So let’s first, see why it could still be possible, its AMD. Now, the original member of the confidential computing consortium include massive names, of course Microsoft and intel known patterns of iexec, but also the likes of Facebook, A.R.M, accenture, alibaba cloud, huwaei...but the one we need to focus on, from the OGs is powerhouse Google. So, how could this tie back to iexec?? Well just yesterday, Google cloud, and AMD announced a breakthrough...Google Cloud Confidential Computing with Confidential VMs….why is this big? From the release post “Google Cloud encrypts data at-rest and in-transit, but customer data must be decrypted for processing. Confidential Computing is a breakthrough technology which encrypts data in-use—while it is being processed. Confidential Computing environments keep data encrypted in memory and elsewhere outside the central processing unit (CPU) and then from the section of breakthrough confidentiality-Customers can now protect the confidentiality of their most sensitive data in the cloud even while it’s being processed. Confidential VMs leverage the Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV) feature of 2nd Gen AMD EPIC CPUs. Your data will stay encrypted while it is used, indexed, queried, or trained on. Encryption keys are generated in hardware, per VM, and not exportable. Yes, there it is, AMD is being used to power these VMs, 2 members from the confidential computing consortium, AMD and Google, have built a confidential computing Tool. And then, just when I was actually doing this video….iexec popped something off from a blog post titled “iExec Participates in Google Confidential Computing Beta” the post says “Today, Google announced its Confidential Computing Program Beta Release. iExec is proud to have joined in this program and have been working on the project since the alpha release” Hmmmm...but like I said, I don’t think this is the iexec partner, but it’s still highly important for the project as a whole, which you will see… So, where do I begin...with this Partner...well the crumbs being, from a tweet they did, in October of 2018, which announced their collaboration...we know Microsoft, we know Intel, but the one we should focus on, is Kailedo. So why is this company important? Well going to their website, they are the enterprise blockchain powerhouse, and as we can see from a description, their enterprise solution, works across clouds, including microsoft and amazon...yes Amazon…. As Amazon, is a partner of theirs, from the AWS partners blog, posted just before iexec began working with Kailedo,…”Launch Enterprise-Ready Blockchain Networks on AWS in Minutes with Kaleido—a ConsenSys Solution” So Chico tell me, is Amazon the secret partner? Well, looking at Amazon’s logo, no square an arrow...but remember, it’s Amazon Web Services, and looking at their logo...squares! So that’s it, squares and a weak connection to Kailedo? Well I just want to replay this AMA session from October of 2019, in which they were asked about the big partner in an AMA Let’s watch now...now, let’s just play the beginning again, when they were asked….all body language screams big one, smiling, rubbing their face and arms. No, we need to go deeper, and pull out the Chico bulldozer. And the major crumb was actually hiding in plain sight. Going to exec's for enterprise website, we can see some big enterprise partners listed we do not know, like Ubisoft...but scrolling down, they have a beautiful infographic, of how iexec is helping all their partners, in confidential computing, we have ARM, Fortanix, and of couse that confidential computing consortium, of which Google and AMD released the confidential VM…..but then you have the blockchains, of course ethereum and Kaliedo, but also POA and Hyperledger. Then you have the UX and UI, including ENS, Metamask, Uniswap, Bancor and more...the DeFi...Finally, we have the infrastructure, which includes microsoft azure and genesis mining. Ok...but where in the freak is Amazon? Well just click on the picture, why don’t we? Oh...there she blows, AWS listed as infrastructure partner… A whoopsie? Well you shouldn’t make em, with 4chan on the trail, as they were the ones who found it...like I have said since the beginning of this channel, the chan is a nasty, dirty, vile place, but has some of the best crypto research, you just gotta learn to filter. But, I kind of see, the cloud computing wars coming...and iexec is kind of in the middle of it, which isn’t a bad thing….Google Cloud vs Amazon web services, and then AMD vs Intel...like we mentioned. Google is using AMD hardware, and solutions.....Amazon, has been and will continue to use Intel, per example from Intel’s website, “AWS and Intel have a long history of developing custom cloud solutions, including Amazon EC2 instances based on Intel® Xeon® Scalable processors”...and then, this blog post posted just a few weeks ago “AMD Is Poised to Gain Market Share in Race Against Intel” So iexec, there’s a reason it’s been in the top of my portfolio, for a good while, all the cloud platforms, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud, and maybe now Amazon Web Services, are partners of theirs, and being in the middle of that battle, is a valuable thing. Cheers viewers, I’ll see you next time!

Polish: Kopanie w glebie by uzyskać błoto Umieszczenie drewna w środku kopca Układania drewna w kształcie stożka, od małych do dużych Jest to drewno eukaliptusa pozbierane z ziemi Ważne, by dokładnie ułożyć drewno pod kopiec Stos ułożony w ciągu kilku dni, jak znalazł drewno Woda z potoku Robienie błota z gleby Vietnamese: Đào đất sét để làm gò nung than, đặt gỗ vào trung tâm của gò, xếp chồng gỗ theo hình chóp nón, bên trong lớp nhỏ bên ngoài lớp to hơn. Gỗ của cây Bạch đàn là chính, nhặt xung quanh đây. Điều quan trọng là xếp gỗ chặt vào để có năng suất tốt. Chất gỗ lên như thế qua vài ngày thi bắt đầu được rồi, đi lấy nước dưới suối, nhào bùn bằng đất thường, Chinese: 挖掘普通的黏土做窯 在窯的中間放置木材 將木材堆放成錐形，由小到大 木材主要是從地上撿的桉木 緊密堆放對於產量很重要 把木材直立防止泥土倒塌 從小溪中取水 用普通土壤製作泥 Hungarian: Egyszerű agyag-tartalmú föld kiásása a dombnak. Fák elhelyezése a domb közepén. A fákat kúp formájában elhelyezni kezdve a kisebbtől a nagyobbig. A fa főleg Eukaliptusz, amit a földről szedtem fel. Fontos, hogy szorosra rakd össze a dombot, hogy jó legyen a hozam. A rakást több napig csináltam, ahogy a fákat sikerült találnom. Víz a patakból. Sár készítése egyszerű földből. Norwegian: Graver vanlig leirejord til kuppelovn. Plaserer pinner i sentrum av kuppelen. Legger trepinnene i en kjegleform, små til store. Tresorten er hovedsaklig eukalyptus funnet på bakken. Det er viktig å stable treet tett inni kuppelen for best mulig avkastning. Haugen stablet over flere dager ettersom jeg kom over høvelig trevirke. Vann fra bekken. Lager gjørme av vanlig jord. Ukrainian: Викопуємо звичайний глинистий ґрунт для насипу. Розміщуємо деревину в центрі насипу. Складаємо деревину в конічній формі, від малої до великої. Деревина переважно евкаліптова, піднята з землі. Важливо якомога щільніше складати насип, щоб збільшити вихід готового вугілля. Купа складалася декілька днів, по мірі того, як знаходилась деревина для неї. Вода зі струмка. Робимо грязюку зі звичайного ґрунту. Russian: Копаем обычную суглинистую почву для насыпи Размещаем древесину в центре насыпи Укладываем древесину в коническую форму, от малого к большему В основном используется древесина эвкалипта, поднятая с земли Важно плотно уложить насыпь для хорошего качества "урожая" углей Груда складывалась по мере нахождения древесины в течение нескольких дней Вода из ручья Делаем грязь из обычной почвы Portuguese: Cavando solo argiloso comum para o forno Colocando a madeira no centro do pilha. Empilhando a madeira em formato cônico. Troncos menores primeiro, depois os grandes. A pilha é feita principalmente de galhos de eucalipto caídos que recolhi do chão. É importante que a pilha fique bem compacta para um bom rendimento Pilha recolhida ao longo de alguns dias, à medida que ia encontrando madeira caída. Água do riacho Fazendo lama com terra comum Turkish: Killi toprağı kazarak ufak çukurumuzu oluşturuyoruz Merkezine odunları yerleştirerek Diğer odunlarla koni şeklinde büyütüyoruz Odunlar genel olarak yerden toplanan Okaliptus dallarıdır İyi verim alabilmek için sık sık dizmek önemlidir Bu yığınların bir araya gelmesi bir kaç günü buldu Dereden suyumuzu alarak Klasik topraktan çamur elde ediyoruz Serbian: Iskopavam ilovaču kao osnovu za peć Postavljam drvo u sredinu Drvo postavljam u obliku kupe, u sredini su najkraći parčići a spolja sve duži Drvo je uglavnom eukaliptus koji sam sakupio sa zemlje Jako je bitno gusto nabiti drvo kako bi dobili bolji prinos Gomila je rasla u toku par dana, kako sam pronalazio drvo Voda iz potoka Pravim blato od obične zemlje Chinese: 挖掘普通的粘土做窑 在窑的中间放置木材 将木材堆放成锥形，由小到大 木材主要是从地上捡的桉木 紧密堆放对于产量很重要 从小溪中取水 用普通土壤制作泥 iw: חופר ערימת חול-חימר רגיל לערימה מניח עצים במרכז הערימה מניח את העצים אחד על השני בעמידה מהקטן לגדול סוג העץ העיקרי פה הוא אקליפטוס שנאסף מהקרקע חשוב לצפף את העצים ביחד כדי להגיע לתוצאות טובות ערימת העצים שאספתי במשך מספר ימים מים מהנחל מכין חימר מאדמה רגילה Finnish: Kaivan savea kummulle. Asetan puut kummun keskelle. Asetan puut kartiomaisesti, pienestä isoon puuhun. Puu on pääasiassa Eucalyptusta jotka keräsin maasta. On tärkeää asettaa puut tiukasti parhaan tuoton saamiseksi. Kasa kasvoi joka päivä kun sain puuta käsiini. Vettä purosta. Mudan tekoa. Chinese: 为木堆挖一些普通黏土 在木堆的中心放置木头 将木材从小到大堆成锥形 木材主要是来自地上拾起的桉树枝 紧紧地堆叠木堆对提高产量很重要 耗时数天来收集木材并堆放木堆 从小溪中取水 用普通黏土制作泥巴 Italian: Scavate il terreno argilloso per il tumulo Posizionate il legno al centro del tumulo Sistematelo a forma di cono, dal piu corto al piu lungo Il legno è principalmente Eucalipto raccolto dal suolo è importante sistemarli strettamente per una buona resa Pila accumulata per alcuni giorni man mano che il legno è venuto a portata di mano Acqua dal torrente Fare il fango con il terreno ordinario Portuguese: Cavando o solo de argila-barro para o monte Colocando a madeira no centro do monte Empilhando madeira em forma cônica, da menor para a maior A madeira é principalmente Eucalipto recolhida do chão É importante empilhar firmemente o monte para um bom rendimento Empilhada ao longo de alguns dias, conforme foi chegando a mão A água do riacho Fazendo lama com o solo comum Hindi: vcvxcvcvcvcvcccvcvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvcccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccटीला बनाने के लिए चिकनी बालू मिट्टी को खोदना टीले के बीच में लकड़ियों को रखना लकड़ियों को शंकुनुमा आकृति देना लकड़ी मुख्यतया धरती से उठाई हुई युकलिप्टुस पेड़ की डालियाँ हैं अच्छे उत्पादन के लिए टीले को कसा हुआ बनाना ज़रूरी है कई दिनों के प्रयास से बनाया गया लकड़ी का गट्ठर छोटी नदी से पानी लाना साधारण मिट्टी से कीचड़ बनाना Spanish: Excavando tierra arcillosa (barro) para el montículo. Colocando la madera en el centro del montículo. Apilando madera en forma cónica, de pequeñas a grandes. La madera es principalmente de eucalipto, recogida del suelo. Es importante para apilar firmemente el montículo para una buena cosecha. Pila hecha a lo largo de algunos días, tan pronto tuve a la mano madera. El agua del arroyo. Haciendo barro con tierra ordinaria. Dutch: Het graven van normale klei/leem aarde voor de terp Het hout wordt geplaatst in het center van de terp Het hout plaatsen in een kegel vorm, van klein naar groot Het hout is voornamelijk Eucalyptus en van de grond gepakt Het is belangrijk om strak te stapel voor een goede opbrengst Het hout is over een paar dagen gestapeld tijdens het vinden van hout Water uit de rivier Het maken van modder met normale aarde Japanese: 塚窯のために粘土ローム土壌を掘ります 塚窯となる予定の中心に木材を置きます 木材を円錐状に積み重ね、小さなものからだんだん大きくしていきます 木材は主にユーカリを選んでいます たくさんの木炭を得るためには、しっかりと塚状に積み重ねることが大事です 木材が手に入るたびに、数日をかけて積み重ねました 小川から水 通常の土壌から泥を作ります Thai: ขุดดินร่วนปนดินเหนียว สำหรับทำกองดิน ปักท่อนไม้ที่ตรงกลางกองดิน เรียงท่อนไม้จากเล็กไปหาใหญ่ ให้เป็นรูปทรงกรวย ไม้ส่วนใหญ่เป็นไม้ยูคาลิปตัส ที่หักร่วงอยู่ตามพื้น การเรียงกองไม้ให้ชิดกันแน่น นั้นช่วยให้ได้ผลผลิตดีขึ้น ใช้เวลารวบรวม และเรียงกองไม้ 2-3 วัน ตักน้ำจากลำห้วย ผสมดินกับน้ำให้เป็นโคลน Swedish: Gräver vanlig lerjord till högen. Placerar trä i mitten av det som ska bli högen. Staplar träet konformigt, från minst till störst. Träet är huvudsakligen Eucalyptusträ. Hittat och plockat från marken. Det är viktigt att stapla träet tätt för att få en bra skörd. Högen byggdes upp i takt med att trä hittades under några dagar. Vatten från källan. Gör lera av vanlig jord. French: Je creuse de l'argile pour la meule Je place du bois au centre de la meule J’empile le bois en cône, du petit au plus grand Le bois est principalement de l'Eucalyptus ramassé au sol Il est important d’empiler étroitement pour un meilleur rendement Bois récolté sur plusieurs jours au fur et a mesure Eau du ruisseau Je fais de la boue avec la terre creusé précédemment Korean: 흙더미를 위해 평범한 흙을 팝니다 나무를 흙더미 중앙에 놓습니다 나무를 원뿔 모양으로 쌓습니다 땅에서 주은 유칼립투스 나무를 주로 사용하였습니다 좋은 숯을 얻기 위해서는 나무를 빽빽하게 쌓는게 중요합니다 계곡에서 물을 가져옵니다 진흙을 만듭니다 English: Digging ordinary clay-loam soil for the mound Placing wood at center of mound Stacking wood in conical shape, small to large Wood is mainly Eucalyptus picked up from the ground It's important to tightly stack the mound for a good yield Pile stacked over a few days as wood came to hand Water from the creek Making mud with ordinary soil Indonesian: Menggali tanah liat untuk gundukan Menempatkan kayu di tengah gundukan Menumpuk kayu berbentuk kerucut, dari kecil ke besar Kayu sebagian besar Eucalyptus yang diambil di tanah Sangat penting untuk merapatkan tumpukan kayu untuk mendapatkan hasil yang baik Tumpukan ditumpuk selama beberapa hari yang di susun menggunakan tangan Mengambil Air dari sungai Membuat lumpur dengan tanah biasa German: Gewöhnliche tonartige Lehmerde für eine Kuhle ausgraben. Platziere Holz in der Mitte der Kuhle. Holz in konischer Form stapeln . Von klein zu groß Das Holz ist größtenteils vom Boden aufgehobenes Eukalyptusholz Es ist wichtig das Holz eng zu stapeln um eine gute Ausbeute zu erhalten Über ein paar Tage wird das Holz, was man findet, gestapelt Wasser aus dem Bach Herstellung von Schlamm mit gewöhnlicher Erde Spanish: Excavando tierra arcillosa ordinaria para el montículo Colocando madera en el centro del montículo Apilando madera en figura de cónico, pequeño a grande Madera es principalmente Eucalipto juntado del suelo Es importante apilar el montículo estrechamente para un buen rendimiento Pila apilada a través de unos pocos días mientras la madera se hizo disponible Agua del arroyo Haciendo lodo con tierra ordinaria Arabic: حفر تربه طينيه عاديه للتل وضع الخشب في مركز التل رص الخشب في شكل مخروطي الصغير فالكبير الخشب هو من شجر الايكالبتوس اُلتقط من الارض من المهم ان تكدس التل بإحكام للحصول على عائد جيد الكومه مكدسه علي مدار بضعة ايام كلما توفر الخشب مياه من النبع صنع طين بالتربة العادية Korean: 진흙으로 넓게 층을 만들어 올립니다 흙더미의 꼭대기 부분은 열어둡니다 8개의 공기구멍을 흙더미 아래쪽에 만듭니다. 이 흙더미를 덮는데 총 6시간이 걸렸습니다. Italian: Fare uno strato di fango largo come la mano La parte superiore del tumulo è lasciato aperto 8 fori d'aria sono fatti intorno alla base del tumulo. Coprire il tumulo ha impiegato 6 ore. Japanese: 手と同じ幅で泥の層を作ります 塚窯の上部が開いたままになっています 8つの空気孔は、塚窯の根本の周囲に開けます。木材を塚窯で全部覆うのに6時間かかりました。 English: Making a layer of mud as wide as the hand The top of the mound is left open 8 air holes are made around the base of the mound. The mound took 6 hours to cover. Swedish: Gör ett lager av lera som är lika bred som en hand. Toppen av högen lämnas öppen. Åtta luftningshål grävs ur runt botten av högen. Sammanlagt tog högen sex timmar att täcka med lera. Hungarian: Kézszélességű sárréteg készítése. A domb teteje nyitott maradt. 8 szellőzőnyílást készítek a domb talpazatánál. A domb befedése sárral 6 óráig tartott. Chinese: 制作巴掌宽的泥层 窑的顶部留出开口 底部挖8歌进气口。窑耗时6个小时。 Spanish: Haciendo una capa de lodo con la anchura de la mano La parte de encima del montículo se deja abierta 8 entradas de aire se hacen alrededor de la base del montículo. Tomo 6 horas cubrirlo. German: Es wird eine Schicht so breit wie die Hand aufgetragen Die Spitze des Hügels lässt man offen 8 Luftlöcher wurden um die Basis des Hügels gemacht. Es dauerte 6 Stunden den Hügel mit Erde abzudecken. Russian: Делаем слой грязи по ширине с руку Верхушку оставляем открытой Восемь воздушных отверстий сделаны по основанию насыпи. На покрытие насыпи ушло шесть часов. Turkish: El genişliğinde bir çamur tabakası oluşturarak Tepesini açık bırakıyoruz 8 tane hava deliğini yığının temeline açıyoruz. Yığının kaplanması 6 saat sürdü French: Je pose une couche de boue, la largeur d'une main Le dessus de la meule reste ouvert 8 trous d’aération a la base. Recouvrir la meule m'a pris 6 heures Indonesian: Membuat lapisan lumpur selebar tangan Bagian atas gundukan itu dibiarkan terbuka 8 lubang udara dibuat sekitar dasar gundukan. Dibutuhkan waktu 6 jam untuk menutupi seluruh gundukan. Dutch: Het leggen van modder op de breedte van de hand De bovenkant blijft open Acht gaten worden gemaakt rond de onderkant van de terp. Dit duurde zes uur. Polish: Wykonywanie warstwy błota tak szerokiej jak ręka Górna część kopca pozostaje otwarta 8 otworów powietrznych wykonanych wokół podstawy kopca. Pokrycie kopca błotem trwało 6 godzin Chinese: 製作巴掌寬的泥層 窯的頂部留出開口 底部挖8個進氣口。 窯耗時6個小時。 Portuguese: Fazendo uma camada de lama com espessura de uma mão. Foi deixada uma abertura no topo do forno. Oito entradas de ar devem ser feitas em torno da base do forno. O processo de montar o forno levou 6 horas. Finnish: Muta kerrokset ovat yhtä leveitä kuin käteni. Kummun huippu jää auki. Tein kahdeksan ilma-aukkoa kummun ympärille. Kummun teko kesti 6 tuntia. Ukrainian: Робимо шар з грязі шириною з руку. Вершина насипу залишена відкритою. Зроблено вісім отворів для повітря навколо основи насипу. На покриття насипу пішло шість годин. Arabic: صنع طبقه من الطين بعرض اليد الجزء العلوي من التل يترك مفتوحا تم فتح 8 ثقوب للهواء حول قاعدة التل. استغرق التل 6 ساعات لتغطيته Thai: นำโคลนมาก่อเป็นชั้นๆ กว้างประมาณเท่าฝ่ามือ ก่อกองดินโดยเปิดด้านบนสุดไว้ เจาะช่องอากาศ 8 ช่องรอบๆ ฐาน ใช้เวลาในการก่อกองดินทั้งหมด 6 ชั่วโมง Portuguese: Fazendo uma camada de lama tão grande como a mão O topo do monte é deixada em aberto 8 furos de ar são feitas em torno da base do montículo. O monte levou 6 horas para ser coberto. Serbian: Svaki sloj blata je širine jedne šake Vrh peći ostaje otvoren Na dnu peći probijam 8 rupa za vazduh. Za celu peć je bilo potrebno oko 6 sati. Spanish: Fabricando una capa de barro tan ancha como la mano. La parte superior del montículo se deja abierta. Se hacen 8 agujeros de aire alrededor de la base del montículo. El montículo tomó 6 horas a cubrir. iw: מכין ערימת חימר בערך בגודל כף היד ראש ערימת החימר נשאר פתוח עושה 8 חורי אוורור בבסיסה של ערימת החימר. כל זה לקח לי 6 שעות. Chinese: 制作跟手掌一样宽的泥层 木堆的顶部保留开口 在木堆底座周围挖8个气孔。覆盖木堆耗时6个小时。 Norwegian: Legger et lag med gjørme, en håndsbredd tykt. Toppen av kuppelen etterlates åpen. Åtte luftehull lages nederst på kuppelen. Det tok seks timer å bygge inn hele vedstabelen. Vietnamese: trát lớp bùn to bằng nắm tay lên, để phần đỉnh gò hở, 8 lỗ thông được làm xung quanh chân gò. Gò này mất 6 giờ để hoàn thành. Hindi: कीचड़ की हाथ जितनी चौड़ी परत बनाना टीले का ऊपरी भाग खुला छोड़ा गया है टीले के आधार के चारों ओर हवा आने जाने के लिए आठ छेद बनाये गए हैं | टीले को ढकने के लिए छह घण्टे लगे Russian: Добываем огонь палочками для розжига. Я использую эти палочки, потому что их легче изготавливать и обслуживать, чем лук для розжига (меньше компонентов). В качестве трута используются измельченные листья нутового дерева Огонь начинает гореть на открытой вершине насыпи Spanish: Haciendo fuego con palos de fuego. Yo uso palos de fuego porque son más fáciles de hacer y mantener que un conjunto de arco de fuego (un menor número de componentes). La yesca es hojas de nuez de la India trituradas. El fuego se enciende en la parte superior abierta del montículo. Indonesian: Membuat api dengan ranting. Saya menggunakan ranting karena lebih mudah untuk membuat nya dari satu set api busur (lebih sedikit komponen). Pematik bara dibuat dari daun kacang yang hancur dan telah kering sehingga lebih mudah terbakar Api dinyalakan di bagian atas gundukan yang terbuka Ukrainian: Розпалюю багаття використовуючи палички для розпалу. Я використовую палички, тому що їх легше виготовити та обслуговувати, ніж лук для розпалу (менше компонентів). В якості трута використано подрібнене листя лумбангу. Вогонь запалюється з відкритого верху насипу. Vietnamese: Tạo lửa bằng que cật. Tôi dùng một cái que cật bởi nó khó tắt hơn là làm bằng bộ tạo lửa (xem video trước). Giờ thì làm bùi nhùi bằng lá cây Trẩu, Để lửa cháy từ đỉnh của gò xuống, Dutch: Het maken van vuur d.m.v. vuur stokjes. Ik gebruik vuur stokjes omdat ze makkelijker zijn om te maken en te onderhouden dan met een vuur boog set. De tondel is gemaakt van verpletterde kaars noot bladen Het vuur is op de bovenkant aangestoken Finnish: Tulentekoa. Sytyke on kuivuneita lehtiä. Tuli sytytetään kummun huipulta. Arabic: اشعال النار بالعصي. انا استخدام عصي النار لأنها أسهل في صنعها وصيانتها من مجموعة قوس النار (مكونات أقل). مادة الحريق هي اوراق شجر الجوز المطحونه تشعل النار في أعلى قمة التل Hindi: लकड़ियों से आग उत्पन्न करना आग जलाने के लिए कुचली हुई नट पेड़ की पत्तियाँ उपयोग की गई हैं आग, टीले के ऊपरी भाग में लगाई गई है French: Je fait ensuite du feu avec des "bâtons de feu", c'est plus facile à réaliser ainsi qu'à maintenir qu'un arc (moins de composants) Le petit bois est des feuilles d'Aleurites écrasé Le feu est allumé au sommet de la meule Serbian: Vatru palim štapom jer je me mrzi da pravim luk (kojim bih vrteo štap, umesto dlanovima) Vatru palim na vrhu peći Swedish: Göra eld med pinnar. Jag använder pinnar eftersom de är lättare att göra än ett helt eld-startar kit. (färre komponenter) Fnösket är krossade, torra löv. iw: מכין אש בשיטת מקלות אש. אני משתמש בשיטה זו כי יותר קל ליצור ולשמור על מקלות אלה ביחס לשיטת קשת האש (פחות חלקים). חומר הבעירה הוא עלי אגוז יבשים ומעוכים. את האש מדליקים על ראש ערימת החימר הפתוח. Hungarian: Tűz készítése tűz rudakkal. Azért használok ilyen rudakat mert könnyebb elkészíteni őket, mint egy "tűz íj szettet". (kevesebb alapanyagot igényel) A tapló összemorzsolt banhulfa levelekből áll. A tüzet meggyújtottam a domb tetején. German: Um Feuer zu machen benutze Ich zwei Stöck, weil es einfacher ist sie herzustellen und zu warten als einen Feuer-Bogen Satz (weniger Komponenten). Als Zunder benutze ich zerkleinerte Kerzen Nuss blätter Das Feuer wird auf die offene Spitzte des Hügels gelegt Turkish: Ateşi yakarken bu çubukları kullanıyorum çünkü bunlarla ateş yakması daha kolay. (daha az malzeme gerektiriyor) ezilmiş reçineli fındık yapraklarını kav olarak kullanıyoruz Yığının açık tepesine yanar vaziyette bırakıyoruz. Polish: Rozpalenie ognia przy pomocy patyków. Używam patyków ponieważ są one łatwiejsze do wykonania i utrzymania niż zestaw łuk ognia (mniej składników). Sucha trawa zajęła się ogniem Ogień świeci na otwartym szczycie kopca Chinese: 用取火棒生火。我用取火棒，是因为它比取火弓更容易制作和维护（所用部件更少）。 火种是压碎的烛果树叶 在木堆的顶部开口处点火 Portuguese: Fazendo fogo com graveto. Eu uso gravetos porque são mais fáceis de fazer e manter, se comparados a um conjunto arco de fogo (menos componentes). A mecha é feita de folhas de noz molucana esmagadas. O fogo será aceso na abertura do topo do forno. Korean: 파이어 스틱으로 불을 피웁니다. 파이어 스틱은 파이어 보우보다 만들고 관리하기 쉽기 때문에 사용하였습니다. (부품이 적다) 캔들넛 잎을 비벼 불쏘시개로 사용했습니다 흙더미의 꼭대기에다가 불을 피웁니다 Portuguese: Fazendo fogo com gravetos. Eu uso gravetos porque são mais fáceis de fazer e manter do que um conjunto arco de fogo (menos componentes). A isca são folhas de Nogueira-de-iguape esmagada O fogo está aceso no topo aberto do monte English: Making fire with fire sticks. I use fire sticks because they're easier to make and maintain than a fire bow set (fewer components). The tinder is crushed candle nut leaves The fire is lit on the open top of the mound Norwegian: Lager ild med pinner. Jeg bruker denne metoden fordi den er lettere å lage og vedlikeholde enn en buedrill (færre komponenter) Knuste kemirinøtt-blader brukes som tennved (høyt oljeinnhold og brenner godt). Bålet tennes på i åpningen på toppen av kuppelen. Spanish: Haciendo fuego con palos de fuego. Yo uso palos de fuego porque son mas fáciles de hacer y mantener que un conjunto de arco de fuego (menos componentes). El tinder son hojas de vela de nuez aplastada El fuego se enciende en la parte abierta encima del montículo Japanese: 私はきりもみ棒で火をおこします。 なぜなら、弓きりのセット（より少ない部品）よりも簡単に作ることができ、メンテナンスも簡単にできるからです。 火口は、キャンドルナッツの葉を粉々にして作ります 塚窯のてっぺんに点火しています Chinese: 用木棍取火。我用木棍是因为相对于取火弓，这个容易制作和维护。（部件更少） 火种引燃了坚果叶 火在窑顶部的开口燃烧 Chinese: 用木棍鑽木取火。 我用木棍是因為相對於取火弓，這個容易製作和維護。 （部件更少） 火種引燃了堅果葉 火在窯頂部的開口燃燒 Thai: ใช้แท่งไม้ปั่นไฟ ใช้ใบ candle nut เป็นเชื้อไฟ จุดไฟที่ด้านบนของกองดินที่เปิดไว้ Italian: Fare fuoco con i bastoni di fuoco. Io uso i bastoni di fuoco perché sono più facili da fare e da mantenere che un set di arco fuoco (meno componenti). Il tinder è foglie di noce di candela schiacciate Il fuoco è acceso sulla parte superiore del tumulo Hungarian: Ezután a tűz leég a lyukakig. A tűz leégeti a farakást a feláramlással ellentétes irányban. A fából faszén lesz, ahogy a tűz fentről lefelé mozog. Illékony gázok (Szén-monoxid és Hidrogén) égnek lángot formálva a domb tetején. Ha látod a tüzet a szellőzőnyílásban, akkor itt az ideje, hogy betapaszd. Chinese: 火从开口处向下燃烧 火向木堆下方燃烧，与上升气流方向相反 当火从顶部转移到底部时，木材转化为木炭 木堆上方的火焰是挥发性气体（CO和H2）在燃烧 当空气入口处能看到火时堵住气孔 English: The fire then burns down into the opening The fire burns down the wood heap in the opposite direction to the updraft Wood is converted to charcoal as the fire moves from top to bottom Volatile gases (CO and H2) burn as a flame above the mound When you see fire in an air entry it's time to block it up Korean: 불이 점점 아래로 번집니다 불이 나무 더미 아래로 번져나가 상향기류를 만들어 냅니다 불이 위에서 아래로 움직임으로써 나무는 숯으로 변화합니다 휘발성 가스(CO, H2)가 흙더미 위로 불길을 태웁니다 아래 구멍에 불이 보인다면 이제 막을 시간입니다 Vietnamese: Để lửa cháy bên trên nó sẽ lan xuống phần dưới, ngọn lửa ở trong gò đốt gỗ bốc lên đối diện với hướng gió vào, gỗ đã hóa than khi lửa cháy dần từ trên đỉnh xuống chân gò. Khí dễ bay hơi (Carbon Monocide và Hydro) cháy trên đỉnh gò, lúc bạn thấy ánh lửa dưới chân gò thì đó là lúc bít nó lại. Ukrainian: Багаття прогоряє вниз в отвір. Вогонь спалює дерев'яну купу у напрямку протилежному потоку повітря направленому вгору. Деревина перетворюється на вугілля по мірі того,я вогонь рухається зверху вниз. Летючі гази (СО та H2) згоряють у вигляді полум'я над насипом. Коли ви побачите вогонь в отворі для повітря, то це час його заблокувати. Portuguese: O fogo já queimando na abertura O fogo queima de cima para baixo na pilha de madeira, em sentido oposto ao da corrente de ar ascendente. A madeira é convertida em carvão vegetal à medida que o fogo se desloca de cima para baixo Gases voláteis (CO e H2) queimam na saida de cima do forno. Quando vir fogo em uma entrada de ar feche-a com barro. Hindi: आग इस तरह ऊपर से नीचे की ओर जाती है आग ऊपर से नीचे, धुएँ की विपरीत दिशा में जाती है जब आग ऊपर से नीचे की तरफ़ जाती है तो लकड़ी कोयले में बदल जाती है वाष्पशील गैसें (कार्बन मोनो ऑक्साइड तथा हाइड्रोजन) टीले के ऊपर आग में जल जाती हैं वायु छिद्रों में आग दिखाई देने का अर्थ है कि अब इन्हें बंद कर देना चाहिए Portuguese: O fogo, em seguida, queima na abertura O fogo queima para baixo da pilha de madeira no sentido oposto ao da corrente ascendente A madeira é convertida em carvão vegetal conforme o fogo se desloca de cima para baixo gases voláteis (CO e H2) queimam como uma chama acima do montículo Quando você vê um incêndio em uma entrada de ar é hora de bloqueá-lo Polish: Następnie rozpala niższe warstwy Ogień spala stos drewna wewnątrz, z góry na dół Drewno zamienia się w węgiel drzewny gdy ogień przesuwa się od góry do dołu gazy lotne (CO i H2) wylatują z kopca Kiedy widzisz ogień w wejściu powietrza nadszedł czas, aby zatkać otwory Turkish: Ateş yanarak tepedeki deliği genişletir Tepeden yaktığımız ateş yığının yukarıdan aşağı doğru yanmasını sağlıyor Ateş aşağı doğru indikçe odunlar kömürleşir. Uçucu gazlar (CO ve H2) yığının tepesinden alev alev yükselir Hava girişinden ateşi görmeye başladığında delikleri kapatmanın zamanı gelmiş demektir Spanish: El fuego entonces quema hacia abajo en la apertura El fuego quema la madera hacia abajo en la dirección opuesta de la corriente ascendente Madera se convierte en carbón mientras el fuego se mueve de arriba hacia abajo Gases volátiles (CO y H2) se queman como llama encima del montículo Cuando veas fuego en una entrada de aire es hora de bloquearla Dutch: Het vuur brandt naar beneden door de opening Het vuur brandt in de tegenstelde richting van de luchtstroom Het hout is veranderd in houtskool als het vuur van boven naar beneden verplaatst Vluchtige gassen (koolstof monoxide en waterstof) branden als een vlam boven de terp Zodra je vuur in de lucht inlaat ziet, moet het gedicht worden Indonesian: Api kemudian membakar ke dalam pembukaan api membakar tumpukan kayu dari arah yang berlawanan arah datangnya udara masuk. Kayu berubah menjadi arang setelah api membakar kayu dari atas ke bawah gas yang mudah menguap (CO dan H2) yang terbakar tampak lidah api di atas gundukan Ketika Anda melihat api di lubang masuk udara maka saatnya untuk menutup lubang saluran itu Japanese: 火はその後、開口部から広がっていきます 火は上昇気流に逆らい、下向きの方向へと木材の塚を焼いていきます 火が上から下に移動し、木材を炭に変換していくのです。 木材より出る揮発性ガス（COとH 2）は、塚窯の上で炎として燃焼します 空気孔から炎が見えたら、空気孔をふさぐタイミングです Chinese: 火焰向下燃燒 火焰逆著上升氣流向下燃燒進入木堆 火焰從上向下的過程中，木材轉化為木炭 揮發氣體（一氧化碳和氫氣）在窯的上方燃燒 當通過進氣口看到火焰時就該封閉它了 Swedish: Elden tänds på toppen av högen. Elden brinner då ner i öppningen. Elden brinner nerför trästapeln i motsatt riktning mot luftflödet Träet omvandlas till träkol när elden rör sig från toppen till botten. Instabila gaser (CO och H2) brinner som en flamma över högen. När man ser eld i en av lufthålen är det dags att täppa igen det. Spanish: El fuego quema hacia abajo de la abertura. El fuego quema el montón de madera en la dirección opuesta a la corriente ascendente. La madera se convierte en carbón vegetal mientras el fuego se mueve de arriba a abajo. Gases volátiles (CO y H2) se queman como una llama por encima del montículo. Cuando veas fuego en la entradas de aire, es hora de bloquearlas. Chinese: 火焰向下燃烧 火焰逆着上升气流向下燃烧进入木堆 火焰从上向下的过程中，木材转化为木炭 挥发气体（一氧化碳和氢气）在窑的上方燃烧 当通过进气口看到火焰时就该封闭它了 French: Le feu descend par l'ouverture Il se propage dans le sens inverse de l'évacuation de l'air (vers le bas) Le bois se transforme alors en charbon de bois Les gaz volatiles (CO et H2) forment une flamme au dessus de la meule Lorsque vous voyez les flammes aux trous d’aération, il est temps de fermer Russian: Затем огонь разгорается внутри насыпи Огонь сжигает древесину в противоположном направлении к восходящему потоку воздуха Древесина превращается в древесный уголь, поскольку огонь перемещается сверху вниз Летучие газы (СО и Н2) сгорают в виде пламени над насыпью Когда вы увидите огонь в нижнем входе для воздуха, пришло время его заблокировать Arabic: ثم تمتد النار الي اسفل من الفتحه النار يحرق أسفل كومة الخشب في الاتجاه المعاكس للتيار الصاعد يتم تحويل الخشب إلى فحم كلما تحركت النار من أعلى إلى أسفل الغازات المتطايرة (اكسيد الكربون و الهيدروجين) تحترق كلهب فوق التل عندما ترى النار في مدخل الهواء يكون قد حان الوقت لاغلاقه iw: האש בוערת למטה, אל תוך הפתח. האש בוערת לכיוון תחתית ערימת העץ, כנגד כיוון הרוח. העץ הופך לפחם בזמן שהאש נעה מלמעלה למטה גזים רעילים (CO ו H2) נשרפים החוצה מהחור העליון. כשאתם רואים את האש דרך חורי האוורור, זה הזמן לסתום אותם. Italian: Il fuoco brucia verso sotto Il fuoco brucia il mucchio di legno nella direzione opposta alla corrente. Il legno viene convertito in carbone mentre il fuoco si sposta da cima a fondo I gas volatili (CO e H2) bruciano come fiamme sopra il tumulo Quando vedi il fuoco in una apertura per l'aria è il momento di chiuderlo Thai: ไฟจะค่อยๆ ไหม้ลามลงไปด้านล่าง และไหม้ลงไปยังกองไม้ด้านใน ซึ่งจะเผาท่อนไม้ ให้กลายเป็นถ่านไม้ ไอก๊าซ (CO และ H2) จะถูกเผาไหม้ทางด้านบน เมื่อเห็นไฟติดที่ช่องอากาศ ก็ได้เวลาปิดช่องอากาศ German: Das Feuer brennt dann nach unten in die Öffnung Das Feuer brennt in der entgegengesetzten Richtung, zu der nach oben strömenden Luft, nach unten Wenn das Feuer bis ach unten vorgedrungen ist hat sich das gesamte Holz im inneren in Holzkohle verwandelt. Entweichende Gase wie CO und H2 verbrennen als Flamme über dem Erdhügel Wenn Sie Feuer in einem Lufteingang sehen ist es Zeit, diesen zu blockieren Norwegian: Flammen brenner seg nedover til åpningen. Flammen brenner seg gjennom trestabelen, i motsatt retning av trekken. Treet blir omgjort til trekull mens flammen beveger seg fra topp til bunn. Eksosgasser (CO og H2) brenner over kuppelen. Idét du ser flammer gjennom et av luftehullene langs grunnen er det på tide å dekke dem til Serbian: Vatra će goreti kroz otvor peći Vatra će goreti niz gomilu drveta u suprotnom pravcu od toka vazduha Vatra se širi ka dnu gomile, ali drvo ne sagoreva u potpunosti. Ovako nastaje ćumur. Gasovi nastali nepotpunim sagorevanjem (CO i H2) se ponovo pale iznad peći Pojavila se vatru na dnu peći. Vreme je da se popune rupe za vazduh. Finnish: Tuli palaa alaspäin. Tuli palaa alaspäin, päin vastaiseen suunta vedosta. Puu muuttuu puuhiileksi kun tuli liikkuu ylhäältä alas. Haihtuvat kaasut liekehtivät kummun yläpuolella. Kun näät liekkejä ilma-aukossa on aika tukkia ne. Indonesian: Ketika semua lubang masuk udara di tutup, bagian atas juga ditutup. Proses Ini membutuhkan waktu 5 jam. Membuka gundukan sesuai garis yang berbentuk pintu Bahan yang tidak terbakar, sisihkan untuk pembakaran berikutnya arang yang dapat digunakan Norwegian: Når alle luftehullene er dekket til, dekkes også toppen til. Dette tok fem timer. Åpner kuppelen med et dørformet riss Ubrente pinner legges til side og brukes neste gang Brukbart trekull Hindi: टीले के आधार स्थित वायु छिद्रों को बंद करने के बाद ऊपरी भाग को भी बंद किया गया | यह सब करने में पांच घण्टे लगे टीले को दरवाज़े के आकार में खोलना अधजले टुकड़ों को अगली बार के लिए बचाकर रखना इस्तेमाल करने योग्य कोयला Finnish: Kun kaikki ilma-aukot ovat tukittu, Huippu tukitaan myös. Tämä kesti 5 tuntia. Teen kumpuun oven muotoisen aukon. Ei palaneet oksat siirrän sivuun ensi kertaa varten. Käyttökelpoista puuhiiltä. German: Wenn alle Luftlöcher blockiert sind, wird die offene Spitze ebenfalls blockiert. Dies dauerte 5 Stunden Öffnen des Hügels entlang einer Tür ähnlichen Linie Unverbrannter Stöcke, auf die Seite gelegt für das nächstes mal nutzbare Holzkohle Russian: Когда все воздушные входы заблокированы, верхняя часть также блокируется. На всё ушло пять часов. Открытие насыпи вдоль намеченной линии двери Не прогоревшие дрова отложены в сторону для следующего раза Пригодный к использованию древесный уголь Korean: 모든 공기 구멍을 다 막았습니다. 이 작업에는 총 5시간이 걸렸습니다. 문 모양으로 흙더미에 입구를 만듭니다. 타지않은 나무는 옆에두고 다음에 다시 씁니다. 잘 만들어진 숯 Spanish: Cuando todas las entradas de aire están bloqueadas, la parte superior se bloquea también. Esto tardó 5 horas. Abriendo el montículo lo largo de una línea en forma de puerta. Ramas no quemadas, dejadas a un lado para una próxima vez. Carbón vegetal utilizable. Chinese: 堵住所有的空气入口，包括顶部的开口。用时5小时 沿着门形线打开木堆 未燃烧的树枝，放在一边以便下次使用 可用木炭 Hungarian: Miután mindet betapasztottad, tapaszd be a tetejét is. Ez 5 óráig tartott. A domb kinyitása egy ajtó alakú lyukat formálva. A nem megégett fákat rakd félre következő alkalomra. Használható faszén. iw: כשכל חורי האוורור נסתמו, סותמים גם את החור העליון. זה לקח לי 5 שעות. פותח את ערימת החימר בצורת דלת שומר בצד עצים שלא נשרפו היטב לשימוש בפעם הבאה פחם טוב Chinese: 所有进气口封闭后，就该封闭顶部了。共耗时5小时 画出门的形状并打开窑 未燃烧的树枝，可以下次使用 可用的木炭 English: When all air entries are blocked, the top is blocked also. This took 5 hours Opening the mound along a door shaped line Unburnt brands, put aside for next time Usable charcoal Portuguese: Quando todas as entradas de ar estiverem fechadas, é hora de fechar também a abertura do topo do forno. A queima levou 5 horas. Abrindo o forno ao longo de uma linha em forma de porta galhos não queimados que serão guardados para um próxima queima. carvão utilizável Portuguese: Quando todas as entradas de ar estão bloqueadas, o topo é bloqueado também. Isto levou 5 horas Abrindo o montículo ao longo de uma linha em forma de porta Madeiras não queimadas, pôr de lado para a próxima vez carvão utilizável Japanese: すべての空気孔をふさいだら、てっぺんの孔もふさぎます。ここまで5時間を要しました ドアの形状のラインに沿って塚窯を開きます 未燃焼の木材は、次回のため脇にどけておきます 使用可能な木炭 Serbian: Kada popunimo sve rupe za vazduh, vreme je da zatvorimo i vrh peći Probijam rupu u peći kako bih pristupio ćumuru Delove drveta koji nisu u potpunosti izgoreli ostavljamo za sledeće paljenje peći Koristan ćumur Thai: เมื่อปิดช่องอากาศด้านล่างหมด ก็ปิดช่องที่ด้านบน และทิ้งไว้ 5 ชั่วโมง เปิดกองดินเป็นช่อง ตามที่ขีดเส้นไว้ เก็บไม้ที่ไหม่ไม่หมด ไว้ใช้ทำถ่านในครั้งต่อไป ถ่านไม้ พร้อมใช้งาน Italian: Quando tutte le entrate di aria sono bloccate, la parte superiore è anche bloccata. Ci sono volute 5 ore Apertura del tumulo lungo una linea a forma di porta Tizzoni non bruciati, messi da parte per la prossima volta Carbone utile Dutch: Wanneer alles lucht inlaten geblokkeerd zijn, de bovenkant moet dan ook gedicht worden. Dit duurde 5 uur Er wordt een opening gemaakt in de vorm van een deur Onverbrande stokken worden gebruikt voor de volgende keer Bruikbaar houtskool Polish: Wszystkie wloty powietrza są zablokowane, górna również. To trwało 5 godzin Otwarcie kopca wzdłuż linii w kształcie drzwi Niespalone drewna zostawiamy na następny raz Węgiel jest gotowy Arabic: عندما يتم غلق كافة مداخل الهواء، يتم اغلاق القمه أيضا. استغرق ذلك 5 ساعات فتح التل علي خط علي شكل باب البقايا غير المحترقة، وضعت جانبا للمرة القادمة فحم قابل للاستعمال Ukrainian: Коли всі повітряні входи заблоковані, вершину також треба заблокувати. Цей етап зайняв п'ять годин. Відкриваємо насип по намальованій лінії дверей. Дрова, що не згоріли відкладаємо в сторону до наступного разу. Придатне для використання деревне вугілля. Spanish: Cuando todas las entradas de aire están bloqueadas, también se bloquea la parte de encima. Esto tardó 5 horas Abriendo el montículo a través de una línea con figura de puerta Trozos no quemados, puestos a lado para la siguiente vez Carbón listo para usar Chinese: 所有進氣口封閉後，就該封閉頂部了。共耗時5小時 畫出門的形狀並打開窯 未燃燒的樹枝，可以下次使用 可用的木炭 Vietnamese: Khi tất cả những lỗ thông gió đã đóng, phần đỉnh gò cũng thế. Sau đó để 5 tiếng nữa. Mở gò ra theo kiểu một cái cửa , những khúc gỗ chưa cháy, để sang bên lần sau làm tiếp, lấy ra than có thể dùng được. Turkish: Tepedeki boşluk dahil tüm delikler kapatılır. Bu 5 saatimi aldı Kapı şeklinde hatlarını çizdikten sonra yığının içini açıyoruz Yanmayan parçaları bir daha ki sefer için köşeye atıyoruz İşte kömür French: Quand les trous a la base sont fermer, l'ouverture au sommet est condamner aussi, 5 heures sont passées J'ouvre ensuite la meule en creusant une porte Je garde ce qui n'a pas brûlé pour la prochaine fournée Du charbon de bois utilisable Swedish: När alla ventilationshål är igentäckta ska öppningen på toppen även täppas igen. Detta tog 5 timmar. Öppnar hålet längs med en dörrlik linje. Obrända stockar/kvistar, sparas tills nästa gång. Användbart träkol. Indonesian: Arang matang dan terlihat mengkilap Saya hanya ingin arang dengan ukuran sekitar 2,5 cm untuk tungku saya. sedangkan potongan kecil dapat digunakan untuk api unggun. gundukan sangat kecil dan sempit hasil arang Kayu yang tidak terbakar disimpan untuk pembakaran berikutnya Menyimpan arang dari cuaca Cabang pohon karet yang tumbang di gunung Ukrainian: Вугілля пропечене наскрізь та глянсове на вигляд. Мені потрібно вугілля більше 2.5 сантиметрів у діаметрі для моїх печей. Менші шматки,можуть бути використані для багаття в ямі. Насип малий та тісний. Вугільний урожай. Незгоріла деревина для наступного спалювання. Зберігання деревного вугілля під навісом, на випадок опадів. Повалена гілка евкаліпта на горі. Chinese: 木炭完全烧透并散发光泽 我的暖炉只需要大于2.5厘米的木炭。小块的可以用在火堆。 窑又小又狭窄 木炭产量 未燃烧的木材存放到下次 存放木炭于不受天气影响的地方 山里倒下的桉树枝 English: Charcoal is cooked through and glossy in appearence I only want charcoal over 2.5 cm in diameter for my furnaces. Smaller pieces can be used for pit fires. The mound is small and cramped Charcoal yield Unburnt wood stored for next firing Storing charcoal out of the weather Fallen gum tree branch up in the mountain Italian: Il carbone di legna è cotto e vetrooso in apparenza Voglio solo il carbone di più di 2,5 cm di diametro per i miei forni. Pezzi più piccoli possono essere usati per il focolaio. Il tumulo è piccolo e stretto Raccolto del carbone Legno non bruciato immagazzinato per la successiva cottura Conservazione del carbone di legna fuori dalle intemperie Albero di gomma caduta in su in montagna Vietnamese: Than đã ngấu và trông láng mịn, Tôi chỉ dùng những cục than đường kính hơn 2.5 cm để dùng trong bếp. Còn loại nhỏ hơn thì dùng trong lò. Trong này rất nhỏ và chật chội, than thu hoạch được, những khúc chưa cháy thì để lần sau vậy. Cất than vào kho kẻo mưa. Cành cây cao su bị đổ trên núi, Norwegian: Trekullet er brent gjennom og har et blankt utseende Jeg vil kun ha trekull med over 2,5 cm i diameter for mine ovner. De mindre bitene kan brukes til bål. Kuppelen er liten og trang Så mye trekull gav én brenning. Ufullstendig brent virke lagres til neste fyring. Lagrer trekull under tak for å holde det tørt. Grener av gummitre fant jeg lengre oppe i fjellet. Hindi: कोयला अच्छे से पका है, तथा चमकीला हो गया है मुझे अपनी भट्टी के लिए केवल ढाई सेंटी मीटर आकार के टुकड़े चाहिए | छोटे टुकड़ों को गड्ढों की आग में उपयोग किया जा सकता है टीला छोटा तथा तंग है कोयले की उपज अगली बार के लिए अधजला कोयला कोयले को मौसम की मार से बचाना ऊपरी पहाड़ में गिरा हुआ गोंद का पेड़ Dutch: Houtskool is door verbranden en ziet er glanzend uit Ik gebruik alleen houtskool langer dan 2,5 cm in diameter voor mijn ovens. Kleinere stukjes worden gebruikt voor open vuren. De terp in klein en beklemmend Houtskool opbrengst Onverbrand hout bewaard voor volgende keer Het houtskool wordt beschermd tegen de elementen Gevallen gom boom in de bergen Arabic: فحم مطهي داخله ولامع المظهر أريد فقط الفحم اكبر من 2.5 سم في القطر لافراني. القطع صغيرة يمكن استخدامها في حفر النار. التلة صغيرة وضيقة محصول الفحم الخشب غير المحترق يخزن للاشعال القادم تخزين الفحم بعيداً عن الطقس فرع من شجرة صمغ ساقطه Japanese: 焼成された炭は、光沢があります 私は、炉で使うために直径2.5cm以上の炭が必要です。小さな炭は、ピット（土穴）で火を焚くために使用します 塚窯は小さく、窮屈です でも入ります 木炭がとれました 次の焼成のために、とっておいた未燃焼の木材 悪天候から避ける場所に炭を保存します 山に倒れているユーカリの木の枝 Swedish: Träkol är genomsvart och har ett "matt" utseende. Jag vill bara ha träkol som är större än 2,5 cm i diameter till mina ugnar. Mindre bitar kan användas till lägereldar ect. Hålan är liten och obekväm. Träkolsskörd. Bitar som inte blev klara sparas till nästa omgång. Skyddar och lagrar träkol från regn. Omkullfallet Eucalyptusträ uppe på berget. French: Le charbon de bois est cuit jusqu'au cœur et a une apparence vitreuse Je veux seulement du charbon de bois de plus de 2.5cm pour mes fours. le reste peut être utilisé pour les feu de camp. La meule est petite et étroite Production de charbon de bois Reste que j'utiliserais pour la prochaine fournée Je stock le charbon de bois à l'abris des éléments Eucalyptus tombé dans la montagne Portuguese: O carvão vegetal é cozido e brilhante na aparência Eu só quero carvão com mais de 2,5 cm de diâmetro para os meus fornos. pedaços menores pode ser usado para pit fires O monte é pequeno e apertado rendimento em carvão madeira não queimada armazenada para o próximo fogo Armazenar carvão fora do clima Galho de gum tree Caído na montanha Chinese: 木炭完全燒透並散發光澤 我的暖爐只需要大於2.5厘米的木炭。小塊的可以用在火堆。 窯又小又狹窄 木炭產量 未燃燒的木材存放到下次 存放木炭於不受天氣影響的地方 山里倒下的桉樹枝 Spanish: Carbón es cocinado por todos lados y es brilloso en apariencia Solamente quiero carbón mas de 2.5 centímetros para mis hornos. Piezas mas pequeñas se pueden usar para fuegos de hoyo El montículo es pequeño y apretado Rendimiento de carbón Madera no quemada se guarda para el siguiente disparo Guardando carbón fuera del clima Ramo caído de árbol de goma en la montaña Russian: Прогоревший древесный уголь глянцевый по внешнему виду Мне нужен был древесный уголь диаметром более 2,5 см для моих печей. Меньшие кусочки могут использоваться для костров в ямах. Насыпь маленькая и тесная "Урожай" древесного угля Не прогоревшая древесина, хранящаяся для следующего обжига Хранить древесный уголь нужно под навесом (из-за возможной плохой погоды) Упавшая ветка эвкалипта в горах Serbian: Ćumur je dobrog kvaliteta Potrebni su mi parčići ćumura prečnika većeg od 2,5 cm za sušenje gline. Manje parčiće ću koristiti za logorsku vatru. Peć je skučena Prinos ćumura je zadovoljavajuć Nedogorelo drvo čeka sledeću potpalu Ćumur sklanjam na sigurno mesto Grana oborenog eukaliptusa Korean: 윤기가 나게 숯이 잘 구워졌습니다 저의 용광로에 쓸 지름 2.5cm의 숯(목탄)만을 원했습니다. 이 보다 작은 숯은 불 피울 때 사용 가능합니다. 흙더미는 작고 비좁습니다 숯 결과물 타지 않은 나무는 다음을 위해 모아둡니다 비에 맞지 않게 잘 보관합니다 쓰러져 있는 고무 나무를 득템 하였습니다. Spanish: El carbón vegetal se cocinó por completo y tiene una apariencia brillante. Sólo quiero carbón más de 2,5 cm de diámetro para mis hornos. Las piezas más pequeñas se pueden utilizar para los fuegos en hoyo. El montículo es pequeño y estrecho. Cosecha de carbón. La madera sin quemar es almacenada para el próximo fuego. Almacenamiento de carbón del clima. Rama de árbol caída en la montaña. German: Holzkohle ist komplett verkohlt und glänzt im innern Ich will nur Kohle über 2,5 cm Durchmesser für meine Öfen. Kleinere Stücke können für kleine Feuer eingesetzt werden. Der Hügel ist klein und eng Ausbeute an Holzkohle Unverbrannter Holz wird für die nächste Zündung beiseite gelegt Holzkohle vor dem Wetter schützen fällen eines Gummibaums in den bergen Portuguese: O carvão vegetal deve estar inteiramente cozido e brilhante na aparência Eu só quero carvão com mais de 2,5 cm de diâmetro para os meus fornos. Pedaços menores poderão ser usado para fogo aberto. O forno é pequeno e apertado. rendimento em carvão madeira não queimada, armazenada para a próximo fornada. Armazenando carvão protegido das intempéries. Galho caído de uma árvore de noz molucana, no alto da montanha. Chinese: 完全烧好的木炭，表面有光泽 我只想要一些直径大于2.5厘米的木炭用于我的火炉。小一些的碎片可用于火坑。 土堆小而局促 木炭的产量 保存未燃烧的木材等待下一次 存放木炭以防恶劣天气 山中倒掉的胶树树枝 Polish: Węgiel rozpoznać po błyszczącym wyglądzie Do moich pieców potrzebuję węgiel przynajmniej 2.5cm średnicy.. Mniejsze kawałki mogą być wykorzystywane do pożarów odkrywkowych. Kopiec jest mały i ciasny (jak shaman bosostopy) Węgiel drzewny Niespalone drewno przechowywane następnym odpaleniem Ochrona węgla przed pogodą W górach spadła gałąź z drzewa gumowego? Finnish: puu on palanut loppuun asti ja siinä on kiiltävä pinta. Haluan vain yli 2.5 cm halkaisijalla olevia uunilleni. Pienemmät voin käyttää muissa. Kumpui on pieni ja ahdas. Tämän kerran saalis. Ei palanut puu varastoidaan seuraavaa kertaa varten. Varastoin puuhiilen säältä suojassa. Kaatunut kumipuu vuorille. Hungarian: A faszén teljesen átégett és fényes kinézetre. Csak olyan faszén kell ami 2,5 cm átmérőjű a kemencéimnek. A kisebb darabokat felhasználhatom a tűzhelyeknél. A domb kicsi és szoros. Faszén hozam. A nem megégett fák, a következő rakáshoz. Faszén tárolása az időjárástól védve. Kidőlt gumifa ág fent a hegyekben. Thai: ถ่านไม้ที่เผาได้ที่ ดูเป็นมันเงา ถ่านไม้ที่เส้นผ่านศูนย์กลางมากกว่า 2.5 ซม. จะถูกนำไปใช้กับเตาเผา แต่ชิ้นที่เล็กกว่าก็นำไปใช้กับกองไฟอื่นๆ ได้ ในกองดินนั้นค่อนข้างเล็กและแคบ ถ่านไม้ทั้งหมดที่ได้ เก็บไม้ที่ยังไม่เป็นถ่านไว้เผาคราวหน้า เก็บถ่านไม้ให้ไม่โดนแดดโดนฝน เก็บกิ่งยูคาลิปตัสที่หัก iw: פחם הוא טוב כשהוא שרוף גם מפנים ובעל מראה מבריק אני רוצה רק פחם בקוטר 2.5 ס"מ לפחות לתנורים שהכנתי פחם קטן יותר ישומש למדורות ערימת החימר קטנה וצפופה הפחם שנאסף עצים שלא נשרפו היטב, לשימוש בפעם הבאה. מאחסן את הפחם תחת קורת גג גזע עץ מסטיק שנפל בהרים Turkish: Kömürümüz gayet kaliteli ve parlak Fırınımda kullanmak için sadece çapı 2.5 cm'den büyük olanları istiyorum. Daha küçük parçaları kamp ateşi için kullanılabilir. İçerisi küçük ve dar Üretilen kömür Bir sonraki için köşeye ayırdığımız yanmamış odunlar Açık havada kömürleri muhafaza ediyorum Dağda düşmüş sakız ağacının dallarını kullanacağız Indonesian: Daerah penumpukan Metode ini menghemat energi sekarang disusun secara horizontal Lapisan kayu di susun saling bersilang Korean: 부시는 곳 이 방법이 젤 편합니다 이번에는 수평으로 쌓습니다 우물정자(井)로 겹쳐 쌓기 Hungarian: A törés helye Ezzel a módszerrel időt nyerhetsz. Most vízszintesen helyezem el őket. Keresztbe elhelyezett rétegek. Swedish: Brytplatsen. Denna metod minskar ansträngningen. Denna gång staplas pinnarna horisontellt. Korsande lager. Japanese: 破砕するための場所 この方法は、労力を節約します 今回は水平に積み重ねます 交差して積んでいきます Ukrainian: Зона для розламування дров. Цей метод зберігає зусилля. Цього разу складаю горизонтально. Перехрещую шари. Italian: La zona di rottura Questo metodo consente di risparmiare sforzo impalate orizzontalmente questa volta Strati incrociati Portuguese: Área de quebrar a madeira Este método poupa esforço Empilhamento horizontal desta vez Cruzando-se as camadas Finnish: Pilkkomis paikka. Tämä tapa toimii vaivattomasti. Pinon vaakatasoon tällä kertaa. Ristikkäin pinottu. Serbian: Mesto gde cepam drva Ova metoda je najefikasnija Ovaj put drvo ređam vodoravno Drvo pakujem unakrsno Chinese: 劈柴区 这种方法节省人力 此时水平堆叠 各层纵横交错 Dutch: Het gebied om het te breken Deze methode scheelt moeite Het horizontaal stapelen Tegenovergesteld lagen leggen Russian: Область "разлома" Этот метод экономит усилия, требуемые для поломки дров На этот раз складываю бревна горизонтально Перекрещиваю слои Vietnamese: đem đến chỗ chẻ gỗ, bằng cách này thì đỡ tốn công, lần này xếp gỗ theo hàng ngang, lớp trên vuông góc lớp dưới, Turkish: Odun kırma mekanım Bu yöntem gereksiz efor harcamanızı önler Bu sefer yatay istifliyoruz Bir sonraki katmanı çapraz diziyoruz Spanish: La zona de ruptura. Este método ahorra esfuerzo. Apilando horizontalmente esta vez. Cruzando capas. Portuguese: A área de quebra Este método poupa esforço Empilhamento horizontalmente desta vez Cruzando-se as camadas Chinese: 分解区 这样可以省力 这次水平堆放 纵横交错 Polish: Miejsce łamania Metoda ta oszczędza wysiłek Teraz czas układania poziomo Przecinających warstwy Thai: ทำการหักไม้เป็นท่อนๆ วิธีการนี้ช่วยลดแรงงานและเวลาที่ใช้ ทดลองเรียงท่อนไม้ตามแนวนอน วางไขว้กันเป็นชั้นๆ Spanish: La area de quebrar Este método ahorra esfuerzo Apilando horizontalmente esta vez Cruzando capas Hindi: लकड़ियाँ तोड़ने की जगह यह विधि प्रयास बचाती है इस बार लकड़ियों को क्षैतिज अवस्था में रखना आडी तिरछी परतें बनाना German: Die Brechfläche Diese Methode spart Zeit und Kraft dieses Mal wird das Holz horizontal gestapelt Arabic: منطقة التكسير هذه الطريقه توفر الجهد الرص أفقيا هذه المرة طبقات متقاطعه Chinese: 分解區 這樣可以省力 這次水平堆放 縱橫交錯 Norwegian: Knekkeområdet. Denne metoden sparer krefter. Jeg stabler treet horisontalt denne gangen, annenhver retning på lagene. iw: איזור השבירה שבו אני עובד השיטה הזו חוסכת לי מאמץ הפעם אני מצפף את העצים אחד על השני בשכיבה שכבה על שכבה English: The breaking area This method saves effort Stacking horizontally this time Criss-crossing layers French: Je coupe le bois ici Cette méthode permet de moins se fatiguer Je les place horizontalement cette fois-ci Entre croiser les couches Korean: 각 층 마지막에는 수직으로 쌓습니다 좁은 입구 안에 쌓기는 어렵습니다 마지막 꼭대기 층 입구를 막습니다 Chinese: 每一层都垂直于上一层 通过狭小的门堆放很困难 通过顶部开口堆放最后几层 封闭门 English: Each layer perpendicular to the last Stacking is difficult through small entrance Final layers through open top Sealing entrance Japanese: 最後の層は、木材を垂直に立てます 小さな入り口で積み重ねるのは難しい 天頂の開口部からも積み重ねます 入り口をふさいでいきます German: Jede Schicht orthogonal zur letzten Das Aufschichten ist durch einen kleinen Eingang schwierig Die letzten Schichten durch die offene Spitze stecken den Eingang verschließen Spanish: Cada capa perpendicular a la ultima Apilando es difícil a través de la entrada pequeña Capas finales a través de encima abierta Sellando entrada Chinese: 每一層都垂直於上一層 通過狹小的門堆放很困難 通過頂部開口堆放最後幾層 封閉門 Indonesian: Setiap lapisan disusun secara lurus sampai akhir Penumpukan sangat sulit melalui bagian lubang kecil lapisan terakhir melalui bagian atas yang terbuka menutup pintu masuk Portuguese: Cada camada é perpendicular à última O empilhamento é difícil através da entrada pequena. camadas finais através da abertura do topo. fechando a entrada Arabic: كل طبقة عموديه على سابقتها التراص صعب من خلال مدخل صغير الطبقات النهائية من خلال القمه اغلاق المدخل Portuguese: Cada camada perpendicular à última Empilhamento é difícil através dapequena entrada camadas finais através de topo aberto Vedando a entrada. Dutch: elke laag loodrecht tegenover de vorige Het stapelen is moeilijk door de kleine ingang Laatste lagen via boven ingang weer dicht maken iw: כל שכבה מונחת בצורה אנכית לקודמת ציפוף העצים נהיה קשה יותר כשמגיעים לשכבות העליונות את השכבה העליונה אני שם דרך החור העליון סותם את הפתח Polish: Każda warstwa prostopadle do poprzedniej Układanie jest utrudnione przez małe wejście (miuosh) Warstwy końcowe układane przez otwarty wierzch Uszczelnianie wejścia Hindi: पिछली परत अगली वाली के लंबवत है छोटे से प्रवेश द्वार के लकड़ियों को जमाना कठिन है ऊपरी छिद्र से आख़िरी लकड़ियाँ रखना प्रवेश द्वार बंद करना Turkish: Her katman bir öncekine paralel Küçük bir girişten istiflemek zor Tepedeki delikten son katmanı da diziyoruz Girişi kapatıyoruz Serbian: Mali otvor komplikuje ređanje Gornje slojeve postavljam kroz otvor na vrhu peći Rupu popunjavam svežim blatom French: Chaque couche est perpendiculaire à la précédente C'est difficile de tout placer par cette petite entrée Je place les dernières par le dessus Je referme l'entrée Italian: Ogni strato perpendicolare all'ultimo L'impilamento è difficile tramite un piccolo ingresso Strati finali attraverso la parte superiore aperta Sigillare l'entrata Ukrainian: Кожен шар перпендикулярний попередньому. Складання важке, через малий вхід. Останні шари кладуться через відкритий верх. Запечатуємо вхід. Thai: ให้แต่ละชั้นเรียงตัวในทิศตรงข้ามกับชั้นก่อน ช่องเปิดที่เล็ก ทำให้การเรียงค่อนข้างลำบาก เรียงชั้นบนสุดทางช่องด้านบน ก่อดินปิดช่องให้เรียบร้อย Finnish: Jokainen kohtisuoraan. Pinoaminen on hankalaa pienestä aukosta. Viimeinen kerros ylä aukosta. Suljen aukon. Swedish: Varje lager läggs vinkelrätt mot det förra lagret. Att stapla stockarna/pinnarna är svårt genom den lilla ingången. Sista lagret genom den öppna toppen. Förseglar ingången. Chinese: 每一层都跟下一层垂直 通过一个小入口堆叠木材有点困难 最后一层通过顶部开口堆放 密封入口 Vietnamese: cứ như thế cho đến hết. Xếp như thế thì hơi khó với lối vào nhỏ, lớp cuối cùng phải xếp cho đến ngọn, đóng gò. Norwegian: Stabling er vanskelig gjennom den lille inngangen. De siste lagene legges gjennom toppen. Lukker igjen inngangen. Spanish: Cada capa perpendicular a la última. El apilamiento es difícil a través de pequeña entrada. Capas finales a través de la parte superior abierta. Sellando la entrada. Hungarian: Mindegyik réteg merőleges az előzőhöz képest. Az elhelyezés nehéz, mert kicsi a bejárat. A végső réteg elhelyezése a nyitott tetőn keresztül. Bejárat lezárása. Russian: Каждый слой перпендикулярен предыдущему Укладка сложна из-за маленького входа Заключительные слои складываются через открытый верх Запечатываем вход French: Et ré-ouvre les trous en bas Je rallume la meule Je souffle pour qu'il prenne Je fabrique un panier Norwegian: Åpner hullene langs grunnen... tenner på... rør til å blåse med. Lager en ny kurv.. Ukrainian: Входи для повітря внизу. Запалюємо насип. Трубка для роздмухування. Робимо ще один кошик. English: Hole opened in the base Lighting mound Blow pipe Making another basket Spanish: Agujero abierto en la base. Encendiendo montículo. Soplando con una pipa de madera. Haciendo otra canasta. Spanish: Hoyo se abre en la base Encendiendo montículo Tubo de soplar Haciendo otra cesta Japanese: 塚の根本に空気孔を開けます 塚窯に火を入れます 空気を送り込みます 新たなバスケットを作ります iw: פותח חורי אוורור מדליק את האש שוב מלמעלה משתמש בעץ חלול כמו קש מכין עוד סלסלה Vietnamese: Đục lỗ dưới chân gò, đốt lửa, dùng ống thổi, làm thêm một cái giỏ nữa, Portuguese: Furos abertos na base Acendendo o monte tubo de sopro Fazendo outra cesta Serbian: Ponovo probijam rupe za vazduh na dnu Potpaljujem peć Ovaj put koristim lulu za potpalu Pletem novu korpu dok peć gori Dutch: Lucht gat in de basis gemaakt Aansteken van de terp Blaas pijp Ondertussen een nieuwe mand maken Portuguese: Furo aberto na base Acendendo o forno. assoprando com um caniço Fazendo outra cesta German: Luftlöcher öffnen anfeuern anpusten durch ein Blasrohr einen neuen Korb machen Italian: La buca è aperta nella base Accendere il tumulo Tubo di soffiaggio Fare un altro cesto Swedish: Öppnar ventileringshål. Tänder på högen igen. Blåsrör. Tillverkning av ytterligare en korg. Korean: 바닥에 구멍을 팝니다 흙더미에 불을 붙입니다 후~~ 하고 불기 바구니를 만듭니다 Russian: Оставляем отверстия в основании Зажигаем насыпь Трубка для раздува Делаем еще одну корзину Chinese: 打开进气口 点燃 吹管 制作另一个筐 Hungarian: Lyukak nyitása alól. A domb meggyújtása. Fúvócső. Másik kosár készítése. Polish: Otwarta dziura u podstawy dymiący kopiec Dmuchawka Wykonanie kolejnego kosza Chinese: 打開進氣口 點燃 吹管 製作另一個筐 Indonesian: Lubang dibuka di dasar menyalakan api pada gundukan pipa peniup Membuat keranjang yang lain Arabic: فتحت ثقب في القاعدة اشعال التل أنبوب نفخ صنع سلة أخرى Hindi: आधार में वायु प्रवेश छिद्र बनाना टीले में आग जलाना फूँककर आग को बढ़ाना एक और टोकरी बनाना Chinese: 在底部开口 点燃木堆 吹管 制作另一个篮子 Finnish: Avaan ilma-aukot. Pesän sytytys. Puhallusputki. Teen uuden korin. Turkish: Alttan delikler açıyoruz Tepesini tutuşturuyoruz Yelleme borusu Başka bir sepet yapıyorum Thai: เจาะช่องอากาศที่ฐาน ก่อไฟ เป่าไฟให้โหมแรงขึ้น สานตะกร้าเพิ่มเติม Spanish: Fuego quemando un poco rápido Bloqueado para prevenir sobre cocinando. Esto tardó 3 horas. Mucha madera no quemada debido a dificultad apilando el montículo Calidad y rendimiento más bajo que la primera vez debido a apilamiento suelto Pero todavía se puede usar Vietnamese: lửa cháy rất nhanh. Nhanh tay đóng đỉnh gò lại không gỗ cháy hết. Để thêm 3 giờ nữa. Những khúc gỗ không cháy được do lúc xếp vào lò không đúng cách, chất lượng và năng suất thấp hơn lần đầu do xếp gỗ sai cách, nhưng vẫn tận dụng được. Russian: Огонь горит чуточку быстрее Заблокировал входы, чтобы предотвратить перегорание древесины. Это заняло три часа Осталось много не сгоревшей древесины из-за сложности укладки внутри насыпи Качество угля ниже, чем в первый раз из-за не очень плотной укладки бревен Но он все еще пригоден к использованию Chinese: 火燃烧得有点快 堵住气孔防止过度燃烧。这次花了3个小时。 由于不好堆叠木堆产生的大量未燃烧的木材 由于堆叠的松散，质量和产量比第一次要低 但是仍然可以使用 Korean: 불이 조금 빨리 탑니다 오버 쿠킹을 막기 위해 뚜껑을 덮습니다. 여기까지 3시간이 걸렸습니다. 쉽게 쌓지 못해서 타지 않은 많은 나무들이 생겼습니다 빨리타고 이상하게 쌓아서 저번보다 질이 좋지 않았습니다 하지만 사용가능합니다 Arabic: النار تشتعل اسرع قليلاً اغلقت لمنع الطهي الزائد. استغرق ذلك 3 ساعات. الكثير من الخشب غير المحترق بسبب صعوبة رص التل الجودة و العائد أقل من أول مره بسبب الرص غير المحكم لكنها لا تزال صالحة للاستعمال Italian: Fuoco che brucia un po 'veloce Bloccato per impedire la cottura. Ci sono voluti 3 ore. Un sacco di legno non bruciato a causa della difficoltà di impilamento del tumulo Qualità e resa inferiori rispetto alla prima esecuzione a causa dell'impilamento sfuso Ma è comunque utilizzabile Indonesian: Api membakar sedikit cepat Ditutup untuk mencegah pembakaran melebar. Ini membutuhkan waktu 3 jam. Banyak kayu yang tidak terbakar karena kesulitan saat menyusun didalam gundukan Kualitas dan hasil lebih rendah dibanding yang pertama karena susunan lebih longgar Tapi itu masih dapat digunakan Portuguese: Fogo queimando um pouco rápido. Fechando o forno para evitar a queima excessiva. Esta levou 3 horas. Muita madeira não queimda devido à dificuldade de empilhamento dentro do forno já construído. Qualidade e rendimento inferiores à primeira fornada devido ao empilhamento pouco compacto. Utilizável, apesar de tudo. Thai: ไฟเผาไหม้ค่อนข้างเร็ว ปิดช่องอากาศ และทิ้งไว้ 3 ชั่วโมง มีไม้ที่เผาไหม้ไม่หมดเหลือเยอะ เนื่องจากการเรียงไม้ทำได้ไม่ดี ได้ถ่านไม้ที่คุณภาพ และปริมาณต่ำกว่ารอบแรก แต่ก็ยังมีส่วนที่พอใช้ได้ French: Le feu brûle un peu trop vite Je referme pour éviter que ça devienne des cendres, ça a mis 3 heures Beaucoup de bois non brûlé à cause de la difficulté a empiler La qualité et le rendement sont moins bon a cause de l’empilement lâche Mais ça reste utilisable iw: האש בוערת קצת מהר מדי חוסם חורים כדי למנוע שריפת יתר של העצים. הפעם זה לקח לי 3 שעות. המון עצים שלא נשרפו היטב הפעם, בגלל הקושי שהיה לי בציפוף העצים. וזה גם גרם לאיכות פחם ירודה. אבל זה עדיין פחם טוב יחסית German: Feuer brennt ein wenig zu schnell Verschließen um eine Verbrennung des Holzes zu vermeiden. Dies dauert 3 Stunden Viel nicht verkohltes Holz aufgrund der Schwierigkeit des stapelns im Hügel Qualität und Ertrag ist wegen der Schwierigkeit des stapelns niedriger als beim ersten Lauf Aber es ist trotzdem brauchbar Polish: Ogień pali trochę za szybko Zablokowanie, aby uniknąć nadmiernego spalania. To trwało 3 godziny. Dużo niespalonego drewna ze względu na trudność układania w kopcu Jakość i wydajność niższa niż z pierwszego palenia z powodu luźnego układania Ale to nadal użyteczne Japanese: 火の回りが少し速いようです 過度の燃焼を防ぐために、空気孔をふさぎます。 今回は3時間かかりました。 きっちりと、積み重ねるのが難しかったため、燃えていない木がたくさんあります 積み重ねが甘かったため、最初の焼成よりも品質と収量が低下 しかし、それはまだ使用可能です Dutch: Het vuur brand te snel Het blokkeren van lucht om te snelle verbranding te voorkomen. Dit duurde 3 uur Heel veel onverbrand hout doordat het moeilijk is om het goed te stapelen Kwaliteit en opbrengst lager dan eerste keer door los te stapelen Maar het is not steeds bruikbaar English: Fire burning a little fast Blocked up to prevent over cooking. This took 3 hours. Lots of un burnt wood due to difficulty stacking the mound Quality and yield lower than first run due to loose stacking But it's still usable Norwegian: Flammen brenner fort. Tetter til for å unngå overoppheting. Dette tok tre timer Mye ubrent tre på grunn av vanskeligheter med stablingen, mindre kull og dårligere kvalitet denne gangen grunnet løs stabling; men det er fortsatt brukbart. Hindi: आग थोड़ी तेज जल रही है ज़रूरत से ज़्यादा पकने से बचने के लिए छिद्र बंद करना | यह करने में छह घण्टे लगे लकड़ियों को ज़माने में कठिनाई के कारण बहुत सारी अधजली लकड़ी ढीला जमाने के कारण उपज तथा गुणवत्ता में कमी फिर भी इसका उपयोग किया जा सकता है Turkish: Biraz hızlı yanıyor ateşimiz Aşırı yanmasını engellemek için kapattım bu 3 saatimi aldı Odunları doğru düzgün istifleyemediğim içinbir sürü yanmamış odun kaldı Düzgün dizemediğimden kalite ve verim daha düşük Ama yine de kullanışlı Ukrainian: Вогонь горить трохи швидше. Заблокував отвори, щоб не допустити перегоряння деревини у попіл. Багато не прогорілої деревини, через складність укладання насипу. Якість та кількість вугілля менша ніж у перший раз, через не щільне укладання деревини. Але воно все ще придатне для використання. Chinese: 火燒得有點快 封閉之以免燒過火。耗時3小時。 由於堆放困難，有很多木材沒有燒到 由於堆放鬆散，產量和質量不如第一次 但可以用 Finnish: Puu palaa hiukan liian kovaa. Suljin ilma-aukot ettei puu pala liikaa. Tämä kesti 3 tuntia. Paljon ei palannutta puuta, koska pinoaminen oli hankalaa. Laatu ja sato oli pienempi verrattuna ekaan kertaan löysän pinoamisen johdosta. Mutta sitä voi silti käyttää. Portuguese: Fogo queimando um pouco rápido Bloqueado para evitar o excesso de cozimento. Este levou 3 horas. Muita madeira não queimada devido à dificuldade de empilhamento do monte Qualidade e rendimento inferior a primeira devido ao empilhamento solto Mas ainda é utilizável Swedish: Elden brinner lite för fort. Blockerade för att stoppa elden lite. Detta tog tre timmar. Mycket trä som inte blev till träkol på grund av svårigheterna med att stapla högen tätt. Skörden blev mindre och hade inte lika hög kvalitet sm den förra omgången. Detta också på grund av att träet inte packades tillräckligt noga Men det går ändå att använda. Hungarian: A tűz kicsivel gyorsabban ég. Befedem, hogy megakadályozzam a túlfőzést. Ez három óráig tartott. Sok a nem megégett fa, mivel nehéz volt összeállítani a rétegeket a dombon belül. Minőségi, de kevesebb hozam az előzőhöz képest, mivel a rakás nem volt annyira szoros. De még így is használható. Chinese: 火烧得有点快 封闭之以免烧过火。耗时3小时。 由于堆放困难，有很多木材没有烧到 由于堆放松散，产量和质量不如第一次 但仍然可用 Spanish: El fuego consumiéndose un poco rápido. Bloqueado para evitar el exceso de cocción. Esto llevó 3 horas. Un montón de madera sin quemar debido a la dificultad para apilar el montículo. Calidad y cosecha inferior que la primera vez, debido al apilamiento flojo. Pero es aún utilizable. Serbian: Vatra je mnogo jača nego pri prošlom paljenju Zatvaram otvore kako bih sprečio drvo da potpuno izgori Gomila nedogorelog dvreta zbog lošeg pakovanja peći Kvalitet i prinos su znatno lošiji nego tokom prvog paljenja zbog rastresitog pakovanja Ali i ovaj ćumur je od koristi Portuguese: monte de carvão vegetal Arabic: تل الفحم Chinese: 木炭窯 (謝謝收看) Chinese: 木炭窑 Chinese: 木炭堆 English: Charcoal mound Russian: Многоразовая насыпь для древесного угля Serbian: Peć za ćumur Ukrainian: Вуглярка Hindi: कोयले का टीला Italian: Tumulo di carbone Spanish: Montículo de carbón Finnish: Puuhiilen tekouuni. Norwegian: Trekull laget i en kuppel av gjørme. Portuguese: monte de carvão vegetal Dutch: Houtskool terp Thai: Spanish: Montículo de carbón. Japanese: 木炭を焼成する塚窯 Turkish: Kömür üretme yığını Korean: 숯 무덤 Indonesian: Gundukan arang Polish: Kopiec węgla drzewnego Hungarian: Szén domb. Swedish: Träkolshög. Vietnamese: Gò làm than. French: Meule a charbon de bois iw: ערימת הפחם הסופית.

hi I'm Jodi Cohen founder of Vibrant Blue Oils here to talk about our brain balance Brain Boost blend this one was formulated to produce an elevated mental state and assist the brain when extra thinking power is needed Brain Boost ingredients include helichrysum sandalwood and melissa oils which are known to cross the blood-brain barrier and improve brain function blend can be used to improve focus clear mental cobwebs and calm the mind for clearer thinking and meditation to apply you're going to massage one or two drops either on the back of the neck on the temples or the bottoms of the feet specifically if you rub it on the big toe that's a great reflex point for the brain and it's highly effective hi I'm Jodi Cohen founder of Vibrant Blue Oils thank you so much for watching this YouTube video please don't forget to subscribe by clicking the circle at the bottom of this screen and if you want to access more free essential oil trainings just visit vibrantblueoils/YouTube you can find this link in the video description thank you again

>> There was an opinion piece written over at Jezebel that caught my attention. The writer is Ashley Reese and I wanna preface this by saying, she's not a bad guy, she's a good guy, okay? She seems to be a Bernie Sanders supporter and she wants to, at least the feel that I get, encourage Bernie Sanders supporters to avoid provoking some of the centrist Democrats who have been smearing him and his supporters. And what she references is the Bernie Would've Won line which I think is a completely accurate line. But she thinks that it's actually causing more harm than good. So the title of her piece's The End of Bernie Would've Won. And I wanna give you a few excerpts and then we can discuss it. Because again, I think she's well meaning, but I think that she hasn't been hit with everything that's made me super jaded about about this country and about centrist Democrats specifically. >> By the way, an alternate headline that's also online. Is Bernie Would've Won is canceled. Okay, that sounds even more obnoxious. But a lot of times the writers don't write the headlines just to be fair. >> Right, so let me give you a few excerpts from Ashley Reese's article. Out of the anger, the dismay, the fear that followed November 8, 2016, came a bitter refrain repeated by those who supported Bernie Sanders, Clinton's main competitor in the Democratic party, Bernie Would've Won. Effectively poured salt on the post-election wound. Its central argument drew from early stats. Sanders gained more votes than Clinton in crucial states like Michigan and Wisconsin during the primary, which later turned red during the general. Additionally, Sanders was considered the anti-establishment candidate during a year when being anti-establishment was en vogue. Trump ran and won on it, and though he didn't get the popular vote, Clinton should have won, his anti-establishment messaging proved victorious in a slew of swing states. Now, this is where it starts to get maybe a little shaky where people could disagree. >> Hold on, before we get to that part- >> Yeah. >> Let me just both agree and disagree already. So you can tell she's a good guy because she gets that there was an anti-establishment vibe. She gets that that's why Trump won. Already that makes her leagues above all the mainstream media who have never acknowledged that because it would mean that there's an anti-them vibe, right? So she's correctly deduced that, that was the driving force. And I don't disagree with Clinton should've won. We shouldn't have the Electoral College in the first place, so it's not about bitterness at all. In fact, I am bitter at the Electoral College because she got 3 million more votes and she should have been president. But the part that I disagree with and it's really problematic is, just that little phrase she had said in the beginning, effectively poured salt on a post-election wound. No, that's not the point. So folks on the other side, in the corporate Democrats said, you guys you're being mean. This is really hurtful, you're trying to pour salt on the wound. At least from our point of view, and I think from the overwhelming majority of Bernie Sanders supporters, that's not the point at all. The point is to say let's not make that mistake again. >> Yes, exactly, especially when centrist emocrats like Joe Biden, are really relying on this message of electability to win the Democratic nomination. But the fact of the matter is he is certainly not more electable than someone like Bernie Sanders, because Biden represents more of what Hillary Clinton represented. In fact, I think he even goes further in talking about his willingness to work with Republicans. In fact, recently he noted that he would be open to choosing a Republican as his VP. Disaster, right? So if you think that that makes you more electable, you're insane. And so that's the reason why the Bernie would have won line gets used so often. Because there are progressive voters in this country who are hoping that that message gets across. That someone who is progressive, who actually cares about fixing this rigged economic system is more electable than someone who wants the status quo. >> Yeah, so my main beef with this piece is that Ashley is not acknowledging that progressives and the whole country is being gaslit by corporate Democrats and the mainstream media saying, remember, the establishment candidate, the so-called moderate centrist candidate, is more electable. But that's what you told us last time, and she didn't win. She's not president. It's not about putting salt on the wounds, it's that they're gaslighting us just like they did last time. Look, I will go further. The mainstream media is engaging in a lie, it's on a mass scale. They are saying even though it is the most obviously provable lie, the person you told us who was more likable last time has the same policies as Joe Biden is the more establishment candidate and she lost. But you turn around and go, nope, nope, nope, nope, nope, nope. Bernie's not electable, just like we told you last time. Populism doesn't work even though Trump won. Anti-establishment doesn't work even though Trump won. No, you shouldn't believe your lying eyes. You should believe our propaganda. But the establishment candidate is more electable. And they've repeated it a million times, a billion times until it drilled into people's heads. I was talking to friends and family recently, and they're like, I don't necessarily agree with Biden, but I gotta vote for him. Cuz he's more electable. God damn it, their propaganda worked. That's the whole point here. >> Yes, exactly, exactly. So, I'm gonna skip ahead to where she kind of talks about why she wants to cancel that line, right? The Bernie should have won line. As much as I largely agree with the ethos behind Bernie would have won, I'm canceling it for 2019. Too many people are losing the plot. A useful identifier like neoliberal has become so abused that is has become trite, and criticizing milquetoast Democrats for supporting centrists' policies or policy agendas is now grounds for being called a Russian bot. And then later in the piece she kinda talks about how well, Bernie has managed to build this diverse coalition. The reputation is that they're a bunch of Bernie bros, right? That there isn't diversity, that it's a bunch of white males who are super aggressive on Twitter, and maybe we should move away from lines like Bernie would have won so the centrist Democrats don't go after us so hard. But this is my biggest issue with her piece because, don't make the mistake that I think a lot of people make. They're not the good guys. The centrists that go after Bernie Sanders supporters and smear them and put out propaganda against them and propaganda against Bernie Sanders, they have no interest in playing fair or speaking the truth. They are ruthless, they play dirty, and they have no interest in telling the truth. So don't allow them to frame the discussion. And don't allow them to influence the way you behave. Now, obviously, be respectful, be civil, but I think that making arguments like Bernie would have won are important arguments to make, especially when it comes to all the misinformation about electability. >> This centerpiece, Ashley is clearly smart and has the actual facts. That's why it's frustrating that I think she's accidentally helping the propoganda of the wrong side. So let me explain what I mean by that. She also talked about avoiding the mistakes of last time, so it's not like she doesn't know that. She does and she did put it in the piece, so that's important to note. But when she talks about the Sanders' people, she says they have a reputation. Well, okay and she says they have a reputation of being surly white leftist dudes. Then she goes on to say that's not an accurate representation of Sanders base. So she knows and acknowledges in the piece, but so then why did you repeat it? >> She repeated it because she's trying to make a point about how, hey, let's get rid of that reputation. And one way to get rid of that is by avoiding phrases like, Bernie would've won. >> Yeah, and so that gets to the very heart of this. So the last paragraph she says, there's too much work to do to get caught up in the same skirmishes on loop for another three years. No, so those skirmishes are not a sideshow, are not counterproductive. They're actually the real battle. I don't mean like being too vituperative online, etc. No, I'm talking about, you have to acknowledge that the corporate media is on the side of the corporate Democrats. And even those words might be offensive to some, but they are, in fact, the corporate media. They're all multibillion dollar corporations who wanna maximize profit including the money they get from money and politics being spent on ads in their stations, okay? And the access that they get to politicians. Those corporate Democrats are corporate. They do take money from corporations and do serve their interests. So those folks are the ones that are together, gaslighting the whole country and telling them remember the Bernie supporters are all bros and surly white leftist dudes. And something about Bernie Sanders makes me sick to my stomach even though I don't know what it is. But I'm gonna do propaganda on the so called left wing channel of MSNBC. And so Ashley, they're all doing that in unison and so then they turn around and go, is it reminds me of, I'll use an old, old analogy. Rowdy Rowdy Piper in the old WWF. He was a bad guy wrestler. He'd hit somebody over the head with a chair. When they turn around to hit him, he's go whoa, whoa, whoa, what, right? And that's what the media does. They smash us over the head, say, you guys are just all white males. You're only the like minorities, all these slur, smears, etc, right? None of a base, in fact, as Ashley recognizes, etc. Then when we turn around and go, that's not true. Everybody goes, there goes the Bernie Bros. Guys, now, you're starting the skirmish. Why are you doing this skirmish, we're on a loop. >> They're actually in bad faith. >> Because we're trying to desperately get our message out that they're lying to you, they're lying to you that populist is more electable. Independents don't want corporate politicians that are Democrats or Republicans. They want someone who is actually gonna fight for them. That is an honest politician, then that's more populist independents inside the election. These are facts and I can back it up with polling, so why do I raise my voice to try to get past the din of the corporate media that oppresses us all with their propaganda that is based on lies? Those are facts. So don't take it out on us when we fight back. We didn't start the fight. They started the fight. And they did it in 2016 when they said Hillary Clinton is already leading, she has an overwhelming lead. When they hadn't done a single vote, they did it based on super delegates who hadn't even voted yet and who were part of the corrupt establishment. They're doing it this time by saying on a loop a million times over, Biden is more electable. Biden is more electable, establishment is more electable, moderate and centrist is more electable, even though it's empirically incorrect, right? So just all I'm saying is, don't bash us for trying to fight back against this giant machine that is spewing lies and propaganda. >> Right, and the establishment wants to intimidate you from speaking the truth. Really, that's at the bottom of all of this. They want to dissuade you from telling the truth about the candidates, from speaking the truth about what actually happened in 2016, and don't let them do that. Don't give them that kind of power.

SANDRA: PROTESTERS ARE IN THE STREETS OF LA. MANY U.S. CITIES THEY SAY ABORTION RIGHTS ARE UNDER ATTACK. IN SEVERAL STATES. GOOD AFTERNOON I'M SANDRA MITCHELL. OUR TOP STORY ON KCAL9 NEWS AT NOON, THERE ARE PROTESTS IN A MOST EVERY STATE. DEMONSTRATE AS LONG AS A NATIONAL DAY OF ACTION. KARA FINNSTROM IS IN WEST HOLLYWOOD. REPORTER: WE DID HAVE A HUGE CROWD HERE JAS THE MOVEMENT HAS GAINED MOMENTUM, REALLY THERE HAVE BEENDIFFERENT PROTESTERS POPPING UP ABOUT MORE THAN A DOZEN ACROSS THE SOUTHLAND AND THE CROWD THAT WAS JUST HERE HAS PILED INTO CARS AND LEFT. THIS IS WHAT WE SAW ABOUT AN HOUR AGO. WE ARE HERE TO SAY NO YOU DON'T! BEFORE THAT WAS THE, SHE KICKED UP TALKING WITH THE CITY COUNCIL DECISION LAST NIGHT NOT SPEND DOLLARS THAT OF PAST LAWS THAT AIM TO RESTRICT ABORTION ACCESS. SO LAWS AND OTHERS CONSIDERING THE. ALABAMA'S LOG WAS THE FURTHEST. IT BANNED ABORTIONS IN CASES OF RAPE AND INCEST.SAY A NUMBER OF SPEAKERS TALKED ABOUT THE IMPACT OF SUCH LAWS. WOMAN WHO LIVED 100 MILES AWAY FROM THE NEAREST REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CLINIC. WOMEN WHO ARE PRESSURED TO NOT GET IAND ABORTION EVEN IF THE RIGHT THING FOR THEM. NOW MORE THAN EVER BEFORE, WE NEED TO COME TOGETHER AND FIGHT. REPORTER: HERE IS A LOOK AT THE LARGE RALLY IN FRONT OF THE U.S. SUPREME COURT. IT IS WIDELY BELIEVED THE NEW WAVE OF STATE LAWS WERE DESIGNED TO FORCE A SHOWDOWN ON ABORTION RIGHTS IN THE NATIONS HIGHEST CORPORATE PURCHASES FREQUENT RAIN FROM A REVERSAL OF ROE V WADE TO RETURN OF MORE POWER TO AN INDIVIDUAL STATES. WITH WOMEN DRIVING CROSS STATE LINES TO GET ABORTION SERVICES. LET'S GET A LOOK AT ANOTHER RALLY IN ST. PETERSBURG FLORIDA. DOZENS OF ORGANIZATIONS INCLUDING THE ACLU AND PLANNED PARENTHOOD HAVE BEEN TAKING PART IN TODAY'S RALLIES. WEST A VIDEO TO SHOW YOU, SHOT EARLIER TODAY IN LOUISVILLE KENTUCKY. PROTESTERS JUST AS CHARACTERS FROM THE HANDMAIDS TALE SAYING THEY ARE FIGHTING FOR REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOMS. BACK HERE LIVE WE HAVE NOT SEEN ANY COUNTER PROTESTS TODAY BUT WE CAN SAY THIS HAS BEEN A DEBATE WHERE BOTH SIDES HAVE BEEN VERY VOCAL.

Got the horses in the back Horse tack is attached Hat is matte black got the booshes black to match riding on horse You came with your porche. I've been in the valley. You ain't been up off that porche now. Can't nobody tell me nothing, cant tell me nothing cant nobody tell me nothing, cant tell me nothing Riding on a tractor lean all in my bladder cheated on my baby you can go and ask her my life is a movie bull riding and booty Cowboy hat from gucci Wrangler on my booty. Can't nobody tell me nothing cant tell me nothing Can't nobody tell me nothing cant tell me nothing gonna take my horse to the old town road im gonna ride til i cant no more im gonna take my horse to the old town road gonna ride til i cant no more

Welcome to our program, Tumor Testing and the Transformation of Lung Cancer Treatment. The American Lung Association thanks AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Foundation Medicine, Pfizer, and Merck & Co., Inc. for their generous support of this program. I'm Carly Ornstein, a National Director of Lung Cancer Education at the American Lung Association. During this conversation, I will be joined by Dr. Justin Gainor, and Dr. Mark Pool, as we discuss lung cancer tumor testing, what it means, and who should be tested. Dr. Justin Gainor is an Oncologist and Assistant Professor of Medicine at the Harvard Medical School, and Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center. Dr. Mark Pool is an Attending Pathologist at Rush University Medical Center. We're also joined by several lung force heroes in the audience, as well as hundreds joining us online. If you're joining us via Facebook Live, you can post your questions in the comments of the feed, and hopefully we can answer a few at the end of our program. We'll try to address any questions we don't get to in future resources, so stay tuned. Let's get started. Thank you Dr. Gainor and Dr. Pool for joining us today. I'd like to start with the definition of some of the terms that we might be discussing today. Dr. Gainor, can you help us understand what tumor testing is and what it means? Sure. Broadly speaking, tumor testing refers to doing additional analysis on a tumor in order to help physicians guide the best treatment choices. Importantly, this is typically done on a biopsy specimen, or a surgical specimen, so if someone's already had a surgery. It doesn't necessarily require additional procedures. This is something that has already been obtained if someone's already had a biopsy. By and large, what we're gonna be focusing on throughout much of this discussion is gene testing. That is, we're looking at the DNA of tumor cells. DNA is the building blocks of life, the blueprints. We're looking for changes in the DNA, and we call those mutations. This is particularly important because we know that certain cancers, and specifically lung cancers, can have genetic mutations that help inform how we actually treat them. Great. Can you talk a little bit about the types of mutations, and how they actually work, what's causing the cancer to grow? Sure. Here I use the analogy of a light switch, for my patients. For many of the genes that we're looking at, these are present in normal cells. When there's a genetic mutation in them, and at specific points, it changes the function of the light switch. Normally these are under control. Turn it on, it tells the cell to grow. If you turn the light switch off, it says, "Stop growing." The problem with these genetic mutations is that the change results in the light switch constantly being on. It changes the function of that particular gene. The cell is constantly being told to grow, grow, grow. Now we can take advantage of that therapeutically by delivering targeted medicines that actually shut off that signal. But it's just like a lock and a key. You have to have the right genetic change, and pair it with the right therapy. Do we know what causes these genetic changes? That's a really interesting question. Right now, we don't. We know that there are some characteristic features of patients who have these particular genetic alterations. If we focus on those where we have FDA approved therapies, we know that by and large, these occur in patients who have never smoked, or who have a very light smoking history. We don't think that these genetic alterations are actually caused by tobacco exposure. These could just be simply sporadic events. In all of the cells in our bodies, cells have to divide. When they divide, they have to copy all of the blueprints from one to two. You can imagine if I had you copy a book, letter by letter, you're gonna make mistakes. Most of those mistakes are inconsequential. But every once in a while you make a mistake in the wrong word, and it changes the meaning of everything entirely. My sense, even though we don't have direct proof of this yet, is that that explains a lot of it. We're actively looking though, if there are other causes. I would emphasize that we don't believe that these are inherited. Outside of exceptional circumstances, these are not things that are passed down from one person to the other when we're speaking about lung cancer, and some of the genetic changes that we're gonna be talking about in lung cancer. In other cancers, certainly there can be these familial relationships. But the genes that we're gonna be talking about in lung cancer generally are not passed down from one person to the other. Right, that makes sense. When we're talking about this tumor testing, which sometimes we call biomarker testing, or genomic testing, you mentioned that we're looking for these mutations, or these changes in the genes. What else can that testing look for? This field has changed pretty dramatically over the last several years. I use the term targeted therapies, which is trying to pair a genetic change with a targeted pill directed at that gene change. That was really something that evolved beginning in 2004. That's when we developed the first targeted therapies. In the last five to six years, there's been a second major paradigm for how we've treated lung cancer, and that's been using immune therapies. These therapies work very differently than targeted therapies. These drugs are intended to really boost a patient's own immune system, and use that to then attack the cancer. Unfortunately, the biomarkers or the predictors that we've had for how those drugs are gonna work have been a bit more complicated. We don't have the silver bullet, in terms of predicting those. But to date, the best predictor that we've had is something called PD-L1 expression. Essentially this is a marker on the surface of cancer cells that indicates that those tumor cells are trying to evade your own immune system. That's another test that has been crucial for oncologists and pathologists alike, to do when someone's been diagnosed with lung cancer. Great. Thanks. Dr. Pool, you're a pathologist. I'd like you to speak a little bit about what your role is in this whole tumor testing process. Sure. The pathologist is really the unseen physician in the lung cancer team. We take tissue that's removed from some surgical procedure. It could be a biopsy, or a surgical resection of the tumor, and then try to look at it visually, do simply things like just measuring the tumor, and then look at it under the microscope to try to look at different attributes of the tumor in order to try to put it in a group of tumors that we know from previous history, from other patients, how they will behave or, or how they will respond to certain treatments. One of the most important things that we do now with genetic testing is to determine which is appropriate tissue to send for genetic testing. Not only are we taking the tissue and trying to maximize the information by looking at it under the microscope, but now we're trying to select appropriate areas of the tumor, to determine whether there's even enough tissue to do this testing, and then making sure that it's triaged appropriately. For those of us that don't know exactly what you're looking at under a microscope, can you explain it in layman's terms what you're looking for? Sure. Generally there's two or three major types of lung cancer. It's not all the same thing. We can tell these different types of lung cancer under the microscope. We generally look at small-cell lung carcinoma, and then another category is non-small cell. Out of those, which are most of the cancers, these are divided into squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. It's adenocarcinomas, in particular, that we're really interested in, in relation to molecular testing. However now with PD-L1, like Dr. Gainor was mentioning, we're looking at all the PD-L1 expression on all lung cancers, regardless of this histological type. Some of the other things we look at microscopically are the extent of invasion, and other attributes. We lump this into tumor staging. The tumor staging is what's useful to physicians like Dr. Gainor, in terms of what do we do next with this patient? What are the treatment options, and so forth? Dr. Pool touched on this a little bit, but Dr. Gainor, I was hoping that you could further explain which lung cancer patients should get this type of testing. It's a good question. By and large, when we're thinking about using targeted therapies, when we're thinking about using immune therapies, these are usually in the context of people who have metastatic cancer or stage 4 disease. That means the cancer has spread past [crosstalk] the lung. That means the cancer has spread outside of the lung. For cancers that are earlier contained within the lung, our primary therapies are things like surgery and radiation. But when cancers escape outside of the lung, we generally rely on drug therapies. That's really where these genetic tests and this PD-L1 test is most important in that setting. By drug therapy do you mean targeted therapies and immunotherapy? Correct, and even chemotherapy. And chemotherapy. Historically, when we've been treating lung cancer, now 15 years ago, when we talked about drug therapy it was only chemotherapy. Now it actually spans many, many different things. I think of this as these three big buckets of targeted medicines, immune medicines and then traditional chemotherapy. Great. Just to recap, when you have a patient, if the patient has stage 4 lung cancer, which means it's spread past the lungs, and it's non-small cell, and non-squamous, those are the patients that you're really looking at to see if they had mutations? That's correct. According to all of the guidelines, those are the specific patients that everyone should be tested in that category. What about patients that don't fit into that category? As you're alluding to, that accounts for most lung cancers, but there are people who are outside of that. There the guidelines suggest that it also depends on some of the characteristics of the patient, some of the characteristics of the tumor itself. There are also large ongoing efforts in the United States and elsewhere looking at the importance of gene testing for these other tumor types, namely things like squamous cancers. Because what we know is that the gene changes for squamous cancers is very different than non-squamous tumors. The frequencies of these genetic changes differ. What we're looking for differs depending on how they appear visually underneath the microscope. Would you say the best thing is for a patient just to talk to their doctor about whether or not [inaudible] [crosstalk]. Exactly. This is something that should just be raised. Is this something that I should have genetic testing for in order to help guide therapy for me? Great. That covers the testing for mutations. What about testing for the PD-L1, which you said could be an indicator of how a patient might respond to an immunotherapy drug? This is something that's really changed in the last two years. Now, any patient with advanced, and that is spread outside the lungs, non-small cell lung cancer should have PD-L1 testing at their diagnosis. The levels of PD-L1 will help indicate treatment, whether or not they might be eligible to be on an immunotherapy drug. Correct. This is something that this field is moving rapidly. If you would have asked me this question in March 2018, I would have given you a different answer than I am today. Just speaking to how quickly the field is moving. Now the paradigm is that if a patient does not have a genetic change, so we're not doing targeted medicines, which is the majority of patients will not get targeted therapy. For everyone else, all of those patients for the most part are going to be getting immunotherapy, and it's just a matter of whether you're going to add chemotherapy to that or not. Okay, interesting. We use this PD-L1 score to help gage whether we need to do that. Great, thanks. Dr. Pool, can you tell us a little bit about the different types of tests that are out there to help reveal if a patient has these mutations or biomarkers? Sure. There's different levels of testing that can be done. For the last eight to 10 years, we really only looked at two or three specific mutations. The advantage to these was that they could be done relatively quickly, and lot of different laboratories could do them. The disadvantages were that number one, these were usually done in a sequential manner. One test was then, and then another test, and then another. That consumed not only time, but also valuable tissue. With small biopsies, sometimes you run out of tissue. We have to have tissue to make the diagnosis to start with. More recently, there's a different type of testing called next-generation sequencing in which multiple tests can be done on the tissue at one time. That's been great because you get all of this information off of one testing period. The downsides are that you get a lot of information, in addition to these most common mutations. It requires a lot of information support to sort out which are important, and like Dr. Gainor mentioned before, there's some changes that are inconsequential, or we don't really know what information they mean for the patient. The other downside is that they usually take about two to three weeks, and sometimes the oncologist is seeing the patient before they have all of this information. The PD-L1 test is a little bit different. That's a test that we actually do on slides, and that we examine microscopically. We do a procedure called immunohistochemical staining, where we use antibodies that are directed against the PD-L1, and then look for the level of expression in the tissue. Then we provide a score so that it's useful for the clinicians to decide whether anti-PD-L1 therapy is appropriate or not. Great. PD-L1 is treated a little differently 'cause you are staining on a slide for it. That's correct. Versus how are the mutations looked at, like under a microscope, a little differently? Right. The genetic testing is looking for signals that indicate whether a change is present in the DNA or not. It's not looked at under the microscope. It's really examined by instruments that detect whether the signals are present or not. If the DNA is normal, there would be no signal that the instrument would read. If there is a mutation, a change in the DNA, then a signal would be indicated, and so ... PART 1 OF 3 ENDS [00:20:04] ... then that would ... A signal would be indicated. The instrument and the computer behind the instrument tabulates all of these changes. And the results that you get are basically a list of all of the mutations that may be present. As we said, some of these may be significant and we know about and can link it up with a current or potential treatment. Some of them are inconsequential. And then some of them, we don't really know what the significance is. Part of the goal of getting as many patients or, ideally, all patients tested is to accumulate this data and then link these patients up with studies and see what these mutations really mean because some of them may be significant. Also, many of them are in very low frequency. They're less than 1% of all of the patients that have cancer. So it's difficult to group these patients into similar patients because they're so infrequent. By testing more and more patients, we develop this database. Yeah. That makes sense. In our next panel discussion later this afternoon, I think we're going to be talking a little bit about that and how this data can actually really help move lung cancer research forward. Right. Dr. Gainor, when you get this printout with everything that a patient has or doesn't have and a report from the pathologist with their PD-L1 levels, what's your next step? How does that impact your treatment choices for your patient? In my mind, it's a combination of things going to the decision making. Typically a patient will come back into the office and we'll review it together. If there's a genetic change in one of four genes, and we call those EGFR, ALK, ROS1 or BRAF, these are genes where if they're in specific places, we have FDA approved therapies, targeted medicines. And that is very straightforward because we know that targeted therapies are the best therapies for those patients. And we call those actionable. Call those actionable. Okay, because there is a targeted therapy pill that's linked to treat the mutation. Those specific mutations. Yeah. Okay. And we have multiple clinical trials where we've compared giving a targeted medicine versus historical chemotherapy for most of those genetic changes, not all, because some of those are so infrequent you can't do those big comparisons. But in all of those studies, the targeted therapies have always won versus chemotherapy. They shrink the tumors more commonly, patients feel better, and they have a better side effect profile. For those, very straightforward, we give targeted therapies. There's a whole nother group of gene changes where we know a lot about them. We know that they are activating, meaning that the light switch has changed, it's on. And we know that there are, so far, some effective preliminary drug data. These are drugs that have not been approved yet, they're in active clinical trials, but the data has been very promising. For that, I would group things like RET or something called MET. Those are examples of where response rates to targeted medicines have been very, very high, but we just don't have the regulatory approvals just yet. For those patients, I still want to pursue targeted therapy, but what that looks like might be a little different because it might be in the context of a clinical trial. If we don't have a genetic change or we do have a genetic change, it's just not something we can target, we don't have a drug for it, then we start looking at this PD-L1 score and we start making a decision of whether we should just do immunotherapy by itself or immunotherapy with chemotherapy. Into that decision making, it's not just the PD-L1 score, it's also the patient's preferences, what other medical conditions they have, how old are they, their functional status. A lot goes into that decision making. All right. The targeted therapy drugs, I'm sure they each work a little differently based on the type of mutation, but basically they're just targeting the mutation instead of generally killing cancer cells and healthy cells, right? Correct. They're targeting the mutated protein. Right. Great. Okay. When should a patient be retested? Let's say the patient had their tissue tested initially before they started any treatment. When, if ever, is it appropriate for them to have another test? I think this is a great question. And there are lots of layers to this, so I'll be very interested in your thoughts as well, Dr. Pool. The first question I would ask is how comprehensive was their initial testing? If this is someone who had one or two gene tests and they were negative, that might be someone where you do a more comprehensive panel, looking to find whether there are alterations there. Right. Maybe they were doing what Dr. Pool was saying. Maybe it was a few years ago or not, but they just were looking for EGFR, or they're looking for ALK- Correct. ... instead of all of the possibilities. And some of those mutations now are actionable that weren't actionable before. Exactly right. Exactly right. Okay. It is a bit sobering that, despite us knowing about these gene changes now for a while, and despite seeing transformative activity of some of these targeted therapies, even some of the most basic genetic changes like EGFR and ALK, rates are not 100%. We would think that's the case, but they're not. Rates of ... Of testing. Okay. Even in the United States, there was a recent paper from last week was showing that ALK testing rates were only 60%. So clearly we need to do better. That number should be 100%. So I would ask first, how comprehensive was their initial testing. If it wasn't comprehensive, that's something that you might pursue. There are various reasons why they may not have had comprehensive testing. There may not have been enough tumor biopsy material. That might be something that there's a conversation about. We might want to get into are there other tools to test outside of just looking at the tumor material. Meaning that when they had a biopsy and tissue was taken out of their lung, there wasn't enough to do the testing. Right. Right. There wasn't enough tumor there or it's been exhausted with other tests. Okay. In terms of, say they've had comprehensive genetic testing and, by and large, if you have one of these genetic changes like EGFR, ALK, ROS, these are mutually exclusive. If you have one, you don't have the other. I think that's something important to note. And those don't really change over time. Those are present in every single cell. The medical term or the scientific term we think about is these are clonal. They are present and generally you don't lose those genetic changes. The reason to retest, though, is to see if there are additional genetic changes on top of that. When patients receive a targeted therapy, say a patient has an EGFR mutation or an ALK rearrangement, when you treat with a targeted therapy, over time the tumor can develop resistance to that targeted therapy. Commonly, that resistance is through additional genetic changes in the tumor. That may be one place where we would want to repeat genetic analysis. We wouldn't go back to the first biopsy, though, because the cancer has changed. We would actually want to do another biopsy to see how that tumor has changed. Again, with the thought process being that we can potentially change to a different targeted therapy. We can use that information to guide our decision making. They wouldn't change from EGFR to ALK, but they might change from EGFR to a mutation that indicates resistance to an EGFR drug, right? Correct. Correct. So they can develop another mutation in EGFR- Another slightly different EGFR mutation that might mean they'll go on a second type of EGFR targeted therapy. Correct. Okay. And then my other question is if you were tested and did not have any of these mutations, especially the actionable ones, is there any likelihood that you would then develop one of those mutations? Usually not. Okay. Many times, we see that there are other genetic changes in those tumors. But most of the time these are mutually exclusive. If you have one, you don't have the other. Or if you don't have it, you won't have it. Correct. Okay. Now, there are some important caveats there. I'd want Dr. Pool's input, too. First you need to actually make sure that it was a good quality specimen that was actually tested and you actually have confidence that you're actually testing the tumor and not just normal cells around that. Right. The other thing is, and I think this is going to be a question mark as we start using other forms of gene testing like testing the blood. There's a newer technology called circulating tumor DNA where we actually look for these gene changes not through biopsies, but actually a sample of the blood. And looking for very, very rare quantities of tumor DNA that has been released into the bloodstream. And that's a prime example where, just because it's quote negative, doesn't mean it's truly not there. It may be that the tumor just isn't releasing the DNA into the bloodstream. So a negative test isn't really negative, it's more non-diagnostic. It's something that you may want to repeat down the road. Great. Do you have anything to add, Dr. Pool? I think the circulating tumor DNA has really let us off the hook in some respects because it's very frustrating to run out of tissue when we want to do these additional tests. Especially when the patients were initially diagnosed a few years ago, we didn't get a complete molecular testing profile done and they were negative at the time for EGFR or ALK. And now they have recurrent disease. And they undergo a biopsy procedure. We want to get a diagnosis, we want to get molecular testing. And either the sample quality is poor, which is what we assess the tissue for, or there's an insufficient quantity of tissue or there's enough tissue to run some tests, but not all of them. Circulating tumor DNA actually is one way we can get around that and maybe prevent the patient from undergoing a different procedure. Sometimes when we discuss these patients with the team it's decided, yes, we want to go ahead and do another biopsy procedure or maybe pursue serum testing. Okay. Interesting. And then what about PD-L1 if a patient wasn't tested? That's fairly new. It's quite possible that you'll be seeing 433 00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:113,260 some patients that weren't tested for that. Can that test be done at any time on the tissue? Yes. Since that tissue is done on tissue that's been fixed and processed, we can always go back to tissue that's stored and do that test. It's not uncommon that we get those requests, several times a month, to look back in our archives and pull the tissue out and do the test on it. Yeah, I completely agree. I do think that the utility of that test also depends where someone is in their disease course. I think going back and doing the testing is very relevant for people who had disease that was confined to the lungs and they had a surgery and then, unfortunately, the cancer came back. That's a place where really then you would want to test. If somebody, though, was in a situation where the cancer had already escaped the lungs and they've already gotten standard chemotherapy, that's one place where it's less important to do that test. It's very important at the initial diagnosis and less important after chemotherapy. And the reasons for that are, in the clinical trials that were done compared to other forms of chemotherapy after someone's already had chemotherapy regardless of whether that test is positive or negative, immunotherapy is better than other forms of chemotherapy. In my mind, if the test isn't going to impact what I do, I don't do the test. Right. That's a good point. One thing that I did want to touch on because I've been hearing about it is tumor mutational burden. Can you define that a little bit and explain what that is? Sure. It's actually still a term that is in need of a uniform definition, I would argue. But intuitively, it's something where, think about this, the concept of using immune therapy, the central premise of it, is that cancers ... The more and more genetic mutations that a cancer develop, so the more and more mutations, the more and more it begins to look foreign to the immune system. If it has one mutation, it's pretty close to normal self, but if it's got 200 mutations, it begins to look much more foreign and is therefore more likely to be recognized by the immune system. And destroyed by the immune system. Okay. And destroyed by the immune system. At the most simplistic level, it's really the total number of mutations in a particular tumor. Now there are many different ways to measure this. It depends on the total number of genes you're looking at, so how much DNA you're analyzing, and what the specific mutations that you're actually counting. Right now we're lumping all the mutations into one bucket, but there are many different types. Tumor mutation burden, or TMB for short, is really just some way to quantify the total number of mutations in that tumor. Okay. Which might give us information about how that person might respond to immunotherapy? Correct. Okay. This looks like it's an independent marker from PD-L1. They provide complimentary information. And it also is a predictor for responsiveness to immunotherapy. Now, it's a much more complicated one, though, than the standard PD-L1 testing that we've talked about. It requires much more of that bio-informatic support. Right? Right. Patient education is important. We want to educate patients about genetic testing, tumor testing, whatever you want to call it, and the availability of targeted therapies and immunotherapies. But really the physicians and the hospitals need to play a big part in this, too, so that patients aren't missed when they come in, especially patients that really should be tested. I was hoping that you guys could speak, maybe starting with Dr. Pool, about what you think needs to happen to get this testing done more reflexively on eligible patients when they see the physician. I think approaching lung cancer from a multidisciplinary team approach is how you make sure that you have pathways in place so that patients don't get missed. And if they do get missed or if there's pieces of the information that the treating physicians need, that there's communication between the surgeon, the oncologist, the pathologist to obtain enough tissue. To make sure that tissue is appropriately handled. And then to communicate those results in a timely manner so that the oncologist has that information when they see the patient. And there's not delays in terms of seeing the patient but not having all the information you need and in formulating a plan. It's also important in that we educate each other. I, as a pathologist, I'm learning what the oncologist needs in terms of what tests they want, what tests are going to be useful for the patient. And I learn from the surgeon some of the technical issues with getting more tissue or not being able to get it. I guess you need to be a little louder. Go ahead. I am finished. It's really just a multidisciplinary team approach. Okay. Great. Dr. Gainor, do you have any thoughts on how to get this done more reflexively? I agree completely. I think it all boils down to communication. I do think you'd actually get different answers if you polled 100 pathologists and 100 oncologists about what's the best way to do it reflexively. At our institution, we actually don't do it reflexively because the oncology community at my institution actually wants to have some input into what specific testing is going to be done in what order. But that's not uniform. I think the bottom line is it's important to get the testing done and really have open lines of communication between pathologists, oncologists, surgeons. Cancer is something that can't be addressed by one- PART 2 OF 3 ENDS [00:40:04] ... surgeons. Cancer is something that can't be addressed by one single specialty. It's really teams that come together, and you really need open lines of communication to do that. Right. That's what, I think, Dr. Pool is meaning by by multidisciplinary. Correct. Lots of different physicians from different specialties all working together and communicating so that the patient actually gets what they need. Right. Right. Okay, great. So now we're gonna take a few questions from our audience and try and address some that we received online. I have a question. Nicole Hampton. I'm with my mother, Cindy Hampton, a Lung Force Hero in Milwaukee. My question is, do patients have to be treated at big hospitals to get this type of testing? Dr. Gainor? Yeah, so the answer is no. This is something that should be done regardless of where patients actually are getting treated. Now, the extent of the tumor panels, the gene panels can vary from institution to institution. But the core genetic changes with FDA approved therapies, someone should be getting access to that regardless of where they're getting treated. And do you have any tips for the language that a patient can use to kind of advocate for themselves? So I think we've tried using some of that language today, which is I've heard about tumor testing or gene testing and/or what is my eligibility for using a targeted medicine? Those are some of the things that I think a patient or a patient's family would be wholly appropriate to ask. And advocating for next generation sequencing, is that the most comprehensive approach? It's the most comprehensive approach in at least bringing it up. There may be times, though, where it's more appropriate to do a very rapid test based upon the clinical situation. So I think raising the question and then starting some dialogue about what are the pros and cons of doing that. Okay, great. Good morning. I'm Cindy Hampton, Milwaukee. Does insurance cover this testing? So I can take that one, as well. In general, insurance does cover genetic testing if it's done for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. And this is something that should be standard of care. So regardless of where you're getting care in the United States, this should be a standard, and so as such, it's generally covered by insurance. Hi Dr. Renee Matthews, lung cancer advocate. If a patient's never had any testing done, is it ever too late? I can take that one. Most of the time, we can do these tests on tissue that's already been processed and archived. So we can always go back to that. Occasionally, there are some tests that require fresh tissue, but for the next generation sequencing, PD-L1, generally we can do that on tissue that, even if it was obtained years ago. This is actually a follow-up question I have to that. It seems like one of the difficulties with this is that there needs to be an appropriate amount of tissue taken at the time of the biopsy, but a patient might not know that they have lung cancer at that point, right? And they certainly might not know to ask about tumor testing. Any thoughts on how we can communicate better with the physicians performing the biopsies so that they know that this kind of testing is gonna be coming and they should remove an appropriate amount? I think from our team approach, everyone is aware that we need a certain amount of tissue. We certainly discuss in tumor boards how much tissue is needed so the minimal amount of cells or DNA that's required. The problem is sometimes the tumor's difficult to get to or the tumor is associated with a lot of necrosis, meaning that the tumor is growing so rapidly that it actually dies, the tumor cells die themselves. And so we need viable live tumor cells in the biopsy material to do this. So sometimes that's a problem, too, just we don't know really what the quality of the tissue will be until we can examine it on the microscope. Also, because of lung cancer screening, a lot more small nodules are being removed with the idea that maybe they are cancerous. And so we still go through the same process of obtaining tissue for molecular testing, for example, just in case it might be a tumor. And so we need to have a dialogue with our labs or with commercial labs that we're sending these tests out to to make sure that if it's not tumor that we don't do testing, and if there is tumor there, we need some kind of quality assurance that we actually are testing the tumor cells and not normal cells, like Dr. Gainor mentioned before. Do you think there will ever be a time when a liquid biopsy, like a blood draw or even saliva, will be able to replace the tissue biopsy from the lung? No. Well, at least for the initial diagnostic biopsy. I view liquid biopsies as really complementary, not a replacement for. Because what you can't get by a liquid biopsy is actually the architecture, what do these cells actually look like. You're just finding the DNA. So you can't see this is a small cell lung cancer, this is a non-small cell, this is a squamous cancer. You can't figure that out from a liquid biopsy. It's one of the principle limitations of it. And so it can provide complementary information, though. So say you already have a diagnosis, but there's insufficient material to do the comprehensive gene testing. You can try to get it via liquid biopsy. Or if someone is already on a targeted medicine and is starting to develop resistance and it's hard to get another biopsy, that's another place where liquid biopsy would have utility. And what about, I don't know if this is also considered liquid biopsy, but taken from their sputum or the mucus in their lungs? You mean cells that are in the sputum? Yeah, like coughing up something that will have cells in it that will give us information. Does that have a role? Sure, we can do molecular testing. If there's enough cells, those kind of samples we can do additional testing on PD-L1 and molecular testing, as well. The challenge really is, again, getting enough cells in these samples Sometimes we're making diagnoses on a handful of cells and feel fortunate just to be able to say it's cancer or not cancer. But the paradigm is evolving past that just from saying yes, there's cancer, no, there's cancer to yes, there's cancer, and there's these additional markers or mutations and so forth that are very important now in treatment. This is kind of what we call precision medicine, figuring out not just the type of cancer you have, but as much about your cancer as possible and pairing it with the best treatment possible, right? Okay great. We're gonna take a few questions from our Facebook audience. The first question is, how does a patient know if their tumor has had next generation sequencing or any type of testing? I think that's a challenge, especially because this information may reside in other places, so for example, sometimes we have patients referred to our institution, and we don't really know what testing they've had previously. So again, it goes back to communicating with the oncologists or surgeons to find out what has been done so far so we don't reduplicate testing. But also, if testing hasn't been done that we acquire the appropriate tissue. This is a question for Dr. Gainor. I'm hoping that you can clarify a little bit. We had a question that says, are you saying that immunotherapy doesn't work after chemotherapy? No. No. So I'm saying it works regardless of whether or not you have that PD-L1 score. If you had chemotherapy first? So, yeah. So the role of that PD-L1 test, really it's an imperfect predictor. So if you take 100 people with lung cancer, only about 20% will actually respond to immunotherapy. If you use that PD-L1 test, it actually brings it up to about 40%. So it's still not perfect. And so the role of that PD-L1 test is really to help you prioritize at point should you use it. Well, what point do use the immunotherapy? At what point to use the immunotherapy. And part of this is historic in that it reflected that these drugs were initially approved after chemotherapy, regardless of whether you had PD-L1 positive or negative, those drugs were better than chemotherapy. So that's why I was saying that after someone's already had chemotherapy, there's a less of a need to actually do that testing. Okay. Great. And can you talk a little bit more about the PD-L1 levels? What are the ranges, and what do the ranges mean? So this, thankfully I would say, we've gotten some clarity on this point in the last several years. It was very complicated around 2014, 2015 because there are multiple of these immunotherapies, and in each of the different immunotherapies would use different cutoff. Even the same drug would use a different cutoff whether someone had chemotherapy or not. But fortunately, there have been major efforts, collaborative efforts between industry, academics and industry partners trying to harmonize those efforts and looking at how closely if you did one PD-L1 test, does it replicate another one? So long story short, I think the most clinically relevant cutoff is 50%. So 50% of tumor cells expressing PD-L1. Would that be considered a high level? That'd be considered high. Okay. So if the tumor is less than 1% expressing, so the tumor cells, less than 1% show this positive PD-L1 reaction on the stain, we would call that negative. And as Dr. Gainor said, if it's more than 50%, we would call that a high expression. And so anything in between, between 1% and 49%, we call that low expression. And so we give that information. It's not just positive or negative, it's really whether it's high, low or negative. And depending on that score impacts whether or not maybe they go on immunotherapy before or after chemotherapy? Yeah. Complicated. Yeah. And the bottom line, now because these drugs were initially all explored second line, meaning after someone had already received chemotherapy. Once the drugs were approved there, then they started being looked at first line. And so the most relevant thing now is someone who's newly diagnosed, they haven't received any therapy, it's going to be immunotherapy, plus or minus chemotherapy. Got it. Plus or minus chemotherapy. Great. One more question. We've talked a little bit about clinical trials. When might a clinical trial be the right choice for a patient, specifically around this issue of tumor testing and immunotherapy and things like that? I mean, maybe I'll weigh in. I am a clinical trialist, that's a lot of what I do. And I would say that it depends. A lot of people have strong feelings when they hear clinical trial, thinking that oh, it's just because I've exhausted other options. And I want to emphasize that that is not the case. Even things like phase one studies right now may be the most appropriate thing to even start with. We've been fortunate in the lung cancer world, where we now have multiple drugs that have been approved on the basis of a phase one study. So phase one studies historically were just about dose. But as you start using very targeted, precision therapies, so you have a biomarker, a test that can identify group most likely to respond, and a very targeted medicine, you can see dramatic activity, even in that phase one study. And so now the trend with all of these targeted therapies is that we're seeing activity in the phase one. And so if someone has one of these genetic changes that is actionable, where we know a lot about it, but it's not approved yet, I would argue that for those people, depending on what the target is, sometimes a clinical trial may actually the most appropriate very first therapy. It really depends. And this speaks to the fact that sometimes the regulatory aspects, so getting a drug approved, commonly lags behind the science. And so we may know a lot about it. A classic example right now is [RET]. So this is found in 1%-2% of people with lung cancer, and we now have several drugs that have shown responses above 70%. So marked shrinkage, but those drugs aren't approved yet. So if I saw a patient with a RET rearrangement right now, I would out them on a phase one clinical trial because the current data has been so promising. Great. Do you have anything to add? I get these reports myself, and I'm always to curious to look at them, mainly if it's one of the big four mutations, fine, but I'm always interested to see these additional mutations for which there's phase one trials, and then that kind of triggers me to start looking in the literature and see are there mutation-specific antibodies that we could maybe do faster or what are some other techniques? Because these are gonna be escalated once they're approved and so forth. So I agree with Dr. Gainor, it's a whole new world opening up. Great. Well, thank you so much for your time today both of you. A recording of this video, as well as additional resources, will be made available at lung.org/tumor-testing-videos. So that's lung.org/tumor-testing-videos. And that will be available in the next couple weeks. If you're tuning in live, we'll have another panel discussion with Dr. Gainor, and we'll also be joined by Dr. Sherri Millis from Foundation Medicine, and we'll be discussing a little bit more about the future of this very fast-paced field. That discussion's gonna happen at 2 p.m. Eastern, 1 p.m. Central. So I wanted to thank again AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Foundation Medicine, Pfizer and Merck and Co. Incorporated for their generous support of this program. Thank you.

Hey guys! I'm at Norwich City Colney training centre with Teemu Pukki. I had the honor the give Teemu the Player of the Month award. You might be wondering what I'm doing here. Let me tell you the story. Let's start from yesterday morning. This video is sponsored by EA SPORTS Finland. It was Wednesday morning and I got a phone call. I answered the phone and was told that I have a chance to travel to Norwich next morning to give Teemu the Premier League Player of the Month award. Of course, I was more than happy to do that. On Wednesday I had this other filming session and while filming there, I was told that I'd need to be at the airport in two hours, because Thursday's award ceremony was rescheduled to 9am. That meant I'd need to be in Norwich tonight. I finished filming, went home, packed my stuff and left to the airport. Yeah, to the airport. The Autumn in Finland is very rainy, so I was very happy to travel to England where it never rains. On the plane I was able to calm down a bit a actually think about where I'm even going to. I was looking forward to the next day. In London I met Jason from EA SPORTS and we left to our final destination, Norwich. The local time is 2am. It'd be 4am in Finland. Tomorrow.. well, today is a big day. I get to give the Player of the Month award to Pukki. That's cool. See you tomorrow, good night! Right after waking up, we went to the Norwich City's Colney training centre. Everyone was super friendly there, and they let us take a look around the centre while waiting for Pukki. It's been quite hectic couple of days, and I've struggled not to post any photos or videos from here. This is an amazing opportunity to be able to give a Finnish player the Player of the Month award. His rating is 84. The pace seems to be 84 too. Well see what he thinks about that. Seems good to me. Pukki arrived at the centre, and it was time to give him the prize. Big congratulations. -Thank you. Player of the Month. Who would have guessed this a couple of years ago? Maybe I wouldn't even need to ask, but how does this feel like? Well, it's a great honor for me. Yeah, I wouldn't have guessed this a couple of years ago either. Feels really good. Now it's time to get more points. Definitely. Huge congratulations. The whole Finland is proud of you. The man who wouldn't need introduction, Teemu Pukki. Great to see you win the award. It's well-earned. It's an honor for me too to be here today. I'm pretty sure I can say this on behalf of almost every person in Finland that everyone is very proud of you. It's been great to watch you play in the Premier League and people are always waiting for the next match and also the Finland's national team matches. What does peoples' support mean to you and would you like to send your greetings to Finland. Of course the support is important to me. I've had some difficult times and it's great that things are going well right now. I know there's big hype over football and my career in Finland. It's cool and also when when playing from the national team I've noticed the hype. It's awesome to see football being a big thing in Finland at the moment. Thank you to everyone. Keep supporting me and Finnish football, so we can make it a even bigger thing. Here's your FIFA 20 card. Have you seen this before? No, just a minute ago. What do you have to say about this? Pace 84? The pace should've been 84 originally. The original pace was a disappointment. Well, defending is 36. Can't say you're a defender, if you look at this rating. Is it a bit too low? I consider myself a pretty good defender nowadays. You're running all over the pitch. -Yeah, it's a bit disappointing too. But hey, you got the Player of the Month card. It's still a good card, right? -Yeah, I'm satisfied with it. Will it be placed on the fireplace? -My wife will decide the place. I think it looks good anywhere you put it in the house. -I think so too. It was time to thank Pukki, leave the Colney training centre behind and head to the Carrow Road, which is the Norwich City FC's home stadium. The atmosphere at the training centre was excited, because the team had a match against Manchester City coming up on Saturday. But what happened? Norwich City FC won the match 3-2, and Pukki scored once and assisted another one. This is the place where Teemu scores the goals. I'm guessing he feels himself comfortable in Norwich, because in the centre of the city there's the Upper goat lane, and next to it the Lower goat lane. The team's fan store was full of Pukki themed stuff, and I was able to watch some match highlights from the big screen and celebrate Pukki's incredible goals. Once again, big congratulations to Teemu and huge thanks to EA SPORTS Finland for this unforgettable experience. See you next time, bye.

[MUSIC] AJ, I hope you don't mind. >> [NOISE] [APPLAUSE] >> You see, Vickie, that right there is >> [APPLAUSE] >> Whatever happens in Vegas stays in Vegas. [LAUGH] >> Ooh, [LAUGH] you know what? There's so much show I would love to see. You know what else I want to do? >> No, I. >> I'd like to hit a roulette table. >> All right. >> Because I love to hit on black. >> [LAUGH] [NOISE] Are you ok? >> [COUGH] I'm fine. >> Your poor face. >> I know, but Aksana you know that's [MUSIC] That's real good to know all right. [MUSIC] >> No I just assumed you were here to give me another slap. So make sure you make it a good one, go on. >> [APPLAUSE] What? My God. [SOUND] >> [FOREIGN] >> Yes. >> [FOREIGN] >> Yes. >> [FOREIGN] >> Well it's against my better judgment but you've got your match. >> [LAUGH] >> [LAUGH] [FOREIGN] >> [NOISE] I want you to be out there to see me destroy him first hand. >> Hey, good, because that's right where I wanna be to see you with Edge tonight and Batista next. To become the world heavy weight champion. [APPLAUSE] >> [NOISE] >> Viscera, you and I, we've been moving pretty fast. >> [NOISE] >> But since we're gonna be in Vegas this Sunday, I was actually hoping that we can move a little faster. [APPLAUSE] >> Whoa. >> This baby, I have a feeling that at Vengeance you're gonna get lucky and hit the jackpot. >> [APPLAUSE] >> Hit the jackpot? >> Wow that's just on the. Whoa baby >> [APPLAUSE] >> Viscera and Lilian. [MUSIC] That's Rusev's wife. >> What did she mean by this? [MUSIC] Wait a minute, wait a minute guys. >> No. >> My god. Bobby Lashley is kissing Rusev's wife. Right in front of him. [MUSIC] I can not believe, come on >> This is disgusting. >> Now, they're playing tonsil hockey, with Rusev is right there [MUSIC] [SOUND] I've been really wanting to know why you did what you did, Mommy? [NOISE] >> Well, this might embarrass you a little bit, Ed. But the truth is I really couldn't resist your Latino Heat. >> I told you! >> [LAUGH] >> She admitted it, >> I knew it. >> [LAUGH] >> Eddie Guerrero can't believe it. >> [NOISE] >> [APPLAUSE] >> Whoa! >> [APPLAUSE] >> [NOISE] We have an announcement to make. Where else but the WWF than a party like this, we have an announcement I'm pregnant! >> What? >> [APPLAUSE] >> What? What'd she just say? >> May Young is pregnant? >> Did she say she was pregnant? >> Let's party! [MUSIC]

Spanish: -Ser tu novia es muy... exigente Emocionalmente... Fisicamente... He sido increiblemente paciente por años.. Bueno... No es fácil decir esto porque.. Te amo.. Pero Necesito tiempo para tomar distancia Y reevaluar nuestra situación -Oh! -Espero que lo entiendas -Está bien -Adiós Sheldon English: Being your girlfriend is so challenging Emotionally physically, I've been incredibly patient for years well This isn't easy to say you because I love you, but I Need some time to take a step back and re-evaluate our situation Oh I hope you understand Okay bye Sheldon Czech: Být tvou přítelkyní je velmi náročné. Emocionálně, fyzicky. Celé roky jsem byla neskutečně trpělivá. Takže... Je těžké to říct, protože tě miluji, ale... potřebuji trochu času abych získala odstup a přehodnotila naši situaci. Doufám, že mě chápeš. Dobře. Sbohem, Sheldone. English: Well Gollum You're an expert on rings. What do I do with this one? That is an engagement ring that I was going to give my girlfriend Amy. you bought her a ring? No, no this has been in my family for generations We even know about this. No she broke up with me before I could broach the subject Sorry that must have been devastating for you. Not at all. No I'm fine Yeah, Amy had reservations about our relationship, so all was just for the best. No it's just said I'm fine We've gotten a little off-topic Not true now look at me. Yeah, I had an engagement ring to give a girl and instead She rejected me when am I emotional about that now now? Spanish: -Bueno Gollum Tú eres un experto en anillos ¿Que hago con este? En esta caja está el anillo que le iba a dar a mi novia Amy -¿Le compraste un anillo? -No, no, no. Le ah pertenecido a mi familia por generaciones -¿Amy sabe algo de esto? -No, Ella rompió conmigo antes que pudiera sacar el tema -viejo, lo siento. Eso debió destrozarte -No en absoluto. Estoy bien. Amy tenía algunas dudas sobre nuestra relación asi que todo fue para bien -Lo sé, pero es que... -He dicho que estoy bien Nos hemos desvíado un poco del tema No es verdad, Mírame Iba a darle un anillo de compromiso a una chica, pero me rechazo ¿A caso me pongo sentimental por eso? No Czech: Tak, Glume.. ty jsi odborník na prsteny. Co mám udělat s tímhle? To je zásnubní prsten, který jsem chtěl dát své přitelkyni Amy. Koupil jsi jí prsten? Ne. Je v mé rodině po generace. Ví o něm Amy? Ne. Rozešla se se mnou dřív, než jsem se k tomu dostal. Chlape, to mě mrzí... to pro tebe musí být hrozné. Ne, vůbec ne. Jsem v pohodě. Amy měla výhrady k našemu vztahu takže všechno vyšlo dobře. - Já vím. Jen... - Řekl jsem, že je mi fajn! Trošku jsme odbočili. To není pravda. Podívej se na mě. Chtěl jsem dát zásnubní prsten své dívce, a místo toho mě odmítla. A jsem kvůli tomu emotivní? Ne. English: I am sitting here on a couch talking about my favorite TV character like nothing happened because I am just like him all logical all the time Because when I speak at a regular volume. No one seems to believe me that I put this Amy nonsense behind me Spanish: No, estoy sentado en un sofá, hablando de mi personaje de TV favorito como si no hubiera pasado nada, porque soy como el: Muy logico. Todo el tiempo. cariño estas gritando Es porque cuando hablo con mi tono normal nadie parece creer que eh superado lo de mi estúpida relación con Ammy Czech: Ne, sedím tady na gauči, mluvím o mé nejoblíbenější televizní postavě, jako kdyby se nic nestalo. Protože jsem jako on: logický, pořád. Zlatíčko, křičíš. Protože když mluvím normálním hlasem, tak mi nikdo nevěří, že už jsem ten nesmysl s Amy hodil za hlavu!

Hey, everybody. My name’s Kim Siever. Welcome back to my channel. Inequality is inherent in capitalism. Of course, in capitalism, power is unevenly distributed, lying in the hands of the few individuals who manage to own businesses and amass capital. But that power inequity breeds inequity in other areas. Because so few people can amass capital in capitalism, people assume they amass that capital through their own efforts. It’s why individual property rights are foundational to capitalism. Individualism is behind rational choice theory, for example, the idea that individuals pursue what’s in their own best interests. If one believes that rich people are rich because of their own labour, then it’s easy to believe that we are all rewarded for our own labour and that people who are rich performed more labour, or at least performed their labour more efficiently. Conversely, if we’re not rich, we simply didn’t work hard enough. If we lack anything, it’s because we lacked labour. And if you believe that rewards follow labour, then it’s easy to believe that labour is never hindered by institutional barricades, such as sexism, homophobia, and racism. It’s no coincidence that those who strongly support capitalism are the ones who are most likely to be oblivious to institutional oppression. They’re the ones to claim that the justice system is not racist. They’re the ones to claim that it’s not sexist that most politicians and CEOs are men. They’re the ones to claim that giving LGBTQ+ people equal rights is “destroying the family”. It’s why capitalists deny racial privilege. It’s why they deny gender privilege. It’s why they deny class privilege. It’s why they deny privilege in general. After all, if privilege exists and actually prevents people from finding success, then it proves that the idea that we can find success just by pulling up our bootstraps is a myth. And if the idea that we are rewarded solely because of individual labour is a myth—an idea that is foundational to capitalism—then it exposes capitalism as nothing but a scam. Thanks for watching. You can follow me online at siever.ca/kim. I’m also on Facebook, Twitter, and Tumblr. If you appreciate the videos I share here on YouTube, the posts I write on my blog, and the content I share on my other social media accounts, please consider making a monthly donation, either through PayPal or Patreon. If you agree with the points I raised in my video, please give me a thumbs up and let me know in the comments below why. Please share my video and subscribe to my channel. And I look forward to talking to you again soon.

"The Maiden Flight of McCauley's Bellerophon" is a science fiction/magical realism novella by American writer Elizabeth Hand. It was first published in the Neil Gaiman/Al Sarrantonio-edited anthology Stories: All-New Tales, in 2010, and subsequently republished in Hand's 2012 anthology Errantry: Strange Stories from Small Beer Press. == Synopsis == An aviation historian is terminally ill; as a last gift, her friends decide to falsify evidence that will support her personal theory regarding the invention of flight. == Reception == "Maiden Flight" won the 2011 World Fantasy Award for Best Novella, and was nominated for the 2011 Hugo Award for Best Novella and the 2011 Theodore Sturgeon Memorial AwardTheodora Goss calls it "simple on one level and intensely complicated on another. And beautiful, and a joy to read," while the Portland Press Herald describes it as "bittersweet" and "magical", and Roz Kaveney judges it as "possibly the best" story in the anthology

So are you to my thoughts as food to life, Or as sweet seasoned showers are to the ground; And for the peace of you I hold such strife As 'twixt a miser and his wealth is found; Now proud as an enjoyer, and anon Doubting the filching age will steal his treasure; Now counting best to be with you alone, Then bettered that the world may see my pleasure; Sometime all full with feasting on your sight, And by and by clean starvèd for a look; Possessing or pursuing no delight Save what is had or must from you be took. Thus do I pine and surfeit day by day, Or gluttoning on all, or all away. [heavy breathing] [Gollum voice] We loves him. We needs him! We needs him more than we needs food! More than plants needs water. Yes. Yes, we loves him. We is prouds to loves him. We loves to loves him. But they will try to steals him from us! Sneaky little peoples. Wicked, tricksy, false! No, not peoples. Not love. Yes! False! He will cheats you, hurts you, lie! Better we stay here. Keeps him all to ourself. But I wants to show how happy we are together. Show my friends. You don't have any friends! Nobody loves you. Not listening. Not listening. I'm full of joy. Full of love. You're a liar! No. Yes! You are never full. You needs him all to yourself. More love, more! More? We has some love. Some?! We needs it all! Why gives he only some? [whimpers] You win. [laughs] I hates you. I hates you. You wouldn't have him without me! I got him! I kept him! It was me! We got him because of m... [outside] Ash? Ash! Are you ready? I've been waiting ages. Coming. [coughs clearing throat] [normal voice] Coming. Looking forward to it.

lets discuss the concept of moving coil galvanometer. about a moving coil galvanometer we can write that. it is an instrument. used to measure. current in a circuit. or to obtain. null deflection point. in a circuit. this is common deflection type meter which you already studied in the previous section. a normal galvanometer meter which is deflection type is considered as moving coil galvanometer. and now we’ll also study about its working. and we can write that its working. is based on the fact. that. a torque. is experienced. by a coil. when a current is passed through it. that means when a current is passed. through, a coil. it experiences. torque if it is placed in a magnetic field. in that situation. due to the torque the coil will start its rotational motion. and this is the concept which used in construction of moving coil galvanometer. lets discuss its internal circuit diagram. and the construction and working mechanism. here you can see these figure show, the internal structure of a moving coil galvanometer. in this galvanometer here you can see there is, a rectangular coil. who which a current is passed when current comes it passes through the coil if there are n turns it circulates and. goes out from the, other circuit. the coil is placed between 2 . cylindrical pole peaces of north pole and south pole in which a magnetic field exist from north to south pole. and at the top and bottom of the coil on its shaft. a spiral spring, above and spiral spring bellow is connected. this spring is of stiffness coefficient c. which gives us an idea that if the coil rotates by an angle theta this. spiral coil, spiral spring will exert a restoring torque on the. armature coil. with magnitude c theta. now if we just look at its top view, you can see in the top view. the situation is like this. here when the current is pass through the coil, you can see. due to the circulation of current in the coil its magnetic moment exist in the direction perpendicular to this coil. and here you can see, the 2 wires of coil, are lying in the plane of this magnetic line of force between the pole pieces. so the angle between this magnetic induction vector and. the magnetic moment vector here is. theta, which is 90 degree. so, due to this it experiences a torque which is given as m cross b. and here you can see when the torque is applied onto it the coil will rotate in clockwise manner from m to b. so when the coil will rotate in this manner you can see. when coil is in its new position. here also you can see its magnetic moment is. rotated to this level if it is rotated by an angle theta. now the coil is in the plane of this magnetic field. which is. along the line, magnetic line of force, through which the 2 wires of coil are passing. so this is the new magnetic field. which is of same magnitude because, the same magnetic poles are used and the separation between the magnetic poles is same. here you can say this is crossed magnetic field. because of which no matter whatever angle the coil will rotate. the angle between its magnetic moment and the final magnetic induction in its new position will always remain 90 degree. so here we can say that the net torque acting on it will always be m-b. if magnetic moment we can write as, i n-a the product of number of turns current and the enclosed area. here torque can be written as. b i n-a it’ll be always independent of the angle theta by which the coil is rotating. so in this situation here we can see. whenever the coil rotates in this situation. the torque acting on it is same. but due to its rotation the spiral spring. will exert a restoring torque onto it which is. tau restoring which is equal to c theta. so here as magnetic torque is clockwise in nature. here you can see the spiral spring will exert an anticlockwise torque which anticlockwise in nature. and the coil will come to rest when the. restoring torque will be balanced by the torque of magnetic field. so at this position the coil will be at rest. now if a middle is connected to this coil. we can see. based on the amount of current passing through the coil. the needle will be deflected which can be. placed on a. printed scale on which we can calibrate it for the measurement of current on which the current can be measured. this is the way how. the galvanometer works. lets mathematically analyze. some. coefficients related to galvanometer. whatever working we have discussed for a moving coil galvanometer we can say when. coil is in iquilibrium position. after rotation. by an angle, theta. we can see magnetic torque. on it is given as. b i n “ a”. and if we calculate the restoring torque we already discussed that restoring torque will be due to. the spiral spring onto it that will be c theta. and at iquilibrium we can write that this, b i n-“ a” must be equal to c theta that’s why the coil is in iquilibrium. and in this situation. we can see the value of. angle by which the coil is deflected we can write it as. b n-a by c multiplied by i. where b n-a and c are constant so here we can see that theta is directly proportional to i. now in this situation we can see whatever amount of current we supply. there will be a deflection in needle which is proportional to the current. that’s why this device can be used to measure current, on a uniform scale. here this constant we can write as s so theta we can write as s-i. where. s which is b n-a by c. is called. sensitivity. of galvanometer. this called sensitivity because if the value of s is high. then even for a small value of current the deflection will be large and the galvanometer is capable to measure small values of current. that’s why the value b n-a by c is termed as sensitivity of galvanometer. there is another constant we defined as k which is 1 by s. and this called. technically reduction factor. of galvanometer. in some problems we are given with a reduction factor and k we can calculate from this relation as i is equal to. in this situation c upon b n-“ a”. multiplied by theta and i we can write as k theta. where, we can say if some deflection is there using this deflection theta we can find out the value of current passing through galvanometer. and the proportionality constant here we termed as reduction factor of galvanometer.

GWEN IFELL AND % MY MOM, % PHILOMENIA CAROL % WILL ROOK DOWN % FROM HEAVEN AND % BE PROUD. % >>> FACEBOOK CRACKING DOWN % AFTER PUTTING A % NEW ANTI-% VIOLENCE POLICY % IN PLACE. BRANDY DEDROZNE % JOINS ME NOW. % ALWAYS GREAT TO HAVE YOU ON THE % SHOW. % THANKS FOR % COMING BACK. % HOW MANY PAGES % AND ADS ARE WE % TALKING ABOUT % HERE? % AND WHAT KINDS OF PAGES ARE WE % TALKING ABOUT? % >> YEAH. % THANKS FOR % HAVING ME. % IT’S BEEN A GOOD DAY. % WE’RE TALKING % ABOUT 900 % GROUPS. % 1500 ADS. % AND THESE ARE % ALL SORT OF % REGARDING OR RELATING TO THE % Q-ANONE CONSPIRACY. % WHICH WE’VE TALKED ABOUT % SEVERAL TIMES, A WHITE WING % CONSPIRACY, THAT DEMOCRATS, % HOLLYWOOD, % EVERYBODY WHO HAS EATEN A SLICE OF PIZZA, ABUSES CHILDREN. % THIS HAS LONG BEEN A VERY % DANGEROUS ORGANIZATION. % AND FACEBOOK % FINALLY % ANNOUNCED IT % TODAY. >> SO HOW MUCH OF A CHUNK DID % THEY TAKE OUT OF % THERE GROUP? % DO WE KNOW HOW % MUCH WORK THERE % IS LEFT TO DO FOR FACEBOOK? % >> YEAH. % WELL, WHAT’S INTERESTING IS WE REPORTED ON SOME INTERNAL % DOCUMENTS LAST % WEEK THAT SHOWED THAT THERE WERE % THOUSANDS OF % PAGES AND % MILLIONS OF MEMBERS IN THESE % GROUPS AND % PAGES. SO THAT WAS ALL % BORN OUT TODAY. % AND IT SHOWS US % THAT WE ARE % REALLY TAKING % THIS SERIOUSLY. % WE KNOW THERE % ARE THOUSANDS % LEFT, RIGHT? % SO THOSE REMAIN. % AND REALLY, THE % POLICY ONLY % REALLY RELATES TO ACCOUNTS THAT % ARE DISCUSSING % VIOLENCE. % SO FACEBOOK IS % REALLY GOING TO % HAVE TO BE ON % TOP OF THIS. % A SPOKESPERSON SAID TO US, YOU % KNOW, THIS % DOESN’T MEAN % THAT WE’VE % CAPTURED ALL OF THE ONES THAT WE WANT TO RESTRICT % YET. % WE 100% KNOW % THAT THEY’RE % GOING TO CHANGE THEIR % TERMINOLOGY. % WE DON’T THINK % WE’RE FLIPPING A SWITCH SO THIS WON’T BE? % DISCUSSION FOR A % WEEK. % >> SOUNDS LIKE % THEY REALLY GET % THE REALITY OF IT. % BRANDY, FACEBOOK ALSO GOING TO % DOWNRANK QANONE IN THEIR FEEDS. % FOR PEOPLE LIKE ME WHO ARE NOT % AS TECH SAVVY AS % YOU. % WHAT DOES THAT % MEAN? % >> THAT JUST % MEAN FIST YOU’RE % A NORMAL PERSON % GOING ON % FACEBOOK PAGE TO % SEE PICTURES OF % THEIR % GRANDCHILDREN OR % TO SEE WHEN THE % NEIGHBORHOOD IS % ORGANIZING A % BAKE SALE. % THEY’RE NOT GOING TO SEE % QURKSZ ANONFEED % IN THEIR % FACEBOOK. SOMETHING THAT % ALLOWED TO THISGROW. % IT WILL NO LONGER SERVE UP % QANON IN YOUR % GROUP. IF YOU’RE % SOMEONE WHO % LIKES GRANOLA AND FREE % THINKING AND % YOU’RE IN LEFTY % GROUPS LIKE % THAT. % IT WILL NO LONGER SAY, HEY, % YOU LIKE GROUPS LIKE THAT, % YOU’RE GOING TO % LOVE QANON. THAT IS KEY TO STOPPING THE % SPREAD. % >> ALL RIGHT. % BIG NEWS, % BRANDY. THANK YOU SO % MUCH FOR COMING % ON TO TALK WITH % US ABOUT IT. % I KNOW WE’LL BE

Here we've got the instructions that I would have expected you to have created for the mortgage problem. I've done this in two different ways. Firstly here using the amounts for the deposit and then here using the amounts for the total cost of the house. Either way is fine. So let's discuss what I've done here. So here I've done it in separate blocks of code, whereas here I've just put it altogether. Again, either is fine. So let's look at these separate blocks here. So if I click on this first block of code, this should just draw the first line and get the sprite back down the bottom to draw the first slice of pie chart. So let's look at that, yeah. Now we've got to draw this first slice of pie chart, which represents the amount that the Bradshaw family put towards the deposit of the house. So they put in £2,000 out of £15,000. So if we click on that, that will draw this slice of pie that represents what they put in for the deposit. Now we want to draw the slice of pie that shows us how much the Ahmed family put in towards the deposit. So they put in £8,000 out of £15,000, multiply that by 360, because obviously Scratch needs to work out the degrees. And if we click on that, that will create this next slice of pie chart. Now because we've only got one more slice left to create, this is already done for us. But we want to get the sprite back up into the right position in case we needed to do something else. So we put in here that the Chowdhury family contributed £5,000 out of £15,000. So if we click on that, that has gone through that angle and has got the sprite back into that position. Now what I want to do is to show you that this code here, these instructions here, give you exactly the same pie chart. So let's move the sprite over here. And all I've done here is I've just literally joined these up, but changed the amounts here so this represents the Bradshaw family putting in £16,000 out of the total amount £120,000, the Ahmed family putting in £64,000 out of the total price of the house and the Chowdhury family putting in £40,000 out of the total price of the house. So if we click on this code here, we will see exactly the same pie chart. So it doesn't matter whether you've used the values for the deposit or you've used the values for the total price of the house, you will get exactly the same looking pie chart as these have been worked out in proportion.

A self help guru, groomed women for sex, subjecting them to shame and humiliation and threatening to expose their deepest secrets if they didn't comply with his wishes. RT correspondent, Brigida Santos, has the full story. Brigida, what a, these, it's almost like you can't push the limits in weird in stories anymore. What are the prosecutors alleging in this case against Keith Raniere? The prosecutors are accusing Keith Raniere of creating an organization known as an NXIVM that was advertised as a professional self help, coaching and educational business, but actually operated more like an expensive pyramid scheme/master slave sex cult. During ongoing trial proceedings, the assistant US attorney has described the NXIVM leader as a predator who sexually exploited women often humiliating and blackmailing them with collateral which came in the form of naked photos or damaging secrets. One of the females Raniere reportedly exploited and sexually engaged with was actually under age and last week a witness testified that Raniere also psychologically manipulated and broke his followers through near starvation diets, forced sex and isolation. Now, he reportedly labeled anyone who questioned him and his teachings, a suppressive person and encouraged his followers to distance themselves from these so called bad influences. But is this something straight out of the cults playbook. So Brigida, you know, it sounds like we hear these stories again and again. It honestly does it, you know, the stories about whether it's the Scientology church, whether it's the Mormon church, whether it's the Catholic church, if you look at all the similarities, you kind of have that cult factor that people are saying more and more. You're hearing that. Well, there is a, it's a cult environment and there's always codefendants in those cases. You know, there's other people that are part of it. Are there codefendants in this case with, with Raniere? Now he currently stands trial alone, but five other NXIVM members were formally charged with a laundry list of crimes last year, including extortion, forced labor, sex trafficking, money laundering and obstruction of justice among a few of other ones. Those who have since pleaded guilty includes Smallville actress, Allison Mack, Seagram's heiress Clare Bronfman and NXIVM's former accountant. Several of these women are now expected to testify against Raniere during the ongoing trial. Brigida, you've handled similar stories that in that we've done in the past. What is the draw here? How does somebody just abandon all sense of common sense? I mean, how is it that, it's almost a suspension of disbelief. How are they brought in? It's almost like, it's almost like that mentality that I see is like the human trafficking cases that I'm handling right now. We see that a lot, how people are pulled into this. If you were to, if you were to pinpoint what happens, what happens here? How are they, how are they pulled into this? Is it just a, it's gotta be a well organized scheme? Yeah. So a lot of these people are already searching for answers. You know, they're going to him looking for self help. They want to pay fees to take classes that they think that they're going to gain something out of that's going to make their life better. And then you have these famous people like Allison Mack that actress from a CW show, I believe it was called Smallville. You know, she's famous. She's drawing in young other women who look up to her and she's now part of the scheme. And so they just bring in more and more people who are looking for answers and are susceptible to falling prey to this kind of a figure. This leader. Yeah. Yeah. You know what I see sometimes too is sometimes the prosecutors look at this and they say, ah, these, these are accomplished people. They have, don't have any reason to, to be, to be in weird world is the only way you can describe this or to to drive, to drive this program that seems to be nothing less than human trafficking really when you drill down on it. And so prosecutors and law enforcement don't pay as much attention to it and it gets it, they get away with for a lot longer. Listen, thanks for joining me. I'm dying to see how this goes in a court room.

(calm music) - Hey everybody, I'm Rachel and today, I'm gonna show you all the ingredients that I like to keep stocked in my vegan pantry. So let's go take a look. So first up, we have dried goods like dried beans, lentils, brown rice, pasta, oats, lentil, or chickpea pasta, quinoa and millet. My favorite types of legumes to stock up on are chickpeas and lentils, because they're so versatile. With dried chickpeas, you just have to let them soak overnight, and then you can use them to make falafel or hummus and all kinds of dishes. Lentils are also a must to have in your vegan pantry because they're such a fantastic source of protein and iron. My favorite way to use lentils is to make a vegan bolognese sauce that is super hearty and a fantastic meat replacement. If you're not a big fan of lentils, like I wasn't, I definitely recommend giving this recipe a try. And the great thing about buying dried legumes is I can get them waste-free in bulk, which is also a much cheaper option. Pasta is another must have for your vegan pantry. Whether you're using a wheat, gluten-free or a legume variety, pasta is a great option to have on hand when you wanna throw together a quick delicious meal. Oats are another major staple to stock up on. One of my favorite ways to use oats is to make homemade oat milk. It's super quick and easy to make and much more inexpensive than buying it from the grocery store. And then last but not least are whole grains. So my favorite grains are brown rice and quinoa, but there are so many out there. One of the easiest ways to enjoy grains is to make a grain bowl, paired with your favorite protein, veggies and dressing. But they can also be used to help bind together veggie burgers, or even in breakfast bars. Whole grains are full of vitamins and minerals, fiber and complex carbohydrates to keep you full and energized. Next up is canned goods like jackfruit, coconut milk, diced tomatoes, and all kinds of beans. Jackfruit is an ingredient that you can find canned at your grocery store, and it makes for an awesome meat substitute because the texture really resembles pulled pork. I love making barbecued jackfruit to have in a sandwich with some coleslaw or tacos with my favorite toppings. Canned coconut milk is also a great item to keep in your vegan pantry. You can use coconut milk to replace heavy cream in soups and curries, or you can refrigerate it overnight and use the solidified cream to make a delicious dairy-free whipped cream to add to your desserts. Canned diced tomatoes are always good to keep on hand to add to sauces, soups and a variety of recipes. I also love to keep canned beans on the shelf for when I don't have time to soak dried beans. Beans are packed with vitamins, minerals, fiber, and are such a versatile source of protein. You can also use the liquid that comes in the can of chickpeas, which is called aquafaba, to make some decadent vegan desserts. Next is nuts and seeds. Some of my favorites are almonds, walnuts, cashews, nut butters, hemp seeds, pumpkin seeds, chia seeds, and tahini. Nuts are a big part of my pantry because they're an awesome source of healthy fats and protein and can be used in so many recipes. I love grinding up walnuts in the food processor with mushrooms, to make mushroom meat, which can be used on pizza or tacos or in any recipe where you'd normally use ground beef. And walnuts are also rich in ALA omega-3 fatty acids, which are good for your brain. Cashews are also a huge staple for me because they can be used to replicate cheese. You can soak your cashews overnight, or boil them to save time, and blend them up to create a rich and creamy cheese sauce that can be used in so many dishes. You can also use cashews to replace ingredients like cream cheese to make all sorts of vegan desserts. I also like keeping nut butters on hand to add to oatmeal or smoothies for some extra protein. Sometimes I like to make my own nut butter in the food processor, which is really easy to do and a great way to save money, since nut butters can be a bit pricey. Seeds are another great item to keep in your pantry because they're so nutrient-dense and can be added to so many dishes. I love adding hemp seeds and chia seeds to my smoothies for some healthy omega-3s and extra protein. Or you can make some chia pudding with your favorite toppings for a breakfast that's high in protein, calcium and ALA omega-3s. Pumpkin seeds are a great source of zinc and are full of healthy fats and protein. I love adding pumpkin seeds to salads or keeping them around just to snack on. Tahini, which is just ground up sesame seeds, is another awesome ingredient to have. My favorite way to use tahini is to make a creamy and healthy salad dressing because it has a delicious nutty flavor. Next, we have oils and condiments like coconut oil, sunflower oil, red wine, or balsamic vinegar, apple cider vinegar, salad dressings, vegan mayo, and sauces. I also like to use coconut oil for vegan baking because it solidifies at room temperature, making it a great substitute for butter. Just make sure that you're using refined coconut oil, otherwise your baked goods will have a coconut flavor. Unless, of course, that's something you like, but I personally don't. I also like to keep a high heat cooking oil on hand, like sunflower oil, for when I'm frying foods at a higher temperature. I keep red wine or a balsamic vinegar in my pantry so I can make my own homemade salad dressings. And apple cider vinegar, which can be mixed with non-dairy milk to make vegan buttermilk, which is delicious in pancakes. I think one of the best ways to add variety to your food is by switching up your sauces and salad dressings. I love adding sauces like vegan honey mustard, barbecue sauce, pesto, and sriracha to add lots of flavor to my dishes. I also always keep vegan mayo on hand, which is great to add to sandwiches or even use as a binder in certain recipes. Next step is spices and seasonings. We have soy sauce, vegan Worcestershire sauce, liquid smoke, veggie bullion, nutritional yeast, kala namak aka black salt, and turmeric. In my opinion, soy sauce is one of the most important ingredients to have in your pantry when you're vegan. I love using soy sauce because it has an awesome umami flavor. So I like to add it to any dish where I'm trying to replicate meat. The same goes for vegan Worcestershire sauce and liquid smoke, which are going to add a meaty and smoky complexity to any of your dishes. I also find it super helpful to keep some vegetable bullion on hand. I like this so much more than buying liquid vegetable broth because once you open the carton, you have to use the whole thing up or freeze it before it goes bad. And with the bullion, you can just dilute it in hot water and use it as needed. I think nutritional yeast might be the most important ingredient for anyone who's building out their vegan pantry. Nutritional yeast has delicious, savory, almost cheesy flavor that can be used to make any kind of cheese sauce, on popcorn, you can blend it with cashews to make a vegan parmesan. It has so many different uses. It's full of vitamins, and most of the time it's fortified with vitamin B12, but always check the label. I also recommend getting some black salt, which is also known as kala namak. Black salt has a sulfur-like flavor, which is great for mimicking the taste of eggs. I love using some black salt in my tofu scramble, along with some turmeric. The turmeric will give the tofu a yellow color to resemble scrambled eggs, but it's also anti-inflammatory. Just make sure to pair it with black pepper to reap the most benefits. Next we have baking and different types of flours, like vital wheat gluten, chickpea flour, tapioca flour, applesauce, flax meal, and organic sugar. Vital wheat gluten is another great ingredient to have in your pantry. When added to recipes, it adds a chewy and meaty texture. I like using it to help bind to vegan burgers or to make some homemade seitan, which is an awesome meat substitute. Chickpea flour is a great gluten-free flour option that you can actually make by grinding up some of your dried chickpeas. My favorite way to use chickpea flour is to make a vegan omelet, which is high in protein and a delicious breakfast option. Another flour I like to keep on the shelf is tapioca flour, also known as tapioca starch. Tapioca flour provides a stretchiness, which is perfect for replicating the texture of cheese. You can use it to make a grilled cheese, or I've used it to make vegan mozzarella to put on pizza, which is incredible. For baking, I recommend stocking your pantry with applesauce and flax meal, which are two great ways to replace eggs in your baked goods. To make a flax egg, you just have to combine one tablespoon of flax meal with three tablespoons of water and let it sit for about 10 minutes. Then it will act as a binder in a variety of recipes. If you're going to use granulated sugar when baking, I would recommend buying it organic because conventional sugar is actually processed with bone char, so it's not technically vegan. Next, we have our soy protein and vegan substitutes like tofu, tempeh, vegan eggs, vegan burgers, vegan butter, and vegan cheeses. One of my favorite foods and sources of protein is tofu. I love tofu and there are so many ways you can cook and season it, from tacos to stir fries and more. If you've had tofu in the past and you aren't a fan, give it another try. It took me a little while to get the hang of how to season and prepare it but once I did, it became one of my favorite things to make. Another great protein option is tempeh. Tempeh is made of fermented soybeans and has a bit of a denser and nuttier texture than tofu. You can season and cook tempeh in a variety of ways. And if you really just don't like the texture of tofu, then I would definitely recommend giving tempeh try. I love to support companies that are developing new vegan products, like vegan eggs that you can scramble or use to make an omelet, plant-based burgers, vegan butter, which I love adding to pancakes and potatoes, and vegan cheese slices, which are great to add to sandwiches and burgers, or just eaten by the slice at 2:00 AM, like I do. And last but not least, we have our fruits and vegetables. I always like to have different types of fresh and frozen fruits and veggies on hand. There are all kinds of ways to get more produce into your diet. You can puree your vegetables and add them into soups or experiment with adding different types of greens into your pesto. I also like to keep some frozen fruits and vegetables on hand for smoothies or quick dinners. And don't forget that a lot of your fresh produce can be frozen if you can't eat it all before it goes bad. Freezing fresh produce is also an awesome way to cut back on plastic packaging and to reduce food waste. So, thanks for coming along on my pantry tour and let me know in the comments below if there's anything I didn't mention that you like to keep in your vegan pantry.

Amedeo, come here right now! What? Simone, I can't hear you. A crazy guy... bit his hand! Simone, Simone, I can't... - Markus... attacked - Markus, what? Amedeo, come here right now! Hurry up! What the fuck. RUDERE FILM PRESENTS AN ENTIRE MOVIE SHOT FROM A FIRST PERSON VIEWPOINT I...I'd like to know what's going on. What's all this mess. - What's the story about? - Amedeo thinks it's a virus. A virus? We have tried, what you think. The phone lines are all jammed up. - Nothing works. - Let me try. What's your point? It's our friends you're talking about. Let me remind you we spent the whole time with them. If they got infected, so are we. RABIES COMING SOON

Tom: Hey everybody, welcome to Impact Theory. You're here because you believe that human potential is nearly limitless but you know that having potential is not the same as actually doing something with it. Our goal with this show and company is to introduce you to the people and ideas that will help you execute on your dreams. All right. Today's guest is the king of self optimization. A man who is constantly learning and testing new theories in the real world so that he can improve his skill set and do more. His ridiculous list of accomplishments is proof that if you approach the world as a student there's no such thing as the impossible. Here are just a few of the seemingly unreal, albeit, entirely true highlights from his resume. He's a former MTV break dancer in Taiwan, the one time national Chinese kickboxing champion, the first American to hold the Guinness world record in tango, a horseback archer, Princeton University guest lecturer, and angel investor who has racked up a serious string of entrepreneurial maga hits, including Uber, Facebook, Twitter, and Alibaba. He is an unparalleled, self experimenter, professional note taker, and would be ninth grade teacher, but you probably know him better for his best selling books "The 4-hour Work Week", "The 4-hour Body", and "The 4-hour Chef". Or perhaps you're more familiar with his number one iTunes TV show, or his unbelievably popular podcast, which has been downloaded more than one hundred million times. But even if you don't know him from any of that you're certainly going to know him for his most recent book, "Tools of Titans: The Tactics, Routines, and Habits of Billionaires, Icons, and World Class Performers." He's been called the Oprah of audio and the Indiana Jones for the digital age, please help me in welcoming the New York Times best selling author multiple times over, the man behind the Tim Ferriss Show. The human guinea pig himself, Tim Ferriss. Tim: Hey man. Tom: Awesome my brother, how you doing? Tim: Good to see you again. Tom: Good to see you as well man. Tim: It's all downhill after that intro. Tom: I'm not so sure about that. The sheer weight of this bad boy ... Tim: I know. Tom: ... Tells me that it's not gonna be all downhill from here. Tim: It was supposed to be one sentence a page. Maybe a little check out book in the aisle. I can't help myself. Tom: Yeah I saw that. If you had to boil it down to one sentence, what was your purpose in writing it? Tim: The purpose in writing it was to create the ultimate cliff notes for myself and then I got about halfway through it and one of my friends was taking a look at it and he goes, "This is exactly what your readers would want. Why don't you just publish it?" And that led ultimately to the book, which is about half new material. I would say 50 to 60% brand new. Some brand new recommendations from past guests, new guests that people haven't met yet like Jack Dorsey, who's a very impressive cat, and Cheryl Strayed and many others but the six to 10,000 of pages of transcripts got boiled down to about 350 pages in here and the vetting process was choosing what I had had a chance to apply myself or something my close friends had applied at the highest levels. Tom: Some of the people that you've interviewed in the book, Peter Thiel being the first one that comes to mind of just mega producers or Reid Hoffman. I mean it is absurd the number of people that you've come in contact with that are just absolute apex predators in the world of whatever it is that they do. I mean it's really, really incredible. Tim: So Amelia Boone, I don't know if you've ever met her. She's so tough. My god, she's a three time World's Toughest Mudder champion. She is full time attorney at Apple. Tom: Woah. Tim: She, in the 2012 Toughest Mudder, which is a 24 hour race. You have to complete a course of obstacles for as many repetitions as you can and she's done more than 90 miles in that case but it's like climbing ropes and carry- Tom: 90 miles of obstacles? Tim: Of obstacles and in eight weeks of after knee surgery more than 1,000 competitors, 90% plus of which are men, she came in second place. Tom: Oh my god. Tim: Out of everybody. Tom: What do you think drives her? Like that's crazy. She's super successful but you don't do 90 miles in a 24 hour period without some intense thing pushing you forward, if you had to guess. Tim: If I had to guess I think it is pretty simple. Now with endurance, ultra endurance athletes, one of the common questions is are you running towards something or are you running from something? Tom: Yeah, for sure. Tim: Two things I really like about Amelia. Number one, what would you put on a billboard if you could put anything on a huge billboard? Tom: I love that question. Tim: "No one owes you anything." [crosstalk 00:04:56] That's her answer, so great, and then her other quote which I had to put right on the top of her chapter was, "I'm not the strongest, I'm not the fastest, but I'm really good at suffering." Tom: Yeah. Why does that resonate with you? Because that sits at the core of my being, that very notion. Tim: Out endure. You can train yourself to out endure other people. Tom: It really ... So when I think about what gifts, you've talked about this before. Like everybody has a superpower and one of my superpowers is the ability to suffer. Tim: Yeah. Tom: And it's one of those things that you say and you know it's kinda tongue in cheek and a little bit funny but at the same time it's my fucking super power. Like people look at me and say, "Okay, well how have you been able to do this?" Because truly you spend enough time with me you will know very, very quickly I am not the brightest person and I don't pride myself in that so that's not like, I don't ... I'm not torn up about it. Tim: Yeah. Tom: Not the brightest person. Didn't have any extreme advantages or anything growing up. Certainly not physically more impressive than the next person but my willingness to suffer is absurd ... Tim: Yeah. Tom: ... And when you direct that at something that you care about, my whole thing is the way that I think about it is I'll outlast anyone, right? On a long enough timeline I can accomplish and when people really start to look at that but then it comes back to the next question, which I want to know from you is what is the driver? What's that thing that makes you be so willing to suffer? Tim: It's the promise of that crack hit for me, which is the aha moment. Tom: In you or in you and other people? Tim: It's both and the reason I get such a high from it is if I can crack the code in the sense that I find something that saves people hundreds of hours or myself hundreds of hours in the learning curve for a particular skill or a particular type of recovery or fill in the bank, just an elegant or non-obvious solution to a longstanding problem, I'm like, "Okay, I can't wait to see how people are gonna respond when I provide that to 1,000 people and I see, for most of them, the vast majority just go holy fuck." If you take someone for instance I didn't learn how to swim until I was in my 30s. I think we may have talked about this. I grew up in Long Island but I was deathly afraid of drowning because I had some near-drowning incidents and some lung issues. Now at this point I was taught by this gentleman named Terry Lockland something called total immersion, which I first learned from a book which I was introduced to by Chris Sacca who's a billionaire investor in this book oddly enough. But you can take someone, which I did with Terry at one point for the Tim Ferriss Experiment, the first TV show I did. This mother of two I think, Sarah, who had never been able to swim, couldn't even put her head under water in the pool comfortably and four days later open water swimming 500 meters in the ocean in like 40-foot deep water freestyle and when you show someone an impossible like that, it's not only possible but that they can crack it really quickly, that's my drug of choice. I just get such a high out of it. The other thing, why am I willing to suffer? I'm willing to suffer because I guess much like you I feel like I have my deficiencies. I have plenty of weaknesses. To go to the extreme is partially present because I feel like the most interesting things happen at the fringes first. Tom: Reading the press kit for your book, I had that overwhelming sense of holy hell, what you've just spent the last however many years collecting are all of those gems that either other people just haven't aggregated or they haven't distilled or they haven't been willing to look at. Tim: Yeah. Tom: But now exists in one place, which is incredibly exciting. Now one of the promises in the press kit was that you could test the impossible in 17 questions. Tim: Yeah. Tom: What are some of the questions? Tim: So the questions are actual questions that coincided with milestones or inflection points or just a fork in my own life. It's actually laid out these questions, about 12 of them, coincided with exact points that I can remember. Some of them would be, for instance, what if I did the opposite for 48 hours? This is a question that I ask myself when I had my first job out of college. Talk about suffering. I mean my desk was in the fire exit. It was completely illegal. I slept under the desk, the whole nine yards and don't regret a minute of it but I was a technical sales guy. Outbound sales guy, so we had inside sales and outside sales and my job was to close deals with CTO's and CEO's for multi-million dollar data storage systems. At that point storage area networks fiber channel and what I realized at one point was that all of the seasoned sales guys, who were doing far better than I was doing, were making phone calls between nine and five. Those were the office hours and I said, "Well, I'm clearly not doing an effective job mimicking them. What if I did the opposite for 48 hours?" It's a very recoverable experiment. If it doesn't work, then I can always go back to what I was doing. Doing the opposite meant making the calls between let's just say 6:30 and 8:30 and then 5:30 to 7:00, 7:30 and it was just a hypothesis. Maybe I can get a hold of the people I need to get a hold of more effectively when the gatekeepers aren't there and that's exactly what happened. I started booking more meetings and closing more deals than the majority of the guys in the company and it was just from asking that question. What if I did the opposite for 48 hours and you can apply that to many, many things. Some of the others would be, well, this is one I asked in 2004. If I had a gun against my head and could only work two hours per week, what would I do? I know it's impossible, what would I do? And that type of ludicrous question was necessary to break my thinking patterns and stress test my own assumptions of what was possible and you find that that is a learnable skill. Peter Diamandis, chairman of the X Prize, who's really good at these types of questions. I mean he's attempting to solve some of the biggest problems facing humanity in very innovative ways. He would ask, for instance, start ups who come to him for angel investment. He'll say, "What would you have to do in the next six months," I'm paraphrasing here. Tom: Sure. Tim: "... To 10X the economics of your business?" And if they say it can't be done, he's like I do not accept your answer. Literally he just says, "I do not accept your answer, try again." What's very important here is to realize the expectation is not that you'll magically in 10 minutes come up with a plan to achieve your 10 year goals in six months but that you may get halfway there, right? Tom: And largely just to shift your paradigm, right? I know Peter very well and his whole thing is if you're ... Naturally we think linearly, right? Until you break out of that and start thinking exponentially, you're never going to get the kind of breakthroughs that you want. There's two things I think that people don't understand about being an entrepreneur. Number one is there's a ton of mundane stuff that you're gonna have to do, like this set. My wife and I were hand painting it, which is stupid by the way. It should've been done and sprayed but we found ourselves in a situation where that shit had to be hand painted. As I'm going through, literally at 3:00 AM, painting this set I thought this is the part of being an entrepreneur that people don't see coming. Tim: That's not on the magazine covers. Tom: Yeah exactly, so it's like and do you right your willingness to suffer? Do you gut check? Do you get through? And then the other thing is how do you break out of your dogmatic linear thinking to get through to the big aha moment? The I have a gun to my head, I only have two hours which then becomes the four-hour workweek because of a Google test and they thought that it was ridiculous that it'd be two hours. Nobody's gonna believe that. I love that story, which then obviously has massive paradigm shifting changes in people and what I find so fascinating about asking what is it that I would need to do or what would stop me from executing a 10 year plan in six months is it forces you to sort of abandon all hope of clinging to what you already know. That's the only time that you're gonna do something differently is you have to approach the problem from a radically different way. Take Uber for a second. Uber was one of those few ideas that the second I saw it, I was like, "Oh my god, that's so brilliant," but I had never stopped to ask the question, "What would it take?" Riding in a cab stressed my ability to suffer, right? That's how much I fucking hated riding in cabs. It's just such a bad experience. Drivers are horrible to you. The cars are disgusting. If you call them and have to wait, I mean it's a joke right. All of it is just terrible terrible but I never asked the question. What would it take to revolutionize this? Getting down to asking these wildly divergent questions, and I love your question about what if I did the opposite, because by definition it shatters the dogma. Tim: Yeah. Even if you don't think it's gonna work, what if I do the opposite for 48 hours? Even if I'm almost 100% or 100% sure it's not gonna work or be beneficial, as long as you cap the downside in someway right? Tom: Do you red team blue team? Tim: I do, oh yeah. Red teaming, for those people that don't know, this comes from military. It could be in any division of the military where they'll take, let's just say, five guys blue team, five guys designate them red team and the job of the red team is to either, say, get into a building that the blue team is supposed to protect, defeat defenses that the blue team has created, or you can do this in a corporate setting and Marc Andreessen who's another billionaire and just fascinating guy, incredible engineer also. They'll red team ideas. They will create what he would call a counter veiling force. If we're in a venture capital general partner meeting and you come up with what you think is a great thesis or a great company, even if I think it's a good idea I will and I'll take several other people and we will attack it and try to tear it to death, tear it to pieces and he calls it the torture test. That is also a form of red teaming, so I'll do that with all sorts of things. Tom: I also find that red teaming, like being on the red team itself, sharpens your own thinking. One, it's just a good exercise to be able to put yourself in the other side so you don't have to have other people always to red team. You can actually flip over. Tim: Yep. Tom: Back in high school I used to do speech and debate and in debate you had to take both sides of the argument. You had to be able to go back and forth. It made you so much more compelling because you knew the weaknesses of both sides because you got used to playing that. Tim: Yeah. Tom: And so like in the military where in that moment you are investing everything into getting into that space, right? I'm going to break the US defenses. I'm going to get into this room. I'm going to show them that I'm better, right? If you can, and we do that here at Impact Theory, is to put yourself ... Even if you don't end up debunking it, practice being able to put yourself on the other side. Tim: For sure. Tom: Because one of the things, dude, I fear this more than I can tell you which is getting trapped in my own dogma because I need to codify the world. I need it. Tim: Yeah. Tom: Which is why this book is so fucking interesting to me because it's basically a bunch of codifications that are instantly powerful. They have that punch, you follow it up with their own contextual stuff, which I think is brilliant by the way, but you're giving the codifications but in codifying the world it tends to calcify for me, right? Tim: Sure, sure. Tom: And when you look at genius being a young man's game it's like I didn't get enough done in my youth youth to be okay with that. I have done nothing that is going to earn my a Nobel prize, let's start with that. Tim: Oh me neither, for what it's worth. Tom: To continue to do profound things, it's like you have to reinvent yourself. We just had Michael Strahan on the show and his business partner Constance, who's just an unbelievably talented woman and she has every 10 years forced herself to do a totally new career. Tim: Cool. Tom: Which is amazing and he was saying that's basically what makes her so effective because she's not drawing on the moment, she's drawing on all these different angles of attack onto her core skill set. Tim: Right, so one of the questions that you can also ask, just like what if I did the opposite for 48 hours, I'll give you another question that I think you'll really like. It's one of the 17. What can I learn from the people I hate the most? Tom: Wow. Tim: Now this does two things. It forces you to separate your morality from your search for effectiveness. It also helps you to develop some degree of empathy and those two are very powerful. What can I learn from the people I hate most is a very, very useful practice. I'll journal on that very often. In terms of patterns, we were talking about some of the things I've spotted, meditation or journaling are performed by close to 100% of the people that I interview. The question, just to come back to that that I thought you might enjoy is, and this is an example of taking something from someone I disagree with on almost every level. Newt Gingrich. One of the questions that Newt would ask himself and others is are you hunting antelope or are you hunting field mice and the story he would tell is that of a lion in the Serengeti. He's like, "If you're always chasing field mice as a lion, you'll get a snack. You might even survive but you might end up starving because you're getting these little Scooby snacks." That's not his words, mine. "That make you feel good and give you the allusion of accomplishing something real," and for me that's translated into are you being busy or are you being productive? Tom: Yes. Tim: Right? Tom: Yes. Tim: And that was a question, I want to say it was about five years ago or so, this antelope versus field mice. Just the story, the parable and the metaphor was so strong for me that I put that up where I would see it everyday. Tom: All right let's take a hard right. There's some interesting stuff in here about creativity. What are some of the most interesting and useful lessons about creativity you pulled from the book? Tim: The first that comes to mind is setting really low expectations and this- Tom: Not what I was expecting you to say. Tim: Well not what a lot of people expect and when I spoke to, say, Paulo Coelho, who's sold 100 million plus copies, The Alchemist, et cetera. You talk to Rick Rubin. Let me give his example first. When he has a musician who's stuck, great musician but they've developed performance anxiety about song writing for whatever reason, he will say, "Do you think you could get me one sentence or maybe two words that you like by tomorrow? That's it, two words. Can you do that for me?" He gives them a micro assignment. Best writing advice that I probably ever received, and I've received a lot of good writing advice, but I can get myself really wound up because I expect perfection to flow from my fingertips like magic and that never happens so then I beat the hell out of myself and that makes me less likely to put pen to paper in the first place. I'll procrastinate, which is why if you write two crappy pages per day you've won the day. That's a successful writing day and that does a few things. It helps you to maintain enthusiasm because you're constantly winning and of course on many days you'll write more than two. You'll get to two then you'll go to five or to 10 but if you're on an off day you write two crappy pages. Even if you never use it, it's a successful day and that I think for longer term projects and extended creativity is really important. The story that this writer told me with that tip, he said, "Okay this is where this comes from. Did you know that IBM, when it was the 800 pound gorilla it was an undefeatable sales force? Do you know what one of their rules was?" I was like, "No." He says, "Well what do you think their quotas were?" And I was like, "Well I'm sure it was really high because they wanted to motivate their guys to get after it." He goes, "No their quotas were the lowest in the industry." Tom: Wow. Tim: And the rationale was we don't want our sales people to be intimidated to pick up the phone. We want them to feel like they're gonna pass their quota quickly, which they did and then they shot well past it and clobbered the competition. Tom: That's interesting. Tim: The counter intuitive pairing of low expectations leading to higher performance is really odd, right? Tom: So let's ask the obvious question then. As somebody who's had a lot of employees at the height I had, over 1,000 employees, that feels dangerous. Tim: Yeah. Tom: And it feels dangerous and I think I have my own answer but it feels dangerous because some people, especially when an organization gets that big, they're looking for a place to hide and you give it to them. Tim: Yeah I think that the winning combination is selectively low quotas on a daily basis with high expectations for metrics on, say, a quarterly or annual basis. You're tracking the numbers. You want them to hit home runs but it doesn't have to be one at-bat. I think it's also very context and role specific but if we're talking about creativity in particular, right, so not necessarily work output, the approach ... There are a number of prolific writers who have said, Neil Strauss said this, "There's no such thing as writer's block," which drives me crazy. I'm like come on. You might be a mutant like X-Men of writing but for the normal humans, come on. Give me a break. He goes, "No, no, no. Hear me out." Number one, he is a trained journalist and journalists tend to have writing block beaten out of them because their boss is like, "Oh you can't find the right prose for your 500 word article? Get it in by five o'clock asshole," and they're just like, "Oh wait, this isn't school," and they're like, "Yeah deadline, that's your incentive. Writer's block my ass," and he's like, "Oh okay." But he said and what they learn is, he said, "There's no such thing as writer's block." He said, "What that is is performance anxiety that you've imposed on yourself because your expectations are too high." He's like, "Just lower your standards. Lower your standards until you get started." Tom: Can I back you up here for a second? Tim: Yeah. Tom: Oh god this is embarrassing but I've at least admitted it before. When I first started doing Instagram I was like I want to really up Instagram's game, right, so I'm gonna make these posts really mean something and I want to actually impact somebody and if you read one of my posts you're going to be impacted. Then there was one day, nine hours later I had lost my entire Sunday writing this Instagram post and I thought, "This is not scalable. Like, you cannot write a nine hour Instagram post." Because like the comments would be like, "It's long but it's worth the read." So I thought, "Wait, people actively don't want to read this shit. Their friend has to convince them to do it and I just spent nine hours writing it. This is madness." Tim: Yeah. Tom: So I said, "Okay, I'm gonna write this stuff in 20 minutes, like, simple as and they get what they get in 20 minutes and it is what it is," and I started getting better reactions. It was like oh my god. It's hilarious. Tim: Oh it is hilarious and I give you another example which is Ed Catmull, president of Pixar. Pixar, I mean for god sakes, I mean Pixar and he said to me, "The early versions of our movies," and I'm paraphrasing of course but, "They're all crap." And he talked about a few of my favorite movies. He said, "Oh yeah, they're all crap. We have to just toss them out and start over." I said, "Wait a second." I backtracked and I said, "So you just mean the movies when they start are really rough drafts and then you have to refine them?" He's like, "No, no, no. That's the misconception. They think the early version of the movie is just a rough draft of the later one." He's like, "No it's completely different. We literally scrapped it and started again from scratch and then those starting from scratch stories became some of the most popular successful movies." Tom: Wow. Do you find that a lot? Because when I write I will often hit that point where I'm like this is so bad that trying to just continue to make it better is the wrong idea. I need to start over and then if you can put words to this next emotion you will be my hero. You get into this dark place, right, the writing is not going anywhere. You're not able to get it out for whatever reason. That concept that you can feel in your mind, you can't articulate and get it on paper and then you get this moment. For me a lot of times I just get angry enough that that then becomes that energy that I need and you talk about putting one song on repeat. I've used this song a lot, is the song 'Faint' by Linkin Park. Tim: Yeah. Tom: Which is hyper aggressive. Tim: Yeah. Tom: And I'll put that on over and over and over to keep that energy because if I get angry enough at my shit writing, I get this breakthrough moment where I can start from scratch and all of a sudden I can feel my brain speed up and then I can write but it took like that however much time of getting fed up. If you can put words around that moment. Tim: Well I'll put a phrase to that moment. Tom: Perfect. Tim: "What makes you angry," was one of the key pieces of advice that I was given by a writer named Po Bronson. When I asked him what do you do when you have writer's block, he said, "What makes you angry? Just write that." And that was also the advice that I was given by Whitney Cummings and a few other stand up comedians. How do you develop material? What makes you angry? Write about that. I think anger, as opposed to just labeling it a bad thing, can be very useful fuel. So what makes you angry and let's just say you're writing about something that doesn't require or seem to require anger. Well, if you can't get started it doesn't matter, so write about something else. Write about what makes you angry and either you'll be able to sort of parry that into this other subject once you get going or you'll end up writing something completely different and it'll end up better in the first place. Tom: And what does it mean to copyright your faults? Tim: Ah yeah, this is a great one. Copyright your faults, this is from Dan Carlin. Dan Carlin is the host of my favorite podcast. It's just incredible. 'Hardcore History'. Tom: Yes. Tim: And anyone who hasn't heard it should start with Wrath of the Khans. If you have to buy it, buy it. Trust me but copyrighting your faults. Dan was a radio guy before he was a podcast guy and he was constantly getting criticized because he would go into the red. He would shout and he was really loud and he'd go up and he'd peak and drive all the audio people crazy and then he'd get really low and whisper and they're just like, "Dude, come on. You're killing me here. Making my job really hard," and his supervisors at the time they're like, "Look kid. What people want is this deep dignified baritone voice for the radio." I don't have voice for the radio so I can't do it but- Tom: Says the guy with 100 million downloads by the way. Tim: Yeah right, right. Exactly. Tom: Which is terrible timing, I've been meaning to tell you. Tim: Oh thank you. It's time to do the reveal now. Tom: Right. Tim: But that's a whole separate story, the accidental podcast but later on he had such a distinctive voice that people started complimenting him and he's like, "Okay." Now this so-called weakness that he was unable to fix so he didn't fix it, not only that but he avoided fixing it by having the intro guys, the guys who'd be like, "Please welcome or please enjoy blah blah blah, Dan Carlin," and he'd say, "He shouts, he whispers," or something like that. He had the intro guy do a caveat so that he didn't have to change his personal style, which later then became this huge asset and his term is copyright your faults. Now if someone imitates me, that's my jam. That's my shtick. Copyright your faults and of course there are weaknesses you should address but then there are flaws that can be converted into strengths. I think that's another way to catalyze creativity or just creating anything is to realize that some of your biggest flaws may in fact be assets. Tom: Right. Tim: And so that could be a question you ask, right? How might some of my biggest weaknesses be strengths or assets? I think that's a very useful question to journal on which I tend to do just about every morning is freehand journaling in what are called 'morning pages'. Okay we're talking about creativity, morning pages we should talk about. Julia Cameron describes them as spiritual windshield wipers and the way I would translate that is when you do morning pages, and you might just be complaining. Like your lesser self, your worse self coming out on pages. Just bitching and moaning is you get that out of your system for the day so you don't have it ricocheting around your head like a stray bullet for the rest of your waking hours interrupting everything else. You just trap it, you freeze it on paper and that practice has been tremendously liberating not only from a well being standpoint but from just freeing up my CPU so that I can focus on things that are more important. If I have all that, "That guy and that and that. I should say bah," all that bouncing around all day. It's like you have anti virus software just slowing down your, "Why is it so slow?" It's like yeah because you're thinking about these stupid grudges that you're holding against people for trivial bullshit. Like who cares if the guy at Starbucks bought the last of cashews you idiot. Tom: Sounds deeply troubling. Tim: Yeah like, "Ferriss pull it together." If I get it on paper though I'm like okay I've dealt with that. Tom: Now in the book you encourage people to bounce around. What's one thing that you hope nobody skips? Tim: The book's broken into three sections. You have healthy, wealthy, and wise which is a nod to Ben Franklin. I mean they're all interdependent, right, because they're sort of the three legs of the stool. Healthy, wealthy, and wise. I do think you need all three. Derek Sivers is this programmer monk philosopher king start up entrepreneur who started CD Baby, which was the largest marketplace for independent musicians at the time. Sold it for I think 24 million dollars but he and Seth Godin I think are two examples of people who are very good at genuinely in real life following contrarian rules that work exceptionally well. Derek has a couple of one liners that I think are really fantastic. I'll give you a few. One is, "If more information were the answer, we'd all be billionaires with six pack abs." That's a good one. Tom: Yeah. Tim: Just absorbing, not even absorbing, just reading and watching and listening to more isn't enough. You have to apply it. You have to use incentives. You have to have rewards and punishments set for yourself so you actually get things done, timelines, et cetera. That's one. Another one is, "Don't be a donkey." He says that to himself all the time. "Don't be a donkey, don't be a donkey," and the reason is there's a, I want to say, it might be a philosopher's paradox but I don't think it is. I think it's just a parable about burdens ass. Burdens ass, about a donkey- Tom: Good name. Tim: Yeah, my favorite porn. No that's not it. It's about a donkey ... Sorry, too much caffeine. It's about a donkey who is thirsty and hungry and there's water on one side a few feet away and hay on the other and he can't decide rather to do the hay first or the water, the hay or the water, and he dies of thirst at the end of it. He couldn't do them sequentially. Tom: Right. Tim: This is Derek's recommendation to his younger self and really to any 20 or 30 something but it applies to everybody, which is in effect you can do almost everything you want in life but you can't do it at the same time and if you can just dedicate yourself to one thing for even a year and then the next thing for a year you can do those 10 things but if you try to do all 10 at once you're gonna be burdens ass. "Should I do this or should I do this or should I focus on this or should I focus on this?" Don't be a donkey. The other one that, for me, was so helpful to hear is I think he calls it, it's like 95 versus 100%. He tells this story of moving to around Santa Monica and his friends getting him into biking on the bike path, so up and down the boardwalk right on the water. And so being a type A personality he would get a stop watch and he'd start it and he'd huff and puff and race as hard as he could all the way down to wherever and he would time himself and everyday, no matter how hard he did it, 43 minutes. 43 minutes, just wouldn't improve. 43 minutes. And this thing that should've been enjoyable became painful in his mind. He started to avoid it. He'd be like, "Ah, there's other things to do. No instead of bike riding I'll do this other thing," and he realized at one point, "This is really pathetic and this is really bad that something that should be enjoyable I am avoiding because I've made it so painful. I said why don't I just go for a bike ride and enjoy it?" He goes for a bike ride and it's just a leisurely cruise. He's chilling, he's riding around and he's seeing dolphins in the water. He's standing up, looking around, noticing things he hadn't noticed before. At one point, this is Derek, he goes, "At one point I looked up in the sky and there was a pelican and I said wow pelican and it shit in my mouth." I was like, "Ahh." He was like, "It was the best bike ride ever." I was like, "Okay." He's having a great time, pelican shit in the mouth not withstanding and he gets back and he looks at his watch and I think it was 45 minutes. And he's like, "Wait, what?" All that huffing and puffing, all that sweating and leg cramps and pain was for an extra two minutes off the clock? That's outrageous. He started applying that to his entire life. He's like when it starts to get ... Now look. There are exceptions to all of this but he said, "When I start to get really stressed out I just stop because I realize 95% is enough for getting almost all the results that I want and making it sustainable," and this comes back to the creativity right? It's like if you always try to crank 100%, you're like, "I need to get 2,000 awesome words out today," that's like trying to hit 43 minutes every time and huffing and puffing. Tom: Right. Tim: And you're gonna start putting things off. "Oh I need another cup of coffee. Oh my god my shoes are so dirty. I need to fix my shoes before I can go out and write." Tom: Possibly let that stand. Tim: And you'll do anything to put it off because it becomes this intimidating task. So yeah, sort of the 95 versus 100% is another one. Oh I've got another one, I have to share. Tom: Please. Tim: This is one of my favorites. Shaun White ... Two things that are very interesting about Shaun White. Well there are a lot of things but he holds the all-time record for medals at the X Games. He has, I think, two gold medals at the Olympics and two things worth nothing for him and this comes back to the high expectations thing. I asked him, "What is your self talk when you come out of the gate for a gold medal run at the Olympics? What do you say to yourself?" He thought about it and the short version is who cares. The short version is, "Who cares, I think this is a really big deal. Snowboarding, going down snow on this contraption but at the end of the day I'm gonna go home, I'll see my family," which he borrowed from Agassi. When Agassi sort of had his comeback that was how he took the pressure off in very, very high pressure situations was to say, "Who cares?" Which is effective when you put in the training. If you put in the training you don't need to stress in that last minute. The other thing I took away from Shaun is when he has a really serious goal, like a gold medal at Sochi or whatever it might be, he also has a completely absurd goal to offset how stress inducing that can be. At one point it was, "I want to wear American flag pants on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine." That was the other goal. He has some ludicrous goal to offset the serious stuff. Tom: Wow that's cool. Tim: I've started trying to incorporate that in my life. [crosstalk 00:38:58] Tom: What's an absurd goal that you have right now? Tim: Okay, so this is an exclusive. This is breaking news. Tom: Here we go. Tim: And we'll see where it goes. I'm a little hesitant to even share this but I'll give a teaser, I'll give a teaser which is sufficient. Goal, I want this book to be everywhere. I want everyone to read this. Like a friend of mine said, "I bought 4-hour Workweek for a few people who really needed it for changing chapters in their lives or starting a company. I've given 4-hour Body to people who want to lose weight. This one I would give to everybody." I have very big goals for this. I have some other plans, which I can't go into huge detail with right now, but to create a fragrance for men. Tom: Really? Tim: And I mean fucking look at me. I'm from Long Island. This is like a tuxedo for me. Don't really wear cologne or anything. Occasionally smell like I've been chased by hyenas or something if I'm sweating a lot but I was like how funny would it be if I came out with a Tim Ferriss fragrance? Oh my god. Tom: That would be amazing. Tim: How hilarious would that be? Tom: What would Tim Ferriss smell like? Tim: That I can't disclose but I do- Tom: Oaky? Tim: Oaky, like tequila. I think it'd be like a rough night. [crosstalk 00:40:22] Tom: That could be the name. Tim: Yeah, tequila and pine needles. It's like what happened? Tom: Tim Ferriss: A Rough Night. Tim: Yeah, that's right and it'd be like a rough night by Tim Ferriss. I want to have the cheesiest advertisements. You know, like the unbuttoned dress shirt with the fancy watch looking like Blue Steel. I just want to make it as ludicrous as possible but it will actually be ... I'm talking to some of the best of the best people in that world right now. Tom: Wow. Tim: It's like one part complete spinal tap and then one part serious I actually want to make something cool but that to me is just a psychological release valve so that when I'm getting really wound up about this for whatever reason, I can think about that. It just makes me laugh my ass off. When I have two glasses of wine, I chill out. Always pairing one serious with one absurd goal I think is brilliant. It's so smart. I've been doing that since he first told me about it and it's really improved the quality of my life and my results. I also don't feel like I have all my eggs in one basket. I'm diversifying my identity in a way, which I think is very important. Tom: All right, last question. What is the impact that you want to have on the world? Tim: The impact that I want to have on the world right now would be creating a benevolent army of super learners who test the impossibles and teach other people to do the same. That's it, so whether it's 100,000, a million, people who have mastered meta learning acquiring skills who are also willing to test the impossibles, test the assumptions, and have the uncomfortable conversations that I think this country is largely dodging, that gets me all excited and if they're able to then impart that to more people. My goal is to make me obsolete as quickly as possible. I think the goal of any really good personal trainer should be to make themselves obsolete and unnecessary as quickly as possible. That's my goal. Tom: That's awesome man. Tim, thank you so much for coming in the show. Tim: Yeah thank you. Thanks for having me. Tom: Absolutely. Guys, you are going to want to get this book talking about the toolkit to build that army of super learners who are out there, actually making an impact in the world. I have a feeling that this is gonna be the book, I'm not kidding when I say that I have not been this excited to read a book in a very, very long time. It's the kind of book where you're gonna go in and no matter what it is that you're facing right now in your life, whether it's in healthy, wealthy, or wise categories, there's gonna be something there from somebody who's living it. They've done the kind of thing that you want to do and they're giving you the real world advice from right there, that minute in their life which is incredibly exciting and there's two things about it that I like. One, the elements that they give you are very punchy. They're short. They're succinct. It's easy to remember. The good shit sticks. It's gonna be a lot of stuff that really sticks and will resonate with you, will echo through your own mind, but he also allows them to give their own context. It's not word in the abstract, it's actually, take Jamie Foxx for instance. It's not just Jamie's quote about how there's nothing beyond fear, it's actually explaining what that means and being able to put it in the context real world for him at that moment and getting that allows these phrases to have depth. I can't tell you how obsessively I collect those codified nuggets of wisdom. My Evernote is bogged down. I swear my iPhone is actually heavier from the number of those kind of nuggets that I've collected and if you look at this tome, it comes with the promise of that kind of stuff in it. If you're like me and you've read everything that this man has written, you've listened to all the podcasts, you know he is not for play and what he delivers always is usable and that usability is my obsession. Join me in getting that copy. I'm gonna be buying an absurd number in the name of Impact Theory and we're gonna be doing some kind of big giveaway. Yeah, if you haven't already read it go out and get it. It's available now. Dive in. Tim I cannot thank you enough for being on the show my man. Tim: Thank you. Tom: It is a pleasure. And of course Tim, we have to ask though. Tim: Yeah. Tom: Where can they find you online? Tim: They can find me just about everywhere. They can find me @tferriss, with two R's and two S's at Twitter. Tim Ferriss on Facebook. Tim Ferriss on Instagram. Doing some fun stuff on Instagram these days and for sample chapters and all sorts of other goodies, ToolsofTitans.com would be the place to check it out. Tom: Awesome, well guys he's got some of the best goodies and giveaways and just ongoing value add stuff so be sure to check it out. Toolsoftitans.com. All right guys. Until next time, be legendary. Take care. Hey everybody. Thanks so much for joining us for another episode of Impact Theory. If this content is adding value to your life, our one ask is you go to iTunes and Stitcher and rate and review. Not only does that help us build this community, which at the end of the day is all we care about, but it also helps us get even more amazing guests on here to share their knowledge with all of us. Thank you guys so much for being a part of this community and until next time, be legendary.

🔻🔻"Link In The Description"🔻🔻

Hey, everybody. Ian Bremmer here from Addis Ababa, of all places, what a beautiful day to be here. And I have your World In 60 Seconds. Questions here, ready to go. Well, big repercussions internationally because the Europeans, the Canadians, plenty met. They lied about it before they finally said, OK. Tried to cover it up. And that means it’s going to be much tougher to keep them onside in terms of this Iranian nuclear deal that the Iranians themselves are increasingly pulling away from. Also, big demonstrations on the ground in Iran. That's bad for the Iranians, of course, the worst week they've had in decades. Well, I mean, pretty bad in the sense that Trump is now not just talking about no nukes. He's also saying, don't you dare abuse your people, don't go after them. So, is Trump saying that there's going to be hell to pay or further sanctions for repression? I mean, right now, the isolation of the Iranian regime has gone way the heck up. They're in trouble. They're actually in trouble right now. Well, this shows you that US-China relations are going to get worse. Xi Jinping feels like he's in a bit of a box on this after Hong Kong and the repression there. That's why Tsai Ing-wen, the nationalist did so well there. But after this deal is signed between the US and China this week on trade, everything else going in a bad direction: Taiwan, Hong Kong, intellectual property, Uighurs. And watch what happens with the extradition case of the daughter of the Huawei founder in Canada this month. I'll be back with you next week.

Hi my name is Cindy Farr and I am the incident commander for the Missoula City County Health Department's COVID 19 response. Today is Thursday, June 18th and this is my daily briefing. Today I'm going to talk about current case numbers in our county and state as well as describe some safe environments and safe behaviors that we're seeing in our community as we're in phase 2 reopening and we'll also discuss when it's appropriate to wear a cloth based covering and how or a mask and when it's not when it's okay not to. So as of this morning, we've identified 2 new positive COVID 19 cases in Missoula County. These new cases are under investigation. So far the new cases this week were related to travel, were contacts to confirm cases as well as we've seen some community spread. The cases and their known contacts are in quarantine and isolation and they will continue to be monitored and supported by medical staff as needed. I also just want to remind everyone that if you are identified as a close contact to a positive case, one of our public health nurses will reach out and contact you. So today we've had 48 cumulative positive cases in Missoula County. 46 of those were identified by testing and 2 were epi linked. We've had 40 recoveries and one death and we have seven active cases currently. The state is reporting a total of 655 cases including 25 new cases confirmed this morning. In addition to the new cases in Missoula County, the new cases today are reported in Bighorn, Flathead, Gallatin, Yellowstone, Carbon, Fergus, Richland, Lake and Valley counties. Some of these counties have been experiencing clusters of cases as well as travel related and community spread cases and some of these counties are starting to experience their first cases of COVID 19. The state is reporting 90 active cases across Montana and we've had 20 deaths statewide. So first I just want to let you all know that I will not be doing a daily briefing tomorrow as we have a press conference in the morning. So our numbers will be updated on our website as well as on the DPHHS website and you'll hear from me again on Monday. So despite the recent rain, we know that we're about to heat up really quickly as we shift from spring to summer and we know that summer means that we get to do things like get outside more often and eat ice cream in the sun instead of under those cold grey skies, leisurely window shop downtown, sit by the river and watch stand-up paddleboards and boats go by and generally just really enjoy a different pace to life for a couple of months. Well while these are all really exciting prospects, especially getting to enjoy summertime under the Big Sky, we can't forget that the novel coronavirus has been with us and will continue to be with us for some time to come. Now that we're a few months into our response efforts, our communities are much more familiar with practicing safe behaviors to reduce the risk of exposure and transmission of COVID 19. We're seeing so much good work around safety while reopening. In retail businesses, we've seen owners limit the number of people in small shopping spaces in order to ensure safety in that environment. We've seen hand sanitizers at entrances, floor markings indicating where six feet is from the cash register. We've seen salon owners asking the clients wait outside before being met by staff member, escorted inside and seated with their stylists. We've seen clients and staff wearing cloth face coverings. We've seen really creative workarounds with that - you bet it's weird to get your hair cut with a face mask on but it can be done and it can be done really well. For instance a co-worker shared that when they got their hair cut their stylist momentarily used cloth tape to safely keep secure their cloth covering to their face while the stylist trimmed around their ears. That's a really clever and painless workaround. We've seen grocery stores take a variety of approaches to safety including requiring and recommending cloth face coverings while shopping, posting large prominent signs indicating one-way aisles, floor markings asking shoppers to give each other a little bit more room at the checkout and plexiglass windows to provide that extra layer of safety between cashiers baggers and the public. We know that going to the doctor for a routine checkup also feels different than it used to. Face coverings are often required and patients wait outside instead of congregating in waiting rooms. Places of worship and assembly also feel different. People are encouraged to remain with their families or household members and keep physical space between different groups of people. Instead of a handshake we see people saying hi or waving hello. These are just a few examples of the really safe practices that we've seen that we appreciate and we applaud. Creating safer environments helps all of us and respecting the asks when we're in those environments is really of utmost importance. If we're already expressing our opinions through our spending, which is what we're doing when we choose where we shop, we can surely express gratitude back to those businesses and organizations by respecting the owners, staff and the community members in those same spaces. One sure way that we can practice respect and gratitude is wearing the cloth face covering. Now bear with me. If we respect the places that we choose to spend money, we can also express gratitude for the opportunity to be able to support those businesses and organizations again more fully. Wearing a mask shows that you respect the people around you and that you care about public health. Businesses and organizations are creating safer spaces by modifying the physical environment like signs and Plexiglas but we as individuals need to follow those cues and shore up safety more fully within that space while we go about our daily lives working, shopping, running errands, recreation and so on. We are tasked with thinking about and implementing safer behaviors in old familiar environments. Back in April, our Board of Health and Health Officer had incredible foresight about COVID 19 and how we might help best keep it at bay in our in our county. This is why they strongly publicly recommended that all community members wear cloth face coverings to increase safety and reduce risk. Remember that the cloth base covering, while it's on your face, is actually for everyone else around you. It's for local small business owners. It's for the vendors at the farmers market. It's for the clinicians safety, the safety of everyone else in the restaurant, the store the office the movie theater and so on. One small mask can go very long way towards creating a safer environment for everyone. We're moving into warmer months and this means that those cloth face coverings are definitely weird to get used to. They might start feeling really uncomfortable again. I have a few tips for how to continue safely wearing those face coverings. You want a breathable fabric like cotton especially during the warmer months. This fabric choice could increase comfort and reduce the likelihood of wanting to touch and adjust the mask throughout the day. You want to check the fit. It should be snug but not so tight that it hurts or affects your ability to breathe in any way. Ties are often better for creating the best fit for your face shape. Unlike elastic that might hurt your ears after a while, ties can be better adjusted to fit your face. You don't want to wear a mask if it's damp or wet. We're having some really humid days with the rain, sun, rain mix. If there's more moisture in there then there's a chance that you'll feel more moisture around your face covering. So remind yourself to check in with yourself. Does this really feel comfortable? Can I adjust it to make it more comfortable while also covering my mouth and nose? Do I need to bring an extra cloth face covering with me so that I can swap them out if I need to? You just want to continually evaluate. If you're heading out of the house think through where you're gonna be and what will be expected of you at the places that you visit. Also consider giving giving yourself a break from the cloth face covering or mask. Not every situation merits a cloth face covering. For instance, there's a difference between walking through a narrow office hallway, where you would probably want a mask and meeting one-on-one with a peer or co-worker in a large space with plenty of room to sit safely apart from each other while still working together. Even health care workers are encouraged to take breaks from face masks when it's safe to do so. For every two hours on they try to take 15 minutes off to let their skin breathe a little bit better. So keep those things in mind that you know anytime that you're going to be in really close proximity with other people it's really important to wear those cloth face coverings but give yourself a little bit of a break if you're in a very large room and you can stay far far away from people then it's okay to remove those masks then. Always just be respectful if for the rules that other organizations are putting into place for you. So thank you for continuing to play your part in creating the safe environments across our County. Again if we want to go far, we need to go together. The more of us that are practicing the safer behaviors, the more protected we will all be. So that's it for my daily briefing for today. As always you can subscribe to me on YouTube under my name Cindy Farr. That's CINDY FARR. Click that little notification bell so that you get notified when additional videos are uploaded. You can follow us on Facebook at the Missoula City County Health Department's Facebook page. We our posting for lots of jobs on the Facebook page. A note will direct you to where you can go to apply for those jobs. You can call 258-INFO for more information about COVID 19 or if you would like to schedule a test through our drive through testing facility and you can check out our website at missoula.co/cvirus. So until Monday everybody stay healthy

Hey there Mia, what’s cookin’? Woooaaah! Did someone order eggs sunny side up!!! These pranks hare happening so fast I can hardly KETCHUP! Buckle up, we’ve got 10 Funny DIY Pranks comin’ at ya! Ever feel the need to play a harmless trick on a sibling or friend? This sneaky prank involves a blowdryer that will deliver a uh, brand new hairstyle. Get your hands on some nearby baby powder and lightly sprinkle some into the blowdryer. Not too much, just a few squirts. Now put the cap back on and wait for the magic to happen. Vicky, you are gonna get in so much trouble for this one! Okay, looks like Helly is ready to dry off her hair. Uh oh. Ok, hold onto your hats - er, towels… Oh gosh, I can hardly watch! And there it is! Baby powder right in the face! I bet Helly didn’t think she was getting a special facial treatment this morning, did she? Looks like you need to shower again! Oh, nothing to see here. Just another sleepy afternoon spent scrolling through my Instagram feed. Whew, eyelids feel super heavy all the sudden. I bet if I were to just rest my head here, no one would notice. Yeah, I’m gonna lay on these pillows and take a quick cat nap. 5, 6 mintutes, tops. Must… Keep… Scrolling… When you fall asleep at a friend’s house, you’re practically inviting her to mess with you! See? Vicky was waiting! If your friend falls asleep, grab their phone and trade it out for a shoe. Wake up, Mia! It’s for you! Um, hello? Ha! There’s no one there, Mia. Unless it’s the left shoe calling! Look at you cleaning! Good job! Who left out the blowdryer? This reminds me… Wait a minute… Why am I always the butt of every joke? What, do I have a giant target on my back or something? Ugh, enough’s enough. I’m getting my revenge! Oooh, glue? Perfect! To do this prank, pour some glue into your hand. A nice glob just like that. Now press the glob of glue against the tip of your bathroom sink faucet. And don’t forget to hide the evidence! You don’t wanna get caught. Now, we wait for someone to fall into the trap! Good morning, Vicky! Brushing the old chompers are we? Woah! What’ the heck?! Oh god, what the heck is this? Some nasty pipe water goo? That looks gross! No, don’t touch it! We bet you 20 bucks Vicky will never guess what the heck this thing is! Ah, revenge is so sweet… Look at Mia, minding her own business, giving herself a little manicure. Uh oh, here comes Vicky and she looks like she’s up to no good. Ooh, Mia’s nails are looking pretty fab. Ok, put your thumbs out like this, see? Good. Now I’m going to place my glass of juice on top of your thumbs - it won’t ruin your mani, don’t worry. Cool, right? Um, okay? Now what? Well, Mya, this was super fun, but ugh, look at the time - I gotta run! Wait! Now what happens? Um, I think I may need a little help here? Oh, geez. How do I - Ugh, I can’t move! Aw man, I have a class to get to! Vicky! Come back! Oh, screw it. Oh, man! I knew that would happen! I can’t believe I fell for that dirty trick! Vicky! You’re in for it, girl! Okay, this next prank may turn your stomach. When you’re in the bathroom, call out for your friend to bring in more toilet paper. Oh, Hey Helly. Need something? Well, look at that, all out of my trusty T.P. So can you help a girl out? Ugh, ok. When she’s gone grab the Nutella you’ve hidden in the bathroom cupboard. Grab a glob of it and hold it on your finger. Now it’s showtime. Okay, here ya go! Oh my gosh, thank you sooo much. Um, Helly? What the… Is this your poop on me?!!! See these noodles? They look harmless, right? Stick them in between your teeth and watch. Oh! My back! Vicky, my back, you’ve gotta help me! Now make your friend give you a stretch and bite down hard. Don’t worry Vicky, you didn’t break your bestie’s back! See? Just little noddles! Oh man, Helly! You practically gave me a heart attack! Ugh, I’m so over this, I’m going home! Want to spice up an otherwise boring afternoon? Alright Vicky, what do you have up your sleeve this time? For this, you’ll need a lock of hair and the sound of a razor. You can find one on your phone. Well, looks like Helly’s about to get a fresh cut! Look closely as we watch Vicky creep up behind Helly. Press play on the sound on your phone and leave behind the lock of hair! Um, Helly? Is that your hair? Oh my god! Someone came and ruined your one true beauty! Uh oh, looks like the tears are a’ comin’! Don’t cry! Oh hey, Helly! Feeling blue? Does this sound familiar? Spending a day out shopping? This is a rather boring errand, isn’t it? I don’t know about you, but is there just something a little…off about this broad? I just can’t seem to put my finger on it. Yeah, definitely off. Oh good, here’s Vicky. Hmm, I don’t recognize this person at all? Is she new in town? Okay, this is weird. If I could just get a closer look… Wahh!! Nothing scares your buddies like abruptly pulling off a mask - or in this case, a backwards wig! Looks like you really scared Vicky there! This next prank is serious… The game of Egg-roulette goes a little something like this. Boil 11 of a dozen eggs and place them in a bowl or carton. Leave one raw. Take turns smashing the eggs to your head. At any second, someone could get totally yolked! And not in a good way. Tensions are running high. Who will get stuck with the raw egg? Will it be Mia? Or will Vicky be the unlucky one? She does have some bad juju coming her way for pulling all those pranks earlier. Nope, not this time. Snack break! Oh no! Only a couple eggs left! What do you all think? Is this it? And Mia loses the game!!! That looks absolutely disgusting. Watch out for the shell! Here’s a replay for ya. If there were ever a time for a nice hot shower, this is it! Congrats, Mia. You survived your first game of Egg roulette! Kind of. Ah, lunchtime! The best part of the entire day! And a cold soda, some fresh, hot fires and dip, what could be better? Oh hey, girl! Wanna join me for lunch? Alright, fry me! C’mon, fork one over, you have plenty! For those of you who don’t like to share food, this prank is perfection. You want food? You got it! Now you have a handy new shelf at an ideal dipping height! Wait a minute. That doesn’t feel like a fry… Hold on dude, I’m gonna have to call you back… Well, I guess this is happening. Dip away, Mia. Did these pranks have you cracking up? Well buckle up because these bloopers are about to make you laugh even harder! Love these videos? Keep up with us on our channel 123 GO! Be sure to subscribe and share these videos with your friends! Prank on, guys!

A new technology has been developed in the last few years that enables you to target the genome exactly where you want with high precision. These tools, called TAL effector proteins were originally identified as bacterial plant pathogens. In nature TAL proteins are delivered to the plant host cell by the bacterium and are coded to bind to the genomic DNA at certain promoter elements, activating genes and facilitating infection. Based on this technology we have developed a service that produces synthetically engineered versions of TAL binding proteins that enable you to target the genome exactly where you want. Let's have a detailed look at this: The GeneArt Precision TAL effectors are made up of two parts. One part binds the DNA. You can design that to recognize just about any sequence you want. This binding part consists of 18 or 24 repeat modules. Each repeat is responsible for binding a specific base in the DNA and the repeats are not thought to interfere with each other. That allows us to engineer these molecules to bind any stretch of the DNA that you desire. To the DNA binding part we fuse a second part: For example TALs with nuclease domains are used to generate double-stranded breaks by using two TAL effectors to each cleave a single strand. The space between the two individual TAL DNA binding sites is an important parameter for effective cleavage. Usually, a spacer of about 15 bp works well. With this technique you can create gene knock-outs. The DNA ends formed by the clevage are repaired by the cell, often leaving deletions or small insertions. In these cases, two thirds of the repair events would alter the reading frame of a gene and create a knock-out. Another option is to insert DNA sequences into the cut DNA. This process uses small ares of homology in the new 'donor' DNA to correct the DNA sequence or insert new DNA sequences. Ideally the insert sequence has overlapping homologous sequences on each side of about 300 to 500 bp. We also offer an activator domain to control function of genes. That allows you to introduce these molecules into cells, whether it is a plant cell or an animal cell, and activate a gene specifically at the locus you want. Additionally you can choose a repressor. If you are looking at novel methods of genome modification and regulation and want to use your own effector you can choose the MCS vector and insert a protein-coding sequence of interest which allows you to create a TAL effector of your choice. Examples for applications in both plant and animals can be; elucidating the basic function and regulation of a gene, studying metabolic pathways, embryonic stem cell research and research on disease models. It is a powerful way to edit genomes and control gene function. It's easy: Go to the TAL web page or into the GeneArt online order portal. Download the excel order form, fill in your binding sequences and effector choice and send the form to [email protected] Within 2 weeks we will create a set of TAL effectors that bind to your specific target. The GeneArt Precision TALs are delivered it to you as Gateway® entry clones, ready for you to target the genome exactly where you want.

Drive it on up and let's cruise a while Leave your troubles far behind You can hedge your bet on a clean Corvette To get you there right on time Now if you're ready to dive into overdrive Baby, the green lights are on It's like you're runnin away on some high octane Every time she reached the boulevard Won't you take a ride, ride, ride On heavy metal It's the only way that you can travel Down that road Satisfied, fied, fied On heavy metal Baby won't you ride Ride it until it explodes Heavy Metal My oh my, how this lady can fly Once she starts rollin' to leave you You know you just can't lose, the way she moves You wait for her to finally release you It's not a big surprise to feel your temperature rise You've gotta get your redline fever 'Cause there is just on cure that they know for sure You just become a heavy metal believer Won't you take a ride, ride, ride On heavy metal It's the only way that you can travel Down that road Satisfied, fied, fied On heavy metal Baby won't you ride Ride it until it explodes Heavy Metal Heavy Metal Heavy Metal Heavy Metal Heavy Metal

Hello Today, I'm Gonna show you how to change remote control and conditioner Panasonic Now it is display in Fahrenheit, and we want to change it to Degree Celsius as you can see in here timer You can push bottom here one two three four five six seven eight nine ten okay, tens second any change to Degree Celsius Anyway, if you want to change to Fahrenheit again push it again one two three four five six seven eight Nine ten, okay? You got it, okay. Thank you everyone for taking your time watching my video Please make sure that you subscribe us to get another Technical video, thank you

the changes that happen to each person gets described as "ego-shattering" and takes away pride and confidence all expectations and boundaries are broken every time he's going to be surprised with hallucinations, feelings and visions that are worse than before not to mention the suicidal thoughts and self-harm, that'll damage your feelings of safety in this video, I try to simulate the LSD experience ill go into detail about the topic in other videos, I do not support the use of any illegal drugs, thanks I am someone who actually tried LSD and today I'd like to share my experience first of all when you take acid the places in your brain that don't usually communicate start having lively conversations *the mind explained ep5 wassup* this communication results in ideas that usually don't come by another thing that results from that communication is that your perception becomes distorted and this distortion is what we call hallucinations this hallucination is based on 2 things the first thing is the senses what you see, what you hear the second thing is your thoughts your mindset and what you're feeling these two come together and create what we call a "trip" in the beginning, you feel like you wanna laugh and everything is playful trying to make you laugh and after a while time slows down to a halt there's no past there's no future there's only you and this moment and this feeling is undescribable

Italian: Come state ragazzi? Salut. Oggi sono super eccitato perchè sto per condividere con voi la mia nuova serie E' il primo episodio e in oltre E' un grosso sollievo per me perchè sto tenendo tutto questo segreto Da un bel po' adesso. Penso di averlo menzionato solo tre volte, quindi è davvero segreto. Sto per mostrarvi come ottenere un fantastico Vino francese a casa E non sto parlando del Pruno, no, mi riferisco a quella sacra bevanda fatta a mano con uva fresca Questo viaggio è cominciato otto mesi fa, e anche se mi sto davvero avvicinando alla sua conclusione, non è ancora finito. Questo è dove sono arrivato attualmente e questo è il mio vino che sta invecchiando in una botte Lo so E' un contenitore di plastica, lo so, ma botte suonava davvero meglio. La verità è che non sono neanche sicuro di ottenere qualcosa di buono Dutch: Wat zijn jongens? Salut. Dus vandaag. Ik ben super opgewonden omdat ik mijn nieuwe serie met je mag delen Het is de eerste aflevering en ook Het is een enorme opluchting voor mij om dit te doen omdat ik alles zo geheim en zo stil heb gehouden Al een tijdje nu. Ik denk dat ik het maar drie keer heb genoemd, dus dat is heel geheim Ik ga je laten zien hoe je fantastisch kunt maken Franse wijn thuis. En ik heb het niet over gevangenwijn, nee. Ik heb het over een heilige met de hand gemaakte drank met verse druiven The Journey is acht maanden geleden begonnen, ook al kom ik echt dicht bij de conclusie dat het nog steeds niet is nog niet voltooid, dit is waar ik nu ben en dat is mijn wijn goed verouderen in een vat ik weet Het is een plastic zak dat een vat gewoon beter klinkt [het] ding is dat ik niet eens zeker weet of dit goed gaat draaien Czech: Jak je lidi? Salut. Dnes. Jsem velmi natěšený, protože se musím s vámi podělit o novou sérii. Je to první episoda a také to je pro mě veliká úleva protože jsem držel všechno tak v tajnosti a tiché Po docela dobu. Myslím že jsem to zmínil jen třikrát, takže to je velmi tajné. Ukážu vám jak udělat fantastické francouzské víno doma. A nemluvím o víně z vězení, ne. Mluvím o svatým nápoji ručně udělaným z čerstvých hroznů. Cesta začala před osmi měsíci, přestože se dostávám blíže k závěru, že to není zatím hotové, tohle je kde jsem teď a to je moje správně stárnoucí víno v barelu já vím je to plastová taška ale barel zní lépe a ta věc je že si nejsem úplně jistý že to bude dobrý English: What up guys? Salut. So today. I'm super excited because I get to share my new series with you It's the first episode and also It's a massive relief for me to do this because I've been keeping everything so secret and so silent For quite a while now. I think I only mentioned it three times, so that's very secret I'm going to show you how to make fantastic French wine at home. And I'm not talking about prison wine, no. I'm talking about a holy beverage made by hand with fresh grapes The Journey started eight months ago, even though I'm really getting close to the conclusion it still is not finished yet, this is where I am right now and that's my wine aging properly in a barrel I know It's a plastic bag that a barrel just sounds better [the] thing is I'm not even sure this is going to turn well Italian: Non sono neanche sicuro che il vino avrà un buon sapore Ma penso che lo scopriremo assieme. Ho cominciato questo intero viaggio nel preciso stato in cui vi trovate in questo momento Cioè da completi ignoranti Magari è un po' offensivo, magari un po' meno di ignoranti, diciamo da zero. Sì intendo dire che possiamo imparare tanto durante il processo Quindi Ho comprato alcuni libri su internet di cui vi metterò il link in descrizione, e ho anche letto tonnellate e tonnellate di articoli per iniziare a farmi un'idea. Adesso ho una buona panoramica su tutto il processo di produzione del vino, quindi lasciami darti alcune veloci e imprecise informazioni Sulla vinificazione. Funziona così: Primo, non partirò con dei succhi o degli estratti, Ho intenzione di farlo propriamente. Secondo, spremi l'uva con le tue mani o a piedi nudi. (Magari vediamo a proposito dei piedi) Czech: nejsem si dokonce ani jistý jestli to bude dobře chutnat. Ale myslím si že to zjistíme společně. Začal jsem celou tuto cestu ve stádiu ve kterém jste teď vy Tím myslím zcela neznalý. je to trochu ofenzivní, možná něco lehčího, nula. Ano to znamená jen že se můžeme mnoho naučit v tomto procesu takže jsem koupil pár knih online, dám vám odkazy do popisku a také jsem přečetl tuny a tuny věcí online jen abych se trochu orientoval. Teď mám lepší přehled na ten celý proces vyrábění vína. Nechte mě tedy vám dát rychlý kurs v dělání vína, takže to jde takto Nejprve začnu se šťávou nebo extraktem. Chci to udělat správně. Zadruhé, rozmačkejte je nebo je prostě rozdupejte nohou. Uvidíme. Dutch: Ik weet niet eens of dit goed gaat smaken Maar ik denk dat we het samen zullen vinden. [I] begon deze hele reis in de precieze fase waarin je nu staat Ik bedoel een complete onwetende Dat is een beetje aanstootgevend, misschien iets zachter, een nul. ja, het betekent alleen dat we veel kunnen leren in dit proces Dus ik Ik heb een paar boeken online gekocht en de links in het beschrijvingsvenster hieronder zal ik ook lezen Heel veel dingen online om er mijn hoofd omheen te krijgen Nu heb ik een crispier Overzicht van het hele wijnbereidingsproces. dus laat me je even snel en vies geven Crashcursus in wijn maken, dus het gaat zo Ten eerste ga ik niet starten zoals sappen, of je kent een uittreksel. Ik wil het goed doen Twee, stamp ze fijn of stamp ze met je blote voet. We zullen dit zien English: I'm not even sure this is going to taste good But I think we will [find] out together. [I] started this whole journey in the precise stage you stand right now I mean a complete ignorant That's a bit offensive maybe something softer, a zero. yes, it only means that we can learn a lot in this process So I Bought a few books online and will put the links in the description box down below also I read Tons and tons of stuff online just to get my head around it Now I have a crispier Overview on all the wine making process. so let me just give you a quick and dirty Crash course in winemaking, so it goes like this First, I'm not going to start with like juices, [or] you know an extract. I want to do it proper Two, mash them or stomp them with your bare foot. We'll see about this English: three, fermented for the first time, it's the alcoholic fermentation four, strain out all the liquid and end up (with) the maceration five, ferment for for the second time is called the malolactic fermentation six, bottle the wine and Seven drink it and probably get a headache from it. So of course it's a tad more Complicated than this I mean interim Stages, optional actions you can perform but at the end of the day That's basically it. so it just means it's not impossible, and so we're going to do it Let me share [with] you a bit more detail about the type of wine we are going to make. first, we're going to make a red wine. Simply because it's way easier to produce than a white wine. Second, in terms of volume we're not going to flood the market We are more likely to make like five, six bottles. It's not a small production. It's called Boutique that's what it is. Dutch: drie, voor het eerst gefermenteerd, het is de alcoholische gisting vier, zeef alle vloeistof uit en eindig (met) de maceratie vijf, voor de tweede keer fermenteren, wordt de malolactische gisting genoemd zes, fles de wijn en Zeven drinken het en krijgen er waarschijnlijk hoofdpijn van. Dus het is natuurlijk een beetje meer Gecompliceerd dan dit bedoel ik tussentijdse stadia, optionele acties die je kunt uitvoeren, maar aan het einde van de dag Dat is het eigenlijk. dus het betekent gewoon dat het niet onmogelijk is, en dus gaan we het doen Ik zal je iets meer vertellen over het soort wijn dat we gaan maken. eerst gaan we een rode wijn maken. Gewoon omdat het veel gemakkelijker te produceren is dan een witte wijn. Ten tweede zullen we qua volume niet de markt overspoelen We hebben meer kans om te maken als vijf, zes flessen. Het is geen kleine productie. Het heet Boutique dat is wat het is. Czech: Zatřetí, první fermentace, je to alkoholická fermentace začtvrté, zatižte tekutinu a skončete s macerací zapáté, nechte fermentovat podruhé, jmenuje se to malolaktická fermentace zašesté, nalijte víno do lahví a zasedmé, vypijte a možná vás začne bolet hlava. Takže samozřejmě je to trochu více komplikovanější než tohle, myslím prozatímní stádia, volitelné akce můžete udělat ale na konci dne. To je jednoduše to. Takže to jenom znamená že to není nemožné, takže to jdeme udělat Nechte mě se s vámi podělit o detailech o typu vína které budeme dělat. Nejprve budeme dělat červené víno. Jednoduše protože je to mnohem jednodušší na výrobu než bílé víno. Zadruhé, v našem objemu nezaplavíme trh. Spíše uděláme pět, šest lahví Není to malá výroba. nazývá se to Boutique to je co to je. Italian: Terzo, si procede con la prima fermentazione, chiamata fermentazioni alcolica. Quarto, filtrare tutto il liquido e procedere con la macerazione Quinto, la seconda fermentazioni si chiama fermentazione malolattica Sesto, imbottigliare il vino e Settimo, berlo ottenendo probabilmente un bel mal di testa. Ovviamente è molto più Complicato di così, ci sono passaggi intermedi e processi opzionali che si possono fare ma alla fine della giornata Queste sono le basi. Quindi non è impossibile, e adesso andremo a farlo Lasciatemi condividere con voi alcuni dettagli in più sul tipo di vino che andremo a fare. Prima di tutto, faremo un vino rosso. Semplicemente perché è molto più facile da produrre rispetto a un vino bianco. Secondo, in termini di volume, non innonderemo il mercato. Riusciremo probabilmente a ottenere cinque o sei bottiglie. Non è una piccola produzione, è chiamata "Botique". Italian: Per ultimo, in termini di qualità, non ho delle grandi aspettative. Ovviamente se sarà superbo, sorprendente, sarò sopra le nuvole, ovviamente. Ma se sarà anche solo bevibile, mi andrà bene. Lo berrò. E se sara inbevibile Beh, potrei provare a berlo lo stesso Quindi come avete capito è un processo lungo, e non perché impiega tanto tempo, ma perché le varie fasi richiedono un lasso tempo abbastanza lungo. Lasciatemi darvi un prospetto delle tempistiche Questo accade solitamente in settembre o ottobre dopo una o due settimane la vendemmia è finita. Dopo un mese, un mese e mezzo questo è finito Ma direi che è necessario aspettare tanto tra il punto cinque e il punto sei Ma dopo un periodo compreso da tra cinque e nove mesi tutto dovrebbe essere finito e dovesti avere le tue bellissime bottiglie di vino Per cominciare, non hai bisogno di strumenti particolari, Infatti sto usando alcuni secchielli con i loro coperchi, comprati dal negozio di ferramenta Czech: Naposled, ohledně podmínek pro kvalitu. Mám malé představy. Tím myslím, že když to bude skvostný, ohromující a já budu okouzlen, proč ne. Ale pokud to je jen pitné, budu spokojen. Vypiji to. A pokud to nebude pitný pak to možná každopádně vyzkouším. takže pokud jste porozuměli je to dlouhý proces, ne protože to žere čes ale spíše, že se to rozprostře přes velkou periodu času. Nechte mě vám dát klíč k načasování tohoto procesu. Tohle se obvykle děje v celém období v září, říjnu po přibližně dvou týdnech, tohle skončilo. Po přibližně měsíci, měsíci a půl tohle skončilo. Ale řekl bych že musíte dlouho čekat mezi bodem pět a šest Ale po šesti až devíti měsících vše by mělo být ukončeno. a vy byste měli mít krásné lahve vína. Ke startu nepotřebujete přepychové potřeby Vlastně já používám pár kyblíků s víčky z místního obchodu. English: Last, in terms of quality. I have low expectation. I mean if it's superb, if it's stunning, and I will be over the moon, of course. But if it's just drinkable, that's fine with me. I'll drink it. And if it's not drinkable Then I might try anyway so as you understood it's a long process, not because it's time-consuming but more because it does spread across a wide period of time. Let me give you the key timing in such a process. This usually happens in the full season like in September, October after about one of two weeks this is over. After about a month a month and a half this is over But, I would say that you have to wait a lot between five and six But, after six to nine months tops everything should be over. and you should have beautiful bottles of wine. To start this, simply, you don't need fancy equipment. In fact, I'm using a few buckets with their lids, from the local hardware store. Dutch: Als laatste, in termen van kwaliteit. Ik heb een lage verwachting. Ik bedoel, als het fantastisch is, als het verbluffend is, en natuurlijk zal ik over de maan zijn. Maar als het gewoon drinkbaar is, vind ik dat prima. Ik zal het drinken. En als het niet drinkbaar is Dan zou ik het toch eens kunnen proberen dus je hebt begrepen dat het een lang proces is, niet omdat het tijdrovend is maar meer omdat het zich verspreidt over een lange periode van tijd. Laat me je de belangrijkste timing geven in een dergelijk proces. Dit gebeurt meestal in het volledige seizoen zoals in september, oktober na ongeveer een of twee weken is dit voorbij. Na ongeveer een maand in anderhalve maand is dit voorbij Maar ik zou zeggen dat je veel moet wachten tussen de vijf en zes Maar na zes tot negen maanden tops moet alles voorbij zijn. en je zou mooie flessen wijn moeten hebben. Om dit te beginnen heeft u eenvoudigweg geen luxe uitrusting nodig. Ik gebruik zelfs een paar emmers met hun deksels, van de plaatselijke ijzerhandel. English: Super, super important, you absolutely need a sanitizing agent I chose bleach because it's available, it's cheap, and it bloody works. It kills bacteria and viruses in no time. However, in the winemaking world people tend to think It might not be the best option. Bleach will stain your clothing It will irritate your skin but the most annoying thing is that it leaves a persistent and super strong smell on all your equipment. Meaning that you have to waste so much time cleaning and rinsing afterwards So instead go for a no rinse sanitizer. the most famous is called Star Sun but there are plenty out there because home-brewers use them a lot. I used chemipre OXI for that method. So the reason why I insist on this is because this whole winemaking adventure is Touchy in terms of safety. Each and every equipment must be thoroughly cleaned. Italian: Super, super importante, vi servirà un agente sanificante Ho scelto "Bleach" perché è facilmente reperibile, economico e funziona veramente bene. Uccide i batteri e i virus in tempo zero. Però, nel mondo della vinificazione, gli addetti ai lavori tendono a non considerarla la migliore opzione Bleach macchia i vestiti Irrita la pelle Ma il fatto più scomodo è che lascia un persistente e fortissimo odore su tutte le superfici Questo significa che dovrai buttare tanto tempo a pulire e sciacquare gli strumenti dopo averlo usato Quindi utilizzeremo un detergente senza risciacquo Quello più famoso si chiama Star Sun ma ce ne sono parecchi in giro perché i produttori fai da te li usano parecchio Io ho scelto il Chemipro OXI Il motivo per cui insisto su questo è perché tutto il processo di vinificazione è suscettibile in termini di pulizia Tutti gli strumenti devono essere assolutamente puliti Czech: Velmi, velmi důležité, co rozhodně potřebujete je dezinfekční prostředek Já si vybral bělidlo protože je k mání, je levné a perfektně funguje. Zabije to bakterie a virusy za žádný čas. nicméně, ve světě dělání vína lidé mají tendenci si myslet že to nemusí být nejlepší volba bělidlo pošpiní vaše oblečení podráždí vám kůži ale ta nejotravnější věc je to že zanechává trvalý a velmi silný zápach na všem vašem náčiní. Znamení že musíte zahodit tolik času čištěním a vyplachováním později takže namísto toho zvolte oplachovací dezinfekci. ta nejvíce známá se jmenuje Star Sun ale je jich tam mnoho protože domácí-sládci je používají hodně. Já jsem použil OXI pro tuto metodu. Takže ten důvod proč jsem na tomto trval je že celý tento proces dělání vína je citlivý na podmínky o bezpečnosti. Každé náčiní musí být důkladně umyt. Dutch: Super, super belangrijk, je hebt absoluut een ontsmettingsmiddel nodig Ik heb voor bleek gekozen omdat het beschikbaar is, het is goedkoop en het werkt verdomd goed. Het doodt bacteriën en virussen in een mum van tijd. Echter, in de wereld van wijnmaken hebben mensen de neiging om te denken Het is misschien niet de beste optie. Bleekmiddel zal je kleding bevuilen Het zal je huid irriteren maar het meest vervelende is dat het een persistent laat en super sterke geur op al uw apparatuur. Dat betekent dat je zoveel tijd moet verspillen daarna schoonmaken en spoelen Dus ga in plaats daarvan naar een no-spoeling ontsmettingsmiddel. de beroemdste heet Star Sun maar er zijn genoeg dingen omdat thuisbrouwers ze veel gebruiken. Ik heb chemipre OXI voor die methode gebruikt. Dus de reden waarom ik erop aandring is omdat dit hele wijnavontuur is Betrekkelijk in termen van veiligheid. Elke uitrusting moet grondig worden gereinigd. Italian: Quindi dovete rimuovere tutto lo sporco con il sapone e una spugna morbida Deve essere in oltre tutto profondamente sterilizzato. Nel senso che tutti i batteri e i virus devono essere eliminati Prima e dopo l'uso Quindi, penso che il prossimo video sarà riguardante l'uva Come sceglierla, perché non tutta le uve sono uguali in termini di produzione del vino E anche cosa fare con l'uva acquistata E anche la situazione del pestaggio a piedi nudi Se ti piace questo progetto Se sei eccitato quando lo sono io Per favore lascia un mi piace Un grande pollice in su Mi aiuterà davvero tanto Se vuoi aiutarmi ancora di più Vai sul mio Patreon dove puoi sponsorizzare il mio valoro Faresti davvero, davvero la differenza E ultimo ma non meno importante, iscriviti perché pubblicherò dei video ogni settimana E come sai, saranno sul cibo, ma anche sull'ispirazione Dutch: Dat betekent vlekken verwijderen met zeep en een zachte spons. Maar het moet ook diep worden gezuiverd. Betekenis, gedesinfecteerd door bacteriën en virussen voor en na gebruik Dus ik vermoed dat het volgende bezoek in wezen gaat over druiven. Hoe ze te kiezen, want niet alle druiven zijn gelijk in termen van wijn maken. en ook wat te doen met hen. En ook de situatie op blote voeten. als je van dit project houdt. Als je net zo enthousiast bent als ik ben over deze hele wijnbereidingssituatie. Geef deze video een like Een grote duim omhoog. Het helpt me echt heel erg. Als je de extra mijl wilt gaan Ga naar mijn patreon-pagina waar je mijn werk financieel kunt ondersteunen Het maakt echt echt een verschil. en last but not least, abonneren omdat ik elke week nieuwe video's maak En je weet dat het altijd over eten gaat, maar het gaat ook over inspiratie, Czech: To znamená odstraňování skvrn mýdlem a měkkou houbičkou. Ale také to musí být hluboce dezinfikováno. myslím tím, dezinfikováno od bakterií a vyrusů. před a po použití Takže myslím že další návštěva bude okolo hroznů. jak je vybrat, protože ne všechny hrozny jsou vhodné pro podmínky dělání vína. a také co s nimi udělat A také k té situaci s nohama. Pokud se vám líbí tento projekt Pokud jste natěšený jako já ohledně této celé dělání vína situace prosím dejte tomuto videu like velký palec nahoru Vážně mi to moc pomáhá. Pokud chcete jít na extra Běžte se podívat na stránku kde můžete finančně podpořit moji práci Vážně to dělá rozdíl a nekonec ale ne poslední, odebírejte protože dělám nová videa každý týden A vy víte že je to vždy o jídle, ale je to také o inspiraci English: That means removing stains with soap and a soft sponge. But it also must be deeply sanitized. Meaning, disinfected from bacteria and viruses before and after use So, i guess that basically the next visit will be about grapes. How to choose them, because not all grapes are equal in terms of winemaking. and also what to do with them. And also the barefoot situation. if you like this project. If you are as excited as I am about this whole winemaking situation. Please give this video a like A big thumbs up. It really helps me a lot. If you want to go the extra mile Go check out my patreon page where you can financially support my work It really, really makes a difference. and last but not least, subscribe because I make new videos every week And you know it's always about food, but it's also about inspiration, Dutch: over vertrouwen, over creativiteit, over het verleggen van de grenzen van onze wereld. Weet je, om te doen waarvan ik denk dat het een waardevolle inhoud is. Ik zal je de volgende keer vangen. Wees voorzichtig. Tot ziens. Salut Italian: sulla confidenza, sulla creatività, sull'oltrepassare nuovi confini Ci becchiamo la prossima volta, Ciao ciao, Salut English: about confidence, about creativity, about pushing our world's boundaries. Just you know, to make what I think is a valuable content. I'll catch you next time. Take care. Bye bye. Salut Czech: o sebevědomí, o kreativitě, o posouvání našich světových hranic jen udělat co si já myslím že je cenný obsah Uvidíme se příště Starejte se o sebe. Ahoj, Salut

[MUSIC] Shailesh Jain: Customer Insights unifies data across first party and third party sources to get a single view of customers. It builds powerful 360-degree contact profiles on top of rich pools of customer data using artificial intelligence. In this release, Customer Insights is seamlessly integrated with Dynamics 365 Marketing, lighting up external segmentation scenarios, marketers can segment audience within Customer Insights using rich profiles and then use the same segment in the marketing app to execute targeted campaigns. Now, let’s see how this works. In our story Veronica the marketer is launching a new product and wants to target individuals having better credit score. While marketing system does not have the scoring data, Customer Insights has built this into the profile using third party sources. Veronica goes ahead and creates a segment based on these scores. And her condition is scores greater than 660. We look at the members of the segment that’s created in Customer Insights and then we see Albert is one of the members. We look at Albert and see their credit score, and that is 660 here. So, it’s a bonified member of the segment. Now, we see if the Customer Insights is hooked up to be connected to the marketing app, and we see our Dynamics 365 Marketing app is configured to this Customer Insights. So, we have the segment built up, we see Albert as a member, and now we are going to export this segment to our marketing app. Once that is done, let’s flip over to the marketing app and we see Albert is a bona-fide member of the segment, the same segment that we just created on Customer Insights. Now, Veronica goes ahead and uses the newly created segment coming from Customer Insights on their marketing campaign. So, we observed how marketers can leverage any available data sources to build contact profiles and easily use them for precisely targeted segments with the new upcoming feature. A/B testing allows marketer to reduce guesswork in their marketing messaging by experimenting on variations of messages to find the one with highest impact. For email marketing, this translates to good open and click rates. Recipients often make split second decisions on whether to open an email or not based on what they see on their inbox, for example, subject line and sender. With the upcoming Dynamics 365 wave 2 release, marketers can test two variants of these wheels, subjects from on a small section of their target segment and send the winner automatically to the remaining segment. Let’s see how this works. So, we continue on this story of Veronica. She is trying to do a partnership for her Contoso Bank. She selects a template and starts building the email campaign. Now, what we see here is A/B test. She turns it on, creates a new variation on subject line. And since you can run multiple tests on the same email, we give it a name to distinguish our tests. So now, Version A of the subject line has got personalization, contact first name. We are looking for partners. The Version B has no personalization and that is what Veronica wants to test out. Once she’s done, she’s going to go live with this email and use it in a customer journey. So now, Veronica is building a new customer journey and she wants to leverage the newly created email here. And as soon as she uses an email, which is enabled for experimentation, she sees an A/B testing in there. Now, we have to enable this A/B testing on this campaign and I do so. With this, the A/B testing lights up on the email tile and marketer gets the feedback that it’s ready for experimentation. You can configure many parameters of the A/B testing, including the version that you want to be the winner and how to deal with it if the results are inconclusive. Once the campaign goes live, let’s flip on how this looks on the insights. So, this is a running campaign where the email tile is enabled with A/B testing and I can have a quick view on how the A/B testing is going on. I can see that time left is a few hours. 10% experimentation was done on version A and 10% on Version B and winner is still to be decided. The same details can be spread through the email detail email insights as well, and I can see how each of these variants A and B are producing at this point of time. And I can see where B seems to be having a better open rate. So, we observed how marketers can leverage experimentation on emails to get the best engagement for the campaigns with the upcoming A/B testing feature. With the upcoming Dynamics 365 Marketing Wave 2 release, marketers can easily include surveys as part of marketing engagement. This includes automated triggers as well. They can build surveys using Microsoft Forms Pro and select these surveys as an email content. On the automated campaigns, for example, they can send a discount offer to those who submit surveys by using triggers. Now, let’s have a look on how this feature works. Veronica is a marketer who would like to run a product satisfaction survey towards the end of her campaign. She goes ahead and creates a survey using Microsoft Forms Pro, which is very, very easy to use. And now, she’s going to use that survey in one of her campaigns. On this campaign, on the final email that she sends out, she’s going to add in a survey in there and use the survey we just created. Now that Veronica has got this survey in her email, she sets a trigger on the survey submission. If the survey has been submitted, she has a separate treatment for those contacts or send a reminder call for those who did not submit the survey. [MUSIC]

How close is too close? This is very uncomfortable right now OK... Well, my comfort zone is like... maybe like this close... That's not close for me That's comfortable I don't have a problem with that. Culturally speaking - this is way too close. It would be a little farther away If you are a man though, I'd be like... "hey" For me, this is perfect. Usually, Japanese people don't stay close on first date Like, that's a little bit close But that's OK After a couple of drinks or something if you are walking along I think it would be OK.. yeah. Probably if it's cold or something How would you greet each other if you are just meeting each other on the date? I would kiss him. I would say - hi Hi How are you? I would just like - I would kiss you and I would say - hi, I'm Julie Hi Hey I usually just go for the hug Hey A kiss - hi! Just one? Ah, yeah Hi, nice to meet you - I'm Paula Hi, nice to meet you In France, we do the same but twice So, I guess if you don't know it can be awkward Generally Japanese people don't shake hands Mi name is Satoshi. I am so glad to see you. You are standing like so far from me! That's what it is! You are talking about cultures - that's what we do. You wanna get something to eat? Yeah, sure! Let's go Hi! How, are you? How would you feel if she leaned in to kiss you on the first date? She kissed me? Probably she likes me so much I'm gonna have a good time tonight How much physical contact do you feel comfortable with? Don't touch me, please I'm sorry I'm not being mean, just generally don't touch me You already hurt my feelings. I'm leaving If I don't really like the guy and he goes like that I really hate that Touching the person like that that's not something you would do a lot We don't do anything Just maybe make distance bow... Holding hands would be OK probably Something like that to see if I like him to do that sort of stuff Generally I don't expect physical contact on the first date Just hanging out... If she is touching me on the first date I would be kind of questioning her How is this? So I go by my culture pretty much so I wouldn't do that on the first date I would feel pretty comfortable if I have good feeling with the person a South American would definitely do it don't think about other things But me - it depends on the guy If I had three tequila shots and two bottles of wine - maybe I wouldn't kiss a guy on the first date cause I don't know if he is willing to see me on the next date I don't have any problems with that if I like the guy If someone is right away like this I'm like ... Unless there is a special spark then And if she tries to kiss you? That would be seduction I might just walk away.. I don't know I'm a man, so... actually... I don't know What should I say... You are gonna put this video on Youtube? It's my private. Hi guys, I'm Marina I hope you liked today's video Let me know in the comments below - where are you from and what is normal for your country How close is too close and would you kiss on the first date I'd love to hear it Keep on sharing and subscribe! Thank you guys for subscribing I love you Keep on breaking down barriers

Italian: Traduttore: Beatrice Chiamenti Revisore: Francesca Bruno Ad un certo punto delle nostre vite, quasi ognuno di noi avrà il cuore spezzato. Kathy, mia paziente, aveva pianificato il suo matrimonio dalle scuole medie. Avrebbe incontrato il suo futuro marito all'età di 27 anni, si sarebbero fidanzati un anno dopo, e sposati l'anno successivo. Ma quando Kathy ha compiuto 27 anni, non ha trovato un marito. Ha trovato un nodulo nel seno. Ha passato mesi di spietata chemioterapia e operazioni dolorose e poi, proprio quando era pronta a tornare nel mondo degli appuntamenti, ha trovato un altro nodulo nell'altro seno e ha dovuto ricominciare tutto da capo. Kathy si è ripresa, dopotutto, e non vedeva l'ora di ritornare alla ricerca di un marito non appena le sue sopracciglia fossero ricresciute. Modern Greek (1453-): Μετάφραση: Eugenia Karientidou Επιμέλεια: Miriela Patrikiadou Σε κάποιο σημείο της ζωής μας, θα τύχει σχεδόν σε όλους μας να μας ραγίσουν την καρδιά. Η ασθενής μου, η Κάθι, προγραμμάτιζε το γάμο της από το γυμνάσιο. Θα γνώριζε τον μέλλοντα σύζυγό της μέχρι τα 27, θα αρραβωνιαζόταν ένα χρόνο αργότερα, και θα παντρευόταν ένα χρόνο μετά τον αρραβώνα. Όμως, όταν η Κάθι έγινε 27, δεν βρήκε κάποιο σύζυγο. Βρήκε ένα εξόγκωμα στο στήθος της. Πέρασε πολλούς μήνες με δύσκολες χημειοθεραπείες και επίπονες εγχειρήσεις, και μετά, εκεί που ήταν έτοιμη να γυρίσει πίσω στον κόσμο των ραντεβού, βρήκε ένα εξόγκωμα στο άλλο στήθος της και έπρεπε να τα ξανακάνει όλα αυτά από την αρχή. Ωστόσο, η Κάθι ανάρρωσε, και βιαζόταν να συνεχίσει να ψάχνει για σύζυγο μόλις φύτρωναν ξανά τα φρύδια της. Chinese: 翻译人员: Chien Yet Chong 校对人员: Eddy Chan 在我们一生中的某个时刻， 差不多每个人都经历过心碎。 我的病人凯蒂中学时 就开始为她的婚礼做计划。 她想27岁时就遇见她的 未来丈夫， 一年后订婚， 最后在接下来的一年结婚。 但是当凯蒂27岁时， 她并没找到丈夫。 她发现她的乳房有肿块。 她必须捱过多个月的严酷化疗 以及痛不欲生的手术， 当她准备好重新开始约会时， 她又发现另一个乳房有肿块， 而又要再重新进行治疗。 凯蒂最终康复， 她迫不及待地重返 寻找丈夫这个任务， 在她的眉毛长回后就立即开始。 Romanian: Traducător: Mihaela Niță Corector: Andrada Lorena Paul La un moment dat în viață, aproape fiecare dintre noi va fi avut inima frântă. Pacienta mea, Kathy, și-a plănuit nunta când era la gimnaziu. Avea să-și cunoască viitorul soț până la 27 de ani, să se logodească un an mai târziu și să se căsătorească anul următor. Dar când Kathy a făcut 27 de ani, nu și-a găsit soțul. A găsit un nodul la sân. A îndurat multe luni de chimioterapie nemiloasă și operații dureroase și apoi, chiar când era gata să revină pe scena întâlnirilor, a găsit un nodul la celălalt sân și a trebuit să o ia de la capăt. Kathy și-a revenit, însă, și era dornică să reia căutarea unui soț, imediat ce sprâncenele aveau să-i crească la loc. Bulgarian: Translator: Nevena Petrova Reviewer: Darina Stoyanova В някой период от живота ни почти всеки един от нас ще страда от разбито сърце. Пациентката ми Кати планира сватбата си още в средното училище. Тя ще срещне бъдещия си съпруг, когато е на 27, ще се сгоди година по-късно и ще се омъжи година след това. Но когато Кати стана на 27 тя не си намери съпруг, а бучка в гърдата. Мина през много месеци на тежка химиотерапия и болезнени операции, и тъкмо когато беше готова да се върне в света на срещите, тя откри бучка в другата си гърда и трябваше да започне всичко отначало. Въпреки това Кати оздравя и нямаше търпение да възобнови търсенето си на съпруг веднага след като веждите й пораснаха отново. Vietnamese: Translator: Tien Nguyen Reviewer: Tien Thuy Ở vài thời điểm trong cuộc sống, hầu hết chúng ta đều sẽ bị tổn thương. Bệnh nhân Katy của tôi lên kế hoạch cho đám cưới của mình khi còn học cấp hai. Cô sẽ gặp được chồng tương lai ở tuổi 27, đính hôn một năm sau đó, và kết hôn vào năm kế tiếp. Nhưng khi Katy 27 tuổi, cô ấy không tìm được bạn đời. Cô ấy phát hiện một khối u ở ngực. Trải qua hàng tháng trời hóa trị khắc nghiệt cùng những ca phẫu thuật đau đớn, để ngay khi sẵn sàng trở lại với hẹn hò, một khối u khác xuất hiện ở phần ngực còn lại, và cô ấy phải bắt đầu lại mọi thứ một lần nữa. Dù vậy, Katy đã hồi phục, và sẵn sàng để tiếp tục tìm chồng, Spanish: Traductor: Paula Motter Revisor: Sebastian Betti En algún momento de la vida, casi todos pasaremos por una ruptura amorosa. Mi paciente Kathy planeó su boda estando en la escuela secundaria. Conocería a su futuro esposo a los 27 años, se comprometería un año después y se casaría al año siguiente. Pero cuando Kathy cumplió 27, no encontró un marido, sino un bulto en uno de sus pechos. Se sometió a meses de crueles sesiones de quimioterapia y a dolorosas cirugías, pero, justo cuando ya estaba lista para volver a buscar pareja, encontró un bulto en la otra mama y tuvo que pasar por lo mismo, otra vez. Pero se recuperó, y estaba ansiosa por retomar la búsqueda de un marido en cuanto le volvieran a crecer las cejas. Arabic: المترجم: Nawal Sharabati المدقّق: Fatima Zahra El Hafa في مرحلة ما في حياتنا سيعاني كل واحد فينا تقريبًا من انكسار القلب. خططت مريضتي كاثي زفافها عندما كانت في المدرسة الإعدادية. ستقابلُ زوجها المستقبلي بحلول بلوغها 27 عامًا، وستخطب في العام التالي وستتزوج عامًا بعد ذلك. لكن عندما أصبحت كاثي 27 عامًا، لم تجد زوجًا. وجدت ورمًا في ثديها. عانت أشهرًا عديدة من العلاج الكيماوي القاسي والعمليات الجراحية المؤلمة، وعندما كانت مستعدة تمامًا للدخول في عالم المواعدة من جديد، وجدت ورمًا في ثديها الآخر واضطرت للقيام بما قامت به مرةً أخرى. ومع ذلك، تعافت كاثي، وكانت توّاقة لبدء التفتيش عن زوج حالما تنمو حواجبها مجددًا. Turkish: Çeviri: Cihan Ekmekçi Gözden geçirme: Figen Ergürbüz Hayatımızın bir evresinde neredeyse hepimiz kalp kırıklığı yaşarız. Hastalarımdan Kathy orta okulda düğününü planlamıştı. 27 yaşına geldiğinde gelecekteki kocasıyla tanışacak bir sonraki yıl nişanlanacak ve bir sonraki yıl da evlenecekti. Ancak Kathy 27 yaşına geldiğinde bir eş bulamadı. Göğsünde bir şişlik fark etti. Zor bir kemoterapi süreci ve acılı ameliyatlarla aylar geçirdi sonra tam birileriyle tanışma dünyasına hazırdı ki diğer göğsünde de bir şişlik fark etti ve aynı şeyleri tekrar yaşadı. Kathy iyileşti ama kaşları yeniden çıkar çıkmaz eş bulmaya arayışına devam etmeye kararlıydı. Slovenian: Translator: Rok Vidmar Reviewer: Matej Divjak Enkrat v svojem življenju bo skoraj vsak od nas imel strto srce. Moja bolnica Kathy je načrtovala poroko, ko je bila v srednji šoli. Svojega bodočega moža bo spoznala do 27 leta, se zaročila leto kasneje in se poročila leto dni po tem. Toda pri 27 Kathy ni našla moža. Našla je tumor v prsih. Šla je skozi mesece krutih kemoterapij in bolečih operacij, in potem, ko je bila pripravljena spet iskati moža, je našla tumor v drugi dojki in je morala skozi vse še enkrat. Kathy si je opomogla in je nameravala nadaljevati iskanje moža takoj, ko bi ji obrvi zrasle nazaj. Georgian: Translator: Natalie Saginashvili Reviewer: Sandro Subeliani ცხოვრების რომელიღაც მონაკვეთში, თითქმის, ყოველ ჩვენთაგანს გაუტყდება გული. ჩემი პაციენტი ქეთი ქორწილს სკოლის პერიოდიდანვე გეგმავდა. მომავალი მეუღლე 27 წლის ასაკში უნდა გაეცნო, 1 წლის შემდეგ დანიშნულიყო და კიდევ ერთ წელიწადში გათხოვილიყო. თუმცა, 27 წლის ასაკისთვის ქეთიმ ქმარი ვერ იპოვა. სამაგიეროდ, მკერდში სიმსივნე აღმოაჩინა. მან რამდენიმე თვე მძიმე ქიმიოთერაპეიებსა და მტკივნეულ ოპერაციებში გაატარა და როდესაც მზად იყო პაემნებს დაბრუნებოდა, სიმსივნე მეორე მკერდშიც აღმოაჩნდა და ყველაფერი თავიდან უნდა გაევლო. ქეთი გამოჯანმრთელდა და ერთი სული ჰქონდა ქმრის ძიებას დაბრუნებოდა, როგორც კი წარბები ისევ გაეზრდებოდა. Russian: Переводчик: Yuliya Krasnova Редактор: Péter Pallós Почти каждому из нас хотя бы раз в жизни разбивают сердце. Моя пациентка Кэти планировала свадьбу, ещё учась в средней школе. К 27 годам она встретит будущего мужа. Через год он сделает ей предложение. Ещё через год они поженятся. Но в 27 лет Кэти так и не встретила будущего мужа. У неё нашли опухоль в груди. Она прошла через долгие месяцы тяжёлой химиотерапии, перенесла болезненные операции, и когда она была готова вернуться на романтический фронт, у неё нашли опухоль в другой груди. И ей пришлось всё пережить снова. Кэти выздоровела и была готова отправиться на поиски мужа, как только у нее снова вырастут брови. Portuguese: Tradutor: Helena Yamaguchi Revisora: Margarida Ferreira Num dado momento da nossa vida, quase todos sofremos um desgosto de amor. A minha paciente Kathy planeou o casamento enquanto andava no ensino básico. Ia conhecer o futuro marido aos 27 anos, ficava noiva um ano depois e casava no ano seguinte. Mas quando a Kathy fez 27 anos, não conheceu um marido. Encontrou um nódulo no seio. Passou por duros meses de quimioterapia e de cirurgias dolorosas e quando se sentiu pronta para voltar a namorar, encontrou um nódulo no outro seio e teve de passar por tudo de novo. Apesar disso, recuperou e estava ansiosa por retomar a procura de um marido, Portuguese: Tradutor: Maricene Crus Revisor: Carolina Aguirre Em algum momento de nossa vida, quase cada um de nós terá o coração partido. Minha paciente Kathy planejou o casamento dela quando estava no ensino fundamental: ela conheceria seu futuro marido antes dos 27 anos, ficaria noiva um ano depois, e se casaria no ano seguinte. Mas quando Kathy completou 27 anos, não encontrou um marido; encontrou um nódulo no seio. Ela passou por muitos meses de quimioterapia severa e cirurgias dolorosas, e quando estava pronta pra voltar ao mundo do namoro, ela encontrou um nódulo no outro seio, e teve que passar por tudo de novo. Mas Kathy se recuperou, e estava ansiosa pra retomar sua busca por um marido, German: Übersetzung: Olivia Benkovic Lektorat: Sonja Maria Neef An irgendeinem Punkt in unserem Leben wird fast jedem von uns einmal das Herz gebrochen. Meine Patientin Kathy plante ihre Hochzeit schon in der Mittelschule. Sie würde ihren zukünftigen Ehemann spätestens mit 27 kennenlernen, sich ein Jahr darauf verloben und ein Jahr später heiraten. Doch als Kathy 27 war, fand sie keinen Ehemann. Sie fand einen Knoten in ihrer Brust. Monatelang unterzog sie sich einer intensiven Chemotherapie und schmerzhaften Operationen. Als sie gerade wieder bereit für die Partnersuche war, fand sie einen Knoten in ihrer anderen Brust und alles fing wieder von vorne an. Kathy erholte sich jedoch und nahm ihre eifrige Suche nach einem Ehemann wieder auf, sobald ihre Augenbrauen nachwuchsen. Hungarian: Fordító: Péter Pallós Lektor: Reka Lorinczy Életünk bizonyos időszakában majdnem mindegyikünknek szíve szakad. Kathy betegem az esküvőjét már középiskolás korában eltervezte: 27 éves korában találkozik jövendőbeli férjével, egy év múlva eljegyzik egymást, újabb egy év múlva összeházasodnak. De 27 éves korára nem férjet talált, hanem csomót a mellében. Sok hónapos kemény kemoterápián s fájdalmas műtéteken ment keresztül, és már kész volt ismét belevetni magát a randik világába, amikor a másikban talált csomót, és minden kezdődött elölről. De Kathy fölgyógyult, és égett a vágytól, hogy folytassa a férjvadászatot, mihelyst szemöldöke újra kinő. Persian: Translator: fatemeh khani Reviewer: sadegh zabihi در‌ مقاطعی از زندگی، تقریباً دل همه ما شکسته است. بیمار من کتی عروسی خود را هنگامی که در مدرسه راهنمایی بود برنامه‌‌ریزی کرد. او با شوهر آینده‌اش دیدار کرد که ۲۷ سال داشت، یک سال بعد نامزد کردند و یک سال بعد هم ازدواج کردند. اما وقتی کتی ۲۷ ساله شد نتوانست همسری پیدا کند. یک توده در سینه‌اش پیدا شد. چندین ماه شیمی درمانی و عمل‌های دردناک را تحمل کرد، و زمانی که آماده بود که با کسی قرار بگذارد یک توده دیگر در سینه دیگرش پیدا شد و مجبور شد دوباره تمام آن کارها را تکرارکند. با اینکه کتی بهبود پیدا کرد و مشتاق بود تا به محض اینکه ابروهایش دوباره رشد کرد جستجوی همسر را از سر بگیرد. Thai: Translator: Aj Muu Reviewer: Ashiraya Phobut ที่จุดหนึ่งในชีวิตของเรา พวกเราแทบจะทุกคนต้องเคยอกหัก คนไข้ของผม ชื่อแคธี วางแผนงานแต่งงานของเธอตอนอยู่มัธยมต้น เธอวางแผนว่าจะได้เจอคนที่จะมาเป็นสามี เมื่ออายุ 27 อีกหนึ่งปีต่อมาก็จะหมั้นกัน แล้วก็แต่งงานกันอีกหนึ่งปีหลังจากนั้น แต่พอแคธีอายุ 27 เธอไม่ได้เจอคนที่จะมาเป็นสามี แต่เจอก้อนเนื้อในเต้านม เธอต้องรับการใช้เคมีบำบัด ที่มีผลข้างเคียงรุนแรงอยู่หลายเดือน และเข้ารับการผ่าตัดเจ็บตัวหลายครั้ง พอเธอพร้อมที่จะกระโดดเข้าไป ในวงการหาคู่นัดคู่หมายอีกครั้ง เธอก็เจอก้อนเนื้อในเต้านมอีกข้าง และต้องผ่านกระบวนการรักษาอีกรอบหนึ่ง ถึงยังไง แคธีก็หายป่วย และเธอก็กระตือรือร้นที่จะหาสามีต่อไป ทันทีที่ขนคิ้วงอกขึ้นใหม่ Burmese: Translator: sann tint Reviewer: ငြိမ်းချမ်း ကိုကို ကျွန်တော်တို့ ဘဝတွေရဲ့ တစ်ချိန်မှာတော့ လူတိုင်းအားလုံး နီးပါးဟာ အသည်းခွဲခံရပါလိမ့်မယ်။ ကျွန်တော့ လူနာ Kathy ဟာ အလယ်တန်းမှာရှိစဉ်က သူမရဲ့ လက်ထပ်ပွဲကို စီစဉ်ခဲ့တယ်။ အသက် ၂၇ မတိုင်ခင် ခင်ပွန်းလောင်း တွေ့မယ်၊ နောက်တစ်နှစ်ကြာရင် စေ့စပ်ပြီး နောက်တစ်နှစ်အကြာမှာ လက်ထပ်မယ်ပေါ့။ ဒါပေမဲ့ Kathy ၂၇ နှစ်ပြည့်တဲ့အခါ ခင်ပွန်းတော့ မတွေ့ခဲ့ဘူး။ ရင်သားမှာ အဖုတစ်ဖု တွေ့ခဲ့တယ်။ လများစွာ ပြင်းထန်တဲ့ ဓာတုကုထုံးတွေနဲ့ နာကျင်တဲ့ ခွဲစိပ်မှုတွေ အဆင့်ဆင့် ဖြတ်ခဲ့ရတယ်။ ဒီနောက် ချိန်းတွေ့တဲ့ လောကထဲကို ပြန်ခုန်ဝင်ဖို့အလုပ်မှာ သူမရဲ့ အခြားရင်သားမှာ အဖုတစ်ဖု တွေ့ခဲ့ရတော့ အစကနေ ပြန်လုပ်ခဲ့ရပြန်တယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ Kathy ပြန်သက်သာကာ မျက်ခုံးမွေးတွေ ပြန်ပေါက်လာတာနဲ့ သူ့မရဲ့ကြင်ယာ ရှာပုံတော် ပြန်စဖို့ စိတ်ထက်သန်လာခဲ့တယ်။ Chinese: 譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Marssi Draw 幾乎每個人，在人生中的某個時點， 都會遇到心碎的狀況。 我的病人凱西還在中學時 就規劃了她的婚禮。 她遇到未來老公的時間 會是在二十七歲時， 一年後他們會訂婚， 再一年後結婚。 但當凱西二十七歲時， 她沒有找到老公。 她找到的，是胸部的腫塊。 她經歷了很多個月的辛苦化療， 以及痛苦的手術， 接著，就在她準備要 跳回來約會的世界時， 她在另一邊的胸部發現了腫塊， 整個過程都得再重來一次。 不過，凱西恢復了， 她很熱切地想繼續尋找她的老公， 她打算等眉毛長回來就馬上行動。 Croatian: Prevoditelj: Lidija Funtek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković Jednom u životu, gotovo svakome od nas slomljeno je srce. Moja pacijentica Kathy već je u srednjoj školi planirala svoje vjenčanje. Upoznat će budućeg muža do 27. godine, zaručiti se godinu kasnije i oženiti se godinu nakon toga. No Kathy nije našla muža kada je navršila 27 godina. Našla je kvržicu na dojci. Mjesecima je odlazila na teške kemoterapije i bolne operacije i baš kada je bila spremna opet početi izlaziti na spojeve, pronašla je kvržicu na drugoj dojci i sve je počelo ispočetka. Kathy se oporavila i htjela je nastaviti svoju potragu za mužem čim bi joj obrve opet narasle. French: Traducteur: Alexa Carle-Hébert Relecteur: Claire Ghyselen À un moment de sa vie, presque chacun d'entre nous aura le cœur brisé. Ma patiente Kathy avait planifié son mariage dès l'école primaire. Elle connaîtrait son futur mari à l'âge de 27 ans, se fiancerait un an plus tard et se marierait un an après cela. Mais lorsque Kathy a eu 27 ans, elle ne trouva pas de mari. Elle trouva une boule dans un sein. Elle dû passer à travers des mois de chimiothérapie agressive, et de douloureuses opérations, et lorsqu'elle fut enfin prête à rencontrer de nouvelles personnes, elle trouva une boule dans son autre sein, et dû tout recommencer. Kathy a guéri et était impatiente de reprendre sa recherche d'un mari dès que ses sourcils auraient repoussé. Dutch: Vertaald door: Angela Timmermans Nagekeken door: Peter van de Ven Op een bepaald moment in ons leven zal het hart van een ieder wel eens worden gebroken. Mijn patiënt Kathy plande haar bruiloft toen ze op de middelbare school zat. Ze zou haar echtgenoot ontmoeten als 27-jarige, een jaar later verloven en het jaar daarop trouwen. Maar toen Kathy 27 werd, vond ze geen echtgenoot. Ze vond een knobbel in haar borst. Ze onderging vele maanden agressieve chemotherapie en pijnlijke operaties, en net toen ze klaar was om terug te keren in de datingswereld, vond ze een knobbel in haar andere borst en moest het allemaal opnieuw doen. Kathy herstelde zich en was gretig om verder te zoeken naar een echtgenoot, zodra haar wenkbrauwen weer waren gegroeid. Ukrainian: Перекладач: Svitlana Zapolskykh Утверджено: Khrystyna Romashko Хоча б раз у житті майже кожному з нас розбивали серце. Моя пацієнтка Кеті планувала своє весілля, ще коли ходила до школи. Вона хотіла зустріти чоловіка до 27 років, заручитися роком пізніше і через рік вийти заміж. Проте, коли Кеті виповнилось 27, чоловіка в неї не з’явилося. З’явилась лише пухлина у грудях. Вона пройшла через багатомісячну сувору хіміотерапію та болючі операції, і, коли Кеті була вже готова для нових знайомств, у неї виявили пухлину з іншої сторони і довелось проходити все cпочатку. Кеті одужала, і горіла бажанням продовжити пошуки чоловіка, тільки-но відростуть брови. Urdu: Translator: Raana رعّنا Irfan عرفان Reviewer: Umar Anjum زندگی میں کسی نہ کسی موقعے پر، ہم سب کا دِل ضروُر ٹوٹا ہو گا۔ میری مریضہ کیتھی نے آٹھویں جماعت میں ہی شادی کا منصوبہ بنا لیا تھا۔ وہ اپنے ہونے والے شوہر سے ملے گی 27 برس کی عمر تک، ایک سال بعد منگنی کرے گی اور اس کے ایک سال بعد شادی کر لے گی۔ لیکن جب کیتھی27 سال کی ہوئی، تو اُسے شوہر نہ ملا۔ اُسے چھاتی کا سرطان ہو گیا۔ اُسے کئی ماہ تک تکلیف دہ کیموتھراپی سے گزرنا پڑا اور دردناک آپریشنوں سے، اور جب وہ مُحبت کی دُنیا میں واپسی کے لیے تیار تھی، تو اُسے دوُسری چھاتی میں سرطان ہو گیا اُسے پھِر اس سارے عمل سے گُزرنا پڑا۔ کیتھی اگرچہ ٹھیک ہو گئی، اور وہ شوہر کے لیے اپنی تلاش کو دوبارہ شروع کرنے کے لیے بے قرار تھی Danish: Translator: Kamilla Christiansen Reviewer: Yuan Fun Kan I løbet af vores liv vil vi næsten alle opleve at få hjertet knust. Min patient, Kathy, planlagde sit bryllup, da hun stadig gik i folkeskole. Hun ville møde sin kommende mand, når hun var 27 år gammel, blive forlovet et år senere og blive gift et år efter. Men da Kathy fyldte 27, fandt hun ikke en mand. Hun fandt en knude i sit bryst. Hun fik hård kemoterapi gennem mange måneder og smertefulde operationer, og da hun endelig var klar til at date igen, fandt hun en knude i sit andet bryst og måtte starte forfra igen. Kathy kom sig dog – og hun var ivrig efter at genoptage sin søgen, så snart hendes øjenbryn voksede frem igen. Japanese: 翻訳: Kaori Nozaki 校正: Moe Shoji 人生のどこかで 大抵の人は失恋を経験します 例えば 私の患者の１人 キャシーは 中学生の頃 人生設計を立てました その計画では 彼女は将来の夫に 27歳で出会い その翌年に婚約して さらに次の年に結婚する予定でした 実際に 27歳になってみると 見つけたのは夫ではなく 片方の胸のしこりでした それから何か月もの間 彼女は つらい化学療法と 痛みを伴う手術に耐えました 回復が進んで 恋愛にいそしむ準備が整った矢先 もう一方の胸にも しこりが見つかり 同じ治療を繰り返しました キャシーは再び回復し 治療で抜けた眉毛が生えそろったら 結婚相手探しを再開したいと 思っていました English: At some point in our lives, almost every one of us will have our heart broken. My patient Kathy planned her wedding when she was in middle school. She would meet her future husband by age 27, get engaged a year later and get married a year after that. But when Kathy turned 27, she didn't find a husband. She found a lump in her breast. She went through many months of harsh chemotherapy and painful surgeries, and then just as she was ready to jump back into the dating world, she found a lump in her other breast and had to do it all over again. Kathy recovered, though, and she was eager to resume her search for a husband as soon as her eyebrows grew back in. Korean: 번역: Sojeong KIM 검토: Joowon Lee 인생을 살다보면 한번은 거의 모든 사람이 실연을 경험합니다. 제 환자 캐시는 중학교 때 결혼 계획을 세웠습니다. 캐시는 27세에 미래의 남편을 만나 일년 후 약혼을 하고, 또 일년 후, 결혼을 하겠다고 마음 먹었죠. 그러나 캐시는 27세가 되고도 남편을 만나지 못했습니다. 캐시의 가슴에서 종양이 발견되었지요. 수개월 동안 혹독한 항암치료와 고통스러운 수술을 거쳤습니다. 다시 데이트의 세계로 돌아갈 준비가 되었을 때, 다른 가슴에서 종양을 발견했고 치료과정을 다시 겪어야 했죠. 캐시는 결국 회복해냈습니다. 남편 찾기를 재개하겠다는 마음으로 가득했죠. 눈썹이 다시 자라나는 즉시요. Serbian: Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković U nekom trenutku u našim životima, gotovo svakome od nas će srce da bude slomljeno. Moja pacijentkinja Keti je isplanirala svoje venčanje još u osnovnoj školi. Upoznaće svog budućeg supruga do 27 godine, veriće se godinu kasnije i udati godinu nakon toga. Međutim, kad je Keti napunila 27 godina nije pronašla muža. Pronašla je čvorić u dojci. Provela je mnogo meseci na teškoj hemterapiji i bolnim operacijama, a onda, baš kad je bila spremna da se ponovo baci u svet zabavljanja, pronašla je čvorić u drugoj dojci i morala je sve ispočetka. Keti se ipak oporavila i jedva je čekala da nastavi potragu za mužem čim su joj obrve ponovo izrasle. Czech: Překladatel: Barbora Chromková Korektor: Magdalena Schneiderová Během života bude mít téměř každý z nás někdy zlomené srdce. Má pacientka Kathy plánovala svou svatbu, už když byla na střední škole. Svého budoucího manžela měla potkat ve svých 27 letech, o rok později se měli zasnoubit a rok na to se vzít. Ale když bylo Kathy 27, nenašla manžela. Našla si bulku v prsu. Prošla si mnoha měsíci náročné chemoterapie a bolestivých operací, a když už byla připravená vrhnout se na hledání partnera, našla si bulku v druhém prsu a musela si vším projít od začátku. Kathy se uzdravila a nemohla se dočkat opětovného hledání manžela, jakmile jí doroste obočí. iw: תרגום: noam vaizel עריכה: Ido Dekkers בנקודה מסויימת בחיינו, כמעט לכל אחד מאיתנו ישבר הלב. המטופלת שלי קאת'י תיכננה את החתונה שלה עוד כשהייתה בחטיבת ביניים. היא תפגוש את בעלה לעתיד בגיל 27, תתארס שנה לאחר מכן ותתחתן שנה אחר כך. אך כשמלאו לקאת'י 27, היא לא מצאה בעל. היא מצאה גידול בשד שלה. היא עברה חודשים רבים של כימוטרפיה קשה וניתוחים כואבים, וכשהיא הייתה מוכנה לקפוץ חזרה לעולם הדייטים, היא גילתה גידול בשד השני שלה ועברה את כל התהליך שוב. קאטי החלימה, והייתה להוטה לחזור לחפש בעל ברגע שהגבות שלה גדלו בחזרה. Ukrainian: Коли йдеш на перші побачення у Нью-Йорку, необхідно мати змогу виразити широку палітру емоцій. (Сміх) Незабаром вона зустріла Річа та закохалась. Їхні стосунки були саме такі, як і у її мріях. Шість місяців потому, після чудових вихідних у Новій Англії, Річ замовив столик у їхньому улюбленому романтичному ресторані. Кейті відчувала, що він освідчиться, і ледь стримувала хвилювання. Проте, Річ не освідчився Кеті того вечора. Він з нею порвав. Щиро піклуючись про Кеті, а він таки піклувався, Річ просто її не кохав. Кеті була спустошена. Її серце було знов розбитим, і вона мала пережити ще одне одужання. Проте 5 місяців після розриву Кеті все ще не могла перестати думати про Річа. Їй все ще боліло. Питання таке: Чому? Slovenian: Ko greš na prve zmenke v New Yorku, moraš biti sposoben izraziti široko paleto čustev. (Smeh) Kmalu zatem je spoznala Richa in se zaljubila. Razmerje je bilo tako, kot si ga je želela. Šest mesecev kasneje, po lepem vikendu v Novi Angliji, je Rich rezerviral mizo v najljubši romantični restavraciji. Kathy vedela, da jo bo zaprosil in je komaj krotila svoje vznemirjenje. Ampak tisto noč Rich ni zaprosil Kathy. Razšel se je z njo. Čeprav je imel Kathy zelo rad - in jo je zares imel - je preprosto ni ljubil. Kathy je bila uničena. Njeno srce je bilo res strto in zdaj jo čaka še eno okrevanje. A pet mesecev po razhodu Kathy še vedno ni mogla nehati misliti na Richa. Njeno srce je bilo še vedno zelo razklano. Vprašanje je: zakaj? Hungarian: Aki New Yorkban első randijaira megy, képesnek kell lennie érzelmei gazdag tárházának kifejezésére. (Nevetés) Nem sokkal később Richcsel találkozott, és belészeretett. A kapcsolat meghaladta legszebb reményeit. Fél évre rá, New Englandben eltöltött szerelmes hétvégéjük után kedvenc romantikus éttermükben Rich asztalt foglalt. Kathy tudta, hogy a férfi ajánlatra készül, s alig türtőztette izgatottságát. Ám aznap este Rich nem tett ajánlatot. Szakított vele. Noha mélyen szerette Kathyt – valóban így érzett iránta –, de szerelmes nem volt belé. Kathy össze volt törve. Szíve szakadt, és újabb gyógyulásra volt szüksége. De a szakítás után öt hónappal Kathynek még mindig Rich járt a fejében. Szíve még mindig nagyon össze volt törve. Fölvetődik a kérdés: Miért? iw: כשאת הולכת לדייט ראשון בניו יורק, את תצטרכי להיות מסוגלת להביע מגוון רחב של רגשות. (צחוק) מיד לאחר מכן, היא מצאה את ריץ' והתאהבה. מערכת היחסים הייתה כל מה שהיא קיוותה שתהיה. שישה חודשים מאוחר יותר, אחרי סוף שבוע מלבב בניו אינגלנד, ריץ' ביצע הזמנה במסעדה הרומנטית האהובה עליהם. קאת'י ידעה שהוא הולך לבקש את ידה, היא בקושי יכלה להכיל את ההתרגשות. אבל ריץ' לא ביקש את ידה של קאת'י באותו לילה. הוא נפרד ממנה. עד כמה שהיה לו אכפת מקאת'י--והיה לו אכפת הוא פשוט לא היה מאוהב. קאת'י נשברה. הלב שלה היה באמת שבור, והיא ניצבה בפני התאוששות נוספת. אך 5 חודשים לאחר הפרידה, קאת'י עדיין לא יכלה להפסיק לחשוב על ריץ'. הלב שלה היה עדיין עד כדי כך שבור. השאלה היא: למה? Italian: Quando vai a un primo appuntamento a New York City devi essere in grado di esprimere una serie di emozioni. (Risate) Poco dopo, ha incontrato Rich e si è innamorata. Quella relazione era tutto quello che aveva sempre sperato che fosse. Sei mesi dopo, dopo uno stupendo weekend nel New England, Rich ha prenotato nel loro ristorante preferito. Kathy sapeva che le avrebbe chiesto di sposarlo, e riusciva a contenere appena il suo entusiasmo. Ma Rich non le chiese di sposarlo, quella sera. La lasciò. Per quanto ci tenesse a Kathy - ed era davvero così - semplicemente, non la amava. Kathy era distrutta. Il suo cuore era a pezzi e allora dovette affrontare un altro tipo di ripresa. Ma cinque mesi dopo la rottura, Kathy non riusciva ancora a smettere di pensare a Rich. Il suo cuore era ancora spezzato. La domanda è: Perché? Modern Greek (1453-): Όταν βγαίνεις για πρώτο ραντεβού στη Νέα Υόρκη, πρέπει να μπορείς να εκφράσεις μεγάλο εύρος συναισθημάτων. (Γέλια) Λίγο καιρό μετά, γνώρισε τον Ριτς και ερωτεύτηκε. Η σχέση αυτή ήταν όλα όσα ήλπιζε ότι θα ήταν. Έξι μήνες αργότερα, μετά από ένα υπέροχο σαββατοκύριακο στη Νέα Αγγλία, ο Ριτς έκλεισε τραπέζι στο αγαπημένο τους ρομαντικό εστιατόριο. Η Κάθι ήξερε ότι ετοιμαζόταν να της κάνει πρόταση, και με δυσκολία συγκράτησε τον ενθουσιασμό της. Όμως ο Ριτς δεν έκανε πρόταση στην Κάθι εκείνο το βράδυ. Τη χώρισε. Όσο κι αν νοιαζόταν για εκείνη, και όντως τη νοιαζόταν, απλά δεν ήταν ερωτευμένος. Η Κάθι έγινε κομμάτια. Η καρδιά της είχε ραγίσει τελείως και τώρα έπρεπε να αντιμετωπίσει άλλη μια ανάρρωση. Όμως, πέντε μήνες μετά τον χωρισμό, η Κάθι ακόμα δεν μπορούσε να σταματήσει να σκέφτεται τον Ριτς. Η καρδιά της ήταν ακόμα πολύ ραγισμένη. Το ερώτημα είναι: Γιατί; Bulgarian: Когато излизате на първа среща в Ню Йорк трябва да можете да изразявате широк спектър от емоции. (смях) Скоро след това тя срещна Рич и се влюби. Връзката им беше всичко, за което тя се надяваше. Шест месеца по-късно, след прекрасен уикенд в Нова Англия, Рич направи резервация в техния любим романтичен ресторант. Кати знаеше, че той ще й предложи и едва се сдържаше от вълнение. Но тази вечер Рич не й направи предложение. Той скъса с нея. Въпреки че Кати не му беше безразлична, той просто не беше влюбен в нея. Кати беше съсипана. Сърцето й наистина беше разбито и сега тя трябваше да лекува друга болка. Но пет месеца след раздялата, Кати все още не можеше да спре да мисли за Рич. Сърцето й все още бе много разбито. Въпросът е: Защо? Portuguese: assim que suas sobrancelhas voltassem a crescer. Nos primeiros encontros amorosos em Nova York, você precisa expressar uma gama ampla de emoções. (Risos) Logo em seguida, ela conheceu Rich e se apaixonou. O relacionamento era tudo que ela esperava. Seis meses depois, após um lindo final de semana na Nova Inglaterra, Rich fez reservas no restaurante romântico favorito deles. Kathy sabia que ele ia pedi-la em casamento, e ela mal podia conter sua alegria. Mas Rich não a pediu em casamento naquela noite. Ele terminou o relacionamento. Mesmo gostando muito da Kathy, e ele gostava, ele simplesmente não estava apaixonado. Kathy ficou arrasada. O coração dela ficou partido, e agora, ela enfrentava mais uma recuperação. Mas cinco meses após a separação, Kathy ainda não conseguia parar de pensar em Rich. O coração dela ainda estava muito partido. A questão é: por quê? Dutch: Als je op een eerste date gaat in New York City, moet je een breed scala aan emoties kunnen uiten. (Gelach) Al zeer snel ontmoete ze Rich en werd verliefd. De relatie was alles wat ze gehoopt had dat ze zou zijn. Zes maanden later, na een geweldig weekend in New England, had Rich een reservering gemaakt in hun favoriete restaurant. Kathy wist dat hij een huwelijksaanzoek zou doen en ze kon zich bijna niet inhouden. Maar Rich vroeg haar niet ten huwelijk die avond. Hij maakte het uit met haar. Hoe veel hij ook om Kathy gaf -- en dat deed hij -- hij was gewoon niet verliefd. Kathy was gebroken. Haar hart was echt gebroken en nu moest ze weer herstellen. Maar vijf maanden na de breuk moest Kathy nog steeds aan Rich denken. Haar hart was nog steeds gebroken. De vraag is: Waarom? Czech: Když jdete na první rande v New Yorku, musíte dokázat vyjádřit širokou škálu emocí. (Smích) Brzy poté potkala Riche a zamilovala se. Jejich vztah byl přesně takový, jaký si ho vysnila. O šest měsíců později, po krásném víkendu stráveném v Nové Anglii, zarezervoval Rich místo v jejich oblíbené romantické restauraci. Kathy věděla, že ji požádá o ruku a sotva dokázala skrýt své nadšení. Ale Rich té noci Kathy o ruku nepožádal. Rozešel se s ní. Přestože mu na Kathy záleželo -- vážně záleželo-- prostě ji nemiloval. Kathy byla zdrcená. Její srdce bylo zlomené a musela čelit dalšímu zotavování. Ale ani pět měsíců po rozchodu stále nedokázala na Riche přestat myslet. Její srdce bylo pořád zlomené. Otázka zní: Proč? Chinese: 當你在紐約市去赴第一次約會， 你得要能夠表現出很多種情緒。 （笑聲） 沒多久之後， 她遇見了雷奇，陷入熱戀。 這段感情完全是她所希望的那樣子。 六個月之後， 在新英格蘭度過了 一個美好的週末之後， 雷奇訂了他們最喜歡的浪漫餐廳。 凱西知道他要求婚了， 她興奮難耐。 但那晚，雷奇並沒有向凱西求婚。 他和她分手了。 儘管他對凱西的關心很深 ──他真的關心過── 但他就是沒有愛上她。 凱西很震驚。 她的心真的碎了， 她現在又要面臨一次復原。 但在分手後五個月， 凱西仍然無法不去想雷奇。 她的心仍然支離破碎。 問題是： 為什麼？ Portuguese: assim que as sobrancelhas crescessem. Em Nova Iorque, nos primeiros encontros, é preciso mostrarmos uma vasta amplitude de emoções. (Risos) Não tardou muito até ela conhecer o Rich e apaixonar-se. A relação era tudo o que ela podia imaginar. Seis meses depois, após um fim de semana adorável em New England, o Rich fez uma reserva no restaurante romântico preferido deles. Ela sabia que ia ser pedida em casamento e não conseguia conter o entusiasmo. Mas o Rich não fez o pedido nessa noite. Terminou tudo com ela. Por muito que gostasse dela — e gostava — não estava apaixonado. A Kathy ficou destroçada. O coração dela ficou despedaçado e enfrentava outra recuperação. Mas cinco meses depois do fim da relação, a Kathy ainda não tinha deixado de pensar no Rich. O coração dela ainda estava despedaçado. A questão é: Porquê? Russian: Ведь на первых свиданиях в Нью-Йорке вам нужно выражать много эмоций. (Смех) Вскоре она встретила Рича и влюбилась в него. Их отношения были идеальными. Через шесть месяцев, после романтических выходных в Новой Англии, Рич забронировал столик в их любимом ресторане. Кэти была уверена, что он попросит её руки, и едва сдерживала радостное волнение. Но тем вечером Рич не сделал Кэти предложение. Он порвал с ней. Хотя Кэти была ему далеко не безразлична, он всё же не был в неё влюблён. Это стало для Кэти ударом. Её сердце было разбито, и ей предстояло лечить теперь уже душевную боль. Но спустя пять месяцев после разрыва Кэти всё ещё думала о Риче. Её боль не утихала. И я спрашиваю: почему? Urdu: جیسے ہی اِس کی بھنویں دوبارہ نکل آئیں۔ نیویارک میں جب آپ اپنی پہلی ڈیٹ پر جا رہے ہوں، تو آپ کو بہت سے جذبات کا اِظہار کرنا آنا چاہیے۔ (قہقہے) اس کے بعد جلد ہی وہ رِچ سے ملی اور اُس کی محبت میں گرفتار ہو گئی۔ اُس رِشتے میں وہ سب تھا جو اُس نے چاہا۔ چھ ماہ بعد، نیو انگلینڈ میں ایک دلکش ہفتہ وار چھٹی کے بعد، رچ نے ان دونوں کے پسندیدہ رومانوی ریستوران میں جگہ محفوظ کروائی۔ کیتھی جانتی تھی کہ وہ شادی کے لیے کہے گا، وہ بمشکل خُوشی کو قابُو میں رکھ رہی تھی۔ لیکن اُس رات رِچ نے کیتھی سے شادی کرنے کے لیے نہیں کہا۔ اُس نے اس سے تعلق توڑ لیا۔ وہ کیتھی کے لیے فکر مند ضرور تھا -- لیکن اُس کو محبت نہیں تھی۔ کیتھی بکھر گئی تھی۔ اُس کا دل بری طرح ٹُوٹ گیا تھا، اور اب اسے ایک اور علاج کروانا تھا۔ اس تعلق کے ختم ہونے کے پا نچ ماہ بعد بھی کیتھی اب بھی رِچ کے بارے میں سوچتی تھی۔ اس کا دِل بری طرح ٹُوٹ چُکا تھا۔ سوال یہ ہے: کیوں؟ English: When you're going on first dates in New York City, you need to be able to express a wide range of emotions. (Laughter) Soon afterwards, she met Rich and fell in love. The relationship was everything she hoped it would be. Six months later, after a lovely weekend in New England, Rich made reservations at their favorite romantic restaurant. Kathy knew he was going to propose, and she could barely contain her excitement. But Rich did not propose to Kathy that night. He broke up with her. As deeply as he cared for Kathy -- and he did -- he simply wasn't in love. Kathy was shattered. Her heart was truly broken, and she now faced yet another recovery. But five months after the breakup, Kathy still couldn't stop thinking about Rich. Her heart was still very much broken. The question is: Why? Thai: เวลาคุณไปออกนัดแรกในนิวยอร์คซิตี้ คุณจำเป็นต้องใช้คิ้วเพื่อ แสดงอารมณ์หลากหลายน่ะ (เสียงหัวเราะ) ไม่นานต่อมา เธอได้พบกับริชและตกหลุมรัก ความสัมพันธ์นั้นเป็นไปอย่าง ที่เธอหวังไว้ทุกอย่าง หกเดือนต่อมา หลังจากสุดสัปดาห์ที่น่ารักในนิวอิงแลนด์ ริชก็จองโต๊ะอาหารที่ร้านโปรดแสนโรแมนติก แคธีรู้เลยว่าเขาต้องขอเธอแต่งงาน เธอแทบจะสะกดกลั้นความตื่นเต้นไว้ไม่อยู่ แต่คืนนั้น ริชไม่ได้ขอเธอแต่งงาน เขาบอกเลิกกับเธอ แม้ว่าเขาจะแคร์เธอมากแค่ไหน เขาแคร์เธอจริงๆ เขาเพียงแค่ไม่ได้รัก แคธีรู้สึกเหมือนหัวใจแตกเป็นเสี่ยงๆ หัวใจของเธอแตกสลายโดยแท้ ทีนี้ เธอก็ต้องรักษาตัวอีกครั้ง แต่ห้าเดือนผ่านไปหลังจากที่เลิกกัน แคธีก็ยังหยุดคิดถึงริชไม่ได้ หัวใจของเธอยังแหลกสลายอยู่ คำถามคือ ทำไมถึงเป็นอย่างนั้น German: Wenn man sich in New York für ein erstes Date trifft, muss man ein breites Spektrum an Gefühlen ausdrücken können. (Lachen) Bald darauf lernte sie Rich kennen und verliebte sich in ihn. Die Beziehung war genau das, was sie sich immer erhofft hatte. Sechs Monate später, nach einem wunderbaren Wochenende in Neuengland, reservierte Rich einen Tisch in ihrem romantischen Lieblingsrestaurant. Kathy wusste, er würde um ihre Hand anhalten und sie konnte ihre Vorfreude kaum bändigen. Doch an diesem Abend hielt Rich nicht um Kathys Hand an. Er machte mit ihr Schluss. So sehr er Kathy auch mochte -- und das tat er -- war er einfach nicht verliebt. Kathy war am Boden zerstört. Ihr Herz war ganz und gar gebrochen, und ihr stand erneut eine Heilung bevor. Doch fünf Monate nach der Trennung dachte Kathy immer noch andauernd an Rich. Sie hatte immer noch ein gebrochenes Herz. Die Frage ist: Warum? Vietnamese: ngay khi hàng lông mày của cô mọc trở lại. Khi hẹn hò lần đầu ở New York, bạn cần nó để bộc lộ mọi cảm xúc. (Cười) Nhanh chóng, cô ấy gặp và phải lòng Rich. Mối quan hệ diễn ra như cô kỳ vọng. Sáu tháng sau, sau một cuối tuần nồng cháy ở New England, Rich đặt bàn ở nhà hàng yêu thích của họ. Kathy biết anh ấy sẽ cầu hôn. và không thể kìm nén sự hân hoan. Nhưng Rich không hề cầu hôn, Anh ta nói lời chia tay. Dù dành sự quan tâm sâu sắc cho Katy, anh ấy không hề yêu cô. Katy vỡ vụn. Trái tim cô thực sự tan nát, và giờ phải đối mặt với quá trình hồi phục khác. Năm tháng sau khi chia tay, Kathy vẫn không thể ngừng nghĩ về Rich. Trái tim cô vẫn rất đau đớn. Câu hỏi đặt ra là: Tại sao? Korean: 뉴욕 시티에 첫 데이트를 간다면, 눈썹으로 다양한 감정을 표현할 줄 알아야 하니깐요. (웃음) 얼마 후, 캐시는 리치를 만나 사랑에 빠졌습니다. 그녀가 꿈꿔온 이상적인 연애였습니다. 6개월이 지나고, 뉴 잉글랜드에서 멋진 주말을 보낸 후, 리치는 그들이 좋아하는 로맨틱한 레스토랑을 예약했습니다. 그가 프러포즈할 것이라고 생각했던 캐시는 흥분되는 마음을 숨기기 힘들었죠. 그러나 그날 밤 리치는 프러포즈하지 않았습니다. 그녀에게 이별을 고했습니다. 리치가 캐시를 정말 아꼈던 만큼, 실제로도 정말 아꼈죠. 하지만 그녀를 사랑하지는 않았던 겁니다. 캐시는 큰 충격을 받았습니다. 그녀의 가슴이 무너져 내렸어요. 또 다른 회복에 직면하게 되었죠. 그러나 5개월이 흘러도, 캐시는 리치에 대한 생각을 떨칠 수 없었습니다. 실연의 상심으로 여전히 아파했습니다. 그렇다면, 과연 왜일까요? Turkish: New York'ta biriyle ilk kez buluşacağınız zaman geniş çapta bir duygu seli yansıtmanız gerek. (Kahkahalar) Kısa zaman sonra Rich'le tanıştı ve aşık oldu. Bu ilişki olmasını umduğu her şeydi. Altı ay sonra New England'da harika bir haftasonu ardından Rich en sevdikleri restoranda bir rezervasyon yaptırdı. Kathy evlenme teklif edeceğini biliyordu. Heyecanını saklayamıyordu. Ancak Rich o gece evlenme teklif etmedi. Kathy'den ayrıldı. Onu derinden önemsiyor olmasına rağmen aşık değildi. Kathy yıkılmıştı. Kalbi gerçekten de kırılmıştı, yeni bir iyileşme süreci vardı karşısında. Ayrılıktan beş ay sonra Kathy hala Rich'i düşünmekten kendini alamıyordu. Kalbi öylesine kırılmıştı ki... Asıl soru şu: Niçin? Romanian: Când mergi la prima întâlnire în New York City, trebuie să fii capabil să exprimi o serie largă de emoții. (Râsete) În scurt timp, l-a cunoscut pe Rich și s-a îndrăgostit de el. Relația era exact cum sperase să fie. Șase luni mai târziu, după un weekend minunat în New England, Rich a făcut rezervare la restaurantul lor romantic preferat. Kathy știa că o va cere de soție și abia-și mai putea stăpâni entuziasmul. Dar Rich n-a cerut-o pe Kathy în noaptea aceea. S-a despărțit de ea. Pe cât de mult ținea la Kathy – și chiar ținea – pur și simplu nu era îndrăgostit. Kathy a fost distrusă. Inima îi era realmente frântă și acum o aștepta încă o recuperare. Dar după cinci luni de la despărțire, Kathy tot nu se putea abține să nu se gândească la Rich. Inima îi era încă foarte frântă. Întrebare este: de ce? Chinese: 你在纽约第一次约会， 必须能表达多样化的感情。 （笑声） 不久之后，她遇见了瑞奇， 两人堕入爱河。 这段感情是她梦寐以求的。 六个月后， 在新英格兰度过了 甜美的周末后， 瑞奇在他们最喜欢的 浪漫餐厅做了预订。 凯蒂知道他将会向她求婚， 她几乎无法压抑她的兴奋感。 但是那天晚上瑞奇 并没向凯蒂求婚。 他跟凯蒂分手了。 尽管瑞奇非常关心凯蒂 ——确实如此—— 但他就是没爱上凯蒂。 凯蒂心碎万分。 她的心彻底碎了， 现在她又要进行另一个治疗。 但是分手之后过了五个月， 凯蒂还是无法停止 想起瑞奇。 她的心仍然破碎不堪。 问题是： 为什么？ Spanish: Cuando las personas tienen su primera cita en Nueva York, es importante que puedan expresar una amplia variedad de emociones. (Risas) Al poco tiempo, conoció a Rich y se enamoró. La relación colmó todas sus expectativas. Seis meses después, luego de un maravilloso fin de semana en Nueva Inglaterra, Rich hizo una reserva en un restaurante romántico, el favorito de ambos. Kathy sabía que él le propondría matrimonio, y no podía contenerse de la emoción. Pero Rich no le propuso matrimonio esa noche. Decidió terminar la relación. Si bien Rich le tenía gran afecto —lo cual era innegable— simplemente no estaba enamorado. Kathy quedó devastada. Tenía el corazón destrozado, y ahora debía enfrentar otra recuperación. Pero cinco meses después de la ruptura, Kathy no podía dejar de pensar en él. Su corazón seguía totalmente destrozado. La pregunta es: ¿por qué? Burmese: New York City မှာ ပထမဆုံး ချိန်းတွေ့တာတွေ သွားတာဆို စိတ်ခံစားမှု အမျိုးမျိုး လုပ်နိုင်ဖို့တော့ လိုတယ်။ (ရယ်သံများ) နောက်မကြာခင်မှာတော့ သူမဟာ Rich နဲ့ဆုံပြီး ချစ်ကြိုက်သွားတယ်။ ချစ်သံယောဇဉ်ဆိုတာက သူမ မျှော်လင့်တဲ့ အရာအားလုံး ဖြစ်လိမ့်မယ်။ နောက် ခြောက်လအကြာ New England က လှပတဲ့ သီတင်းပတ်အဆုံးမှာ Rich က သူတို့အကြိုက်ဆုံး ကြည်နူးဖွယ် စားသောက်ဆိုင်တစ်ဆိုင်မှာ ကြိုမှာတယ်။ သူလက်ထပ်ခွင့်တောင်းတော့မှာ Kathy သိတော့ စိတ်လှုပ်ရှားမှုကို မနည်းထိန်းခဲ့ရတယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ ဒီညက Rich ဟာ Kathy ကို လက်ထပ်ခွင့်မတောင်းခဲ့ဘူး သူဟာ သူမနဲ့ လမ်းခွဲခဲ့တယ် သူဟာ Kathy ကို လေးလေးနက်နက် ဂရုစိုက်ခဲ့ပါတယ်၊ တကယ်ပါ၊ သူမကိုတော့ မချစ်ခဲ့ဘူး။ Kathy ဟာ တစ်စစီ ကြေမွသွားတယ်။ သူမအသည်းဟာ တကယ်ကို ကွဲခဲ့ပြီး အခုတာ့ နောက်ထပ် သက်သာမှုကို ရင်ဆိုင်ခဲ့ရတယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ လမ်းခွဲပြီး ငါးလအကြာမှာ Kathy ဟာ Rich အကြောင်း တွေးတာ ရပ်လို့မရသေးဘူး။ သူမရဲ့ အသည်းက အသည်းအသန် ကွဲနေဆဲပါ။ မေးခွန်းက ဘာကြောင့်လဲ၊ Japanese: ニューヨークで愛を求め 初デートに向かうには さまざまな感情を表現できないと いけませんからね （笑） ほどなくして 彼女は リッチに出会い 恋に落ちました ２人の関係は 全て彼女の思い通り 順調に進みました そして半年が経った頃 ニューイングランド地方で 素敵な週末を過ごした後 リッチは ２人のお気に入りの 雰囲気のいいレストランを予約していました キャシーはプロポーズされると予想し ワクワクした気持ちを抑えて どうにか平静を装いました ところがリッチは その夜 キャシーに求婚しませんでした 別れを告げたのです 彼はキャシーを 心から大切に思ってはいましたが ときめきは感じなかったのです キャシーは絶望しました 彼女の心は 文字通り壊れ また回復の日々に向き合うことになりました でも 別れから５か月が経っても キャシーはリッチのことを どうしても忘れられません 彼女のハートは まだ粉々に砕け散ったままです ここで質問です なぜ こうなるのでしょう？ Persian: وقتی قصد دارید در نیویورک قرار بگذارید باید طیف وسیعی از احساسات را ابراز کنید. (خنده) کمی بعد، او با ریچ ملاقات کرد و عاشقش شد. رابطه آنها همان چیزی بود که آرزویش را می‌کرد. شش ماه بعد، بعد از یک هفته عاشقانه در نیوانگلند، ریچ در رستوران خیال انگیز مورد علاقه آنها میزی رزرو کرد. کتی می‌دانست قصد دارد از او خواستگاری کند، و نمی‌توانست هیجانش را کنترل کند. اما آن شب ریچ از او خواستگاری نکرد. او از کتی جداشد. همانطور که عمیقاً مراقب کتی بود -- و واقعا بود -- اما عاشقش نبود. کتی خرد شد. قلبش واقعاً شکست و حالا با بهبودی دیگری روبه‌رو است. اما پنج ماه بعد از جدایی، کتی هنوز نمی توانست به ریچ فکر نکند. قلبش واقعا شکسته بود. سوال اینجاست: چرا؟ Serbian: Kada idete na prve sastanke u Njujorku, morate da budete u stanju da izrazite širok spektar emocija. (Smeh) Ubrzo potom, upoznala je Riča i zaljubila se. Veza je bila sve čemu se nadala. Šest meseci kasnije, nakon krasnog vikenda u Novoj Engleskoj, Rič je rezervisao mesta u njihovom omiljenom romantičnom restoranu. Keti je znala da će da je zaprosi i jedva je mogla da obuzda svoje uzbuđenje. Međutim, Rič to veče nije zaprosio Keti. Raskinuo je s njom. Koliko god da mu je bilo stalo do Keti - a zaista jeste - prosto nije bio zaljubljen. Keti je bila skrhana. Srce joj je bilo istinski slomljeno i sada je bila suočena s novim oporavkom. Međutim, pet meseci nakon raskida, Keti i dalje nije mogla da prestane da misli na Riča. Srce joj je i dalje bilo itekako slomljeno. Pitanje glasi: zašto? French: Lors d'une première soirée à New York, vous devez être capable d'exprimer une large gamme d'émotions. (Rires) Peu après, elle rencontra Rich et tomba amoureuse. Leur relation était tout ce dont elle avait toujours rêvé. Six mois plus tard, après un merveilleux week-end en Nouvelle-Angleterre, Rich avait fait une réservation à leur restaurant romantique préféré. Kathy savait qu'il allait faire la grande demande, et elle pouvait à peine contenir son excitation. Mais Rich ne demanda pas Kathy en mariage ce soir-là. Il mit fin à leur relation. Il aimait beaucoup Kathy, profondément, mais il n'était pas amoureux. Kathy était en miettes. Son cœur était brisé, et elle devait, une fois de plus, guérir. Mais cinq mois après leur séparation, Kathy ne pouvait toujours pas s'empêcher de penser à Rich. Son cœur était encore profondément brisé. La question est : Pourquoi ? Croatian: Kada u New Yorku idete na prvi spoj, morate moći izraziti svakakve osjećaje. (Smijeh) Uskoro nakon toga upoznala je Richa i zaljubila se. Veza je bila onakvom kakvom ju je zamišljala. Šest mjeseci kasnije, nakon lijepog vikenda u Novoj Engleskoj, Rich je rezervirao mjesto u njihovom najdražem romantičnom restoranu. Kathy je znala da će ju zaprositi i jedva je mogla sakriti uzbuđenje. No Rich nije zaprosio Kathy te večeri. Prekinuo je s njom. Koliko god da mu je bilo stalo do Kathy -- a zaista jest -- jednostavno nije bio zaljubljen. Kathy je bila shrvana. Srce joj je zaista bilo slomljeno i čekao ju je još jedan oporavak. No 5 mjeseci nakon prekida, Kathy nije mogla prestati misliti na Richa. Srce joj je još uvijek bilo slomljeno. Pitanje je: Zašto? Danish: På første date i New York, må du kunne udtrykke en bred vifte af følelser. (Latter) Snart derefter mødte hun Rich og blev forelsket. Forholdet var alt det hun håbede det ville være. Seks måneder senere, efter en dejlig weekend i New England, reserverede Rich et bord på deres romantiske yndlingsrestaurant. Kathy vidste, at han ville fri til hende, og hun kunne knapt skjule sin begejstring. Men Rich friede ikke til Kathy den aften. Han slog op med hende. Skønt han holdt meget af Kathy, og det gjorde han, var han bare ikke forelsket. Kathy var ødelagt. Hendes hjerte var knust og nu måtte hun atter hele. Men fem måneder efter bruddet kunne Kathy stadig ikke holde op med at tænke på Rich. Hendes hjerte var stadig helt knust. Spørgsmålet er: Hvorfor? Georgian: როცა ნიუ იორკში პირველ პაემანზე მიდიხარ, უამრავი ემოციის გამოხატვა უნდა შეგეძლოს. (სიცილი) მან მალე რიჩი გაიცნო და შეუყვარდა. ისეთი ურთიერთობა ჰქონდათ, როგორზეც ოცნებობდა. ზუსტად 6 თვეში, ნიუ ინგლენდში ლამაზი უიკენდის შემდეგ, რიჩმა მათ საყვარელ რესტორანში მაგიდა დაჯავშნა. ქეთი გრძნობდა რომ ხელი უნდა ეთხოვა, და აღელვებას ძლივს მალავდა. თუმცა რიჩმა იმ ღამით ქეთის ხელი არ სთხოვა. ის დაშორდა მას. მიუხედავად იმისა რომ ქეთი ძალიან მნიშვნელოვანი იყო მისთვის, მას არ უყვარდა ის. ქეთი განადგურებული იყო. გული გატეხილი ჰქონდა, კვლავ რეაბილიტაციის პროცესი უნდა გამოეარა. თუმცა დაშორებიდან 5 თვის შემდეგ, ქეთი კვლავაც ვერ წყვეტდა რიჩიზე ფიქრს. გული ისევ ისე ძალიან ტკიოდა. ისმის კითხვა: რატომ? Arabic: عندما يمرُ أحدكم بمواعدته الأولى في مدينة نيويورك، عليه أن يكون قادرًا على التعبير عن مدى واسع من المشاعر. (ضحك) وبعد ذلك بوقتٍ قصير، قابلت ريتش ووقعت في حبه. كانت العلاقة كل شيء تمّنته. وبعد ستة أشهر، بعد نهاية أسبوع ممتع في نيو أنجلند، حجز ريتش مائدة عشاء في مطعمها الرومانسي المفضل. عرفت كاثي بأنه سيطلبها للزواج، وتمكنت بالكاد من احتواء تحمسها. لكن لم يطلب ريتش كاثي للزواج تلك الليلة. قطع علاقته معها. بقدر ما كان يهتمُ بكاثي بعمق، وكان كذلك فعلًا، لم يكن ببساطة واقعًا في الحب. قد تحطمت كاثي. تحطم قلب كاثي حقًا، وواجهت تعافيًا آخر. لكن بعد خمسة أشهر من قطع العلاقة، لم تستطع كاثي التوقف عن التفكير في ريتش. لا يزال قلبها محطمًا بشدة. السؤال هو: لماذا؟ German: Warum konnte diese unfassbar starke und entschlossene Frau nicht dieselben emotionalen Ressourcen mobilisieren, mit denen sie vier Jahre Krebsbehandlungen überstanden hatte? Warum kämpfen so viele von uns damit, sich von einem gebrochenen Herzen zu erholen? Warum funktionieren dieselben Mechanismen für alle erdenklichen Herausforderungen unseres Lebens, versagen aber so kläglich bei einem gebrochenen Herzen? In mehr als 20 Jahren Praxiserfahrung habe ich Menschen jeden Alters und jeder Herkunft für alle möglichen Arten von Liebeskummer behandelt und dabei habe ich eines gelernt: Wenn man ein gebrochenes Herz hat, bringen einen die Instinkte, auf die man sich sonst verlässt, immer wieder auf Abwege. Man kann den eigenen Gedanken schlichtweg nicht trauen. Aus Studien über Liebeskummer wissen wir zum Beispiel, wie wichtig es ist, zu verstehen, wieso die Beziehung endete, Slovenian: Zakaj ta neverjetno močna in odločna ženska ni mogla uporabiti tistih čustvenih orodij, ki so ji pomagala v štirih letih zdravljenja raka? Zakaj tako mnogi od nas odpovemo, ko se trudimo, da bi si opomogli od žalosti? Zakaj nas isti mehanizmi, ki nas izvlečejo iz vseh vrst življenjskih izzivov, tako klavrno puste na cedilu, ko je naše srce strto? V več kot 20 letih zasebne prakse sem videl ljudi vseh starosti in izvorov soočene z vsemi oblikami žalosti in tisto, kar sem se naučil, je to: če je tvoje srce strto, te bodo tisti nagoni, na katere se običajno zanašaš, vedno znova zapeljali na napačno pot. Preprosto ne smeš zaupati svojemu umu. Iz študij ljudi s strtim srcem vemo, na primer, da je jasno razumevanje tega, zakaj se je razmerje končalo, Burmese: ဘာကြောင့် ဒီမယုံနိုင်အောင် ခိုင်မာပြီး စိတ်ဓာတ်ခိုင်မာတဲ့ အမျိုးသမီးဟာ ကင်ဆာ ကုသမှုတွေမှာ လေးနှစ်တာ ရခဲ့တဲ့ အလားတူ စိတ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ အရင်းအမြစ်တွေကို မထိန်းကျောင်းနိုင်တာလဲ။ အသည်းကွဲတာကနေ သက်သာဖို့ ကြိုးစားနေတဲ့အခါ အများအပြားဟာ ဘာကြောင့် စမ်းတဝါးဝါးဖြစ်တာလဲ။ အသည်းကွဲအခါ ဘာကြောင့် ဘဝ စိန်ခေါ်မှု မျိုးစုံ ကျော်ဖြတ်ဖို့ ဖြစ်စေတဲ့ အလားတူ ဖြေရှင်းရေးယန္တရားတွေက ကျွန်တော်တို့ကို ဆိုးရွားစွာ ကျရှုံးစေတာလဲ။ အနှစ် ၂၀ ကျော် ကိုယ်ပိုင် လုပ်ငန်းမှာ အရွယ်စုံ၊ နောက်ခံစုံရှိတဲ့ လူတွေ အသည်းကွဲတာရဲ့ ပုံစံစုံကို ရင်ဆိုင်ရတာ တွေ့မြင်ခဲ့ပြီး ဒါက ကျွန်တော် သိလိုက်ရတာပါ၊ အသည်းကွဲတဲ့အခါ သာမန် သင်အားထားတဲ့ အလားတူ ပင်ကိုယ်တုံ့ပြန်မှုတွေဟာ အကြိမ်ကြိမ် သင့်ကို လမ်းမှားကို ခေါ်သွားလိမ့်မယ်။ သင့်စိတ်က သင့်ကိုပြောနေတာကို မယုံနိုင်ဘူးဖြစ်နေတယ်။ ဥပမာ အသည်းကွဲတဲ့ လူတွေအကြောင်း လေ့လာမှုတွေက သိရတာက ဘာကြောင့် ချစ်သံယောဇဉ်တစ်ခု အဆုံးသတ် တာကို ရှင်းလင်းတဲ့ နားလည်ခြင်းဟာ Czech: Proč nebyla tato neskutečně silná a odhodlaná žena schopná použít tu stejnou vnitřní sílu, která jí dostala skrz čtyři roky léčby rakoviny? Proč tolik z nás tápe, když se snažíme vzpamatovat ze zlomeného srdce? Proč ty stejné vyrovnávací mechanismy, které nás dostávají přes různé druhy životních výzev, nefungují, když jde o zlomené srdce? Za více než 20 let soukromé praxe jsem viděl lidi různého věku a z různých prostředí čelit všem druhům zlomeného srdce a odnesl jsem si tohle: Když máte zlomené srdce, ty instinkty, na které obvykle spoléháte, vás opakovaně zavedou na špatnou cestu. Jednoduše nemůžete věřit tomu, co vám vaše mysl říká. Například, ze studií o lidech se zlomeným srdcem víme, že jasné pochopení toho, proč vztah skončil, Bulgarian: Защо тази невероятно силна и решителна жена не бе способна да управлява същите емоционални ресурси, които й помогнаха да премине през четирите години на раколечение? Защо толкова много от нас се препъват, когато се опитват да излекуват разбитото си сърце? Защо същите механизми за справяне, които ни помагат да се справим с най-различни житейски препятствия, ни предават, когато сърцето ни е разбито? За повече от 20 години частна практика съм видял хора на различна възраст и с различен произход да се сблъскват с най-различни видове разбито сърце и научих това: когато сърцето ви е разбито същите инстинкти, на които обикновено се осланяте, често ви водят в грешната посока. Просто не можете да вярвате на това, което умът ви ви казва. Например, знаем от изследванията на хора с разбити сърца че разбирането, защо връзката ви е приключила, Italian: Come mai questa donna incredibilmente forte e determinata non era in grado di schierare le stesse risorse emotive che l'avevano portata oltre quattro anni di terapie per il cancro? Perché così tanti di noi sono in difficoltà quando c'è da riprendersi da un cuore spezzato? Perché gli stessi meccanismi che ci fanno superare ogni tipo di sfida che ci pone la vita falliscono così miseramente quando il nostro cuore viene spezzato? In più di 20 anni di libera professione, ho visto persone di ogni età e estrazione sociale affrontare ogni tipo di cuore spezzato e questo è ciò che ho imparato: quando il tuo cuore è spezzato gli stessi istinti su cui fai affidamento di solito ti guideranno di volta in volta alla soluzione sbagliata. Semplicemente, non puoi fidarti di ciò che ti suggerisce la tua mente. Per esempio, sappiamo dagli studi sulle persone con il cuore spezzato che avere una chiara comprensione del perché la relazione è finita English: Why was this incredibly strong and determined woman unable to marshal the same emotional resources that got her through four years of cancer treatments? Why do so many of us flounder when we're trying to recover from heartbreak? Why do the same coping mechanisms that get us through all kinds of life challenges fail us so miserably when our heart gets broken? In over 20 years of private practice, I have seen people of every age and background face every manner of heartbreak, and what I've learned is this: when your heart is broken, the same instincts you ordinarily rely on will time and again lead you down the wrong path. You simply cannot trust what your mind is telling you. For example, we know from studies of heartbroken people that having a clear understanding of why the relationship ended Georgian: რატომ არ შეეძლო ამ საოცრად ძლიერ და მიზანდასახულ ქალს გამოეყენებინა ემოციური რესურსი, რომელიც მას კიბოსთან 4-წლიანი ბრძოლისას დაეხმარა? რატომ გვიჭირს უმეტესობას ასე ძალიან გატეხილი გულის გამთელება? რატომ არის რომ ის ბრძოლის მექანიზმები, რომლებიც ცხოვრების ნებისმიერ გამოწვევისას გვეხმარებიან, გვღალატობენ როდესაც საქმე გატეხილ გულს ეხება? ჩემი 20 წლიანი პრაქტიკის განმავლობაში, სხვადასხვა ასაკისა და გამოცდილების ადამიანთანმქონია შეხება, ყველანირი გულგატეხილობა მინახავს, და რაც ვისწავლე არის ის რომ: როდესაც გული გაგიტყდებათ, ინსტინქტები რომლებსაც ჩვეულებრივ ეყრდნობით არასწორ გზაზე წაგიძღვებიან, საკუთარ გონებას, უბრალოდ, არ უნდა ენდოთ. მაგალითად, გულგატეხილი ადამიანების კვლევიდან ვიცით, რომ ნათლად გვესმოდეს თუ რატომ დასრულდა ურთიერთობა Serbian: Zašto ova neverovatno jaka i odlučna žena nije bila u stanju da prikupi iste emotivne resurse koji su joj pomogli da prođe kroz četiri godine tretmana raka? Zašto se mnogi od nas batrgaju kada pokušavamo da se oporavimo od slomljenog srca? Zašto nas isti mehanizmi borbe zbog kojih savlađujemo razne vrste životnih izazova tako bedno ostave na cedilu kada nam se slomi srce? Tokom preko 20 godina privatne prakse, video sam ljude raznih starosnih dobi i porekla kako se suočavaju sa svim vidovima raskida a naučio sam sledeće: kada vam je slomljeno srce, oni instinkti na koje se obično oslanjate će vas iznova voditi stranputicom. Prosto ne možete da verujete onome što vam mozak govori. Na primer, znamo iz istraživanja o ljudima sa slomljenim srcem da je jasno razumevanje toga zašto je veza okončana French: Pourquoi cette femme si forte et déterminée était-elle incapable d'utiliser les mêmes ressources émotionnelles déployées pour traverser ses quatre années de traitement contre le cancer ? Pourquoi tant de personnes ont-elles des difficultés à guérir d'un cœur brisé ? Pourquoi les mécanismes d'adaptation que nous utilisons pour faire face à tant de défis de la vie nous laissent tomber lorsque nous avons le cœur brisé ? En 20 ans de pratique privée, j'ai vu des gens de tous les âges et tous les milieux confronter leur cœur brisé de toutes les façons, et voici ce que j'ai appris : lorsque nous avons le cœur brisé, cet instinct sur lequel nous comptons nous mènera toujours et encore sur le mauvais chemin. Nous ne pouvons tout simplement pas croire ce que nous dit notre esprit. De nombreuses études sur les gens au cœur brisé nous ont appris que comprendre pourquoi la relation s'est terminée Chinese: 为什么这位异常坚强和 意志坚定的女人 无法重拾四年前帮助她 挺过癌症治疗的心理状态？ 为什么我们那么多人 在尝试愈合心碎时挣扎不堪？ 为什么帮助我们应付 许多人生挑战的作用机理 却在我们心碎时完全无效？ 在超过20年的私人看诊经历中， 我见过来自各个年龄 以及背景的人 面对每种类别的心碎， 而我从中学习到的是： 当你心碎时， 你平常所依赖的那些直觉 将一次又一次地 误导你步上歧途。 你不能相信自己的直觉。 举个例子，我们知道有关 心碎的人的研究显示， 清楚了解关系终结的原因 Korean: 4년간의 암 치료를 이겨낼만큼 놀랍도록 강하고 단호한 여성이 실연에 대해서는 왜 동일하게 감정적 힘을 모을 수 없었던 것일까요? 왜 대다수의 우리들은 실연을 극복하기 위해 허둥대는 것일까요? 온갖 삶의 역경을 극복하는데 발휘되었던 대응 기제가 실연에는 통하지 않는 이유가 뭘까요? 20년 넘게 개인병원을 운영하면서, 각양각색의 이별을 경험한 세대와 배경이 다른 많은 사람을 만났습니다. 그리고 알게되었죠. 실연을 당하면, 평상시 우리가 의지했던 것과 동일한 본능이 끊임없이 우리를 잘못된 길로 인도하게 됩니다. 마음의 소리를 온전히 믿을 수 없게 돼버립니다. 예를 들어, 실연당한 사람들에 관한 연구를 통해 관계가 왜 끝났는지 제대로 파악하는 것은 Russian: Почему невероятно сильная и решительная женщина не могла собраться с духом, как делала это долгие годы борьбы с раком? Почему многим из нас так трудно излечиться от любовных ран? Мы берём себя в руки и справляемся с разными жизненными трудностями, но когда дело касается разбитого сердца, мы бессильны. За 20 лет частной практики я видел множество людей разного возраста и статуса, которые переживали разрыв отношений. И я вот что понял: когда твоё сердце разбито, обычные защитные механизмы инстинктов раз за разом тебя подводят. Ты просто не доверяешь своему разуму. Приведу пример. Исследования доказали, что очень важно понимать истинную причину завершения отношений. Vietnamese: Tại sao người phụ nữ mạnh mẽ và quyết đoán này lại không thể gợi lại nguồn cảm xúc tích cực đã giúp cô vượt qua bốn năm điều trị ung thư? Tại sao rất nhiều người chúng ta phải chật vật khi cố để chữa lành trái tim tan vỡ? Tại sao phương thức thích ứng đã giúp ta vượt qua vô vàn thử thách trong cuộc sống lại vô dụng trước một trái tim bị tổn thương? Trong suốt 20 năm điều trị bệnh nhân, tôi đã thấy nhiều người từ nhiều độ tuổi và hoàn cảnh đối mặt với nhiều trạng thái tan vỡ, và điều tôi học được là: Khi trái tim ta tan vỡ, bản năng mà bạn thường dựa vào sẽ được khơi dậy và một lần nữa khiến bạn đi sai đường. Bạn chỉ đơn giản là không thể tin những gì tâm trí đang nói cho bạn nghe. Ví dụ, ta đều biết từ các nghiên cứu về người đau khổ rằng nhận thức rõ ràng về lý do kết thúc mối quan hệ Chinese: 為什麼這個極度堅強且堅定的女性， 沒有辦法去整理這些和她 四年癌症治療同樣的情緒來源？ 為什麼有這麼多人 試著從心碎中復原時，都那麼掙扎？ 為什麼明明這些處理機制 能幫我們走過各種人生中的困難， 卻在我們的心碎時刻， 完全派不上用場？ 我私人執業的時間超過二十年， 我見過各種年齡層、各種背景的人 面臨各種心碎， 而我所學到的是： 當你的心碎了， 你平常所仰賴的那些直覺 會一而再，再而三地 引導你走向錯誤的路。 你就是不能相信你的大腦告訴你的。 比如，我們從關於 心碎的人的研究得知， 清楚了解為什麼感情關係會結束 Romanian: De ce era această femeie, incredibil de puternică și hotărâtă, incapabilă să dispună de aceleaşi resurse emoționale cu care a răzbit prin patru ani de tratamente împotriva cancerului? De ce se zbat așa de mulți dintre noi, când încercăm să ne refacem după o inimă frântă? De ce aceleași mecanisme de adaptare, care ne ajută să trecem prin tot felul de încercări, ne lasă complet baltă când avem inimile frânte? În cei peste 20 de ani, la cabinetul meu particular am văzut oameni de toate vârstele și din toate mediile trecând prin tot felul de dureri sufletești, iar ce am învățat, e asta: când aveți inima frântă, aceleași instincte pe care vă bazați de obicei, vă vor conduce neîncetat pe calea greșită. Pur și simplu, nu puteți avea încredere în ce vă spune mintea. De exemplu, știm din studiile despre oameni cu inima frântă că a înțelege foarte clar de ce s-a terminat relația Portuguese: Por que essa mulher incrivelmente forte e determinada era incapaz de reunir os mesmos recursos emocionais que a fizeram superar quatro anos de tratamento de câncer? Por que tantos de nós tropeçam quando tentamos nos recuperar da desilusão amorosa? Por que os mesmos mecanismos de enfrentamento que nos fazem superar todo tipo de desafio na vida falham absurdamente quando nosso coração é partido? Em mais de 20 anos de prática particular, vi pessoas de todas as idades e históricos enfrentarem todo tipo de desilusão amorosa e aprendi o seguinte: quando seu coração está partido, os mesmos instintos nos quais você confia normalmente insistirão em te conduzir pelo caminho errado. Você simplesmente não pode confiar naquilo que sua mente está dizendo. Por exemplo, aprendemos em estudos com pessoas desiludidas que ter uma compreensão clara do porquê o relacionamento terminou Dutch: Waarom was deze zeer sterke en gemotiveerde vrouw niet in staat uit dezelfde emotionele bronnen te putten die haar door vier jaren van kanker hadden geholpen? Waarom falen zo veel van ons als we proberen te helen van een gebroken hart? Waarom laten dezelfde verwerkingsmechanismen die ons door zoveel problemen heen helpen, het zo afweten als het op een gebroken hart aankomt? In meer dan 20 jaar privé-praktijk heb ik mensen van allerlei leeftijden en afkomst geconfronteerd gezien met allerlei liefdesverdriet en wat ik heb geleerd is dit: als je hart is gebroken, zullen dezelfde instincten waar je op normaal vertrouwt je keer op keer het verkeerde pad op sturen. Je kunt gewoon niet vertrouwen wat je verstand je vertelt. Zo weten we van studies van mensen met een gebroken hart dat een duidelijk begrip van waarom de relatie eindigde Urdu: کیوں یہ مضبُوط اور ثابت قدم عورت اُن جذبات کا اِستعمال نہ کر سکی جن کی مدد سے اس نے چار سال کینسر کا مقابلہ کیا؟ ہم میں سے بہت سے کیوں لڑھک جاتے ہیں جب ہم ٹوٹے دل کو سمیٹ رہے ہوتے ہیں؟ خوُد کو سمیٹنے کے طور طریقے جو زندگی کے دوسرے مسائل سے نِمٹنے میں ہماری مدد کرتے ہیں ٹوٹے دِل کے معاملے میں بُری طرح ناکام کیوں ہو جاتے ہیں؟ بیس سالہ پیشہ ورانہ زندگی میں، میرا ہر عُمر اور ہر پس منظر کے لوگوں سے واسطہ پڑا جن کے دِل ہر ممکنہ طریقوں سے ٹوٹے تھے، جو میں نے سیکھا ہے وہ یہ ہے کہ: جب آپ کا دِل ٹوٹ جائے، وہی جبِلت جس پر آپ عموماً انحصار کرتے ہیں آپ کو بار بار غلط راستے پر لے جائے گی۔ آپ اپنی عقل پر انحصار نہیں کر سکتے۔ مثلاً ٹوٹے ہوئے دلوں پر کی گئی تحقیق بتاتی ہے کہ رِشتہ ختم ہونے کی وجوہات کا ادراک ہونا Turkish: Bu inanılmaz güçlü ve kararlı kadın dört yıl kanser tedavisinin üstesinden gelebilirken aynı duygusal kaynağı bu durumda kullanamıyor? Kalp kırıklığından iyileşmeye çalışırken çoğumuz niçin bu kadar zorluk çekiyoruz? Niçin hayattaki diğer tüm zorluklarda bize yardım eden mücadele mekanizmaları kalbimiz kırıldığında işe yaramaz hâle geliyorlar? Konu üzerinde özel olarak çalıştığım 20 yıl içinde her yaş ve altyapıdan pek çok insanın her tür kalp kırıklığı yaşadığını gördüm, bundan öğtendiğim şey ise kalbiniz kırıldığında normalde güvendiğiniz içgüdüleriniz sık sık sizi yanlış yola yönlendirecek. Yani aklınızın söylediği şeye güvenemezsiniz. Örneğin kalbi kırılmış insanlarla yapılan çalışmalardan ilişkinin neden bittiğini açıkça anlamanın Arabic: لماذا هذه المرأة الحازمة القوية بشكل لا يصدق لم تكن قادرة على تجنيد نفس المصادر العاطفية التي جعلتها تمرُّ بأربع سنوات من علاجات السرطان؟ لماذا يتعثر العديد منا عندما يحاولُ التعافي من تحطم القلب؟ لماذا نفس آليات المواجهة والتكيف التي تجعلنا نمرُ بكل أنواع تحديات الحياة تفشلُ معنا فشلًا ذريعًا عندما تتحطم قلوبنا؟ على مدى أكثر من 20 عامًا في عيادتي الخاصة رأيتُ أشخاصًا من كل الخلفيات والأعمار يواجهون كل أشكال تحطم القلب، وما تعلمته هو التالي: عندما يتحطم قلب أحدكم، فنفس الغرائز الطبيعية التي تعتمدُ عليها عادةً ستقيسُ الوقت وستقودك مجددًا إلى المسار الخاطىء. لن تستطيع ببساطة الثقة بما يقوله عقلك لك. على سبيل المثال، نعرفُ من الدراسات للأشخاص المحطمة قلوبهم أن وجود فهم واضح لديهم حول سبب انتهاء العلاقة Thai: ทำไม ผู้หญิงที่เข้มแข็ง มุ่งมั่นเหลือเชื่ออย่างเธอ ไม่สามารถที่จะใช้ ความเข้มแข็งมุ่งมั่นแบบเดียวกับ ที่ช่วยให้เธอผ่านพ้นการรักษาตัว จากโรคมะเร็งอยู่สี่ปีมาได้ ทำไมมันถึงลำบากนักสำหรับพวกเราหลายคน ที่จะฟื้นคืนจากอาการหัวใจสลายได้ ทำไมกลไกของการจัดการแบบเดียวกัน ที่ช่วยให้เราผ่านปัญหาสารพัดในชีวิตมาได้ ถึงช่วยอะไรเราไม่ได้เลยเมื่อเราอกหัก ในระยะยี่สิบปีที่ผมรักษาคนไข้มา ผมได้พบกับผู้คนทุกวัย จากภูมิหลังทุกแบบ ที่เจอกับอาการหัวใจสลายทุกรูปแบบ และผมได้เรียนรู้มาว่าอย่างนี้ เวลาคุณอกหักรักสลาย สัญชาตญาณแบบเดียวกันที่คุณใช้อยู่เป็นปกติ จะพาคุณไปตามเส้นทาง ที่ผิดพลาดซ้ำแล้วซ้ำอีก คุณไปเชื่อสิ่งที่ใจบอกคุณไม่ได้หรอก ตัวอย่างเช่น เรารู้จากงานวิจัยเรื่องคนอกหักว่า ความเข้าใจชัดเจนว่าทำไมความสัมพันธ์ถึงจบลง Hungarian: Miért volt képtelen e hihetetlenül erős és határozott nő összeszedni magát és rendet teremteni érzelmeiben, amelyek négyéves rákkezelése idején pedig támaszt nyújtottak neki? Miért vergődnek közülünk oly sokan, mikor szívfájdalmukból igyekszenek kilábalni? Miért, hogy ugyanaz a küzdelmi mechanizmus, amely az élet mindenféle zűrjein átsegít, szörnyen cserben hagy, ha szívünk tört össze? Magánpraxisom több mint 20 éve alatt mindenféle korú és előéletű páciens mindennemű szívfájdalmával találkoztam, amelyből erre jöttem rá: mikor szívünk összetörik, ugyanazon ösztönök, amelyekre szokásosan támaszkodunk, újra meg újra tévútra visznek minket. Egyszerűen nem bízhatjuk magunkat az eszünkre. Szenvedő embereket tanulmányozva tudjuk, milyen fontos, hogy tisztában legyünk vele, mi vetett véget a kapcsolatnak. iw: למה האישה הנחושה בדעתה בצורה מדהימה הזאת לא מסוגלת להשתמש באותם מקורות רגשיים שגרמו לה לעבור ארבע שנים של טיפולי סרטן? למה רבים מאיתנו מתלבטים כשאנחנו מנסים להתגבר על לב שבור? למה אותם מנגנוני התמודדות שגרמו לנו לעבור את כל אתגרי החיים מאכזבים אותנו כל כך כשהלב שלנו נשבר? במהלך מעל 20 שנה של אימון אישי, אני ראיתי אנשים מכל קבוצות הגיל והרקעים מתמודדים עם כל דרך התמודדות עם לב שבור, ומה שלמדתי הוא זה: כאשר הלב שלכם נשבר, אותם אינסטינקטים שאתה בדר"כ מסתמך עליהם שוב ושוב יובילו אותכם בשביל הלא נכון. אתם פשוט לא יכולים לסמוך על מה שהמוח שלכם אומר. לדוגמה, אנחנו יודעים ממחקרים של אנשים שבורי לב שלקבל הבנה מלאה של למה הסתיימה מערכת היחסים Spanish: ¿Por qué esta mujer tan increíblemente fuerte y decidida no tenía la capacidad de usar los mismos recursos emocionales que la llevaron a enfrentar cuatro años de tratamientos para el cáncer? ¿Por qué será que nos desorientamos cuando intentamos recuperarnos de una decepción amorosa? ¿Por qué será que los mismos mecanismos de defensa que nos permiten enfrentar todo tipo de desafíos en la vida fracasan tan rotundamente cuando atravesamos una ruptura amorosa? En más de 20 años de práctica a nivel privado, he visto gente de todas las edades y extracciones sociales enfrentar el desamor de diversas maneras, y aprendí lo siguiente: cuando atravesamos una ruptura sentimental, los mismos instintos en los que siempre confiamos son los que nos llevarán por el camino equivocado una y otra vez. Simplemente, no podemos confiar en lo que la mente nos dice. Por ejemplo, estudios realizados con personas que han sufrido una decepción amorosa dicen que, para poder salir adelante, Ukrainian: Чому ця надзвичайно сильна і наполеглива жінка неспроможна cкерувати ті ж самі емоційні ресурси, які допомогли їй витримати чотири роки лікування від раку? Чому ми такі безпомічні у спробах загоїти душевні рани? Чому ті ж самі механізми, які допомагають нам пережити найскрутніші моменти життя, так жахливо підводять нас, коли розбивається наше серце? За більш, ніж 20-річну приватну практику я зустрічав людей різного віку і статусу, яким не пощастило в коханні, і ось чого я навчився: коли серце розбите, наші звичні інстинкти самозахисту зраджують нам, обираючи хибне рішення. Ви не можете просто довіряти тому, що говорить вам ваш розум. Наприклад, з проведених досліджень ми знаємо, що розуміння дійсної причини розриву Croatian: Zašto ova nevjerojatno jaka i odlučna žena nije upotrijebila istu emocionalnu snagu kojom je prebrodila 4 godine kemoterapija? Zašto se mnogi od nas muče kada se pokušavaju oporaviti od slomljenog srca? Zašto sve one strategije koje koristimo za rješavanje raznih životnih problema uopće ne funkcioniraju kada imamo slomljeno srce? U više od 20 godina privatne prakse, vidio sam ljude svih godina i porijekla kako se suočavaju sa slomljenim srcem i evo što sam naučio: kada vam je srce slomljeno, oni isti instinkti na koje se inače oslanjate stalno će vas navoditi na krivi put. Jednostavno ne možete vjerovati onome što vam um govori. Primjerice, iz istraživanja o slomljenom srcu znamo da je jako važno točno znati i razumjeti zašto je došlo do prekida veze Persian: چرا این زن قوی و مصمم نمی‌توانست از همان منابع عاطفی استفاده کند که در چهار سال درمان سرطان داشت؟ چرا بیشتر ما وقتی تلاش می‌کنیم یک دل شکستگی را ترمیم کنیم دست و پا می‌زنیم؟ چرا سازوکاری که ما را از همه چالش‌های زندگی عبور می‌دهد اینقدر بد دربرابر دل شکستگی کم می‌آورد؟ در بیش از ۲۰ سال فعالیت خصوصی، افرادی ازهر سن و پیشینه‌ای دیده‌ام، با یک جور دل شکستگی روبرو می‌شوند و چیزی که آموختم این است: وقتی دلتان شکست، همان غریزه‌ای که معمولا به آن تکیه می‌کنید به کرات شما را به راه غلط می‌کشاند. واقعاً نمی‌توانید به آنچه که ذهنتان می‌گوید اعتماد کنید. برای مثال، ما از مطالعاتی که روی افراد دل شکسته انجام شده دریافتیم که داشتن یک درک شفاف از دلیل پایان یک رابطه، Japanese: 彼女のように驚くほど芯が強く しっかりした女性でも 気持ちを整理できないのは なぜでしょう？ ４年もの間 がん治療に耐え抜いた 強い女性なのに 傷心から立ち直ることにかけては なかなか前に進めない人が多いのは なぜでしょう？ 人生の中で直面する さまざまな課題を 乗り切るための対処法が 失恋にも応用できそうなのに 実際には全く成功しない理由は何でしょう？ 20年以上にわたり 私のクリニックで あらゆる世代や立場の人々が いろいろなタイプの失恋に 直面するのを目にする中で 私は 次のことを学びました 恋に破れて心が傷付いた時 普段は頼りにするべき 自分の本能が 何度でも繰り返し 自分自身を 間違った方向に導くのです この時ばかりは 自分の心の声に 従ってはいけません 例えば 失恋した人の研究から 明らかになったのは 恋人との関係が終わった理由を はっきり自覚することが Modern Greek (1453-): Γιατί αυτή η απίστευτα δυνατή και αποφασιστική γυναίκα δεν μπορούσε να βάλει σε τάξη τα συναισθηματικά μέσα που τη βοήθησαν στα τέσσερα χρόνια θεραπείας του καρκίνου; Γιατί τόσοι πολλοί από εμάς δυσκολευόμαστε όταν προσπαθούμε να ξεπεράσουμε μια ερωτική απογοήτευση; Γιατί οι ίδιοι μηχανισμοί διαχείρισης που μας βοηθούν να περάσουμε όλων των ειδών τις προκλήσεις της ζωής αποτυγχάνουν τόσο οικτρά όταν η καρδιά μας ραγίζει; Μέσα στα 20 χρόνια που έχω ιδιωτικό ιατρείο, έχω δει ανθρώπους κάθε ηλικίας και υπόβαθρου να αντιμετωπίζουν κάθε μορφής ερωτική απογοήτευση, και αυτό που έμαθα είναι το εξής: Όταν ραγίζει η καρδιά σου, τα ίδια ένστικτα στα οποία συνήθως βασίζεσαι, είναι αυτά που θα σε οδηγήσουν επανειλημμένα στο λάθος μονοπάτι. Απλά, δεν μπορείς να εμπιστευτείς αυτό που σου λέει το μυαλό σου. Ξέρουμε από μελέτες ανθρώπων που είχαν μια ερωτική απογοήτευση, ότι το να καταλάβουμε ξεκάθαρα γιατί η σχέση τελείωσε Danish: Hvorfor var denne stærke og målrettede kvinde ikke i stand til at udnytte de samme emotionelle ressourcer, som fik hende gennem fire års kræftbehandling? Hvorfor kæmper så mange af os med at komme over et knust hjerte? Hvorfor virker de samme mekanismer, der gør os i stand til at overkomme alle mulige udfordringer, ikke når vi får vores hjerte knust? I over 20 år som behandler, har jeg set mennesker i alle aldre og med forskellige baggrunde, møde alle former for hjertesorg, og dette er hvad, jeg har lært: Når dit hjerte bliver knust, vil de instinkter, du normalt stoler på, igen og igen lede dig i den forkerte retning. Du kan simpelthen ikke regne med det dit sind fortæller dig. For eksempel ved vi fra studier af personer med hjertesorg, at en klar forståelse af årsagen til bruddet, Portuguese: Porque é que esta mulher incrivelmente forte e determinada era incapaz de reunir os mesmos recursos emocionais que a tinham levado a ultrapassar quatro anos de tratamento de cancro? Porque é que temos tanta dificuldade quando tentamos recuperar de um desgosto amoroso? Porque é que os mesmos mecanismos que nos levam a ultrapassar todo o tipo de problemas na vida nos falham tão redondamente quando nos partem o coração? Em mais de 20 anos de prática, observei pessoas de todas as idades e historiais enfrentarem todos os tipos de desgostos e isto foi o que aprendi: quando o nosso coração se parte, os mesmos instintos em que confiamos vão levar-nos pelo caminho errado vezes sem conta. Simplesmente não podemos confiar no que a nossa cabeça nos diz. Sabemos de estudos realizados a pessoas com desgostos de amor que ter uma clara compreensão da razão pela qual a relação terminou French: est très important pour pouvoir aller de l'avant. Malgré tout, lorsqu'on nous donne une simple et honnête explication telle que celle que Rich a offert à Kathy, nous la rejetons. Une peine d'amour crée une douleur émotionnelle si intense, que notre esprit nous dit que la cause doit être tout aussi dramatique. Et cet instinct viscéral est si puissant, que même les plus raisonnables et pondérés d'entre nous en viennent à inventer toutes sortes de mystères et conspirations où il n'y en a pas. Kathy était convaincue que quelque chose était arrivé lors de son escapade romantique avec Rich qui lui avait fait changer d'avis, et elle était obsédée par découvrir ce que c'était. Et donc, elle passa d'innombrables heures à ressasser chaque minute de ce week-end dans sa tête, cherchant dans sa mémoire des indices là où il n'y en avait pas. Les pensées de Kathy l'avaient piégée à entamer cette chasse folle. Mais qu'est-ce qui l'a forcée à s'y enfoncer pendant autant de mois ? Bulgarian: е много важно, за да можем да продължим напред. И често, когато ни бъде дадено просто и честно обяснение, като това, което Рич дал на Кати, ние го отхвърляме. Разбитото сърце ни носи толкова силна емоционална болка, че мозъкът ни ни казва, че причината трябва да бъде също толкова голяма. И вътрешният ни глас е толкова силен, че може да накара дори най-разумните от нас да си измислят странни и конспирационни теории, които просто не съществуват. Кати си въобрази, че нещо трябва да се е случило по време на тяхния романтичен уикенд с Рич, което го е накарало да прекрати връзката им, и тя се вманиачи, опитвайки се да разбере какво е то. Прекара безброй часове, като премисля всяка минута от онзи уикенд в търсене на доказателства, които просто не съществуваха. Умът на Кати я подмами да търси зелен хайвер. Но какво я накара да отдаде толкова много месеци в търсене? Chinese: 對於我們能否繼續 走下去是很重要的。 但，一而再，再而三， 我們得到的是一個 簡單且誠實的解釋， 就像雷奇給凱西的解釋， 而我們不願接受。 心碎會造成非常戲劇性的痛苦， 我們的大腦告訴我們， 它的成因一定也是同等戲劇性的。 那種直覺十分強大， 甚至會讓最理性、最慎重的人， 都會想出些根本不存在的謎團 和陰謀論。 凱西深信，在她和雷奇 浪漫之旅的過程中 一定發生了什麼事， 導致他對這段感情感到不快， 而她變得執著在要想出原因是什麼。 於是，她花了無數小時， 在腦中回想那個週末的每一分鐘， 在記憶中尋找根本不存在的線索。 凱西的大腦騙了她， 讓她開始了這場徒勞的追尋。 但，是什麼強迫她投入 這麼多個月的時間？ Chinese: 对继续向前，不被感情所困 的能力非常重要。 但是，一次又一次地， 当别人告诉我们简单 以及真诚的解释时， 如同瑞奇告诉凯蒂的， 我们会全盘拒绝。 心碎制造出如此 戏剧化的感情伤痛， 以致我们的头脑告诉我们 其原因也肯定同样戏剧化。 而那直觉是如此强大， 它可导致我们当中 最理性和最慎重的人 想出完全不存在的神秘论和 阴谋论。 凯蒂坚信她和瑞奇 一起度过的浪漫假期时 肯定发生了什么 破坏他们俩感情的事儿， 导致她无法自拔地 猜想到底是什么事儿。 就那样，她花了无数时间 在脑海里重新回顾 那个周末的每一分钟， 尝试在她的记忆里寻找 不存在的线索。 凯蒂的思想哄骗她 开始这徒劳的搜索。 但是又是什么迫使她花 无数个月的时间这么做呢？ Turkish: hayatımıza devam etmede gerçekten önemli olduğunu biliyoruz. Yine de sık sık Rich'in Kathy'ye sunduğu gibi basit ve dürüst bir açıklama sunulduğunda bunu reddediyoruz. Kalp kırıklığı öylesine ciddi bir duygusal acıya sebep oluyor ki aklımız bize sebebinin de aynı ölçüde ciddi olması gerektiğini söylüyor. O içgüdü o kadar güçlü ki en makul ve mantıklı olanlarımız bile gerçekte olmayan gizemler ve komplo teorileri yaratabiliyoruz. Kathy, Rich'le geçirdiği romantik tatil süresince onu ilişkiden soğutacak bir şeylerin olduğuna emindi ve bunun ne olduğunu anlamayı takıntı haline getirdi. O haftasonu geçirdikleri her dakikayı saatlerce düşündü durdu, aslında olmayan ipuçlarını arayarak hafızasını zorladı. Kathy'nin aklı da onu bu boş arayışa teşvik etti. Peki onu aylarca kendini buna adamaya zorlayan şey neydi? Modern Greek (1453-): είναι πολύ σημαντικό προκειμένου να μπορέσουμε να προχωρήσουμε. Παρ' όλα αυτά, επανειλημμένα, όταν μας δίνουν μια απλή και ειλικρινή εξήγηση, όπως έκανε ο Ριτς με την Κάθι, την απορρίπτουμε. Η ερωτική απογοήτευση δημιουργεί τόσο δραματικό συναισθηματικό πόνο, που το μυαλό μας λέει ότι η αιτία πρέπει να είναι εξίσου δραματική. Αυτό το εσωτερικό ένστικτο είναι τόσο ισχυρό, που μπορεί να κάνει ακόμα και τους πιο λογικούς και μετρημένους από εμάς να σκεφτούμε μυστήρια και θεωρίες συνωμοσίας όταν τίποτα απ' αυτά δεν ισχύει. Η Κάθι ήταν πεπεισμένη ότι κάτι πρέπει να συνέβη κατά τη διάρκεια της ρομαντικής εξόρμησης με τον Ριτς που τον έκανε να χαλάσει τη σχέση, και έπαθε εμμονή με το να βρει τι ήταν αυτό. Κι έτσι, πέρασε αμέτρητες ώρες να σκέφτεται κάθε λεπτό εκείνου του σαββατοκύριακου, ψάχνοντας στη μνήμη της για στοιχεία που δεν υπήρχαν. Το μυαλό της Κάθι την ξεγέλασε κι έτσι ξεκίνησε αυτό το κυνήγι φαντασμάτων. Όμως, τι την ανάγκασε να αφοσιωθεί σε αυτό για τόσους πολλούς μήνες; Slovenian: zelo pomembno za to, da gremo lahko naprej. Vendar, vedno znova, ko dobimo preprosto in pošteno razlago, kot jo je Rich ponudil Kathy, jo zavrnemo. Strto srce naredi tako dramatično čustveno bolečino, nam naš um govori, da mora biti razlog prav tako dramatičen. In ta instinkt je tako močan, da si lahko tudi najbolj razumni in umirjeni izmišljamo skrivnosti in teorije zarot, ki jih ni. Kathy je postala prepričana, da se je moralo nekaj zgoditi med romantičnim pobegom z Richem, kar je skisalo odnos, in je postala obsedena z iskanjem, kaj bi to bilo. In tako je preživela nešteto ur, v mislih podoživljala vsako minuto tega vikenda in brskala po spominu za namigi, ki jih tam ni bilo. Kathy je prevaral um, da je začela ta jalov lov. Le zakaj se mu je posvetila toliko mesecev? Thai: สำคัญจริงๆ ที่จะให้เราสามารถก้าวต่อไปได้ แต่กระนั้น ครั้งแล้วครั้งเล่า เวลาที่เราได้รับคำอธิบายที่ง่ายๆ และจริงใจ อย่างที่ริชบอกกับแคธี เราก็ปฏิเสธมัน อาการอกหักสร้างความเจ็บปวดแก่จิตใจอย่างมาก ใจของเราบอกเราว่า สาเหตุก็ต้องสาหัสพอๆ กัน แล้วความรู้สึกลึกๆ ในใจนี้ ก็มีพลังเหลือขนาด จนกระทั่งพวกเราบางคนที่ว่า เป็นคนมีเหตุผล และรู้จักไตร่ตรอง ยังสามารถสร้างเรื่องลึกลับ กับทฤษฎีสมคบคิดต่างๆ ขึ้นมาได้ โดยที่ไม่มีอะไรจริงเลย แคธีเกิดปักใจเชื่อว่า จะต้องมีอะไรบางอย่างเกิดขึ้นแน่ๆ ระหว่างที่เธอไปพักผ่อนอย่างโรแมนติกกับริช ที่ทำให้เขาหมองหมางกับความสัมพันธ์ แล้วเธอก็หมกมุ่นครุ่นคิดว่ามันคืออะไร เธอใช้เวลาหลายชั่วโมงนับไม่ถ้วน ทบทวนถึงทุกนาทีของสุดสัปดาห์นั้นในใจ ค้นหาในความทรงจำถึง เรื่องที่น่าจะเป็นต้นเหตุซึ่งไม่มีอยู่ ใจของแคธีหลอกล่อ ให้เธอวุ่นวายค้นหาสิ่งที่ไม่มีอยู่ แต่อะไรกันที่บังคับให้เธอ อยู่กับความคิดนั้นตั้งหลายเดือน Korean: 마음을 정리하는데 매우 중요합니다. 그러나 몇 번이고 되풀이해서, 단순하지만 정직한 설명을 들을 때면, 리치가 캐시에게 설명했듯이요. 설명을 받아들이길 거부하죠. 실연은 극적인 감정의 고통을 유발합니다. 마음 역시 똑같이 극적인 이유를 찾아냅니다. 이러한 감정적 본능은 너무나도 강력해서 가장 이성적이고 신중한 사람조차도 존재하지도 않는 미스터리와 음모론을 떠올리게 만듭니다. 캐시는 리치와 교제하는 동안 리치의 마음을 상하게 한 사건이 분명히 있었을 것이라고 확신했습니다. 그리고 그 일을 알아내는데 집착하게 되었습니다. 헤어진 주말에 있었던 모든 일을 분 단위로 생각하며 많은 시간을 허비했습니다. 기억을 뒤져 존재하지도 않는 단서를 찾으려 했습니다. 캐시의 마음이 부질없는 시도를 시작하게 했죠. 여러 달 동안 헛된 노력을 계속했던 이유는 무엇일까요? Serbian: veoma važno za našu sposobnost da idemo dalje. Ipak, iznova i iznova kada nam pruže prosto i iskreno objašnjenje, poput onog koje je Rič pružio Keti, odbacujemo ga. Slomljeno srce stvara tako dramatičan emotivni bol da nam mozak govori kako uzrok mora da bude jednako dramatičan. A taj telesni instinkt je toliko snažan da može čak i najrazumnije i najuravnoteženije od nas da navede da smišljamo misterije i teorije zavere tamo gde ih uopšte nema. Keti je postala ubeđena da mora da se nešto dogodilo tokom njenog romantičnog izleta sa Ričom zbog čega mu se smučila veza, te je postala opsednuta time da sazna šta je to bilo. Pa je provodila bezbrojne sate prolazeći u svom umu kroz svaki minut tog vikenda, pretražujući po sećanju tragove kojih nije bilo. Ketin um je obmanuo da pokrene ovaj sumanuti lov na veštice. Međutim, šta je navodilo da se posveti tome toliko meseci? Japanese: 次の一歩を踏み出すのに 非常に重要だということです たとえ 何度も繰り返して 相手が別れの理由を 簡潔かつ率直に説明したとしても― 例えばリッチがキャシーにしたことですが― 心は理解を拒みます 失恋は とても激しく 感情を傷付けるため 別れの理由も その傷と同じぐらい 深刻なはずだと考えるのです その本能的な心の声が強すぎて とても合理的で落ち着いた人々でさえ 謎や陰謀のせいだという 結論に達しうるのです そんなものはないのに キャシーは何かあったのだと 考えました リッチとの小旅行の間に 気持ちが冷める何かがあったのだと 彼女は 何がまずかったのかを 突き止めることにこだわりました とてつもなく長い時間をかけて その週末の行動を分刻みに振り返り 記憶をたどって ありもしない手がかりを探したのです キャシーは心の声に惑わされて 無駄な試みを始めてしまったのです しかし 何が原因で 彼女はその試みを 何か月も続けたのでしょう？ Georgian: ძალიან მნიშნვნელოვანია დავიწყებისათვის. თუმცა-ღა, როდესაც ისეთ მარტივ და გულწრფელ ახსნას ვიღებთ, როგორიც რიჩმა ქეთის შესთავაზა, ჩვენ მას უარვყოფთ. გულგატეხილობა ისეთ დრამატულ, ემოციურ ტკივილს გვანიჭებს, რომ გონება გვკარნახობს, მიზეზიც ასეთივე დრამატული უნდა იყოს. ეს ინსტიქტი კი ისეთი ძლიერია რომ ყველაზე რაციონალურ და მოზომილ ადამიანებიც კი შეუძლია გვაიძულოს მოვიგონოთ მისტერიები და კონსპირაციის თეორიები, როდესაც ისინი არ არსებობენ. ქეთი დარწმუნებული იყო, რაღაც მოხდა რომანტიული უიკენდის დროს, რამაც რიჩს მის მიმართ დამოკიდებულება შეაცვლევინა და ის შეიპყრო აზრმა გაერკვია რა იყო ეს. მან უთვალავი საათი გაატარა შაბათ-კვირის თითოეული წუთის გაანალიზებაში, საკუთარ გონებაში მინიშნებების ძიებაში, რომლებიც არ არსებობდნენ. ქეთი საკუთარმა გონებამ ქარის წისქვილებთან ბრძოლაში ჩაითრია. თუმცა რამ აიძულა ის ამ ბრძოლისთვის ამდენი თვე დაეთმო? Spanish: es fundamental comprender claramente por qué ha terminado la relación. Sin embargo, una y otra vez, cuando se nos da una explicación simple y honesta como la que Rich le dio a Kathy, la rechazamos. Una ruptura amorosa produce un dolor emocional tan dramático, que nuestra mente interpreta que la causa debe de ser igualmente dramática. Y ese instinto visceral es tan poderoso, que puede llevar a las personas más razonables y mesuradas a elucubrar misterios y teorías conspirativas donde no las hay. Kathy estaba convencida de que algo debió haber ocurrido durante esa escapada romántica con Rich que le hizo a él dudar sobre la relación, y ella se obsesionó tratando de averiguar qué había pasado. Y así Kathy pasaba horas interminables repasando mentalmente cada minuto de aquel fin de semana, buscando en su memoria alguna clave... que no existía. La mente de Kathy la engañaba, lanzándola a una búsqueda infructuosa. Pero ¿qué la impulsaba a esa búsqueda durante tantos meses? German: um darüber hinweg kommen zu können. Doch nur zu oft bekommen wir eine einfache und ehrliche Erklärung, wie bei Rich und Kathy, aber wir lehnen sie ab. Ein gebrochenes Herz bereitet so schlimme emotionale Schmerzen, dass unser Verstand glaubt, die Ursache müsse genauso schlimm sein. Und dieses Bauchgefühl ist so stark, dass sich sogar die Vernünftigsten und Bedachtesten unter uns Verschwörungstheorien und Mysterien einfallen lassen, wo es keine gibt. Kathy kam zur Überzeugung, dass während ihres romantischen Urlaubs mit Rich etwas passiert sein musste, weshalb er die Beziehung beendete, und sie verbohrte sich darauf, herauszufinden, was das war. Also verbrachte sie unzählige Stunden damit, jede Minute dieses Wochenendes im Kopf durchzugehen und nach Hinweisen zu suchen, die es schlichtweg nicht gab. Kathy ging ihrem Verstand in die Falle und begann, nach einem Gespenst zu jagen. Doch was brachte sie dazu, diese Jagd monatelang fortzusetzen? Vietnamese: là rất quan trọng để có thể bước tiếp. Theo thời gian, khi có được lời giải thích thẳng thắn và chân thành giống như điều Rich đã làm với Kathy, chúng ta lại khước từ chúng. Tan vỡ tạo ra một nỗi đau về cảm xúc, và tâm trí bảo ta rằng lý do đằng sau chắc chắn phải rất phức tạp. Và bản năng đó mạnh mẽ đến độ, nó khiến cho phần lý do hợp lý nhất của chúng ta trở nên bí ẩn, dựng nên những giả thuyết lớn lao vốn dĩ không hiện hữu. Kathy khăng khăng rằng có điều gì đó đã xảy ra trong cuối tuần hẹn hò với Rich khiến anh ấy rời bỏ mối quan hệ này, và cô bị ám ảnh về việc tìm ra lý do đó. Và cô ấy dành vô số thời gian hồi tưởng lại từng phút của kỳ cuối tuần ấy, để tìm lại trong ký ức một manh mối vốn không tồn tại. Tâm trí của Kathy đánh lừa cô ấy. Nhưng điều gì đã khiến cô ấy làm điều đó trong suốt hàng tháng trời? Urdu: آگے بڑھنے کے لیے بہت ضروری ہے۔ لیکن باربار، جب بھی کوئی سادہ اور سچی وجہ بتائے جیسے رچ نے کیتھی کو بتائی، ہم اُس کو رد کر دیتے ہیں۔ دل ٹُوٹنے سے ایسی ناگہاں جذباتی تکلیف پہنچتی ہے، کہ ہماری عقل کہتی ہے کہ وجوہات بھی یقیناً یکساں ڈرامائی ہوں گی۔ اور یہ فِطری جبلِت اتنی طاقتور ہوتی ہے، کہ باشعوراورعقلمند لوگ بھی طرح طرح کی قیاس آرائیاں کرنے لگتے ہیں جبکہ ایسا کچھ نہیں ہوتا۔ کیتھی سوچتی تھی کُچھ ضروُر ہوا ہو گا رِچ کے ساتھ اس کے رومانوی سفر میں جس سے اس تعلق میں تلخی پیدا ہو گئی ہو گی، اور وہ اس کا کھوج لگانے کے لیے پاگل ہو رہی تھی۔ وہ گھنٹوں سوچتی رہتی اپنے ذہن میں اس ہفتہ وار چھٹی کے ہر لمحے کے بارے میں ان اشاروں کا کھوج لگانے میں جو تھے ہی نہیں۔ کیتھی کے دماغ نے اُسے بیکار کی باتوں میں اُلجھا دیا تھا۔ لیکن کس چیز نے اُسے اتنا عرصہ ان میں الجھائے رکھا؟ Dutch: heel belangrijk voor ons is om verder te kunnen gaan. Toch is het steeds weer zo dat als we een simpele en eerlijke verklaring krijgen, zoals die Rich aan Kathy gaf, we die verwerpen. Een gebroken hart geeft zoveel dramatische emotionele pijn dat onze hersenen zeggen dat de reden net zo dramatisch moet zijn. Het oerinstinct is zo krachtig dat zelfs de meest redelijke mensen onder ons zich mysteries en samenzweringen beginnen in te beelden die er helemaal niet zijn. Kathy was er van overtuigd dat er iets moest zijn gebeurd tijdens haar romantisch uitje met Rich dat hem deed twijfelen over hun relatie en ze raakte bezeten met bedenken wat dat was. Dus bracht ze ontelbare uren door met het in gedachten doornemen van elke minuut van dat weekend, haar herinneringen uitkammend op aanwijzingen die er niet waren. Kathy's gedachten hadden haar verleid tot deze hopeloze zoektocht. Maar wat bezielde haar om het zoveel maanden vol te houden? Russian: Без этого невозможно двигаться дальше. Но снова и снова, когда нам называют простую и честную причину, как было с Ричем и Кэти, мы отвергаем её. Мы чувствуем острую душевную боль, уязвлённое сознание кричит: причина должна быть сложной и серьёзной. Внутренний голос настолько силён, что даже самые рассудительные из нас сочиняют загадочные теории, которые не имеют ничего общего с реальностью. Кэти убедила себя в том, что в выходные перед расставанием что-то произошло, что не понравилось Ричу, поэтому он решил закончить отношения. Она решила во что бы то ни стало выяснить, что же случилось. Она потратила кучу времени, прокручивая в голове каждую минуту той поездки, пытаясь найти зацепки, которых не было. Кэти оказалась в ловушке собственных мыслей. Но что заставляло её накручивать себя долгие месяцы? Danish: er utroligt vigtigt for at kunne komme videre Men alligevel, når vi får en enkel og ærlig forklaring, som den Rich gav Kathy, afviser vi den. Hjertesorg skaber så dramatisk en følelsesmæssig smerte, at årsagen simpelthen bare må være lige så dramatisk. Og den mavefornemmelse er så stærk, at den kan få selv de mest fornuftige og afbalancerede af os til at opfinde mysterier og konspirationsteorier, hvor de slet ikke findes. Kathy blev overbevist om, at noget måtte være sket på hendes romantiske weekend med Rich, som gjorde ham træt af forholdet, og blev besat af at finde ud af, hvad det var. Derfor brugte hun utallige timer på at gennemgå hvert eneste minut af weekenden i sit hoved, og søgte ledetråde i sin hukommelse, som ikke var der. Kathys sind narrede hende til at starte en meningsløs jagt. Men hvad drev hende til at fortsætte i månedsvis? English: is really important for our ability to move on. Yet time and again, when we are offered a simple and honest explanation like the one Rich offered Kathy, we reject it. Heartbreak creates such dramatic emotional pain, our mind tells us the cause must be equally dramatic. And that gut instinct is so powerful, it can make even the most reasonable and measured of us come up with mysteries and conspiracy theories where none exist. Kathy became convinced something must have happened during her romantic getaway with Rich that soured him on the relationship, and she became obsessed with figuring out what that was. And so she spent countless hours going through every minute of that weekend in her mind, searching her memory for clues that were not there. Kathy's mind tricked her into initiating this wild goose chase. But what compelled her to commit to it for so many months? Italian: è molto importante per la nostra capacità di andare avanti. Tuttavia, di volta in volta, quando ci viene data una spiegazione semplice e onesta come quella che Rich diede a Kathy, la rifiutiamo. Un cuore spezzato crea un tale dolore emotivo, che la nostra mente pensa che la causa debba essere ugualmente drammatica. E quell'istinto primordiale è così potente che può portare anche il più ragionevole e misurato di noi a immaginarsi misteri e teorie della cospirazione dove non esistono. Kathy si convinse che qualcosa doveva essere successo durante la sua romantica fuga d'amore con Rich che aveva danneggiato la loro relazione, e diventò ossessionata cercando di capire cosa fosse. Quindi spese ore e ore ripassando mentalmente ogni minuto di quel weekend, setacciando la sua memoria in cerca di un indizio che non c'era. La mente di Kathy la ingannava spingendola a questa caccia al fantasma. Ma che cosa la obbligava ad impegnarcisi per così tanti mesi? Persian: برای توانایی ما در ادامه دادن به زندگی بسیار مهم است. با وجود این بارها، وقتی ما با یک توضیح ساده و صادقانه مانند چیزی که ریچ به کتی گفت روبرو می‌شویم آن را رد می‌کنیم. وقتی دل شکستگی چنان دردهای عاطفی بزرگی به وجود می‌آورد، ذهن ما می‌گوید علت هم باید به همان اندازه بزرگ باشد. و این تصور چنان قدرتمند است، و هر چقدرهم منطقی و باثبات باشیم فرضیه‌های مرموز و توطئه آمیزی که وجود ندارند به ذهن ما خطور کند. کتی متقاعد شد که حتما در طول تعطیلات رمانتیک آنها رخ داده است که ریچ را در این رابطه سرد کرده است و کتی را برای فهمیدن آن به فکر فرو برد. و ساعت‌های زیادی لحظه به لحظه سفرشان را در ذهنش مرور کرد تا نشانه‌هایی که وجود نداشت پیدا کند. ذهن کتی وادارش می‌کرد تلاش بیهوده‌ای را آغاز کند. اما چه چیزی او را مجبور کرد ماه‌ها به آن فکر کند؟ Burmese: ရှေ့ဆက်ဖို့ အစွမ်းအတွက် တကယ်ကို အရေးကြီးတာပါ။ ဒါပေမဲ့ အကြိမ်ကြိမ်ပဲ Rich က Kathy ကို ပေးတာလို ရိုးစင်း၊ပွင့်လင်းတဲ့ ရှင်းလင်းချက်တစ်ခု ကျွန်တော်တို့ကို ပေးတဲ့တဲ့အခါ ကျွန်တော်တို့ ပယ်ချတယ် အသည်းကွဲတာဟာ ဒီလောက် ပြင်းထန်တဲ့ စိတ်ပိုင်း နာကျင်မှုကို ဖန်တီးတော့ အကြောင်းတရားဟာ အလားတူ ပြင်းထန် မှာပဲလို့ ကျွန်တော်တို့ စိတ်က ပြောပါတယ်။ ဒီအသည်းအူထဲက ပင်ကိုယ်တုံ့ပြန်မှုက ပြင်းထန်လွန်းတော့ ဆင်ခြင်တုံတရားနဲ့ အချင့်ချိန်နိုင်ဆုံး သူတွေတောင် ဘယ်မှာမှမရှိတဲ့ ပဟေဠိတွေနဲ့ လျှို့ဝှက်ကြံစည်မှု အနုမာနတွေ ရလာတယ်။ Kathy ဟာ သူမရဲ့ ကြည်နူးဖွယ် ချစ်ခရီးအတွင်း ချစ်သံယောဇဉ်ကို Rich စိတ်ကုန်သွားတဲ့ တစ်ခုခုတော့ ဖြစ်ခဲ့ရမယ်လို့ ယုံကြည်ကာ ဒါက ဘာဆိုတာကို မှန်းဆခြင်းနဲ့ ဥပါဒါန်ဖြစ်လာတယ်။ ဒီလိုနဲ့ သူမစိတ်ထဲက သီတင်းပတ်အဆုံးရဲ့ မိနစ်တိုင်းကို သုံးသပ်ရင်း၊ မရှိခဲ့တဲ့ သဲလွန်စတွေကို ရှာရင်း နာရီပေါင်းများစွာ ကုန်လွန်ခဲ့တယ်။ Kathy ရဲ့စိတ်က သူမကို ဒီငန်းရိုင်းလိုက်တာ အစပျိုးခြင်းဆီ လှည့်စားလိုက်တယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ ဒီလောက် လနဲ့ချီပြီး နှစ်မြှုပ်ဖို့ ဘာက သူမကို အတင်းခိုင်းခဲ့လဲ Croatian: kako bismo mogli nastaviti dalje. No svaki puta kada dobijemo jednostavno i iskreno objašnjenje, kao što je Rich objasnio Kathy, mi ga odbijemo. Slomljeno srce stvara tako dramatičnu emocionalnu bol da nam um govori kako uzrok mora biti isto tako dramatičan. I taj unutrašnji instinkt je toliko jak da čak i oni najrazumniji i najrealniji od nas počinju izmišljati tajanstvene uzroke i teorije urote koje uopće ne postoje. Kathy se uvjerila da se nešto dogodilo tijekom romantičnog vikenda s Richom što mu je upropastilo vezu i postala je opsjednuta time da sazna što je to bilo. Provela je sate i sate u glavi prisjećajući se svake minute tog vikenda, tražeći dokaze kojih nije bilo. Kathyin um natjerao ju je da krene u tu uzaludnu potragu. No što ju je tjeralo da to radi mjesecima? Ukrainian: є дуже важливим, щоб йти далі. Проте раз за разом, коли нам дається просте та щире пояснення, як таке, що Рік запропонував Кейті, ми його відкидаємо. Розбите серце спричиняє такий неймовірний емоційний біль, що наш розум говорить нам, що причина повинна бути такою ж неймовірною. І цей внутрішній інстинкт є настільки сильним, що може змусити навіть найбільш розсудливих та виважених задуматись над таємницями та теоріями змови там, де їх немає. Кеті переконала себе, що щось трапилось під час романтичних стосунків з Річем, що розчарувала його у стосунках, і вона намагалася визначити, що ж це було. Вона проводила нескінченні години, перемотуючи кожну хвилину тих вихідних у своїй голові, розшукуючи у пам'яті відгадки, яких там не було. Розум Кеті оманливо примусив її почати цю погоню за недосяжним. Але що ж примусило її робити це протягом багатьох місяців? Romanian: e foarte important pentru a putea merge mai departe. Totuși, în mod repetat, când ni se oferă o explicație simplă și sinceră, ca cea oferită de Rich lui Kathy, o respingem. O inimă frântă provoacă o durere emoțională atât de dramatică, încât mintea ne zice că și cauza trebuie să fie la fel de dramatică. Iar acel instinct visceral e așa de puternic, încât îi face până și pe cei mai raționali și chibzuiți dintre noi să inventeze mistere și teorii conspirative acolo unde nu există. Kathy era convinsă că ceva trebuie să se fi întâmplat în timpul excursiei romantice cu Rich care i-a schimbat părerea despre relație și a devenit obsedată de ideea de a descoperi ce anume. Și așa a petrecut nenumărate ore, parcurgând și analizând fiecare minut al acelui weekend, căutând în memorie indicii care nu existau. Mintea lui Kathy a momit-o să înceapă goana asta după himere. Dar ce a obligat-o să i se dedice atâtea luni? iw: היא מאוד חשובה עבור האפשרות להתקדם הלאה. אך שוב ושוב, כשמציעים לנו הסבר כנה ופשוט כמו שריץ' הציע לקאת'י, אנחנו דוחים את זה. שברון לב יוצר כאב רגשי כל כך ודרמטי, המוח שלנו אומר לנו שהסיבה חייבת להיות דרמטית בצורה שווה. ותחושת הבטן הזאת כל כך חזקה, שהיא יכולה להפוך אפילו את האחראיים והבוגרים מבינינו להמציא תעלומות ותיאוריות קונספירציה שלא קיימות. קאת'י השתכנעה שמשהו חייב היה לקרות במהלך ההתרחקות הרומטית שלה עם ריץ' שהחמיצה את מערכת היחסים, והיא נהייתה אובססיבית לגבי מה זה היה. ובזבזה אין ספור שעות במחשבה על כל דקה בסופ"ש הזה בראש שלה. מחפשת בזיכרונה רמזים שלא היו שם. מוחה של קאת'י הערים עליה ופתח במרדף שווא הזה. אך מה הכריח אותה להתחייב לכך לכל כך הרבה חודשים? Czech: je opravdu důležité pro to, abychom dokázali jít dál. Ale opakovaně, když je nám poskytnuto jednoduché a upřímné vysvětlení, jako to, které dal Rich Kathy, je odmítáme. Zlomené srdce vytváří tak významnou emocionální bolest, že nám rozum říká, že příčina musí být stejně významná. A tento pocit je tak silný, že donutí i ty nejrozumnější a nejrozvážnější z nás vytvářet záhady a konspirační teorie tam, kde žádné neexistují. Kathy byla přesvědčená o tom, že se něco muselo stát během jejího romantického výletu s Richem, co ho od jejich vztahu odradilo, a začala být posedlá hledáním této příčiny. Takže strávila mnoho hodin zkoumáním každé minuty jejich víkendu a pátráním v paměti po známkách, které tam nebyly. Kathyina mysl ji nalákala na hledání jehly v kupce sena. Ale co ji přimělo k tomu, aby tomu obětovala tolik měsíců? Portuguese: é importante para ter a capacidade de seguir em frente. De novo, vezes sem conta, quando nos dão uma explicação simples e honesta, como a que o Rich deu à Kathy, nós rejeitamo-la. Os desgostos de amor criam uma dor emocional tão dramática, que a nossa cabeça diz-nos que a causa tem de ser igualmente dramática. E esse instinto é tão poderoso, que até a nossa parte mais racional e comedida inventa mistérios e teorias da conspiração que não existem. A Kathy convenceu-se de que algo tinha acontecido durante a escapadela romântica com o Rich que o tornara infeliz na relação e ficou obcecada em descobrir o que é que se tinha passado. Passou horas e horas a rever metalmente cada minuto daquele fim de semana, à procura na memória de pistas que não existiam. A cabeça da Kathy ludibriou-a a ir à caça dos gambuzinos. Mas o que a levou a fazer isso durante tantos meses? Arabic: هو في الواقع ضروري لقدرتنا على المضي قدمًا. ولكن مرارًا وتكرارًا، عندما يتمُ تقديم شرح بسيط وصادق مثل الذي قدّمه ريتش لكاثي، نحنُ نرفضه. يُحدث تحطم القلب ألمًا عاطفيًا حادًا، وتقول لنا عقولنا بأن السبب يجبُ أن يكون حادًا بالتساوي. وهذا الإحساس الداخلي قوي جدًا، يمكنُه حتى أن يجعل أكثرنا عقلانية واتزانًا يأتي بفرضيات خادعة وغامضة حيث لا توجد. أصبحت كاثي مقتنعة بأن شيئًا ما حدث أثناء قضاء عطلتها الرومانسية مع ريتش. مما أزعجه بشأن علاقتهما، وأصبحت مهووسة بمعرفة ماذا كان هذا الشيء. وقضت ساعات لا تعدُ ولا تُحصى في تفحص كل دقيقة من دقائق نهاية الأسبوع ذلك في عقلها، تبحثُ في ذاكرتها عن مؤشرات لا وجود لها. خدعها عقلها في البدء في ملاحقة هذه الحملة الميئوس منها. لكن ما الذي أجبرها على الالتزام بهذه الحالة لأشهر طويلة جدًا؟ Hungarian: A továbblépés érdekében fontos. Mégis újra meg újra, amikor egyszerű és őszinte magyarázat kínálkozik, mint amelyre Rich hivatkozott, elhárítjuk. Az összetört szív oly iszonyú lelki fájdalmat okoz, hogy tudatunk azt súgja: az oka is biztos ugyanolyan súlyos. És a zsigeri ösztön olyan erős, hogy még a legjózanabbak és megfontoltak is nem létező összeesküvés-elméleteket és rejtélyeket agyalnak ki. Kathy a fejébe vette, hogy romantikus kiruccanásukon valaminek történnie kellett Richcsel, ami kedvét szegte, és rögeszmésen az okát kereste. Számtalan órán keresztül hétvégéjük minden percét újra végigvette, végigkutatva emlékezetét a megoldás nem létező nyitja után. Kathyt elméje ábrándokba kergette. De mi késztette rá, hogy annyi hónapon át ezzel foglalkozzon? Portuguese: é realmente importante pra nossa capacidade de seguir adiante. No entanto, muitas vezes, quando nos é oferecida uma explicação simples e honesta, como a que Rich deu à Kathy, nós a rejeitamos. Uma desilusão amorosa cria uma dor emocional tão dramática, que nossa mente nos diz que a causa deve ser igualmente dramática. E esse instinto é tão poderoso, que pode fazer com que a pessoa mais razoável e ponderada crie mistérios e teorias de conspiração quando eles não existem. Kathy estava convencida de que algo devia ter acontecido durante o passeio romântico dela com Rich que o aborreceu no relacionamento, e ela estava obcecada em descobrir o que era. Então ela passou inúmeras horas repassando cada minuto daquele final de semana na mente, buscando na memória pistas que não estavam lá. A mente da Kathy fez com que ela iniciasse esta perseguição, mas o que a obrigou a se dedicar a isso por tantos meses? Burmese: အသည်းကွဲတာဟာ ကျွန်တော်တို့ သိတာထက် အများကြီး ပိုပြီး စိမ့််ဝင်တတ်ပါတယ်။ ပိုပြီး ကိုယ့်ကို ဆိုးဝါးအောင်လုပ်တော့မှာ သိတာတောင် ယုန်တွင်း တစ်ခုပြီးတစ်ခု ဆက်ဆင်းဖို့ အကြောင်းပြချက်ရှိတယ်။ ဦးနှောက်လေ့လာမှုတွေက စိတ်ကူးယဉ် အချစ်ကနေ ဖြတ်ခြင်းဟာ ကိုကင်း(သို့) ဘိန်းလို မူးယစ်ဆေးတွေ ဖြတ်နေတဲ့အခါ ဦးနှောက်မှာ လုပ်ဆောင်တဲ့ အလားတူ ကိုယ်အင်္ဂါအစိတ်အပိုင်းတွေကို လုပ်ဆောင်စေတယ်လို့ ပြပါတယ်။ Kathyဟာ ဖြတ်ပစ်ခြင်းကို ကျော်ဖြတ်နေတာပါ။ Rich နဲ့ရှိနေခြင်းဆိုတဲ့ ဟီးရိုးအင်း မရနိုင်ကတည်းက သူမရဲ့ မသိစိတ်ဟာ သူနဲ့ အမှတ်တရတွေရဲ့ ဖြတ်ဆေးကို ရွေးချယ်ခဲ့တယ်။ သူမ ပင်ကိုယ်တုံ့ပြန်မှုတေွက သူမဟာ ပဟေဠိတစ်ခုဖြေဖို့ ကြိုးစားနေပေမဲ့ သူမ တကယ်လုပ်နေတာက သူမကို ကုစားနေတာလို့ ပြောပါတယ်။ ဒါက အသည်းကွဲတာ ပျောက်ဖို့ ခက်အောင်လုပ်တာပါ။ ဆေးစွဲသူတွေဟာ သူတို့ ဆေးစွဲနေမှန်းသိတယ်။ ဘယ်အချိန် ဆေးသွင်းနေတာ သိတယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ အသည်းကွဲသမားတွေက မသိကြဘူး။ ဒါပေမဲ့ အခု သင် သိပြီ Portuguese: Os desgostos de amor são mais traiçoeiros do que julgamos. Há uma razão que nos leva a cair de buraco em buraco, mesmo quando sabemos que vamos sentir-nos pior. Estudos feitos ao cérebro mostram que a ressaca do amor romântico ativa os mesmos mecanismos no nosso cérebro que se ativam nas ressacas dos toxicodependentes com substâncias como a cocaína ou os opioides. A Kathy estava a passar por uma ressaca. Como não podia ter a heroína de estar com o Rich, inconscientemente, a cabeça optou pela metadona das memórias com ele. Os instintos diziam-lhe que tinha de resolver um mistério, mas o que ela estava a fazer era a curar-se. Isto é o que torna os desgostos amorosos tão difíceis de sarar. Os toxicodependentes sabem que o são. Sabem quando se injetam. Mas as pessoas desgostosas não sabem. Mas vocês agora já sabem. Arabic: تحطم القلب هو أكثر مكرًا مما ندركه. هناك سبب يجعلنا نستمرُ في السقوط في حفرة تلو الأخرى، حتى عندما نعرفُ بأنها ستجلعنا أسوأ. أظهرت دراسات الدماغ بأن الانسحاب من علاقة رومانسية ينشطُ نفس الآليات في أدمغتنا التي يحصلُ تفعيلها عندما ينسحب المدمنون من تعاطي مواد كمخدر الكوكايين والأفيون. كانت كاثي تمرُ بالانسحاب. وبما أنها لم تستطع الحصول على الهرويين لتكون مع ريتش في الواقع، اختار عقلها اللاواعي مسكّن الميثادون لذكرياتها معه. أخبرتها غريزتها بأنها تحاول حل الغموض، لكن ما كانت تفعله في الواقع كان الحصول على جرعتها. هذا ما يجعل التعافي من تحطم القلب صعبًا للغاية. يعرفُ المدمنون أنهم مدمنون. يعرفون في أي وقتٍ يتعاطون المخدرات. لكن محطمي القلوب لا يعرفون ذلك. ولكنكم تعرفون الآن. Portuguese: A desilusão amorosa é muito mais insidiosa do que percebemos. Há uma razão pela qual continuamos nos metendo em confusão, uma após a outra, mesmo sabendo que isso vai nos fazer sentir pior. Estudos do cérebro mostram que a abstinência do amor romântico ativa os mesmos mecanismos no nosso cérebro que são ativados quando viciados se abstêm de substâncias como cocaína ou opioides. Kathy estava passando por uma abstinência. E como ela não podia ter a heroína de estar, de fato, com Rich, a mente inconsciente dela escolheu a metadona das lembranças com ele. O instinto dela dizia que ela estava tentando resolver um mistério, mas ela estava, na verdade, obtendo sua dose diária. Por isso é tão difícil curar uma desilusão amorosa. Viciados sabem que são viciados; sabem quando estão se drogando. Mas pessoas desiludidas amorosamente, não. Mas vocês sabem agora. iw: שברון לב הרבה יותר ערמומי ממה שאנחנו מבינים. יש סיבה שאנחנו ממשיכים לחזור למצב המוזר , אפילו כשאנחנו יודעים שזה הולך לגרום לנו להרגיש יותר גרוע. מחקרי מוח הראו שגמילה מאהבה רומנטית מפעילה את אותם מנגנונים במוח שלנו שמופעלים כמו קוקאין או אופיואידים. קאת'י עברה גמילה. ומאחר והיא לא יכלה לקבל את "ההרואין" של באמת להיות עם ריץ', התת מודע שלה בחר במתדון של הזיכרונות שלה איתו. האינסטינקטים שלה אמרו לה שהיא מנסה לפתור תעלומה, אך מה שהיא באמת עשתה היה לקבל מנה. זה מה שהופך שברון לב לקשה כ"כ לריפוי. מכורים יודעים שהם מכורים. הם יודעים מתי הם מגזימים. אבל אנשים עם שברון לב לא יודעים. אבל אתם יודעים עכשיו. Korean: 실연은 우리 생각보다 훨씬 더 간사합니다. 오히려 기분을 더 상하게 할 줄 알면서도, 마음을 잡지 못한 채 갈팡질팡하는 이유가 있습니다. 뇌 연구 결과에 따르면 연애의 금단은 중독자가 코카인 또는 아편과 같은 약물을 끊을 때 두뇌에 활성화되는 동일한 메커니즘이 작용합니다. 캐시는 금단현상을 겪었습니다. '리치'라는 헤로인이 사라지자, 그녀의 무의식은 그와 함께한 추억을 메타돈으로 선택했습니다. 본능의 명령에 따라 그녀는 미스터리를 풀려고 했지만 사실 그녀가 하던 행동은 마약을 하는 것과 같았죠. 바로 이 점이 실연의 상처를 치유하기 어렵게 만듭니다. 중독자들은 스스로 중독되었음을 압니다. 주사 투여한다는 사실도 스스로 압니다. 그러나 실연당한 사람들은 그 사실을 모릅니다. 여러분은 이제 알게 되었군요. Georgian: გულგატეხილობა ბევრად მზაკვრული რამეა, ვიდრე ამას ვაცნობიერებთ. არსებობს მიზეზი თუ რატომ ვებმევით გონების ხაფანგში, მიუხედავად იმისა რომ ვიცით საბოლოოდ თავს უარესად ვიგრძნობთ. თავის ტვინის კვლევევბმა აჩვენეს, რომ რომანტიული სიყვარულის დავიწყება იგივე მექანიზმებს აღვიძებს ჩვენს ტვინში რომლებიც კოკაინისა და ოპიოიდებისგან გადაჩვევისას აქტიურდება. ქეთი გადაჩვევის პერიოდს გადიოდა. და რადგანაც ჰეროინის მიღება არ შეეძლო რიჩთან უშუალო ყოფნით, მისმა ქვეცნობიერმა მეტადონი აირჩია მის შესახებ მოგონებების სახით. ინსტიქტები კარნახობდნენ, რომ საიდუმლოს ხსნიდა, მაგრამ სინამდვილეში ის უბრალოდ თავის "დოზას" იღებდა. სწორედ ამიტომაა ასე რთული გატეხილი გულის გამთელება. ნარკომანებმა იციან, რომ დამოკიდებულები არიან. მათ იციან როდესაც წამალს იკეთებენ. გულგატეხილმა ადამიანებმა კი არა. მაგრამ, ახლა უკვე იცით. Croatian: Slomljeno srce podmuklije je nešto što se čini. Postoji razlog zašto idemo od jedne do druge bizarnosti iako znamo da ćemo se samo još gore osjećati. Istraživanja mozga pokazala su da uklanjanje romantične ljubavi aktivira iste mehanizme u mozgu kao kada se ovisnici odvikavaju od supstanci poput kokaina ili opioida. Kathy je bila na odvikavanju. I budući da se nije mogla "drogirati" time što je u vezi s Richom, um joj je za odvikavanje nesvjesno odabrao sjećanja na njega. Instinkti su joj govorili da pokušava riješiti zagonetku, ali zapravo je samo uzimala sljedeći šut. Zato je tako teško preboljeti slomljeno srce. Ovisnici znaju da su ovisni. Znaju kada uzimaju šut. No ljudi slomljenog srca ne znaju. No sada znate. Czech: Zlomené srdce je mnohem zákeřnější, než si uvědomujeme. Existuje důvod, proč vstupujeme do jedné slepé uličky za druhou, i když víme, že se kvůli tomu budeme cítit ještě hůř. Výzkumy mozku ukázaly, že konec romantické lásky aktivuje v mozku ty samé mechanismy, které jsou aktivovány, když závislí lidé abstinují od látek jako je kokain nebo opium. Kathy procházela abstinenčními příznaky. A protože nemohla mít svůj heroin a být s Richem, její podvědomí si zvolilo metadon ve formě společných vzpomínek. Instinkty jí říkaly, že se snaží rozluštit záhadu, ale co doopravdy dělala, bylo, že si dopřávala dávku. Tohle je ten důvod, proč se zlomené srdce tak těžko léčí. Závislí ví, že jsou závislí. Vědí, když si dávají další dávku. Ale lidé se zlomeným srdcem to nevědí. Ale teď už to víte. Persian: دل شکستگی مرموزتر از آن است که ما فکر می‌کنیم. یک دلیل وجود دارد تا چندبار در یک چاه بیفتیم حتی وقتی می‌دانیم حال ما را بدتر می‌کند. مطالعات روی مغز نشان داده است که پایان دادن به یک رابطه عاطفی مانند همان سازوکاری در مغزعمل می‌کند وقتی یک مصرف کننده موادی مثل کوکایین یا تریاک را ترک می‌کند. کتی داشت ترک کردن را تجربه می‌کرد. و وقتی نمی‌توانست هرویین بودن با ریچ را بدست بیاورد، ذهن ناخودآگاهش متادون خاطراتش با ریچ را انتخاب می‌کرد. غرایزش به او می‌گفتند او سعی در حل رمز و رازی دارد، اما آنچه واقعا انجام می‌دهد اصلاح او بود. این چیزی است که درمان دل شکستگی را بسیار سخت می‌کند. مصرف کنندگان می‌دانند اعتیاد دارند. آنها وقتی تزریق می‌کنند می‌دانند. اما افراد دل شکسته نمی‌‌دانند. اما شما الان می‌دانید. Modern Greek (1453-): Η ερωτική απογοήτευση είναι πολύ πιο ύπουλη απ' ό,τι νομίζουμε. Υπάρχει λόγος που πέφτουμε από τη μια τρύπα στην άλλη, ακόμα κι αν ξέρουμε ότι αυτό θα μας κάνει να νιώσουμε χειρότερα. Μελέτες του εγκεφάλου έχουν δείξει ότι το στερητικό σύνδρομο του έρωτα ενεργοποιεί του ίδιους μηχανισμούς στον εγκέφαλό μας όπως στους εθισμένους όταν κόβουν ουσίες όπως η κοκαΐνη ή τα οπιούχα. Η Κάθι περνούσε στερητικό σύνδρομο, κι αφού δεν μπορούσε να έχει την «ηρωίνη» του να είναι με τον Ριτς, το υποσυνείδητο του μυαλού της επέλεξε τη «μεθαδόνη» των αναμνήσεων τους. Το ένστικτό της τής έλεγε ότι προσπαθούσε να λύσει ένα μυστήριο, αλλά αυτό που πραγματικά έκανε ήταν πως έπαιρνε τη δόση της. Αυτό είναι που κάνει την ερωτική απογοήτευση τόσο δύσκολο να γιατρευτεί. Οι εθισμένοι ξέρουν ότι είναι εθισμένοι. Το γνωρίζουν όταν παίρνουν τη δόση τους. Οι πληγωμένοι από έρωτα όμως όχι. Όμως, τώρα το ξέρετε. Russian: Разбитое сердце намного коварнее, чем мы думаем. Оно заставляет нас придумывать одну невероятную теорию за другой, даже когда мы знаем, что делаем себе хуже. Исследования мозга показали, что если у человека отобрать любовь, в его мозге активизируются те же механизмы, что у наркоманов, у которых отобрали кокаин или опиоиды. У Кэти отняли любовь. И поскольку она не получала свою дозу героина — то есть Рича, она бессознательно переключилась на наркотическую альтернативу — воспоминания. Инстинкты подсказывали ей, что она пытается распутать загадку, а на самом деле она просто пыталась получить свою дозу. Поэтому разбитое сердце так сложно вылечить. Зависимые знают о своей проблеме. Понимают, когда принимают очередную дозу. А люди с разбитым сердцем не понимают. Теперь вы понимаете. Slovenian: Strto srce je veliko bolj zahrbtno, kot se zavedamo. Obstaja razlog, da hodimo iz ene slepe ulice v drugo, čeprav vemo, da bo zaradi tega počutje le slabše. Raziskave možganov so pokazale, da konec romantične ljubezni sproži enake mehanizme, kot se sprožijo, ko se odvisniki odvajajo snovi, kot so kokain ali opioidi. Kathy je šla skozi odvajanje. In ker ni mogla imeti heroina - biti z Richem, ji je podzavest dala metadon - spomine nanj. Instinkti so ji govorili, da poskuša rešiti skrivnost, a v resnici se je drogirala. Zato je strto srce tako težko zdraviti. Odvisniki vedo, da so zasvojeni. Vedo, kdaj vzamejo mamilo. Toda ne ljudje s strtim srcem. Ampak zdaj veš. Danish: Hjertesorg bedrager langt mere end vi tror. Der er en grund til, at vi bliver ved med at gøre nyttesløse ting, selvom vi ved, at de vil få os til at få det endnu værre. Studier af hjernen har vist, at når en romantisk kærlighed forsvinder, aktiveres de samme mekanismer i hjernen, som aktiveres, når en misbruger går på afvænning fra stoffer som kokain og opiater. Kathy var på afvænning. Og da hun ikke kunne få stoffet at være sammen med Rich, valgte hun ubevidst et metadon: hendes minder med ham. Instinkterne bildte hende ind at hun opklarede et mysterie, men faktisk var hun igang med, at få sit fix. Det er det, der gør et knust hjerte så svært at hele. Stofmisbrugere ved, når de er afhængige. De ved, hvornår de tager et fix. Men det gør folk med hjertesorg ikke. Men det ved du nu. Bulgarian: Разбитото сърце е по-коварно, отколкото си мислим. Има причина да продължаваме да задълбочаваме и задълбочаваме, дори да знаем, че ще се почувстваме по-зле. Изследванията на мозъка показват, че любовната абстиненция активира същите механизми в мозъка ни, които се активират, при наркотична абстиненция от наркотици като кокаин или опиоди. Кати преживяваше абстиненция. И тъй като не можеше да си набави нейния хероин да бъде с Рич, подсъзнание й избра метадона на спомените с него. Инстинктите й казваха, че се опитва да реши мистерия, но това, което тя всъщност правеше, беше, че се лекуваше. Ето това прави разбитото сърце толкова трудно за лекуване. Пристрастените знаят, че са пристрастени. Те знаят кога са дрогирани. Но хората с разбито сърце не знаят. Но вие знаете сега. Turkish: Kalp kırıklığı sandığımızdan çok daha sinsi. Bir anlaşılmazlıktan diğerine koşmamızın bir sebebi var, bizi daha kötüye sürükleyeceğini bilsek bile. Beyin üzerinde araştırmalar, romantik bir sevgiden ayrılışın, bağımlıların kokain veya opioid gibi maddeleri bıraktığı zaman beynimizde aktive olan aynı mekanizmaları harekete geçirdiğini gösterdi. Kathy de bırakma yaşıyordu. Rich'le birlikte olmak gibi bir eroine sahip olamayacağı için bilinçaltı onunla olan anılarından bir metadon seçti. İçgüdüleri ona bir gizemi çözdüğünü söylüyordu ama aslında yaptığı şey bağımlı olduğu şeyden bir doz almaktı. İşte kalp kırıklığının bu kadar zor iyileşmesinin sebebi bu. Bağımlılar bağımlı olduklarını biliyorlar. O maddeyi aldıklarını biliyorlar. Kalbi kırık insanlar bilmiyor ama. Siz de artık biliyorsunuz. Dutch: Een gebroken hart is verraderlijker dan wij ons realiseren. Er is een reden dat we dit blijven doen tot in de eeuwigheid, zelfs als we weten dat het nog meer pijn geeft. Hersenonderzoek heeft aangetoond dat afkicken van romantische liefde hetzelfde mechanisme in onze hersenen aciveert als bij verslaafden die afkicken van cocaïne en opiaten. Kathy was aan het afkicken. Omdat ze niet de heroïne had van bij Rich zijn, koos haar onderbewustzijn de methadon van haar herinneringen met hem. Haar instincten vertelden dat ze een mysterie probeerde op te lossen, maar wat ze eigenlijk aan het doen was, was haar dosis krijgen. Dit is wat een gebroken hart zo moeilijk te genezen maakt. Verslaafden weten dat ze verslaafd zijn. Ze weten dat ze hun dosis nemen. Maar met een gebroken hart heb je dat niet door. Maar jij weet het nu wel. English: Heartbreak is far more insidious than we realize. There is a reason we keep going down one rabbit hole after another, even when we know it's going to make us feel worse. Brain studies have shown that the withdrawal of romantic love activates the same mechanisms in our brain that get activated when addicts are withdrawing from substances like cocaine or opioids. Kathy was going through withdrawal. And since she could not have the heroin of actually being with Rich, her unconscious mind chose the methadone of her memories with him. Her instincts told her she was trying to solve a mystery, but what she was actually doing was getting her fix. This is what makes heartbreak so difficult to heal. Addicts know they're addicted. They know when they're shooting up. But heartbroken people do not. But you do now. Italian: Un cuore spezzato è molto più insidioso di quello che si possa pensare. C'è una ragione se continuiamo a cadere da una tana del coniglio all'altra, anche quando sappiamo che ci fa sentire peggio. Studi sul cervello ci hanno mostrato che l'allontanamento dell'amore romantico attiva gli stessi meccanismi che nel nostro cervello si attivano quando chi ha una dipendenza si allontana da sostanze come cocaina e oppioidi. Kathy stava vivendo quell'allontanamento. E dal momento che non poteva avere quell'eroina dello stare con Rich, la sua mente inconscia scelse il metadone dei suoi ricordi con lui. I suoi istinti le dicevano che stava cercando di risolvere un mistero, ma ciò che stava veramente facendo era cercare di guarirla. Questo è ciò che rende un cuore spezzato così duro a guarire. I drogati sanno di avere una dipendenza. Sanno quando stanno iniettando. Ma le persone con il cuore spezzato non lo sanno. Ma voi lo sapete ora. Chinese: 心碎比我们意识到的 更阴险狡诈。 让我们不断地重返一个 又一个的迷幻世界， 就算我们知道这么做只会 让我们觉得更糟，是有原因的。 大脑研究显示， 失去浪漫的爱情 在我们大脑所引发的作用机理 跟上瘾者停止吸食如可卡因和 鸦片类毒品时是一样的。 凯蒂正经历着戒断期。 既然她的生活中不能没有了 像海洛因一样的瑞奇， 于是她的潜意识选择把他们在 在一起的回忆当做代替品。 她的直觉告诉她在 解开一个谜题， 但其实她正在做的 是满足她的“毒瘾”。 这也就是心碎那么难痊愈的原因。 吸毒者知道他们上了瘾。 他们知道他们正在注射毒品。 但心碎的人则完全不知情。 不过现在你们知道了。 Vietnamese: Trái tim tan vỡ thì giả dối hơn ta tưởng. Có một lý do khiến ta bước tiếp thời kì hỗn loạn này đến thời kì hỗn loạn khác. thậm chí, ngay cả khi biết nó sẽ làm ta cảm thấy tệ hơn. Nghiên cứu về não bộ cho thấy việc rút khỏi tình yêu lãng mạn kích hoạt trong não chúng ta cùng một cơ chế như khi người nghiện phải cai các chất như cocaine hoặc opioid. Kathy đã trải qua quá trình rút lui. Và vì cô ấy không thể có heroin từ việc ở cạnh Rich, vô thức đã chọn methadone của ký ức cô với anh ta. Bản năng nói với cô cô đã cố gắng để giải quyết một bí ẩn, nhưng những gì cô ấy thực sự làm là vật vã tìm thuốc. Đây là điều làm cho đau lòng rất khó chữa. Người nghiện biết rằng họ đang nghiện. Họ biết khi nào họ đang chích. Nhưng người có trái tim tan vỡ lại không. Nhưng giờ thì bạn biết rồi đấy. Japanese: 失恋は人々の予想を はるかに超える危険な事態です 自己嫌悪が増すだけだと分かっていても 出口のない 誤った考えに 陥ってしまうのには理由があります 脳の研究で分かったのは 恋愛関係が終わると 脳内で ある経験をした時と似た 仕組みが活性化するということです コカインやオピオイドの中毒者の 離脱症状に似ているのです キャシーは離脱症状にあったのです 彼女は 「リッチと一緒に過ごす」という ヘロインが得られなくなったので 無意識のうちに 「彼との思い出」という メサドン つまり代替品にすがるのです 頭では謎解きに 取り組んでいるつもりでも 実際にやっていることは 麻薬を打っているのと同じです だから失恋から立ち直るのは 容易なことではないのです 薬物中毒者は 中毒の自覚があります 自分で注射したのを覚えていますから 失恋した人は 中毒の自覚はありません 今は分かりますね Urdu: دِل کا درد ہماری سوچ سے زیادہ جان لیوا ہے۔ کوئی وجہ ہے جبھی ہم ایک کے بعد دوسرے گڑھے میں گرتے جاتے ہیں، یہ جانتے ہوئے بھی کہ اس سے خرابی اور بڑھے گی ۔ دماغ پر کی گئی تحقیق بتاتی ہے کہ رُومانوی تعلق ختم ہونے پر ہمارے دماغ میں وہی نظام حرکت میں آتا ہے جو نشہ آور مواد جیسے کوکین یا افیم سے چھٹکارے کے وقت حرکت میں آتا ہے۔ کیتھی تعلق کے ختم ہونے پر اسی دور سے گزر رہی تھی۔ چونکہ اس کی پہنچ اس کی کوکین یعنی رچ تک نہیں ہو رہی تھی، اس کے لاشعور نے اس کی یادوں کی صورت میں اس کا متبادل ڈھونڈا تھا۔ اس کی جبلت اسے کہ رہی تھی کہ وہ تو ایک معمہ حل کر رہی ہے، لیکن وہ دراصل کیا کر رہی تھی وہ ایک وقتی تسکین کا سامان کر رہی تھی۔ یہ ہے وہ جو ٹوٹے دلوں کو جوڑنا اتنا مشکل بناتا ہے۔ نشئی جانتے ہیں کہ انہیں نشے کی لت ہے۔ وہ جانتے ہیں جب وہ نشہ کر رہے ہوتے ہیں۔ لیکن ٹوٹے دل والے یہ نہیں جانتے۔ لیکن اب آپ جان گئے ہیں۔ German: Liebeskummer ist viel heimtückischer als uns bewusst ist. Es gibt einen Grund, wieso wir ein Gespenst nach dem anderen jagen, obwohl wir wissen, dass es uns dadurch schlechter geht. Gehirnstudien haben gezeigt, dass Liebesentzug dieselben Mechanismen in unserem Gehirn aktiviert, die bei Süchtigen durch den Entzug von Kokain oder Opiaten aktiviert werden. Kathy hatte Entzugssymptome. Und da sie eine Beziehung mit Rich -- ihr Heroin -- nicht mehr haben konnte, entschied sich ihr Unterbewusstsein für das Methadon der Erinnerungen mit ihm. Ihr Instinkt sagte ihr, dass sie ein Mysterium lösen wollte, doch in Wirklichkeit war sie auf der Suche nach ihrem nächsten Schuss. Deshalb heilt ein gebrochenes Herz nur so schwer. Süchtige wissen, dass sie süchtig sind. Sie wissen, wann sie sich einen Schuss setzen. Menschen mit Liebeskummer wissen es nicht. Doch jetzt wissen Sie es. Hungarian: Az összetört szív sokkal ármányosabb, mint gondolnánk. Megvan az oka, amiért minduntalan ugyanabba a helyzetbe kerülünk, még ha tudjuk is, hogy azáltal csak rosszabbul érezzük magunkat. Agykutatások kimutatták, hogy a romantikus szerelem elvonása agyunkban ugyanazokat a mechanizmusokat indítja be, mint mikor a kábítóstól megvonják pl. a kokaint vagy az opioidokat. Kathy elvonáson ment keresztül. Mivel nem kapta meg a Richcsel való együttlét heroinját, tudatalattija a Richcsel kapcsolatos emlékei metadonját választotta. Ösztönei azt sugallták neki: rejtélyt igyekszik megoldani, de valójában az adagját igyekezett megkapni. Ezért olyan nehéz összetört szívet gyógyítani. A függők tudják, hogy ők függők. Tudják, amikor belövik magukat. De az összetört szívűek ezt nem tudják. Ám mi tudjuk. Ukrainian: Розбите серце є набагато підступнішим, аніж нам видається. Існує причина, через яку ми продовжуємо занурюватися у власні вигадки, навіть коли знаємо, що стане тільки гірше. Дослідження мозку показали, що втрата романтичного кохання породжує у мозку такий самий механізм, як у наркомана позбавленого кокаїну або опію. Так само і у Кеті забрали кохання. Оскільки вона вже не мала доступу до свого «героїну» - Річа, її підсвідомість обрала інший наркотик – спогади. Інтуїція Кеті запевняла, що вона розкриває таємницю, а насправді, давала їй «чергову дозу». Саме тому розбите серце так важко вилікувати. Наркомани знають, що вони залежні. Вони знають, коли їм прийняти дозу. Люди з розбитим серцем – ні. Але зараз ви знаєте. French: Une peine d'amour est beaucoup plus insidieuse que l'on pense. Il y a une raison pour laquelle nous continuons à nous enfoncer, même si nous savons très bien le mal que cela nous cause. Des recherches sur le cerveau démontrent que le sevrage d'une relation amoureuse active les mêmes mécanismes dans notre cerveau que le sevrage de substances comme la cocaïne et opioïdes chez un drogué. Kathy était en sevrage. Et puisqu'elle ne pouvait pas se procurer son héroïne en étant avec Rich, son esprit inconscient a choisi la méthadone de ses souvenirs avec lui. Son instinct lui disait qu'elle essayait de résoudre un mystère, mais en réalité, elle ne faisait que prendre sa dose. Voilà pourquoi il est si difficile de guérir une peine d'amour. Les toxicomanes savent qu'ils sont dépendants. Ils savent lorsqu'ils prennent leur dose. Mais les gens au cœur brisé ne le savent pas. Mais maintenant vous êtes prévenus. Thai: การอกหักนี้ร้ายกาจกว่า ที่เราตระหนักกันมากนัก มีเหตุผลอย่างหนึ่งว่า ทำไมเราถึงอยู่ในภาวะอย่างนั้นอยู่เรื่อย แม้กระทั่งเวลาที่เรารู้ว่า มันจะทำให้เรารู้สึกแย่ลง การศึกษาเรื่องสมองแสดงว่า อาการขาดความรักโรแมนติก กระตุ้นกลไกเดียวกันในสมองที่ถูกกระตุ้น เวลาที่คนติดยากำลังถอนตัวจากสารเสพติด และขาดยาอย่างโคเคนและกัญชา แคธีกำลังอยู่ในภาวะขาดยา แต่เนื่องจากเธอหาเฮโรอีน ซึ่งคือการอยู่กับริชจริงๆ ไม่ได้ จิตใต้สำนึกของเธอจึงใช้เมธาโดน ซึ่งคือความทรงจำที่เธอมีกับเขา สัญชาตญาณของเธอบอกเธอว่า เธอกำลังไขปัญหาเรื่องลึกลับ แต่จริงๆ แล้ว สิ่งที่เธอกำลังทำอยู่ คือ การให้สิ่งที่ตัวเองจำเป็นต้องได้ นี่คือสิ่งที่ทำให้การรักษา อาการอกหักของเธอเป็นไปได้ยาก คนติดยารู้ว่าตัวเองเสพติด และรู้ตัวเวลาที่ใช้ยา แต่คนที่หัวใจสลายนั้นไม่รู้ตัว แต่ตอนนี้ คุณรู้แล้ว Chinese: 心碎比我們知道的 還要更會在暗中滋生。 這就是我們會重蹈覆徹的原因， 即使我們知道這麼做 會讓我們感覺更糟糕。 關於大腦的研究指出， 脫離一段愛情 會啟動的大腦機制， 和成癮者要脫離古柯鹼 或鴉片這類物質時是一樣的。 凱西在經歷的就是脫離。 她的海洛因就是 和雷奇在一起，但她得不到， 她無意識的大腦選擇用 她和他的記憶當作止痛藥， 她的直覺告訴她， 她是在試著解一個謎團， 但她真正在做的事， 是給自己注射毒品。 就是這樣，讓心碎很難治癒。 成癮者知道自己有癮。 他們在注射毒品時是有自覺的。 但心碎的人沒有。 但你現在知道了。 Spanish: La decepción amorosa es mucho más insidiosa de lo que creemos. Existe una razón por la cual nos empecinamos en cometer un error tras otro, aun sabiendo que nos sentiremos peor. Estudios realizados con el cerebro muestran que la pérdida del amor romántico activa en el cerebro los mismos mecanismos que los de un adicto al que se le retira sustancias como la cocaína o los opiáceos. Kathy estaba atravesando un período de abstinencia. Y como no podía recurrir a la heroína de estar realmente con Rich, su inconsciente eligió la metadona de los recuerdos vividos con él. Su instinto le decía que estaba tratando de resolver un misterio, pero en realidad se estaba aplicando una dosis. Es por esto que superar una ruptura amorosa es tan difícil. Los adictos saben que son adictos. Saben cuándo se están inyectando. Pero las personas que atraviesan una decepción amorosa, no. Pero ahora lo sabemos. Romanian: O inimă frântă e mult mai insidioasă decât ne dăm seama. Există un motiv pentru care ne adâncim dintr-o situație complicată în alta, chiar dacă știm că o să ne facă să ne simțim și mai rău. Studiile despre creier arată că privarea de iubire romantică declanșează în creier aceleași mecanisme care se activează atunci când intră în sevraj dependenții de cocaină și opiate. Kathy avea de-a face cu un sevraj. Și din moment ce nu avea heroina de a fi realmente cu Rich, subconștientul ei alegea metadona amintirilor cu el. Instinctul îi spunea că încerca să rezolve un mister, dar ceea ce făcea ea, de fapt, era să-și ia doza. Din cauza asta recuperarea după o inimă frântă e așa de dificilă. Dependenții știu că sunt dependenți. Ei știu când se injectează. Dar oamenii cu inimi frânte nu. Dar acum știți. Serbian: Slomljeno srce je daleko podmuklije nego što smo svesni toga. Postoji razlog zašto nastavljamo da se spuštamo kroz zečje rupe čak i kad znamo da ćemo se zbog toga osećati gore. Izučavanja mozga su pokazala da apstinencija od romantične ljubavi pokreće iste mehanizme u našem mozgu koji se aktiviraju kada zavisnici apstiniraju od supstanci, poput kokaina ili opijata. Keti je krizirala. A kako nije mogla da ima heroin tj. da zapravo bude sa Ričom, njen nesvesni um je izabrao metadon tj. njena sećanja s njim. Njeni instinkti su joj govorili da pokušava da reši misteriju, međutim, ona je zapravo tako dobijala svoju dozu. Zbog toga je tako teško izlečiti slomljeno srce. Zavisnici znaju da su zavisni. Znaju kada se drogiraju. Međutim, ljudi slomljenog srca ne znaju. Međutim, sada znate. Dutch: Als jouw hart is gebroken, kun je dat niet negeren. Je moet herkennen dat je, hoe erg de drang ook is, met elke herinnering aan het verleden, elke tekst die je stuurt, elke seconde dat je je ex stalkt op sociale media, je toegeeft aan je verslaving, je emotionele pijn verergert en je herstel compliceert. Een gebroken hart overwinnen is geen reis. Het is een gevecht en je verstand is je sterkste wapen. Je voelt je niet beter over een breuk met wat voor verklaring dan ook. Geen enkele redenering zal de pijn wegnemen. Dus zoek er niet naar, wacht er niet op, accepteer degene die je krijgt of verzin er zelf een en laat de vraag dan rusten, want je hebt die afsluiting nodig om de verslaving te weerstaan. Je hebt nog iets anders nodig: je moet het los willen laten, accepteren dat het over is. Anders zal je verstand zich voeden aan je hoop Croatian: I ako vam je srce slomljeno, ne možete to ignorirati. Morate shvatiti da, koliko god to bilo privlačno, svako prisjećanje, svaka poruka koju pošaljete, svaka sekunda koju provedete prateći svog bivšeg na društvenoj mreži samo hrani vašu ovisnost, produbljuje emocionalnu bol i otežava vaš oporavak. Liječenje slomljenog srca nije putovanje. To je borba, a vaš razum je vaše najjače oružje. Nijedan razlog prekida veze neće biti dovoljno dobar. Nikakva logika neće ublažiti bol koju osjećate. Nemojte ju tražiti, nemojte čekati da se pojavi, prihvatite ono koje ste dobili ili izmislite neko objašnjenje i završite sa svime time jer vam treba taj zaključak kako biste se oduprli ovisnosti. Trebate i još nešto: morate biti spremni pomiriti se s time, prihvatiti da je gotovo. Inače će ta nada samo poticati vaš um Georgian: თუკი გული გატეხილი გაქვთ, არ უნდა უგულებელჰყოთ ეს. ძლიერი სურვილის მიუხედავად, უნდა გააცნობიეროთ, რომ ყოველი მომდევნო მოგონებით, ყოველი გაგზავნილი ტექსტით, ყოველი წამით, რომელსაც თქვენი ყოფილის სოციალურ მედიაში თვალიერებაზე ხარჯავთ, თქვენს დამოკიდებულებას კვებავთ, იმძიმებთ ემოციურ ტკივილს და ართულებთ გულის გამთელებას. გატეხილი გულის გამთელება მოგზაურობა არაა. ეს ბრძოლაა და საღი გონება თქვენი ყველაზე ძლიერი ინსტრუმენტია. არ არსებობს დაშორების ახსნა, რომელსაც დამაკმაყოფილებლად ჩათვლით. ვერანაირი ლოგიკური განმარტება ვერ შეგიმსუბუქებთ ტკივილს. ამიტომ ნუ ეძებთ, ნუ ელოდებით მას, უბრალოდ, მიიღეთ რომელსაც გთავაზობენ ან თვითონვე მოიფიქრეთ და კითხვები გვერდზე გადადეთ, რადგან დამოკიდებულებისთვის წინააღმდეგობის გასაწევად, თემის დახურვა გჭირდებათ. აგრეთვე, კიდევ ერთი რამ: მზად უნდა იყოთ გასაშვებად, უნდა მიიღოთ რომ დასრულდა. სხვანაირად, გონება იმედს ჩაგისახავთ და უკან დაგხევთ. Chinese: 如果你的心碎了， 你不能坐视不理。 你必须承认， 无论冲动是多么强大， 每次重温记忆， 每发一条短信， 每秒你花在社交媒体上 跟踪你的旧爱， 你其实就在满足你的“毒瘾”， 加深你感情上的痛苦， 并使痊愈过程更复杂。 要愈合心碎并非一个旅程， 而是个斗争，而你的理智 是你最强大的武器。 没有任何分手原因将 让你感到满足。 没有任何理论可以 带走你所感受的痛楚。 所以不要再找原因了， 不要再等另一个理论了， 就接受你已知原因， 或自己捏造一个吧， 然后不再继续追究了， 因为你需要的就是这个了结 来应付你的毒瘾。 你也需要其它东西： 你必须甘心放手， 接受一切已经终结了的事实。 不然的话，你的潜意识 会继续给你奢望， iw: ואם הלב שלכם שבור, אתם לא יכולים להתעלם מזה. אתם חייבים להכיר בזה, עד כמה שהדחף משכנע, עם כל נסיעה בנתיב הזיכרון, כל הודעת הודעת טקסט שאתם שולחים, כל שניה שאתם מבזבזים בלדבר עם האקסים ברשת החברתית, אתם פשוט מזינים את ההתמכרות שלכם, מעמיקים את הכאב הרגשי שלכם ומסבכים את ההחלמה שלכם. להתגבר על שברון לב זה לא מסע. זה מאבק, וההגיון שלכם הוא הנשק הכי חזק. אין הסבר לפרידה שיכול לגרום לכך שתרגישו סיפוק. שום נימוק לא יכול לקחת את הכאב שאתם מרגישים. אז אל תחפשו אחד, אל תחכו לאחד, פשוט תקבלו את ההסבר שהוצע או תמציאו אחד ואז תניחו לשאלה בשקט, כי אתם צריכים סגירת מעגל כדי להתנגד להתמכרות. ואתם צריכים משהו אחר כמו כן: אתם צריכים להיות מוכנים לשחרר, לקבל את זה שזה נגמר. אחרת, המוח שלכם יזון מהתקווה Portuguese: E se seu coração está partido, você não pode ignorar isso. Você deve reconhecer isso, com a mesma convicção do seu desejo: sempre que buscar isso na memória, toda mensagem de texto que envia, cada segundo que gasta perseguindo o seu ex nas redes sociais, estará simplesmente alimentando o seu vício, aprofundando sua dor emocional e comprometendo sua recuperação. Superar uma desilusão amorosa não é uma jornada. É uma luta, e a razão é sua arma mais potente. Nenhuma explicação para a separação parecerá satisfatória. Nenhuma razão pode aliviar a dor que você sente. Então não procure por uma, não espere por uma, apenas aceite a que te foi oferecida ou invente uma você mesmo, e depois não pense nisso por um tempo, pois você precisa dessa conclusão para resistir ao vício. E precisa de algo mais também: estar disposto a se desapegar, a aceitar que acabou. Caso contrário, English: And if your heart is broken, you cannot ignore that. You have to recognize that, as compelling as the urge is, with every trip down memory lane, every text you send, every second you spend stalking your ex on social media, you are just feeding your addiction, deepening your emotional pain and complicating your recovery. Getting over heartbreak is not a journey. It's a fight, and your reason is your strongest weapon. There is no breakup explanation that's going to feel satisfying. No rationale can take away the pain you feel. So don't search for one, don't wait for one, just accept the one you were offered or make up one yourself and then put the question to rest, because you need that closure to resist the addiction. And you need something else as well: you have to be willing to let go, to accept that it's over. Otherwise, your mind will feed on your hope Vietnamese: Và nếu tim bạn tan vỡ, bạn không thể phớt lờ nó. Bạn phải công nhận nó, như sự thôi thúc không thể cưỡng lại, với mỗi lần nhớ lại, mọi tin nhắn bạn gửi, mỗi giây bạn dành để theo dõi người cũ trên mạng xã hội, bạn chỉ đang nuôi cơn nghiện, làm nỗi đau thêm sâu và làm con đường đến sự chữa lành thêm phức tạp. Vượt qua đau khổ không phải là một cuộc hành trình. Đó là một cuộc chiến, và lý trí của bạn là vũ khí mạnh nhất. Không có lời giải thích chia tay nào sẽ làm bạn thấy thỏa mãn. Không lập luận nào có thể xoa dịu nỗi đau. Vì vậy, đừng tìm kiếm, đừng chờ đợi, hãy hấp nhận lí do được cung cấp hoặc tự bịa ra và sau đó, ngưng đặt câu hỏi, bởi vì bạn cần chấm dứt nó để chống lại cơn nghiện Và bạn cần vài thứ nữa như là: sẵn lòng buông bỏ, chấp nhận chuyện đã qua. Nếu không, tâm trí của bạn sẽ nuôi hy vọng Czech: A pokud máte zlomené srdce, nemůžete to ignorovat. Musíte si uvědomit, že jakkoli je ta potřeba naléhavá, s každou vzpomínkou, s každou poslanou zprávou, s každou chvílí, kterou trávíte sledováním svého ex na sociálních sítích, jen podporujete svou závislost, prohlubujete svou bolest a ztěžujete si vyléčení. Dostat se přes rozchod není cesta. Je to boj a váš rozum je vaší nejsilnější zbraní. Neexistuje žádný důvod pro rozchod, který vám bude připadat uspokojující. Žádná logika nezmírní bolest, kterou cítíte. Takže ji nehledejte, nečekejte na ni, přijměte důvod, který jste dostali nebo si vymyslete vlastní a pak se tou otázkou netrapte, protože to potřebujete uzavřít, abyste odolali závislosti. A potřebujete ještě něco dalšího: musíte být ochotni se toho vzdát, přijmout, že to skončilo. Jinak se vaše mysl bude živit nadějí Serbian: A ako vam je slomljeno srce ne možete to da ignorišete. Morate da prepoznate da koliko god da je neodoljiv nagon, svakim pohodom niz aleju sećanja, svakom porukom koju pošaljete, svaki sekund koji potrošite uhodeći vaše bivše na društvenim mrežama, samo hranite vašu zavisnost, produbljujete emotivni bol i komplikujete sopstveni oporavak. Savlađivanje slomljenog srca nije putovanje. Radi se o bici, a vaš razum je vaše najjače oružje. Ne postoji objašnjenje za raskid koje će se činiti zadovoljavajućim. Nikakva racionalizacija ne može da ukloni bol koji osećate. Zato ne tragajte za njom, ne očekujte je, prosto prihvatite onu koja vam je ponuđena ili sami za sebe izmislite neku a potom ostavite pitanje na počinak jer vam je potreban zaključak kako biste odoleli zavisnosti. A potrebno vam je i još nešto: morate da budete spremni da zaboravite, da prihvatite da je gotovo. U suprotnom, mozak će se hraniti nadom Turkish: Kalbiniz kırıksa bunu görmezden gelemezsiniz. O his ne kadar güçlü olursa olsun hafızanızda çıktığınız her yolculuk, gönderdiğiniz her mesaj, onu sosyal medyada gizlice takip ettiğiniz her dakika aslında bağımlılığınızı besliyorsunuz, duygusal acınızı derinleştiriyor ve iyileşmeyi zorlaştırıyorsunuz. Kalp kırıklığını atlatmak bir yolculuk değil. Bu bir savaş. En güçlü silahınız da mantık. Sizi tatmin eden hiçbir ayrılma açıklaması yok. Hiçbir mantıksal çıkarım da hissettiğiniz acıyı dindirmeyecek. Ne bir açıklama arayın ne de bekleyin, size söyleneni ya kabul edin ya da bir tane kendiniz uydurun ve sonra bu soruyu rafa kaldırın çünkü bu bağımlılığa direnmek için kapanışa ihtiyacınız var. Bir şeye daha ihtiyacınız var: Bunu bırakmaya ve bittiğini kabul etmeye istekli olmalısınız. Aksi hâlde aklınız umuda tutunacak Danish: Og hvis dit hjerte er knust, kan du ikke ignorere det. Du er nødt til at indse, uanset hvor fristende det er, at ethvert tilbageblik, hver sms du sender, hvert minut du bruger på at følge din eks på sociale medier, er med til at styrke din afhængighed og forstærke de smertefulde følelser, som gør det sværere at komme sig. At komme over hjertesorg er ikke en rejse. Det er en kamp og din fornuft er dit stærkeste våben. Ingen forklaring på bruddet vil føles tilfredsstillende. Ingen rationel årsag vil kunne fjerne smerten, du føler. Så led ikke efter en, vent ikke på en, accepter bare den du fik, eller find på din egen og lad det ligge, for du har brug for afslutning for at modstå afhængigheden. Og du behøver også noget andet: Viljen til at give slip, at acceptere at det er slut. Ellers vil dit sind leve på håb Spanish: Y si tenemos el corazón roto, no lo podemos ignorar. Debemos reconocer que, por imperiosa que sea la necesidad, con cada viaje hacia el recuerdo, con cada texto enviado, con cada segundo invertido en espiar al ex en redes sociales, estaremos alimentando la adicción, profundizando el dolor emocional y complicando la recuperación. Superar una ruptura sentimental no es un viaje. Es una lucha, y nuestras razones son las mejores armas. No existe explicación de la ruptura que nos conforme. No hay lógica alguna que pueda suprimir el dolor que sentimos. Por eso, no busquemos una explicación, no esperemos una, simplemente aceptemos la que nos dan o fabriquemos otra y dejemos las preguntas de lado, porque necesitamos ese cierre para resistir a la adicción. Y es necesaria otra cosa también: debemos estar dispuestos a soltar, a aceptar que se acabó. De lo contrario, alimentaremos nuestra mente de esperanzas Burmese: အသည်းကွဲရင် ဒါကို လျစ်လျူရှုလို့မရဘူး။ ဇောက တိုက်တွန်းသလောက် ဒါကို အသိအမှတ်ပြုဖို့လိုတယ်၊ အောက်မေ့ဖွယ်ဆီ ရောက်တိုင်း၊ သင်ပို့တဲ့ စာတိုင်း၊ အဆက်ဟောင်းကို လူမှုရေး မီဒီယာမှာ စိတ်ဆိုးရင်း ကုန်သွားတဲ့ စက္ကန့်တိုင်း သင့်စွဲလန်းမှုကို မီးထိုးနေတာပဲ၊ စိတ်ပိုင်းနာကျင်မှုကို နက်ရှိုင်းစေကာ သက်သာမှုကို ရှုပ်ထွေးနေစေတယ်။ အသည်းကွဲတာ လွန်မြောက်ခြင်းက ခရီးတစ်ခုမဟုတ်ဘူး၊ ဒါဟာ တိုက်ပွဲတစ်ပွဲ၊ သင့်အကြောင်းပြချက်ဟာ သင့်ရဲ့ အပြင်းဆုံးလက်နက်ပါ။ ကျေနပ်လောက်မယ့် ခွာပြဲတဲ့ ရှင်းလင်းချက်မရှိဘူး။ ခံစားရတဲ့နာကျင်မှုကို ဖယ်ရှားနိုင်တဲ့ အကြောင်းပြချက်မရှိဘူး ဒီတော့ တစ်ခုမှ မရှာပါနဲ့၊ တစ်ခုမှ စောင့်မနေပါနဲ့။ သင်ရတဲ့တစ်ခုကို လက်ခံရုံ (သို့) ကိုယ်တိုင်တစ်ခု ဖန်တီးပြီး မေးခွန်းကို အနားပေးလိုက်ပါ၊ အကြောင်းက စွဲလန်းမှုကို တွန်းလှန်ဖို့ ပိတ်သိမ်းမှုလိုတာကြောင့်ပါ။ အခြားတစ်ခု လိုရင်လည်း စွန့်လွှတ်လို စိတ်ရှိဖို့၊ ဒါဟာ ပြီးသွားပြီလို့ လက်ခံဖို့လိုတယ်။ အဲလိုမဟုတ်ရင် သင့်စိတ်က သင့်မျှော်လင့်ချက်ကို စားပြီး Bulgarian: И ако сърцето ви е разбито, не можете да игнорирате това. Трябва да знаете, колкото и силно да е желанието ви, че с всяко ровене в спомените, с всяко изпратено съобщение, с всяка секунда, прекарана в следене на бившия ви в социалните мрежи, вие само подхранвате вашата зависимост, задълбочавате емоционалната болка и усложнявате лечението си. Лекуването на разбитото сърце не е лесно. Това е битка и вашата мотивация е най-силното ви оръжие. Никое обяснение защо сте се разделили няма да ви задоволи. Никое обяснение няма да премахне болката, която чувствате. Така че не го търсете, не го чакайте, просто приемете това, което ви е било дадено, или си измислете такова и тогава оставете всичко настрана, защото, за да устоите на пристрастяването трябва да спрете да търсите обяснения. Но имате нужда и от още нещо: желанието да спрете да мислите за това, да приемете, че всичко е свършило. В противен случай, мозъкът ви ще се храни с надеждата ви Hungarian: És ha szívünk össze van törve, nem hányhatunk rá fittyet. De tudatosulnia kell bennünk, hogy bármily heves vágy késztet emlékezetünk ösvényein bóklászni, sms-eket küldeni, minden perc, amit a közösségi hálón exünk fürkészésével töltünk, csak táplálja függőségünket, mélyíti érzelmi kínunkat, és hátráltatja fölépülésünket. Összetört szívünkön túltenni magunkat nem leányálom. Küzdelem, amelyben értelmünk a legerősebb fegyverünk. Nincs kielégítő magyarázat a szakításra. Semmi észszerű nem szünteti meg a fájdalmunkat. Ne keressünk egyetlen okot, ne várjuk, hogy kiderül, csak fogadjuk el, amit felkínáltak, vagy ötöljünk ki magunknak egyet, aztán borítsunk fátylat az ügyre, hiszen lezárásra van szükségünk, hogy ellenálljunk a függőségnek. De valami más is kell: akarni kell elengedni az ügyet, hogy elfogadjuk: véget ért. Különben elménk táplálni fogja bennünk a reményt Romanian: Și dacă aveți inima frântă, nu puteți trece asta cu vederea. Trebuie să recunoașteți că, pe cât de irezistibil e impulsul, oricând vă lăsați în voia amintirilor, cu fiecare mesaj trimis, cu fiecare secundă petrecută vânându-vă fostul(a) pe canalele sociale, nu faceți decât să vă alimentați dependența, să vă agravați durerea emoțională și să vă complicați recuperarea. A-ți reveni după o inimă frântă nu e o drumeție. Este o luptă, iar rațiunea e arma voastră cea mai puternică. Nicio explicație a despărțirii nu va fi satisfăcătoare. Niciun raționament nu poate să vă scape de durerea resimțită. Așa că nu căutați unul, nu așteptați unul, pur și simplu acceptați-l pe cel oferit sau inventați voi unul și apoi lăsați-o baltă, fiindcă aveți nevoie de acea încheiere ca să rezistați dependenței. Și mai e nevoie de încă ceva: trebuie să fiți dispuși să vă detașați, să acceptați că s-a terminat. Altfel, mintea voastră se va hrăni cu speranță Italian: E se il vostro cuore è spezzato, non potete ignorarlo. Dovete riconoscerlo, irresistibile quanto lo è l'urgenza, con ogni viaggio sul viale dei ricordi, ogni messaggio che mandate, ogni secondo che spendete inseguendo il vostro ex sui social media, state solo nutrendo la vostra dipendenza, rendendo più profondo il vostro dolore emotivo e complicando la vostra guarigione. Superare una rottura non è uno scherzo. È una lotta, e la ragione è la vostra arma più forte. Non c'è alcuna spiegazione per la rottura che vi darà soddisfazione. Nessun razionale può togliervi il dolore che provate. Quindi non cercatene uno, non aspettatene uno, accettate quello che vi viene dato o inventatene uno voi e poi interrompete la vostra ricerca perché avete bisogno di quella chiusura per resistere alla dipendenza. E avete anche bisogno di qualcos'altro: dovete avere la volontà di lasciare andare di accettare che è finita. Altrimenti, la vostra mente si nutrirà della speranza Persian: و اگر قلب شما شکسته شود، نمی‌توانید آن را نادیده بگیرید. همان قدر که هوس را می‌فهمید باید این را بفهمید، با مرور خاطرات، با هر پیامی که ارسال می‌‌کنید، تعقیب کردن شریک قبلی‌تان در رسانه‌های اجتماعی، فقط دارید اعتیاد خود را تقویت می‌کنید، درد احساسی خود را عمیق می‌کنید و بهبودی خود را پیچیده‌تر می‌کنید. غلبه بر دل‌ شکستگی یک سفر نیست. یک مبارزه است و دلیل شما بزرگترین سلاح شماست. هیچ توضیحی برای جدایی رضایت بخش نیست. هیچ منطقی دردی را که احساس می‌کنید از بین نمی‌برد. پس دنبال کسی نگرد، منتظر کسی نباش، فقط آنچه را که به تو داده شده قبول کن یا خودت یکی بساز و بعد مسئله را به نتیجه بسپار. چون شما به آن حصار برای مقاومت در برابر این اعتیاد نیاز دارید. شما یک چیز دیگر هم نیاز دارید: باید راضی به رها کردن شوید، تا قبول کنید که تمام شده است. وگرنه ذهن شما امیدتان را تقویت می‌کند Korean: 실연의 상처를 외면하지 마세요. 충동이 강력한 만큼 모든 여행과 문자 메시지, SNS에서 옛 애인을 스토킹하며 보내는 시간은 중독을 유지시키고 정서적 고통을 심화시키며 회복을 더 어렵게 만듭니다. 실연 극복은 여정이 아닙니다. 이는 투쟁이고, 이성이 당신의 최고의 무기입니다. 헤어짐에 대한 어떤 설명도 당신을 만족시킬 수는 없습니다. 고통을 없애줄 수 있는 근거도 존재하지 않아요. 그러니 이유를 찾지 말고, 기다리지도 마십시오. 상대방이 말한 이유를 받아들이거나, 스스로 지어내 보세요. 그리고 모든 질문을 멈춥니다. 중독에 저항하려면 단절이 필요하기 때문입니다. 이제 무엇을 해야 할까요. 기꺼이 관계를 놓아주십시오. 끝을 받아들이십시오. 그러지 않으면, 당신은 헛된 희망에 기대고, Thai: ถ้าคุณหัวใจสลาย คุณจะเมินเฉยอยู่ไม่ได้ คุณจะต้องรับรู้ว่า ไม่ว่าจะรู้สึกอยากแค่ไหน ทุกครั้งที่นึกถึงเรื่องที่อยู่ในความทรงจำ ทุกข้อความที่คุณส่งไป ทุกวินาทีที่คุณลอบติดตามอดีตคนรักของคุณ ตามโซเชียลมีเดีย คุณเพียงแต่กำลังป้อนสิ่งที่คุณเสพติด ทำให้รู้สึกเจ็บปวดรวดร้าวลึกลงไปอีก และทำให้การฟื้นฟูใจยุ่งยากขึ้น การฟื้นคืนจากอาการอกหัก ไม่ใช่การเดินทาง หากเป็นการต่อสู้ และเหตุผลคืออาวุธที่แข็งแกร่งที่สุดของคุณ ไม่มีคำอธิบายถึงการบอกเลิกใดๆ จะน่าฟังน่าพอใจ ไม่มีหลักเหตุผลใดๆ ที่จะขจัดความรู้สึกเจ็บปวดของคุณไปได้ เพราะฉะนั้น อย่าไปพยายามหาคำอธิบาย อย่าไปรอมัน แค่ยอมรับคำอธิบายที่คุณได้รับ หรือไม่ก็แต่งขึ้นมาเองสักเรื่อง แล้วก็หยุดตั้งคำถามเสียที เพราะคุณจำเป็นต้องยอมรับการสิ้นสุดนั้น เพื่อต่อต้านการเสพติด และคุณต้องการอะไรอย่างอื่นด้วย นั่นคือ คุณต้องเต็มใจที่จะปล่อยวาง ที่จะยอมรับว่ามันจบลงแล้ว ไม่อย่างนั้น ใจของคุณจะใช้ความหวังหล่อเลี้ยงไปเรื่อยๆ Modern Greek (1453-): Κι αν σας ραγίσουν την καρδιά, δεν μπορείτε να το αγνοήσετε. Πρέπει να αναγνωρίσετε ότι, όσο δυνατή κι αν είναι η παρόρμηση, με κάθε ταξίδι στις αναμνήσεις σας, με κάθε μήνυμα που στέλνετε, κάθε λεπτό που περνάτε παρακολουθώντας τον πρώην στα μέσα κοινωνικής δικτύωσης, απλώς θρέφετε τον εθισμό σας, βαθαίνοντας τον συναισθηματικό πόνο σας και κάνοντας την ανάκαμψή σας πιο περίπλοκη. Το να ξεπεράσεις μια ερωτική απογοήτευση δεν είναι ένα ταξίδι, είναι μια μάχη, και η λογική σας είναι το πιο δυνατό όπλο σας. Δεν υπάρχει εξήγηση για το χωρισμό που θα σας ικανοποιεί. Καμιά λογική σκέψη δεν μπορεί να διώξει τον πόνο που νιώθετε. Άρα, μην ψάχνετε για μια, μην την περιμένετε, δεχτείτε απλά αυτήν που σας έδωσαν ή φτιάξτε μία δική σας και μετά παρατήστε τα ερωτήματά σας, επειδή έχετε ανάγκη να βάλετε τέλος προκειμένου ν' αντισταθείτε στον εθισμό. Χρειάζεστε και κάτι ακόμα: Πρέπει να θέλετε να το αφήσετε πίσω σας, να αποδεχθείτε ότι τελείωσε. Αλλιώς το μυαλό σας θα τρέφεται από την ελπίδα σας Urdu: اور اگر آپکا دِل زخم خوردہ ہے، تو آپ اسے نظر انداز نہیں کر سکتے۔ آپ کو اسے تسلیم کرنا ہوگا، اور طلب چاہے جتنی بھی شدید ہو، جب بھی آپ کسی پرانی یاد میں گم ہوتے ہیں، کوئی پیغام بھیجتے ہیں، سماجی میڈیا پر اپنے سابقہ محبوب کا پیچھا کرتے ہوئے ہر لمحہ جو گزارتے ہیں، آپ صرف اپنی لت پوری کر رہے ہیں، اپنے درد میں اِضافہ کر رہے ہیں، اور اپنی بحالی کو پیچیدہ بنا رہے ہیں۔ ٹوٹے دِل کو جوڑنا کوئی سفر نہیں ہے۔ یہ لڑائی ہے، اور آپ کی دلیل آپ کا سب سے مضبوط ہتھیار ہے۔ ناطہ ٹُوٹنے کی کوئی بھی وضاحت آپ کو تسلی نیں دے پائے گی۔ کوئی بھی منطق درد کو کم نہیں کر سکے گی۔ تو وجوہات تلاش مت کریں، جو بھی وجہ سمجھ میں آئے یا جو آپ کو بتائی جائے اسے مان لیں پھر اس سوال کو بھول جائیں، کیونکہ اس لت سے چُھٹکارا پانے کے لئے آپ کو خاتمہ بالخیر درکار ہے۔ آپ کو ایک اور چیز کی ضرورت بھی ہے: آپ کو اسے چھوڑنے کے لئے تیار ہونا ہو گا، مان لینا کہ یہ ختم ہو چُکا ہے۔ ورنہ دل میں اُمید بندھی رہے گی Ukrainian: Якщо ваше серце розбите, це не можна ігнорувати. Ви повинні чітко усвідомити, що кожна ваша мандрівка у спогади, кожне повідомлення, кожна секунда, витрачена на колишнього в соціальній мережі, просто живить вашу залежність, поглиблює емоційний біль, ускладнює процес одужання. Пережити розлучення нелегко. Це – справжня боротьба, а розум – найсильніша зброя. І жодне з пояснень розриву вас не задовольнить. Жодне з обґрунтувань не вгамує біль. Тому не слід чекати цілющих аргументів. Слід просто їх прийняти, чи вигадати власні, і більше не згадувати про це. Завершення необхідне для боротьби із залежністю. Крім цього вам потрібно ще дещо: готовність відпустити старе кохання, визнати, що все у минулому. В іншому випадку, мозок буде тішитись надіями, German: Und wenn Ihr Herz gebrochen ist, können Sie das nicht ignorieren. Sie müssen sich bewusst sein, wenn es auch noch so verlockend ist, dass jede Reise in die Vergangenheit, jede SMS, die Sie senden, jede Sekunde, in der Sie Ihre(n) Ex auf sozialen Medien stalken, lediglich Ihre Sucht nährt, Ihren emotionalen Schmerz vertieft, und Ihre Heilung erschwert. Über Liebeskummer hinweg zu kommen ist kein leichter Weg. Es ist ein Kampf, und ihr Verstand ist dabei ihre stärkste Waffe. Keine Erklärung für Ihre Trennung wird Sie jemals zufriedenstellen. Keine Begründung kann den Schmerz lindern. Also suchen Sie nicht danach, warten Sie nicht darauf, akzeptieren Sie einfach, was Sie haben, oder erfinden Sie eine neue, und lassen die Sache auf sich beruhen. Sie brauchen einen Schlussstrich, um der Sucht zu widerstehen. Und Sie brauchen noch etwas anderes: Sie müssen gewillt sein, loszulassen, zu akzeptieren, dass es vorbei ist. Sonst werden sich Ihre Gedanken an Ihrer Hoffnung nähren Chinese: 如果你的心碎了，你不能忽略它。 儘管衝動很難抗拒，你仍必須了解， 你每一次的回想， 你發出的每一則訊息， 你花在社交媒體上追蹤 前任情人的每一秒鐘， 你都只是在滿足你的癮， 加深你情緒上的痛苦， 讓你的復原變得更複雜。 度過心碎並不是一趟旅程。 它是場戰鬥，而你的理智 是你最強的武器。 沒有任何分手解釋會讓人感到滿意。 沒有邏輯理由能帶走 你所感受到的痛苦。 所以不用去找理由了， 不要再等理由了， 就接受你得到的理由吧， 不然就自己編一個， 然後就讓這個問題安息， 因為你需要那個結束， 來對抗你的癮。 你還需要別的： 你得要願意放手， 接受感情已經結束。 不然，你的大腦會再給你希望， Russian: Если вам разбили сердце, нельзя это игнорировать. Вам нужно осознать, что ваше непреодолимое желание предаться воспоминаниям, написать сообщение, просмотреть социальные сети бывших только усиливает вашу зависимость, усиливает душевную боль и усложняет ваше выздоровление. Вылечить разбитое сердце непросто. Это похоже на бой. И мотивация — ваше сильнейшее оружие. Ни одна причина разрыва вас не удовлетворит. Ни одно объяснение не снимет боль. Поэтому не ищите и не ждите объяснений, просто примите то, что вам сказали, или придумайте его сами. И больше не поднимайте этот вопрос. Чтобы побороть зависимость, нужно перестать искать объяснения. Но вам нужно кое-что ещё: желание отпустить и принять тот факт, что это конец. В противном случае ваши надежды Arabic: وإذا تحطمت قلوبكم، لا يُمكنكم تجاهل ذلك. عليكم إدراك ذلك، كقناعتكم برغبتكم الملّحة، مع كل رحلة في دروب ذكرياتكم كل نص حرفي ترسلونه، كل ثانية تمضونها تلاحقون الحبيب السابق في وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، فإنكم تغذّون فقط إدمانكم، وتعمّقون ألمكم العاطفي وتعقّدون تعافيكم. ليس التغلب على تحطم القلب رحلة. إنه كفاح، وحجتكم هي سلاحكم الأقوى. لا يوجد تفسير لقطع العلاقة سيجعلكم تشعرون بالرضا. لا يمكنُ لأي مبرر أن يقضي على الألم الذي تشعرون به. لذلك لا تبحثوا عن أي مبرر، ولا تنتظروا مبررًا، تقبّلوا فقط المبرر الذي قدّم لكم أو اصنعوا واحدًا ومن ثم كفوا عن السؤال، لأنكم بحاجة إلى تلك النهاية لمقاومة الإدمان. وتحتاجون لشيء آخر كذلك: يجب أن تكون لديكم الرغبة لترك الأمر، وتقبل بأنه انتهى. وإلاّ سيغذي عقلكم الأمل لديكم Portuguese: Se tiverem o coração partido, não o podem ignorar. Têm de o reconhecer, por muito que sintam a necessidade de cada viagem ao passado, de cada mensagem que enviam, de cada segundo que passam a perseguir o vosso ex nas redes sociais, estão apenas a alimentar o vício, a aprofundar a vossa dor emocional e a dificultar a vossa recuperação. Ultrapassar o desgosto de amor não é uma viagem. É uma luta e a razão é a vossa melhor arma. Não há explicação para o fim de uma relação que vos vá satisfazer. Não há lógica que vos vá tirar a dor. Por isso não a procurem, não esperem por ela, apenas aceitem a que vos foi dada ou inventem uma e deixem o assunto em paz, porque precisam de uma conclusão para resistirem ao vício. E também precisam de outra coisa: têm de ser capazes de esquecer, de aceitar que acabou. Senão, a vossa cabeça vai alimentar-se de esperança French: Si vous avez le cœur est brisé, vous ne pouvez pas ne rien faire. Vous devez reconnaître, aussi forte que soit votre envie, avec chaque voyage dans le passé, chaque message envoyé, chaque seconde passée à espionner votre ex sur les réseaux sociaux, vous nourrissez votre dépendance, vous aggravez votre douleur émotionnelle et rendez votre guérison plus compliquée. Surmonter une peine d'amour n'est pas un voyage. C'est un combat, et votre raison est votre arme la plus puissante. Il n'y a aucune raison satisfaisante pour une séparation. Aucune justification ne peut enlever la douleur qui vous déchire. Alors n'en cherchez pas une, n'en attendez pas une, acceptez simplement celle qui vous a été offerte ou créez-en une et laissez la question reposer, parce que cette conclusion est nécessaire pour résister à votre dépendance. Vous avez également besoin d'une autre chose : vous devez vouloir lâcher prise, et accepter que c'est terminé. Autrement, votre esprit se nourrira de vos espoirs Japanese: あなたの心が傷付いていたら 無視してはいけません どれほど強い衝動に駆られても 認めなければなりません 思い出のひとつひとつをたどり 交わしたメールを読み返し ソーシャルメディア上で 元恋人をストーキングするたびに 自分の中毒を悪化させ 心の傷を深くして 回復をこじらせているだけなのだと 失恋を乗り越える過程は 「旅」ではありません 「戦い」です 理性が最大の武器となります 心の底から納得できる 別れの理由なんて存在しません あなたが感じる心の痛みは 理屈では取り除けないのです 別れの理由を探すのはやめましょう 待つのも無駄です 相手の言葉をそのまま受け入れるか 自分でこしらえましょう そんな疑問は忘れてしまうのです 中毒から抜け出すには 決着をつける必要があるからです 必要なことは これだけではありません 自分から進んで 過去を忘れ 関係が終わったことを受け入れるのです そうでないと はかない望みに すがりたい気持ちがわいて Slovenian: In če je tvoje srce strto, tega ne smeš prezreti. Moraš razumeti, pa naj bo želja še tako močna, da z vsakim potovanjem po poti spomina, z vsakim sporočilom, ki ga pošlješ, z vsako sekundo, ko zalezuješ bivšega partnerja na družabnih medijih, samo napajaš zasvojenost, poglabljaš svojo čustveno bolečino in otežuješ svoje ozdravljenje. Premagovanje žalosti ni pot. Je boj, in tvoj razum je tvoje najmočnejše orožje. Nobena razlaga razhoda te ne bo zadovoljila. Nobeno razmišljanje ti ne more odvzeti bolečine. Torej ne išči, ne čakaj, samo sprejmi ponujeno razlago, ali pa si jo naredi sam, nato pa se ne sprašuj več, kajti, da se upreš odvisnosti, moraš nehati. Pa še nekaj drugega potrebuješ: moraš biti pripravljen odnehati in se sprijazniti s tem, da je konec. Sicer se bo tvoj um napajal z upanjem Chinese: 使你无法前进。 当你心碎时，奢望可以 有灾难性的破坏力。 心碎是个灵巧的操纵者。 对我们的头脑来说， 采取跟愈合心碎 完全相反的步骤 是相当容易的。 我们心碎时最常有的倾向之一 是崇拜跟我们分手的人。 我们花无数时间回想起他们的微笑、 他们如何让我们感到愉快、 或者我们一起爬山时 在星光下亲吻的时候。 这些都会让我们为 损失感到更痛苦。 我们知道这一点。 但我们仍不断地在脑袋里 重复那些难忘的经历， 如同我们被自己被动攻击型的 音乐播放表所劫持。 （笑声） 心碎会让那些想法突然浮现在脑海中。 French: et vous tirera vers le bas. L'espoir peut être incroyablement destructeur quand notre cœur est brisé. La peine d'amour est un maître manipulateur. La facilité avec laquelle elle change notre esprit pour faire l'opposé de ce dont nous avons besoin pour guérir est remarquable. Une des tendances communes que nous avons lorsque nous avons le cœur brisé est d'idéaliser la personne qui nous l'a brisé. Nous passons des heures à penser à leur sourire, combien ils nous faisaient nous sentir bien, quand nous avions escaladé une montagne et fait l'amour sous les étoiles. Tout cela ne fait que rendre notre perte plus douloureuse. Nous le savons. Toutefois, nous laissons notre esprit tourner en boucle nos plus beaux moments, comme si nous étions pris en otage par une playlist musicale passivo-agressive. (Rires) Une peine d'amour fera apparaître ces pensées dans notre esprit. Russian: притормозят ваше лечение. Иллюзия может сыграть злую шутку, когда ваше сердце разбито. Ибо оно умеет искусно манипулировать. Мы начинаем делать не то, что нужно для нашего восстановления, а совершенно противоположное. Уму непостижимо! Когда кто-то разбивает нам сердце, мы начинаем его идеализировать. Мы часами вспоминаем его улыбку, наши приятные чувства к нему, как мы вместе ходили в горы и занимались любовью под звёздами. В результате мы горюем ещё сильнее. Мы знаем об этом. Но продолжаем и продолжаем вспоминать, как будто нас заставляют слушать одну и ту же песню, когда-то любимую, но уже порядком надоевшую. (Смех) После разрыва такие мысли возникают сами собой. Korean: 나아가지 못하게 됩니다. 희망은 실연에 믿기 힘들 정도로 파괴적으로 작용합니다. 실연은 조작의 고단수입니다. 실연 극복을 위해 필요한 과정과 정반대의 행동이 오히려 마음을 편안하게 한다는 것은 놀라운 일입니다. 실연을 당했을 때 흔히 하는 대표적인 행동이 이별을 말한 연인을 이상화하는 것입니다. 연인의 미소를 기억하고 행복함을 안겨주었던 추억을 떠올리며 시간을 보냅니다. 함께 하이킹했던 추억, 별 밤 아래서 나누었던 사랑. 모든 추억은 상실의 고통을 더 크게 만뿐입니다. 우리도 잘 알고 있죠. 그런데도 마음은 가장 좋았던 순간을 반복재생합니다. 스포티파이(Spotify:음악스트리밍서비스)로 수동적 공격 스타일의 음악 재생목록을 계속 틀고 있는 상태처럼요. (웃음) 실연은 좋은 시절을 떠올리게 만듭니다. Slovenian: in te potegnil nazaj. Ko imaš strto srce, je upanje lahko zelo uničujoče. Strto srce je mojster manipulator. Lahkota, s katero pripravi naš um, da dela ravno nasprotno od tistega, kar bi bilo potrebno, da si opomoremo, je nepopisna. Ena od najbolj pogostih teženj, ki jih imamo, ko imamo strto srce, je idealizirati osebo, ki je to povzročila. Ure porabimo, da se spominjamo nasmehov, kako dobro smo se počutili ob njih, tistega dne, ko sva šla na goro in se ljubila pod zvezdami. Vse to pa naredi našo izgubo še bolj bolečo. To vemo. Pa vseeno dopuščamo, da naš um skače z enega lepega spomina na drugega, kot da smo talec lastne pasivno-agresivne veseloigre. (Smeh) Strto srce bo te misli sejalo v tvojo glavo. Da se izogneš idealiziranju, Danish: og holde dig tilbage. Håb kan være enormt destruktivt, når dit hjerte er knust. Hjertesorg er en mestermanipulator. Den lethed hvormed den påvirker os i modsat retning, væk fra det vi trænger til, er påfaldende. Noget af det vi oftest gør når hjertet er knust, er at idealisere personen, som knuste det. Vi tænker i timevis på, hvordan de smiler, hvor godt de fik os til at føle os, den gang, vi vandrede op ad bjerget og elskede under stjernerne. Det gør kun tabet mere smertefuldt. Vi ved det godt. Men alligevel lader vi tankerne kredse om det ene hit efter det andet, som gidsel af vores egen passivt-aggressive playliste på Spotify. (Latter) Hjertesorg vil få de tanker til at dukke op i dit hoved. Croatian: i vraćati vas natrag. Nada može biti jako pogubna kada vam je srce slomljeno. Slomljeno srce je veliki manipulator. Lakoća kojom nas tjera da radimo suprotno od onoga što je potrebno da se oporavimo je nevjerojatna. Jedna od najčešćih stvari koju radimo kada nam je srce slomljeno je ta da idealiziramo osobu koja ga je slomila. Provodimo sate prisjećajući se njihovog osmijeha, kako smo se dobro osjećali pokraj njih, kada smo planinarili i vodili ljubav pod zvijezdama. Sve to samo pogoršava bol gubitka. Znamo to. I svejedno dopuštamo umu da vrti naše najbolje hitove jedan za drugim kao da smo taoci našeg vlastitog pasivno-agresivnog popisa glazbe. (Smijeh) Slomljeno srce slati će takve misli u vaš um. Portuguese: sua mente vai se alimentar da sua esperança e te empurrar de volta. A esperança pode ser muito destrutiva quando o coração está partido. A desilusão amorosa é mestra em manipulação. A facilidade com que nos induz a fazer completamente o oposto daquilo que precisamos para nos recuperar é incrível! Uma das tendências mais comuns que temos quando nos desiludimos é idealizar a pessoa que nos desiludiu. Passamos horas nos lembrando do sorriso dela, do quanto ela nos fez sentir bem, de quando subimos a montanha e fizemos amor sob as estrelas. Tudo isso torna a perda ainda mais dolorosa. Sabemos disso. Mesmo assim, permitimos à nossa mente relembrar um momento feliz após o outro, como se fôssemos reféns da nossa própria "playlist" passiva-agressiva do Spotify. (Risos) (Aplausos) A desilusão amorosa fará esses pensamentos pipocarem na sua mente. Thai: และทำให้การตัดใจช้าออกไปอีก ความหวังบ่อนทำลายได้อย่างไม่น่าเชื่อ เมื่อหัวใจสลาย หัวใจที่สลายเป็นนักบงการชั้นยอด มันสั่งให้เราทำในสิ่งที่ตรงกันข้าม โดยสิ้นเชิงได้อย่างง่ายดาย ตรงข้ามกับสิ่งที่เราต้องทำเพื่อฟื้นฟูใจ ง่ายอย่างน่าทึ่ง สิ่งที่มักจะเกิดขึ้นมากที่สุดอย่างหนึ่ง เวลาที่เราหัวใจสลาย คือการเห็นว่าคนที่หักอกเรานั้นดีเลิศ เราใช้เวลาหลายๆ ชั่วโมง นึกถึงรอยยิ้มของพวกเขา นึกถึงว่ามันทำให้เรารู้สึกดีขนาดไหน นึกถึงเวลาที่เราไต่ขึ้นไปบนภูเขาด้วยกัน และรักกันใต้แสงดาว แต่ทั้งหมดนั้นก็รังแต่จะทำให้ การสูญเสียของเรายิ่งเจ็บปวดมากขึ้น เรารู้หมดแหละ แต่เราก็ยังปล่อยใจให้วนเวียน คิดถึงเรื่องที่เจ็บปวด ราวกับเป็นเชลยของเพลย์ลิสท์ ที่เล่นซ้ำไปมาแบบที่เราต้องทนฟัง (เสียงหัวเราะ) การอกหักทำให้การคิดถึง เรื่องเหล่านั้นเกิดขึ้นในใจ Ukrainian: і «лікування» неможливе. Надія має руйнівний вплив, коли ваше серце розбите. Розбите серце – майстер маніпуляцій. Легкість, з якою воно змушує наш мозок робити зовсім не те, що необхідно для одужання, є неймовірною! Дивно, але досить часто покинуті «серця» ідеалізують своїх колишніх. Ми годинами можемо згадувати їхню посмішку, ті неймовірні почуття, коли ми ходили в гори, кохання під зоряним небом. Усе це ще більше посилює біль утрати. Ми усе це розуміємо. Тим не менш, ми самі вмикаємо на повтор одну й ту саму пісню, і щоразу дратуємося, бо ця пісня вже давно набридла. (Сміх) Після розриву у вас саме такі думки. Hungarian: és csak visszavet. Ha szívünk össze van törve, a bizakodás szörnyen romboló lehet. Az összetört szív csalfa befolyásoló. Játszi könnyedséggel veszi rá elménket, hogy pont az ellenkezőjét tegye, mint ami gyógyulásunk érdekében kellene. Elképesztő! Összetört szívűeknél az egyik leggyakoribb hajlandóságunk, hogy idealizáljuk a személyt, aki összetörte. Órákat töltünk mosolya fölidézésével, milyen pompásan éreztük magunkat vele, amikor együtt másztunk hegyet, és amikor csillagok alatt szeretkeztünk. Ezek csak még fájdalmasabbá teszik veszteségünket. Ezt tudjuk, és mégis hagyjuk, hogy elménk ide-oda csapongjon emlékeink között, mintha saját Spotify passzív-agresszív lejátszólistánk túszai lennénk. (Nevetés) A szívfájdalomtól azok a gondolatok újra és újra fölbukkannak. Chinese: 讓你無法前進。 當你心碎時，希望 是非常有毀滅性的。 心碎，是操弄大師。 它利用舒適當手段， 讓我們的大腦去做的事， 和復原所需要的完全相反， 這手段很強大。 當我們心碎時，最常見的傾向之一， 就是會理想化那個讓我們心碎的人。 我們花數小時的時間 去回想他們的笑容、 那笑容帶給我們的感覺有多棒， 及我們爬上山在星空下做愛的時光。 這唯一的效果，就是 讓我們的失去變得更痛苦。 我們知道這一點。 但我們仍然允許我們的大腦 陷在這不斷重擊的循環中， 彷彿我們被自己被動攻擊的 Spotify 音樂播放清單給挾持當人質了。 （笑聲） 心碎會讓那些念頭出現在你腦中。 Japanese: あなたの足を引っ張ります 失恋した時には 希望は 非常に有害なものになりうるのです 失恋は 人の心を操る名人です やすやすと感情を揺さぶって ある方向に導きますが それに流されると 本来の自分を取り戻すのに必要なものから どんどん遠ざかります 傷心の時期に つい やってしまいがちなのは 別れた相手を理想化することです 何時間も物思いにふけっては その人の笑顔を思い出し ２人で過ごした素敵な時間を思い 一緒に山へハイキングに出かけて 星空の下で愛し合ったことを思ったりします 思い出したところで 喪失感がますます高まるだけなのに わかっていても なお こんな風に「最高の思い出」を 何度も繰り返しかみしめるのは 自分で作った「受動的攻撃」プレイリストを Spotifyで聞き続けるようなものです （笑） 失恋することで こうした考えが 頭に浮かんでしまいます Bulgarian: и ще ви дърпа назад. Надеждата може да е невероятно деструктивна при разбито сърце. Разбитото сърце е изключителен манипулатор. Лекотата, с която кара ума ни да прави напълно противоположното на това, което трябва, за да оздравеем, е невероятна. Една от най-честите склонности, които имаме при разбито сърце, е да идеализираме хората, които са ни наранили. Прекарваме часове, спомняйки си усмивката им, колко добре ни караха да се чувстваме, онзи път, когато се катерихме в планината и правихме любов под звездите. И всичко това прави загубата ни по-болезнена. Знаем това. И въпреки това позволявяме на мозъка ни да потъва в спомени пак и пак, все едно ни карат да слушаме нелюбим плейлист в Spotify. (смях) Разбитото сърце кара такива мисли да изкачат в ума ви. Romanian: și vă va face să dați înapoi. Speranța poate fi incredibil de nimicitoare când aveți inima frântă. Inima frântă e un manipulator desăvârșit. Ușurința cu care ne manevrează mintea ca să facă exact opusul a ceea ce e necesar ca să ne revenim, e remarcabilă. Una dintre cele mai obișnuite tendințe, când avem inima frântă, e să idealizăm persoana care ne-a frânt-o. Petrecem ore amintindu-ne zâmbetul lor, cât de bine ne-au făcut să ne simțim atunci când am urcat pe munte și am făcut dragoste sub cerul înstelat. Asta nu face decât să amplifice durerea pierderii. Știm asta. Și totuși, încă îi permitem minții să treacă de la un mega-hit la altul, ca și cum am fi ținuți prizonieri de propriul playlist Spotify pasiv-agresiv. (Râsete) Inima frântă vă face să aveți astfel de gânduri. Turkish: ve sizi geriye götürecek. Kalbiniz kırıldığında umut inanılmaz düzeyde yıkıcıdır. Kalp kırıklığı uzman bir yönlendirici. Aklımıza girerek iyileşmek için aslında yapmamız gerekenin tamamen tersini yaptırması gerçekten kayda değer. Kalbimiz kırıldığında çok sık yaptığımız şeylerden biri bunu bize yapan insanı yüceltmek. Saatlerce onun gülümsemesini, bizi nasıl harika hissettirdiğini, dağların üstüne çıkıp yıldızların altında nasıl birlikte olduğumuzu hatırlarız. Bu yalnızca acımızı arttırır. Bunu biliyoruz. Yine de aklımızın sürekli darbe aldığı bu döngüye izin veriyoruz, pasif agresif Spotify müzik listemiz tarafından tutsak alınmış gibiyiz adeta. (Kahkahalar) Kalp kırıklığı bu düşünceleri aklınıza getirecek. Vietnamese: và làm bạn quay lại như cũ. Hy vọng có sức phá huỷ đáng gờm khi trái tim bạn tan vỡ. Trái tim tan vỡ là bậc thầy thao túng. Cảm giác thoải mái dẫn dắt ta làm điều ngược lại hoàn toàn về những gì ta cần để phục hồi thì có sức hấp dẫn khó cưỡng. Một trong những xu hướng phổ biến nhất khi tim tan vỡ là lý tưởng hóa người đã làm vỡ nó. Chúng ta dành hàng giờ để nhớ nụ cười của họ, cách họ làm chúng ta hạnh phúc, thời gian chúng ta leo núi và làm tình dưới ánh sao Tất cả làm cảm giác mất mát thêm đau đớn. Chúng ta biết điều đó. Tuy nhiên, ta vẫn cho phép tâm trí ca bài não tình hết lần này tới lần khác, như thể ta bị bắt làm con tin bởi chính danh sách nhạc Spotify của mình. (Cười) Đau lòng sẽ làm những suy nghĩ đó ghim sâu vào tâm trí bạn. Arabic: ويمنعكم من المضي قدمًا. يمكنُ أن يكون الأمل مدّمرًا بشكل كبير عندما تتحطم قلوبكم. فتحطم القلب هو متلاعب محترف. والراحة التي يجعلُ بها عقولنا تقوم تمامًا بما هو عكس ما نحتاجُ إليه من أجل التعافي هو أمرٌ جديرٌ بالذكر. إحدى أكثر الميول الشائعة التي نملكها عندما يتمُ تحطيم قلوبنا هو أننا نعتبرُ الشخص الذي حطّم قلبنا مثاليًا. نقضي ساعات نتذكر ابتساماتهم، وكيف جعلوننا نشعرُ بأننا رائعون، وذلك الوقت الذي صعدنا فيه إلى الجبال ومارسنا الحب تحت النجوم. وكلّ ذلك يجعلُ فقداننا أكثر إيلامًا. نعرفُ ذلك. ولا نزالُ نسمحُ لعقولنا بعرض شريط لأكثر لحظاتنا جمالا، كما لو احتجزنا كرهائن من قبل لائحة لأغانينا السلبية والعدوانية على سبوتيفاي. (ضحك) سيجعلُ تحطم القلب هذه الأفكار تدخل بسرعة لعقولكم. Persian: و شما را عقب می‌کشد. وقتی دلتان می‌شکند امید می‌تواند به شدت تخریب کننده باشد. دل شکستگی یک کنترل‌گر ماهر است. قابل توجه است که ذهن ما به راحتی دقیقاً برعکس کاری را انجام می‌دهد که برای بهبودی نیاز داریم. یکی از تمایلاتی که هنگام دل شکستگی داریم ستودن فردی است که رابطه را پایان داده است. ساعت‌ها به لبخندش فکر می‌کنیم، چقدر حال ما را خوب می‌کرد، زمانی که از کوه بالا می‌رفتیم و زیر ستاره‌ها عشق‌بازی می‌کردیم. همه این‌ها احساس خلأ ما را دردناک‌تر می‌کند. این را می‌دانیم. اما همچنان به ذهنمان اجازه می‌دهیم ضربه‌های شدید پی‌در‌پی به ما بزند انگار با لیست آهنگ پرخاشگر اسپاتیفای خودمان را گروگان گرفته‌ایم. (خنده) دل شکستگی باعث می‌شود آن فکرها به ذهن شما خطور کند. German: und Sie zurückhalten. Hoffnung kann für ein gebrochenes Herz unglaublich zerstörerisch sein. Liebeskummer ist ein Meister im Manipulieren. Es fällt ihm so leicht, unseren Verstand dazu zu bringen, genau das Gegenteil davon zu tun, was wir zur Heilung brauchen, das ist bemerkenswert. Eine der häufigsten Tendenzen, die wir bei Liebeskummer haben, ist das Idealisieren der Person, die unser Herz brach. Wir verbringen Stunden mit Erinnerungen an ihr Lächeln, wie großartig wir uns durch sie fühlten, damals als wir auf den Berg gingen und uns unterm Sternenzelt liebten. Dadurch fühlt sich unser Verlust nur noch schmerzhafter an. Das wissen wir auch. Und doch spielen wir in Gedanken eine Hitsingle nach der anderen ab, als wären wir die Geisel unserer eigenen passiv-aggressiven Spotify-Playlist. (Lachen) Bei Liebeskummer tauchen diese Gedanken unweigerlich in Ihrem Kopf auf. Dutch: en je terugwerpen. Hoop kan heel vernietigend zijn als je hart gebroken is. Een gebroken hart is een meesterlijk manipulator. Het gemak waarmee het ons verstand het tegenovergestelde laat doen dan we nodig hebben om beter te worden, is opmerkelijk. Een van de meest voorkomende neigingen die we bij een gebroken hart hebben, is de persoon te idealiseren die het brak. We spenderen uren met het herinneren van hun lach, hoe geweldig ze ons lieten voelen, de keer dat we bovenop de berg de liefde bedreven onder de sterren. Dat maakt ons verdriet alleen maar pijnlijker. We weten dat. Toch laten we ons verstand de hoogtepunten van onze relatie doorlopen, alsof we gegijzeld worden door ons eigen passief-agressieve Spotify-afspeellijst. (Gelach) Een gebroken genereert dat soort gedachten. Spanish: y haremos un retroceso. La esperanza puede ser increíblemente destructiva cuando atravesamos una ruptura amorosa. La decepción amorosa es una experta manipuladora. La facilidad con la que maneja nuestra mente para hacer exactamente lo opuesto a lo que necesitamos para recuperarnos es asombrosa. Una de las tendencias más comunes en una ruptura amorosa es idealizar a la persona que la ocasionó. Nos pasamos horas recordando su sonrisa, lo bien que nos sentimos a su lado, la vez que subimos a una montaña e hicimos el amor bajo las estrellas. Lo único que logramos así es profundizar el dolor de la pérdida. Y lo sabemos. Pero, aun así, le permitimos a la mente pasar de un éxito a otro, como si fuéramos rehenes de nuestra propia lista de reproducción pasivo-agresiva de Spotify. (Risas) Una ruptura amorosa nos llevará por esos pensamientos. Urdu: اور آپ کو پیچھے دھکیلے گا۔ ٹوٹے دل کی صورت میں اُمید نقصان دہ ہے۔ ٹوٹا دل بڑا سازشی ہوتا ہے۔ جس آسانی سے یہ ہر اس چیز کے مخالف چلتا ہے جسکی ہمیں بحالی کے لیے ضرورت ہوتی ہے یہ قابلِ ذکر ہے۔ عمُومی طور پر ایک رجحان جو ٹوٹے دل کی حالت میں نظر آتا ہے وہ ہے اسی شخص کی پرستش کرنا جس نے ایسا کیا ہو۔ ہم گھنٹوں اُن کی مُسکراہٹ کو یاد کرنے میں گزار دیتے ہیں، ان کے ساتھ کِتنا اچھا لگتا تھا، وہ وقت جب ہم پہاڑوں پر چڑھے اور سِتاروں کے نیچے مُحبت کی۔ اِن سب سے دُکھ کا احساس بڑھ جاتا ہے۔ ہم یہ جانتے ہیں۔ پھر بھی ہم یکے بعد دِیگرے ایسا ہونے دیتے ہیں، جیسے ہم چاہتے نہ چاہتے سپوٹی فائی کی فہرست سے گانے سنتے رہتے ہیں۔ (قہقہے) ٹوٹا ہوا دل ایسے ہی خیالوں کو بار بار دہرائے گا۔ Italian: e vi farà regredire. La speranza può essere davvero distruttiva quando avete il cuore spezzato. Il mal d'amore è un esperto manipolatore. La facilità con cui riesce a farci fare esattamente l'opposto di quello che dovremmo fare per riprenderci è davvero notevole. Una delle tendenze più comuni quando abbiamo il cuore a pezzi è idealizzare la persona che ce l'ha rotto. Passiamo ore a ricordare il suo sorriso, quanto ci faceva sentire bene, la volta che abbiamo scalato la montagna e fatto l'amore sotto le stelle. Non fa altro che rendere la nostra perdita ancora più dolorosa. Lo sappiamo. Tuttavia permettiamo alla nostra mente di girare intorno a questi bei ricordi, come se ci tenesse in ostaggio la nostra playlist Spotify passivo-aggressiva. (Risate) Un cuore spezzato vi farà balzare quei pensieri in testa. Serbian: i vratiće vas unazad. Nada može da bude neverovatno destruktivna kad vam je srce slomljeno. Slomljeno srce je majstor manipulacije. Lakoća kojom postiže da naš um uradi baš suprotno od onoga što nam je potrebno da bismo se oporavili je izvanredna. Jedna od najuobičajenijih sklonosti koju imamo kad nam je srce slomljeno je da idealizujemo osobu koja ga je slomila. Provodimo sate sećajući se njenog osmeha, kako smo se divno zbog nje osećali, onog puta kada smo se popeli na planinu i vodili ljubav pod zvezdama. Sve što se time postiže je da naš gubitak bude još bolniji. Svesni smo toga. Ipak dozvoljavamo našem umu da vrti najveće hitove jedan za drugim, kao da smo taoci sopstvene pasivno-agresivne Spotifaj liste. (Smeh) Zbog slomljenog srca te misli će da vam iskrsavaju u umu. Portuguese: e vão voltar ao mesmo. A esperança pode ser incrivelmente destrutiva quando temos o coração partido. O desgosto de amor é um mestre manipulador. A facilidade com que entra na nossa cabeça e faz o oposto do que precisamos para recuperar é impressionante. Quando temos o coração partido, uma das nossas maiores tendências é idealizar a pessoa que o partiu. Passamos horas a recordar o seu sorriso, quão bem nos faziam sentir, aquela vez que escalámos a montanha e fizemos amor sob o céu estrelado. Tudo isso só torna a nossa perda mais dolorosa. Nós sabemos disso. No entanto, permitimos que a nossa cabeça passe por um ciclo de dor atrás de dor, como se fôssemos reféns da nossa "playlist" passiva-agressiva do Spotify. (Risos) O desgosto vai forçar essas ideias a entrar na nossa cabeça. Georgian: როდესაც საქმე გატეხილ გულს ეხება, იმედი შეიძლება დამღუპველი იყოს. გატეხილი გული დიდი მანიპულატორია. აღსანიშნავია, როგორ მარტივად აიძულებს ის ჩვენს გონებას გააკეთოს საპირისპირო იმისა, რაც გამოსაჯანმრთელებლად არის საჭირო. გატეხილი გულის ერთ-ერთი ყველაზე გავრცელებული ტენდენცია იმ ადამიანის გაიდეალიზებაა, რომელმაც ის გაგვიტეხა. საათებს ვუთმობთ მისი ღიმილის გახსენებას, რა კარგად გვაგრძნობინებდა თავს, როგორ დავლაშქრეთ მთა და ერთმანეთი ვარსკვლავებით მოჭედილი ცის ქვეშ გვიყვარდა. ყველაფერი ეს დანაკლისს უფრო მტკივნეულს ხდის. ჩვენ ეს ვიცით. თუმცა, მაინც ვაძლევთ გონებას უფლებას მორიგი დარტყმა მოგვაყენოს, თითქოს ჩვენი Spotify- ის პასივ-აგრესიული ფლეილისტის ტყვეები ვიყოთ. (სიცილი) გატეხილი გული ტკბილ მოგონებებს ამოგიტივტივებთ თავში. ამიტომ გაიდეალიზების თავიდან ასაცილებლად, Czech: a vracet vás na začátek. Naděje dokáže být neskutečně destruktivní, když máte zlomené srdce. Zlomené srdce je vynikající manipulátor. Ta jednoduchost, se kterou donutí naši mysl dělat přesný opak toho, co potřebujeme, abychom se dali dohromady, je pozoruhodná. Když nám někdo zlomí srdce, jeden z nejčastějších sklonů je idealizace toho člověka. Trávíme hodiny vzpomínáním na jejich krásný úsměv, jak skvěle jsme se vedle nich cítili, jak jsme tehdy vylezli na horu a milovali se pod hvězdami. Kvůli tomu všemu je naše ztráta ještě bolestivější. Víme to. Přesto dovolujeme své mysli procházet ty nejlepší vzpomínky, jako bychom byli rukojmí vlastního pasivně agresivního playlistu na Spotify. (Smích) Zlomené srdce bude tyto myšlenky ve vaší mysli vyvolávat. Burmese: သင့်ကို ကြန့်ကြာစေလိမ့်မယ်။ အသည်းကွဲတဲ့အခါ မျှော်လင့်ချက်ဆိုတာက မယုံနိုင်အောင် ဖျက်လိုဖျက်စီးလုပ်နိုင်တယ်။ အသည်းကွဲတာဟာ ကြိုးကိုင်ခြယ်လှယ်သူ ဆရာတစ်ဆူပါ။ သက်သာစေဖို့ ကျွန်တော်တို့လိုတာရဲ့ လုံးဝဆန့်ကျင်ဖက်လုပ်ဖို့ ကျွန်တော်တို့ စိတ်ကို သက်သာစေတာက မှတ်သားဖွယ်ရာပါ။ အသည်းကွဲတဲ့အခါ ကျွန်တော်တို့မှာ ရှိတဲ့ အဖြစ်တတ်ဆုံးတစ်ခုက အသည်းခွဲတဲ့လူကို အမွမ်းတင်ကြတာပါ။ သူတို့ရဲ့အပြုံး၊ ကိုယ်ကို ဘယ်လိုဘယ်လောက် ခံစားရအောင်လုပ်တာ တောင်ပေါ်ကိုတက်ပြီး ကြယ်တွေအောက်မှာ ချစ်တင်းနှောခဲ့တဲအချိန်ကို နာရီများစွာ အကုန်ခံ အမှတ်ရတာပါ။ လုပ်တာအားလုံးက ကိုယ့်ကို ဆုံးရှုံးစေပြီး ပိုနာကျင်အောင် လုပ်တာပါ။ ဒါကို ကျွန်တော်တို့ သိတယ်။ ရှိသေးတာက အပြင်းဆုံး ထိချက် တစ်ခုပြီးတစ်ခု ကိုဖြတ်ပြီး လှည့်ဖို့ စိတ်ကို ခွင့်ပြုဆဲပါ ကိုယ့်ကိုယ်ပိုင် ပြုသမျှနုရတဲ့ Spotify သီချင်းစာရင်းရဲ့ ဖမ်းဆီးတာ ခံရသလိုပေါ့။ (ရယ်သံများ) အသည်းကွဲတာဟာ ဒီအတွေးတွေ စိတ်ထဲမှာ ပေါ်အောင်လုပ်လိမ့်မယ်။ Modern Greek (1453-): και θα σας παρεμποδίζει. Η ελπίδα μπορεί να είναι απίστευτα καταστροφική όταν έχετε μια καρδιά ραγισμένη. Η ερωτική απογοήτευση είναι πρώτης τάξεως εκμεταλλευτής. Η ευκολία με την οποία οδηγεί το μυαλό να κάνει το εντελώς αντίθετο από αυτό που χρειαζόμαστε για να συνέλθουμε είναι αξιοθαύμαστη. Μια από τις πιο κοινές τάσεις που έχουμε όταν μας ραγίζει η καρδιά, είναι να εξιδανικεύουμε το άτομο που τη ράγισε. Περνάμε ώρες να θυμόμαστε το χαμόγελό του, πόσο υπέροχα μας έκανε να νιώθουμε, εκείνη τη φορά που ανεβήκαμε στο βουνό και κάναμε έρωτα κάτω από τα αστέρια. Το μόνο που κάνει αυτό, είναι να κάνει την απώλεια ακόμα πιο επίπονη. Το γνωρίζουμε. Παρ' όλα αυτά, επιτρέπουμε στο μυαλό μας να ξαναπαίζει το ένα τραγούδι μετά το άλλο, λες και είμαστε όμηροι μιας λίστας μας στο Spotify με παθητικά επιθετικά τραγούδια. (Γέλια) Η ερωτική απογοήτευση θα κάνει αυτές τις σκέψεις να πετάγονται στο μυαλό σας. English: and set you back. Hope can be incredibly destructive when your heart is broken. Heartbreak is a master manipulator. The ease with which it gets our mind to do the absolute opposite of what we need in order to recover is remarkable. One of the most common tendencies we have when our heart is broken is to idealize the person who broke it. We spend hours remembering their smile, how great they made us feel, that time we hiked up the mountain and made love under the stars. All that does is make our loss feel more painful. We know that. Yet we still allow our mind to cycle through one greatest hit after another, like we were being held hostage by our own passive-aggressive Spotify playlist. (Laughter) Heartbreak will make those thoughts pop into your mind. iw: ויחזיר אתכם אחורה. התקווה יכולה להיות הרסנית להפליא כאשר הלב שלכם שבור. שברון לך הוא מניפולטור מומחה. הקלות שבה הוא מאפשר למוח שלנו לעשות את ההפך המוחלט של מה שאנחנו צריכים על מנת להחלים היא מדהימה. אחת מהמגמות הנפוצות שיש לנו כשהלב שלנו שבור היא לפאר את האדם ששבר אותו אנחנו מבלים שעות בלשחזר את החיוך שלו, כמה טוב הוא גרם לנו להרגיש, הפעם הזאת שטיילנו במעלה ההר ועשינו אהבה תחת כיפת השמיים. כל זה גורם לאבדה שלנו להרגיש כואבת יותר. אנחנו יודעים את זה. ועדיין אנחנו ממשיכים לתת למוח שלנו לשחזר מכה אחר מכה, כאילו אנחנו מוחזקים כבני ערובה ברשימת ההשמעה הפאסיבית-אגרסיבית בספוטיפי. (צחוק) שברון לב יגרום למחשבות האלו לקפוץ לכם למחשבה. German: Und um nicht zu idealisieren, brauchen Sie einen Ausgleich, indem Sie sich an den finsteren Blick, nicht nur an das Lächeln erinnern, daran wie mies Sie sich fühlten, dass Sie sich nach dem Schäferstündchen am Rückweg ins Tal verirrten, sich heftig stritten und zwei Tage lang nicht miteinander sprachen. Ich trage meinen Patienten auf, eine ausführliche Liste zu erstellen über alle Gründe, wieso es nicht passte, alle schlechten Eigenschaften, alle Lieblingsärgernisse, und diese immer am Handy zu haben. (Lachen) Und sobald Sie Ihre Liste haben, müssen Sie sie auch benutzen. Wenn ich in einer Sitzung einen Anflug von Idealisierung oder nur den kleinsten Hauch von Nostalgie höre, sage ich: "Handy, bitte!" (Lachen) Ihr Kopf wird Ihnen einreden, wie perfekt die Person war. Doch das war sie nicht, noch war es die Beziehung. Und wenn Sie darüber hinwegkommen wollen, müssen Sie sich selbst daran einnern und zwar immer wieder. Niemand von uns ist gegen Liebeskummer immun. Burmese: ဒီတော့ အမွမ်းတင်တာရှောင်ဖို့ သူတို့ရဲ့ အပြုံးတင်မက မျက်မှောင်ကြုတ်တာ၊ သင့်ကို မကောင်းအောင်လုပ်တာပါ သတိရခြင်းနဲ့ ဒါတွေကို ဟန်ချက်ညီအောင်ထားဖို့လိုတယ်။ ချစ်တင်းနှောတယ်ဆိုတဲ့အချက်က တောင်ပေါ်က ဆင်းအလာမှာ ပျောက်ပြီး အရူးလို့ စကားများကာ နှစ်ရက်လောက် စကားမပြောခဲ့တာကိုလေ။ ကျွန်တော့ လူနာတွေကို ပြောတာက ဒီလူက ကိုယ့်အတွက် အမှားလုပ်တာတွေအားလုံး မကောင်းတဲ့ အရည်အသွေးတွေ၊ မုန်းစရာတွေကို ပြည့်စုံတဲ့ စာရင်းတစ်ခုပြုစုပြီး ဖုန်းမှာ တင်ထားဖို့ပါ။ (ရယ်သံများ) စာရင်းရှိပြီဆိုတာနဲ့ ဒါကို အသုံးပြုဖို့လိုတယ်။ အမွှမ်းတင်တဲ့ အရိပ်အမြွက်တစ်ခု (သို့ ) ကဏ္ဍတစ်ခုမှာ အလွမ်းသယ်တာရဲ့ အငွေ့အသက်လေး ကြားတာတောင် ကျွန်တော်ကတော့ "ဖုန်းပေးစမ်းပါ" (ရယ်သံများ) ဒါတွေဟာ ပြီးပြည့်စုံတာလို့ စိတ်က ကြိုးစားပြောလိမ့်မယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ ဒါတွေက မဟုတ်ဘူး၊ ချစ်သံယောဇဉ်ဆိုတာရော မဟုတ်ဘူး။ ဒါတွေကို ကျော်လွန်ချင်ရင် ဒါကို မကြာခဏ မိမိကိုယ်ကို သတိပေးနေဖို့လိုတယ်။ ကျွန်တော်တို့တစ်ယောက်မှ အသည်းကွဲတာကို ခံနိုင်ရည်မရှိဘူး Thai: เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงคิดว่าเขาคนนั้นดีเลิศไปหมด คุณจะต้องสร้างสมดุล โดยนึกถึงเวลาที่เขาหน้านิ่วคิ้วขมวดด้วย อย่าคิดถึงแต่รอยยิ้ม นึกถึงว่า มันทำให้คุณรู้สึกแย่แค่ไหน และที่ว่า หลังจากรักกันใต้แสงดาวแล้ว คุณหลงทางตอนไต่เขาลงมา ทะเลาะกันแทบคลั่ง และไม่พูดกันไปสองวัน ผมจะบอกให้คนไข้ของผมทำรายการโดยละเอียด ถึงทุกอย่างที่ว่าทำไมเขาไม่เหมาะกับเรา คุณสมบัติที่แย่ๆ ทั้งหมด และเรื่องที่กวนประสาทคุณ แล้วบันทึกรายการนั้นไว้ในโทรศัพท์ (เสียงหัวเราะ) พอคุณมีรายการนี้แล้ว คุณต้องใช้มัน พอผมได้ยินคนไข้ตั้งท่า จะนึกถึงความเลิศเลอของใคร หรือทำท่าจะแว่บไปหวนหาอดีตเวลาที่มาหาผม ผมก็จะบอกว่า "ดูในโทรศัพท์ครับ" (เสียงหัวเราะ) ใจของคุณจะพยายามบอกว่า ใครคนนั้นเลิศเลอสมบูรณ์แบบ แต่ไม่หรอก และความสัมพันธ์นั้นก็ไม่ได้สมบูรณ์แบบด้วย และถ้าคุณต้องการจะตัดใจจากเขาให้ได้ คุณก็ต้องเตือนตัวเองอย่างนี้ บ่อยๆ ด้วย ไม่มีใครในพวกเราที่จะมีภูมิคุ้มกันจากการหัวใจสลาย Dutch: Om idealiseren te vermijden, moet je ze dus uitbalanceren door hun frons te onthouden, niet alleen hun glimlach, hoe slecht je je door hen hebt gevoeld, het feit dat je na het vrijen verdwaalde toen je de berg afkwam, vreselijk ruzie maakte en twee dagen lang niet sprak. Ik vertel mijn patiënten een volledige lijst samen te stellen van alle redenen waarom hij niet de ware was, al hun slechte eigenschappen, al hun irritante trekjes en die op hun telefoon te zetten. (Gelach) En als je je lijst hebt, moet je hem gebruiken. Als ik ook maar een hint van idealisering hoor of de kleinste hint van nostalgie in een sessie, zeg ik: "Telefoon alstublieft." (Gelach) Je gedachten zullen je zeggen dat ze perfect waren. Maar dat waren ze niet en ook de relatie niet. En als je over hen heen wilt komen dan moet je jezelf eraan herinneren, regelmatig. Niemand van ons is immuun voor een gebroken hart. French: Donc, pour éviter d'idéaliser, vous devez les équilibrer en nous remémorant leurs grimaces, pas seulement leurs sourires, à quel point ils nous ont fait du mal, le fait qu'après avoir fait l'amour, vous vous êtes perdus en redescendant, vous vous êtes disputés comme des chiens et restés sans parler pendant deux jours. Je conseille à mes patients de compiler une liste exhaustive de toutes les façons dont cette personne les a maltraités, tous leurs défauts, toutes leurs bêtes noires, et de la conserver à vue sur le téléphone. (Rires) Une fois que cette liste est prête, il faut l'utiliser. Quand j'entends le moindre soupçon d'idéalisation ou la moindre bouffée de nostalgie dans une session, je dis : « Prenez votre téléphone ! » (Rires) Votre esprit essayera de vous convaincre qu'ils étaient parfaits. Mais ils ne l'étaient pas, et votre relation non plus. Si vous voulez surmonter cette épreuve, vous devez vous en rappeler, fréquemment. Personne n'est immunisé contre les peines d'amour. Chinese: 為了避免理想化， 你得要將它們平衡掉， 做法就是回想起他們的 皺眉，而不只是笑容、 他們帶給你多不好的感覺， 以及在做愛後，你們下山時迷了路， 吵得非常兇，兩天都不說話。 我告訴我的病人， 編匯一份詳盡的清單， 列出這個人不適合你的每一點、 所有不好的特質、所有惹你惱火的事， 然後把那清單放在手機裡。 （笑聲） 一旦你列出了清單， 你得要使用它。 每次與病人會面， 當我感覺到有一點點理想化 或是最微弱的懷舊之情要浮現時， 我會說：「請拿出手機。」 （笑聲） 你的大腦會試著告訴你他們很完美。 但他們並不完美， 你們的關係也不完美。 如果你想要熬過去， 你就得提醒自己這件事， 常常提醒。 沒有人對心碎免疫。 Romanian: Deci, ca să evitați idealizarea, trebuie să contrabalansați, amintindu-vă încruntarea lor, nu doar zâmbetul, cât de prost v-au făcut să vă simțiți, faptul că după ce ați făcut dragoste, v-ați pierdut când coborați de pe munte, v-ați certat ca nebunii și nu v-ați vorbit două zile. Ceea ce le spun pacienților e să facă o listă completă, cu toate felurile în care persoana era nepotrivită, toate trăsăturile negative, tot ce era enervant, și să o păstreze în telefon. (Râsete) Și odată ce aveți lista asta, trebuie să o folosiți. Când aud până și o aluzie la idealizare sau cel mai vag iz de nostalgie în timpul ședinței, zic: „Telefonul, te rog.” (Râsete) Mintea va încerca să vă spună că erau perfecți. Dar nu erau și nici relația nu era. Și dacă vreți să vă lecuiți de ei, trebuie să vă reamintiți asta. Frecvent. Niciunul din noi nu e imun la inimă frântă. Urdu: اپنے آپ کو اس پرستش سے بچانے کے لیے آپ کو اسے متوازن کرنا ہو گا ان کی مسکراہٹ کے ساتھ ان کے غصے کو بھی یاد رکھنا ہو گا، چاہے آپکو یہ سب کِتنا بُرا لگے، اس حقیقت کو یاد رکھنا کہ پہاڑ پر پیار کے بعد نیچے آتے ہوئے آپ گم گئے تھے، پاگلوں کی طرح لڑے اور دو دِن بات چیت بند رہی۔ میں مریضوں کو تفصیلی فہرست بنانے کو کہتا ہوں ان تمام منفی باتوں کی جو اُس میں تھیں، سب خامیاں اور بُرائیاں، اور پھر اس کو فون میں رکھیں۔ (قہقہے) اور جب یہ فہرست آپ کے پاس ہو تو، آپ کو اِسے اِستعمال کرنا ہو گا۔ اگر مجھے پرستش کا اِشارہ بھی محسوُس ہو یا مریض سے ملاقات کے دوران یادِ ماضی کی معمولی سی جھلک بھی دیکھوں، تو میں کہتا ہوں "فون دیکھیے"۔ (قہقہے) آپکا ذہن بتائے گا وہ با کمال تھے۔ لیکن وہ نہیں تھے اور نہ وہ رِشتہ مکمل تھا۔ اور اگر آپ آگے بڑھنا چاہتے ہیں تو آپ کو خود کو یہ یاد کروانا ہو گا بار بار۔ ہم میں سے کوئی بھی دِل کے ٹُوٹنے کا عادی نہیں ہوتا۔ Portuguese: Para evitar a idealização, temos de equilibrar essas ideias, recordando aquela expressão irritada, não só o sorriso, que nos fez sentir tão mal, o facto de que, depois de fazermos amor, nos perdemos a descer a montanha, discutimos como doidos e não falámos durante dois dias. Eu digo aos meus pacientes para fazerem uma lista exaustiva de todas as vezes em que a pessoa agiu erradamente, todas as más qualidades, os hábitos irritantes e manter essa lista no telemóvel. (Risos) Assim que têm a lista, têm de a utilizar. Quando ouço sequer uma sugestão de idealização, ou uma ligeira sensação de nostalgia numa sessão, digo "Telemóvel, por favor." (Risos) A vossa cabeça vai dizer que eles eram perfeitos. Mas não eram, nem eles nem a relação. E se querem seguir em frente, têm de lembrar isso a vocês mesmos, frequentemente. Nenhum de nós é imune aos desgostos. Czech: Abyste se vyhnuli idealizaci, musíte je vyrovnávat vzpomínáním i na jejich zamračený výraz, nejen na jejich smích, jak špatně jste se kvůli nim cítili, že po tom milování jste se při sestupu z hory ztratili, hádali se jako šílení a pak jste spolu dva dny nemluvili. Svým pacientům doporučuji, aby vytvořili podrobný seznam důvodů, proč pro vás ten člověk byl špatný, všechny špatné vlastnosti, všechny zlozvyky, a pak si ten seznam uložili do telefonu. (Smích) A když už máte ten seznam, musíte ho používat. Když slyším jen náznak idealizace, nebo nejslabší náznak nostalgie při sezení, řeknu: „Telefon, prosím." (Smích) Vaše mysl vám bude namlouvat, že byli perfektní. Ale nebyli, a ani váš vztah nebyl perfektní. A pokud se přes ně chcete dostat, musíte si tohle připomínat, často. Nikdo z nás není imunní vůči zlomenému srdci. Turkish: Yüceltmek yerine, sadece gülümsemelerini değil sürat asmalarını da hatırlayarak bir denge kurmalısınız, sizi nasıl kötü hissettirdiklerini, birlikte olduktan sonra dağdan inerken kaybolduğunuzu, yol boyunca tartışıp iki gün küs kaldığınızı. Ben hastalarımdan o kişinin yanlış kişi olduğuna dair oldukça uzun bir liste çıkarmalarını istiyorum, tüm kötü yanları, bam tellerini yazmalarını ve bunları telefonlarında saklamalarını. (Kahkahalar) Listeyi çıkardıktan sonra kullanmak zorundasınız. Onu yücelttiğinize dair en ufak bir şey hissettiğimde ''Telefonu çıkarır mısın?'' diyorum. (Kahkahalar) Aklınız size kusursuz olduklarını söyleyecek. O kişi de kusursuz değildi, ilişki de. Bu durumu atlatmak istiyorsanız bunu kendinize sık sık hatırlatmanız lazım. Hepimiz kalp kırıklığına karşı savunmasız olabiliriz. Spanish: Para evitar la idealización, debemos lograr un equilibrio recordando su ceño fruncido, —no solo su sonrisa— lo mal que nos hizo sentir, el hecho de que nos perdimos en la montaña después de hacer el amor, discutimos acaloradamente y no nos hablamos por dos días. Lo que aconsejo a mis pacientes es que hagan una lista detallada de todas las veces que esa persona se portó mal con nosotros, de todas sus cualidades negativas, de todas sus manías, y que la guardemos en el teléfono. (Risas) Y una vez confeccionada esa lista, deben usarla. En cuanto asoma el mínimo motivo para idealizar a la otra persona, o ante el menor atisbo de nostalgia durante una sesión, les digo: "El teléfono, por favor". (Risas) Nuestra mente nos dirá que la otra persona era perfecta. Pero no es cierto, y tampoco lo era la relación. Y si queremos superarla, debemos recordarlo con frecuencia. Ninguno de nosotros es inmune a una ruptura amorosa. Mi paciente Miguel, de 56 años, era un ejecutivo de alto rango Croatian: Kako bi izbjegli idealiziranje, morate unijeti ravnotežu prisjećanjem i njihovog mrštenja, ne samo osmijeha, kako ste se zbog njih loše osjećali, kada ste se nakon vođenja ljubavi izgubili kada ste silazili s planine, svađali se kao ludi i niste razgovarali dva dana. Kažem svojim pacijentima da naprave detaljan popis svih situacija kada vas je ta osoba povrijedila, svih loših osobina i iritantnih navika te da taj popis imaju na svom mobitelu. (Smijeh) I kada imate taj popis, morate ga koristiti. Kada primijetim da dolazi do idealiziranja ili najmanjeg osjećaja nostalgije tijekom terapije, kažem, "Mobitel, molim." (Smijeh) Vaš um pokušat će vam reći da je osoba bila savršena. No nije bila, a ni veza nije bila savršena. Ako je želite preboljeti, morate se toga prisjetiti, često. Nitko od nas nije imun na slomljeno srce. Russian: И чтобы перестать идеализировать бывших, вы должны вспоминать не только хорошее. Не только улыбку, но и как они хмурились. Как плохо вы себя чувствовали рядом с ними. Как после любви в горах вы заблудились в лесу, ужасно поссорились и не разговаривали два дня. Я прошу своих пациентов составить исчерпывающий список того, что вас раздражало в партнёре, его плохих качеств, вредных привычек, и хранить этот список в заметках телефона. (Смех) Раз вы уже составили список, то пользуйтесь им! Если во время сеанса я слышу от пациента малейший намёк на идеализацию или нотки ностальгии, я прошу его заглянуть в телефон. (Смех) Как бы ни убеждал вас разум, партнёр и отношения не были идеальными. И если вы хотите перестать страдать, то напоминайте себе об этом. Постоянно напоминайте. Никто не застрахован от сердечных ран. Hungarian: Az idealizálás elkerülésére egyensúlyt kell teremtenünk: felidézve nemcsak a mosolygós, hanem a dühös pillanatokat is, mennyire elkedvetlenített az illető, hogy szeretkezés után hegynek le eltévedtek, veszettül civakodtak, és két napig nem beszéltek. Mindig arra kérem pácienseimet: állítsanak össze teljes listát mi rosszat tett velük az illető, minden rossz tulajdonságáról, apró-cseprő sérelemről, és mentsék el a mobiljukra. (Nevetés) Ha már megvan a lista, használják is! Mikor akárcsak halvány célzást hallok idealizálásra vagy röpke nosztalgiázást terápiás ülés alatt, megszólalok: "Megnézné a telefonját?" (Nevetés) Elménk igyekszik elhitetni, hogy az illető tökéletes volt. De nem az volt, ahogy kapcsolatunk sem. Ha túl akarunk jutni rajta, emlékeztetni kell rá magunkat. Gyakorta! Senki sincs védve a szívfájdalomtól. Korean: 과거를 이상화하지 않으려면 균형을 잡아야 합니다. 미소만 그리워 말고 찡그린 표정을 떠올려보세요. 연인이 당신의 기분을 상하게 했던 일, 사랑을 나눈 후 하산길에 길을 잃어 서로 미친 듯이 다툰 후, 이틀 동안 말 한마디 나누지 않았던 일들이요. 저는 제 환자에게 헤어진 연인이 좋은 짝이 아니었던 이유를 빠짐없게 목록을 적으라고 말합니다. 나쁜 점과 불만 거리를 정리해서 핸드폰에 간직하는 겁니다. (웃음) 작성한 목록이 완성되면 이제 목록을 사용합니다. 과거를 이상적으로 그리는 낌새가 있거나 약간의 조짐과 그리움을 내비치면 제가 나섭니다. "핸드폰을 봐주세요." (웃음) 마음은 자꾸 헤어진 연인이 완벽했다고 말합니다. 상대방은 완벽하지 않았고, 연인관계도 마찬가지였죠. 이별을 극복하고 싶다면, 이 점을 자주 상기시켜야 합니다. 자주요. 실연에 영향받지 않는 사람은 아무도 없습니다. Serbian: Pa, kako biste izbegli idealizovanje, morate da ih uravnotežite sećajući se njenog mrštenja, ne samo njenog osmeha, koliko ste se loše zbog nje osećali, činjenice da ste nakon vođenja ljubavi, zalutali spuštajući se niz planinu, da ste se prepirali kao ludi i niste razgovarali dva dana. Svojim pacijentima govorim da sastave iscrpnu listu svih načina na koje je ta osoba bila pogrešna za vas, svih loših kvaliteta, svih sitnih mana i da to potom drže u telefonu. (Smeh) I čim sastavite listu, morate da je koristite. Kada čujem ma nagoveštaj idealizovanja ili nagoveštaj daška nostalgije tokom seansi, kažem: "Telefon, molim." (Smeh) Vaš um će pokušati da vam kaže da je bila savršena. Međutim, nije, niti je veza to bila. A ako želite da je zaboravite, morate da se podsećate na to, često. Niko od nas nije imun na slomljeno srce. English: And so to avoid idealizing, you have to balance them out by remembering their frown, not just their smile, how bad they made you feel, the fact that after the lovemaking, you got lost coming down the mountain, argued like crazy and didn't speak for two days. What I tell my patients is to compile an exhaustive list of all the ways the person was wrong for you, all the bad qualities, all the pet peeves, and then keep it on your phone. (Laughter) And once you have your list, you have to use it. When I hear even a hint of idealizing or the faintest whiff of nostalgia in a session, I go, "Phone, please." (Laughter) Your mind will try to tell you they were perfect. But they were not, and neither was the relationship. And if you want to get over them, you have to remind yourself of that, frequently. None of us is immune to heartbreak. Arabic: وبذلك تجنب التمجيد لموازنة الأفكار عن طريق تذكر عبوسهم، وليس فقط ابتساماتهم، وكيف جعلوكم تشعرون بالسوء، وحقيقة أنكم وبعد ممارسة الحب، ضعتم وأنتم نازلون من الجبل، وتجادلتم مثل المجانين ولم تتكلموا ليومين. ما أقوله لمرضاي هو تجميع قائمة شاملة بكل الأساليب التي كان الشخص فيها على خطأ معكم، كل الصفات السيئة، وجميع التصرفات الأكثر إزعاجًا، وحفظها في هواتفهم. (ضحك) وحالما تنتهون من قائمتكم، عليكم استخدامها. وعندما أسمعُ حتى تلميحًا للتمجيد أو لمحة خفيفة للحنين إلى الماضي في الجلسة، أقول، "الهاتف، من فضلكم". (ضحك) ستحاولُ عقولكم إخباركم بأنهم كانوا رائعين. ولكنهم لم يكونوا كذلك، ولا العلاقة أيضًا. وإذا كنتم ترغبون في التغلب عليهم، عليكم تذكير أنفسكم بذلك، مرارًا وتكرارًا. لا أحد منا محصنٌ ضد تحطم القلب. Slovenian: jih moraš uravnotežiti, se spominjati tudi mrščenja, ne le nasmeha, slabega počutja ob tem, dejstva, da sta se po ljubljenju na gori na poti nazaj izgubila, se tako noro sprla, da nista govorila dva dni. Svojim bolnikom naročim, naj sestavijo izčrpen seznam vsega, kar je bilo narobe, vse slabe lastnosti, vse zoprnije, in to shranijo na telefon. (Smeh) In ko imaš seznam, ga moraš uporabiti. Ko zaslišim le senco idealiziranja ali najmanjši pridih hrepenenja v seji, rečem: “Telefon, prosim." (Smeh) Um ti bo poskušal povedati, da je bil bivši popoln. Ampak ni bil, in tudi razmerje ne. In če želiš preboleti, se boš moral na to opominjati, in to pogosto. Nihče od nas ni imun na žalost. Moj pacient Miguel je bil 56 letni Portuguese: Para evitar essa idealização, você precisa equilibrá-los lembrando-se da cara feia dessa pessoa, não apenas do sorriso dela, como ela te fez se sentir mal, o fato de que depois de fazer amor, vocês se perderam descendo a montanha, brigaram como loucos e não se falaram por dois dias. (Risos) Eu peço aos meus pacientes que façam uma lista exaustiva de todas as maneiras que a pessoa era a errada pra eles, todas as más qualidades, as manias, e mantenham isso no telefone deles. (Risos) E depois de fazer a lista, eles têm que usá-la. Quando percebo um indício de idealização ou o mais leve aroma de nostalgia na sessão, eu digo: "Telefone, por favor!" (Risos) Sua mente vai tentar te dizer que a pessoa era perfeita, mas ela não era e nem o relacionamento. E se você quer esquecê-la, precisa se lembrar disso, frequentemente. Nenhum de nós está imune à desilusão amorosa. Georgian: უნდა დაბალანსოთ ისინი თქვენი ყოფილის არა მხოლოდ ღიმილის, არამედ უჟმურობის გახსნებით, როგორ ცუდად გაგრძნობინებდათ თავს, როგორ დაიკარგეთ მთიდან ჩამოსვლისას, სექსის შემდეგ, გიჟებივით ჩხუბობდით და 2 დღე ერთმანეთს არ ელაპარაკებოდით. ჩემს პაციენტებს ვეუბნები, რომ შეადგინონ ამომწურავი სია თუ რატომ არ იყო ის ადამიანი მათთვის შესაფერისი, ყველა ცუდი თვისება, ყველაფერი რაც აღიზიანებდათ, და შეინახონ ეს სია ტელეფონში. (სიცილი) როგორც კი სია მზად გექნებათ, უნდა გამოიყენოთ ის. როგორც კი სესიაზე გაიდეალიზების რაიმე ნიშანს ან ნოსტალგიის მსუბუქ გამოხატულებას ვიგრძნობ, ვეუბნები " ტელეფონი, თუ შეიძლება." (სიცილი) გონება შეეცდება გითხრათ რომ ის იდეალური იყო. მაგრამ ის არ იყო და არც ურთიერთობა იყო ასეთი. და თუკი გსურთ რომ დაივიწყოთ, საკუთარ თავს ეს ხშირად უნდა შეახსენოთ. არავის აქვს იმუნიტეტი გულგატეხილობის მიმართ. ჩემი პაციენტი მიგელი 56 წლის იყო და პროგრამულ კომპანიაში Modern Greek (1453-): Έτσι, για να αποφύγετε την εξιδανίκευση, πρέπει να τις εξισορροπήσετε με το να θυμάστε το κατσούφιασμα κι όχι μόνο το χαμόγελό του, το πόσο άσχημα σας έκανε να νιώθετε, το γεγονός ότι αφού κάνατε έρωτα, χαθήκατε κατεβαίνοντας από το βουνό, μαλώσατε άσχημα και δεν μιλήσατε για δύο μέρες. Αυτό που λέω στους ασθενείς μου είναι: «Φτιάξετε μια αναλυτική λίστα με όλους τους λόγους για τους οποίους αυτό το άτομο ήταν το λάθος για εσάς, όλα τα ελαττώματα, όλα όσα απεχθανόσασταν, και κρατήσετε την στο τηλέφωνό σας. (Γέλια) Και μόλις φτιάξετε τη λίστα σας, πρέπει να τη χρησιμοποιείτε». Όταν βλέπω έστω κι ένα σημάδι εξιδανίκευσης ή ένα αμυδρό ίχνος νοσταλγίας σε κάποια συνεδρίαση, λέω, «Κινητό, παρακαλώ». (Γέλια) Το μυαλό σας θα προσπαθήσει να σας πει ότι ο σύντροφός σας ήταν τέλειος. Όμως, δεν ήταν, όπως ούτε και η σχέση σας. Κι αν θέλετε να τον ξεπεράσετε, πρέπει να το θυμίζετε αυτό συχνά στον εαυτό σας. Κανείς δεν έχει ανοσία στην ερωτική απογοήτευση. Ο ασθενής μου, ο Μιγκέλ, ήταν ένας 56χρονος, Vietnamese: Và để tránh việc lý tưởng hoá, bạn phải cân bằng lại bằng cách nhớ cái cau mày, chứ không chỉ là nụ cười của họ, cách họ làm ta thấy tồi tệ, thực tế là sau khi làm tình, bạn bị lạc xuống núi, cãi nhau như điên và không nói chuyện hai ngày. Những gì tôi nói với bệnh nhân của mình là biên soạn một danh sách đầy đủ tất cả lỗi lầm người đó đã làm với bạn, tất cả những phẩm chất xấu, tất cả những thói hư, và giữ nó trên điện thoại của bạn. (Cười) Và một khi đã có danh sách, bạn phải dùng nó. Khi nghe thấy một chút lý tưởng hoá hay một tí nhu nhược của nỗi nhớ lúc nào đó, tôi liền: "Đưa điện thoại đây!" (Cười) Tâm trí bạn sẽ cố gắng nói với bạn chúng hoàn hảo. Nhưng không phải, mối quan hệ cũng không. Và nếu bạn muốn vượt qua chúng, bạn phải nhắc nhở chính mình điều đó, một cách thường xuyên. Không ai trong chúng ta miễn dịch với đau khổ. Chinese: 所以为了避免理想化他们的形象， 你必须平衡你的记忆片段， 想起他们的愁眉苦脸， 而不只是他们的笑容， 是他们让你感到糟糕， 以及事实是，亲吻完后， 你们爬下山时迷路了， 然后因此而大吵一架， 两天没跟对方说话。 我建议我的病人 写出一个详尽的列表， 说明那个人所做过 对不起你的事， 所有的缺点，所有的怪毛病， 然后存入你的手机内。 （笑声） 一旦你有这个列表， 就一定要使用它。 当我在疗程进行时听到病人 依然崇拜他们的旧爱， 或略微缅怀过去， 我就说，“请拿出手机。” （笑声） 你的头脑尝试告诉你 他们是完美的。 然而他们并非如此， 那段感情也并非如此。 如果你要忘却他们， 你就必须提醒你自己那个事实， 并时刻照做。 所有人都会心碎。 Ukrainian: Щоб не ідеалізувати своїх колишніх, потрібно згадувати не тільки хороше, не тільки їхню посмішку, але і похмурий погляд, як кепсько вам було поряд з ним, коли після любовних пестощів ви заблукали у горах, як ви сперечалися і не розмовляли два дні. Я раджу своїм пацієнтам скласти детальний список того, що їх дратувало у партнері, усіх його негативних якостей і зберегти у мобільному. (Сміх) І коли вже список готовий, користуйтесь ним. Якщо я помічаю хоча б натяк на ідеалізацію або ностальгію під час сеансу з пацієнтом, я негайно кажу: «Подивіться у телефон». (Сміх) Ваш розум наполягатиме, що партнер був ідеальним. Але це не так, і стосунки не були ідеальними. Якщо ви не хочете більше страждати, то повинні нагадувати собі про це якомога частіше. Ніхто не застрахований від душевних ран. iw: וכדי להימנע מאידיאליזציה אתם חייבים לאזן אותם. בכך שתיזכרו במבט הכועס שלהם, לא רק החיוך, כמה רע הם גרמו לכם להרגיש, על כך שאחרי שעשיתם אהבה , איבדתם את דרככם בירידה מההר, התווכחתם כמו משוגעים ולא דיברתם במשך יומיים. מה שאני אומר למטופלים שלי זה להכין רשימה ממצה של כל הסיבות למה האדם היה לא מתאים בשבילם, התכונות הרעות, כל הדברים המעצבנים, ואז לשמור את זה על הטלפון שלכם. (צחוק) וברגע שיש לכם את הרשימה, אתם חייבים להשתמש בה. כשאני שומע אפילו רמז להאדרה או את הריח הקלוש ביותר של נוסטלגיה בפגישה, אני כזה, "טלפון, בבקשה." (צחוק) המוח שלכם מנסה לומר לכם שהם היו מושלמים. אבל הם לא היו, וגם לא מערכת היחסים. ואם אתם רוצים להתגבר עליהם, אתם חייבים להזכיר לעצמכם את זה, באופן תדיר. אף אחד מאיתנו לא חסין לשברון לב. Japanese: 理想化するのを避けるため バランスを取らなくてはなりません 笑顔だけではなく しかめっ面も思い出すのです どれだけ最低な仕打ちを受けたか 本当は山で愛し合ったあと 帰りに道に迷い 大ゲンカして２日間 口を利かなかったことなどです 私が患者さんにお願いするのは 徹底したリストを作ってもらうこと 別れた相手が 自分に合わない理由のリストです 悪いところを事細かにあげつらうのです それを携帯電話に保存しておきます （笑） このリストを作ったからには 活用しなくてはいけません 私のカウンセリングの途中で 患者さんが ちょっとでも昔を懐かしんだら 私は即座に「ケータイを見て」と言います （笑） 人の脳は 別れた相手こそ理想だと 思いたがるのです 実は全然違います 関係だって完璧ではなかった 失恋を乗り越えるには 自分にそう言い聞かせる必要があります 何度でもです 恋に破れて傷付かない人はいません Italian: Quindi, per evitare di idealizzare, dovete bilanciare ricordando anche le smorfie di rabbia non solo il suo sorriso, quanto vi ha fatto sentire male, il fatto che dopo aver fatto l'amore, vi siete persi scendendo dalla montagna, litigando come pazzi e senza più parlarvi per due giorni. Ai miei pazienti suggerisco di compilare una lista esaustiva di tutti i modi in cui quella persona era sbagliata per loro, tutte le qualità negative, tutte le seccature, per tenerle poi sul tuo telefono. (Risate) Una volta che avete la lista, dovete usarla. Appena sento anche solo un accenno di idealizzazione o la minima puzza di nostalgia in una seduta, dico: "Il telefono, prego." (Risate) La vostra mente cercherà di dirvi che erano perfetti. Ma non lo erano e non lo era nemmeno la vostra relazione. E se volete andare oltre, dovete ricordarvi spesso di ciò, di frequente. Nessuno di noi è immune al mal d'amore. Bulgarian: И за да спрете да ги идеализирате трябва да намерите баланса, като помните не само как са се усмихвали, но и как са се мръщили, колко зле са ви карали да се чувствате, фактът, че след като правихте любов се изгубихте на слизане от планината, скарахте се жестоко и не си говорехте два дена. Казвам на пациентите си да направят изчерпателен списък с нещата, които са ви дразнили в този човек, с лошите им черти и вредни навици, и да го запазят в телефона си. (смях) И след като вече имате списък, трябва да го използвате. Когато чуя дори отсянка за идеализиране или лек намек за носталгия по време на сеанс, казвам: "Извади си телефона, моля." (смях) Мозъкът ви ще се опита да ви каже, че те бяха перфектни. Но нито те, нито връзката в-и бяха такива. И ако искате да се излекувате, трябва да си напомняте това често. Никой от нас няма имунитет срещу разбито сърце. Danish: Så for at undgå idealisering, må du vende balancen ved at huske deres panderynken, ikke bare deres smil, hvor dårligt de fik dig til at føle dig, og det faktum, at I efter elskoven farede vild på vej ned ad bjerget, skændtes voldsomt og ikke talte sammen i to dage. Jeg siger til mine patienter, at de skal lave en komplet liste over alt, der gjorde denne person forkert, alle de dårlige kvaliteter, alle irritationsmomenter, og gemme den på deres telefon. (Latter) Og når du har din liste, må du også bruge den. Ved det mindste hint af idealisering, eller det mindste tegn på nostalgi under samtalen, siger jeg, "Telefon, tak." (Latter) Dit sind vil prøve at sige dig, at de var perfekte. Men det var de ikke, og det var forholdet heller ikke. Og hvis du vil komme over dem, må du minde dig selv om det, ofte. Ingen af os er immune for hjertesorg. Persian: برای جلوگیری از آرمان‌سازی باید‌ ستایش‌ها را با یادآوری عیب‌ها متعادل کنید نه با خنده‌ها، اینکه چه حس بدی در شما بوجود آورده، بعد از عشق ورزیدن هنگام پایین آمدن از کوه گم شدید. مثل دیوانه‌ها با هم دعوا کردید و دو روز با هم حرف نزدید. من به بیمارانم می‌گویم یک لیست از همه ویژگی‌های کسی که به درد شما نمی‌خورد جمع‌آوری کنید، همه ویژگی‌ها، همه کج‌خلقی‌ها، و آن را در تلفن‌تان نگه دارید. (خنده) وقتی این لیست را داشته باشید باید از آن استفاده کنید. وقتی حتی یک نشانه از خیال پردازی پیدا می‌کنم یا هر بار کمترین بویی از خاطرات به مشامم برسد، می‌گویم، «تلفن لطفاً.» (خنده) ذهن شما می‌خواهد به شما بفهماند که آن ویژگی‌ها بی‌عیب بودند. اما نه آنها و نه رابطه‌تان این‌طور نبود. و اگر بخواهید برآنها فائق بیایید باید بارها آن را برای خود یادآوری کنید. هیچ کدام از ما در برابر دل شکستگی مصون نیستیم. French: Mon patient Miguel avait 56 ans et était directeur dans une société de logiciels. Cinq ans après le décès de sa femme, il se sentit prêt à entamer de nouvelles relations. Il rencontra Sharon, et une relation romantique folle s'ensuivit. Ils se sont présentés leurs enfants adultes après un mois, et ont déménagé ensemble après deux mois. Quand les gens d'âge moyen fréquentent quelqu'un, ils ne plaisantent pas. C'est comme si « Love Actually » se télescopait avec « Fast and Furious ». (Rires) Miguel était plus heureux qu'il ne l'avait été depuis des années. Mais le soir avant leur premier anniversaire, Sharon l'a quitté. Elle avait décidé de déménager sur la côte ouest pour se rapprocher de ses enfants, et elle ne voulait pas de relation à distance. Miguel a été complètement pris de court et totalement dévasté. Pendant plusieurs mois, il pouvait à peine travailler correctement et il en a presque perdu son emploi. Une autre conséquence des peines d'amour est que la solitude et la douleur iw: המטופל שלי מיגל היה מנהל בכיר בחברת תוכנה בן 56. 5 שנים אחרי שאישתו נפטרה, הוא סוף סוף הרגיש מוכן להתחיל לצאת שוב, במהרה הוא פגש בשרון, ונגרר לרומן סוער. הם הציגו זה את זה לילדיהם הבוגרים אחרי חודש, ועברו לגור יחד אחרי חודשיים. כשאנשים בגיל העמידה יוצאים, הם לא משחקים. זה כמו "אהבה זה כל הסיפור" פוגשת את "מהיר ועצבני" (צחוק) מיגל היה מאושר משהיה במשך שנים. אך לילה לפני חגיגת יום שנה שלהם, שרון עזבה אותו. היא החליטה לעבור לגור בחוף המערבי, להיות קרובה יותר לילדיה, והיא לא רצתה מערכת יחסים מרוחקת. מיגל היה פשוט עיוור והרוס לחלוטין. הוא בקושי תפקד בעבודה למשך הרבה הרבה חודשים, וכתוצאה מכך הוא כמעט איבד את עבודתו. תוצאה נוספת של שברון לב היא שהרגשת הבדידות והכאב יכולה לפגוע בתפקוד האינטלקטואלי שלנו, Hungarian: Miguel nevű 56 éves páciensem felső vezető volt az egyik szoftvercégnél. Öt évvel felesége halála után végül már úgy érezte, hogy kész ismét randizni. Rövidesen találkozott Sharonnal, és förgeteges románc kerekedett belőle. Egy hónap után megismerkedtek egymás felnőtt gyerekeivel, s két hónap múlva összeköltöztek. Amikor középkorúak randiznak, nem szoktak cicózni. Mintha az Igazából szerelem s a Halálos iram csapna össze. (Nevetés) Miguel már rég nem volt olyan boldog. De első évfordulójuk előtti estén Sharon elhagyta, mert úgy döntött: a Nyugati Partra, gyerekeihez közelebb költözik, és nem vágyott távkapcsolatra. Miguel hátba támadottnak érezte magát, s végképp föl volt dúlva. Több hónapon keresztül csak lézengett a munkahelyén, következésképp majdnem kirúgták. A szívfájdalom másik következménye, hogy maga az érzés s a fájdalom lényegesen ronthatja intellektuális funkcióinkat, German: Mein Patient Miguel, 56 Jahre alt, war Geschäftsführer einer Softwarefirma. Fünf Jahre nach dem Tod seiner Frau fühlte er sich endlich bereit für eine neue Beziehung. Bald lernte er Sharon kennen und eine stürmische Romanze folgte. Nach einem Monat stellten sie einander ihren erwachsenen Kindern vor und nach zwei Monaten zogen sie zusammen. Leute im mittleren Alter lassen in der Liebe nichts anbrennen. Da trifft sozusagen "Tatsächlich Liebe" auf "The Fast and the Furious". (Lachen) Miguel war so glücklich wie schon Jahre nicht mehr. Doch in der Nacht vor ihrem ersten Jahrestag verließ ihn Sharon. Sie hatte beschlossen, näher zur Westküste in die Nähe ihrer Kinder zu ziehen, und sie wollte keine Fernbeziehung. Miguel war komplett überrumpelt und völlig am Boden zerstört. Viele Monate lang machte er seine Arbeit mehr schlecht als recht und verlor dadurch beinahe seinen Job. Eine weitere Folge von Liebeskummer ist, dass wir so leiden und uns einsam fühlen, dass unsere intellektuellen Fähigkeiten erheblich darunter leiden, Turkish: Hastalarımdan Miguel 56 yaşında ve bir yazılım şirketinde yöneticiydi. Karısı öldükten beş yıl sonra biriyle tanışmaya kendini hazır hissetti. Sharon'la tanıştı ve bir ilişki fırtınası başladı. Bir ay sonra birbirlerini yetişkin çocuklarıyla tanıştırdılar iki ay sonra da aynı eve çıktılar. Orta yaş insanlar sevgili olduklarında ağırdan almıyorlar. ''Aşk Her Yerde'' ile ''Hızlı ve Öfkeli'' birleşiyor sanki. (Kahkahalar) Miguel yıllardır böyle mutlu olmamıştı. Ancak ilk yıl dönümleri arifesinde Sharon onu terk etti. Çocuklarına daha yakın olmak için Batı Yakası'na taşınmaya karar vermişti ve uzun mesafeli bir ilişki de istemiyordu. Miguel bunu hiç beklemiyordu ve aşırı derecede yıprandı. Aylarca işini zar zor yapabildi, bunun sonucunda neredeyse işini kaybediyordu. Kalp kırıklığı sonucu hissedilen o yalnızlık ve acı duygusu sizin bilişsel faaliyetlerinizi de önemli ölçüde baltalayalabilir, Serbian: Moj pacijent Migel je imao 56 godina, stariji je direktor u softverskoj firmi. Pet godina nakon što mu je supruga umrla, konačno je osetio da je spreman da se ponovo zabavlja. Uskoro je upoznao Šeron, i usledila je uzbudljiva romansa. Nakon mesec dana, upoznali su jedno drugo sa njihovom odraslom decom, a nakon dva meseca su počeli zajedno da žive. Kada se sredovečni ljudi zabavljaju, oni ne dangube. To je kao kad bi se "Ljubav, zapravo" ukrstila sa "Brzim i žestokim". (Smeh) Migel je bio srećan kako godinama nije bio. Međutim, noć uoči njihove prve godišnjice, Šeron ga je ostavila. Odlučila je da se preseli na Zapadnu obalu kako bi bila bliže deci, a nije želela vezu na daljinu. Migel je bio u potpunosti zatečen i krajnje razoren. Jedva da je mogao da funkcioniše na poslu mnogo, mnogo meseci, i kao posledica toga umalo je ostao bez posla. Još jedna posledica slomljenog srca je što osećanje usamljenosti i bola može značajno da ugrozi naše intelektualno funkcionisanje, Romanian: Pacientul Miguel avea 56 de ani și era director executiv la o companie software. La cinci ani după decesul soției, s-a simțit, în sfârșit, pregătit pentru noi întâlniri. A cunoscut-o apoi pe Sharon și a urmat o idilă învolburată. S-au prezentat reciproc copiilor lor adulți după o lună și s-au mutat împreună după două. Când oamenii de vârstă mijlocie au o relație, nu se joacă. E ca și când „Love, Actually” se amestecă cu „Fast & Furious”. (Râsete) Miguel era așa de fericit, cum nu mai fusese de ani întregi. Dar în noaptea de dinaintea primei aniversări, Sharon l-a părăsit. Se hotărâse să se mute pe Coasta de Vest, ca să fie mai aproape de copiii ei și nu-și dorea o relație la distanță. Miguel a fost luat prin surprindere și era complet devastat. Abia s-a mai descurcat la muncă timp de foarte multe luni, și, din cauza asta, era cât pe ce să-și piardă serviciul. O altă consecință a inimii frânte e că singurătatea și suferința pot afecta considerabil capacitatea intelectuală, Urdu: میرا 56 سالہ مریض میگِل ایک سوفٹ وئیر کمپنی میں سینئر ایگزیکٹیو تھا۔ بیوی کی موت کے پانچ سال بعد، وہ دوبارہ شادی کے لیے تیار ہوا۔ جلد ہی وہ شیرون سے ملا۔ اور رومان کا ہیجانی طُوفان برپا ہو گیا۔ ایک ماہ بعد انہوں نے اپنے جوان بچوں سے ایک دوُسرے کو ملوایا، دو ماہ بعد وہ اکھٹے رہنے لگے۔ درمیانی عُمر کے لوگ ایسے کاموں میں مذاق نہیں کرتے۔ وہ چٹ منگنی پٹ بیاہ پر یقین رکھتے ہیں۔ (قہقہے) میگل کئی سالوں بعد اتنا خوش تھا۔ لیکَن شادی کی پہلی سالگرہ سے ایک رات پہلے، شیرون اُسے چھوڑ گئی۔ اس نے مغربی ساحل پر اپنے بچوں کے قریب رہنے کا فیصلہ کیا تھا، اور وہ دوُر سے رشتہ بنائے رکھنے کی بھی قائل نہیں تھی۔ میگل مکمل طور پر ٹوُٹ چُکا تھا۔ کتنے ہی مہینے اس کا کام پر دھیان نہیں تھا، اس کے نتیجے میں تقریباً وہ اپنی نوکری سے ہاتھ دھو بیٹھا۔ دل ٹوٹنے کا ایک اور نتیجہ تنہائی اور درد ہوتا ہے جو فہم کوکمزور کر دیتا ہے۔ Japanese: もう１人の患者さん ミゲルは56歳でＩＴ企業の役員でした ５年前に奥さんに先立たれ ようやく 新しい相手を 探す気になったところでした 彼はシャロンに出会って めくるめくロマンスが すぐに始まりました 成人している互いの子供に １か月後には 交際相手を紹介し ２か月後には同居を始めました 中年ともなると 交際で あれこれ迷ったりしません 『ラブ・アクチュアリー』に 『ワイルド・スピード』を足したような展開です （笑） ミゲルは数年ぶりに 幸せそうな様子を見せていました ところが 交際を始めて１周年となる日の前夜 シャロンは彼を捨てました 子供たちの近くで暮らすため 西海岸に引っ越すことを決めた彼女は 遠距離恋愛を望まなかったのです ミゲルにとっては全くの不意打ちで ひどく打ちのめされました 仕事が手につかない状態が 実に何か月も続き その結果 職も失いかけました 失恋がもたらす もう１つの影響は 心の痛みと孤独感により 知的能力もかなり損なわれるというものです Persian: یکی از بیمارانم، میگوئل که ۵۶ سال داشت و مدیر ارشد یک شرکت نرم‌افزاری بود، ۵ سال بعد از مرگ همسرش سرانجام تصمیم گرفت دوباره یک رابطه را شروع کند. خیلی زود با شرون ملاقات کرد، و یک عشق سریع را پی گرفت. بعد از یک ماه همدیگر را به فرزندانشان معرفی کردند، و بعد از دو ماه با هم در یک خانه زندگی کردند. وقتی این زوج میان‌سال رابطه خود را شروع کردند درنگ نکردند. مثل اینکه فیلم «درواقع، عشق» و فیلم «سریع و خشن» با هم ترکیب شده‌اند. (خنده) میگوئل شادتر از سال‌های قبل بود. اما شب قبل از اولین سالگردشان، شرون ترکش کرد. او تصمیم گرفته بود به ساحل غربی نقل مکان کند تا به فرزندانش نزدیکتر باشد. او دیگر یک رابطه طولانی مدت را نمی‌خواست. میگوئل به شدت غافلگیر و ناراحت شد. چندین ماه در کار عملکرد درستی نداشت و در نتیجه تقریبا شغلش را از دست داد. نتیجه دیگر دل شکستگی این است که حس تنهایی و درد به عملکرد منطقی ما آسیب می‌رساند، Ukrainian: У мене був 56-річний пацієнт Мігель, топ-менеджер у комп’ютерній компанії. Тільки через 5 років після смерті дружини він відчув, що готовий до нових знайомств. Він зустрів Шерон, у них почався бурхливий роман. Через місяць вони познайомили одне одного зі своїми дітьми, через два місяці почали жити разом. Дорослі не гають часу. Це ніби фільм «Реальна любов», але у ритмі «Форсажу». (Сміх) Вже багато років Мігель не був таким щасливим. Але напередодні їхньої першої річниці Шерон пішла від нього. Вона вирішила переїхати на Захід, щоб бути ближче до своїх дітей і не хотіла стосунків на відстані. Для Мігеля це був справжній удар, він був спустошений. Багато місяців він ледь справлявся з професійними обов’язками і майже втратив роботу. Відчуття самотності та болю після розриву можуть істотно погіршити інтелектуальні здібності, Czech: Můj pacient Miguel byl 56letý zkušený vedoucí softwarové firmy. Pět let po smrti své manželky se konečně cítil připravený začít s někým chodit. Brzy poznal Sharon a následoval rychlý románek. Po jednom měsíci se seznámili s dospělými dětmi toho druhého a po dvou měsících se sestěhovali. Když randí lidé středního věku, nedělají to bezcílně. Je to jako spojení „Lásky nebeské" a „Rychle a zběsile." (Smích) Miguel byl nejšťastnější za posledních několik let. Ale noc před jejich prvním výročím ho Sharon opustila. Rozhodla se, že se přestěhuje na západní pobřeží, aby byla blíž svým dětem, a nechtěla vztah na dálku. Miguel tím byl zaskočený a totálně zdevastovaný. Mnoho měsíců v práci sotva fungoval, a málem kvůli tomu o práci přišel. Další důsledek zlomeného srdce je pocit opuštění a bolesti, který může výrazně ovlivnit náš intelekt, Korean: 제 환자 미겔은 56세로 소프트웨어 기업의 간부였습니다. 그는 아내와 사별하고 5년 후, 마침내 새로운 만남을 할 준비되었다고 느끼게 되었죠. 그는 곧 샤론을 만났습니다. 불꽃같은 연애가 시작되었죠. 한 달 후 성인이 된 자녀들에게 서로를 소개했고 두 달 후 함께 살기 시작했습니다. 중년의 데이트는 미적거리지 않아요. "러브 액츄얼리"가 "분노의 질주"를 만난 것 같다고 할까요. (웃음) 미겔은 몇 년 만에 큰 행복을 느꼈습니다. 그러나 1주년을 하루 앞둔 날, 샤론이 그를 떠났습니다. 샤론은 웨스트 코스트의 자녀들 곁에서 지내기로 했죠. 장거리 연애를 원하지 않았던 겁니다. 느닷없이 이별을 당한 미겔은 엄청난 충격에 빠졌습니다. 여러 달 동안 직장에서도 제대로 집중하지 못했습니다. 그로 인해 직장까지 잃을 뻔했습니다. 실연의 다른 여파는, 혼자라는 외로움과 괴로움이 우리의 지적 기능을 상당히 손상시키는데 있습니다. Bulgarian: Пациентът ми Мигел беше 56-годишен старши мениджър в софтуерна компания. Пет години след смъртта на жена му, той най-накрая се почувства готов да излиза на срещи отново. Скоро срещна Шарън и последва бурен романс. След един месец взаимно се запознаха с порасналите си деца, а след два се преместиха да живеят заедно. Когато хората на средна възраст излизат, те не си губят времето. Това е все едно "Наистина любов" се среща с "Бързи и яростни". (смях) Мигел беше по-щастлив отколкото някога е бил през последните години. Но нощта преди първата им годишнина, Шарън го напусна. Тя реши да замине за Западното крайбрежие, за да е по-близо до децата си, и не искаше да има връзка от разстояние. Мигел беше шокиран и напълно опустошен. Не беше работоспособен в продължение на много месеци и в резултат почти загуби работата си. Друга последица от разбитото сърце са чувствата на самота и болка, които значително намаляват умствената ни работоспособност, Croatian: Moj pacijent Miguel bio je 56-ogodišnji direktor u softverskoj tvrtci. Pet godina nakon što mu je žena umrla, ponovno je bio spreman početi izlaziti. Uskoro je upoznao Sharon, i uslijedila je burna romansa. Nakon mjesec dana upoznali su djecu svog partnera, a počeli su živjeti skupa nakon 2 mjeseca. Kada srednjovječni ljudi izlaze, shvaćaju to ozbiljno. Kao spoj filmova "Zapravo ljubav" i "Brzi i žestoki". (Smijeh) Miguel godinama nije bio toliko sretan. No noć prije njihove prve godišnjice, Sharon ga je ostavila. Odlučila se preseliti na Zapadnu obalu kako bi bila bliže svojoj djeci i nije htjela vezu na daljinu. Miguel je bio potpuno iznenađen i shrvan. Mjesecima je jedva obavljao svoj posao i zbog toga skoro izgubio posao. Još jedna posljedica slomljenog srca je što osjećaj boli i usamljenosti može značajno pokvariti naše intelektualno funkcioniranje, Vietnamese: Bệnh nhân của tôi Miguel 56 tuổi giám đốc điều hành cấp cao công ty phần mềm. Năm năm sau khi vợ mất, ông ấy cuối cùng cũng sẵn sàng hẹn hò lần nữa. Ông ấy sớm gặp và bị cuốn vào cơn lốc tình yêu với Sharon. Họ giới thiệu nhau với con mình của họ sau một tháng, và đến với nhau sau hai tháng. Khi người trung niên hẹn hò, họ không lằng nhằng. Giống như "Yêu thật lòng" gặp nhau "Quá nhanh quá nguy hiểm". (Cười) Miguel hạnh phúc hơn hơn những năm trước. Nhưng đêm trước năm kỷ niệm đầu tiên, Sharon đã bỏ ông. Cô đã quyết định chuyển đến Bờ Tây ở gần con cái hơn, và cô ấy không muốn yêu xa. Miguel hoàn toàn bị bất ngờ và suy sụp. Ông ấy hầu như không làm việc trong nhiều, nhiều tháng, và suýt bị mất việc. Một hệ quả khác của trái tim tan vỡ là cảm giác một mình và đau đớn có thể làm giảm đáng kể chức năng trí tuệ của chúng ta, English: My patient Miguel was a 56-year-old senior executive in a software company. Five years after his wife died, he finally felt ready to start dating again. He soon met Sharon, and a whirlwind romance ensued. They introduced each other to their adult children after one month, and they moved in together after two. When middle-aged people date, they don't mess around. It's like "Love, Actually" meets "The Fast and the Furious." (Laughter) Miguel was happier than he had been in years. But the night before their first anniversary, Sharon left him. She had decided to move to the West Coast to be closer to her children, and she didn't want a long-distance relationship. Miguel was totally blindsided and utterly devastated. He barely functioned at work for many, many months, and he almost lost his job as a result. Another consequence of heartbreak is that feeling alone and in pain can significantly impair our intellectual functioning, Arabic: كان مريضى ميغيل في سن 56 عامًا وكبير التنفيذيين في شركة برمجيات. بعد خمس سنوات من وفاة زوجته، شعر أخيرًا أنه مستعد للبدء في المواعدة مجددًا. وبعد وقتٍ قصير قابل شارون، وأعقب ذلك زوبعة رومانسية. قدّما بعضهما البعض لأولادهم الكبار بعد شهر، وانتقلا للعيش معًا بعد شهرين. عندما يتواعد من هم في منتصف العمر لا يعبثوا هنا وهناك. وكأنه "الحب، في الواقع" يلبي متطلبات سلسلة أفلام "السرعة والغضب". (ضحك) كان ميغيل أكثر سعادة مما كان عليه منذ سنوات. لكن في الليلة السابقة للذكرى الأولى لتعارفهما. تركته شارون. قررت الانتقال إلى الساحل الغربي لتكون قريبة من أولادها، ولم ترغب في علاقة عن بعد. كان ميغيل مشدوهًا بالكامل ومحطمًا تمامًا. واستطاع بالكاد أن يؤدي وظيفته في عمله لعدة شهور، وكاد أن يخسر عمله نتيجة ذلك. عاقبة أخرى نتيجة تحطم القلب هي أن الشعور بالوحدة والألم يمكنُ أن يدهور عملنا الفكري بشكل ملحوظ، Slovenian: višji izvršni direktor v programerskem podjetju. Pet let po smrti žene je bil le nared, da si poišče novo zvezo. Kmalu je spoznal Sharon in sledila je viharna romanca. Predstavila sta drug drugega svojim odraslim otrokom po enem mesecu in se po drugem preselila skupaj. Ko se ljudje srednjih let vnamejo, ne izgubljajo prav nič časa. Je, kot da bi "Pravzaprav ljubezen" srečala "Hitre in drzne." (Smeh) Miguel je bil srečen, kot že leta ne. Toda na noč pred prvo obletnico ga je Sharon zapustila. Odločila se je, da se bo preselila na zahodno obalo, bližje svojim otrokom in ni hotela razmerja na daleč. Miguel je bil popolnoma presenečen in popolnoma uničen. Dolge mesece je delal le z največjo težavo in bi zato skoraj izgubil službo. Druga posledica žalosti je, da osamljenost in bolečina lahko bistveno zmanjšata našo razumsko delovanje, Burmese: ကျွန်တော့လူနာ Miguel က ၅၆ နှစ်၊ ဆော့ဖ်ဝဲ ကုမ္ပဏီက အကြီးတန်းအလုပ်အမှုဆောင်ပါ။ သူ့ဇနီးဆုံးပြီး ငါးနှစ်အကြာမှာ ပြန်ပြီး ချိန်းတွေ့ဖို့ အသင့်ဖြစ်ခဲ့တယ်။ မကြာခင် Sharon နဲ့ ဆုံကာ လျှပ်တစ်ပြက်အချစ် ဖြစ်ပေါ်ခဲ့တယ်။ တစ်လအကြာမှာ သူတို့ရဲ့ လူကြီးအရွယ် ကလေးတွေကို အချင်းချင်း မိတ်ဆက်ပေးပြီး နှစ်လအကြာမှာ အတူတူ ပြောင်းနေခဲ့တယ်။ လူလတ်ပိုင်းအရွယ်တွေချိန်းတွေ့တော့ ဗရုတ်မကျကြပါဘူး။ ဒါက "တကယ့် အချစ်"က " ကမူးရှူးထိုး" ကိုဆုံတော့တာပေါ့။ (ရယ်သံများ) Miguel ဟာ ပြီးခဲ့တဲ့ နှစ်တွေကထက် ပိုပျော်ခဲ့တယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ ပထမနှစ်ပတ်လည် မတိုင်ခင် ညမှာတော့ Sharon က သူ့ကိုထားပစ်ခဲ့တယ် သူမရဲ့ ကလေးတွေနဲ့ ပိုနီးတဲ့ West Coast ကို ပြောင်းဖို့ ဆုံးဖြတ်ခဲ့ပြီး ခရီးဝေးလှတဲ့ ချစ်သံယောဇဉ်ကို သူမ မလိုချင်ခဲ့ဘူး။ Miguel ဟာ ကျိုးကြောင်းမမြင်တော့ပဲ ယူကြုံးမရဖြစ်ခဲ့တယ်။ လများစွာ အလုပ်မှာ လုပ်နိုင်ရုံသာ လုပ်နိုင်ခဲ့ပြီး အကျိုးဆက်အဖြစ် အလုပ်ပြုတ် လုနီးပါးဖြစ်ခဲ့တယ်။ အသည်းကွဲတာရဲ့ နောက်ထပ်အကျိုးဆက်က အထီးကျန်မှုနဲ့ နာကျင်မှုဟာ ဉာဏ်ရည်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ လုပ်ဆောင်မှုကို သိသာစွာ ထိခိုက်နိုင်တာပါ၊ Italian: Il mio paziente Miguel, 56 anni, era dirigente di un'azienda di software. Cinque anni dopo che sua moglie è morta, si sentì finalmente pronto per vedere altre donne. Incontrò presto Sharon, e la tempesta d'amore che ne seguì. Si presentarono a vicenda ai loro figli adulti un mese dopo, e andarono a vivere insieme dopo due mesi. Quando le persone di mezza età vanno a un appuntamento, non perdono tempo. È come se "Love Actually" incontrasse "Fast and Furious". (Risate) Miguel era felice come non lo era stato da anni. Ma la notte prima del loro primo anniversario, Sharon l'ha lasciato. Aveva deciso di spostarsi sulla West Coast per stare più vicina ai figli, e non voleva una relazione a distanza. Miguel ne fu totalmente accecato e completamente devastato. Riuscì a malapena a essere produttivo sul lavoro per mesi e lo stava quasi per perdere. Un'altra conseguenza del mal d'amore è che il sentirsi soli e addolorati può significativamente danneggiare il nostro funzionamento intellettivo, Russian: У меня был пациент Мигель, 56 лет, топ-менеджер в крупной компании. Через пять лет после смерти жены он смог снова пойти на свидание. Вскоре он познакомился с Шерон и у них завязался роман. Через месяц они представили друг друга своим детям, а ещё через два стали жить вместе. Люди в возрасте не тратят время впустую. Представьте фильм «Реальная любовь» в ритме «Форсажа». (Смех) Мигель был очень счастлив. Но накануне их первой годовщины Шерон его бросила. Она решила переехать на Запад, чтобы быть ближе к детям, и не хотела отношений на расстоянии. Для Мигеля это был удар, он был безутешен. Много месяцев он кое-как справлялся с работой, в результате чего его чуть не уволили. Одиночество и душевная боль могут существенно ослабить наши интеллектуальные способности, Danish: Min patient, Miguel, var en 56-årig senior leder i et software-firma. Fem år efter hans kone døde følte han sig endelig klar til at date igen. Snart mødte han Sharon og en vild romance fulgte. De præsenterede hinanden for deres voksne børn efter en måned og flyttede sammen efter to. Når midaldrende folk dater, er der ingen tid at miste. Det er som en mix af "Love, Actually" og "The Fast and the Furious". (Latter) Miguel var lykkeligere, end han havde været i årevis. Men aftenen inden deres første årsdag forlod Sharon ham. Hun havde besluttet at flytte vestpå for at være nærmere sine børn, og hun ville ikke have et langdistance-forhold. Miguel var helt overrumplet og fuldstændig knust. Han kunne knapt fungere på jobbet i mange, mange måneder, og mistede næsten sit arbejde som resultat. En anden konsekvens af hjertesorg er, at ensomheden og smerten kan nedsætte vores intellektuelle funktioner ret drastisk, Georgian: მთავარ აღმასრულებელ მენეჯერად მუშაობდა. ცოლის გარდაცვალებიდან 5 წლის შემდეგ, ის, როგორც-იქნა, მზად იყო ახალი ურთიერთობის დასაწყებად. მან, მალე, შერონი გაიცნო და მგზნებარე რომანი გაჩაღდა. ერთი თვის შემდეგ, ზრდასრულ შვილებს გააცნეს ერთმანეთი, ორი თვის შემდეგ კი, ერთად ცხოვრება გადაწყვიტეს. როდესაც შუა ასაკის ადამიანები ურთიერთობას იწყებენ, დიდ ხანს არ წელავენ. ფილმების "რეალური სიყვარული" და "ფორსაჟი" ერთგვარი კომბინაციაა. (სიცილი) მიგელი ასეთი ბედნიერი წლების მანძილზე არ ყოფილა. თუმცა, ურთიერთობის პირველი წლისთავის წინა ღამეს, შერონმა მიატოვა ის. მან გადაწყვიტა დასავლეთ სანაპიროზე გადასულიყო, რათა უფრო ახლოს ყოფილიყო თავის შვილებთან, შორ მანძილზე ურთიერთობის გაგრძელება კი არ უნდოდა. მიგელი სრულიად დაბრმავებული და განადგურებული იყო. ძალიან ბევრი თვის მანძილზე, მუშაობას თავს ვერ აბავდა, შედეგად, კინაღამ სამსახურიც კი დაკარგა. გატეხილი გულის კიდევ ერთი შედეგი ის არის, რომ მარტოსულობას და ტკივილს შეუძლია მნიშვნელოვნად დააქვეითოს Spanish: en una empresa de programación. Cinco años después de la muerte de su esposa, sintió que estaba preparado para otra relación. Pronto conoció a Sharon, y comenzaron un romance relámpago. Al cabo de un mes, se presentaron ante los hijos adultos de cada uno, y, a los dos meses, decidieron vivir juntos. Cuando la gente grande inicia una relación, no pierde el tiempo. Es como si "Realmente amor" se encontrara con "Rápido y furioso". (Risas) Miguel sintió una felicidad que no sentía hacía años. Pero la noche previa al primer aniversario, Sharon lo abandonó. Decidió mudarse a la costa oeste para estar más cerca de sus hijos, y no quería una relación a la distancia. Miguel se vio totalmente tomado por sorpresa, profundamente devastado. No pudo funcionar en el trabajo durante varios meses, y estuvo a punto de perderlo por ese motivo. Otra consecuencia de la ruptura amorosa es que la soledad y el dolor pueden afectar significativamente nuestro funcionamiento intelectual, Modern Greek (1453-): ανώτατο στέλεχος σε μια εταιρεία λογισμικού. Πέντε χρόνια αφού πέθανε η γυναίκα του ένιωσε επιτέλους έτοιμος να ξαναβγεί ραντεβού. Σύντομα γνώρισε τη Σάρον, κι έτσι προέκυψε μια σχέση-σίφουνας. Μετά από ένα μήνα γνώρισαν ο ένας τα ενήλικα παιδιά του άλλου, και άρχισαν να συγκατοικούν μετά από δύο μήνες. Όταν δύο μεσήλικες είναι σε σχέση, δεν κάνουν σαχλαμάρες. Είναι λες και το «Αγάπη Είναι...» συναντάει τους «Μαχητές των Δρόμων». (Γέλια) Ο Μιγκέλ ήταν πιο ευτυχισμένος απ' ό,τι εδώ και χρόνια, αλλά τη νύχτα πριν την πρώτη τους επέτειο, η Σάρον τον άφησε. Είχε αποφασίσει να πάει στη Δυτική Ακτή για να είναι πιο κοντά στα παιδιά της, και δεν ήθελε σχέση εξ αποστάσεως. Ο Μιγκέλ αιφνιδιάστηκε τελείως και ήταν εντελώς συντετριμμένος. Με το ζόρι λειτουργούσε στη δουλειά για πάρα πολλούς μήνες, και ως αποτέλεσμα, κόντεψε να χάσει τη δουλειά του. Άλλη μια συνέπεια της ερωτικής απογοήτευσης είναι ότι εκτός από τη μοναξιά και τον πόνο, μπορεί να βλάψει σημαντικά την πνευματική μας λειτουργία, Chinese: 我的病人米格尔是个56岁 的软件公司高级行政人员。 他的妻子去世五年后， 他终于准备好开始一段新恋情。 他很快遇上了莎伦， 风驰电掣般的爱情随后发生。 一个月后，他们向各自的 成年孩子介绍对方， 并在两个月后开始同居。 中年人谈恋爱，认真不随便。 情况就如电影《真爱至上》 遇上了《速度与激情》一样。 （笑声） 米格尔好几年 都没那么幸福过了。 但是他们第一个周年纪念日 的前一个晚上， 莎伦离开了他。 莎伦决定搬去美国西海岸 跟她的孩子住得近一点儿， 而她不想要谈异地恋爱。 米格尔对这个消息防不胜防， 并且感到极其悲痛。 连续好几个月，他几乎 无法正常上班， 他也因此而差一点儿丢了工作。 心碎的另一个后遗症是， 寂寞感和心痛 可以大大地削弱我们 的智力功能， Portuguese: O meu paciente Miguel tinha 56 anos e era executivo numa empresa de "software". Cinco anos após a morte da mulher, ele sentiu-se pronto para começar a namorar outra vez. Conheceu a Sharon e seguiu-se um remoinho de romance. Apresentaram-se aos respetivos filhos adultos após um mês e foram viver juntos após dois meses. Quando duas pessoas de meia idade namoram, não brincam. É como se "O Amor Acontece" se juntasse a "Velocidade Furiosa". (Risos) O Miguel estava mais feliz do que tinha estado em anos. Mas, na noite antes do primeiro aniversário, a Sharon deixou-o. Decidira mudar-se para a costa oeste para ficar mais perto dos filhos e não queria uma relação de longa distância. O Miguel ficou surpreendido e completamente devastado. Mal trabalhava no emprego durante muitos, muitos meses e, como resultado, quase perdeu o trabalho. Outra consequência do desgosto é que sentirmo-nos sozinhos e magoados pode diminuir significativamente as capacidades intelectuais, Chinese: 我的病人，米格，五十六歲， 是軟體公司的高階主管。 在他的太太過世五年後， 他終於覺得準備好 可以開始再次約會了。 他很快就遇到了雪倫， 接著展開熱戀。 一個月後，他們把彼此介紹 給對方的成年子女認識， 兩個月後，他們開始同居。 中年人約會不浪費時間。 這就像《愛是您，愛是我》 遇見《玩命關頭》。 （笑聲） 米格比過去幾年來都更快樂。 但在他們一週年的前一晚， 雪倫離開了他。 她決定搬到西岸， 離她的孩子們近一點， 而她不想談遠距離戀愛。 米格在毫無防備下受到打擊， 徹底身心交瘁。 許多許多個月，他幾乎無法工作， 結果他差點丟了飯碗。 心碎的另一個後果 就是孤獨和痛苦的感受 能顯著破壞我們的智力運作， Thai: คนไข้ผม ชื่อมิเกล ผู้บริหารบริษัทซอฟท์แวร์แห่งหนึ่ง หลังจากที่ภรรยาของเขาตายไปได้ห้าปี ในที่สุด เขาก็พร้อมที่จะออกเดทนัดอีก ไม่ช้า เขาก็พบกับชารอน แล้วเรื่องรักหวือหวาก็ตามมา แนะนำให้ลูกที่โตแล้วรู้จักกันทั้งสองฝ่าย หลังคบกันได้หนึ่งเดือน แล้วย้ายเข้ามาอยู่ด้วยกันหลังจากสองเดือน ในวัยกลางคน เวลาเดทกัน เขาไม่มาต้วมเตี้ยมเสียเวลากันหรอก มันเหมือนหนังเรื่อง ทุกหัวใจมีรัก บวกกับเรื่อง เร็ว แรง ทะลุนรกน่ะ (เสียงหัวเราะ) มิเกลมีความสุขกว่าที่ เขาเคยรู้สึกมานานหลายปี แต่คืนก่อนหน้าที่จะครบรอบหนึ่งปี ชารอนก็ทิ้งเขาไป เธอตัดสินใจย้ายไปอยู่เวสต์โคสต์ เพื่อจะได้อยู่ใกล้พวกลูกๆ มากขึ้น และเธอไม่ต้องการมีความสัมพันธ์ แบบอยู่ห่างไกลกัน มิเกลรู้สึกเหมือนถูกโจมตีไม่ทันตั้งตัว และแพ้ย่อยยับ เขาแทบจะทำอะไรไม่ได้เลยที่ ที่ทำงานอยู่หลายเดือน จนเกือบจะถูกให้ออกจากงาน ผลลัพธ์อีกอย่างหนึ่งของอาการอกหักคือ ความเหงาและความเจ็บปวด สามารถทำให้สติปัญญาของเรา ทำหน้าที่บกพร่องไปได้ Portuguese: Meu paciente Miguel tinha 56 anos, executivo sênior numa empresa de software. Cinco anos depois que a esposa faleceu, ele, finalmente, se sentiu pronto pra começar a namorar de novo. Ele logo conheceu a Sharon, e começaram um romance arrebatador. Eles se apresentaram aos filhos adultos após um mês, e foram morar juntos depois de dois meses. Quando pessoas de meia-idade namoram, elas não perdem tempo. É tipo "Simplesmente Amor" se encontra com "Velozes e Furiosos". (Risos) Miguel estava mais feliz do que tinha estado em anos. Mas na véspera do primeiro aniversário deles juntos, Sharon o deixou. Ela decidiu se mudar para a costa oeste para ficar mais perto dos filhos, e não queria um relacionamento de longa distância. Miguel foi pego de surpresa e ficou totalmente arrasado. Mal conseguiu trabalhar direito por vários meses, e quase foi demitido por causa disso. Outra consequência da desilusão amorosa é que se sentir sozinho e com dor pode prejudicar significativamente nosso funcionamento intelectual, Dutch: Mijn patiënt Miguel was een 56-jarige senior manager in een softwarebedrijf. Vijf jaar nadat zijn vrouw stierf, voelde hij eindelijk dat hij klaar was om weer te gaan daten. Heel snel ontmoete hij Sharon en er ontwikkelde zich een wilde romance. Ze introduceerden elkaar aan hun volwassen kinderen na een maand en gingen samenwonen na twee maanden. Mensen van middelbare leeftijd verspillen geen tijd op hun dates. Het is alsof 'Love, Actually' 'The Fast and the Furious' ontmoet. (Gelach) Miguel was gelukkiger dan hij in jaren was geweest. Maar de avond voor hun eerste jubileum ging Sharon bij hem weg. Ze had besloten om te verhuizen om dichter bij haar kinderen te zijn. En ze wilde geen lange-afstandsrelatie. Miguel werd compleet verrast en zat volkomen in de put. Hij functioneerde maandenlang nauwelijks op zijn werk en hij verloor daardoor bijna zijn baan. Een ander gevolg van een gebroken hart is dat dat gevoel van eenzaamheid en pijn ons intellectueel functioneren aanzienlijk kan verminderen, Thai: โดยเฉพาะเวลาที่ทำงานซับซ้อน ที่ต้องอาศัยตรรกะและการใช้เหตุผล มันทำให้ไอคิวของเราลดลงชั่วคราว แต่ไม่ใช่แค่ความรุนแรงของความเศร้าเท่านั้น ที่ทำให้เจ้านายของเขางง มันเป็นเรื่องของระยะเวลา มิเกลก็งุนงงเพราะเรื่องนี้เหมือนกัน และรู้สึกอึดอัดขัดเขินด้วย "ผมเป็นอะไรไป" เขาถามผมในช่วงที่เราคุยกัน ผู้ใหญ่ที่ไหนกันใช้เวลาเกือบปี ตัดใจจากความสัมพันธ์ที่ยาวนานหนึ่งปี อันที่จริง มีผู้ใหญ่หลายคนเลยเป็นอย่างนั้น อาการอกหักมีลักษณะเหมือน การสูญเสียและการเศร้าโศกทั่วไป นอนไม่หลับ มีความคิดแทรกซ้อน ระบบภูมิคุ้มกันผิดปกติ ร้อยละสี่สิบมีภาวะซึมเศร้าแบบรุนแรง อาการอกหักเป็น การบาดเจ็บทางจิตใจที่ซับซ้อน มันมีผลกระทบกับเราในหลายๆ ด้าน ตัวอย่างเช่น ชารอนเป็นคนที่ชอบสังคม และเป็นคนกระตือรือร้น เธอจัดงานอาหารค่ำที่บ้านนั้นทุกสัปดาห์ Chinese: 尤其是当我们进行牵涉逻辑 和推论思考的复杂任务， 心痛会暂时性地降低我们的智商。 但是使米格尔的雇主纳闷的 并非只是他的悲痛程度； 而是悲痛持续的时间。 米格尔也被无法释怀这件事困扰着， 并且为此而感到相当尴尬。 “我到底怎么了？治疗期间 他问我这个问题。 “哪有成年人花将近一年时间 忘记一段一年长的感情呢？” 其实，很多成年人都这样。 心碎的特征跟传统的 痛失亲友以及悲痛是一样的： 失眠、侵入性思想、 免疫系统缺陷。 百分之四十的人会经历 临床可观察的抑郁症。 心碎是个复杂的心理创伤。 它在许多方面影响着我们。 举个例子，莎伦很爱好交际， 也会经常出去参加社交活动。 她每个星期都在家里开设晚宴。 Spanish: especialmente en tareas complejas de lógica y razonamiento. Temporariamente, se reduce el coeficiente intelectual. Pero no era solamente la intensidad del dolor lo que confundía a los jefes de Miguel, sino la duración. También Miguel estaba confundido por eso y hasta avergonzado. "¿Qué me está pasando?", me preguntaba durante la sesión. "¿Qué adulto se pasa casi un año tratando de superar una relación de un año?" De hecho, a muchos adultos les sucede. Las rupturas amorosas comparten los síntomas típicos de la pérdida y la pena: insomnio, pensamientos invasivos, disfunción del sistema inmunológico. El 40 % de las personas padece una depresión de manifestación clínica. La ruptura amorosa es un daño psicológico complejo que nos afecta de múltiples maneras. Sharon, por ejemplo, era muy sociable y muy activa. Todas las semanas organizaba cenas en su casa. Ukrainian: особливо при виконанні складних завдань, які вимагають логічного мислення. Наш IQ тимчасово знижується. Роботодавців Мігеля бентежила не стільки глибина його страждань, як їхня тривалість. Мігель також відчував занепокоєння і був пригнічений. «Що зі мною?» – запитав він мене під час сеансу. «Чи може людина рік страждати через втрату стосунків, що тривали всього рік?» Однак, це трапляється досить часто. Розбитому серцю притаманні ті ж ознаки, що і при переживанні втрати або горя: безсоння, нав'язливі думки, проблеми з імунітетом. У 40% людей виникає клінічна депресія. Розбите серце – це серйозна психологічна травма. Вона впливає на різні аспекти життя. Шерон була дуже комунікабельною і активною людиною. Кожного тижня вона влаштовувала вдома вечері. Danish: særligt under komplekse opgaver, der kræver logik og fornuft. Det mindsker midlertidigt vores IQ. Men det var ikke kun intensiteten af Miguels smerte, der forvirrede hans chefer; det var dens varighed. Det forvirrede også Miguel og gjorde ham flov. "Hvad er der galt med mig?" spurgte han under en samtale. "Hvilken voksen person bruger næsten et år på at komme over et forhold på et år?" Det gør mange faktisk. Hjertesorg deler samme kendetegn som traditionel sorg og tab: Søvnløshed, plagende tanker, problemer med immunforsvaret. 40% af de ramte, oplever depression af klinisk diagnostiserbar grad. Hjertesorg er en kompleks psykologisk skade. Det påvirker os på en masse måder. For eksempel var Sharon både meget social og meget aktiv. Hun holdt middag i huset hver uge. Portuguese: especificamente, desempenhar tarefas complexas que envolvam a lógica e a razão. Diminui temporariamente o nosso QI. Mas não foi apenas a intensidade do luto do Miguel que intrigou os seus patrões; foi a sua duração. O Miguel também estava intrigado com isso e até bastante envergonhado. "O que há de errado comigo?" perguntou-me numa sessão. "Que adulto passa quase um ano a recuperar de uma relação de um ano?" Na verdade, há muitos. O desgosto amoroso partilha muitas características do luto tradicional: insónias, pensamentos intrusivos, disfunção do sistema imunitário. 40% das pessoas experimentam depressão clinicamente mensurável. O desgosto é uma complexa lesão psicológica. Afeta-nos de várias formas diferentes. Por exemplo, a Sharon era muito sociável e muito ativa. Tinha jantares em casa todas as semanas. Bulgarian: особено при сложни задачи, които включват логика и разсъждение. Разбитото сърце временно намалява IQ-то ни. Но не само дълбоката мъка на Мигел притесни работодателите му. Мъката му беше твърде дълга. Мигел също беше объркан от този факт и всъщност доста засрамен. "Какво не е наред с мен?"- попита ме той по време на сеанс. "Кой възрастен страда почти година заради едногодишна връзка? " Всъщност много хора. Разбитото сърце носи типичните белези на традиционната загуба и мъка: безсъние, натрапчиви мисли, дисфункция на имунната система. 40% от хората страдат от клинична депресия. Разбитото сърце е сложна психологична травма. Тя ни влияе по много начини. Например Шарън е много общителна и много активна. Всяка седмица организираше вечеря у тях. Vietnamese: đặc biệt khi thực hiện các tác vụ phức tạp liên quan đến logic và lý luận. Nó làm giảm tạm thời chỉ số IQ của bạn. Và không chỉ mức độ nỗi đau của Miguel khiến sếp ông bối rối; mà còn cả thời gian diễn ra. Miguel cũng bối rối vì điều này và thực sự khá xấu hổ vì nó. "Mình bị sao vậy?" ông ấy hỏi tôi trong buổi họp. "Người lớn nào lại dành gần một năm chỉ để vượt qua mối quan hệ một năm?" Thực tế có rất nhiều người như vậy. Trái tim tan vỡ có tất cả các đặc điểm của mất mát và đau buồn truyền thống: mất ngủ, suy nghĩ lệch lạc, rối loạn hệ thống miễn dịch. 40% số người mắc trầm cảm lâm sàng. Đó là một chấn thương tâm lý nghiêm trọng, tác động lên chúng ta theo vô số cách. Ví dụ, Sharon rất cởi mở và tích cực. Cô ấy ăn tối ở nhà mỗi tuần. Hungarian: kiváltképp a logikát és gondolkodást igénylő összetett feladatok esetén, ideiglenesen csökkentve az IQ-t. Ám nemcsak Miguel bánatának intenzitása ejtette gondolkodóba munkaadóit, hanem időtartama is. Miguel maga is össze volt zavarodva, és nagyon restelkedett miatta. "Mi bajom van?" – szegezte nekem a kérdést az egyik ülésen. "Melyik felnőttnek tart majdnem egy évig túljutnia egyéves kapcsolatán?" Valójában sokaknak. A szívfájdalom a hagyományos veszteség s bánat minden jellemzőjét hordozza: álmatlanságot, föltoluló gondolatokat, az immunrendszer leromlását. Az emberek 40%-a súlyos depresszióba esik. A szívfájdalom összetett lelki betegség. Sokféle módon hat ránk. Példának okáért, Sharon társaságilag igen aktív volt. Hetente adott otthon vacsorákat. Japanese: 特に 論理や推論を伴う 複雑なタスクではそうです 知能指数（IQ）が一時的に下がるのです また ミゲルの雇用主たちが戸惑ったのは 彼の悲しみの深さだけではなく それが長く続いたことでした ミゲル自身も このことには混乱して とても恥ずかしいと思ったようです カウンセリングの中で彼は 「私のどこが悪いんだ？」と 「いい大人が １年付き合った相手と別れて １年間も引きずるとは」と嘆きました 実は こういう人は大勢います 失恋をすると いわゆる死別にまつわる症状が現れます 不眠症や侵入的思考のほか 免疫力も低下します 40％の人は 医学的に認められる うつ状態を経験します 失恋は 複雑な心理的外傷です さまざまな場面に影響が現れます 例えば シャロンは非常に社交的で 活発な人だったのです 毎週自宅でディナーパーティーを 開きました French: peuvent affecter de manière significative notre fonctionnement intellectuel, particulièrement pour les tâches complexes impliquant la logique et le raisonnement. Cela diminue temporairement notre QI. Mais ce n'était pas uniquement l'intensité du chagrin de Miguel qui inquiétait ses employeurs ; c'était la durée. Miguel était également inquiet à ce sujet et vraiment embarrassé. « Qu'est-ce qui ne va pas ? », me demandait-il durant nos séances. « Quel adulte passe près d'un an à se remettre d'une relation d'un an ? » En fait, beaucoup. Une peine d'amour partage toutes les caractéristiques de la perte et du deuil : insomnie, pensées obsédantes, dysfonctionnement du système immunitaire. 40% des personnes ont une dépression avérée cliniquement. Une peine d'amour est une blessure psychologique complexe. Cela nous affecte de plusieurs façons. Par exemple, Sharon était à la fois très sociable et très active. Elle organisait des dîners entre amis chaque semaine. Persian: به خصوص زمانی که کارهایی را انجام می‌دهیم که پیچیده‌اند و نیاز به استدلال دارند. و به طور موقت بهره هوشی را پایین می‌آورد. اما این شدت غم میگوئل نبود که کارمندانش را دست پاچه کرد؛ بلکه استمرار آن بود. میگوئل هم به خاطر همین گیج شده بود و واقعاً به خاطر آن خجالت می‌کشید. در جلسه‌ای با من گفت، «من چه مشکلی دارم؟» «برای کدام آدم بالغی یک سال طول می‌کشد تا یک رابطه یک ساله را فراموش کنند؟» در واقعا خیلی‌ها اینطور هستند. دل شکستگی همه نشانه‌های محرویت و غم سنتی مثل بی‌خوابی، به هم ریختگی و اختلال عملکرد سیستم ایمنی را منتشر می‌کند. چهل درصد افراد افسردگی قابل سنجش بالینی را تجربه می‌کنند. دل شکستگی یک آسیب روانی پیچیده است که به چندین طریق بر ما اثر می‌گذارد. برای مثال، شرون خیلی اجتماعی و فعال بود. او هر هفته مهمانی می‌گرفت. Arabic: ولا سيما عندما نقوم بمهام معقدة تتضمن العقلانية والمنطق. إنها تقلل مؤقتًا نسبة الذكاء لدينا. لكن لم تكن فقط حدة حزن ميغيل التي حيّرت أصحاب عمله، كانت الفترة الزمنية. وكان ميغيل متحيرًا أيضًا وكان يشعرُ بالحرج نتيجة ذلك. "ما هي مشكلتي؟"، سألني في جلسة لنا. "لِمَ يقضي كبار السن سنة تقريبًا يحاولون نسيان علاقة استمرت عاما واحدا؟" في الواقع، يقوم العديد بذلك. يقاسمُ تحطم القلب كل السمات المميزة للفقدان التقليدي والحزن، الأرق والأفكار الدخيلة، واختلال نظام المناعة. يعيشُ 40% من الناس حالة كآبة قابلة للقياس سريريًا. يعتبر تحطم القلب إصابة نفسية معقدة. تؤثر فينا بطرق متعددة. مثلًا، كانت شارون اجتماعية جدًا ونشطة جدًا. كانت لديها موائد العشاء في بيتها أسبوعيًا. Urdu: خاص طور پر جب پیچیدہ اور منطقی کام کرنے ہوں۔ عارضی طور پر ذہن کمزور ہو جاتا ہے۔ یہ صِرف میگل کے دُکھ کی شدت نہیں تھی جس سے اُس کے مالکان پریشان ہوئے؛ یہ اس کی مدت تھی۔ میگل خُود بھی اس سے پریشان تھا اور کافی شرمنِدہ بھی تھا۔ اس نے ایک ملاقات میں مُجھ سے پوچھا "مجھ میں خرابی کیا ہے؟"۔ "کون عقلمند لوگ ایک سالہ تعلق کو بھلانے میں ایک سال لگا دیتے ہیں؟" دراصل، بہت سارے۔ دِل ٹوٹنے سے غم اور نقصان کی صورت میں ہونے والے تمام روائتی امراض لگتے ہیں: جیسے بے خوابی اور پریشان کُن خیالات، قوتِ مُدافعت کی کمی۔ 40% لوگوں کو طبی طور پر قابلِ پیمائش ذہنی دباؤ ہوتا ہے۔ دِل ٹُوٹنا پیچیدہ نفسیاتی چوٹ ہے۔ یہ مختلف طریقوں سے اثرانداز ہوتا ہے۔ مثال کے طور پر شیرون بہت سرگرم تھی اور بہت فعال بھی۔ ہر ہفتے اُس کے گھر دعوت ہوتی تھی۔ Serbian: naročito tokom izvođenja složenih zadataka koji uključuju logiku i rasuđivanje. Privremeno nam umanjuje količnik inteligencije. Međutim, nije samo intezitet Migelove patnje zbunjivao njegove poslodavce; radilo se o trajanju. Migel je i sam bio zbunjen ovim, i zaista prilično posramljen zbog toga. "Šta nije u redu sa mnom?" upitao me tokom naše seanse. "Kakva to odrasla osoba potroši skoro godinu na prevazilaženje jednogodišnje veze?" Zapravo, kod mnogih je tako. Slomljeno srce sadrži sve oznake tradicionalnog gubitka i bola: nesanica, nametljive misli, disfunkcija imunog sistema. Četrdeset procenata ljudi doživljava klinički izmerljivu depresiju. Slomljeno srce je složena psihološka povreda. Utiče na nas na gomilu načina. Na primer, Šeron je bila i veoma društvena i veoma aktivna. Organizovala je večere kod kuće svakog vikenda. Slovenian: predvsem pri opravljanju zahtevnih nalog, ki vključujejo logiko in razmišljanje. Začasno se zniža naš inteligenčni kvocient. Ni bila le silovitost Miguelove žalosti, kar je zmedlo njegove delodajalce; bilo je trajanje. Tudi Miguel je bil zbegan zaradi tega in res mu je bilo precej nerodno. "Kaj je narobe z mano?" me je vprašal na seji. "Kateri odrasel človek porabi skoraj eno leto, da preboli enoletno razmerje?" V resnici je takih veliko. Strto srce ima vse značilnosti tradicionalne izgube in žalosti: nespečnost, vsiljive misli, slabo delovanje imunskega sistema. Štirideset odstotkov ljudi doživi klinično merljivo depresijo. Strto srce je zapletena psihološka poškodba. Prizadene nas na številne načine. Na primer, Sharon je bila zelo družabna in zelo aktivna. Vsak teden je doma gostila večerje. Portuguese: especialmente quando lidamos com tarefas complexas envolvendo lógica e raciocínio. Isso reduz temporariamente nosso QI. Mas não foi apenas a intensidade do sofrimento de Miguel que confundiu os patrões dele; foi a duração. Miguel também ficou confuso e muito envergonhado com isso. "O que há de errado comigo?", ele me perguntou em nossa sessão. "Que adulto passa quase um ano tentando superar um relacionamento de um ano?" Na verdade, muitos passam. Desilusão amorosa compartilha todas as características da perda e tristeza tradicionais: insônia, pensamentos intrusivos, e disfunção do sistema imunológico. Quarenta por cento das pessoas sofrem depressão clinicamente mensurável. A desilusão amorosa é uma lesão psicológica complexa; ela nos afeta de várias maneiras. Por exemplo, Sharon era muito sociável e muito ativa. Ela oferecia jantares em casa toda semana. Croatian: pogotovo kada obavljamo teške zadatke koji zahtijevaju logiku i razmišljanje. Privremeno smanji naš IQ. No nije samo jačina Miguelove tuge zbunila njegove poslodavce, već i razdoblje trajanja. Miguel je isto bio zbunjen i dosta posramljen zbog toga. "Što ne valja sa mnom?", pitao me tijekom terapije. "Kakva odrasla osoba treba skoro godinu dana da preboli jednogodišnju vezu?" Zapravo, mnogo njih. Slomljeno srce ima iste značajke kao i normalna tuga i gubitak: nesanica, ometajuće misli, smanjeni imunitet. Četrdeset posto ljudi pati od klinički mjerljive depresije. Slomljeno srce teška je psihološka ozlijeda. Na mnoge načine utječe na nas. Primjerice, Sharon je bila veoma društvena i veoma aktivna. Svakog tjedna organizirala bi večernje zabave. Russian: особенно если дело касается сложных логических задач и рассуждений. Наш IQ временно снижается. Но не только масштаб страданий Мигеля смутил его работодателей. Он скорбил слишком долго. Мигеля и самого беспокоил и даже смущал этот факт. «Что со мной не так?» — спросил он меня на приёме. «Разве взрослые могут целый год страдать по отношениям, длившимся всего год?» Вообще-то, такое происходит очень часто. Разбитому сердцу присущи все признаки традиционного переживания потери и горя: бессонница, навязчивые мысли, ослабленный иммунитет. У 40 % людей наблюдается клиническая депрессия. Разбитое сердце — это серьёзная психологическая травма. Она затрагивает многие аспекты нашей жизни. Приведу пример. Шерон была очень активной, любила находиться в обществе. Каждую неделю она устраивала у себя дома ужины. Dutch: vooral bij het uitvoeren van complexe taken die logica en redenering vergen. Het verlaagt tijdelijk ons IQ. Maar het was niet alleen de intensiteit van Miguel's verdriet dat zijn bazen verbaasde, maar ook hoe lang het duurde. Miguel was hierdoor ook verward, en beschaamd ook trouwens. "Wat is er mis met mij?' vroeg hij in onze sessie. "Welke volwassene doet er een jaar over om over een éénjarige relatie heen te komen?" Eigenlijk doen velen dat. Een gebroken hart heeft dezelfde symptomen als traditioneel verlies en verdriet: slapeloosheid, opdringerige gedachten, haperend immuunsysteem. Veertig procent van de mensen ondervinden klinisch meetbare depressie. Een gebroken hart is een complex psychisch letsel. Het beïnvloedt ons op vele verschillende manieren. Bijvoorbeeld, Sharon was zowel heel sociaal als heel actief. Ze gaf elke week thuis een diner. Turkish: özellikle mantık gerektiren karışık görevler yürütüyorsanız. Geçici olarak IQ'nuzu düşürür. Ancak iş arkadaşlarının kafasını karıştıran şey sadece Miguel'in yasının gücü değildi, süresiydi. Miguel de bu konuda şaşkındı ve aslında utanç da duyuyordu. Bir seansımız esnasında ''Benim sorunum ne?'' diye sordu. ''Hangi yetişkin bir yıllık bir ilişkiyi atlatmak için bir yıl harcar?'' Aslında pek çoğu harcar. Kalp kırıklığı, bildiğimiz yas ve kayıp duygusunun tüm özelliklerini taşır: insomnia, aşırı düşünce yoğunluğu, bağışıklık sistemi bozukluğu. İnsanların %40'ı klinik düzeyde depresyon geçirir. Kalp kırıklığı oldukça karışık psikolojik bir yaralanmadır. Çok farklı yönlerden bizi etkiler. Örneğin Sharon hem çok sosyal hem de çok aktif biriydi. Her hafta evde yemekli davet verirdi. Korean: 논리와 추론을 요구하는 복잡한 과제 수행에 지장을 줍니다. 일시적으로 IQ가 낮아지죠. 그러나 정작 부하직원들을 혼란스럽게 한 것은 미겔의 슬픔의 강도가 아니라, 슬픔의 기간이었습니다. 미겔 자신도 혼란스러웠고 부끄러움을 느꼈습니다. "제가 왜 이럴까요?" 상담 중 그가 물었습니다. "1년을 만났는데, 거의 1년간 극복하지 못한 성인이 있나요?" 사실, 많은 사람이 그렇습니다. 실연은 전통적인 상실과 슬픔의 모든 특징을 공유합니다. 불면증, 침투적 사고, 면역기능장애 40%가 임상학적으로 측정가능할 만큼의 우울증을 경험합니다. 실연은 복합적인 심리적 외상입니다. 여러 방면에서 우리에게 영향을 줍니다. 예를들어, 샤론은 매우 사교적이고 활발한 사람이었습니다. 매주 집에서 저녁모임을 가졌고 English: especially when performing complex tasks involving logic and reasoning. It temporarily lowers our IQ. But it wasn't just the intensity of Miguel's grief that confused his employers; it was the duration. Miguel was confused by this as well and really quite embarrassed by it. "What's wrong with me?" he asked me in our session. "What adult spends almost a year getting over a one-year relationship?" Actually, many do. Heartbreak shares all the hallmarks of traditional loss and grief: insomnia, intrusive thoughts, immune system dysfunction. Forty percent of people experience clinically measurable depression. Heartbreak is a complex psychological injury. It impacts us in a multitude of ways. For example, Sharon was both very social and very active. She had dinners at the house every week. Modern Greek (1453-): ειδικά όταν εκτελούμε περίπλοκες εργασίες που περιλαμβάνουν λογική και κρίση. Ρίχνει, προσωρινά, τον δείκτη νοημοσύνης μας. Δεν ήταν όμως μόνο η ένταση της θλίψης του Μιγκέλ που μπέρδεψε τους συνεργάτες του. Ήταν η διάρκεια. Ο Μιγκέλ ήταν κι αυτός μπερδεμένος και αισθανόταν αρκετή ντροπή γι' αυτό. «Τι πάει στραβά με μένα;», με ρώτησε σε μια συνεδρίασή μας. «Ποιος ενήλικας περνάει σχεδόν ένα χρόνο ξεπερνώντας μια σχέση ενός έτους;» Για την ακρίβεια, πολλοί. Η ερωτική απογοήτευση έχει όλα τα σημάδια που έχει κάθε απώλεια και πένθος: Αϋπνίες, ενοχλητικές σκέψεις, δυσλειτουργίες του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος. Το 40 τοις εκατό των ανθρώπων βιώνουν κλινικά μετρήσιμη κατάθλιψη. Η ερωτική απογοήτευση είναι μια περίπλοκη ψυχολογική πληγή. Επιδρά πάνω μας με πολλούς τρόπους. Για παράδειγμα, η Σάρον ήταν και πολύ κοινωνική και πολύ δραστήρια. Οργάνωνε δείπνα στο σπίτι της κάθε εβδομάδα. Italian: soprattutto svolgendo attività complesse che impegnano la logica e il ragionamento. È una temporanea perdita di QI. Ma non fu solo l'intensità della sofferenza di Miguel a confondere i suoi datori di lavoro, fu soprattutto la durata. Anche Miguel ne fu confuso e piuttosto imbarazzato a riguardo. "Cosa c'è che non va in me?" mi chiedeva nelle nostre sedute. "Quale adulto passa quasi un anno a riprendersi da una relazione di un anno?" In realtà, molti. Il mal d'amore condivide tutte le caratteristiche del tradizionale lutto: insonnia, pensieri intrusivi, disfunzioni del sistema immunitario. Il 40% della popolazione sviluppa una depressione clinicamente misurabile. Il mal d'amore è una ferita psicologica complessa. Ci colpisce in una moltitudine di modi diversi. Per esempio, Sharon aveva un'intensa vita sociale ed era molto attiva. Teneva cene a casa sua tutte le settimane. Georgian: ჩვენი ინტელექტუალური შესაძლებლობები, განსაკუთრებით, თუკი საქმე რთულ დავალებებს ეხებათ, რომელთაც ლოგიკა და რაციონალურობა სჭირდება. ის დროებით ადაბლებს ჩვენს IQ -ს. თუმცა, მიგელის განცდების სიმძაფრე არ იყო ის, რაც აფიქრიანებდა მის უფროსებს; ეს ამ განცდების ხანგრძლივობა იყო. თვითონ მიგელსაც აწუხებდა ეს და ამასთან ძალიან რცხვენოდა. "რა ჯანდაბა მჭირს?" - მკითხა მან სესიაზე "რომელი ზრდასრული ანდომებს1 წელს 1 წლიანი ურთიერთობის დავიწყებას?" სინამდვილეში, ძალიან ბევრი. გულგატეხილობას ტრადიციული დარდისა და დანაკარგის ნიშნები ახასიათებს უძილობა, აკვიატებული აზრები, იმუნური სისტემის მოშლილობა. ადამიანების 40 % კლინიკურ დეპრესიას განიცდის. გულგატეხილობა კომპლექსური, ფსიქოლოგიური ტრავმაა. მას მრავალმხრივი გავლენა აქვს ჩვენზე. მაგალითად, შერონი ძალიან კომუნიკაბელური და აქტიური იყო. ყოველ კვირას სადილად სტუმრებს ეპატიჟებოდა. Romanian: mai ales când executăm sarcini complexe ce presupun logică și judecată. Ni se reduce temporar IQ-ul. Dar n-a fost doar intensitatea durerii lui Miguel care i-a derutat pe angajatorii lui, ci durata. Și Miguel a fost derutat de asta și chiar foarte jenat de asta. „Ce se întâmplă cu mine?”, m-a întrebat într-o ședință. „Care adult petrece aproape un an revenindu-și după o relație de un an?” Mulți, de fapt. O inimă frântă are toate trăsăturile pierderii și durerii convenționale: insomnie, gânduri sâcâitoare, disfuncția sistemului imunitar. 40% din oameni se confruntă cu depresie dovedită clinic. Inima frântă e o rană psihologică complexă. Ne afectează într-o mulțime de feluri. De exemplu, Sharon era și foarte sociabilă și foarte activă. Organiza săptămânal cine acasă. Czech: především při provádění komplexních úkolů, zahrnujících logiku a uvažování. Dočasně to sníží naše IQ. Ale nebyla to jen intenzita Miguelova zármutku, která zaskočila jeho zaměstnavatele, bylo to jeho trvání. Miguel tím byl sám zaskočen a cítil se kvůli tomu trapně. „Co je se mnou špatně?" zeptal se mě na sezení. „Který dospělý člověk stráví téměř rok tím, že se dostává přes roční vztah?" Ve skutečnosti je jich spousta. Zlomené srdce s sebou nese všechny známky typické ztráty a žalu: nespavost, rušivé myšlenky, poruchy imunitního systému. Čtyřicet procent lidí zažije klinicky kvalifikovanou depresi. Zlomené srdce je složité psychologické zranění. Ovlivňuje nás mnoha způsoby. Například, Sharon byla velmi společenská a zároveň aktivní. Každý týden doma pořádala večeře. Chinese: 特別是在進行涉及邏輯 和推理的複雜工作時。 它會讓我們的智商暫時下降。 但讓米格的老闆感到困惑的， 不只是他的悲慟強度， 還有時間長度。 米格自己也對此感到困惑， 且因此覺得很不好意思。 「我是怎麼搞的？」 心理治療時他這樣問我。 「什麼樣的成人會花幾乎一年 才能忘懷只維持一年的感情？」 其實，很多成人都如此。 心碎，有著傳統失去 和悲傷的所有特徵： 失眠、煩擾的想法、 免疫系統失衡。 有四成的人會經歷憂鬱， 且是臨床上可測量出來的程度。 心碎是一種複雜的心理傷害。 它以許多方式影響著我們。 比如，雪倫非常樂於社交， 也非常主動。 每週她都會在家中辦晚餐會。 iw: במיוחד כאשר מבצעים משימות מורכבות שמערבות הגיון ושיקול דעת. זה מוריד לנו את רמת הIQ באופן זמני. אבל זה לא היה העוצמה של הצער של מיגל עצמו שבילבלה את מעבידיו: זה היה אורך הזמן. מיגל היה מבולבל מזה גם כן והיה באמת די נבוך מזה. "מה הבעיה איתי?" הוא שאל אותי באחת הפגישות שלנו. "איזה אדם מבוגר מבלה כמעט שנה בהתגברות על מערכת יחסים בת שנה?" האמת , הרבה. שברון לב חולק את כל סימני ההיכר של צער או אבדה מסורתיים: נדודי שינה, מחשבות פולשניות חוסר תפקוד במערכת החיסון. ארבעים אחוז מהאנשים חווים דיכאון קליני מדיד. שברון לב הוא פגיעה פסיכולוגית מורכבת. הוא פוגע בנו בהמון דרכים. לדוגמא, שרון הייתה גם מאוד חברותית וגם מאוד אקטיבית. היא הייתה אוכלת ארוחות ערב בבית כל שבוע. German: besonders wenn wir für komplexe Aufgaben unser logisches Denken brauchen. Vorübergehend sinkt unser IQ. Doch es war nicht nur die Heftigkeit von Miguels Kummer, die seine Arbeitgeber verwirrte, sondern auch die Dauer. Auch Miguel war davon verwirrt und schämte sich regelrecht dafür. "Was ist los mit mir?" fragte er mich in unserer Sitzung. "Welcher Erwachsene braucht fast ein Jahr, um eine einjährige Beziehung zu verdauen?" Ehrlich gesagt, viele. Liebeskummer teilt alle Symptome von traditionellem Verlust und Trauer: Schlaflosigkeit, aufdringliche Gedanken, Störungen des Immunsystems. 40 Prozent der Menschen leiden unter klinischer Depression. Liebeskummer ist eine komplizierte seelische Verletzung. Er wirkt sich auf verschiedenste Weise aus. Sharon war zum Beispiel sehr gesellig und auch sehr aktiv. Sie lud jede Woche bei ihr zuhause zum Abendessen ein. Burmese: အထူးသဖြင့် တွေးခေါ်မှု၊နှိုင်းချင့်မှုတွေ ပါတဲ့ ရှုပ်ထွေးတဲ့ အလုပ်တွေ လုပ်တဲ့အခါပါ။ ဉာဏ်ရည်ပြကိန်းကို ယာယီ ကျဆင်းစေပါတယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ ဒါဟာ သူ့ဝန်ထမ်းတွကို စိတ်ရှုပ်ထွေးစေတဲ့ Miguel ရဲ့ ပူဆွေးမှုရဲ့ပြင်းပြမှုသာ မဟုတ်ဘူး၊ ဒါက ကြာချိန်ပါ။ Miguel လည်း ဒါကနေ စိတ်ရှုပ်ထွေးပြီး အတော်လေးလည်း ရှက်မိပါတယ်။ "ကျွန်တော် ဘာ မှားလို့လဲ"လို့ ကျွန်တော့ကို မေးခဲ့တယ် "တစ်နှစ် သံယောဇဉ်ကို ပြီးပြတ်ဖို့ လူကြီးတွေကို ဘာက တစ်နှစ်နီးပါးကြာစေတာလဲ" တကယ်က အများအပြား ကြာကြပါတယ်။ အသည်းကွဲတာမှာ အစဉ်အလာ ဆုံးရှုံးမှုနဲ့ ကြေကွဲမှုရဲ့ ဝိသေသလက္ခဏာအားလုံး တူညီပါတယ်။ အိပ်မပျော်မှု၊ အနှောက်အယှက်ဖြစ်တဲ့ အတွေးတွေ၊ ခုခံမှုစနစ် ကမောက်ကမဖြစ်မှုပါ။ လူတွေရဲ့ ၄၀ % ဟာ ဆေးပညာအရ တိုင်းတာနိုင်တဲ့ စိတ်ကျမှု ခံစားရပါတယ်။ အသည်းကွဲတာဟာ ရှုပ်ထွေးတဲ စိတ်ပိုင်း ဆိုင်ရာ ဒဏ်ရာတစ်ခုပါ။ နည်းလမ်းများစွာနဲ့ ကျွန်တော်တို့ကို သက်ရောက်ပါတယ်။ ဥပမာ Sharon ဟာ အလွန် လူမှုရေးရှိပြီး အလွန် တက်ကြွသူပါ။ သီတင်ပတ်တိုင်း အိမ်မှာ ညစာစားပွဲတွေ ရှိခဲ့တယ်။ Thai: เธอกับมิเกลไปเที่ยวนอนแคมป์กับคู่อื่นๆ ถึงมิเกลจะไม่ใช่คนเคร่งศาสนา เขาก็ไปโบสถ์กับชารอนทุกวันอาทิตย์ กลุ่มสมาชิกที่โบสถ์ต้อนรับเขาเข้ากลุ่ม มิเกลไม่ได้สูญเสียแค่ชารอนเท่านั้น เขาสูญเสียชีวิตทางสังคมทั้งหมดของเขาไปด้วย นั่นคือ ชุมชนที่โบสถ์ของชารอน เขาสูญเสียเอกลักษณ์ของการเป็นคู่กัน ตอนนี้ มิเกลรู้ว่า การเลิกกันทำให้เกิดช่องว่างขนาดใหญ่ในชีวิตเขา แต่สิ่งที่เขาไม่ได้นึกถึงคือ ช่องว่างนั้นมีหลายช่อง และนั่นเป็นสิ่งสำคัญยิ่ง นอกจากจะช่วยอธิบายว่า ทำไมอาการอกหักถึงมีผลทำลายย่อยยับ มันยังบอกด้วยว่า จะรักษาได้ยังไง ในการที่จะรักษาฟื้นฟูหัวใจสลายของคุณ คุณจำเป็นต้องหาพวกช่องโหว่ของคุณให้เจอ แล้วอุดมันเสีย ผมต้องบอกว่า ทุกช่องด้วย ช่องโหว่ในความเป็นตัวตนของคุณ คุณต้องสร้างความเชื่อขึ้นมาใหม่ ว่าคุณเป็นใคร และชีวิตของคุณเป็นยังไง ช่องโหว่ในชีวิตสังคมของคุณ กิจกรรมที่หายไป และแม้กระทั่งพื้นที่ว่างเปล่าบนผนัง Arabic: ذهبت مع ميغيل في رحلات تخييم بصحبة أزواج آخرين ورغم أن ميغيل لم يكن متدينًا، إلا أنه رافق شارون إلى الكنسية كل يوم أحد. حيث رحّب به في جماعة المصليين. فلم يفقد ميغيل حبيبته فقط، فقد حياته الاجتماعية بالكامل، والمجتمع الداعم لكنيسة شارون. فقد هويته كزوجين. الآن، أدرك ميغيل أن قطع العلاقة ترك فراغًا كبيرًا في حياته. ولكن الذي فشل في إدراكه هو أن قطع العلاقة ترك أكثر من فراغ واحد. وهذا أمرٌ مهمٌ جدًا، ليس فقط لأنه يفسرُ لِمَ يمكن أن يكون تحطم القلب مدمرًا للغاية ولكن لأنه يخبرنا عن كيفية التعافي. لعلاج تحطم قلوبكم، عليكم تحديد هذه الفراغات في حياتكم وملؤها، وأقصدٌ جميع الفراغات. الفراغات في هويتكم: عليكم إعادة تحديد من أنتم وما الذي تدور حياتكم حوله. الفراغات في حياتكم الاجتماعية، النشاطات الناقصة، حتى الأماكن الفارغة على جدرانكم Vietnamese: Cô ấy và Miguel đi cắm trại với những cặp khác. Dù vô thần, ông vẫn đưa Sharon đến nhà thờ mỗi Chúa nhật, nơi ông được chào đón vào hội thánh. Miguel không chỉ mất bạn gái; ông ấy mất toàn bộ đời sống xã hội, cộng đồng hỗ trợ nhà thờ của Sharon. Ông mất điểm nhận dạng là một cặp đôi. Miguel nhận ra sự chia tay đã để lại khoảng trống khổng lồ trong đời, nhưng lại không nhận ra nó để lại nhiều hơn chỉ một. Và điều đó rất quan trọng, không chỉ vì nó giải thích tại sao tan vỡ lại tệ hại đến vậy, nhưng bởi vì nó còn cho ta biết cách để chữa lành. Để chữa lành trái tim tan vỡ, bạn phải xác định những khoảng trống này trong cuộc sống và lấp đầy chúng, tất cả chúng. Các khoảng trống trong điểm nhận dạng: bạn phải thiết lập lại bạn là ai và cuộc sống của bạn là gì. Những khoảng trống trong xã hội các hoạt động còn thiếu, ngay cả những khoảng trống trên tường Portuguese: Ela e o Miguel iam acampar com outros casais. Apesar de o Miguel não ser religioso, ele acompanhava-a à igreja todos os domingos, onde era bem recebido pela congregação. O Miguel não perdeu apenas a namorada; perdeu a vida social por completo, a comunidade prestável que era a igreja da Sharon. Perdeu a sua identidade como casal. O Miguel reconheceu que o fim da relação deixara um vazio na sua vida, mas o que não conseguiu perceber é que deixara muito mais do que um vazio. E isso é crucial, não apenas porque explica porque o desgosto é tão devastador, mas também porque nos diz como nos curarmos. Para curarmos o nosso coração partido, temos de identificar os vazios da nossa vida e preenchê-los, todos eles. Os vazios da nossa identidade: temos de restabelecer quem somos e o propósito da nossa vida. Os vazios da nossa vida social, as atividades que já não fazemos, até os espaços vazios na parede Persian: او و میگوئل به همراه زوج‌های دیگر به سفرهای کمپینگ می‌رفتند. با اینکه میگوئل مذهبی نبود، هر یکشنبه شرون را در رفتن به کلیسا همراهی می‌کرد، حضار در کلیسا هم او را پذیرفته بودند. میگوئل تنها دوست‌دخترش را از دست نداد؛ بلکه کل زندگی اجتماعی‌اش، و انجمن حمایت‌گر کلیسای شرون را هم از دست داد. او هویتش به عنوان یک زوج را از دست داد. حالا میگوئل دریافت که این جدایی، چه خلاء بزرگی در زندگی‌اش بجا گذاشته است. اما متوجه این نشد که این جدایی فراتر از یکی بوده است. و این بسیار مهم است، نه بخاطر اینکه می‌تواند ویرانگر بودن دل شکستگی را شرح دهد، بلکه بخاطر اینکه به ما می‌گوید چطور با آن کنار بیاییم. برای ترمیم قلب شکسته‌تان، باید این خلأهای زندگی را بشناسید و آنها را پر کنید، همه آنها را. خلاهای هویت شما: باید هویت و زندگی خود را دوباره بسازید. خلاهای زندگی اجتماعی‌تان، فعالیت‌های از دست رفته، حتی جاهای خالی عکس‌هایی Romanian: Ea și Miguel au făcut drumeții cu alte cupluri. Deși Miguel nu era religios, a mers cu Sharon la biserică în fiecare duminică, unde a fost bine-venit în rândul enoriașilor. Miguel nu și-a pierdut doar prietena. Și-a pierdut toată viața socială, comunitatea încurajatoare de la biserica lui Sharon. Și-a pierdut identitatea de cuplu. Acum, Miguel a înțeles că despărțirea i-a lăsat un gol imens în viață, dar ce n-a reușit să înțeleagă e că i-a lăsat cu mult mai multe. Și asta e esențial, nu doar fiindcă explică de ce inima frântă poate fi așa de zdrobitoare, ci și fiindcă ne arată cum să ne vindecăm. Pentru a drege o inimă frântă, trebuie să identificați aceste goluri din viața voastră și să le umpleți, și mă refer la toate. Golurile din identitatea voastră: trebuie să restabiliți cine sunteți și ce înseamnă viața voastră. Golurile din viața voastră socială, activitățile care vă lipsesc, chiar și golurile de pe perete, Dutch: Zij en Miguel gingen op kampeertrips met andere stellen. Ondanks dat Miguel niet religieus was, ging hij elk weekend met Sharon naar de kerk, waar hij werd verwelkomd in de gemeenschap. Miguel verloor niet alleen zijn vriendin, hij verloor zijn hele sociale leven, de ondersteuning van Sharon's kerkgemeenschap. Hij verloor een deel van zijn identiteit. Miguel zag wel dat zijn relatiebreuk een groot gat in zijn leven sloeg, maar wat hij niet zag, was dat het er meer dan een was. En dat is cruciaal, want het laat niet alleen zien waarom een gebroken hart zo vernietigend is, maar ook hoe we moeten genezen. Om je gebroken hart te helen, moet je deze leegtes in je leven herkennen en opvullen, en dan bedoel ook: allemaal. De leegtes in je identiteit: je moet opnieuw bepalen wie je bent en waar je leven over gaat. De leegte in je sociale leven, de ontbrekende activiteiten, zelfs de lege plekken op de muur iw: היא ומיגל הלכו לטיולי מחנאות עם זוגות אחרים. למרות שמיגל לא היה דתי, הוא התלווה לשרון לכנסייה כל יום ראשון, שם הוא התקבל אל הקהילה. מיגל לא רק איבד את בת זוגתו: הוא איבד את כל החיים החברתיים שלו, הקהילה התומכת של הכנסייה של שרון. הוא איבד את זהותו כאדם במערכת יחסים. עכשיו, מיגל מזהה את הפרידה כדבר שהותיר חלל עצום בחייו, אך מה שהוא נכשל בלזהות היה שהוא הותיר יותר מאשר אחד. וזה מכריע, לא רק בגלל שזה מסביר למה שברון לב יכול להיות כל כך הרסני. אלא בגלל שזה מראה לנו איך להחלים. כדי לרפא את הלב השבור, אתם חייבים לזהות את החללים האלה בחיים שלכם ולמלא אותם, ואני מתכוון את כולם. החללים בזהות שלכם: אתם חייבים להחיות את מי שאתם ובמה החיים שלכם עוסקים. החללים בחיים החברתיים שלכם, הפעיליות החסרות, כל חלק ריק על הקיר English: She and Miguel went on camping trips with other couples. Although Miguel was not religious, he accompanied Sharon to church every Sunday, where he was welcomed into the congregation. Miguel didn't just lose his girlfriend; he lost his entire social life, the supportive community of Sharon's church. He lost his identity as a couple. Now, Miguel recognized the breakup had left this huge void in his life, but what he failed to recognize is that it left far more than just one. And that is crucial, not just because it explains why heartbreak could be so devastating, but because it tells us how to heal. To fix your broken heart, you have to identify these voids in your life and fill them, and I mean all of them. The voids in your identity: you have to reestablish who you are and what your life is about. The voids in your social life, the missing activities, even the empty spaces on the wall Serbian: Ona i Migel su išli na kampovanja sa drugim parovima. Iako Migel nije bio religiozan, pratio je Šeron u crkvu svake nedelje, gde je prihvaćen od strane pastve. Migel nije samo izgubio devojku; izgubio je celokupan društveni život, podršku zajednice iz Šeronine crkve. Izgubio je identitet sebe kao para. Sad, Migel je spoznao da je raskid ostavio ogromnu prazninu u njegovom životu, međutim nije uspeo da spozna da je ostavio mnogo više od jedne. A to je krucijalno, ne samo jer objašnjava zašto slomljeno srce može da bude tako razorno, već zato što nam saopštava kako da ozdravimo. Da biste izlečili slomljeno srce, morate da prepoznate praznine u svom životu i da ih popunite, i mislim na sve njih. Praznine u vašem identitetu: morate nanovo da utvrdite ko ste i šta vam je važno u životu. Praznine u vašem društvenom životu, propuštene aktivnosti, čak i prazan prostor na zidu Georgian: ის და მიგელი სხვა წყვილებთან ერთად სალაშქროდ დადიოდნენ. მიუხედავად იმისა, რომ მიგელი რელიგიური არ იყო, ის შერონს ყოველ კვირას ახლდა ეკლესიაში, სადაც მრევლი სიხარულით იღებდა. მიგელმა მხოლოდ შეყვარებული არ დაკარგა. მას მთელი მისი სოციალური ცხოვრება გამოეცალა ხელიდან, შერონის ეკლესიის მეგობრული საზოგადეობაც დაკარგა. წყვილად ყოფნისას, მან საკუთარი იდენტობა დაკარგა. მიგელი აცნობიერებდა, რომ დაშორებამ ცხოვრებაში დიდი სიცარიელე დაუტოვა, თუმცა იგი იმას ვერ ხვდებოდა, რომ სიცარიელე ერთზე მეტი იყო. ეს კი უმნიშვნელოვანესია, რადგან ხსნის თუ რატომ არის გულგატეხილობა ასეთი მძიმე, და გვეხმარება განკურნებაში. იმისთვის რომ გაიმთელოთ გული, უნდა ამოიცნოთ ეს სიცარიელეები და შეავსოთ ისინი, თითოეული მათგანი. სიცარიელეები თქვენს იდენტობაში: თავიდან უნდა გააცნობიეროთ ვინ ხართ და როგორია თქვენი ცხოვრება. სიცარიელეები სოციალურ ცხოვრებაში, ნაკლული აქტივობები, ცარიელი ადგილები კედლებზე Czech: S Miguelem a dalšími páry jezdili na výlety tábořit. Přestože Miguel nebyl věřící, doprovázel Sharon každou neděli do kostela, kde byl přivítán do kongregace. Miguel neztratil pouze svou přítelkyni, ztratil celý svůj společenský život, podporující komunitu Sharonina kostela. Ztratil svou identitu páru. Miguel si uvědomil, že rozchod zanechal v jeho životě prázdnou díru, ale nevšiml si, že těch děr bylo víc. A to je zásadní, nejen protože to vysvětluje, proč může být rozchod tak zničující, ale protože nám to ukazuje, jak se vyléčit. Abyste zahojili zlomené srdce, musíte rozpoznat tyto díry ve svém životě a naplnit je, a tím myslím všechny. Díry ve vaší identitě, musíte znovu zjistit, kdo jste a o čem je váš život. Díry ve vašem společenském životě, chybějící aktivity, dokonce i prázdná místa na zdi, Chinese: 她和米格會和其他情侶 或夫妻一起外出露營。 雖然米格沒有宗教信仰， 每個星期日他會陪雪倫去教堂， 在教堂，他也被會眾歡迎。 米格失去的不只是他的女友； 他失去了他的整個社交生活， 那個支持他的社群，雪倫的教堂。 他失去了身為「一對」的身分。 米格了解到，這次分手 讓他的人生留下了一個大空洞， 但他沒有發現， 留下的空洞其實不只一個。 那是很關鍵的一點， 不單單因為它能解釋為什麼 心碎這麼讓人身心交瘁， 也因為它告訴我們如何能治癒。 要修補你破碎的心， 你得要辨識出你人生中的 那些空洞，並將之填補起來， 我指的是全部的空洞。 你身分中的空洞： 你得要重新建立你自己和你的生活。 你社交生活中的空洞： 少掉的活動，甚至 牆壁上把以前掛的照片 Hungarian: Miguellel és más párokkal együtt járt kempingezni. Bár Miguel nem volt vallásos, minden vasárnap templomba ment Sharonnal, ahol a gyülekezet szeretettel fogadta. Miguel nemcsak barátnőjét veszítette el, hanem teljes társasági életét, Sharon egyházának támogató gyülekezetét. Miguel mint pár vesztette el identitását. Miguel ugyan fölfogta, hogy a szakítás űrt támasztott életében, de nem sikerült fölfognia, hogy nemcsak egyet okozott. Ez pedig sorsdöntő. Nemcsak azért, mert indokolja, miért oly romboló a szívfájdalom, hanem azt is elárulja, hogyan gyógyul. Összetört szív gyógyításához föl kell ismerni az ürességeket, és be kell tölteni őket; úgy értem: mindegyiket. A személyiségünkben tátongó űröket: újra föl kell építenünk személyiségünket és életünk értelmét. A társasági életünkben támadt űrök, a hiányzó tevékenységek olyanok, Italian: Lei e Miguel andavano in campeggio con altre coppie. Anche se Miguel non era religioso, accompagnava Sharon in chiesa ogni domenica, dove era il benvenuto nella congregazione. Miguel non perse solo la sua compagna; perse la sua intera vita sociale, il supporto della comunità della chiesa di Sharon. Perse la sua identità nella coppia. Miguel capì che la rottura aveva lasciato un grande vuoto nella sua vita, ma ciò che non riuscì a riconoscere fu che non ne lasciò soltanto uno. E questo è cruciale, non solo perché spiega come mai un cuore spezzato sia così devastante, ma anche perché ci dice come guarire. Per riparare un cuore spezzato, bisogna identificare quei vuoti nella vita e riempirli e intendo proprio tutti. I vuoti nella vostra identità: dovete ristabilire chi siete e per quale ragione vivete. I vuoti nella vostra vita sociale, le attività mancanti, anche gli spazi vuoti sul muro Bulgarian: Тя и Мигел ходиха на къмпинг с други двойки. Въпреки че Мигел на беше религиозен, той ходеше с Шарън всяка неделя на църква и беше приет от църковното общество. Мигел не загуби само приятелката си. Той загуби целия си социален живот, подкрепящата го общност на църквата, в която Шарън ходи. Той загуби идентичността си. Мигел разбра, че раздялата остави тази голяма празнина в живота му, но това, което той не разбра, е, че празнината далеч не е само една. И това е изключително важно, не само защото обяснява защо раздялата може да бъде толкова разрушителна, но и защото ни казва как да я преодолеем. За да излекувате разбитото си сърце, трябва да откриете тези празнини в живота си и да ги запълните, да ги запълните всичките. Празнините в идентичността ви: трябва да изградите наново себе се и да разберете защо живеете. Празнините в социалния ви живот, липсата на дейности, дори празните места на стената, Korean: 미겔과 샤론은 다른 커플들과 어울려 캠핑을 가곤 했습니다. 미겔은 신앙심이 깊지 않았지만, 주일마다 샤론과 함께 교회에 갔습니다. 신자들이 모두 미겔을 반겨주었죠. 미겔은 단순히 여자친구를 잃은 게 아니었죠. 사회생활 전체를 잃게 되었습니다. 샤론이 다니던 교회에서 힘을 준 공동체도 멀어졌죠. 커플로의 그의 정체성이 사라졌습니다. 미겔은 이별이 자신에게 큰 공허함을 남겼음을 깨달았습니다. 그러나 그가 깨닫지 못한 건, 이별은 공허함 외에도 그 이상의 것들을 남긴다는 사실이었죠. 이 점이 매우 중요합니다. 실연이 파괴적일 수 밖에 없는 이유가 설명되고 동시에 치유 방법을 알려주기 때문입니다. 고장난 마음을 고치고 싶다면 삶의 빈 곳을 확인하여 채워 넣어야합니다. 빈 곳을 모두 찾아내, 정체성을 형성했던 부분을 채워줍니다. 당신의 자아와 삶의 가치를 재정립해야 합니다. 사회생활의 빈 구석을 채워줍니다. 그간 놓쳤던 활동을 하고, 사진들을 걸어놓았던 Croatian: Ona i Miguel išli su na kampiranja s drugim parovima. Iako Miguel nije bio religiozan, išao je sa Sharon svake nedjelje u crkvu gdje ga je cijela zajednica prihvatila. Miguel nije samo izgubio svoju djevojku, izgubio je svoj društveni život, podršku zajednice u Sharoninoj crkvi. Izgubio je svoj identitet kao para. Miguel je shvatio da je prekid ostavio veliku prazninu u njegovom životu, ali nije shvatio da je ostavio puno više od jedne praznine. I to je jako važno, ne samo jer objašnjava zašto je slomljeno srce tako pogubno, nego zato jer vam kaže kako da se oporavite. Kako biste izliječili slomljeno srce, morate pronaći te praznine u vašem životu i ispuniti ih i mislim na baš sve praznine. Praznine u vašem identitetu: morate ponovno odrediti tko ste i što radite u životu. Praznine u vašem društvenom životu, aktivnosti kojih više nema, čak i prazan dio zida French: Elle et Miguel partaient camper avec d'autres couples. Même si Miguel n'était pas religieux, il accompagnait Sharon à l'église chaque dimanche, où il était le bienvenu dans la congrégation. Miguel a perdu beaucoup plus que juste sa petite amie ; il a perdu la totalité de sa vie sociale, et la communauté sacerdotale de Sharon. Il avait perdu son identité en tant que couple. Miguel reconnaissait que sa rupture avait laissé un énorme vide dans sa vie, mais il n'avait pas compris qu'il y avait plus qu'un seul vide. Ceci est crucial, pas seulement parce qu'il explique pourquoi le chagrin peut être dévastateur mais parce que cela nous dit comment guérir. Pour soigner un cœur brisé, nous devons identifier ces vides dans notre vie et les remplir, et je veux dire, les remplir tous. Les vides dans notre identité : nous devons rétablir qui nous sommes et quelle est l'essence de notre vie. Les vides dans notre vie sociale, les activités manquantes, même les espaces vides sur les murs Burmese: သူမနဲ့ Miguel ဟာ အခြားစုံတွဲတွေနဲ့ တောစခန်း ထွက်ခဲ့တယ်။ Miguel ဟာ ဘာသာရေးသမား မဟုတ်ပေမဲ့ Sharon နဲ့တနင်္ဂနွေတိုင်း ဘုရားကျောင်းလိုက်တယ် အဲဒီမှာ သူဟာ ဝတ်ပြုမှုထဲမှာ ကြိုဆိုခံရတယ်။ Miguel ဟာ ချစ်သူတင် ဆုံးရှုံးတာမဟုတ်ပဲ လူမှုဘဝတစ်ခုလုံး Sharon ရဲ့ ဘုရားကျောင်းက ပံ့ပိုးပေးတဲ့ အစုအဝေးကိုပါ ဆုံးရှုံးခဲ့တာပါ။ စုံတွဲဆိုတဲ့ သူ့ရဲ့လက္ခဏာ ဆုံးရှုံးခဲ့တာပါ။ အခု Miguel ဟာ လမ်းခွဲခြင်းက သူ့ဘဝမှာ ဒီဟာကွက်ကြီး ထားခဲ့တာကို အသိအမှတ်ပြုပေမဲ့ သူအသိအမှတ် မပြုမိတာက ဒါဟာ တစ်ခုထက် အများကြီးပိုပြီး ထားခဲ့တာကိုပါ။ ဒါက အရေးကြီးတဲ့အကြောင်းက အသည်းကွဲတာဟာ ယူကျုံးမရ ဖြစ်စေနိုင်တာတင်မကပဲ ကုစားနည်းကိုပါကျွန်တော်တို့ကို ပြောပြလို့ပါ။ အသည်းကွဲတာကို ပြင်ဆင်ဖို့ သင့်ဘဝထဲက ဒီဟာကွက်တွေကိုရှာပြီး ဖြည့်ဖို့လိုပါတယ်၊ အကုန်လုံးကို ပြောတာနော်။ သင့်စရိုက်လက္ခဏာထဲက ဟာကွက်တွေက သင်ဘယ်သူဆိုတာနဲ့ သင့်ဘဝက ဘာဆိုတာကို ပြန်လည်တည်ဆောက်ဖို့လိုတယ်။ သင့်လူမှုဘဝ ဟာကွက်တွေက ပျောက်နေတဲ့ လုပ်ဆောင်မှုတွေ၊ ရုပ်ပုံတွေ ချိတ်ထားဖူးတဲ့ Spanish: Ella y Miguel iban de campamento con otras parejas. Y aunque no era religioso, él la acompañaba todos los domingos a la iglesia, donde la congregación lo recibía gustosamente. Miguel perdió no solo a su pareja; perdió toda su vida social, la comunidad tan acogedora de la iglesia de Sharon. Perdió su identidad como pareja. Ahora bien, Miguel reconocía que la ruptura dejó este inmenso vacío en su vida, pero lo que no logró reconocer es que dejó mucho más que un solo vacío. Y esto es fundamental, no solo porque explica el porqué una ruptura amorosa puede ser tan devastadora, sino porque nos dice cómo superarla. Para superar una decepción sentimental, es necesario identificar estos vacíos en la vida y llenarlos, pero llenarlos a todos. Los vacíos de identidad; es necesario redefinir quiénes somos y qué queremos de nuestra vida. Los vacíos en la vida social; las actividades perdidas, incluso los espacios vacíos en la pared Russian: Они с Мигелем ходили в походы с другими парами. Мигель не был религиозен, но каждое воскресенье он ходил вместе с Шерон в церковь. Мигель потерял не только женщину, он потерял всю общественную жизнь, поддержку прихожан из церкви, куда ходила Шерон. Их пара распалась, и он потерял себя. Мигель осознал, что после разрыва в его жизни образовалась пустота. Но он не смог понять, что оказался в вакууме сразу с нескольких сторон. А ведь это самое главное. И не только потому, что это объясняет, почему нам так больно после разрыва. А потому, что в этом кроется путь к исцелению. Чтобы избавиться от душевных мук, нужно найти пробелы в вашей жизни и заполнить их, заполнить каждый из них. Пробелы в вашей личности: понять, кто вы и зачем живёте. Пробелы в общественной жизни, недостаток деятельности, даже пустое место на стене, Urdu: وہ اور میگِل دوسرے جوڑوں کے ساتھ کیمپینگ پر جاتے تھے۔ اگرچہ میگل مذہبی نہیں تھا، وہ شیرون کے ساتھ ہر اِتوار گرجا گھر جاتا، جہاں جماعت اُسے خوُش آمدید کہتی۔ میگل نے صِرف اپنی محبوبہ نہیں کھوئی تھی؛ اُس کا تمام سماجی میل جول ختم ہو گیا تھا، شیرون کے گِرجے کے مہربان لوگ۔ اُس نے جوڑے کے طور پر اپنی شناخت کھو دی تھی۔ اب میگل اس کو جان گیا ہے کہ تعلق ٹوٹنے سے اس کی زندگی میں وسیع خلا پیدا ہوا، لیکن وہ یہ نہیں جان سکا کہ ایک سے زیادہ خلا باقی رہ جاتا ہے۔ اور یہ اِہم ہے، اِس لیے نہیں کہ یہ بتاتا ہے کہ دِل ٹُوٹنا تباہ کُن ہے، بلکہ اِس لیے بھی کہ یہ بحالی کا طریقہ بتاتا ہے۔ اپنے ٹُوٹے دِل کو جوڑنے کے لیے، آپکو ان خالی جگہوں کو پہچاننا ہے اور ان کو بھرنا ہے، اور میری مراد ہے ان سب کو۔ آپ کی شناخت میں خلا: آپ کو دوبارہ سے اپنی زندگی کے مقصد اور اپنے آپ کو ڈھونڈنا ہو گا۔ آپکی سماجی زندگی میں خلا، گمشدہ سرگرمیاں, حتٰی کہ خالی دیواریں بھی Danish: Hun og Miguel tog på campingture med andre par. Selvom Miguel ikke var religiøs, tog han med Sharon i kirke hver søndag, hvor han blev budt ind i fællesskabet. Miguel mistede ikke bare en kæreste, han mistede hele sit sociale liv, det støttende fællesskab i Sharons kirke. Han mistede sin identitet som par. Nu indså Miguel, at bruddet havde efterladt et gabende hul i hans liv, men han indså ikke, at det havde efterladt mere end bare et. Og det er vigtigt, ikke bare fordi det forklarer, hvorfor hjertesorg kan være så ødelæggende, men fordi det viser os, hvordan vi kan hele. For at hele dit knuste hjerte må du identificere disse huller i dit liv og fylde dem, og jeg mener dem alle. Hullerne i din identitet. Du må finde ud af, hvem du er og hvad dit liv handler om. Hullerne i dit sociale liv, de manglende aktiviteter, selv de tomme huller på væggene, Japanese: ２人は別のカップルと一緒に キャンプに出掛けたりもしました ミゲルは信心深くありませんが シャロンと一緒に 日曜は教会に行き 礼拝の会衆に 温かく迎え入れられました ミゲルが失ったのは恋人だけでなく 社交的な活動も全て失ったのです シャロンの教会で会う人々との 温かい交流です カップルとしての立場も失いました ミゲルは別れによって 自分の生活に 大きな穴が開いたと感じていましたが 彼が自覚できていなかったのは 「穴」は１つだけではないということでした これは非常に大事です 失恋が大惨事である理由に 説明がつくだけでなく 立ち直るためのヒントも ここにあるからです 失恋の傷を癒すには 人生に開いた「穴」を特定して 埋めなければなりません 本当に全部ですよ アイデンティティに開いた穴 自分の人生の目的を もう一度練り直す必要があります 社交生活に開いた穴 これは できなくなった活動のことで 飾っていた写真を外したことで Portuguese: Ela e Miguel iam em acampamentos com outros casais. Embora Miguel não fosse religioso, ele acompanhava Sharon à igreja todo domingo, e foi acolhido pela congregação. Miguel não perdeu apenas a namorada; ele perdeu toda a sua vida social, a comunidade de apoio da igreja de Sharon. Ele perdeu sua identidade como casal. Miguel reconheceu que a separação deixou um imenso vazio em sua vida, mas não pôde reconhecer que ela deixou muito mais do que apenas um vazio. E isso é essencial, não só porque explica o quanto a desilusão amorosa pode ser difícil, mas porque nos diz como curá-la. Para consertar seu coração partido, você precisa identificar esses vazios em sua vida e preenchê-los, e quero dizer "todos" eles. Os vazios em sua identidade: restabeleça quem você é e dê significado à sua vida. Os vazios em sua vida social, as atividades que faltam, até os espaços vazios na parede Chinese: 她和米格尔跟其他情侣 一起去露营。 虽然米格尔不信奉任何宗教， 他每个星期日还是会 陪伴莎伦去上教堂， 教堂会众也热情地接待他。 米格尔不单单失去了他的女朋友； 他失去了他整个社交生活， 莎伦的教堂这个支持他的团体， 还失去了身为情侣的身份。 米格尔意识到分手在他的 生活中留下了一个很大的空缺， 但是他没有意识到的是 分手留下的空缺不只是一个。 那是至关重要的， 因为那不只解释了为什么心碎 的伤害可以如此之大， 也告诉我们可以如何愈合。 要从心碎中走出来， 你一定要辨识你生活中 这些空缺并填补它们， 我说的是所有空缺。 你身份上的空缺： 你一定要重新建立你的身份 和你的生活目标。 你的社交生活上的空缺， 不再做的活动，就连墙壁上那个 Ukrainian: Вони з Мігелем та іншими парами ходили у походи. Мігель не був релігійною людиною, але кожної неділі ходив з Шерон до церкви, де його тепло приймала релігійна спільнота. Мігель не просто втратив жінку, він втратив своє суспільне життя, підтримку релігійної громади Шерон. Втративши її, він втратив себе. Мігель усвідомив, що після розриву у його житті з’явилась порожнеча, але не усвідомив її масштабу. Це усвідомлення важливе, воно не тільки пояснює причини спустошення, а й показує шлях до зцілення. Щоб позбутися душевного болю, потрібно визначити ці порожнечі і заповнити їх, кожну з них. Порожнечі у вашій особистості: ви повинні зрозуміти, хто ви тепер і у чому сенс життя. Порожнечі у вашому суспільному житті, втрачені види діяльності, навіть спорожнілі місця на стінах, Modern Greek (1453-): Εκείνη και ο Μιγκέλ πήγαιναν εκδρομές για κάμπινγκ με άλλα ζευγάρια. Παρόλο που ο Μιγκέλ δεν ήταν πολύ θρήσκος, συνόδευε τη Σάρον στην εκκλησία κάθε Κυριακή, και ήταν ευπρόσδεκτος από το εκκλησίασμα. Ο Μιγκέλ δεν έχασε μόνο την κοπέλα του. Έχασε όλη την κοινωνική ζωή του, την υποστηρικτική κοινότητα της εκκλησίας της Σάρον. Έχασε την ταυτότητά του ως ζευγάρι. Ο Μιγκέλ συνειδητοποίησε ότι ο χωρισμός είχε αφήσει ένα μεγάλο κενό στη ζωή του, αλλά αυτό που απέτυχε να αναγνωρίσει είναι ότι του άφησε παραπάνω από ένα κενό. Και αυτό είναι σημαντικό, όχι μόνο επειδή εξηγεί γιατί η ερωτική απογοήτευση μπορεί να είναι τόσο ολέθρια, αλλά επειδή μας λέει πώς να γιατρευτούμε. Για να γιατρέψεις μια πληγωμένη καρδιά, πρέπει να αναγνωρίσεις αυτά τα κενά στη ζωή σου και να τα γεμίσεις, και εννοώ όλα τα κενά. Τα κενά στην ταυτότητά σου, να αποκαταστήσεις το ποιος είσαι και ποια είναι η ζωή σου, τα κενά στην κοινωνική σου ζωή, τις δραστηριότητες που χάνεις, German: Sie und Miguel unternahmen Campingausflüge mit anderen Paaren. Obwohl Miguel nicht religiös war, begleitete er Sharon jeden Sonntag in die Kirche, wo er herzlich in die Gemeinde aufgenommen wurde. Miguel verlor nicht nur seine Freundin, er verlor sein gesamtes Sozialleben, die stützende Gemeinschaft von Sharons Kirche. Er verlor seine Identität als Paar. Miguel sah zwar ein, dass die Trennung ein riesiges Loch in sein Leben gerissen hatte doch er schien nicht zu begreifen, dass es um weit mehr als ein Loch ging. Und das ist der springende Punkt, nicht nur, weil es erklärt, wieso Liebeskummer so verheerend sein kann, sondern weil es uns zeigt, wie wir ihn heilen können. Um Ihr gebrochenes Herz zu reparieren, müssen Sie diese Löcher in Ihrem Leben identifizieren und sie füllen, und zwar jedes davon. Die Löcher in Ihrer Identität: Sie müssen neu definieren, wer Sie sind und worum es in Ihrem Leben geht. Die Löcher in Ihrem Sozialleben, die fehlenden Aktivitäten, sogar die leeren Stellen an der Wand, Slovenian: Z Miguelom sta hodila na šotorjenje z drugimi pari. Čeprav Miguel ni bil veren, je vsako nedeljo spremljal Sharon v cerkev, kjer ga je skupnost sprejela. Miguel ni samo izgubili svoje dekle; izgubil je celotno družbeno življenje, podporo skupnosti Sharonine cerkve. Izgubil je svojo identiteto para. Miguel je spoznal, da je razhod pustil veliko praznino v življenju, ni pa spoznal, da je praznin veliko več. In to je ključno, ne le, ker pojasnjuje, zakaj je strto srce tako uničujoče, ampak ker pove, kakšno mora biti zdravilo. Če želiš popraviti strto srce, moraš prepoznati te praznine v svojem življenju in jih napolniti, vse do zadnje. Praznine v identiteti: moral boš ponovno določiti, kdo si in kaj hočeš od življenja. Praznine v družabnem življenju, manjkajoče aktivnosti, celo praznine na stenah, Turkish: Miguel'le başka çiftlerle kampa giderlerdi. Miguel dindar değildi ama her Pazar günü Sharon'la kiliseye giderdi, ordaki topluluk onu çok iyi karşılardı. Miguel yalnızca kız arkadaşını kaybetmedi, tüm sosyal hayatını, Sharon'un kilisesindeki o topluluğu da kaybetti. Çift olarak kimliklerini kaybetti. Miguel anladı ki bu ayrılık onda büyük bir boşluk bıraktı, anlamadığı şey ise bu yalnızca tek bir boşluk değildi. Bu çok önemli, kalp kırıklığının neden bu kadar yıkıcı olduğunu açıklamasının yanı sıra, nasıl iyileşeceğimizi de açıklıyor. Kırık kalbinizi iyileştirmek için hayatınızdaki o boşlukları bulmalı ve doldurmalısınız, hepsini kastediyorum. Kimliğinizdeki boşluklar: Kim olduğunuzu ve hayatınızın anlamını yeniden belirlemelisiniz. Sosyal hayatınızdaki boşluklar, olması gereken faaliyetler, hatta resimler asılması gereken Chinese: 取下後留下的空白處。 但這些都不會有用， 除非你能預防不要犯下 讓你走回頭路的錯誤， 不要一直去找沒必要的解釋， 不要把你的前任給理想化， 都不想想他們不適合你的地方， 還沉迷在讓他們 像明星的行為與思想中， 在你人生的下一個章節 他們應該是多餘的。 度過心碎是很難的， 但如果你拒絕被你的大腦誤導， 且能採取療癒的步驟， 你就能顯著地 將你所受的苦降至最低。 受惠的不只有你。 和朋友一起時，你就更能處在當下， 和家人更緊密， 更不用說在工作上 因為生產力降低而造成的 數十億損失，那是可避免的。 所以，如果你認識一個心碎的人， 要有同理心， 因為社交上的支持已證實 對他們的恢復是很重要的。 要有耐心， Georgian: სადაც ადრე სურათები ეკიდა. თუმცა ვერაფერი ეს ვერ დაგეხმარებათ თუკი არ აირიდებთ შეცდომებს, რომლებიც უკან გხევენ, ახსნა-განმარტებების უაზრო ძიებას, ყოფილის გაიდეალიზებას იმაზე ფიქრის ნაცვლად თუ რატომ არ იყო ის შესაფერისი, იმ აზრების და ქცევების ხელშეწყობას, რომლებიც მათ მთავარ როლს ანიჭებენ თქვენი ცხოვრების მომდევნო თავებში, სადაც მათი ადგილი უკვე აღარ არის. გულგატეხილობის გადალახვა რთულია, მაგრამ თუკი საკუთარი გონების მახეში არ გაებმევით და გამოჯანმრთელებისკენ გადადგამთ ნაბიჯებს, მნიშვნელოვნად შეამცირებთ თქვენს ტანჯვას. ამისგან მხოლოდ თქვენ არ მიიღებთ სარგებელს. მეგობრებთან უფრო ჩართული იქნებით, ოჯახის წევრებთან მეტად ახლოს, აღარაფერი რომ ვთქვათ, მილიონობით დოლარის ღირებულების პროდუქტიულობაზე თქვენს სამუშაო ადგილას. ამიტომ, თუკი ვინმეს იცნობთ, ვისაც ახლახანს გული გაუტყდა, გამოხატეთ თანაგრძნობა, რადგან სოციალური მხარდაჭერა უმნიშვნელოვანესია გამოჯანმრთელებისთვის. ასევე იქონიეთ მოთმინება, რადგან მათ უფრო მეტო დრო დასჭირდებათ Bulgarian: където по-рано висяха снимки. Но нищо от това няма да ви помогне, ако не спреете да правите грешките, които ви дърпат назад: ненужното търсене на причина, идеализирането на бившите, вместо осъзнаването на недостатъците им, натрапчивите мисли и действия, които още отдават главна роля на бившите ви в следващата глава от живота ви, когато те изобщо не трябва да присъстват. Лекуването на разбитото сърце е трудно, но ако не позволявате на съзнанието ви да ви подведе и предприемете действия, то можете значително да намалите страданието си. Вие няма да сте единствените облагодетелствани от това. Ще отделяте повече внимание на приятелите си, ще прекарвате повече време със семейството си, да не казвам колко милиона долара заради непродуктивност на работното място могат да бъдат спестени. Ако познавате някой с разбито сърце, бъдете състрадателни, защото е доказано, че социалната подкрепа е важна за лечението. И имайте търпение, Spanish: donde estaban las fotografías. Pero nada de esto servirá si no evitamos los errores que pueden llevarnos al punto de partida, la búsqueda innecesaria de explicaciones, la idealización del ex, en lugar de recordar sus errores, la evocación de pensamientos y conductas que aun colocan al otro en un rol protagónico en este próximo capítulo de la vida, cuando no debería haber un solo extra. Superar una ruptura amorosa es difícil, pero si no nos dejamos engañar por la mente y tomamos medidas para sanar, podremos minimizar el sufrimiento significativamente. Y no seremos los únicos en beneficiarnos. Compartiremos más tiempo con amigos, estaremos más relacionados con la familia, sin mencionar los miles de millones de dólares que ahorraríamos en el ámbito laboral porque la productividad se vio comprometida. En definitiva, si conocen a alguien que esté atravesando una ruptura ténganle compasión, porque el apoyo social es fundamental para la recuperación. Y tengan paciencia, Korean: 벽의 빈 곳까지 채워보세요. 당신을 저지시켰던 실수를 막으려는 노력 없이는 어떤 것도 소용없습니다. 이별의 이유를 찾기위한 불필요한 탐색, 옛 애인이 얼마나 안 맞는 상대였는지에 대한 생각에 집중하는 대신 그들을 이상화하고 인생의 새로운 장에서도 주인공 역할을 부여하고 엑스트라로 만들지 않으려는 생각과 행동을 멈춰야 합니다. 실연을 극복하기란 어려운 일이죠. 그러나 마음에 속지 않고 치유의 단계를 차근차근 따라간다면 고통을 확연히 축소할 수 있습니다. 그로부터 이익을 얻는 사람은 당신 혼자만이 아닙니다. 친구들과 더 많은 시간을 보내고, 가족들과 더 가까워질 수 있습니다. 직장에서는 수십억 달러에 해당하는 생산성 저하 위험을 피할 수 있습니다. 여러분의 주변인이 실연당했다면, 연민을 가지고 대하세요. 사회적 응원이 회복의 중요한 열쇠입니다. 그리고 인내심을 가지세요. Modern Greek (1453-): ακόμα και τα κενά σημεία στον τοίχο όπου κρέμονταν φωτογραφίες. Όμως τίποτα απ' αυτά δεν θα σε ωφελήσει, αν δεν αποφύγεις τα λάθη που μπορούν να σε πάνε πίσω: Τις περιττές αναζητήσεις για εξηγήσεις, το να εξιδανικεύεις τον πρώην αντί να επικεντρώνεσαι στο πόσο λάθος ήταν αυτός για σένα, το να ενδίδεις σε σκέψεις και συμπεριφορές που του δίνουν πρωταγωνιστικό ρόλο στο επόμενο κεφάλαιο της ζωής σου ενώ δεν θα έπρεπε να είναι ούτε κομπάρσος. Είναι δύσκολο να ξεπερνάς έναν χωρισμό, αλλά αν αρνηθείς να παραπλανηθείς από το μυαλό σου και κάνεις βήματα για να γιατρευτείς, μπορείς να μειώσεις σημαντικά το πόσο υποφέρεις. Και δεν θα επωφεληθείς μόνο εσύ από αυτό. Θα είσαι πιο παρών στις φιλίες σου, πιο αφοσιωμένος στην οικογένειά σου, για να μην αναφέρουμε τα δισεκατομμύρια δολάρια χαμένης παραγωγικότητας στον εργασιακό χώρο που θα μπορούσαν να σωθούν. Άρα, αν ξέρετε κάποιον που υποφέρει από ερωτική απογοήτευση, να είστε συμπονετικοί, γιατί έχουμε ανακαλύψει ότι η κοινωνική στήριξη μπορεί να τους βοηθήσει σημαντικά. Και να έχετε υπομονή, γιατί θα τους πάρει περισσότερο χρόνο για να προχωρήσουν Dutch: waar altijd de foto's hingen. Maar niets hiervan werkt als je de fouten niet voorkomt die je terugwerpen, de onnodige zoektocht naar verklaringen, het idealiseren van je ex in plaats van focussen op hoe verkeerd ze voor je waren, je overgeven aan gedachten en gedragingen die hen nog steeds een cruciale rol geven in dit volgend hoofdstuk in je leven waarin ze geen extra zouden moeten zijn. Over een gebroken hart heen komen is moeilijk, maar als je weigert misleid te worden door je eigen gedachten en stappen maakt om te genezen, kun je je lijden aanzienlijk minimaliseren. En niet alleen jij zal hier voordeel van hebben. Je zult meer aanwezig zijn met je vrienden, meer betrokken bij je familie, los van de biljoenen dollars van gecompromitteerde productiviteit op de werkplek die vermeden kunnen worden. Dus als je iemand kent die een gebroken hart heeft, toon mededogen, want sociale steun blijkt heel belangrijk te zijn voor het genezen. En heb geduld, Russian: где когда-то висели фотографии. Но ничего из этого не поможет, пока вы не перестанете совершать ошибки, тормозящие ваше лечение: ненужные поиски объяснений, идеализация бывших вместо того, чтобы обратить внимание на их недостатки, навязчивые мысли и поведение, из-за которых бывшим отводится центральная роль в вашем будущем, где их быть вообще не должно. Излечить разбитое сердце трудно, но если вы не даёте вашему сознанию себя обмануть и стараетесь справиться, ваш путь к выздоровлению будет намного проще. И от этого выиграете не только вы. Вы станете внимательнее к друзьям, больше времени будете уделять семье, не говоря уже об эффективности на работе, которая избавит вас от финансовых потерь. Если рядом с вами человек с разбитым сердцем, посочувствуйте ему, ведь поддержка очень важна для его выздоровления. Наберитесь терпения. Italian: dove prima c'erano le vostre foto. Ma non servirà a niente se non riuscirete a prevenire gli errori che vi faranno tornare indietro, la ricerca di spiegazioni non necessaria, l'idealizzazione del vostro ex invece di concentrarvi sul perché non era quello giusto per voi, indugiare su pensieri e comportamenti che gli danno ancora il ruolo della star nel capitolo successivo della vostra vita dove dovrebbe essere una comparsa. Superare un mal d'amore è dura, ma se non vi fate guidare sulla via errata dalla mente e fate dei passi per guarire potete minimizzare significativamente la vostra sofferenza. E non ne beneficerete soltanto voi. Sarete più presenti con i vostri amici, più vicini alla vostra famiglia, per non parlare dei milioni di dollari di produttività compromessa sul posto di lavoro che potrà essere evitata. Quindi se conoscete qualcuno con il cuore spezzato, abbiate compassione, perché si è scoperto che il supporto sociale è importante per il recupero. E abbiate pazienza, Urdu: جہاں تصاویر آویزاں تھیں۔ لیکن اس سب کا کوئی فائدہ نہیں ہوگا اگر آپ وہ غلطیاں کرنے سے بچیں جو آپ کو پیچھے دھکیل دیں گی، وجوہات کی غیر ضروُری تلاش، اپنے سابقہ محبوب کی پرستش کی بجائے یہ کہ وہ آپ کے لیے کیوں ٹھیک نہیں تھا، ایسی سوچ اور رویے جو اب بھی اس کو مرکزی کردار بناتے ہیں آپکی زندگی کے نئے باب میں جبکہ اُن کی کوئی حثیت نہیں ہونی چاہئیے۔ ٹوٹے دِل پر قابوُ پانا مشکل ہے، لیکن اگر آپ اپنے دماغ کو بھٹکنے نہ دیں اور بحالی کے لیے قدم اٹھائیں، تو آپ اپنی تکلیف کو کافی حد تک کم کر سکتے ہیں۔ اِس سے صرف آپ کو ہی فائدہ نہیں ہوگا۔ آپ دوستوں کی صحبت زیادہ حاضر ہوں گے، خاندان کے ساتھ زیادہ مصروُف ہوں گے، اس کے علاوہ کام پر اپنی کارکردگی کو داؤ پر لگانے سے گریز کرسکتے ہیں۔ اگر آپ کسی دِل جلے کو جانتے ہیں، تو اُس کی دِل جوئی کریں، کیونکہ اس میں سے نکلنے کے لیے سماجی مدد کو بہت اہم مانا گیا ہے۔ اور صبر کا مظاہرہ کریں، Thai: ที่เคยมีรูปภาพแขวนอยู่ แต่ทั้งหมดนี้จะไม่มีประโยชน์อะไรสำหรับคุณ ถ้าคุณไม่ป้องกันความผิดพลาด ที่จะทำให้คุณฟื้นฟูใจได้ล่าช้า อย่างการแสวงหาคำอธิบายที่ไม่จำเป็น การเห็นว่าคนในอดีตของคุณเลิศเลอแทนที่จะเน้นว่า เขาไม่เหมาะกับคุณตรงไหน ความคิดและพฤติกรรมตามใจตัวเอง ที่ยังให้เขาเป็นดารานำแสดง ในช่วงชีวิตในเวลาต่อไปของคุณ ในช่วงที่เขาไม่ควรเป็นตัวประกอบด้วยซ้ำ การตัดใจจากภาวะหอกหักเป็นเรื่องยาก แต่ถ้าคุณไม่ยอมปล่อยใจไปผิดทาง และเริ่มขั้นตอนดูแลใจ คุณจะทุกข์ทรมานน้อยลงอย่างมาก และไม่ได้มีแต่คุณที่จะได้ประโยชน์ คุณจะน่ารักขึ้นในหมู่เพื่อนฝูง คุณจะสนใจครอบครัวมากขึ้น นี่ยังไม่ได้นับเงินเป็นพันล้าน ที่อาจเสียหายจากผลิตภาพที่ถูกบั่นทอน ในที่ทำงาน ซึ่งน่าจะหลีกเลี่ยงได้ เพราะฉะนั้น ถ้าคุณรู้จักใครที่หัวใจสลาย เห็นใจพวกเขาเถอะ เพราะกำลังใจจากคนรอบข้างสำคัญมาก ที่จะช่วยให้พวกเขาฟื้นตัวได้ และอดทนด้วย Portuguese: que costumavam ter fotografias. Mas nada disto vai resultar, a menos que evitemos os erros que nos podem levar ao mesmo, procurar explicações desnecessariamente, a idealizar o ex, em vez de nos focarmos no mal que elas nos faziam, a ceder a pensamentos e a comportamentos que lhes dão o papel principal no capítulo seguinte da vida, quando nem deviam ser figurantes. Ultrapassar um desgosto é complicado, mas se nos recusarmos a ser enganados pela nossa mente e procurarmos a cura, podemos minimizar significativamente o nosso sofrimento. E não vamos ser só nós a beneficiar disso. Estaremos mais presentes com os amigos, mais comprometidos com a família, para não falar dos milhões de dólares de produtividade em risco, o que pode ser evitado no local de trabalho. Se conhecem alguém que esteja desgostoso, tenham compaixão, porque sabe-se que o apoio social é importante para a recuperação. E tenham paciência, Hungarian: mint hajdan volt képek helye a falon. De az egész fabatkát sem ér, ha meg nem előzzük a visszaesést okozó hibákat, a hiábavaló magyarázatkeresést, exünk idealizálását ahelyett, hogy szembenéznénk, mi rossz volt benne, elnéző gondolatokat és viselkedést, amely még mindig sztárszerepet szán neki jövendő életükben. ahol már semmi keresnivalója. Nehéz túljutni a szívfájdalmon, de ha nem hagyják, hogy elméjük félrevigye önöket, lépéseket tesznek gyógyulásukért, lényegesen csökkenthetik szenvedésüket. Nem csak önök nyernek vele. Többet lesznek barátaikkal, többet foglalkoznak családjukkal, nem is szólva a munkahelyükön elkerülhető több milliárd dolláros termelékenységveszteségről. Ha ismernek összetört szívű embert, érezzenek iránta könyörületet, mert a közösség támogatása gyógyulásuk szempontjából fontosnak bizonyult. És legyenek türelmesek, Vietnamese: nơi từng treo ảnh lứa đôi. Nhưng không gì hiệu quả nếu bạn không ngăn chặn những sai lầm có thể cản chân bạn, những tìm kiếm lời giải thích không cần thiết, lý tưởng hóa người cũ thay vì tập trung vào lỗi sai của họ, những suy nghĩ và hành vi nuông chiều giữ họ ở vị trí ngôi sao trong chương tiếp của cuộc đời thay vì là diễn viên quần chúng. Vượt qua đau khổ thì khó, nhưng nếu đừng để tâm trí đánh lừa và thực hiện các bước chữa lành, bạn có thể giảm thiểu đáng kể nỗi đau khổ. Và không chỉ bạn được hưởng lợi từ điều đó. Bạn sẽ có mặt nhiều hơn với bạn bè, tương tác nhiều hơn với gia đình, chưa kể đến hàng tỷ đô la năng suất làm việc được cứu vớt. Vì vậy, nếu biết ai đó đau khổ, hãy động lòng trắc ẩn, vì hỗ trợ từ bên ngoài đóng vai trò quan trọng cho sự phục hồi của họ. Và hãy kiên nhẫn, Arabic: حيث اعتدتم أن تعلقوا الصور. لكن لا شيء من كل هذا سيكون جيدًا إلا إذا منتعتم ارتكاب الأخطاء التي يمكنُ أن ترجعكم إلى الوراء، والأبحاث غير الضرورية من أجل التفسيرات، وتمجيد الأحباب السابقيين بدلًا من التركيز حول كيف كانوا يتصرفون معكم بطريقة خاطئة، والتساهل مع الأفكار والتصرفات التي لا تزالُ تعطيهم دور البطولة في الفصل التالي من حياتكم حيث لا يجبُ أن يكونوا مُلحقًا. التغلب على تحطم القلب هو أمرٌ صعب للغاية، ولكن إذا رفضتم أن لا تنقادوا إلى عقولكم وأخذتم خطوات من أجل التعافي، يُمكنكم الحد بشكلٍ كبير من معاناتكم. ولن تكونوا الوحيدين المستفيدين فقط من ذلك. ستكونون أكثر حضورًا مع أصدقائكم، وأكثر مشاركة مع عائلاتكم، ناهيك عن ذكر ملايين الدولارات لتسوية الإنتاجية في أماكن العمل التي يمكنُ تجنبها. لذلك إذا كنتم تعرفون شخصًا ممن تحطمت قلوبهم، تعاطفوا، لأنه وُجد أن الدعم الاجتماعي سيكون مهماً من أجل تعافيهم. وتملكوا الصبر، Burmese: နံရံပေါ်က နေရာလပ်တွေတောင်ပါ။ ဒါပေမဲ့ သင့်ကို နှောင့်နှေးနိုင်စေတဲ့ အမှားတွေကို မတားဆီးရင်တော့ ဒီတစ်ခုမှ ကောင်းကျိုးပေးမှာ မဟုတ်ဘူး။ ရှင်းလင်းချက်တွေအတွက် မလိုအပ်တဲ့ ရှာဖွေမှုတွေ၊ အဆက်ဟောင်းက သင့်ကို မှားယွင်းခဲ့တာတွေကို အာရုံစိုက်မယ့်အစား အမွှမ်းတင်နေတာတွေ၊ ဇာတ်ရံတောင်မဖြစ်သင့်တဲ့ သင့်ဘဝရဲ့ ဒီနောက်တစ်ခန်းမှာ သူတို့ကို အဓိက နေရာကို ပေးနေမယ့် အလိုလိုက်တဲ့အတွေး၊ အပြုအမူတွေပါ။ အသည်းကွဲတာကို ကျော်လွန်ခြင်းက ခက်ခဲတယ်ဆိုပေမဲ့ သင့်စိတ်က လှည့်စားတာကို ငြင်းဆိုပြီး ကုစားဖို့ ခြေလှမ်းတွေ လှမ်းလိုက်ရင် သင့်ဝေဒနာကို သိသာစွာ နည်းပါးအောင် လုပ်နိုင်ပါတယ်။ ဒီကနေ အကျိုးရှိတာက သင်ပဲ မဟုတ်ပါဘူး။ သင့်မိတ်ဆွေတွေနဲ့ အတူပိုရှိပြီး သင့်မိသားစုနဲ့ ပိုဆက်စပ်မိလိမ့်မယ်၊ ရှောင်လွှဲနိုင်တဲ့ အလုပ်ခွင်ထဲက ညှိယူထားတဲ့ ဖြစ်ထွန်းမှုရဲ့ ဘီလီယံချီတဲ့ ဒေါ်လာတွေ မပါသေးဘူးနော်။ ဒီတော့ အသည်းကွဲနေတဲ့ လူတစ်ဦးကို သင်သိတယ်ဆိုရင် စာနာစိတ်ထားပါ၊ အကြောင်းက လူမှုရေး ပံ့ပိုးမှုဟာ ပြန်လည် သက်သာဖို့ အရေးပါတယ်လို့ တွေ့ထားလို့ပါ။ ပြီတော့ သည်းခံစိတ်ထားပါ French: où les photos étaient accrochées. Mais rien de tout ça ne nous fera du bien si nous n'évitons pas les erreurs qui nous feront trébucher, les recherches inutiles d'explications, l'idéalisation de notre ex, au lieu de se concentrer sur la douleur qu'il a causée, si nous cédons aux pensées qui lui donnent encore le rôle principal dans le prochain chapitre de notre vie alors qu'il ne devrait même pas y être un figurant. Surmonter une peine d'amour est difficile, mais si nous refusons d'être induits en erreur par notre esprit, et prenons des mesures pour guérir, nous réduirons considérablement notre souffrance. Nous ne serons pas les seuls à en profiter. Nous serons plus présents avec nos amis, plus engagés avec notre famille, sans parler des milliards de dollars en productivité compromise qui pourront être évités. Donc, si vous connaissez quelqu'un qui a le cœur brisé, ayez de la compassion, parce qu'il est prouvé que le soutien social est important pour leur guérison. Ayez de la patience aussi, German: wo früher Fotos hangen. Doch nichts davon wird etwas bringen, solange Sie nicht die Fehler verhindern, die Sie wieder zurückwerfen, die unnötige Suche nach Erklärungen, das Idealisieren, anstelle sich auf das zu konzentrieren, was Ihnen nicht passte, den Gedanken und Verhalten nachgeben, die ihm/ihr immer noch die Hauptrolle im nächsten Kapitel Ihres Lebens geben, wo er/sie nicht mal Statist sein sollte. Liebeskummer zu überwinden ist schwierig, doch wenn Sie sich von Ihren Gedanken nicht täuschen lassen und Schritte für Ihre Heilung unternehmen, können Sie Ihr Leid deutlich mindern. Und nicht nur Sie werden davon profitieren. Sie werden mehr im Jetzt mit Ihren Freunden sein, aktiver in Ihre Familie involviert sein, ganz zu schweigen von den Milliarden an verminderter Produktivität, die am Arbeitsplatz vermieden werden könnten. Wenn Sie also jemanden kennen, der an Liebeskummer leidet, haben Sie Mitgefühl, denn sozialer Rückhalt ist für die Heilung wichtig. Und haben Sie Geduld, Persian: که زمانی روی دیوار بودند. اما هیچ کدام از اینها کاری نمی‌کنند مگر اینکه اشتباه‌هایی که شما را به عقب باز می‌گردانند تکرار نکنید، جستجوهای بی‌فایده برای توضیحات، ایده‌آل سازی شریک قبلی زندگی‌تان بجای تمرکز بر حضور اشتباه او در زندگی‌تان، تحسین افکار و رفتارهایی که هنوز نقش مهمی در فصل جدید زندگی شما دارند زمانی که آنها نباید اضافی باشند. فائق آمدن بر دل شکستگی سخت است، اما اگر فریب ذهنتان را نخورید و قدم‌هایی برای درمان بردارید، می‌توانید به طور قابل توجهی از دردتان بکاهید. و تنها شما نیستید که از این کار سود می‌برید. بیشتر در کنار دوستان‌تان هستید، بیشتر با خانواده در ارتباط خواهید بود، بدون اشاره به میلیاردها دلار از سود از بین رفته که می‌توان از آن اجتناب کرد. پس اگر کسی را می‌شناسید که دلش شکسته است، همدردی کنید، چون حمایت اجتماعی برای بهبودی آنها بسیار مهم است. و صبور باشید، English: where pictures used to hang. But none of that will do any good unless you prevent the mistakes that can set you back, the unnecessary searches for explanations, idealizing your ex instead of focusing on how they were wrong for you, indulging thoughts and behaviors that still give them a starring role in this next chapter of your life when they shouldn't be an extra. Getting over heartbreak is hard, but if you refuse to be misled by your mind and you take steps to heal, you can significantly minimize your suffering. And it won't just be you who benefit from that. You'll be more present with your friends, more engaged with your family, not to mention the billions of dollars of compromised productivity in the workplace that could be avoided. So if you know someone who is heartbroken, have compassion, because social support has been found to be important for their recovery. And have patience, Slovenian: kjer so prej visele slike. Toda nič od tega ne bo pomagalo, če ne preprečiš napak, ki te lahko potegnejo nazaj, v nepotrebno iskanje pojasnil, v idealiziranje svojega bivšega, namesto osredotočanja na to, da ni bil pravi zate, da še gojiš misli, ki mu še dajejo glavno vlogo v tem poglavju tvojega življenja, ko ne bi smel biti nič posebnega. Preboleti žalost je težko, če pa preprečiš, da bi te um zavajal, in delaš korake k ozdravljenju, lahko bistveno zmanjšaš svoje trpljenje. Od tega ne boš imel korist samo ti. Več boš skupaj s prijatelji, več se boš ukvarjal s svojo družino, da ne omenjam milijardne škode zaradi slabšega dela, kar se da preprečiti. Če torej poznaš koga s strtim srcem, sočustvuj z njim, saj je ugotovljeno, da je podpora družbe pomembna za to, da si opomore. In bodi potrpežljiv, Croatian: gdje su prije visjele slike. No ništa od toga vam neće pomoći ako ne spriječite pogreške koje vas vraćaju unatrag, bespotrebna potraga za objašnjenjima, idealiziranje bivšeg umjesto da se sjetite koliko nisu bili dobri za vas, misli i ponašanja koja im daju glavnu ulogu u sljedećem poglavlju vašeg života kada ne bi trebali ni biti tamo. Preboljeti slomljeno srce je teško, no ako ne dopustite svom umu da vas omete i poduzmete korake prema oporavku, možete značajno smanjiti svoju patnju. I nećete samo vi imati koristi od toga. Biti ćete pristupačniji svojim prijateljima, povezaniji s obitelji, da ne spominjemo štetu od milijardu dolara na poslu zbog smanjene produktivnosti koja se može izbjeći. Dakle, ako poznajete nekoga sa slomljenim srcem, budite suosjećajni jer pokazalo se da je podrška društva veoma važna za njihov oporavak. I budite strpljivi Chinese: 曾经挂着相片的空位。 但让这一切见效的前提是， 你必须不再犯下让你 停滞不前的过错， 不再不必要地去寻找解释， 不再崇拜你的前情侣， 而是要集中于他们怎么对不起你， 在这个新的生活篇章中 不再把他们捧为明星 并沉迷于这种思想和行为， 事实是他们连路人甲都不配做。 让破碎的心愈合是非常痛苦的事， 但是如果你拒绝让你的头脑 误导你，并主动采取愈合的行动， 你可以最大限度地降低痛苦。 你将不会是唯一一个获利的人。 你将会花更多时间在你朋友身边， 花更多时间跟你的家人在一起， 更别谈上亿万美元可避免的 工作生产力上的损失。 如果你知道有谁心碎了， 要心怀同情， 因为社会的支持被证实 对他们的复原非常重要。 要有耐心， Romanian: unde atârnau pozele înainte. Dar nimic nu va da rezultate, dacă nu împiedicați greșelile care vă pot face să dați înapoi: căutarea în van a explicațiilor, idealizarea fostului(ei) în loc să vă concentraţi pe incompatibilitate, complacerea în gânduri și atitudini în care ei încă au rolul principal în noul capitol al vieții voastre, când n-ar trebui să fie nici figuranți. Recuperarea după o inimă frântă e grea, dar dacă refuzați să fiți păcăliți de minte și luați măsuri să vă reveniți, puteți să minimalizați considerabil suferința. Și nu veți avea doar voi de câștigat. Veți fi mai mult timp cu prietenii, mai implicați cu familia, ca să nu mai pomenesc și de miliardele de dolari din productivitatea irosită la locul de muncă ce ar putea fi evitate. Așa că, dacă știți pe cineva cu inima frântă, să aveți compasiune, fiindcă susținerea socială s-a dovedit că e importantă pentru recuperare. Și aveți răbdare, Serbian: gde su nekad visile slike. Međutim, ništa od toga neće vredeti ukoliko ne sprečite greške koje vas mogu vratit unazad, bespotrebna traganja za objašnjenjima, idealizacija bivših, umesto fokusiranja na to koliko su bili pogrešni za vas, prepuštanje mislima i ponašanjima koja im i dalje daju glavnu ulogu u vašem sledećem poglavlju života u kom bi trebalo da budu statisti. Prevazilaženje slomljenog srca je teško, no ako odbijete da vas vaš um obmanjuje i preduzmete korake ka iscelenju, možete značajno da umanjite patnju. I nećete samo vi imati korist od toga. Bićete dostupniji vašim prijateljima, angažovaniji sa porodicom, da ne pominjemo milijarde dolara kompromitovane produktivnosti na radnom mestu, koja može da se izbegne. Pa, ako znate nekoga čije je srce slomljeno, imajte samilosti, jer je otkriveno da je društvena podrška važna za njihov oporavak. I imajte strpljenja Japanese: 壁に開いた空白も該当します でも 穴を特定して埋めたところで 前に進む足を引っ張る行動を 避けなければ意味はありません 別れた理由を無駄に探し続けたり 元恋人の欠点を忘れて理想化したりして あなたの人生の次の章に 元恋人を 主役として登場させるような考えや 行動に陥ってはいけません 彼らは端役ですらないはずです 失恋を克服するのは困難なことです それでも自分の気持ちに惑わされず 回復に向けて一歩を踏み出せば 苦しみはかなり軽減されます それで救われるのは あなただけではありません 友人ともっと向き合えるでしょうし 家族と一緒に過ごす時間も増えるでしょう 言うまでもなく 職場での生産性が落ちて 何十億ドルもの損失が出ることも 防げるかもしれません あなたの周りに 失恋した人がいたら 慰めの言葉を掛けてください その人が立ち直るために 周りのサポートは重要な役割を果たします 気長に見守ることです Ukrainian: де раніше були фотографії. Але це не допоможе, доки ви не припините робити помилки, які заважають вашому одужанню, шукати пояснення, ідеалізувати своїх колишніх, замість концентрації на їхніх недоліках, поринати у мрії, що відводять колишнім головну роль у вашому майбутньому, а їх там зовсім не повинно бути. Вилікувати розбите серце важко, але, якщо не дозволяти розуму вводити вас в оману і почати лікування, то можна значно зменшити страждання. Від цього виграють усі. Ви будете більше часу проводити з друзями, приділяти більше уваги сім’ї, вже не кажучи про фінансові втрати на роботі, яких можна уникнути. Якщо поряд з вами людина з розбитим серцем, співчувайте їй, тому що підтримка є дуже важливою для зцілення. Наберіться терпіння. Czech: kde visely obrázky. Ale nic z toho nepomůže, pokud se nevyhnete chybám, které vás mohou vrátit zpět, zbytečnému hledání vysvětlení, idealizaci svého ex, místo soustředění se na to, čím pro vás byli špatní, oddávání se myšlenkám a chování, ve kterých jsou nadále hlavními postavami v nové kapitole vašeho života, ve které už by vůbec neměli figurovat. Překonat zlomené srdce je těžké, ale pokud odmítnete klamání své mysli a budete postupovat k uzdravení, můžete výrazně zmírnit své trápení. A nebudete to pouze vy, pro koho to bude výhodné. Budete více se svými přáteli, více zapojení do své rodiny, a to ani nezmiňuji miliardy dolarů ztracené kvůli snížené produktivitě na pracovišti, které se dá vyhnout. Takže pokud znáte někoho, kdo má zlomené srdce, mějte soucit, protože se zjistilo, že podpora okolí je pro jejich vyléčení důležitá. A buďte trpěliví, iw: איפה שהייתה תלויה תמונה. אך שום דבר מזה לא יועיל אלא אם כן תמנעו את הטעות שיכולה להחזיר אתכם אחורה, לחפש הסברים לא נחוצים, לפאר את האקס שלכם במקום להתמקד באיך הם היו לא מתאימים לכם. מחשבות מפנקות והתנהגויות שעדיין יתנו להם תפקיד ראשי בפרק הבא של החיים שלכם שהם לא צריכים להיות אפילו ניצבים. להתגבר על שברון לב זה קשה, אך אם אתם מסרבים להיות מרומים ע"י המוח שלכם אתם מתקדמים להחלמה, אתם יכולים להקטין באופן משמעותי את הסבל שלכם. ואלה לא יהיה רק אתם שיהנו מזה. אתם תהיו יותר נוכחים בין חבריכם, יותר עסוקים במשפחה שלכם, שלא לדבר על מליוני דולרים של יצרנות בסיכון במקום העבודה שהיתה יכולה להמנע . אז אם אתם מכירים מישהו עם שברון לב, גלו חמלה, בגלל שתמיכה חברתית נמצאה להיות חשובה להחלמה שלהם. ותהיו סבלניים, Portuguese: onde fotos estavam penduradas. Mas nada disso vai fazer bem a não ser que você evite os erros que podem te levar de volta, as buscas desnecessárias por explicações, idealizando a pessoa em vez de assumir que ela era a errada para você; pensamentos indulgentes e comportamentos que dão a ela o papel de protagonista neste próximo capítulo da sua vida, quando não deveria sequer ser coadjuvante. Superar a desilusão amorosa é difícil, mas se você se recusar a ser enganado por sua mente e der passos pra se curar, pode minimizar seu sofrimento significativamente. E não é só você que se beneficia disso. Você estará mais presente para os amigos, mais envolvido com sua família, sem contar os bilhões de dólares de produtividade comprometida que poderia ser evitada no seu trabalho. Então, se conhecem alguém com o coração partido, tenham compaixão, pois o suporte social é considerado importante para a recuperação dele. E tenham paciência, Turkish: duvardaki boşluklar bile. Ancak bunların hiçbiri sizi geriye götüren hatalardan kaçınmazsanız işe yaramayacak, bir açıklama için gereksiz arayışlar, sizin için niçin yanlış kişi olduğuna odaklanmak yerine onu yüceltmek, hayatınızın bir sonraki evresinde hiç olmaması gerekirken hâlâ ona yer veren düşünce ve davranışlar. Kalp kırıklığını atlatmak zor ama aklınız tarafından kullanmılmayı reddedip iyileşmek için adım atarsanız acınızı en aza indirebilirsiniz. Bundan fayda sağlayan yalnızca siz olmazsınız. Arkadaşlarınızla daha çok vakit geçirebilir, ailenizle daha yakın olabilirsiniz, işyerinde tehlikeye attığınız milyar dolarlık üretkenlikten bahsetmeme gerek bile yok. Kalbı kırılmış birini tanıyorsanız anlayışlı olun çünkü sosyal destek iyileşmelerinde önemli rol oynuyor. Sabırlı olun Danish: hvor der engang hang billeder. Men intet af det vil gavne dig, hvis du ikke undgår fejlene, der sætter dig tilbage: den unødvendige søgen på forklaringer, idealisering frem for fokus på alt det forkerte vedkommende gjorde, tanker og opførsel, der giver denne person en hovedrolle i næste del af dit liv, skønt de end ikke bør have biroller. At komme sig over hjertesorg er svært, men hvis nægter at lade dig forlede og går i den rigtige retning, kan du mindske din lidelse væsentligt. Og det er ikke kun dig, det vil komme til gavn. Du vil være mere tilstedeværende med venner, mere engageret i din familie. For ikke at nævne de millioner i nedsat produktivitet, som kan spares på arbejdspladsen. Kender du nogen med et knust hjerte, så vis medfølelse, for social støtte viser sig at være vigtig for at komme sig. Og hav tålmodighed Burmese: အကြောင်းက ဖြစ်သင့်တယ်လို့ သင်ထင်တာထက် ရှေ့ဆက်ဖို့ အချိန်ပိုကြာမှာမို့ပါ။ သင်ဟာ နာကျင်နေရင် ဒါကို သိလိုက်ပါ၊ ဒါဟာ ခက်ခဲတယ်၊ သင့်စိတ်အတွင်းက တိုက်ပွဲတစ်ခုဖြစ်ပြီး နိုင်ဖို့ လုံ့လစိုက်ဖို့လိုတယ်။ ဒါပေမဲ့ လက်နက်တွေ သင့်မှာရှိတယ်လေ၊ သင်တိုက်နိုင်ပါတယ်၊ ပြီးတော့ ပျောက်ကင်းသွားမယ်။ ကျေးဇူးတင်ပါတယ်။ (လက်ခုပ်သံများ) Modern Greek (1453-): απ' ό,τι εσείς νομίζετε. Κι αν πονάτε, να ξέρετε τούτο: Είναι δύσκολο, είναι μια μάχη μέσα στο ίδιο σας το μυαλό, και πρέπει να εργαστείτε για να κερδίσετε. Έχετε, όμως, όπλα. Μπορείτε να παλέψετε. Και θα γίνετε καλά. Σας ευχαριστώ. (Χειροκρότημα) iw: כיוון שזה הולך לקחת להם יותר זמן להתקדם משאתם חושבים שזה צריך. ואם אתם נפגעים, תדעו את זה: זה קשה, זהו קרב בתוך המוח שלכם, ואתם צריכים להיות נחושים כדי לנצח. אבל יש לכם נשקים. אתם יכולים להילחם. ואתם תחלימו. תודה רבה. (כפיים) Russian: Чтобы пережить ситуацию, ему понадобится больше времени, чем вы думаете. Если больно вам, то помните: будет трудно, вам предстоит бой с собственным сознанием, и нужно очень стараться, чтобы победить. Но вы хорошо вооружены. Вы можете бороться. И вы вылечитесь. Спасибо. (Аплодисменты) Chinese: 因为他们放下感情所需的时间 会比你想象中的更长。 还有如果是你的心在痛， 要知道： 要赢得这个在你脑海中的搏斗很难， 你必须努力才可以赢得这场斗争。 但是你不是手无寸铁的。 你可以战胜它。 你将会痊愈。 谢谢。 （掌声） Georgian: გადასალახად, ვიდრე ეს თქვენ გგონიათ. ხოლო თუკი თქვენ გაქვთ გატეხილი გული, იცოდეთ ეს: ძალიან რთულია, ეს არის ბრძოლა გონების შიგნით, გასამარჯვებლად გულმოდგინება უნდა შეინარჩუნოთ. მაგრამ თქვენ გაქვთ იარაღები. უნდა იბრძოლოთ. და აუცილებლად განიკურნებით. გმადლობთ. აპლოდისმენტები. Hungarian: mert tovább tart kilábalniuk a bajból, semmint gondolnák. Ha sebet ejtettek önökön, tartsák szem előtt: elméjükben ez bonyolult küzdelem, és szorgoskodniuk kell, hogy győzzenek. De megvan hozzá a fegyverük. Képesek küzdeni. És meg fognak gyógyulni. Köszönöm. (Taps) Romanian: fiindcă o să le ia mult mai mult să-și revină decât credeți. Și dacă voi suferiți, să știți asta: e dificil, e o bătălie în propria minte și trebuie să fiți perseverenți ca să câștigați. Dar aveți arme la dispoziție. Puteți lupta. Și vă veți vindeca. Mulțumesc. (Aplauze) Turkish: çünkü hayatlarına devam etmeleri sandığınızdan daha uzun sürecek. Ve acı çekiyorsanız şunu bilin ki bu zor bir şey, kendi zihniniz içinde bir savaş ve kazanmak için gayretli olmanız lazım. Silahlarınız var. Savaşabilirsiniz. Ve iyileşeceksiniz. Teşekkür ederim. (Alkışlar) Vietnamese: bởi nó sẽ mất nhiều thời gian để vượt qua hơn bạn nghĩ. Và nếu đang tan vỡ, hãy nhớ điều này: sẽ là khó khăn, đó là một trận chiến trong tâm trí bạn, và bạn phải kiên trì để giành chiến thắng. Nhưng bạn có vũ khí. Bạn có thể chiến đấu. Và bạn sẽ được chữa lành. Xin cám ơn. (Vỗ tay) Urdu: کیونکہ انہیں اس سے نکلنے میں آپ کے اندازے سے زیادہ وقت لگے گا۔ اور اگر آپ تکلیف میں ہیں، یہ جان لیں: یہ مشکل ہے، یہ ایک جنگ ہے جو آپ کے دماغ میں چل رہی ہے، جیتنے کے لیے آپ کو محتاط ہونا ہو گا۔ لیکن آپ کے پاس ہتھیار ہیں۔ آپ لڑ سکتے ہیں۔ اور آپ شفا یاب ہوں گے۔ شکریہ۔ (تالیاں) Thai: เพราะพวกเขาจะต้องใช้เวลามากกว่า ที่คุณคิดว่าพวกเขาน่าจะใช้ และถ้าคุณกำลังเจ็บปวดอยู่ ขอให้รู้ไว้ว่า มันยาก มันเป็นการรบในจิตใจของคุณ และคุณต้องหมั่นเพียร ถึงจะชนะได้ แต่คุณมีอาวุธ คุณสามารถต่อสู้ได้ และคุณจะหายเศร้าเสียใจ ขอบคุณครับ (เสียงปรบมือ) Chinese: 因為要讓他們繼續前進 花的時間會比你預期的還長。 如果你會痛， 要知道這一點： 這很辛苦，這是場 在你自己腦中的戰鬥， 你得要很勤奮才能贏。 但你確實有武器。 你能戰鬥。 且你會復原。 謝謝。 （掌聲） Czech: protože dostat se přes to, jim bude trvat déle, než si myslíte, že by mělo. A pokud se trápíte vy, vězte tohle: je to obtížné, je to bitva uvnitř vaší vlastní mysli a musíte být důslední, abyste vyhráli. Ale máte zbraně. Můžete bojovat. A uzdravíte se. Děkuji. (Potlesk) Arabic: لأن التعافي سيأخذ منهم وقتًا أطول للمضي قدمًا أكثر مما كنتم تعتقدون. وإذا كنتم تتألمون، اعرفوا التالي: إنه صعب، إنه صراع ضمن عقولكم الخاصة بكم، وعليكم أن تكونوا دؤوبين للفوز، ولكن لديكم كل الأسلحة، يمكنكم المقاومة، وستتعافون. شكرًا لكم. (تصفيق) Persian: چون بهبودی آنها بیشتر از آنچه که فکر می‌کنید طول می‌کشد. و اگر شما صدمه دیده‌اید، این را بدانید که: این کار سخت است، این یک مبارزه درون ذهن‌تان است، و برای پیروزی باید سخت‌کوش باشید. اما شما سلاح‌هایی دارید. می‌توانید بجنگید. و درمان خواهید شد. سپاسگزارم. (تشویق) Bulgarian: защото ще им трябва повече време отколкото си мислите, за да оздравеят. И ако сте наранени, знайте това: трудно е, това е битка в собствения Ви ум и трябва много да се борите, за да спечелите. Но вие имате силни оръжия. Можете да се борите. И да се излекувате. Благодаря! (аплодисменти) Ukrainian: Щоб пережити складну ситуацію, потрібно більше часу, ніж нам здається. Якщо боляче вам, то пам’ятайте: це тяжко, це боротьба з власним розумом, потрібно дуже старатися, щоб перемогти. Але у вас є зброя. Ви здатні боротися. І ви одужаєте. Дякую. (Оплески) French: parce qu'ils auront besoin de plus de temps que vous ne le pensez. Et si vous souffrez, sachez ceci : c'est difficile, c'est une bataille dans votre propre esprit, et vous devrez agir avec zèle pour gagner. Mais vous avez des armes. Vous pouvez vous battre. Et vous guérirez. Merci. (Applaudissements) English: because it's going to take them longer to move on than you think it should. And if you're hurting, know this: it's difficult, it is a battle within your own mind, and you have to be diligent to win. But you do have weapons. You can fight. And you will heal. Thank you. (Applause) German: denn die Heilung wird länger brauchen, als Sie es für angemessen halten. Und wenn Sie selbst leiden, denken Sie daran: Es ist schwierig, es ist ein Kampf mit Ihren eigenen Gedanken, und Sie müssen beharrlich sein, um zu gewinnen. Doch Sie haben Waffen. Sie können kämpfen. Und Sie werden heilen. Dankeschön. (Applaus) Spanish: porque procesarlo le llevará más tiempo de lo que pensamos. Y si duele, recuerden esto: es difícil, es una batalla dentro de la propia mente, y hay que tener la voluntad de ganar. Pero tienen armas. Pueden luchar. Y podrán recuperarse. Gracias. (Aplausos) Japanese: 新たな一歩を踏み出すまでには 想像以上に時間がかかるのですから 今まさに傷心状態の人は 忘れないでください あなたは自分の心の中で起こっている 困難な戦いに直面しています 勝つには努力が必要です でも あなたには武器があります だから戦いましょう 必ず立ち直れます ありがとうございました （拍手） Portuguese: porque lhes vai levar mais tempo a seguir em frente do que pensamos. E se estiverem magoados, saibam que é difícil, é uma batalha dentro da vossa cabeça e têm que ser persistentes para ganhar. Mas vocês têm armas. Podem lutar. E hão de curar-se. Obrigado. (Aplausos) Portuguese: pois vai levar mais tempo para ele seguir adiante do que acham que seria preciso. E se você está sofrendo, saiba que: é difícil, é uma luta dentro de sua mente, e você precisa ser diligente pra vencer. Mas você tem as armas; pode lutar! E você vai se curar. Obrigado. (Aplausos) (Vivas) Croatian: jer će im trebati duže da se oporave nego što mislite. Ako vi patite, znajte ovo: teško je, to je borba koja se vodi u vašem umu i morate biti marljivi kako biste pobijedili. No naoružani ste. Možete se boriti. I oporavit ćete se. Hvala vam. (Pljesak) Slovenian: ker pobiranje traja dlje, kot misliš, da bi smelo. In če boli tebe, vedi to: je težko, bitka se odvija v tvojih mislih, in za zmago moraš biti pazljiv. Ampak orožje imaš. Lahko se boriš. In boš ozdravljen. Hvala. (Ploskanje) Serbian: jer će im trebati duže da nastave nego što vi mislite da hoće. A ako vi patite, znajte sledeće: teško je, radi se o bici unutar vašeg sopstvenog uma, i morate da budete istrajni da biste pobedili. Međutim, imate oružja. Možete da se borite. I zacelićete. Hvala vam. (Aplauz) Danish: for det kommer til at tage længere tid for dem, end du synes, det burde. Og hvis du har ondt, så husk dette: Det er svært. Det er en kamp i dit sind og du må være vedholdende for at vinde. Men du har våben. Du kan kæmpe. Og du vil hele. Tak. (Klapsalve) Korean: 당신의 예상보다 더 오랜 시간이 걸릴 수도 있습니다. 당신이 힘들다면, 명심하세요. 이별은 어렵습니다. 이별은 마음 속 전쟁이며, 그 전쟁에서 이기려면 부지런해야 합니다. 무기는 당신에게 있습니다. 맞서 싸우십시오. 그러면 치유될 것입니다. 감사합니다. (박수) Italian: perché per riprendersi ci metteranno più di quanto potreste pensare. E se siete voi a soffrire, sappiate questo: è difficile, è una battaglia con la vostra stessa mente, e dovete essere diligenti per vincere. Ma avete delle armi con voi. Potete combattere. E guarirete. Grazie. (Applausi) Dutch: omdat het langer gaat duren dan jij denkt dat zou moeten. En als je pijn hebt, weet dan dit: het is moeilijk, het is een gevecht met je eigen gedachten en je moet ijverig zijn om te winnen. Maar je hebt wapens. Jij kunt vechten. En je zult genezen. Dank u wel. (Applaus)

Spanish: Hola chicos, esta vez se trata de la frambuesa Pi W me patrocinaron, el He aceptado porque lo creo Realmente podrías comenzar mucho. El primero estas son viviendas, viviendas para la frambuesa Pi W, piensa que esta es una subpágina, luego una tapa, luego una tapa donde, donde los pines gpio pueden subir, uno Cubra con dónde presionar un botón o tan bien puede hacerlo o una antena wlan y, aquí están los pines de gpio a continuación, y aquí los Conexiones, hasta la vivienda. entonces una fuente de alimentación, creo, ábrela, Así que echemos un vistazo, ah eso es todo Romanian: Bună băieți, de data asta este vorba despre Zmeură Pi W am primit sponsorizare Am acceptat pentru că așa cred ai putea începe cu adevărat multe. Primul, acestea sunt locuințe, locuințe pentru zmeură Pi W, credeți că este o pagină secundară, apoi un capac, apoi un capac unde, unde pinii gpio pot urca, unul Acoperiți cu unde să apăsați un buton sau atât de bine o poate face sau o antenă wlan și, aici sunt pinii gpio de mai jos, și aici Conexiuni, până la carcasă. atunci o alimentare, asta cred, deschide-o, Deci, să aruncăm o privire, ah asta este Hindi: हाय दोस्तों, इस बार रास्पबेरी के बारे में है पी डब्ल्यू मैं प्रायोजित है, मैंने स्वीकार कर लिया है क्योंकि मुझे ऐसा लगता है आप वास्तव में बहुत कुछ शुरू कर सकते हैं। पहला, ये रास्पबेरी के लिए आवास, आवास हैं पाई डब्ल्यू, लगता है कि यह एक उपपृष्ठ है, फिर एक ढक्कन, फिर एक ढक्कन जहां, जहां gpio पिन ऊपर जा सकता है, एक एक बटन या इतनी अच्छी तरह से प्रेस करने के लिए कहां से कवर करें यह कर सकते हैं या एक wlan एंटीना और, यहाँ नीचे gpio पिन हैं, और यहाँ कनेक्शन, जहां तक ​​आवास। तो एक बिजली की आपूर्ति, मुझे लगता है कि इसे खोलो, तो आइए एक नज़र डालते हैं, आह यह है Indonesian: Hai teman-teman, kali ini tentang Raspberry Pi W saya disponsori, the Saya telah menerima karena saya pikir begitu Anda benar-benar bisa memulai banyak. Pertama, ini adalah perumahan, perumahan untuk Raspberry Pi W, pikir ini adalah subhalaman, lalu tutup, lalu tutup di mana, di mana pin gpio bisa naik, satu Tutup dengan tempat untuk menekan tombol atau lebih baik dapat melakukannya atau antena wlan dan, di sini adalah pin gpio di bawah ini, dan di sini Koneksi, sejauh perumahan. kemudian catu daya, itu saya pikir, buka, Jadi mari kita lihat, ah itu saja French: Salut les gars, cette fois, c'est à propos de la framboise Pi W je me suis parrainé, le J'ai accepté parce que je le pense vous pourriez vraiment commencer beaucoup. Le premier, ce sont des logements, des logements pour la framboise Pi W, pense que c'est une sous-page, puis un couvercle, puis un couvercle où, où les pins gpio peuvent monter, un Couvrir avec où appuyer sur un bouton ou si bien peut le faire ou une antenne WLAN et, voici les pins gpio ci-dessous, et voici les Connexions, aussi loin que le logement. puis une alimentation, c'est je pense, ouvrez-le, Alors jetons un coup d'oeil, ah c'est ça Thai: สวัสดีทุกคนคราวนี้มันเกี่ยวกับราสเบอร์รี่ Pi W ฉันได้รับการสนับสนุน ฉันยอมรับเพราะฉันคิดอย่างนั้น คุณสามารถเริ่มต้นได้มากจริงๆ ครั้งแรก เหล่านี้เป็นที่อยู่อาศัยที่อยู่อาศัยสำหรับราสเบอร์รี่ Pi W คิดว่านี่เป็นหน้าย่อย จากนั้นมีฝาปิด หมุด gpio สามารถขึ้นไปหนึ่งอัน ครอบคลุมกับสถานที่ที่จะกดปุ่มหรืออย่างนั้น สามารถทำหรือเสาอากาศ wlan และ นี่คือหมุด gpio ด้านล่างและนี่คือ การเชื่อมต่อเท่าที่อยู่อาศัย แล้วก็ แหล่งจ่ายไฟที่ฉันคิดว่าเปิด งั้นลองดูสินั่นแหล่ะ English: Hi guys, this time it's about the Raspberry Pi W I got sponsored, the I have accepted because I think so you could really start a lot. The first, these are housing, housing for the Raspberry Pi W, think this is a subpage, then a lid, then a lid where, where the gpio pins can go up, one Cover with where to press a button or so well can do it or a wlan antenna and, here are the gpio pins below, and here the Connections, as far as the housing. Then a power supply, that's I think, open it, So let's take a look, ah that's it German: Hi Leute, diesmal geht es um den Raspberry Pi W den ich gesponsort bekommen habe, den habe ich angenommen weil ich mir denke damit könnte man richtig viel anfangen. Das Erste, das sind Gehäuse, Gehäuse für den Raspberry Pi W, glaube das ist hier eine Unterseite, dann ein Deckel, dann ein Deckel wo der, wo die gpio Pins nach oben raus können, ein Deckel mit wo man einen Taster oder so wohl drauf machen kann oder eine Wlan-Antenne und, hier sind die gpio Pins unten, und hier die Anschlüsse, soweit gut die Gehäuse. Dann ein Netzteil, das ist denke ich, mal aufmachen, so schauen wir das mal an, ah das ist schon Italian: Ciao ragazzi, questa volta riguarda il Raspberry Pi W sono stato sponsorizzato, il Ho accettato perché penso di sì potresti davvero iniziare molto. Il primo queste sono case, case per il lampone Pi W, pensa che questa sia una sottopagina, quindi un coperchio, quindi un coperchio dove, dove i pin gpio possono salire, uno Coprire con dove premere un pulsante o così bene può farlo o un'antenna wlan e, ecco i pin gpio qui sotto, e qui il Collegamenti, fino all'alloggiamento. poi un alimentatore, penso, aprilo, Quindi diamo un'occhiata, ah, questo è tutto Polish: Cześć wszystkim, tym razem chodzi o Malinę Pi W Zostałem sponsorowany, Zaakceptowałem, ponieważ tak uważam naprawdę możesz dużo zacząć. Pierwszy są to mieszkania, mieszkania dla malin Pi W, myślę, że to podstrona, potem wieko, potem wieko gdzie, gdzie piny GPIO mogą wzrosnąć, jeden Przykryj, gdzie należy nacisnąć przycisk lub tak dobrze może to zrobić lub anteny wlan i oto szpilki GPIO poniżej, a tutaj Połączenia, aż do obudowy. następnie zasilacz, tak myślę, otwórz go, Spójrzmy, ah to wszystko Russian: Привет, ребята, на этот раз речь идет о малине Pi W меня спонсировали, Я согласился, потому что я так думаю Вы могли бы действительно начать много. Первый, это жилье, жилье для малины Pi W, думаю, что это подстраница, затем крышка, затем крышка где, где булавки GPIO могут подняться, один Накрыть, где нажать кнопку или так хорошо может сделать это или антенна WLAN и, вот штыри gpio ниже, а здесь Соединения, насколько корпус. то источник питания, вот думаю, открой его, Итак, давайте посмотрим, ах вот и все Spanish: un poco más grande, una fuente de alimentación de 5 voltios y 1 amperio, 5 voltios 1 amperio con conector micro usb igual, muy bien, más una nota, que es eso, instrucciones para la fuente de alimentación, lo sé no, pero no es así ... Ah, seguridad Nota, protección del medio ambiente, bueno, bastante poco interesante, Entonces, una fuente de alimentación, entonces, la frambuesa real Pi W aquí, salgamos, el verdadero Raspberry Pi W con ranura para tarjeta micro sd, aquí La memoria RAM es suprema hasta donde yo sé y el medio es la GPU y la GPU, aquí tenemos tenemos el chip wlan y usb io, aquí un regulador de conmutación, Indonesian: sedikit lebih besar, catu daya 5 volt 1 amp, 5 volt 1 amp dengan plug usb mikro yang sama, sangat bagus, ditambah catatan, yaitu itu, instruksi untuk catu daya, saya tahu tidak, tapi tidak seperti itu ... Ah, keamanan Catatan, perlindungan lingkungan, oke, agak tidak menarik, Jadi catu daya, maka, Raspberry yang sebenarnya Pi W di sini, ayo keluar, yang asli Raspberry Pi W dengan slot kartu micro sd, di sini Ingatan memori adalah yang tertinggi sejauh yang saya tahu dan tengah adalah GPU dan GPU, di sini miliki kami memiliki chip wlan dan usb io, di sini regulator switching, German: ein wenig größer, ein 5 Volt 1 Ampere Netzteil, 5 Volt 1 Ampere mit micro usb Stecker gleich, sehr gut, dazu noch ein Zettelchen, was ist das, Anleitung für das Netzteil, ich weiß nicht, aber ist auch nicht so... Ah, Sicherheits Hinweis, Umweltschutz, okay, eher uninteressant, also ein Netzteil, dann, der eigentliche Raspberry Pi W hier, machen wir mal raus, der eigentliche Raspberry Pi W mit micro sd karten Slot, hier ist Ram Speicher zu oberst soweit ich weiß und die Mitte ist der GPU und GPU, hier haben wir den wlan und usb io Chip, hier einen Schaltregler, Russian: немного больше, 5 вольт на 1 ампер, 5 вольт 1 ампер с той же вилкой micro usb, очень хорошо, плюс записка, которая что, инструкции по питанию я знаю нет, но это не так ... Ах, безопасность Обратите внимание, защита окружающей среды, хорошо, довольно неинтересно, Таким образом, источник питания, то, фактическая малина Pi W здесь, давайте уйдем, настоящий Raspberry Pi W со слотом для карт Micro SD, здесь Насколько я знаю, память ОЗУ - высшая а посередине это GPU и GPU, здесь есть у нас есть чип WLAN и USB, здесь переключающий регулятор, Polish: trochę większy, zasilacz 5 V 1 A, 5 woltów 1 amp z samą wtyczką micro USB, bardzo dobrze, plus notatka, która jest to, instrukcje dotyczące zasilacza, wiem nie, ale to nie tak ... Ach, bezpieczeństwo Uwaga, ochrona środowiska, w porządku, raczej nieciekawa, Więc zasilacz, a więc faktyczna malina Pi W, wynośmy się, prawdziwy Raspberry Pi W z gniazdem karty micro SD tutaj Pamięć pamięci RAM jest najwyższa, o ile wiem a środek to GPU i GPU, tutaj mają mamy układ wlan i usb io, tutaj regulator przełączania, Italian: un po 'più grande, un alimentatore da 5 volt 1 amp, 5 volt 1 amp con micro usb plug stesso, molto bene, più una nota, che è che, le istruzioni per l'alimentazione, lo so no, ma non è così ... Ah, sicurezza Nota, protezione ambientale, okay, piuttosto poco interessante, Quindi un alimentatore, quindi, l'attuale Raspberry Pi W qui, usciamo, quello vero Raspberry Pi W con slot per schede micro SD, qui La memoria RAM è suprema per quanto ne so e al centro c'è la GPU e la GPU, qui hanno abbiamo il chip wlan e usb io, qui un regolatore di commutazione, Romanian: un pic mai mare, o alimentare cu 5 volți de 1 amperi, 5 volți 1 amperi cu mufa micro usb la fel, foarte bine, plus o notă, care este asta, instrucțiuni pentru alimentarea cu energie, știu nu, dar nu este așa ... Ah, siguranță Notă, protecția mediului, bine, destul de neinteresant, Deci, o sursă de energie, apoi, zmeura propriu-zisă Pi W aici, hai să ieșim, cea adevărată Zmeură Pi W cu slot pentru card micro sd, aici Memoria ramului este supremă din câte știu eu iar mijlocul este GPU și GPU, aici au avem cip wlan și usb io, aici un regulator de comutare, French: un peu plus gros, une alimentation 5 volts 1 amp, 5 volts 1 amp avec prise micro usb identique, très bon, plus une note, qui est que, les instructions pour l'alimentation, je sais non, mais ce n'est pas comme ça ... Ah, la sécurité Remarque, la protection de l'environnement, d'accord, plutôt sans intérêt, Donc, une alimentation, alors, la réelle framboise Pi W ici, sortons, le vrai Raspberry Pi W avec fente pour carte micro sd, ici La mémoire de Ram est suprême pour autant que je sache et le milieu est le GPU et GPU, ont ici nous avons les puces wlan et usb io, ici un régulateur de commutation, Hindi: थोड़ा बड़ा, 5 वोल्ट 1 amp बिजली की आपूर्ति, माइक्रो वोल्ट प्लग के साथ 5 वोल्ट 1 amp, बहुत अच्छा, प्लस एक नोट, जो है बिजली की आपूर्ति के लिए निर्देश, मुझे पता है नहीं, लेकिन यह ऐसा नहीं है ... आह, सुरक्षा नोट, पर्यावरण संरक्षण, ठीक है, बल्कि निर्बाध, तो एक बिजली की आपूर्ति, फिर, वास्तविक रास्पबेरी पाइ डब्लू यहाँ, चलो निकलते हैं, असली यहां माइक्रो एसडी कार्ड स्लॉट के साथ रास्पबेरी पाई डब्ल्यू जहाँ तक मुझे पता है राम स्मृति सर्वोच्च है और बीच में GPU और GPU है, यहाँ है हमारे पास wlan और usb io चिप है, यहाँ एक स्विचिंग रेगुलेटर है, English: a little bigger, a 5 volt 1 amp power supply, 5 volts 1 amp with micro usb plug same, very good, plus a note, which is that, instructions for the power supply, I know not, but it's not like that ... Ah, safety Note, environmental protection, okay, rather uninteresting, So a power supply, then, the actual Raspberry Pi W here, let's get out, the real one Raspberry Pi W with micro sd card slot, here Ram memory is supreme as far as I know and the middle is the GPU and GPU, here have we have the wlan and usb io chip, here a switching regulator, Thai: ใหญ่กว่าเล็กน้อยแหล่งจ่ายไฟ 5 โวลท์ 1 แอมป์ 5 โวลต์ 1 แอมป์พร้อมปลั๊ก micro usb เดียวกัน ดีมากบวกกับโน้ตซึ่งก็คือ ฉันรู้ว่าคำแนะนำสำหรับแหล่งจ่ายไฟ ไม่ใช่ แต่มันไม่ใช่อย่างนั้น ... ความปลอดภัย หมายเหตุการคุ้มครองสิ่งแวดล้อมโอเคค่อนข้างไม่น่าสนใจ ดังนั้นแหล่งจ่ายไฟแล้วราสเบอร์รี่จริง Pi W ที่นี่มาออกตัวจริงกันเถอะ Raspberry Pi W พร้อมช่องเสียบการ์ด micro sd ที่นี่ หน่วยความจำ Ram นั้นยอดเยี่ยมที่สุดเท่าที่ฉันรู้ และตรงกลางคือ GPU และ GPU ที่นี่มี เรามีชิป wlan และ usb io ที่นี่เป็นสวิตช์ควบคุม Thai: ตกลงแล้วนี่คือบาร์ที่มา จากนั้นขึ้นอยู่กับว่าฉันเชื่อ ไม่ว่าคุณจะต้องการให้อยู่ด้านบนหรือไม่ว่าคุณต้องการ คุณต้องการให้มันลงคุณสามารถลงบันได นั่นคือหมุด gpio ที่คุณไป ทุกอย่างสามารถไปกับสิ่งนั้นได้ ฉันจะยังคงมีอะแดปเตอร์ HDMI และ ฉันคิดว่านั่นเป็นสาย otg นั่นแหล่ะ คุณเสียบที่นี่และมีการเชื่อมต่อ usb สิ่งทั้งหมดมาจาก buyzero.de ฉันเชื่อมโยง ด้านล่างในคำอธิบายวิดีโออานั่น น่าจะเป็นคูปอง 5 ยูโรลองมาดูกัน สิ่งที่ฉันทำกับสิ่งนั้นแทน จะทำอย่างไรกับมัน ยังคงต้องการการ์ด micro SD ฉัน Italian: okay, allora ecco la barra che viene quindi a seconda di ciò, credo a seconda Sia che tu li desideri in cima o se li vuoi vuoi averlo giù, puoi scendere di sotto anche quelli, questi sono i pin gpio dove vai Tutto può andare con quello, quindi ho ancora un adattatore HDMI e un, Penso che sia un cavo otg, tutto qui si collega qui e si dispone di una connessione USB, il tutto proviene da buyzero.de, io collegamento anche sotto nella descrizione del video, ah quello sarebbe un coupon da 5 euro, vediamo cosa ci faccio invece. Cosa farne ho ancora bisogno di una scheda micro SD, io German: okay, gut, dann hier die Leiste, die kommt dann da drauf je nachdem, ich glaube je nachdem ob man sie oben dran haben will oder ob man sie unten dran haben will, unten kann man die auch dran, das sind die gpio Pins wo man alles mögliche ansteuern kann mit dem, dann habe ich noch einen Adapter HDMI und ein, ich glaube das ist ein otg Kabel, genau, das steckt man hier an und hat hier usb Anschluss, das Ganze ist von buyzero.de, verlinke ich auch unten in der Video Beschreibung, ah das wäre noch ein 5 Euro Gutschein, mal schauen was ich mit dem da anstelle. Was man dazu noch braucht ist eine micro SD Karte, ich Russian: хорошо, тогда вот бар то в зависимости от этого, я полагаю, в зависимости Хотите ли вы их сверху или хотите ли вы их Вы хотите, чтобы это было внизу, вы можете внизу те тоже, это булавки GPIO, куда вы идете Все может пойти с этим, то у меня еще есть адаптер HDMI и Я думаю, что это OTG кабель, вот и все Вы подключаете здесь и имеете USB-соединение, все дело от buyzero.de, я ссылку также ниже в описании видео, ах, что будет купон на 5 евро, давайте посмотрим что я делаю с этим вместо этого. Что с этим делать мне все еще нужна микро SD карта English: okay, well, then here's the bar that comes then depending on it, I believe depending Whether you want them on top or whether you want them you want to have it down, you can downstairs those too, these are the gpio pins where you go Everything can go with that, then do I still have an adapter HDMI and a, I think that's a otg cable, that's it you plug in here and have usb connection, the whole thing is from buyzero.de, I link also below in the video description, ah that would be a 5 Euro coupon, let's see what I'm doing with that instead. What to do with it still needs a micro SD card, me Romanian: bine, bine, atunci iată barul care vine apoi în funcție de asta, cred că depinde Fie că le doriți deasupra sau dacă le doriți vrei să-l ai jos, poți jos de asemenea, acestea sunt pinii gpio unde te duci Totul poate merge cu asta mai am un adaptor HDMI și un, Cred că acesta este un cablu otg, asta este vă conectați aici și aveți conexiune USB, totul este de la buyzero.de, link de asemenea, mai jos în descrierea videoclipului, ah ar fi un cupon de 5 Euro, să vedem ce fac cu asta în schimb. Ce să faci cu asta mai are nevoie de un card micro SD, mă Polish: ok, cóż, oto pasek, który się pojawi w zależności od tego, wierzę w zależności Czy chcesz je na wierzchu, czy chcesz je chcesz mieć to na dole, możesz na dole te też, to są szpilki GPIO, gdzie idziesz Zatem wszystko może iść z tym czy nadal mam adapter HDMI i Myślę, że to kabel otg, to wszystko podłączasz tutaj i masz połączenie USB, całość pochodzi z buyzero.de, link także poniżej w opisie filmu, ach będzie kupon o wartości 5 euro, zobaczmy co ja z tym robię. Co z tym zrobić wciąż potrzebuje karty micro SD, ja Spanish: bien, bueno, entonces aquí está la barra que viene entonces dependiendo de eso, creo que dependiendo Si los quieres arriba o si los quieres quieres bajarlo, puedes bajar esos también, estos son los pines gpio donde vas Todo puede ir con eso, entonces ¿Todavía tengo un adaptador HDMI y un, Creo que es un cable otg, eso es todo te conectas aquí y tienes conexión usb, todo es de buyzero.de, enlace también a continuación en la descripción del video, ah eso sería un cupón de 5 euros, veamos lo que estoy haciendo con eso en su lugar. Que hacer con el todavía necesita una tarjeta micro SD, yo French: ok, bien, alors voici la barre qui vient alors en fonction de cela, je crois en fonction Si vous les voulez sur le dessus ou si vous les voulez vous voulez l'avoir, vous pouvez en bas ceux aussi, ce sont les broches gpio où vous allez Tout peut aller avec ça, alors ai-je encore un adaptateur HDMI et un, Je pense que c'est un câble otg, c'est tout vous branchez ici et avez une connexion USB, le tout est de buyzero.de, je lie également ci-dessous dans la description de la vidéo, ah que serait un coupon de 5 euros, voyons ce que je fais avec ça à la place. Que faire avec a toujours besoin d'une carte micro SD, moi Indonesian: oke, yah, maka inilah bar yang datang maka tergantung padanya, saya percaya tergantung Apakah Anda ingin mereka di atas atau apakah Anda menginginkannya Anda ingin turun, Anda bisa turun itu juga, ini adalah pin gpio di mana Anda pergi Semuanya bisa berjalan dengan itu, kalau begitu apakah saya masih memiliki adaptor HDMI dan, Saya pikir itu adalah kabel otg, itu saja Anda pasang di sini dan memiliki koneksi usb, semuanya dari buyzero.de, saya tautkan juga di bawah dalam deskripsi video, ah itu akan menjadi kupon 5 Euro, mari kita lihat apa yang saya lakukan dengan itu sebagai gantinya. Apa yang harus dilakukan dengannya? masih membutuhkan kartu micro SD, saya Hindi: ठीक है, ठीक है, फिर यहाँ जो बार आता है फिर इसके आधार पर, मुझे विश्वास है चाहे आप उन्हें शीर्ष पर चाहते हैं या आप उन्हें चाहते हैं आप इसे नीचे करना चाहते हैं, आप नीचे कर सकते हैं वे भी, ये जहाँ आप जाते हैं gpio पिन हैं सब कुछ उसके साथ जा सकता है, फिर क्या मेरे पास अभी भी एक एडाप्टर एचडीएमआई और एक है, मुझे लगता है कि यह एक ओटीजी केबल है, बस आप यहाँ प्लग करें और usb कनेक्शन लें, पूरी बात buyzero.de से है, मैं लिंक करता हूं नीचे भी वीडियो वर्णन में, आह कि एक 5 यूरो कूपन होगा, आइए देखते हैं इसके बजाय मैं उसके साथ क्या कर रहा हूं। इससे क्या लेना-देना अभी भी एक माइक्रो एसडी कार्ड की जरूरत है, मुझे Indonesian: percaya bahwa harus minimal 2 GB, lebih baik 4 GB, saya punya 32 GB di sini saya punya gunakan karena biayanya hampir tidak ada lagi, karena Anda dapat mengambil 32 GB. hai Kawan, mari kita mulai dengan itu Saya menggunakan pi raspberry sekarang. org / unduhan dan di sana kita harus memilih 2 Sistem, sekali noobs dan sekali raspibian, ini adalah Raspberry resmi yang didukung Sistem operasi, itulah yang kami lakukan, itu adalah Debian Linux, kami klik dan maka kita dapat mengunduh ini, Raspbibian Regangkan dengan Desktop, ini Agustus 2017, saya sudah mengunduh itu, jika Anda mengunduhnya maka dapatkan Berikut adalah zip stretch Raspibian 1,63 gb File yang membuka ritsleting dalam file ini file gambar di dalamnya, sejauh ini bagus. kemudian Italian: credo che debba essere almeno 2 GB, meglio 4 GB, ho un 32 GB qui che ho usare perché il costo quasi nulla di più, perché puoi prendere 32 GB. ciao Ragazzi, cominciamo con quello Sono su Raspberry Pi ora. org / download e lì dobbiamo scegliere 2 Sistemi, una volta noobs e una volta raspibian, questo è il Raspberry ufficiale supportato Sistema operativo, ecco cosa facciamo è un tale Debian Linux, clicchiamo e allora possiamo scaricare questo, Raspbibian Allunga con Desktop, questo è agosto 2017, l'ho già scaricato, se l'hai scaricato, allora scaricalo Ecco una zip elasticizzata in Raspibian da 1,63 gb File decompresso in questo file un file di immagine in esso, finora tutto bene. poi German: glaube die muss mindestens 2 GB, besser 4 GB haben, ich habe hier eine 32 GB die ich verwende weil die kosten ja fast nichts mehr, da kann man dann auch eine 32 GB nehmen. Hi Leute, dann fangen wir mit den ersten Schritten mal an, ich bin jetzt auf raspberry pi . org / downloads und da haben wir zur Auswahl 2 Systeme, einmal noobs und einmal Raspibian, das ist das offizielle supported Raspberry Betriebssystem, genau das nehmen wir, das ist so ein Debian Linux, klicken wir an und dann können wir das hier runter laden, Raspbibian Stretch with Desktop, das ist hier vom August 2017, das habe ich jetzt schon runter geladen, wenn man das runter geladen hat dann bekommt man hier eine 1,63 gb Raspibian Stretch zip Datei, das entpacken, in dieser Datei ist eine image Datei drin, soweit so gut. Dann French: crois que cela doit être au moins 2 Go, mieux 4 Go, j'ai 32 Go ici, j'ai utiliser parce que le coût presque rien de plus, parce que vous pouvez alors prendre 32 Go. salut Les gars, commençons par ça Je suis sur la framboise pi maintenant. org / téléchargements et nous devons choisir 2 Systèmes, une fois noobs et une fois raspibian, c'est la framboise officielle prise en charge Système d'exploitation, c'est ce que nous faisons, que est un tel Debian Linux, on clique et alors nous pouvons télécharger cela, Raspbibian Étirer avec le bureau, c'est août 2017, j'ai déjà téléchargé ça, si vous avez téléchargé ça alors l'obtenir Voici un zip extensible Raspibian de 1,63 gb Fichier décompressé dans ce fichier un fichier image dedans, jusqu'ici tout va bien. puis Thai: เชื่อว่าต้องมีอย่างน้อย 2 GB, ดีกว่า 4 GB, ฉันมี 32 GB ที่นี่ฉันมี ใช้เพราะค่าใช้จ่ายเกือบไม่มีอะไรเพิ่มเติม เพราะคุณสามารถใช้ 32 GB สวัสดี พวกเรามาเริ่มกันเลย ตอนนี้ฉันกำลังอยู่กับราสเบอร์รี่ปี่ org / ดาวน์โหลดและเราต้องเลือก 2 ระบบครั้งเดียว noobs และอีกครั้ง raspibian นี่คือ Raspberry ที่รองรับอย่างเป็นทางการ ระบบปฏิบัติการนั่นคือสิ่งที่เราทำ เป็น Debian Linux เราคลิกและ จากนั้นเราสามารถดาวน์โหลดได้ Raspbibian ถ่างด้วยเดสก์ท็อปสิงหาคมนี้ 2560 ฉันได้ดาวน์โหลดไปแล้ว ถ้าคุณดาวน์โหลดมันแล้วก็รับมัน นี่คือ 1.63 gb Raspibian zip zip ไฟล์ที่คลายซิปในไฟล์นี้ ไฟล์ภาพในนั้นดีมาก แล้วก็ Russian: считаю, что должно быть не менее 2 ГБ, лучше 4 ГБ, у меня есть 32 ГБ, здесь у меня есть использовать, потому что стоимость почти ничего больше, потому что тогда можно взять 32 гб. привет Ребята, давайте начнем с этого Я сейчас на Raspberry Pi. организация / загрузки и там мы должны выбрать 2 Системы, однажды новички и однажды распибие, это официальная малина поддерживается Операционная система, это то, что мы делаем, это такой Debian Linux, мы нажимаем и тогда мы можем скачать это, Распбибиан Растянуть с рабочего стола, это август 2017, я уже скачал это, если вы скачали то получите Вот растягивающаяся застежка-молния на 1.63 ГБ Файл, который распаковывается в этом файле файл изображения в нем, пока все хорошо. то Romanian: credeți că trebuie să fie cel puțin 2 GB, mai bine 4 GB, am 32 GB aici am folosiți deoarece costul aproape nimic mai mult, pentru că puteți lua apoi un 32 GB. hi Băieți, să începem cu asta Sunt pe zmeura pi acum. org / descărcări și acolo trebuie să alegem 2 Sisteme, odată noobs și odată raspibian, acesta este zmeura oficială susținută Sistemul de operare, asta facem noi, asta este un astfel de Linux Debian, facem clic pe și atunci putem descărca asta, Raspbibian Stretch cu Desktop, acesta este august 2017, am descărcat deja asta, dacă ai descărcat asta, atunci primește-l Iată un fermoar extensibil Raspibian de 1,63 gb Fișier care decupă în acest fișier un fișier de imagine în el, până acum atât de bun. atunci Spanish: cree que debe ser de al menos 2 GB, mejor 4 GB, tengo 32 GB aquí tengo usar porque el costo casi nada más, porque puedes tomar 32 GB. ¡Hola Chicos, comencemos con eso Estoy en frambuesa pi ahora. org / descargas y ahí tenemos que elegir 2 Sistemas, una vez novatos y una vez raspibianos, este es el oficial de frambuesa compatible Sistema operativo, eso es lo que hacemos, eso es un Linux Debian, hacemos clic y entonces podemos descargar esto, Raspbibian Estirar con escritorio, este es agosto 2017, ya lo descargué, si descargaste eso, entonces consíguelo Aquí hay una cremallera elástica Raspibian de 1.63 gb Archivo que se está descomprimiendo en este archivo un archivo de imagen en él, hasta ahora todo bien. entonces Polish: uważam, że musi to być co najmniej 2 GB, lepiej 4 GB, mam tutaj 32 GB użyj, ponieważ koszt prawie nic więcej, ponieważ możesz wtedy wziąć 32 GB. Cześć Chłopaki, zacznijmy od tego Jestem teraz na Raspberry Pi. org / pliki do pobrania i tam musimy wybrać 2 Systemy, kiedyś nooby i raz raspibian, to jest oficjalnie wspierana malina System operacyjny, właśnie to robimy to taki Debian Linux, klikamy i możemy to pobrać, Raspbibian Stretch with Desktop, to sierpień 2017, już to pobrałem, jeśli go pobrałeś, pobierz go Oto rozciągliwy zamek Raspibian 1,63 gb Plik, który rozpakowuje w tym pliku plik obrazu w nim, jak dotąd tak dobry. następnie Hindi: विश्वास है कि कम से कम 2 जीबी, बेहतर 4 होना चाहिए जीबी, मेरे पास 32 जीबी है यहां मेरे पास है उपयोग क्योंकि लागत लगभग कुछ भी नहीं है, क्योंकि आप तब 32 जीबी ले सकते हैं। हाय दोस्तों, चलो इसके साथ शुरू करते हैं मैं अब रास्पबेरी पाई पर हूं। org / डाउनलोड और वहाँ हम 2 का चयन किया है सिस्टम, एक बार नॉब्स और एक बार रास्पिबियन, यह आधिकारिक समर्थित रास्पबेरी है ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम, यही हम करते हैं, यही ऐसा डेबियन लिनक्स है, हम क्लिक करते हैं और तो हम इसे डाउनलोड कर सकते हैं, रास्पिबियन डेस्कटॉप के साथ खिंचाव, यह अगस्त है 2017, मैंने पहले ही डाउनलोड कर लिया है, अगर आपने इसे डाउनलोड किया है तो इसे प्राप्त करें यहाँ 1.63 gb रास्पिबियन स्ट्रेप जिप है वह फ़ाइल जो इस फ़ाइल में अनज़िपिंग है इसमें एक छवि फ़ाइल, अब तक बहुत अच्छी है। तो English: believe that must be at least 2 GB, better 4 GB, i have a 32 GB here i have use because the cost almost nothing more, because you can then take a 32 GB. Hi Guys, let's start with that I'm on raspberry pi now. org / downloads and there we have to choose 2 Systems, once noobs and once raspibian, this is the official supported Raspberry Operating system, that's what we do, that is such a Debian Linux, we click and then we can download this, Raspbibian Stretch with Desktop, this is August 2017, I've already downloaded that, if you downloaded that then get it Here is a 1.63 gb Raspibian stretch zip File that is unzipping in this file an image file in it, so far so good. Then French: vous avez besoin de l’imageur W32Disk qui Je lie également dans la vidéo ici sous la vidéo, puis décompressez, win32diskimager, bon, et ensuite il faut faire attention, puis rester coincé nous avons la carte SD dans le cas, j'ai que Eh bien, et vous devez faire attention à quoi pour un lecteur qui est, D ou E, en doute regarde encore, j'ai D ici, c'est ma carte SD standard où j'ai tout possible là-dessus et E est mon vide Carte SD, E comme Emil, alors, regarde E, puis nous sélectionnons E, puis ici à côté nous choisissons l'image, nous avons besoin d'un bureau puis l'image Raspibian, puis le fichier img Russian: вам нужен сканер W32Disk, который будет Я также ссылку на видео здесь под видео, затем распакуйте, win32diskimager, хорошо, а потом надо быть осторожным, потом застрять у нас есть SD-карта в случае, у меня есть это Ну, а затем вы должны следить за тем, что для диска, который, D или E, под вопросом посмотри еще раз, у меня есть D здесь, это моя стандартная SD-карта, где у меня есть все возможно на нем, и E мой пустой SD-карта, E, как Эмиль, так что смотри вверх E, затем мы выбираем E, то здесь рядом с ним мы выбираем изображение, нам нужен рабочий стол затем изображение Raspibian, затем файл img Polish: potrzebujesz imager W32Disk, który będzie Link do filmu tutaj również pod filmem, następnie rozpakuj, win32diskimager, dobrze, a potem musisz być ostrożny, a następnie utknąć mamy kartę SD w skrzynce, mam to Cóż, a potem musisz uważać na co dla napędu, który jest wątpliwy D lub E. spójrz jeszcze raz, mam tu D, to moja standardowa karta SD, na której mam wszystko możliwe, a E jest moim pustym Karta SD, E jak Emil, więc spójrz w górę E, następnie wybieramy E, a następnie tutaj obok niego wybieramy obraz, potrzebujemy pulpitu następnie obraz Raspibian, a następnie plik img Hindi: आपको W32Disk इमेजर की आवश्यकता होगी मैं यहां वीडियो के तहत वीडियो में भी लिंक देता हूं, फिर अनपैक, win32diskimager, अच्छा है, और फिर आपको सावधान रहना होगा, फिर अटक जाना चाहिए हमारे पास मामले में एसडी कार्ड है, मेरे पास वह है खैर, और फिर आपको क्या देखना है एक ड्राइव के लिए, संदेह में, डी या ई है फिर से देखो, मैं यहाँ डी है, यह मेरा मानक एसडी कार्ड है जहां मेरे पास सब कुछ है उस पर संभव है और ई मेरी खाली है एसडी कार्ड, ई एमिल की तरह, तो ऊपर देखो ई, फिर हम ई का चयन करते हैं, फिर इसके बगल में यहां हम छवि चुनते हैं, हमें डेस्कटॉप की आवश्यकता है फिर Raspibian छवि, फिर img फ़ाइल Italian: è necessario l'imager W32Disk che lo farà Collego anche il video qui sotto il video, quindi decomprimere, win32diskimager, bene, e poi devi stare attento, quindi rimanere bloccato abbiamo la scheda SD nel caso, ce l'ho Bene, e poi devi stare attento a cosa per un'unità che è, D o E, in dubbio guarda di nuovo, ho D qui, questa è la mia scheda SD standard dove ho tutto possibile su di esso ed E è il mio vuoto Scheda SD, E come Emil, quindi cerca E, quindi selezioniamo E, quindi qui accanto ad esso scegliamo l'immagine, abbiamo bisogno del desktop quindi l'immagine di Raspibian, quindi il file img Spanish: necesita el generador de imágenes W32Disk que También enlace en el video aquí debajo del video, luego descomprimir, win32diskimager, bueno, y luego tienes que tener cuidado, luego quedarte atascado tenemos la tarjeta SD en el caso, tengo eso Bueno, y luego tienes que tener cuidado con lo que para una unidad que es, D o E, en duda mira de nuevo, tengo D aquí, esta es mi tarjeta SD estándar donde tengo todo posible en él y E es mi vacío Tarjeta SD, E como Emil, así que mira hacia arriba E, luego seleccionamos E, luego aquí al lado elegimos la imagen, necesitamos escritorio luego la imagen de Raspibian, luego el archivo img English: you need the W32Disk imager that will I also link in the video here under the video, then unpack, win32diskimager, good, and then you have to be careful, then get stuck we have the SD card in the case, I have that Well, and then you have to watch out for what for a drive that is, D or E, in doubt look again, I have D here, this is my standard sd card where i have everything possible on it and E is my empty one SD card, E like Emil, so look up E, then we select E, then here next to it we choose the image, we need desktop then the Raspibian image, then the img file Thai: คุณต้องการอิมเมจ W32Disk ที่ต้องการ ฉันลิงก์ในวิดีโอที่นี่ใต้วิดีโอด้วย จากนั้นเปิดกล่อง win32diskimager ดีแล้วคุณต้องระวังแล้วก็ติด เรามีการ์ด SD ในกรณีที่ฉันมี เอาล่ะคุณต้องระวังอะไร สำหรับไดรฟ์นั่นคือ D หรือ E มีข้อสงสัย ดูอีกครั้งฉันมี D ที่นี่ นี่คือการ์ด SD มาตรฐานของฉันที่ฉันมีทุกอย่าง เป็นไปได้กับมันและ E เป็นหนึ่งที่ว่างเปล่าของฉัน การ์ด SD, E อย่าง Emil ลองมองดู E จากนั้นเราเลือก E จากนั้นตรงนี้ เราเลือกภาพเราต้องการเดสก์ท็อป ตามด้วยภาพ Raspibian จากนั้นจึงเป็นไฟล์ img German: braucht man den W32Disk Imager, den werde ich auch im Video hier unter dem Video verlinken, den entpacken dann starten, win32diskimager, gut, und dann muss man aufpassen, dann stecken wir die sdkarte an in dem Fall, ich habe das schon, und dann muss man aufpassen auf was für ein Laufwerk das ist, D oder E, im Zweifel noch einmal nachschauen, ich habe hier D, das ist meine Standard SD Karte wo ich alles mögliche drauf habe und E ist meine leere SD-Karte, E wie Emil, also nachschauen auf E, dann wählen wir E aus, dann hier daneben wählen wir das Image aus, wir brauchen Desktop dann das Raspibian image, dann die img Datei Romanian: aveți nevoie de imaginea W32Disk care va De asemenea, am legat în videoclip aici, sub videoclip, apoi despachetați, win32diskimager, bine, și atunci trebuie să fii atent, apoi să rămâi blocat avem cardul SD în caz, am asta Ei bine, și atunci trebuie să fii atent la ce pentru o unitate care este, D sau E, fără îndoială uite din nou, am D aici, acesta este cardul meu standard sd unde am totul posibil pe ea și E este cel meu gol Card SD, E ca Emil, așa că uită-te în sus E, apoi selectăm E, apoi aici lângă ea alegem imaginea, avem nevoie de desktop apoi imaginea Raspibian, apoi fișierul img Indonesian: Anda memerlukan imager W32Disk yang akan Saya juga menautkan video di sini di bawah video, lalu ekstrak, win32diskimager, bagus, lalu kamu harus hati-hati, lalu macet kami memiliki kartu SD dalam kasus ini, saya memilikinya Nah, dan kemudian Anda harus berhati-hati untuk apa untuk drive yang, D atau E, ragu-ragu lihat lagi, saya punya D di sini, ini adalah kartu sd standar saya di mana saya memiliki segalanya mungkin di atasnya dan E adalah yang kosong saya Kartu SD, E seperti Emil, jadi lihat ke atas E, lalu kita pilih E, lalu di sini di sebelahnya kita memilih gambar, kita membutuhkan desktop lalu gambar Raspibian, lalu file img Polish: wybierz, a potem po prostu piszemy, tak, a następnie czekamy na to na SD Karta jest kompletna. OK, po tym zrobione jest po tym, jak to napisał powiedzmy ok, a potem przyjrzymy się im Karta SD jest tam i teraz mamy każdą to znaczy ilość plików na karcie SD Teraz potrzebujemy naszego Raspberry Pi Linux Teraz plik, łączę go z tobą również poniżej i tam dane wlan, dane przez sieć Wlan w, i Chociaż tylko te dwie rzeczy, raz SSID i klucz, obie rzeczy edytują, może to wciąż, ale głównie obie rzeczy, ten plik kopiujemy tylko tutaj i wtedy to zrobimy German: auswählen und dann machen wir einfach schreiben, ja, und dann warten wir bis das auf der sd karte ist komplett. Okay, nachdem das fertig ist, also nachdem der das geschrieben hat sagen wir ok und dann schauen wir mal in die SD-Karte rein und da haben wir jetzt jede menge Dateien auf der SD-Karte, das wäre jetzt unser Raspberry Pi Linux, wir brauchen jetzt noch eine Datei, die verlinke ich euch auch unten und da müssen die Wlan-Daten, die Daten über das Wlan Netzwerk rein, und zwar eigentlich nur diese beiden Sachen, einmal die SSID und den Key, die beiden Sachen editieren, eventuell das noch aber hauptsächlich die beiden Sachen, diese Datei die kopieren wir einfach da rein hier und dann machen wir noch Hindi: चुनें और फिर हम लिखते हैं, हां, और फिर हम एसडी पर उसका इंतजार करते हैं कार्ड पूरा हो गया है। ठीक है, उसके बाद किया के बाद, उन्होंने लिखा है कि चलो ठीक है और फिर हम उन पर एक नज़र डालेंगे एसडी कार्ड वहाँ और अब हम प्रत्येक है एसडी कार्ड पर फ़ाइलों की राशि, वह होगा अब हमारे रास्पबेरी पाई लिनक्स, हमें ज़रूरत है अब एक फाइल, मैं इसे आप से जोड़ता हूं नीचे भी और वहाँ wlan डेटा, Wlan नेटवर्क में डेटा और हालाँकि केवल एक बार ये दोनों बातें SSID और कुंजी, दोनों चीजें संपादित होती हैं, हो सकता है कि अभी भी लेकिन मुख्य रूप से दोनों चीजें, यह फाइल हम कॉपी करते हैं बस यहाँ में और फिर हम यह करेंगे Indonesian: pilih dan kemudian kita tinggal menulis, ya, lalu kita tunggu di sd Kartu sudah lengkap. Oke, setelah itu selesai adalah, setelah dia menulis itu katakanlah ok dan kemudian kita akan melihat mereka Kartu SD di sana dan sekarang kami memiliki masing-masing jumlah file pada kartu SD, itu akan menjadi Sekarang Raspberry Pi Linux kami, kami butuhkan Sekarang file, saya menautkannya kepada Anda juga di bawah dan di sana data wlan, data melalui jaringan Wlan di, dan Meski hanya dua hal ini, sekali saja SSID dan kuncinya, keduanya edit, mungkin itu masih tetapi terutama kedua hal, file ini kami salin hanya di sini dan kemudian kita akan melakukannya English: select and then we just write, yes, and then we wait for that on the sd Card is complete. Okay, after that done is, after he wrote that let's say ok and then we'll have a look at them SD card in there and now we have each amount of files on the SD card, that would be Now our Raspberry Pi Linux, we need Now a file, I link it to you also below and there the wlan data, the data over the Wlan network in, and Although only these two things, once the SSID and the key, both things edit, maybe that still but mainly the both things, this file we copy just in here and then we'll do it Russian: выберите, а затем мы просто напишем, да, а потом ждем что на сд Карта заполнена. Хорошо, после того, как это сделано после того, как он написал, что скажем хорошо, а затем мы посмотрим на них SD-карта там и теперь у нас есть каждый количество файлов на SD-карте, которое будет Теперь наш Raspberry Pi Linux нам нужен Теперь файл, я связываю его с вами также ниже и там данные WLAN, данные по сети Wlan в и Хотя только эти две вещи, однажды SSID и ключ, обе вещи редактируют, может быть, до сих пор, но в основном обе вещи, этот файл мы копируем только здесь и тогда мы сделаем это Thai: เลือกแล้วเราก็เขียน ใช่แล้วเราก็รอเรื่องนั้นใน sd การ์ดเสร็จสมบูรณ์ โอเคหลังจากนั้นก็เสร็จ คือหลังจากที่เขาเขียนว่า สมมติว่าตกลงแล้วเราจะได้ดูพวกเขา การ์ด SD ในนั้นและตอนนี้เรามีกันแล้ว จำนวนไฟล์ในการ์ด SD นั่นก็จะเป็น ตอนนี้เราต้องการ Raspberry Pi Linux ตอนนี้ไฟล์ฉันจะเชื่อมโยงไปยังคุณ ด้านล่างและมีข้อมูล wlan ด้วย ข้อมูลผ่านเครือข่าย Wlan ในและ แม้ว่าจะมีเพียงสองสิ่งเท่านั้น SSID และกุญแจทั้งสองสิ่งแก้ไข อาจจะยังคง แต่ส่วนใหญ่ ทั้งสองอย่างเราคัดลอกไฟล์นี้ เพียงแค่อยู่ที่นี่แล้วเราจะทำมัน French: sélectionnez et nous écrivons simplement, oui, et ensuite nous attendons que sur le SD La carte est complète. Ok, après ça fait est, après avoir écrit que disons ok et ensuite nous les examinerons Carte SD là-bas et maintenant nous avons chacun quantité de fichiers sur la carte SD, ce serait Maintenant, notre Raspberry Pi Linux, nous avons besoin Maintenant un fichier, je le lie à vous également ci-dessous et là les données WLAN, les données sur le réseau WLAN, et Bien que seulement ces deux choses, une fois le SSID et la clé, les deux choses éditer, peut-être encore mais surtout les deux choses, ce fichier nous copions juste ici et ensuite nous le ferons Spanish: seleccionamos y luego simplemente escribimos, sí, y luego esperamos eso en el SD La tarjeta está completa Ok, después de eso hecho es decir, después de que escribió eso digamos ok y luego los veremos Tarjeta SD allí y ahora tenemos cada cantidad de archivos en la tarjeta SD, eso sería Ahora nuestro Raspberry Pi Linux, necesitamos Ahora un archivo, te lo enlace también debajo y allí los datos wlan, los datos a través de la red Wlan en, y Aunque solo estas dos cosas, una vez el SSID y la clave, ambas cosas editan, tal vez eso todavía, pero principalmente el ambas cosas, este archivo lo copiamos justo aquí y luego lo haremos Romanian: selectăm și apoi doar scriem, da, și atunci așteptăm asta pe sd Cardul este complet. Bine, după asta este, după ce a scris asta hai să spunem ok și apoi vom arunca o privire asupra lor Card SD acolo și acum avem fiecare cantitatea de fișiere de pe cardul SD, ar fi Acum, Raspberry Pi Linux, avem nevoie Acum, un fișier, vă leag de asemenea, mai jos și acolo datele wlan, datele din rețeaua Wlan din și Deși numai aceste două lucruri, o dată SSID-ul și cheia, ambele lucruri editează, Poate că în continuare, dar în principal ambele lucruri, acest fișier îl copiem doar aici și apoi o vom face Italian: seleziona e poi scriviamo, si, e poi aspettiamo quello sul sd La carta è completa Ok, dopo quello fatto è, dopo averlo scritto diciamo ok e poi li daremo un'occhiata Scheda SD lì dentro e ora ne abbiamo ciascuno quantità di file sulla scheda SD, sarebbe Ora abbiamo bisogno del nostro Raspberry Pi Linux Ora un file, lo collego a te anche sotto e là i dati wlan, i dati sulla rete Wlan in, e Anche se solo queste due cose, una volta il SSID e la chiave, entrambe le cose modificano, forse quello ancora ma soprattutto il entrambe le cose, questo file che copiamo solo qui e poi lo faremo German: eine Datei neu, textdatei, allerdings nennen wir diese Datei nur ssh, und ja, nur ssh und die unsere wpa-Datei wo wir unsere wlan Daten eingetragen haben, so, dann können wir den hier auswerfen und den dann in den Raspberry Pi rein stecken, Okay, als nächstes machen wir beim Handy den Wlan-Hotspot an, den mobilen Wlan Hotspot und richten den ein so nach der Datei die wir hier haben, Einstellungen mobiler Hotspot, da haben wir das Gerät ist erkennbar, dann den Netzwerk SSID, also den Namen und das Kenntwort, wpa2 psk, ok, dann wenn wir hier auf Einstellungen mobiler Hotspot gehen sind wir hier, Verbundene Geräte, da haben English: a file new, text file, however, call we only ssh this file, and yes, just ssh and the our wpa file where we got our wlan data so, then we can do that Eject here and then into the Raspberry Put Pi in, Okay, do it next we at the mobile phone the Wlan hotspot, the mobile Wlan hotspot and set the one after the File we have here, settings more mobile Hotspot, since we have the device is recognizable, then the network SSID, so the name and the password, wpa2 psk, ok, then if we go here on settings mobile hotspot we are here, Connected Devices, there have Italian: un file nuovo, file di testo, tuttavia, chiama abbiamo solo ssh questo file, e sì, solo ssh e il nostro file wpa dove abbiamo ottenuto i nostri dati wlan quindi, allora possiamo farlo Espelli qui e poi nel Raspberry Metti Pi, Ok, fallo dopo noi al cellulare l'hotspot Wlan, il cellulare Wlan hotspot e imposta quello dopo il File che abbiamo qui, impostazioni più mobili Hotspot, poiché abbiamo il dispositivo è riconoscibile, quindi il SSID della rete, quindi il nome e la password, wpa2 psk, ok, quindi se noi vai qui su hotspot mobile impostazioni siamo qui, dispositivi collegati, ci siamo Spanish: un archivo nuevo, archivo de texto, sin embargo, llame solo enviamos ssh este archivo, y sí, solo ssh y el nuestro archivo wpa donde obtuvimos nuestros datos wlan entonces, podemos hacer eso Expulsar aquí y luego en la frambuesa Pon a Pi, Ok, hazlo después nosotros en el teléfono móvil el punto de acceso Wlan, el móvil Wlan punto de acceso y establecer el uno después de la Archivo que tenemos aquí, configuraciones más móviles Punto de acceso, ya que tenemos el dispositivo es reconocible, luego el SSID de la red, entonces el nombre y la contraseña, wpa2 psk, ok, entonces si ir aquí en la configuración de punto de acceso móvil estamos aquí, dispositivos conectados, hay Romanian: un fișier nou, fișier text, totuși, apel doar ssh acest fișier, și da, doar ssh și fișierul nostru wpa de unde am obținut datele noastre wlan deci, putem face asta Evacuați aici și apoi în zmeură Pune-l pe Pi, bine, fă-l în continuare noi la telefonul mobil hotspotul Wlan, mobilul Wlan hotspot și setați cel după Fișier pe care îl avem aici, setări mai mobile Hotspot, având în vedere că dispozitivul este recunoscut, apoi SSID-ul de rețea, deci numele și parola, wpa2 psk, ok, atunci dacă noi accesați aici setările hotspot mobil suntem aici, dispozitive conectate, există Thai: อย่างไรก็ตามไฟล์ใหม่ไฟล์ข้อความจะถูกเรียกใช้ เราจะใช้ไฟล์นี้เท่านั้นและใช่เพียงแค่ ssh และ ไฟล์ wpa ของเราที่เราได้รับข้อมูล wlan ของเรา ดังนั้นเราสามารถทำเช่นนั้นได้ ดีดออกที่นี่และจากนั้นเข้าไปในราสเบอร์รี่ ใส่ Pi เข้าไปโอเคทำมันต่อไป เราที่ฮอตสปอตของ Wlan บนมือถือที่โทรศัพท์มือถือ ฮอตสปอตของ Wlan แล้วตั้งค่าใหม่หลังจากนั้น ไฟล์ที่เรามีที่นี่การตั้งค่ามือถือมากขึ้น ฮอตสปอตเนื่องจากเรามีอุปกรณ์ที่เป็นที่รู้จัก จากนั้นเครือข่าย SSID ดังนั้นชื่อและ รหัสผ่าน, wpa2 psk, ตกลงแล้วถ้าเรา ไปที่นี่ในการตั้งค่าฮอตสปอตมือถือ เราอยู่ที่นี่อุปกรณ์ที่เชื่อมต่อมี Hindi: एक नई फ़ाइल, पाठ फ़ाइल, हालांकि, कॉल करें हम केवल इस फ़ाइल को ssh करते हैं, और हाँ, बस ssh और हमारी wpa फ़ाइल जहाँ हमें अपना wlan डेटा मिला है तो, फिर हम ऐसा कर सकते हैं यहां बेदखल करें और फिर रास्पबेरी में पी में डाल दिया, ठीक है, आगे करो हम मोबाइल फोन Wlan हॉटस्पॉट, मोबाइल पर वलन हॉटस्पॉट और एक के बाद एक सेट करें हमारे यहाँ फाइल, सेटिंग्स अधिक मोबाइल हॉटस्पॉट, चूंकि हमारे पास डिवाइस पहचानने योग्य है, फिर नेटवर्क SSID, इसलिए नाम और पासवर्ड, wpa2 psk, ठीक है, अगर हम यहां सेटिंग मोबाइल हॉटस्पॉट पर जाएं हम यहाँ हैं, कनेक्टेड डिवाइसेस, वहाँ हैं French: un fichier nouveau, fichier texte, appelez nous ne ssh que ce fichier, et oui, juste ssh et le notre fichier wpa où nous avons obtenu nos données wlan alors on peut le faire Éjecter ici et ensuite dans la framboise Mettez Pi dans, d'accord, faites-le ensuite nous au téléphone mobile le hotspot Wlan, le mobile Wlan Hotspot et définir celui après le Fichier que nous avons ici, les paramètres plus mobiles Hotspot, puisque nous avons le dispositif est reconnaissable, puis le SSID du réseau, donc le nom et le mot de passe, wpa2 psk, ok, alors si nous allez ici sur les paramètres hotspot mobile nous sommes ici, appareils connectés, il y a Indonesian: file baru, file teks, namun, panggilan kami hanya ssh file ini, dan ya, hanya ssh dan file wpa kami di mana kami mendapat data wlan kami jadi, maka kita bisa melakukan itu Keluarkan di sini dan kemudian ke dalam Raspberry Masukkan Pi, Oke, lakukan selanjutnya kami di ponsel hotspot Wlan, ponsel Wlan hotspot dan atur yang setelah File yang kami miliki di sini, pengaturan lebih banyak ponsel Hotspot, karena perangkat kami dapat dikenali, kemudian SSID jaringan, jadi nama dan kata sandinya, wpa2 psk, ok, kalau begitu kita buka di sini pada pengaturan hotspot seluler kami di sini, Perangkat Terhubung, ada Polish: plik nowy, plik tekstowy, jednak połączenie my tylko ssh ten plik, i tak, tylko ssh i nasz plik wpa, w którym mamy nasze dane wlan więc możemy to zrobić Wysuń tu, a potem do Malin Włóż Pi, OK, zrób to dalej my na telefonie komórkowym hotspot Wlan, telefon komórkowy Wlan hotspot i ustaw ten po Plik, który mamy tutaj, ustawienia bardziej mobilne Hotspot, ponieważ mamy urządzenie rozpoznawalne, następnie SSID sieci, więc nazwa i hasło, wpa2 psk, ok, to jeśli my przejdź tutaj w ustawieniach mobilnego punktu dostępu jesteśmy tutaj, podłączone urządzenia, tam są Russian: файл новый, текстовый файл, однако, вызов мы только ssh этот файл, и да, просто ssh и наш файл wpa, где мы получили наши данные WLAN Итак, тогда мы можем сделать это Извлечь здесь и затем в малину Положи Пи, ладно, сделай это дальше мы на мобильном телефоне Wlan Hotspot, мобильный Wlan Hotspot и установить один после Файл у нас здесь, настройки более мобильные Горячая точка, так как у нас устройство узнаваемо, затем SSID сети, поэтому имя и пароль, wpa2 psk, хорошо, тогда если мы Зайдите сюда в настройках мобильной точки доступа мы здесь, подключенные устройства, там есть Polish: nie mamy jeszcze podłączonego urządzenia, więc Włóżmy kartę SD do Raspberry Pi, gdzie mamy plik ssh i plik wlan po prostu go włącz, więc najpierw Linux Obrazy, a następnie plik ssh i wlan i dać temu czasowi 5 woltów. Okej, teraz będzie musiał zacząć się uruchamiać, ah, tam są światła już światło, zaczyna się uruchamiać i kiedy skończy łódkę, będzie Pi automatycznie loguje się do telefonu, telefon odzwierciedla, poczekajmy, wciąż się przesuwa, światło miga wciąż częściowo, dokładnie to wciąż miga i miałby to samo, Raspberry Pi jak Hindi: हमारे पास अभी तक एक उपकरण नहीं है चलो रास्पबेरी में एसडी कार्ड डालते हैं पाई जहां हमारे पास ssh फ़ाइल और wlan फ़ाइल है बस यह है, तो पहले लिनक्स छवियाँ और फिर ssh और wlan फ़ाइल और उस समय को 5 वोल्ट दें। ठीक है, अब उसे बूट करना शुरू करना होगा, आह, वहां रोशनी पहले से ही प्रकाश, वह बूट करना शुरू कर देता है और जब वह नौका विहार समाप्त कर लेता है तब होता पाई स्वचालित रूप से फ़ोन पर लॉग इन करती है, अच्छी तरह से फोन को दर्शाता है, चलो प्रतीक्षा करें, यह अभी भी बढ़ रहा है, प्रकाश चमकती है अभी भी आंशिक रूप से, ठीक है कि अभी भी चमकती है और के रूप में ही होगा, रास्पबेरी पाई के रूप में Russian: у нас еще нет устройства, подключенного так Давайте положим SD-карту в малину Пи, где у нас есть файл ssh и файл wlan просто включите его, так что сначала Linux Изображения, а затем файл SSH и WLAN и дайте это время 5 вольт. Хорошо теперь он должен был бы начать загружаться, ах, там огни уже свет, он начинает загружаться и когда он закончит кататься на лодке, то будет иметь Pi автоматически войти в телефон, хорошо телефон отражает, давайте подождем, он все еще движется вверх, свет мигает все еще частично, именно это все еще мигает и будет такой же, Raspberry Pi, как Indonesian: kami belum memiliki perangkat yang terhubung Mari kita masukkan kartu SD ke dalam Raspberry Pi di mana kita memiliki file ssh dan file wlan langsung saja, jadi Linux dulu Gambar dan kemudian file ssh dan wlan dan berikan waktu itu 5 volt. Oke sekarang dia harus mulai boot, ah, ada lampu sudah terang, dia mulai boot dan ketika dia selesai berperahu maka akan Pi secara otomatis masuk ke telepon, baik telepon mencerminkan, mari kita tunggu, masih bergerak ke atas, lampu menyala masih sebagian, persis yang masih berkedip dan akan memiliki hal yang sama, Raspberry Pi Romanian: încă nu avem un dispozitiv conectat Hai să introducem cardul SD în zmeură Pi unde avem fișierul ssh și fișierul wlan aveți-l pornit, deci mai întâi Linux Imagini și apoi fișierul ssh și wlan și acordați acelei 5 volți. Bine, acum ar trebui să înceapă să pornească, ah, acolo se aprind deja lumina, el începe să pornească și când a terminat de plimbare, atunci ar fi trebuit Pi-ul se conectează automat la telefon, bine telefonul reflectă, hai să așteptăm, se mai mișcă, lumina se aprinde intermitent încă parțial, exact asta încă clipește și ar avea la fel, zmeura Pi ca English: we do not have a device connected yet so Let's put the SD card into the Raspberry Pi where we have the ssh file and the wlan file just have it on, so first Linux Images and then the ssh and wlan file and give that time the 5 volts. Okay, now he would have to start to boot, ah, there lights already the light, he starts to boot and when he has finished boating then would have the Pi automatically log in to the phone, well the phone reflects, let's wait, it is still moving up, the light is on flashing still partly, exactly that still flashes and the would have the same, the Raspberry Pi as Italian: non abbiamo ancora un dispositivo collegato così Mettiamo la scheda SD nel Raspberry Pi dove abbiamo il file ssh e il file wlan basta averlo acceso, quindi prima Linux Immagini e quindi il file ssh e wlan e dare quel tempo i 5 volt. Va bene adesso avrebbe dovuto iniziare a fare il boot, ah, ecco le luci già la luce, inizia a fare il boot e quando ha finito la nautica allora avrebbe il Pi accede automaticamente al telefono, bene il telefono riflette, aspettiamo, si sta ancora alzando, la luce è accesa lampeggiante ancora in parte, esattamente che lampeggia ancora e il avrebbe lo stesso, il Raspberry Pi di Thai: เรายังไม่ได้เชื่อมต่ออุปกรณ์ ลองใส่การ์ด SD ลงในราสเบอร์รี่ Pi โดยที่เรามีไฟล์ ssh และไฟล์ wlan เพียงแค่ใช้มันดังนั้น Linux ตัวแรก รูปภาพจากนั้นไฟล์ ssh และ wlan และให้เวลา 5 โวลต์ ตกลงตอนนี้ เขาจะต้องเริ่มบูทอ่ามีไฟ ไฟก็เริ่มบูตแล้ว เมื่อเขาแล่นเรือเสร็จแล้วก็จะมี Pi จะล็อกอินเข้าสู่โทรศัพท์โดยอัตโนมัติ สะท้อนให้เห็นถึงโทรศัพท์ดีรอ มันยังคงเคลื่อนที่ขึ้นไปไฟจะติดกะพริบ บางส่วนยังคงตรงที่กะพริบและ จะมีเหมือนกันราสเบอร์รี่ Pi เป็น French: nous n'avons pas encore d'appareil connecté, donc Mettons la carte SD dans la framboise Pi où nous avons le fichier ssh et le fichier wlan viens de l'avoir, donc d'abord Linux Images puis les fichiers ssh et wlan et donner à ce temps les 5 volts. D'accord, maintenant il devrait commencer à démarrer, ah, il y a des lumières déjà la lumière, il commence à démarrer et quand il a fini de naviguer alors aurait le Pi se connecte automatiquement au téléphone, eh bien le téléphone réfléchit, attendons, il monte toujours, le voyant clignote encore en partie, exactement cela clignote toujours et le aurait le même, le Raspberry Pi comme German: wir jetzt noch kein Gerät verbunden also geben wir die SD-Karte jetzt mal in den Raspberry Pi wo wir die ssh Datei und die Wlan Datei einfach drauf haben, also zuerst das Linux Images und dann die ssh und wlan Datei rein und geben dem mal die 5 Volt. Okay, jetzt müsste er anfangen zu booten, ah, da leuchtet schon das Licht, er fängt an zu booten und wenn er dann fertig gebootet ist müsste sich der Pi automatisch bei dem Handy anmelden, gut das Handy spiegelt, warten wir mal ab, der fährt noch hoch, das Licht leuchtet blinkt noch teils, genau das blinkt noch und der müsste hier gleich, der Raspberry Pi als Spanish: todavía no tenemos un dispositivo conectado Pongamos la tarjeta SD en la Frambuesa Pi donde tenemos el archivo ssh y el archivo wlan solo tenlo encendido, así que primero Linux Imágenes y luego el archivo ssh y wlan y dale a ese tiempo los 5 voltios. Ok ahora tendría que comenzar a arrancar, ah, hay luces ya la luz, comienza a arrancar y cuando haya terminado de navegar, entonces tendría el Pi inicia sesión automáticamente en el teléfono, bueno, el teléfono refleja, esperemos, sigue subiendo, la luz está parpadeando todavía en parte, exactamente eso todavía parpadea y el tendría lo mismo, la Raspberry Pi como Thai: อุปกรณ์ที่เชื่อมต่อปรากฏที่นี่ทุกสิ่ง ตรงกันกับเราเตอร์ไร้สายทั่วไปหรือ เราเตอร์ DSL เราไม่มีมอนิเตอร์ที่นี่ และไม่มีอะไรเราเพียงแค่ออกจาก Pi เชื่อมต่อกับ Wlan เขาขับรถเสมอ ยังคงสูงเอาบางสิ่งบางอย่าง ah ที่นี่ตอนนี้ IP ดึงที่อยู่ Raspberry Pi ออกมา รับที่อยู่ IP และที่นั่นคือ 192.158.43.231 ทีนี้มาโปรแกรม ssh กันดีกว่า ที่นี่ฉันมีโปรแกรม SSH ฉัน ฉันมีราสเบอร์รี่ที่นี่ที่การเชื่อมต่อแล้ว ป้อนที่นี่, ssh, ที่อยู่, 192.158.43.231, identity pi, พอร์ต 22, ชื่อตัวตนคือ ปี่โอเคแล้วเราไปที่นั่น Hindi: कनेक्टेड डिवाइस यहां दिखाई देते हैं, पूरी बात सामान्य वायरलेस राउटर का पर्याय है या DSL राउटर, हमारे यहां कोई मॉनिटर नहीं है और कुछ नहीं, हम सिर्फ पाई छोड़ देते हैं Wlan के साथ कनेक्ट करें। वह हमेशा ड्राइव करता है अभी भी उच्च, कुछ ले लो, आह अब यहाँ, आईपी पता पुनर्प्राप्त किया जाता है, रास्पबेरी पाई प्राप्त होती है एक आईपी पता प्राप्त करें और वहां वह 192.158.43.231, ठीक है, चलो एक ssh कार्यक्रम है उस पर, यहाँ मेरे पास एक SSH कार्यक्रम है, मुझे मैं पहले से ही रास्पबेरी यहाँ कनेक्शन में है 192.158.43.231 पते पर यहां दर्ज किया गया, पहचान पाई, पोर्ट 22, पहचान नाम है पाई, ठीक है, तो हम बस वहाँ जाते हैं German: verbundene Geräte hier auftauchen, das Ganze geht auch mit den normalen Wlan Router oder DSL-Router, wir haben hier keinen Monitor und nichts dran, wir lassen den Pi einfach mal mit dem Wlan verbinden. Der fährt immer noch hoch, dauert etwas, ah jetzt hier, IP Adresse wird abgerufen, der Raspberry Pi holt sich eine IP-Adresse und da ist er, 192.158.43.231, gut, dann schauen wir mal mit einen ssh Programm drauf, hier habe ich ein SSH Programm, ich habe hier bei Connections schon den Raspberry eingetragen hier, ssh, die Adresse, 192.158.43.231, identität pi, Port 22, identität name ist pi, ok, dann gehen wir dann einfach mal da English: Connected devices appear here, the whole thing is synonymous with the normal wireless router or DSL router, we have no monitor here and nothing, we just leave the Pi connect with the Wlan. He always drives still high, take something, ah here now, IP Address is retrieved, the Raspberry Pi fetches get an IP address and there he is, 192.158.43.231, Well, let's have a ssh program on it, here I have an SSH program, me I already have the Raspberry here at Connections entered here, ssh, the address, 192.158.43.231, identity pi, port 22, identity name is pi, ok, then we just go there Polish: Tutaj pojawiają się podłączone urządzenia jest synonimem zwykłego routera bezprzewodowego lub Router DSL, nie mamy tutaj monitora i nic, po prostu opuszczamy Pi połącz się z Wlanem. On zawsze prowadzi wciąż wysoko, weź coś, ah tutaj, IP Adres jest pobierany, pobiera Raspberry Pi uzyskaj adres IP i oto on, 192.158.43.231, Cóż, weźmy program ssh na tym, tutaj mam program SSH, ja Mam już Raspberry tutaj w Connections wpisano tutaj, ssh, adres 192.158.43.231, tożsamość pi, port 22, nazwa to pi, ok, to po prostu tam idziemy French: Les appareils connectés apparaissent ici, le tout est synonyme de routeur sans fil normal ou Routeur DSL, nous n'avons pas de moniteur ici et rien, on quitte le Pi se connecter avec le Wlan. Il conduit toujours encore élevé, prenez quelque chose, ah ici maintenant, IP L'adresse est récupérée, le Raspberry Pi va chercher obtenir une adresse IP et il est là, 192.158.43.231, Eh bien, ayons un programme ssh dessus, ici j'ai un programme SSH, moi J'ai déjà la framboise ici chez Connections entré ici, ssh, l'adresse, 192.158.43.231, identité pi, port 22, nom d'identité est pi, ok, alors on y va Spanish: Los dispositivos conectados aparecen aquí, todo es sinónimo del enrutador inalámbrico normal o Enrutador DSL, no tenemos monitor aquí y nada, solo dejamos el Pi conecta con el Wlan. Siempre conduce todavía alto, toma algo, ah aquí ahora, IP Se recupera la dirección, el Raspberry Pi obtiene obtener una dirección IP y ahí está, 192.158.43.231, Bueno, tengamos un programa ssh en esto, aquí tengo un programa SSH, yo Ya tengo la Frambuesa aquí en Connections ingresó aquí, ssh, la dirección, 192.158.43.231, identidad pi, puerto 22, nombre de identidad es pi, ok, entonces solo vamos allí Russian: Подключенные устройства появляются здесь, все это является синонимом обычного беспроводного маршрутизатора или DSL роутер, у нас нет монитора здесь и ничего, мы просто оставляем пи связаться с Wlan. Он всегда водит все еще высоко, возьми что-нибудь, ах вот сейчас, IP Адрес получен, Raspberry Pi получает получить IP-адрес, и вот он, 192.158.43.231, Хорошо, давайте иметь программу SSH здесь у меня есть программа SSH, я У меня уже есть Малина здесь, в Соединениях введите здесь, ssh, адрес, 192.158.43.231, личность пи, порт 22, личность имя пи, хорошо, тогда мы просто идем туда Romanian: Apare dispozitivele conectate aici, totul este sinonim cu routerul wireless normal sau Router DSL, nu avem monitor aici și nimic, lăsăm Pi conectați-vă cu Wlan. El conduce mereu încă ridicat, ia ceva, ah aici acum, IP Adresa este preluată, Raspberry Pi preia obțineți o adresă IP și acolo este, 192.158.43.231, Ei bine, haideți să avem un program ssh pe el, aici am un program SSH, eu Am deja zmeura aici la Connections a introdus aici, ssh, adresa, 192.158.43.231, identitate pi, port 22, numele identității este pi, bine, atunci mergem doar acolo Italian: I dispositivi collegati appaiono qui, tutto è sinonimo del normale router wireless o Router DSL, non abbiamo monitor qui e niente, lasciamo il Pi connettersi con il Wlan. Guida sempre ancora alto, prendi qualcosa, ah qui ora, IP L'indirizzo viene recuperato, il Raspberry Pi recupera ottenere un indirizzo IP ed eccolo, 192.158.43.231, Bene, facciamo un programma ssh su di esso, qui ho un programma SSH, io Ho già il Raspberry qui su Connections inserito qui, ssh, l'indirizzo, 192.158.43.231, identità pi, porta 22, nome identità è pi, ok, allora ci andiamo e basta Indonesian: Perangkat yang terhubung muncul di sini, semuanya identik dengan router nirkabel normal atau Router DSL, kami tidak memiliki monitor di sini dan tidak ada, kami hanya meninggalkan Pi terhubung dengan Wlan. Dia selalu menyetir masih tinggi, ambil sesuatu, ah di sini sekarang, IP Alamat diambil, Raspberry Pi mengambil dapatkan alamat IP dan itu dia, 192.158.43.231, Baiklah, mari kita punya program ssh di atasnya, di sini saya punya program SSH, saya Saya sudah memiliki Raspberry di Connections dimasukkan di sini, ssh, alamatnya, 192.158.43.231, pi identitas, port 22, nama identitas pi, ok, kalau begitu kita langsung saja ke sana Italian: su di esso, connettiti con qualsiasi programma ssh, dice ok e accetta e ora deve inseriamo la password, questa è la prima a volte il nome è Pi e la password è Prasbperry raspbarry, ok, ah, errato, raspbarry, ho mi hai prescritto? Momento ... ah con e, lampone, ok, ora ci siamo, esattamente, password French: dessus, connectez-vous avec n’importe quel programme ssh, il dit ok et accepte et doit maintenant on entre le mot de passe, c'est le premier Parfois, le nom est Pi et le mot de passe est Prasbperry raspbarry, ok, ah, mal orthographié, framboise, j'ai m'a prescrit? Moment ... ah avec e, framboise, ok, maintenant nous y sommes, exactement, mot de passe Polish: na nim połącz się z dowolnym programem ssh, mówi: ok i zaakceptuj, a teraz musisz wprowadzamy hasło, to jest pierwsze czasami nazwa to Pi, a hasło to Prasbperry raspbarry, ok, ah, błędnie napisane, raspbarry, mam przepisałeś mi? Chwila ... ach z e, malinami, ok, teraz jesteśmy na tym dokładnie hasło Romanian: pe ea, conectați-vă cu orice program ssh, el spune ok și acceptă și acum trebuie introducem parola, asta este prima uneori numele este Pi și parola este Prasbperry raspbarry, ok, ah, scris greșit, raspbarry, am mi-a prescris? Moment ... ah cu e, zmeură, ok, acum suntem pe ea, exact, parola English: on it, connect with any ssh program, he says ok and accept and now have to we enter the password, that's the first one sometimes name is Pi and the password is Prasbperry raspbarry, ok, ah, misspelled, raspbarry, I have prescribed me? Moment ... ah with e, raspberry, ok, now we are on it, exactly, password Indonesian: di atasnya, terhubung dengan program ssh, dia bilang oke dan terima dan sekarang harus kami memasukkan kata sandi, itu yang pertama terkadang nama adalah Pi dan kata sandi adalah Prasbperry raspbarry, ok, ah, salah mengeja, raspbarry, saya punya meresepkanku? Saat ... ah dengan e, raspberry, ok, sekarang kita ada di dalamnya, tepatnya, kata sandi German: drauf, connecten mit beliebigen ssh Programm, sagt er ok und akzeptieren und jetzt müssen wir das Kennwort eingeben, das ist beim ersten mal name ist Pi und das Kennwort ist Prasbperry r a s p b a r r y, ok, ah, falsch geschrieben, raspbarry, habe ich mich verschrieben? Moment... ah mit e, raspberry, ok, jetzt sind wir drauf, genau, Passwort Hindi: उस पर, किसी भी ssh प्रोग्राम से कनेक्ट करें, वह कहता है ठीक है और स्वीकार करो और अब करना है हम पासवर्ड दर्ज करते हैं, यह पहला है कभी-कभी नाम Pi होता है और पासवर्ड Prasbperry है रास्पबेरी, ठीक है, आह, गलत वर्तनी, रसभरी, मेरे पास है मुझे निर्धारित किया है? पल ... आह साथ ई, रास्पबेरी, ठीक है, अब हम उस पर हैं, बिल्कुल, पासवर्ड Spanish: en él, conéctese con cualquier programa ssh, él dice que está bien y acepta y ahora tiene que ingresamos la contraseña, esa es la primera a veces el nombre es Pi y la contraseña es Prasbperry raspbarry, ok, ah, mal escrito, raspbarry, tengo me prescribió? Momento ... ah con e, frambuesa, ok, ahora estamos en eso, exactamente, contraseña Russian: на нем, подключиться к любой программе SSH, он говорит, хорошо и принять, и теперь должны мы вводим пароль, это первый иногда зовут Пи и пароль Prasbperry raspbarry, хорошо, ах, с ошибкой, распарры, у меня есть прописал мне? Момент ... ах, малина, хорошо, теперь мы на нем, точно, пароль Thai: กับมันเชื่อมต่อกับโปรแกรม ssh ใด ๆ เขาบอกว่าตกลงและยอมรับและตอนนี้ต้อง เราใส่รหัสผ่านนั่นเป็นรหัสแรก บางครั้งชื่อคือ Pi และรหัสผ่านคือ Prasbperry raspbarry, ok, ah, สะกดผิด ราสเบอร์รี่ฉันมี กำหนดฉัน เดี๋ยว ... อากับ e, ราสเบอร์รี่ ตกลงตอนนี้เราอยู่บนนั้นรหัสผ่าน English: would be raspberry, because if you name root password I think I would have done better but now we are already on the ssh Raspberry Pi on it, I can enter top then I see what is going on there here, since he's been up for 2 minutes, 3 users and what's going on there, we do q we are out again, what we are now that would be sudo apt-get update, we can update that, now it loads down, you can see it already, it will catch up the internet now from the phone, yes, the same thing by the way goes also with a ssh program on the computer like with Putty and stuff, and you can also connect with sftp and Moving files back and forth is great Hindi: रास्पबेरी होगा, क्योंकि यदि आप रूट पासवर्ड का नाम देते हैं मुझे लगता है कि मैंने बेहतर किया होता लेकिन अब हम पहले से ही ssh पर हैं उस पर रास्पबेरी पाई, मैं शीर्ष दर्ज कर सकता हूं फिर मैं देखता हूं कि वहां क्या चल रहा है यहाँ, चूंकि वह 2 मिनट, 3 उपयोगकर्ताओं के लिए है और वहां क्या चल रहा है, हम करते हैं q हम फिर से बाहर हैं, अब हम क्या हैं यह sudo apt-get अपडेट होगा, हम इसे अपडेट कर सकते हैं, अब यह लोड करता है नीचे, आप इसे पहले से ही देख सकते हैं, यह पकड़ लेगा अब फोन से इंटरनेट, हाँ, एक ही बात वैसे भी एक ssh कार्यक्रम के साथ चला जाता है कंप्यूटर पर जैसे पोटीन और सामान, और आप sftp और के साथ भी जुड़ सकते हैं आगे और पीछे की फाइलें बड़ी अच्छी हैं Romanian: ar fi zmeura, pentru că dacă numești parola root Cred că m-aș fi descurcat mai bine dar acum suntem deja pe ssh Zmeura Pi pe ea, pot intra în partea de sus atunci văd ce se întâmplă acolo aici, de când a rămas timp de 2 minute, 3 utilizatori și ce se întâmplă acolo, facem q suntem din nou afară, ceea ce suntem acum asta ar fi o actualizare sudo apt-get, putem actualiza asta, acum se încarcă jos, îl puteți vedea deja, va prinde pasul internetul acum de la telefon, da, același lucru apropo se merge și cu un program ssh pe computer ca cu Putty și alte chestii și vă puteți conecta, de asemenea, cu sftp și Mutarea fișierelor înainte și înapoi este grozavă German: wäre raspberry, da wenn sie Name root Passwort toor gemacht hätten wäre denke ich besser aber jetzt sind wir schon per ssh auf dem Raspberry Pi drauf, ich kann eingeben top dann sehe ich was da so alles läuft auf dem hier, da der ist up seit 2 Minuten, 3 Users und was da so alles drauf läuft, machen wir q sind wir wieder draußen, was wir jetzt machen können das wäre sudo apt-get update, wir können das mal updaten, jetzt lädt der runter, das sieht man schon, der holt sich das Internet jetzt vom Handy, ja, das Gleiche geht übrigends auch mit einen ssh Programm auf dem Computer wie mit Putty und so, und man kann auch mit sftp darauf connecten und Dateien hin und her schieben, ist toll das Spanish: sería frambuesa, porque si nombra la contraseña de root Creo que lo hubiera hecho mejor pero ahora ya estamos en el ssh Raspberry Pi en él, puedo ingresar arriba entonces veo lo que está pasando allí aquí, ya que ha estado despierto por 2 minutos, 3 usuarios y lo que está pasando allí, lo hacemos q estamos de nuevo, lo que somos ahora eso sería sudo apt-get update, podemos actualizar eso, ahora se carga abajo, ya puedes verlo, se pondrá al día Internet ahora desde el teléfono, sí, lo mismo por cierto va también con un programa ssh en la computadora como con masilla y esas cosas, y también puedes conectarte con sftp y Mover archivos de un lado a otro es genial Indonesian: akan menjadi raspberry, karena jika Anda menyebutkan kata sandi root Saya pikir saya akan melakukan yang lebih baik tapi sekarang kita sudah di ssh Raspberry Pi di atasnya, saya bisa masuk atas maka saya melihat apa yang terjadi di sana di sini, karena dia sudah bangun selama 2 menit, 3 pengguna dan apa yang terjadi di sana, kita lakukan q kita keluar lagi, seperti apa kita sekarang itu akan menjadi pembaruan sudo apt-get, kita dapat memperbarui itu, sekarang sudah dimuat bawah, Anda sudah bisa melihatnya, itu akan menyusul internet sekarang dari telepon, ya, hal yang sama by the way berjalan juga dengan program ssh di komputer suka dengan Putty dan hal-hal, dan Anda juga dapat terhubung dengan sftp dan Memindahkan file bolak-balik sangat bagus Polish: byłby malinowy, ponieważ jeśli nazwiesz hasło roota Myślę, że zrobiłbym to lepiej ale teraz jesteśmy już na ssh Raspberry Pi na nim, mogę wejść na górę wtedy widzę, co się tam dzieje tutaj, ponieważ nie ma go przez 2 minuty, 3 użytkowników i co się tam dzieje, robimy q znowu jesteśmy poza tym, czym teraz jesteśmy to byłaby sudo apt-get update, możemy to zaktualizować, teraz się ładuje w dół, widać to już, to dogoni Internet teraz z telefonu, tak, to samo nawiasem mówiąc, idzie także z programem ssh na komputerze jak z Putty i tak dalej, i możesz także połączyć się z sftp i Przenoszenie plików tam iz powrotem jest świetne Italian: sarebbe lampone, perché se si nomina la password di root Penso che avrei fatto di meglio ma ora siamo già sulla ssh Raspberry Pi su di esso, posso entrare in cima poi vedo cosa sta succedendo lì qui, da quando è attivo da 2 minuti, 3 utenti e quello che sta succedendo lì, lo facciamo q siamo di nuovo fuori, quello che siamo ora sarebbe sudo apt-get update, possiamo aggiornarlo, ora si carica giù, lo puoi già vedere, raggiungerà Internet ora dal telefono, sì, la stessa cosa a proposito va anche con un programma ssh sul computer come con Putty e roba del genere, e puoi anche connetterti con sftp e Spostare i file avanti e indietro è fantastico Thai: จะเป็นราสเบอร์รี่เพราะถ้าคุณตั้งชื่อรหัสผ่านรูท ฉันคิดว่าฉันจะทำได้ดีกว่า แต่ตอนนี้เราอยู่บน ssh แล้ว Raspberry Pi บนนั้นฉันสามารถเข้าไปด้านบน จากนั้นฉันเห็นสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นที่นั่น ที่นี่เนื่องจากเขาใช้งานมา 2 นาทีมีผู้ใช้ 3 คน และสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นที่นั่นเราทำ q เราออกไปอีกแล้วตอนนี้คืออะไร นั่นจะเป็นการปรับปรุง sudo apt-get เราสามารถอัปเดตได้ตอนนี้โหลดแล้ว ลงคุณสามารถเห็นมันแล้วมันจะทัน อินเทอร์เน็ตตอนนี้จากโทรศัพท์ใช่สิ่งเดียวกัน โดยวิธีไปด้วยโปรแกรม ssh บนคอมพิวเตอร์เช่นเดียวกับสีโป๊วและของและ คุณยังสามารถเชื่อมต่อกับ SFTP และ การย้ายไฟล์ไปมานั้นเยี่ยมมาก French: serait framboise, parce que si vous nommez le mot de passe root Je pense que j'aurais mieux fait mais maintenant nous sommes déjà sur le SSH Raspberry Pi dessus, je peux entrer en haut alors je vois ce qui se passe là-bas ici, puisqu'il est debout depuis 2 minutes, 3 utilisateurs et ce qui se passe là-bas, nous faisons q nous sommes de nouveau sortis, ce que nous sommes maintenant ce serait sudo apt-get update, nous pouvons mettre à jour cela, maintenant il charge en bas, vous pouvez le voir déjà, il va rattraper son retard Internet maintenant depuis le téléphone, oui, la même chose par ailleurs va aussi avec un programme SSH sur l'ordinateur comme avec Putty et d'autres choses, et vous pouvez également vous connecter avec sftp et C'est génial de déplacer des fichiers Russian: будет малина, потому что если вы назовете пароль root Я думаю, я бы сделал лучше но сейчас мы уже по ssh Raspberry Pi на нем, я могу войти в топ тогда я вижу, что там происходит здесь, так как он был в течение 2 минут, 3 пользователей и что там происходит, мы делаем д мы снова, что мы сейчас это будет sudo apt-get update, мы можем обновить это, теперь он загружается вниз, вы можете увидеть это уже, он будет догонять интернет теперь с телефона, да, тоже самое кстати идет и с программой ssh на компьютере как с Putty и прочее, и Вы также можете подключиться с помощью sftp и Перемещение файлов вперед и назад - это прекрасно Hindi: पूरे, आप वास्तव में अपेक्षाकृत आसान है ऑनलाइन और अपेक्षाकृत सस्ता है बहुत सरल लिनक्स सर्वर। मैं वह लेता हूं लेकिन अब सब कुछ एक साथ, पहला आप 2017 08 16 डाउनलोड कर रहे हैं रास्पिबियन स्ट्रीटेक नीचे ज़िप करता है, इसलिए रास्पबेरी पाई ऑपरेटिंग सिस्टम, फिर win32 डिस्क इमेजर, मैं वीडियो विवरण में लिंक करता हूं, फिर दोनों निकालें, फिर Win32DiskImager शुरू, एसडी कार्ड, छवि का चयन करें चयन करें, एसडी कार्ड पर ध्यान दें कि आप वास्तव में एसडी कार्ड चुनते हैं आपने पहले पीसी में प्लग इन किया है, रास्पबेरी पाई के लिए, वह उसका है गलती से कुछ और नहीं लिखना, फिर डिस्क पर चित्र लिखें, बस लिखें पर क्लिक करें, अगर आपके पास ऐसा है तो wpa supplicant conf फ़ाइल जो मैं भी संपादित करें कि वीडियो विवरण में लिंक, यदि आप विंडोज का उपयोग कर रहे हैं तो वर्डपैड में सबसे अच्छा है German: Ganze, man bekommt den echt relativ einfach online und hat einen relativ günstigen einen sehr einfachen Linux Server. Ich fasse das Ganze jetzt aber alles mal noch einmal zusammen, das Erste ist ihr ladet euch das 2017 08 16 Raspibian-Stretsch zip runter, also das Raspberry Pi Betriebssystem, dann den win32 disk imager, den verlinke ich in der Videobeschreibung, dann beides entpacken, dann den Win32DiskImager starten, die SD-Karte auswählen, das Image auswählen, bei der SD-Karte darauf achten dass ihr auch wirklich die SD-Karte auswählt die ihr zuvor an den PC dran gesteckt habt, dass die für den Raspberry Pi ist, dass ihr nicht versehentlich was anderes überschreibt, dann das Image auf Disk schreiben, einfach auf Write klicken, wenn ihr das habt dann die wpa supplicant conf Dateie die ich auch in der Videobeschreibung verlinke, die editieren, am Besten im Wordpad wenn ihr unter Windows Thai: ทั้งหมดคุณจะได้รับค่อนข้างง่าย ออนไลน์และมีราคาค่อนข้างถูก เซิร์ฟเวอร์ Linux ที่ง่ายมาก ฉันทำอย่างนั้น แต่ตอนนี้ทุกอย่างเข้าด้วยกัน คนแรกคือคุณดาวน์โหลด 2017 08 16 Raspibian Stretsch zip ลงดังนั้น Raspberry ระบบปฏิบัติการ Pi จากนั้นดิสก์อิมเมจ win32 ฉันลิงก์ในคำอธิบายวิดีโอ แยกแล้วทั้ง Win32DiskImager แล้ว เริ่มเลือกการ์ด SD, ภาพ เลือกให้ใส่ใจกับการ์ด SD ว่าคุณเลือกการ์ด SD จริงๆ ที่คุณได้เสียบเข้ากับพีซีมาก่อนหน้านี้ นั่นสำหรับราสเบอร์รี่ Pi นั่นคือเธอ ไม่ตั้งใจเขียนทับสิ่งอื่นโดยไม่ตั้งใจ จากนั้นเขียนภาพไปยังดิสก์เพียง คลิกที่เขียนถ้าคุณมีแล้ว ไฟล์ conf วิงวอน wpa ซึ่งฉันก็เช่นกัน ลิงก์ในคำอธิบายวิดีโอที่แก้ไข ดีที่สุดใน Wordpad ถ้าคุณใช้ Windows Spanish: Entero, obtienes lo realmente relativamente fácil en línea y tiene uno relativamente barato Servidor Linux muy simple. Yo tomo eso Pero ahora todo junto el primero es descargar el 2017 08 16 Raspibian Stretsch se desliza hacia abajo, por lo que la Frambuesa Sistema operativo Pi, luego el generador de imágenes de disco win32, Enlace en la descripción del video, luego extraiga ambos, luego Win32DiskImager Inicio, seleccione la tarjeta SD, la imagen seleccione, preste atención a la tarjeta SD que realmente eliges la tarjeta SD que previamente ha conectado a la PC, eso es para la Raspberry Pi, esa es ella sin sobrescribir accidentalmente otra cosa, luego escribe la imagen en el disco, solo haga clic en Escribir, si tiene eso, entonces el archivo conf de suplicante de wpa que yo también enlace en la descripción del video que edita, lo mejor en Wordpad si estás usando Windows Polish: W sumie masz naprawdę stosunkowo łatwe online i jest stosunkowo tani bardzo prosty serwer Linux. Biorę to Ale teraz wszystko razem pierwszy to pobieranie 16 08 2017 Zapinana na zamek Raspibian Stretsch, więc Raspberry System operacyjny Pi, a następnie program do tworzenia obrazów dysku win32, Link w opisie filmu, następnie wypakuj oba, a następnie Win32DiskImager start, wybierz kartę SD, obraz wybierz, zwróć uwagę na kartę SD że naprawdę wybrałeś kartę SD wcześniej podłączony do komputera, to dla Raspberry Pi, to ona przypadkowo nie nadpisując czegoś innego, następnie zapisz obraz na dysk kliknij Napisz, jeśli masz to wtedy plik conf suplikanta wpa, który ja też link w opisie filmu, który edytuje, najlepsze w Wordpad, jeśli używasz systemu Windows English: Whole, you get the really relatively easy online and has a relatively cheap one very simple Linux server. I take that But now everything together, the first one is you download the 2017 08 16 Raspibian Stretsch zip down, so the Raspberry Pi operating system, then the win32 disk imager, I link in the video description, then extract both, then the Win32DiskImager start, select the SD card, the image select, pay attention to the SD card that you really choose the SD card that you have previously plugged into the PC, that's for the Raspberry Pi, that's her not accidentally overwriting something else, then write the image to disk, just click on Write, if you have that then the wpa supplicant conf file which i too link in the video description that edit, the best in Wordpad if you are using Windows Italian: Intero, ottieni davvero relativamente facile online e ne ha uno relativamente economico server Linux molto semplice. Lo prendo Ma ora tutto insieme, il primo è scaricare l'08 16 del 2017 Raspibian Stretsch zip down, quindi il Raspberry Pi sistema operativo, quindi l'imager del disco win32, Collego nella descrizione del video, quindi estrarre entrambi, quindi Win32DiskImager avviare, selezionare la scheda SD, l'immagine selezionare, prestare attenzione alla scheda SD che hai davvero scelto la scheda SD che hai precedentemente collegato al PC, questo è per il Raspberry Pi, è lei non sovrascrivere accidentalmente qualcos'altro, quindi scrivi l'immagine sul disco, semplicemente clicca su Scrivi, se lo hai allora il file conf supplicant di wpa che anch'io collegamento nella descrizione del video che modifica, il migliore in Wordpad se si utilizza Windows Russian: В целом, вы получаете действительно относительно легко онлайн и имеет относительно дешевый очень простой сервер Linux. Я понимаю, что Но теперь все вместе, во-первых, вы загружаете 2017 08 16 Raspibian Stretsch на молнии, поэтому малина Pi операционная система, а затем Win32 дисковый имиджер, Я ссылку в описании видео, затем извлеките оба, затем Win32DiskImager начать, выберите SD-карту, изображение выберите, обратите внимание на SD-карту что вы действительно выбираете SD-карту что вы ранее подключили к ПК, это для Raspberry Pi, это она не случайно перезаписав что-то еще, затем записать образ на диск, просто нажмите на запись, если у вас есть то Conflic файл WPL соискателя, который я тоже ссылку в описании видео, которые редактируют, лучший в Wordpad, если вы используете Windows Indonesian: Secara keseluruhan, Anda mendapatkan yang relatif sangat mudah online dan memiliki yang relatif murah server Linux yang sangat sederhana. Saya ambil itu Tapi sekarang semuanya bersama, yang pertama adalah Anda mengunduh 2017 08 16 Raspibian Stretsch zip down, jadi Raspberry Sistem operasi Pi, maka imager disk win32, Saya menautkan dalam deskripsi video, lalu ekstrak keduanya, lalu Win32DiskImager mulai, pilih kartu SD, gambar pilih, perhatikan kartu SD Anda benar-benar memilih kartu SD yang sebelumnya Anda tancapkan ke PC, itu untuk Raspberry Pi, itu dia tidak sengaja menimpa sesuatu yang lain, lalu tulis gambar ke disk, cukup klik Tulis, jika Anda memilikinya maka file conf pemohon wpa yang saya juga di deskripsi video yang mengedit, yang terbaik di Wordpad jika Anda menggunakan Windows French: Ensemble, vous obtenez le vraiment relativement facile en ligne et a un relativement bon marché serveur Linux très simple. Je prends ça Mais maintenant tout ensemble, le premier est vous téléchargez le 2017 08 16 Raspibian Stretsch zip, donc la framboise Système d'exploitation Pi, puis l'imageur de disque win32, Je fais un lien dans la description de la vidéo, puis extrayez les deux, puis Win32DiskImager démarrer, sélectionnez la carte SD, l'image sélectionnez, faites attention à la carte SD que vous choisissez vraiment la carte SD que vous avez déjà branché sur le PC, c'est pour le Raspberry Pi, c'est elle ne pas écraser accidentellement autre chose, puis écrivez l'image sur le disque, juste cliquez sur Ecrire, si vous avez alors le fichier de configuration du demandeur wpa qui je aussi lien dans la description de la vidéo qui modifie, le meilleur de Wordpad si vous utilisez Windows Romanian: Intreg, te faci foarte usor online și are unul relativ ieftin foarte simplu server Linux. Iau asta Dar acum totul împreună, primul este să descărcați 2017 08 16 Raspibian Stretsch fermoar în jos, deci zmeura Sistemul de operare Pi, apoi imaginea de disc Win32, Link în descrierea videoclipului, apoi extrage ambele, apoi Win32DiskImager porniți, selectați cardul SD, imaginea selectați, acordați atenție cardului SD că alegeți cu adevărat cardul SD că ați conectat anterior la computer, asta este pentru Raspberry Pi, asta este ea nu rescrie accidental altceva, apoi scrieți imaginea pe disc, doar faceți clic pe Scrieți, dacă aveți asta fișierul wpa suplicant conf, care și eu link în descrierea videoclipului care editează, cel mai bun din Wordpad dacă utilizați Windows Indonesian: bekerja, lalu ssid dan psk jadi wlan Nama jaringan dan kunci wlan masukkan file, jadi kunci wlan dan nama jaringan yang harus Anda ketahui tetapi Anda juga bisa jika Anda sekarang dengan hotspot Wi-Fi berfungsi dari telepon masukkan nama Hotspot Wlan dan kunci yang Anda atur di sana, kemudian salin file ke kartu SD, Jadi pemohon wpa conf, yang berubah Cukup salin file ke kartu SD dengan itu, lalu buat file ssh, cukup kecil ssh tertulis tanpa ekstensi file diizinkan bukan .txt atau sesuatu seperti itu tetapi hanya buat file dengan ssh dan itu juga tulis ke kartu SD, lalu kartu SD keluarkan dari kalkulator dan kemudian ke Raspberry Pi macet, maka Anda hanya perlu itu untuk menyambungkan listrik, perhatikan wifi Anda Jaringan berfungsi sejauh diaktifkan Romanian: funcționează, apoi ssid și psk deci wlan Numele rețelei și cheia wlan introduceți fișierul, deci tasta wlan și numele rețelei ar trebui să știi dar puteți, de asemenea, dacă acum un telefon Wi-Fi funcționează de la telefon introduceți numele Wlan Hotspot și cheia pe care ai setat-o ​​acolo, apoi copiați fișierul pe cardul SD, Deci, wpa suplicant conf, schimbat Pur și simplu copiați fișierul pe cardul SD cu acesta, apoi creează un fișier ssh, doar mic ssh scris cu nicio extensie de fișier permisă nu .txt sau ceva de genul, ci doar creați un fișier cu ssh și de asemenea scrieți pe cardul SD, apoi pe cardul SD scoateți din calculator și apoi în zmeură Pi s-a blocat, atunci ai nevoie doar de asta pentru a conecta electricitatea, urmăriți-vă wifi-ul Rețeaua funcționează în măsura în care activează Thai: ทำงานแล้ว ssid และ psk ดังนั้น wlan ชื่อเครือข่ายและรหัส wlan ใน ป้อนไฟล์ดังนั้นคีย์ wlan และชื่อเครือข่ายที่คุณควรรู้ แต่คุณก็สามารถทำได้หากตอนนี้คุณอยู่กับ Wi-Fi ฮอตสปอตใช้งานได้จากโทรศัพท์ ป้อนชื่อของ Wlan Hotspot และ กุญแจที่คุณตั้งไว้ที่นั่น จากนั้นคัดลอกไฟล์ไปยังการ์ด SD ดังนั้น wpa วิงวอน conf, การเปลี่ยนแปลง เพียงคัดลอกไฟล์ไปยังการ์ด SD ด้วย จากนั้นสร้างไฟล์ ssh เพียงขนาดเล็ก เขียน ssh โดยไม่อนุญาตให้มีนามสกุลไฟล์ ไม่ใช่. txt หรืออะไรอย่างนั้น แต่เพียง สร้างไฟล์ด้วย ssh และสิ่งนั้นด้วย เขียนไปยังการ์ด SD จากนั้นจึง SD การ์ด นำออกจากเครื่องคิดเลขและจากนั้นเข้าสู่ราสเบอร์รี่ พี่ติดงั้นคุณก็แค่ต้องการ เสียบปลั๊กไฟฟ้าดู wifi ของคุณ เครือข่ายทำงานเท่าที่เปิดใช้งาน Russian: работает, тогда ssid и psk так что wlan Имя сети и ключ WLAN в введите файл, поэтому ключ WLAN и имя сети вы должны знать но вы также можете, если вы сейчас с точка доступа Wi-Fi работает с телефона введите имя Wlan Hotspot и ключ, который вы установили там, затем скопируйте файл на SD-карту, Таким образом, WAP соискатель конф, изменил Просто скопируйте файл на SD-карту с ним, затем создайте файл ssh, просто маленький написано SSH без расширения файла разрешено не .txt или что-то в этом роде, а просто создайте файл с помощью ssh и это тоже записать на SD-карту, затем на SD-карту извлечь из калькулятора, а затем в малину Пи застрял, тогда тебе просто нужно это подключить электричество, смотреть свой Wi-Fi Сеть работает настолько, насколько она активируется Spanish: funciona, luego ssid y psk para que el wlan Nombre de red y clave wlan en ingrese el archivo, entonces la clave wlan y el nombre de la red que debes saber pero también puedes si ahora con un punto de acceso Wi-Fi funciona desde el teléfono ingrese el nombre del punto de acceso Wlan y la llave que pones allí, luego copie el archivo a la tarjeta SD, Entonces, el suplicante de la wpa conf, el cambio Simplemente copie el archivo a la tarjeta SD con él, luego crea un archivo ssh, solo pequeño ssh escrito sin extensión de archivo permitida no .txt o algo así pero solo crear un archivo con ssh y eso también escribir en la tarjeta SD, luego la tarjeta SD expulsar de la calculadora y luego en la frambuesa Pi atascado, entonces solo necesitas eso para enchufar la electricidad, mira tu wifi La red funciona hasta donde se activa French: fonctionne, puis ssid et psk si le wlan Nom du réseau et clé wlan entrez le fichier, donc la clé wlan et le nom du réseau que vous devriez connaître mais vous pouvez aussi si vous maintenant avec un point d'accès Wi-Fi fonctionne à partir du téléphone entrez le nom du hotspot Wlan et la clé que vous y avez définie, puis copiez le fichier sur la carte SD, Donc, le demandeur wpa conf, le changé Copiez simplement le fichier sur la carte SD avec, puis créez un fichier ssh, juste petit ssh écrit sans extension de fichier autorisée pas .txt ou quelque chose comme ça mais juste créer un fichier avec ssh et cela aussi écrire sur la carte SD, puis sur la carte SD éjecter de la calculatrice, puis dans la framboise Pi coincé, alors vous avez juste besoin de ça pour brancher l'électricité, surveillez votre wifi Le réseau fonctionne dans la mesure où il s'active Hindi: काम करता है, तो ssid और psk तो wlan नेटवर्क नाम और wlan कुंजी में फ़ाइल दर्ज करें, ताकि wlan कुंजी और नेटवर्क नाम जिसे आपको पता होना चाहिए लेकिन तुम भी अगर तुम अब के साथ कर सकते हैं वाई-फाई हॉटस्पॉट फोन से काम करता है वेलन हॉटस्पॉट का नाम दर्ज करें और कुंजी आप वहाँ सेट, फिर फ़ाइल को एसडी कार्ड में कॉपी करें, तो wpa supplicant conf, बदला हुआ बस इसके साथ फाइल को एसडी कार्ड में कॉपी करें, तब एक ssh फ़ाइल बनाएँ, बस छोटी बिना किसी फ़ाइल एक्सटेंशन के लिखित ssh .txt या ऐसा कुछ नहीं बल्कि बस ssh के साथ एक फ़ाइल बनाएँ और वह भी एसडी कार्ड के लिए लिखें, फिर एसडी कार्ड कैलकुलेटर से बेदखल और फिर रास्पबेरी में पाई अटक गई, तो आपको बस यही चाहिए बिजली में प्लग करने के लिए, अपने वाईफाई को देखें जहाँ तक यह सक्रिय होता है नेटवर्क काम करता है German: arbeitet, dann ssid und psk also den Wlan Netzwerk Namen und den Wlan Schlüssel in die Datei eintragen, also den Wlan Schlüssel und den Netzwerk Namen, den solltet ihr wissen, den könnt ihr aber auch wenn ihr jetzt mit einen Wlan Hotspot vom Handy aus arbeitet den Namen des Wlan Hotspots eintragen und den Schlüssel den ihr da festgelegt habt, dann die Datei auf die SD-Karte kopieren, also die wpa supplicant conf, den geänderte Datei einfach auf die SD Karte mit drauf kopieren, dann eine ssh Datei erstellen, einfach klein geschrieben ssh ohne Dateiendung, die darf nicht .txt oder so heißen sondern einfach eine Datei erstellen mit ssh und die auch auf die SD Karte schreiben, dann die SD Karte auswerfen vom Rechner und dann in den Raspberry Pi stecken, dann braucht ihr den nur noch an Strom anstecken, schaut dass euer Wlan Netzwerk soweit funktioniert, dass es aktiviert English: works, then ssid and psk so the wlan Network name and wlan key in enter the file, so the wlan key and the network name you should know but you can also if you now with a Wi-Fi hotspot works from the phone enter the name of the Wlan Hotspot and the key you set there, then copy the file to the SD card, So the wpa supplicant conf, the changed Simply copy the file to the SD card with it, then create a ssh file, just small written ssh with no file extension allowed not .txt or something like that but just create a file with ssh and that too write to the SD card, then the SD card eject from the calculator and then into the Raspberry Pi stuck, then you just need that to plug in electricity, watch your wifi Network works as far as it activates Polish: działa, a następnie ssid i psk, więc wlan Nazwa sieci i klucz WLAN wprowadź plik, więc klucz wlan i nazwę sieci, którą powinieneś znać ale możesz także, jeśli teraz hotspot Wi-Fi działa z telefonu wpisz nazwę Wlan Hotspot i klucz, który tam ustawiłeś, następnie skopiuj plik na kartę SD, Więc wpa suplikant conf zmienił się Po prostu skopiuj plik na kartę SD, następnie utwórz plik ssh, po prostu mały napisane ssh bez rozszerzenia pliku dozwolone nie .txt lub coś w tym rodzaju, ale tylko utwórz plik z ssh i tym też zapisz na karcie SD, a następnie na karcie SD wysuń z kalkulatora, a następnie do malin Pi utknął, więc potrzebujesz tego aby podłączyć prąd, obejrzyj swoje wifi Sieć działa tak długo, jak się aktywuje Italian: funziona, quindi ssid e psk così il wlan Nome della rete e chiave wlan in inserisci il file, quindi la chiave wlan e il nome della rete che dovresti conoscere ma puoi anche se adesso con un hotspot Wi-Fi funziona dal telefono inserisci il nome del Wlan Hotspot e la chiave che hai impostato lì, quindi copia il file sulla scheda SD, Quindi il supplicant di wpa conf, il cambiato Basta copiare il file sulla scheda SD con esso, quindi crea un file ssh, solo piccolo scritto ssh senza estensione file consentita non .txt o qualcosa del genere, ma solo crea un file con ssh e anche quello scrivere sulla scheda SD, quindi sulla scheda SD espellere dalla calcolatrice e quindi nel Raspberry Pi bloccato, allora hai solo bisogno di quello per collegare l'elettricità, guarda il tuo wifi La rete funziona nella misura in cui si attiva Italian: è attivato o il Wlan Hotspot sul telefono cellulare è, quindi è possibile quindi inserire l'indirizzo IP Controllare il router o l'hotspot WLAN Impostazioni, c'è l'indirizzo IP e allora hai solo bisogno di un'app ssh o un programma ssh, quindi sotto Windows Putty per esempio o sotto Android c'è diversi programmi ssh, solo con un ssh Il client si connette all'indirizzo IP, l'utente Il nome si chiama pi, quindi solo pe io e la password lampone, l'ho avuto prima scritto con un, è sbagliato deve essere essere scritto con e lo sei già e puoi iniziare e avere molto un server davvero eccezionale. Scrivo sudo fermati lì e tornerò guidare giù, ora guida di nuovo giù, puoi vedere che lampeggia lampeggiante lampeggiante sbatte le palpebre, e lui si è disconnesso e lo stesso è di nuovo spento, in questo momento sta sbattendo le palpebre Romanian: este activat sau Wlan Hotspot pe telefonul mobil este, atunci puteți apoi adresa IP Verificați routerul sau hotspotul WLAN Setări, există adresa IP și atunci ai nevoie doar de o aplicație ssh sau un program ssh, deci în Windows Putty de exemplu sau sub Android există mai multe programe ssh, doar cu un ssh Clientul se conectează la adresa IP, a utilizatorului Numele se numește pi, deci doar p și i și parola zmeură, am avut-o prima dată scris cu un, este greșit că trebuie să fie fi scris cu e și ești deja pe ea și puteți începe și aveți multe un mic server foarte grozav. Scriu sudo oprește-te acolo și mă voi întoarce coboară, coboară din nou acum, puteți vedea că clipește intermitent intermitent clipeste face, iar el s-a deconectat și la fel el este din nou oprit, acum clipește Spanish: está activado o el punto de acceso Wlan en el teléfono móvil es decir, entonces puede entonces la dirección IP en Verifique el enrutador o el punto de acceso WLAN Configuración, está la dirección IP y entonces solo necesitas una aplicación ssh o un programa ssh, entonces bajo Windows Putty por ejemplo o bajo Android hay varios programas ssh, solo con un ssh El cliente se conecta a la dirección IP, el usuario El nombre se llama pi, así que solo p e i y la contraseña de frambuesa, la tuve primero escrito con un, eso está mal, debe ser estar escrito con e y ya estás en él y puedes comenzar y tener mucho Un pequeño servidor realmente genial. Yo escribo sudo para allí y volveré conducir hacia abajo, él conduce hacia abajo nuevamente ahora, puedes ver que parpadea intermitente intermitente parpadeo hace, y se ha desconectado y lo mismo él está apagado nuevamente, ahora está parpadeando Russian: активирована или Wlan Hotspot на мобильном телефоне есть, тогда вы можете IP-адрес в Проверьте роутер или точку доступа WLAN Настройки, есть IP-адрес, и тогда вам просто нужно приложение SSH или программа ssh, поэтому под Windows Putty например или под андроид есть несколько программ SSH, только с SSH Клиент подключается к IP-адресу пользователя Имя называется пи, так что просто р и я и пароль малина, у меня был первый написано с, это неправильно, это должно быть пишите с е, и вы уже на нем, и вы можете начать и многое действительно отличный маленький сервер. Я пишу sudo остановись там и я вернусь езжай вниз, он снова едет вниз, Вы можете видеть, что мигает мигает мигает мерцание делает, и он отключил и тот же он снова выключен, сейчас он мигает Hindi: सक्रिय है या मोबाइल फोन पर वेलन हॉटस्पॉट है है, तो आप फिर आईपी पते में कर सकते हैं राउटर या WLAN हॉटस्पॉट की जांच करें सेटिंग्स, वहाँ आईपी पता है, और फिर आपको बस एक ssh ऐप की जरूरत है या एक ssh प्रोग्राम, इसलिए विंडोज पुट्टी के तहत उदाहरण के लिए या Android के तहत वहाँ है कई ssh प्रोग्राम, सिर्फ एक ssh के साथ क्लाइंट आईपी पते से कनेक्ट होता है, उपयोगकर्ता नाम पी कहा जाता है, तो बस पी और मैं और पासवर्ड रास्पबेरी, मेरे पास पहले था एक के साथ लिखा, यह गलत है यह होना चाहिए ई के साथ लिखा जा सकता है और आप पहले से ही हैं उस पर और आप शुरू कर सकते हैं और बहुत कुछ कर सकते हैं वास्तव में बहुत कम सर्वर। मैं लिखता हूं सूडो वहीं रुक जाते हैं और मैं वापस आ जाऊंगा नीचे ड्राइव करें, वह अब फिर से ड्राइव करता है, आप देख सकते हैं कि यह चमकती चमकती पलकें झपकाता है पलक बनाता है, और वह और डिस्कनेक्ट हो गया है वह फिर से बंद है, अभी वह निमिष है Indonesian: diaktifkan atau Wlan Hotspot di ponsel adalah, maka Anda dapat kemudian alamat IP di Periksa router atau hotspot WLAN Pengaturan, ada alamat IP, dan maka Anda hanya perlu aplikasi ssh atau program ssh, jadi di bawah Windows Putty misalnya atau di bawah Android ada beberapa program ssh, hanya dengan ssh Klien terhubung ke alamat IP, pengguna Nama disebut pi, jadi hanya p dan i dan kata sandi raspberry, saya sudah duluan ditulis dengan, itu salah itu harus ditulis dengan e dan Anda sudah di atasnya dan Anda dapat memulai dan memiliki banyak server kecil yang benar-benar hebat. Saya menulis sudo berhenti di sana dan aku akan kembali Mengemudi ke bawah, dia mengemudi ke bawah lagi sekarang, Anda dapat melihat bahwa itu berkedip berkedip berkedip berkedip membuat, dan dia telah terputus dan sama dia pergi lagi, sekarang dia berkedip German: ist oder der Wlan Hotspot am Handy aktiviert ist, dann könnt ihr dann die IP-Adresse im Router checken oder beim dem Wlan Hotspot Einstellungen, da steht die IP Adresse, und dann braucht ihr nur noch eine ssh App oder ein ssh Programm, also unter Windows Putty zum Beispiel oder unter Android da gibt es mehrere ssh Programme, einfach mit einen ssh Client auf die IP-Adresse connecten, der User Name heißt pi, also einfach nur p und i und das Passwort raspberry, ich hatte es zuerst mit a geschrieben, das ist falsch es muss mit e geschrieben werden und schon seid ihr drauf und könnt allerhand anfangen und habt einen richtig tollen kleinen Server. Ich schreibe da jetzt mal sudo halt und werde den wieder herrunter fahren, er fährt jetzt wieder runter, erkennt man auch dass er blink blink blink blink macht, und er hat getrennt und gleich ist er wieder aus, genau jetzt macht er blink Thai: เปิดใช้งานหรือ Wlan Hotspot บนโทรศัพท์มือถือ คือจากนั้นคุณสามารถที่อยู่ IP ใน ตรวจสอบเราเตอร์หรือฮอตสปอต WLAN การตั้งค่ามีที่อยู่ IP และ จากนั้นคุณเพียงแค่ต้องการแอป ssh หรือ โปรแกรม ssh ดังนั้นภายใต้ Windows Putty ตัวอย่างหรือภายใต้ Android มี หลายโปรแกรม ssh เพียงแค่มี ssh ไคลเอ็นต์เชื่อมต่อกับที่อยู่ IP ผู้ใช้ ชื่อเรียกว่า pi ดังนั้นเพียงแค่ p และ i และ ราสเบอร์รี่รหัสผ่านฉันมีมันก่อน เขียนด้วย, นั่นมันผิด เขียนด้วย e และคุณมีอยู่แล้ว ในนั้นและคุณสามารถเริ่มต้นและมีจำนวนมาก เซิร์ฟเวอร์เล็ก ๆ ที่ยอดเยี่ยมจริงๆ ฉันเขียน หยุดที่นั่นแล้วฉันจะกลับมา ขับลงเขาขับลงอีกครั้งเดี๋ยวนี้ คุณจะเห็นว่ามันกระพริบกระพริบกระพริบ ทำให้กระพริบตาและเขาได้ตัดการเชื่อมต่อและเหมือนกัน เขาออกไปอีกตอนนี้เขากำลังกระพริบ French: est activé ou le Wlan Hotspot sur le téléphone portable est, alors vous pouvez alors l'adresse IP dans Vérifiez le routeur ou le point d'accès WLAN Paramètres, il y a l'adresse IP, et alors vous avez juste besoin d'une application ssh ou un programme ssh, donc sous Windows Putty par exemple ou sous Android il y a plusieurs programmes ssh, juste avec un ssh Le client se connecte à l'adresse IP, l'utilisateur Le nom s'appelle pi, donc juste p et i et le mot de passe framboise, je l'avais d'abord écrit avec un, c'est faux, il doit être être écrit avec e et vous êtes déjà dessus et vous pouvez commencer et avoir beaucoup un très bon petit serveur. J'écris sudo arrêter là et je serai de retour descendre, il descend encore maintenant, vous pouvez voir qu'il clignote clignotant clignotant clignote fait, et il a déconnecté et le même il est à nouveau en train de cligner des yeux English: is activated or the Wlan Hotspot on the mobile phone is, then you can then the IP address in Check the router or the WLAN hotspot Settings, there is the IP address, and then you just need a ssh app or a ssh program, so under Windows Putty for example or under Android there is several ssh programs, just with a ssh Client connect to the IP address, the user Name is called pi, so just p and i and the password raspberry, I had it first written with a, that's wrong it must be be written with e and you are already on it and you can start and have a lot a really great little server. I write sudo stop there and I'll be back drive down, he drives down again now, you can see that it blink flashing flashing blink makes, and he has disconnected and the same he is off again, right now he is blinking Polish: jest aktywowana lub Wlan Hotspot na telefonie komórkowym jest, wtedy możesz wprowadzić adres IP w Sprawdź router lub hotspot WLAN Ustawienia, jest adres IP i potrzebujesz aplikacji ssh lub program ssh, więc pod Windows Putty na przykład lub pod Androidem jest kilka programów ssh, tylko z ssh Klient łączy się z adresem IP, użytkownikiem Nazwa nazywa się pi, więc po prostu p i i oraz malinowy hasło, miałem go pierwszy napisane za pomocą, to musi być źle być napisane e, a już jesteś i możesz zacząć i mieć dużo naprawdę świetny mały serwer. Piszę sudo zatrzymaj się, a ja wrócę zjechać na dół, teraz znów zjeżdża na dół, widać, że miga miga miga mrugnięcie robi, a on się rozłączył i to samo znowu jest wyłączony, teraz mruga Hindi: पलक झपकते पलक झपकते वह नीचे और अब वह बाहर है, उसने स्विच ऑफ कर दिया है। क्योंकि मुझे रास्पबेरी पाई के साथ कुछ और चाहिए था समझा, दिलचस्प हैं GPIO पिन, तो आप हर संभव नियंत्रण कर सकते हैं, इंजन नियंत्रण, पूछताछ सेंसर और, और, कि हमारे लिए बहुत दिलचस्प होगा, हमारे पास है यहाँ एक पूर्ण लिनक्स कैलकुलेटर जो कर सकता है हम सर्वर के रूप में लेते हैं, वह पहले से ही wlan है एकीकृत, हम यहाँ चिप है यहाँ तो एक एंटीना दूर, एक एंटीना है फ़िल्टर और यहाँ हम वास्तव में कर सकते थे यहां हम एक वाईफ़ाई एंटीना में प्लग करते हैं, इसलिए यहाँ बड़े पैमाने पर द्रव्यमान और यहाँ मध्य होगा Wlan एंटीना के लिए कनेक्शन लेकिन यह है पहले से ही एक Wlan एंटीना ट्यून और कि इधर-उधर घूमें, वह हमारी वाईफाई है एंटीना, त्रिकोण। इसके पास और क्या है यहाँ एक USB कनेक्शन है, वहाँ हम कर सकते हैं USB केबल में प्लग करें, बस इसे प्लग इन करें Thai: กระพริบตากะพริบเขาขับรถลงและ ตอนนี้เขาออกไปแล้วเขาได้ปิด เพราะฉันต้องการอย่างอื่นกับราสเบอร์รี่ Pi อธิบายที่น่าสนใจคือพิน GPIO เพื่อให้คุณสามารถควบคุมทุกสิ่งที่เป็นไปได้เครื่องยนต์ ควบคุมเซ็นเซอร์ซักถามและและและ จะน่าสนใจมากสำหรับเราเรามี นี่คือเครื่องคิดเลข Linux ที่สมบูรณ์ที่สามารถ เราใช้เป็นเซิร์ฟเวอร์เขามี wlan แล้ว บูรณาการเรามีชิปที่นี่ ตรงนี้จะมีเสาอากาศออกไป, มีเสาอากาศอยู่ กรองและที่นี่เราทำได้จริงได้ ที่นี่เราเสียบเสาอากาศ wifi ดังนั้น นี่มวลมากและนี่จะเป็นอันตรงกลาง การเชื่อมต่อสำหรับเสาอากาศ Wlan แต่ก็มี มีเสาอากาศ Wlan ที่ปรับจูนแล้วและ ไปรอบ ๆ ที่นี่และนี่คือ wifi ของเรา เสาอากาศสามเหลี่ยม มันมีอะไรอีกบ้าง นี่คือการเชื่อมต่อ usb เราสามารถทำได้ เสียบสาย USB เพียงเสียบเข้า Polish: mrugnięcie mrugnięcie mrugnięcie, on jedzie tak i teraz go nie ma, wyłączył się. Ponieważ chciałem czegoś innego z Raspberry Pi wyjaśnij, interesujące są piny GPIO, dzięki czemu możesz kontrolować wszystko, co możliwe, silniki kontrolować, przesłuchiwać czujniki i tak dalej będą dla nas bardzo interesujące, mamy tutaj kompletny kalkulator Linuksa, który może bierzemy za serwer, on już ma wlan zintegrowane, mamy tutaj chip tutaj, a następnie antena, jest antena Filtruj i tutaj moglibyśmy, właściwie moglibyśmy Tutaj podłączamy antenę Wi-Fi, więc tutaj masowa masa i tutaj byłaby środkowa Połączenie z anteną Wlan, ale tak jest Już dostrojona antena Wlan i że Chodź tu i tutaj, to nasze wifi Antena, trójkąt. Co jeszcze ma tutaj jest połączenie USB, tam moglibyśmy Podłącz kabel USB, wystarczy go podłączyć Russian: мигает мигает мигает, он едет вниз так и теперь он отсутствует, он выключен. Потому что я хотел что-то еще с Raspberry Pi объясните, интересны выводы GPIO, так что вы можете контролировать все возможное, двигатели контролировать, опрашивать датчики и и и, что будет очень интересно для нас, у нас есть здесь полный калькулятор Linux, который может мы берем в качестве сервера, он уже имеет WLAN интегрированный, у нас есть чип здесь вот тогда антенна подальше, есть антенна Фильтр и здесь мы могли бы, на самом деле могли Здесь мы подключаем антенну Wi-Fi, так здесь массовая масса, а вот средняя Соединение для антенны Wlan, но это имеет Уже настроена антенна Wlan и что Обойдите здесь и здесь, это наш Wi-Fi Антенна, треугольник. Что еще у него есть здесь USB-соединение, там мы могли Подключите USB-кабель, просто подключите его Italian: battito di ciglia battito di ciglia, si guida così e ora è fuori, si è spento. Perché volevo qualcos'altro con il Raspberry Pi spiega, interessanti sono i pin GPIO, così puoi controllare tutto il possibile, motori controllare, interrogare i sensori e e e, quello sarà molto interessante per noi, abbiamo qui un calcolatore Linux completo che può prendiamo come server, ha già wlan integrato, abbiamo il chip qui qui poi un'antenna, c'è un'antenna Filtro e qui potremmo, in realtà potrebbe Qui inseriamo un'antenna wifi, quindi qui massa e qui sarebbe quella di mezzo Collegamento per l'antenna Wlan ma quello ha Già un'antenna Wlan sintonizzata e che il Vai qui e qui, questo è il nostro wifi Antenna, il triangolo. Cos'altro ha ecco una connessione USB, lì potremmo Collegare il cavo USB, basta collegarlo French: clignote clignote clignote, il descend donc et maintenant il est sorti, il est éteint. Parce que je voulais autre chose avec le Raspberry Pi expliquer, sont intéressantes les broches GPIO, afin que vous puissiez contrôler tout ce qui est possible, moteurs contrôler, interroger des capteurs et et et, que sera très intéressant pour nous, nous avons ici une calculatrice complète de Linux qui peut on prend comme serveur, il a déjà wlan intégré, nous avons la puce ici ici puis une antenne, il y a une antenne Filtrer et ici nous pourrions, pourrions réellement Ici, on branche une antenne wifi, donc ici la masse de masse et ici serait le milieu Connexion pour l’antenne Wlan mais qui a Déjà une antenne Wlan syntonisée et que le Faites le tour ici et ici, c'est notre wifi Antenne, le triangle. Qu'y a-t-il d'autre voici une connexion usb, là nous pourrions Branchez le câble USB, branchez-le simplement Indonesian: berkedip, dia mengendarai mobil begitu dan sekarang dia keluar, dia sudah mati. Karena aku menginginkan sesuatu yang lain dengan Raspberry Pi jelaskan, yang menarik adalah pin GPIO, sehingga Anda dapat mengontrol segala kemungkinan, engine kontrol, menginterogasi sensor dan dan dan, itu akan sangat menarik bagi kami, kami punya di sini kalkulator Linux lengkap yang bisa kita ambil sebagai server, dia sudah punya wlan terintegrasi, kami memiliki chip di sini di sini kemudian antena pergi, ada antena Saring dan di sini kita bisa, sebenarnya bisa Di sini kita pasang antena wifi, jadi di sini massa dan di sini adalah yang di tengah Sambungan untuk antena Wlan tapi itu Sudah antena Wlan disetel dan bahwa Berkeliling di sini dan di sini, itu wifi kami Antena, segitiga. Apa lagi yang dimilikinya di sini adalah koneksi usb, di sana kita bisa Colokkan kabel USB, cukup colokkan English: blink flashing blink, he drives down so and now he is out, he has switched off. Because I wanted something else with the Raspberry Pi explain, interesting are the GPIO pins, so you can control everything possible, engines control, interrogate sensors and and and, that will be very interesting for us, we have here a complete Linux calculator that can we take as server, he already has wlan integrated, we have the chip here here then an antenna away, there is an antenna Filter and here we could, actually could Here we plug in a wifi antenna, so here mass mass and here would be the middle one Connection for the Wlan antenna but that has Already a Wlan antenna tuned and that the Go around here and here, that's our wifi Antenna, the triangle. What else does it have here is a usb connection, there we could Plug in the USB cable, just plug it in German: blink blink blink, er fährt runter so und jetzt ist er aus, er hat sich ausgeschalten. Da beim Raspberry Pi wollte ich noch etwas erklären, interessant sind die GPIO Pins, damit kann man alles mögliche steuern, Motoren steuern, Sensoren abfragen und und und, das wird für uns ganz interessant sein, wir haben hier einen kompletten Linux Rechner, den können wir als Server nehmen, er hat wlan bereits integriert, wir haben hier den Chip da geht hier dann eine Antenne weg, da ist ein Antennen Filter und hier könnten wir, eigentlich könnten wir hier eine Wlan Antenne anstecken, also hier Masse Masse und hier wäre der mittlere Anschluss für die Wlan Antenne aber der hat schon eine Wlan Antenne dran und zwar die geht hier rum und hier, das ist unsere Wlan Antenne, das Dreieck. Was es noch hat das ist hier ein usb Anschluss, da könnten wir das usb otg Kabel anstecken, einfach da anstecken Romanian: clipi intermitent clipi, el coboară așa și acum a ieșit, s-a oprit. Pentru că mi-am dorit altceva cu Zmeura Pi explica, interesante sunt pinii GPIO, pentru a putea controla tot posibilul, motoare control, interogare senzori și și, și va fi foarte interesant pentru noi, avem aici un calculator complet Linux care poate luăm ca server, el are deja wlan integrat, avem cipul aici aici apoi o antenă departe, există o antenă Filtru și aici am putea, de fapt, am putea Aici conectăm o antenă wifi, deci aici masa de masă și aici ar fi cea de mijloc Conexiune pentru antena Wlan, dar asta are Deja este o antenă Wlan reglată și că Mergeți aici și aici, asta este wifi-ul nostru Antena, triunghiul. Ce mai are aici este o conexiune USB, acolo am putea Conectați cablul USB, conectați-l Spanish: parpadeo parpadeo parpadeante, él baja y ahora está fuera, se ha apagado. Porque quería algo más con la Raspberry Pi explicar, interesantes son los pines GPIO, para que puedas controlar todo lo posible, motores controlar, interrogar sensores yy y, que será muy interesante para nosotros, tenemos aquí una calculadora Linux completa que puede tomamos como servidor, ya tiene wlan integrado, tenemos el chip aquí aquí entonces una antena de distancia, hay una antena Filtrar y aquí podríamos, en realidad podríamos Aquí conectamos una antena wifi, entonces aquí masa masiva y aquí sería la del medio Conexión para la antena Wlan pero que tiene Ya una antena Wlan sintonizada y que el Ve por aquí y aquí, ese es nuestro wifi Antena, el triángulo. Que mas tiene aquí hay una conexión usb, allí podríamos Enchufe el cable USB, solo conéctelo Italian: e avremmo una presa USB qui, e quello sarebbe il nostro jack di alimentazione, come potrebbe hai altre cose, come le estensioni Macchine fotografiche e così via, ne avremmo una jack HDMI quando si collega un monitor HDMI vuoi e c'è la nostra scheda SD, quindi qui Potremmo avere un segnale TV analogico, come potrebbe abbiamo una TV, una TV analogica o un monitor che non è male, quello qui penso che un pulsante di reset finora Lo so, devo farlo di nuovo informare ma sono interessanti soprattutto i pin GPIO perché puoi fare tutto possiamo controllare e ne abbiamo uno completo qui Calcolatore Linux e tutto ciò in cui credo costa solo 16 euro, quindi è pazzesco economico, l'unica cosa che non la penso così sarebbe la scheda SD che avrebbe ottieni ancora qualcosa in più e penso Non sono sicuro neanche ora Indonesian: dan kami akan memiliki soket usb di sini, dan itu akan menjadi colokan listrik kami, seperti yang bisa Anda memiliki hal-hal lain, seperti ekstensi Kamera dan sebagainya, kita akan memilikinya jack HDMI ketika kita mencolokkan monitor HDMI inginkan dan ada kartu SD kami, lalu di sini Kami dapat memiliki sinyal TV analog, seperti yang bisa kami memiliki TV, TV analog, atau monitor yang tidak buruk, itu di sini saya pikir tombol reset sejauh ini Saya tahu, saya harus melakukannya lagi menginformasikan tetapi menarik di atas segalanya pin GPIO karena Anda dapat melakukan semuanya dapat mengontrol dan kami memiliki yang lengkap di sini Kalkulator Linux dan semuanya saya percaya harganya hanya 16 euro, jadi ini gila murah, satu-satunya hal yang saya pikir tidak begitu itu akan menjadi kartu SD yang seharusnya Anda masih mendapatkan tambahan dan saya pikir Saya juga tidak yakin sekarang English: and we would have a usb socket here, and that would be our power jack, as could you have other stuff, extensions like Cameras and so on, we would have one hdmi jack when we plug in a hdmi monitor want and there is our SD card, then here We could have an analog TV signal, as could we have a TV, an analog TV or monitor which is not bad, that here I think a reset button so far I know, I have to do it again inform but are interesting above all the GPIO pins because you can do it all can control and we have a complete one here Linux Calculator and the whole thing I believe that costs just 16 euros, so it is crazy cheap, the only thing I do not think so it would be the SD card that would have you still get extra and I think I'm not sure now either Spanish: y tendríamos un conector USB aquí, y ese sería nuestro conector de alimentación, como podría tienes otras cosas, extensiones como Cámaras, etc., tendríamos una conector hdmi cuando conectamos un monitor hdmi querer y está nuestra tarjeta SD, entonces aquí Podríamos tener una señal de TV analógica, como podría tenemos un televisor, un televisor o monitor analógico lo cual no está mal, eso aquí creo que un botón de reinicio hasta ahora Lo sé, tengo que hacerlo de nuevo. informar pero son interesantes sobre todo los pines GPIO porque puedes hacerlo todo podemos controlar y tenemos uno completo aquí Calculadora Linux y todo lo que creo eso cuesta solo 16 euros, así que es una locura barato, lo único que no creo sería la tarjeta SD que tendría todavía obtienes más y creo No estoy seguro ahora tampoco Thai: และเราจะมีช่องเสียบ usb ที่นี่และ นั่นจะเป็นแจ็คไฟของเราเท่าที่จะทำได้ คุณมีสิ่งอื่น ๆ ส่วนขยายที่ชอบ กล้องและอื่น ๆ เราจะมีหนึ่งอัน แจ็ค hdmi เมื่อเราเสียบจอภาพ hdmi ต้องการและมีการ์ด SD ของเราแล้วที่นี่ เราสามารถมีสัญญาณทีวีอะนาล็อกได้ เรามีทีวีทีวีแอนะล็อกหรือจอภาพ ซึ่งไม่เลว ที่นี่ฉันคิดว่าปุ่มรีเซ็ต ฉันรู้ฉันต้องทำอีกครั้ง แจ้ง แต่น่าสนใจข้างต้นทั้งหมด GPIO พินเพราะคุณทำได้ทุกอย่าง สามารถควบคุมและเรามีที่สมบูรณ์ที่นี่ เครื่องคิดเลข Linux และสิ่งทั้งหมดที่ฉันเชื่อ มีค่าใช้จ่ายเพียง 16 ยูโรดังนั้นมันจึงบ้า ราคาถูกสิ่งเดียวที่ฉันไม่คิดอย่างนั้น มันจะเป็นการ์ด SD ที่จะมี คุณยังได้รับเพิ่มและฉันคิดว่า ตอนนี้ฉันก็ไม่แน่ใจเหมือนกัน German: und wir hätten eine usb Buchse hier, und das wäre unsere Strom Buchse, da könnte man noch andere Sachen, Erweiterungen wie Kameras und so anstecken, da hätten wir eine hdmi Buchse wenn wir einen hdmi Monitor anstecken wollen und da ist unsere SD Karte, dann hier hätten wir ein analoges TV Signal, da könnten wir einen TV, einen analogen TV oder Monitor anstecken was auch nicht schlecht ist, das hier ist glaube ich ein Reset Taster soweit ich weiß, muss ich mich mal nochmal genau informieren aber interessant sind vor allem die GPIO Pins weil man damit alles mögliche steuern kann und wir haben hier einen kompletten Linux Rechner und das ganze Ding ich glaube das kostet gerade mal 16 Euro, ist also wahnsinnig günstig, das Einzige was da glaube ich nicht dabei ist wäre die SD-Karte, die müsste man sich noch extra besorgen und ich glaube, ich bin mir jetzt auch nicht sicher ob jetzt Russian: и у нас здесь будет гнездо USB, и это будет наш разъем питания, как мог у вас есть другие вещи, такие как расширения Камеры и так далее, у нас будет один Разъем HDMI, когда мы подключаем монитор HDMI хочу а есть наша SD-карта, то тут Мы могли бы иметь аналоговый телевизионный сигнал, как могли бы у нас есть телевизор, аналоговый телевизор или монитор что не плохо, то вот думаю кнопка сброса пока Я знаю, я должен сделать это снова сообщите, но интересны прежде всего контакты GPIO, потому что вы можете сделать все это может контролировать, и у нас есть полный здесь Linux Calculator и все, чему я верю это стоит всего 16 евро, так что это безумие дешево, единственное я так не думаю это будет SD-карта, которая будет иметь Вы все еще получаете лишнее, и я думаю, Я тоже не уверен Romanian: și am avea o priză USB aici și asta ar fi mufa noastră de putere, cum s-a putut aveți alte chestii, extensii de genul Camere foto și așa mai departe, am avea una jack hdmi atunci când conectăm un monitor hdmi vrei și există cardul nostru SD, apoi aici Am putea avea un semnal TV analogic, așa cum s-a putut avem un televizor, un TV analogic sau un monitor ceea ce nu este rău, asta aici cred că până acum un buton de resetare Știu, trebuie să o fac din nou informează, dar sunt interesante mai presus de toate pinii GPIO pentru că poți face totul poate controla și avem unul complet aici Calculator Linux și tot ce cred asta costă doar 16 euro, deci este o nebunie ieftin, singurul lucru la care nu cred ar fi cardul SD care ar avea tot primești în plus și cred Nu sunt sigur nici acum Polish: i mielibyśmy tutaj gniazdo USB, i to byłoby nasze gniazdo zasilania, tak jak mogłoby masz inne rzeczy, takie jak rozszerzenia Aparaty fotograficzne i tak dalej, mielibyśmy jeden gniazdo HDMI po podłączeniu monitora HDMI chcę i jest nasza karta SD, to tutaj Moglibyśmy mieć analogowy sygnał telewizyjny mamy telewizor, telewizor analogowy lub monitor co nie jest takie złe tutaj myślę, że jak dotąd przycisk resetowania Wiem, muszę to zrobić ponownie informować, ale przede wszystkim są interesujące piny GPIO, ponieważ możesz to wszystko zrobić możemy kontrolować i mamy tutaj kompletny Kalkulator Linux i cała rzecz, w którą wierzę to kosztuje tylko 16 euro, więc to szaleństwo tanie, jedyne, czego nie sądzę byłaby to karta SD wciąż dostajesz dodatkowe i myślę Teraz też nie jestem pewien French: et nous aurions une prise USB ici, et ce serait notre prise d'alimentation, comme pourrait vous avez d'autres choses, des extensions comme Caméras et ainsi de suite, nous aurions un prise hdmi quand on branche un moniteur hdmi veulent et il y a notre carte SD, alors ici Nous pourrions avoir un signal de télévision analogique, comme pourrait nous avons une télévision, une télévision analogique ou un moniteur ce qui n'est pas mal, ça Je pense ici un bouton de réinitialisation jusqu'à présent Je sais, je dois le refaire informer mais surtout intéressant les broches GPIO parce que vous pouvez tout faire peut contrôler et nous avons un complet ici Calculatrice Linux et tout ce que je crois cela ne coûte que 16 euros, donc c'est fou pas cher, la seule chose que je ne pense pas ce serait la carte SD qui aurait tu as toujours un extra et je pense Je ne suis pas sûr non plus Hindi: और हमारे यहाँ एक usb सॉकेट होगा, और कि हमारी शक्ति जैक होगी, जैसा कि हो सकता है आपके पास अन्य सामान, एक्सटेंशन हैं कैमरा वगैरह हमारे पास एक होगा hdmi जैक जब हम hdmi मॉनिटर में प्लग करते हैं चाहते हैं और हमारे एसडी कार्ड है, तो यहाँ जैसा कि हम कर सकते हैं, एक एनालॉग टीवी सिग्नल हो सकता है हमारे पास एक टीवी, एक एनालॉग टीवी या मॉनिटर है जो बुरा नहीं है, वह यहाँ मुझे लगता है कि अब तक एक रीसेट बटन मुझे पता है, मुझे इसे फिर से करना होगा सूचित करें, लेकिन इन सबसे ऊपर दिलचस्प GPIO पिन क्योंकि आप यह सब कर सकते हैं नियंत्रण कर सकते हैं और हमारे यहाँ एक पूर्ण है लिनक्स कैलकुलेटर और पूरी बात मुझे विश्वास है इसकी कीमत सिर्फ 16 यूरो है, इसलिए यह पागल है सस्ता, केवल एक चीज मुझे ऐसा नहीं लगता यह एसडी कार्ड होगा आप अभी भी अतिरिक्त हैं और मुझे लगता है मुझे अब यकीन नहीं है German: ein usb Netzteil mit dabei ist. Auf jeden Fall schönes Teil, ich werde mit dem noch weitere Sachen machen, das hier war jetzt erst einmal nur der Anfang wie man ohne Monitor, ohne alles das Ding zum laufen bekommt, man braucht nur einen PC, man muss das Image auf SD Karte schreiben oder man braucht jemanden der einen PC hat, der einen das Image hier auf die SD Karte schreibt, also das Image runter lädt, auf die SD Karte schreibt mit dem Win32 Disk Imager, die Datei wpa supplicant conf editiert, da die Daten des Wlan Hotspots einträgt, also Netzwerk Name und Passwort, das auch auf die Karte schiebt und eine leere Datei mit ssh auf die SD Karte schiebt und schon wäre man quasi fertig, steckt die SD English: a usb power adapter is present. In any Case nice part, i will be with that yet do more things, this was now First of all, just the beginning of how to do without a monitor. without everything the thing gets to work, man all you need is a PC, you have to open the image SD card write or you need someone who has a PC, who has the image here on the SD card writes, so the image downloads, writes on the SD card the Win32 Disk Imager, the wpa supplicant file conf edited since the data of the Wlan hotspots enters network name and password, which also pushes the card and an empty one File with ssh on the SD card slides and you would almost be ready, put the SD Italian: è presente un adattatore di alimentazione USB. Su tutti Caso bello, lo farò ancora fare più cose, questo era adesso Prima di tutto, solo l'inizio di come fare a meno di un monitor. senza tutto, la cosa funziona, amico tutto ciò che serve è un PC, devi aprire l'immagine Scrivi la scheda SD o hai bisogno di qualcuno chi ha un PC, chi ha l'immagine qui sulla scheda SD scrive, quindi l'immagine download, scrive sulla scheda SD Win32 Disk Imager, il file supplicant di wpa conf modificato dai dati degli hotspot Wlan inserisce il nome e la password della rete, che spinge anche la carta e una vuota File con ssh nelle diapositive della scheda SD e saresti quasi pronto, metti la SD Indonesian: adaptor daya usb hadir. Pada semua orang Kasus bagian yang bagus, saya akan dengan itu lakukan lebih banyak hal, ini dulu Pertama-tama, baru permulaan bagaimana melakukannya tanpa monitor. tanpa semuanya hal itu berhasil, kawan yang Anda butuhkan hanyalah PC, Anda harus membuka gambar Menulis kartu SD atau Anda membutuhkan seseorang yang memiliki PC, yang memiliki gambar di sini pada kartu SD menulis, jadi gambar unduhan, tulis di kartu SD Win32 Disk Imager, file pemohon wpa conf diedit sejak data hotspot Wlan memasukkan nama dan kata sandi jaringan, yang juga mendorong kartu dan yang kosong File dengan ssh pada slide kartu SD dan Anda hampir siap, letakkan SD Russian: USB-адаптер питания присутствует. На всех Дело хорошая часть, я буду с этим еще делать больше вещей, это было сейчас Прежде всего, только начало того, как обойтись без монитора. без всего, что дело доходит до человека, человек все, что вам нужно, это компьютер, вы должны открыть изображение SD карту напиши или нужен кто-то у кого есть компьютер, у кого есть изображение здесь на SD-карту пишет, поэтому образ скачивает, пишет на SD-карту Win32 Disk Imager, файл соискателя wpa conf отредактировано, так как данные горячих точек Wlan вводит имя сети и пароль, который также толкает карту и пустую Файл с SSH на слайдах SD-карты и ты бы почти был готов, поставь SD Romanian: un adaptor de alimentare USB este prezent. Pentru toți Cazul frumos, voi fi cu asta încă fă mai multe lucruri, asta era acum În primul rând, doar începutul modului de a face fără monitor. fără tot ce lucrul ajunge să funcționeze, omule tot ce ai nevoie este un PC, trebuie să deschizi imaginea Scrieți cardul SD sau aveți nevoie de cineva care are un computer, care are imaginea aici pe cardul SD scrie, deci imaginea descărcări, scrie pe cardul SD Win32 Disk Imager, fișierul implicit wpa conf editat de la datele de hotspot-uri Wlan introduce numele rețelei și parola, care împinge și cardul și unul gol Fișier cu ssh pe diapozitivele cardului SD și ai fi aproape gata, pune SD-ul Spanish: Un adaptador de corriente USB está presente. En todos Buena parte del caso, estaré con eso todavía hacer más cosas, esto era ahora En primer lugar, solo el comienzo de cómo prescindir de un monitor. sin todo, la cosa se pone a trabajar, hombre todo lo que necesitas es una PC, tienes que abrir la imagen Tarjeta SD escribe o necesitas a alguien quien tiene una PC, quien tiene la imagen aquí en la tarjeta SD escribe, entonces la imagen descargas, escribe en la tarjeta SD Win32 Disk Imager, el archivo suplicante de wpa conf editado desde los datos de los puntos calientes de Wlan ingresa el nombre de red y la contraseña, que también empuja la tarjeta y una vacía Archivo con ssh en las diapositivas de la tarjeta SD y casi estarías listo, pon la SD Hindi: एक USB पावर अडैप्टर मौजूद है। सब पर मामला अच्छा हिस्सा है, मैं अभी तक उसके साथ रहूंगा और बातें करो, यह अब था सबसे पहले, मॉनिटर के बिना कैसे करना है, इसकी शुरुआत। हर चीज के बिना काम चल जाता है, यार आप सभी की जरूरत है एक पीसी है, आप छवि को खोलने के लिए है एसडी कार्ड लिखें या आपको किसी की जरूरत है किसके पास PC है, किसके यहाँ इमेज है एसडी कार्ड पर लिखता है, इसलिए छवि डाउनलोड, एसडी कार्ड पर लिखता है Win32 डिस्क इमेजर, wpa supplicant फ़ाइल वेलन हॉटस्पॉट्स के डेटा के बाद से संपादित किया गया नेटवर्क का नाम और पासवर्ड दर्ज करता है, जो कार्ड और एक खाली को भी धकेलता है एसडी कार्ड स्लाइड्स पर ssh के साथ फाइल करें और तुम लगभग तैयार हो जाएगा, SD डाल दिया Polish: obecny jest zasilacz USB. Na wszystkich Dobra sprawa, jeszcze z tym będę robić więcej rzeczy, to było teraz Przede wszystkim, to tylko początek tego, jak obchodzić się bez monitora. bez wszystkiego rzecz zaczyna działać wszystko czego potrzebujesz to komputer, musisz otworzyć obraz Napisz na karcie SD lub potrzebujesz kogoś kto ma komputer, kto ma tutaj obraz na karcie SD zapisuje, więc obraz pobiera, zapisuje na karcie SD Win32 Disk Imager, plik suplikanta wpa conf edytowane od czasu danych hotspotów Wlan wprowadza nazwę sieci i hasło, który również popycha kartę i pustą Plik z ssh na slajdach karty SD i byłbyś prawie gotowy, włóż SD Thai: มีอะแดปเตอร์ usb กับทุกคน ส่วนที่ดีฉันจะอยู่กับที่ ทำสิ่งต่าง ๆ เพิ่มเติมตอนนี้ ก่อนอื่นเพียงแค่เริ่มต้นวิธีการทำโดยไม่ใช้จอภาพ โดยไม่ต้องทุกสิ่งสิ่งที่จะทำงานผู้ชาย สิ่งที่คุณต้องการคือพีซีคุณต้องเปิดภาพ เขียนการ์ด SD หรือคุณต้องการใครสักคน ใครมีพีซีใครมีภาพที่นี่ บนการ์ด SD เขียนดังนั้นภาพ ดาวน์โหลดเขียนลงในการ์ด SD Win32 Disk Imager ไฟล์ wpa supplicant conf แก้ไขตั้งแต่ข้อมูลของฮอตสปอตของ Wlan ป้อนชื่อเครือข่ายและรหัสผ่าน ซึ่งยังผลักการ์ดและการ์ดเปล่า ไฟล์ที่มี ssh บนสไลด์การ์ด SD และ คุณเกือบจะพร้อมแล้วใส่ SD French: un adaptateur secteur USB est présent. Sur tout le monde Cas belle partie, je serai avec ça pour le moment faire plus de choses, c'était maintenant Tout d'abord, juste le début de la façon de se passer d'un moniteur. sans tout, la chose se met au travail, mec tout ce dont vous avez besoin est un PC, vous devez ouvrir l'image Carte SD écrire ou vous avez besoin de quelqu'un qui a un PC, qui a l'image ici sur la carte SD écrit, de sorte que l'image télécharge, écrit sur la carte SD Win32 Disk Imager, le fichier demandeur wpa conf édité depuis les données des hotspots Wlan entre le nom du réseau et le mot de passe, qui pousse aussi la carte et un vide Fichier avec ssh sur les diapositives de la carte SD et vous seriez presque prêt, mettez le SD Hindi: कार्ड में पाई, स्ट्रीम पर पाई और पाई फोन और आप से जुड़ती है फिर किसी भी ssh प्रोग्राम का उपयोग कर सकते हैं फिर उस पर और फिर उसके साथ सब कुछ संभव है किराया। ठीक है, यह अभी के लिए है अगली बार तक वीडियो के साथ। Thai: การ์ดใน Pi, Pi บนสตรีมและ Pi เชื่อมต่อกับโทรศัพท์และคุณ สามารถใช้โปรแกรม ssh ใดก็ได้ จากนั้นและทุกอย่างเป็นไปได้กับมัน จ้าง โอเคแค่นี้แหละ กับวิดีโอจนกว่าจะในครั้งต่อไป Spanish: Tarjeta en el Pi, el Pi en la secuencia y el Pi se conecta al teléfono y tú entonces puede usar cualquier programa ssh luego en él y luego todo lo posible con él contratar. Ok, eso es todo por ahora con el video hasta la próxima. Indonesian: Kartu di Pi, Pi di sungai dan Pi terhubung ke telepon dan Anda kemudian dapat menggunakan program ssh kemudian di atasnya dan kemudian semuanya mungkin dengan itu menyewa. Oke, itu saja untuk sekarang dengan video hingga waktu berikutnya. German: Karte in den Pi, den Pi an den Strom an und der Pi verbindet sich mit dem Handy und man kann dann mit jeden beliebigen ssh Programm dann da drauf und alles mögliche dann damit anstellen. Okay, das war es jetzt erst einmal mit dem Video, bis zum nächsten Mal. Polish: Karta w Pi, Pi w strumieniu i Pi łączy się z telefonem i z tobą może następnie użyć dowolnego programu ssh potem na nim, a potem wszystko, co możliwe zatrudnić. Okej, na razie tyle z wideo do następnego razu. French: Carte dans le Pi, le Pi dans le flux et le Pi se connecte au téléphone et vous peut alors utiliser n'importe quel programme ssh puis sur et tout ce qui est possible avec elle embaucher. D'accord, c'est tout pour l'instant avec la vidéo jusqu'à la prochaine fois. Romanian: Card în Pi, Pi în flux și Pi se conectează la telefon și tu poate apoi utiliza orice program ssh apoi pe ea și apoi tot posibilul cu ea angaja. Bine, asta e deocamdată cu videoclipul până data viitoare. English: Card in the Pi, the Pi on the stream and the Pi connects to the phone and you can then use any ssh program then on it and then everything possible with it hire. Okay, that's it for now with the video until next time. Russian: Карта в пи, пи в потоке и Pi подключается к телефону, и вы Затем можно использовать любую программу SSH потом на это и потом все возможно с этим прокат. Хорошо, пока это все с видео до следующего раза. Italian: Card in the Pi, Pi in the stream e il Pi si collega al telefono e tu può quindi utilizzare qualsiasi programma ssh poi su di esso e poi tutto il possibile con esso assumere. Ok, per ora è tutto con il video fino alla prossima volta.

Let's go for a space walk. I gotta put my spacesuit on! And this... ...is amazing. But something is… Hey, what’s going on? Ooo-ooooh! Aaaaaaa! What is this planet? It looks really great down here. Too bad I am always in such a hurry! I should take some time for some sight-seeing. I might as well  find out what lives in these buildings. But Space Tom has more worlds to discover. Wohooo! It seems like there’s a race going on this desert planet. But boy it is dry over here! I shouldn’t miss any of these bottles If I want to make it to the end. Hooray! It’s real fun running across the universe. Visit the Wacky Planet and take the Water Run Daily Challenge in Talking Tom Gold Run. Download now and subscribe to our channel!

So I woke up this morning to this video [Soft instrumental music] [Gunshots] *Everybody loses their mind* New gun has been added to Fortnite It's like a cannon.. It's like a cannon.. in your hand It's like a cannon.. in your hand It's crazy! I feel like it's gonna be the new meta And I wanna get trick shots today, because Eric Cartman said so - [Joey] Are you sure? - [Tony] Eric Ca.. Yes, Eric Cartman, I'm pretty sure! Try to find that video, Joey! - [Joey] Here it is "Hey, TCTN viewers, I'm Cartman" "But you probably already recognize me, because I'm not lame like my friends" "I'm actually cewl!" "Today's challenge is five trick shots!" "If Tony does it, you like the video" "If not.. I don't know, I will be back with vengeance, I guess" So I'm gonna try to get as many trick shots as I can! I don't have a lot of time But what I do have is a figure of Donald Trump pooping So it's not really related to time, but.. I have it. There's that. Alright, first on the list - find the flint pistol Or the Flintknock, I'm not even sure what the name is (Flintlock, Tony! It's Flintlock! FLINT LOCK PISTOL!) Second - get a trick shot Third - I'm not sure (Well, neither I am!) And fourth - PROFIT! Obviously! So far no flint pistol [Tense instrumental music] [Don't do it] [No!] *Tony memeing bravely and indistinctly* [No!] [Suppressed gunshots] [Tense instrumental music] [HHHHHHHHHHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA] SUP! [Rhythmic electronic music] [Suppressed gunshots] [Rhythmic electronic music] Where are you going, braw? OOOOHHHHHHHH! WWWWOOOAAAHHHH [Rhythmic electronic music] The heck did you go? [Rhythmic electronic music] [Rhythmic electronic music] [Suppressed gunshots] By the way, don't forget to get your merch! It's in the description down below You can check out the link, it's a Molly the Pug T-Shirt With my slogan on top of it And you can get it right nowwwwwwwrrrrrrwwwwrrrrrrrrr Come on, you gotta be kidding me, dude! I need that shield! [Rhythmic electronic music] NO! How did I miss that? [Slow-mo of how Tony misses that] [Rhythmic electronic music, gunshots] *Pocket Nuke from eBay goes off* [Rhythmic electronic music, gunshots] *Daaaam those are poor quality pocket nukes* Oh, man.. Zero trick shots! So.. zero likes, I guess? Or did anyone like the video just for me trying? No?.. Okay. [Attempt #2!] *Sings in German about some awesome pizza* Anybody know where that's from? [Tense instrumental music] [Tense instrumental music, gunshots] *Spanish laughing meme(an)* [Tense instrumental music] [Tense instrumental music, gunshots] [Gunshots, heartbeat sounds, big wow much intense!] [Tense music, heartbeat, gunshots all around, DAAAM!] *BWWWZZZPP* *Birds singing* [Hullo mothafa..!] [Gunshots] *BANG-BANG* AAAAAHHHH! Alright, attempt number three is gonna be better! Damn it! [Attempt #3] *Distant gunshots* You know what would make trickshotting even better? If I was a freakin' Bush! Alright, this sweet new animation is putting on the bush The bush is now super OP [Rhythmic electronic music] Alright, come at me, I got a bush! I'm in Alright, come at me, I got a bush! I'm invincible now! [Rhythmic electronic music] Where's the guy? I hear someone [Heartbeat] *BOOM* Hey, guy! [Heartbeat, rifle shots] WWWWwwwooooHHHHH! Nice! [Tense instrumental music] Yo, yo, yo! [Heartbeat, heroic instrumental music] Sup, dude! [Heartbeat, heroic instrumental music, gunshots] Oh, I got it! Alright! [Heroic instrumental music] Trickshotting time, ladies and gentlemen! Finally! [Tense instrumental music] Alright, let's go, I'm ready! [Heroic instrumental music] Who will be my first trick shot victim? [Heroic instrumental music] Or maybe a regular victim, who knows BAAAM! Oh my God, this does a lot of freakin' damage! [Heroic instrumental music, gunshots] Hha-haa, look at this guy! Just chilling! [Heroic instrumental music] WWWhhhhhooooaahhhhhh! *Laughs* OH MY GOD! This thing does a lot of damage! [Heroic instrumental music, gunshots] [Mission Passed! Respect +] Alright, I guess you can call this kind of a trick shot Hey, someone's coming! [Gunshots] [Heroic instrumental music, gunshots] See ya in the lobbbbyyyy!11 Alright, I gotta stop that, sorry for being toxic *Laughs* I had to do it Aaaand we have another one! This is going to be interesting! Alright, trickshotting time, ladies and gentlemen! I kind of did two trick shots Not really, but.. If you want to, if you're nice You can call that a trick shot! I'm gonna throw out the AK, 'cause I don't need it Got my two cannons ready right here Got my trusty tactical shotgun Oh my God, it's another one! It's another one, ladies and gentlemen Alright, you know what, I'll just replace this one Not even gonna bring freakin' heavy sniper! I don't care! I don't need that stuff! I'm a trickshotter now, check this out! *Laughs* [Heroic instrumental music] Come at me, guys! It's a new meta! [Heroic instrumental music] Alright, alright, this is gonna be a good one! He's about to rush me, here we go! [Heroic instrumental music] Here we go! Ah! [Heroic instrumental music] NOOOOOOOOO! [Heroic instrumental music] Alright, I'm outta here! [Heroic instrumental music] You're not gonna mess up my trickshotting game, alright? No one is! [Heroic instrumental music] [WRONG!] [Gunshots] *Crying* Well, anyway, as I said in the beginning of the video, I don't have a lot of time It's 9 pm now for my timezone It's probably gonna be around 3 pm For all of you watching this right now, when I'm releasing this video And I'll be streaming in the near future I'm really trying a lot to improve on Fortnite, just so I can stream But for some reason, when I'm recording, I just can't freakin' play, it's crazy, man! I get all excited! And I wanna do memes! And they kill me, because they're sweaty twitch streamers! And I'll be streaming on YouTube, by the way Either than that, ladies and gentlemen My name is Tony I hope you have enjoyed this video And I will see you in the next one, until then.. Bye-byeeeeee And STTTTTAAAYYYY AWESOOOOMMMMMMMME! BBBBBBBBBbbbbbbbbyyyyyeeeeeeeeee!

>>> WELCOME BACK TO OUR SPECIAL >>> WELCOME BACK TO OUR SPECIAL "REOPENING AMERICA" COVERAGE. "REOPENING AMERICA" COVERAGE. I’M STEPHANIE RUHLE. I’M STEPHANIE RUHLE. I’M NOW JOINED BY PRESIDENT AND I’M NOW JOINED BY PRESIDENT AND CEO OF WALMART U.S. CEO OF WALMART U.S. JOHN, HOPEFULLY WE’RE NOT HAVING JOHN, HOPEFULLY WE’RE NOT HAVING ANY TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES. ANY TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES. YOU ARE THE BIGGEST EMPLOYER IN YOU ARE THE BIGGEST EMPLOYER IN THE COUNTRY. THE COUNTRY. WHAT ARE YOUR ASSOCIATES TELLING WHAT ARE YOUR ASSOCIATES TELLING YOU THEY’RE MOST CONCERNED YOU THEY’RE MOST CONCERNED ABOUT? ABOUT? >> WELL, STEPHANIE, OUR TEAM HAS >> WELL, STEPHANIE, OUR TEAM HAS DONE AN AMAZING JOB THE LAST DONE AN AMAZING JOB THE LAST COUPLE OF MONTHS TAKING CARE OF COUPLE OF MONTHS TAKING CARE OF CUSTOMERS AND ESSENTIAL CUSTOMERS AND ESSENTIAL SERVICES, AND WE’VE BEEN OPEN. SERVICES, AND WE’VE BEEN OPEN. WE’VE BEEN OPEN FOR THE LAST WE’VE BEEN OPEN FOR THE LAST COUPLE OF MONTHS. COUPLE OF MONTHS. WE’VE TAKEN A NUMBER OF MEASURES WE’VE TAKEN A NUMBER OF MEASURES TO CHANGE THE WAY WE OPERATE. TO CHANGE THE WAY WE OPERATE. EVERYTHING FROM METERING IN THE EVERYTHING FROM METERING IN THE STORE TO LIMITING THE HOURS THE STORE TO LIMITING THE HOURS THE STORES ARE OPENING. STORES ARE OPENING. AND WHAT OUR PEOPLE ARE SAYING, AND WHAT OUR PEOPLE ARE SAYING, AND I THINK YOU’LL HEAR THIS AND I THINK YOU’LL HEAR THIS FROM BUSINESSES ALL OVER, IT’S FROM BUSINESSES ALL OVER, IT’S GOING TO TAKE ALL OF US. GOING TO TAKE ALL OF US. IT’S GOING TO TAKE EMPLOYERS, IT’S GOING TO TAKE EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES DOING THE THINGS WE EMPLOYEES DOING THE THINGS WE NEED TO KEEP PEOPLE SOCIALLY NEED TO KEEP PEOPLE SOCIALLY DISTANCED AND PROVIDING THE DISTANCED AND PROVIDING THE RIGHT EQUIPMENT. RIGHT EQUIPMENT. WE ALSO NEED CUSTOMERS TO DO WE ALSO NEED CUSTOMERS TO DO THEIR PART. THEIR PART. I’M THE CUSTOMER WHEN I GO OUT, I’M THE CUSTOMER WHEN I GO OUT, AND IT CAN BE CONVENIENT TO JUST AND IT CAN BE CONVENIENT TO JUST STAY IN LINE AND STAY SPACED STAY IN LINE AND STAY SPACED OUT. OUT. BUT IT’S IMPORTANT TO MAKE SURE BUT IT’S IMPORTANT TO MAKE SURE EVERYONE IS IN THE BEST POSITION EVERYONE IS IN THE BEST POSITION SO OUR EMPLOYEES AND CUSTOMERS SO OUR EMPLOYEES AND CUSTOMERS STAY SAFE AS WE MOVE TO THE NEXT STAY SAFE AS WE MOVE TO THE NEXT PHASE OF THIS RECOVERY IN THE PHASE OF THIS RECOVERY IN THE PANDEMIC. PANDEMIC. >> IS CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR >> IS CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR SURROUNDING THIS PANDEMIC SURROUNDING THIS PANDEMIC DIFFERENT IN DIFFERENT PLACES IN DIFFERENT IN DIFFERENT PLACES IN THE COUNTRY? THE COUNTRY? >> I THINK IT IS. >> I THINK IT IS. AND I THINK IT HAS A LOT TO DO AND I THINK IT HAS A LOT TO DO WITH THE EXPERIENCE THAT PEOPLE WITH THE EXPERIENCE THAT PEOPLE HAVE HAD IN MARKETS. HAVE HAD IN MARKETS. MARKETS THAT HAVE BEEN HEAVILY MARKETS THAT HAVE BEEN HEAVILY AFFECTED BY THE PANDEMIC AND AFFECTED BY THE PANDEMIC AND FAMILIES AFFECTED, AND OTHER FAMILIES AFFECTED, AND OTHER PARTS OF THE COUNTRY THAT HAVE PARTS OF THE COUNTRY THAT HAVE HAD FAR FEWER CASES. HAD FAR FEWER CASES. AND I THINK IT DEPENDS ON THE AND I THINK IT DEPENDS ON THE EXPERIENCE THAT YOU’VE HAD EXPERIENCE THAT YOU’VE HAD SOMEWHERE NEAR YOU AND SOME SOMEWHERE NEAR YOU AND SOME PARTS OF THE COUNTRY THERE HAVE PARTS OF THE COUNTRY THERE HAVE BEEN STAY-AT-HOME ORDERS AND BEEN STAY-AT-HOME ORDERS AND THOSE STILL EXIST. THOSE STILL EXIST. OTHER AREAS THERE ARE STATES OTHER AREAS THERE ARE STATES THAT DIDN’T HAVE STAY-AT-HOME THAT DIDN’T HAVE STAY-AT-HOME ORDERS. ORDERS. IT’S WHAT’S HAPPENED TO YOU MOST IT’S WHAT’S HAPPENED TO YOU MOST LOCALLY. LOCALLY. >> AS THE BIGGEST EMPLOYER, THIS >> AS THE BIGGEST EMPLOYER, THIS PANDEMIC IS EVERYWHERE, YOU HAVE PANDEMIC IS EVERYWHERE, YOU HAVE HAD EMPLOYEES GET SICK. HAD EMPLOYEES GET SICK. BUT YOU’VE ALSO GOT THE BUT YOU’VE ALSO GOT THE RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE TO RESOURCES AND INFRASTRUCTURE TO ADDRESS ALL OF THIS. ADDRESS ALL OF THIS. IF YOU ARE A MOM AND POP, IF YOU IF YOU ARE A MOM AND POP, IF YOU ARE A SMALL BUSINESS RIGHT NOW, ARE A SMALL BUSINESS RIGHT NOW, LOOKING TO REOPEN, DO YOU THINK LOOKING TO REOPEN, DO YOU THINK YOU COULD TAKE ON ALL THESE NEW YOU COULD TAKE ON ALL THESE NEW SAFETY MEASURES? SAFETY MEASURES? >> WELL, AS A SMALL BUSINESS OR >> WELL, AS A SMALL BUSINESS OR LARGE BUSINESS, THERE ARE SOME LARGE BUSINESS, THERE ARE SOME VERY PRACTICAL THINGS EACH OF US VERY PRACTICAL THINGS EACH OF US CAN DO. CAN DO. FIRST, WE METER PEOPLE IN THE FIRST, WE METER PEOPLE IN THE STORES DURING THE DAY, IT’S AS STORES DURING THE DAY, IT’S AS SIMPLE AS PUTTING AN X ON THE SIMPLE AS PUTTING AN X ON THE SIDEWALK WITH TAPE AND IT’S SIX SIDEWALK WITH TAPE AND IT’S SIX FEET APART AND ASKING PEOPLE TO FEET APART AND ASKING PEOPLE TO STAND SPACED OUT. STAND SPACED OUT. WE COUNT THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WE COUNT THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE COME IN. COME IN. WE’VE GOT A NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER WE’VE GOT A NUMBER OF PEOPLE PER THOUSAND SQUARE FEET IN THE THOUSAND SQUARE FEET IN THE STORES. STORES. THOSE ARE EASY THINGS TO DO. THOSE ARE EASY THINGS TO DO. DIRECTIONAL AISLE MARKERS SO DIRECTIONAL AISLE MARKERS SO CUSTOMERS ARE MOVING DOWN THE CUSTOMERS ARE MOVING DOWN THE AISLE IN THE SAME DIRECTION. AISLE IN THE SAME DIRECTION. REAL PRACTICAL THINGS TO DO. REAL PRACTICAL THINGS TO DO. PLEXIGLAS SHIELDS BETWEEN OUR PLEXIGLAS SHIELDS BETWEEN OUR ASSOCIATES SERVING CUSTOMERS. ASSOCIATES SERVING CUSTOMERS. IT’S AN INEXPENSIVE WAY TO MAKE IT’S AN INEXPENSIVE WAY TO MAKE SURE PEOPLE STAY SAFE. SURE PEOPLE STAY SAFE. THERE ARE A NUMBER OF THINGS ANY THERE ARE A NUMBER OF THINGS ANY BUSINESS CAN DO WITHOUT ADDING A BUSINESS CAN DO WITHOUT ADDING A LOT OF COMPLEXITY OR COST TO THE LOT OF COMPLEXITY OR COST TO THE BUSINESS. BUSINESS. >> DO YOU THINK THE RETAIL >> DO YOU THINK THE RETAIL INDUSTRY WILL CHANGE FOREVER? INDUSTRY WILL CHANGE FOREVER? WE KNOW LARGE PARTS OF THE WE KNOW LARGE PARTS OF THE INDUSTRY WERE SUFFERING BEFORE. INDUSTRY WERE SUFFERING BEFORE. BUT NOW WE’RE DOING CURBSIDE BUT NOW WE’RE DOING CURBSIDE PICK-UP, MORE AND MORE PEOPLE PICK-UP, MORE AND MORE PEOPLE ARE DOING ONLINE SHOPPING. ARE DOING ONLINE SHOPPING. WHEN WE GO BACK, ARE WE GOING WHEN WE GO BACK, ARE WE GOING BACK? BACK? >> WELL, I THINK THE CUSTOMER >> WELL, I THINK THE CUSTOMER DEFINITELY HAS CHANGED CERTAINLY DEFINITELY HAS CHANGED CERTAINLY IN THE SHORT TERM. IN THE SHORT TERM. THERE WILL BE A COUPLE OF PHASES THERE WILL BE A COUPLE OF PHASES TO THIS RECOVERY. TO THIS RECOVERY. WE’LL BE OPENING WITH THE WE’LL BE OPENING WITH THE PANDEMIC. PANDEMIC. WE’LL HAVE PROTECTIVE MEASURES WE’LL HAVE PROTECTIVE MEASURES IN PLACE AND THERE WILL BE IN PLACE AND THERE WILL BE VISUAL REMINDERS THAT THINGS ARE VISUAL REMINDERS THAT THINGS ARE DIFFERENT AND PEOPLE ARE DIFFERENT AND PEOPLE ARE SHOPPING AT THE CURB MORE, AND SHOPPING AT THE CURB MORE, AND THEY ARE USING CONTACT-FREE THEY ARE USING CONTACT-FREE CHECKOUT LIKE IN OUR STORES, CHECKOUT LIKE IN OUR STORES, WALMART PAY, YOU CAN USE WITHOUT WALMART PAY, YOU CAN USE WITHOUT CONTACT. CONTACT. THAT BEHAVIOR HAS CHANGED. THAT BEHAVIOR HAS CHANGED. AND THEN WE’LL MOVE ON, AND THEN WE’LL MOVE ON, HOPEFULLY SOONER THAN LATER, HOPEFULLY SOONER THAN LATER, WHERE THERE’S A VACCINE AND WE WHERE THERE’S A VACCINE AND WE GET TO A FULL RECOVERY AND THERE GET TO A FULL RECOVERY AND THERE WILL PROBABLY BE SOME KIND OF WILL PROBABLY BE SOME KIND OF NEW NORMAL THAT WE’LL HAVE TO NEW NORMAL THAT WE’LL HAVE TO LEARN ABOUT ONCE WE GET THERE. LEARN ABOUT ONCE WE GET THERE. BUT THESE EVENTS DO TEND TO BUT THESE EVENTS DO TEND TO CHANGE THINGS SIGNIFICANTLY. CHANGE THINGS SIGNIFICANTLY. >> CAN YOU TAKE US INTO THE >> CAN YOU TAKE US INTO THE AMERICAN CONSUMER? AMERICAN CONSUMER? YOU HAVE BEEN OPEN THROUGH THIS YOU HAVE BEEN OPEN THROUGH THIS PANDEMIC. PANDEMIC. HELP US UNDERSTAND WHAT IS THE HELP US UNDERSTAND WHAT IS THE CONSUMER BUYING? CONSUMER BUYING? WHAT DID THEY NEED A MONTH AGO, WHAT DID THEY NEED A MONTH AGO, TODAY AND WHERE ARE THEY GOING TODAY AND WHERE ARE THEY GOING TOMORROW? TOMORROW? >> THERE HAVE DEFINITELY BEEN >> THERE HAVE DEFINITELY BEEN SOME BIG SHIFTS. SOME BIG SHIFTS. EARLY ON, WE SAW EARLY ON, WE SAW OVER-THE-COUNTER OVER-THE-COUNTER PHARMACEUTICALS. PHARMACEUTICALS. MID-MARCH, A BIG RUN ON FOOD. MID-MARCH, A BIG RUN ON FOOD. MANY PEOPLE SAW OUR FOOD MANY PEOPLE SAW OUR FOOD BUSINESS WAS SHOPPED HEAVILY BUSINESS WAS SHOPPED HEAVILY THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. OVER THE LAST COUPLE OF FOUR TO OVER THE LAST COUPLE OF FOUR TO FIVE WEEKS IT’S SHIFTED FROM FIVE WEEKS IT’S SHIFTED FROM THOSE KIND OF CATEGORIES TO THE THOSE KIND OF CATEGORIES TO THE THINGS WE DO WHEN WE STAY AT THINGS WE DO WHEN WE STAY AT HOME. HOME. SO PEOPLE HAVE BEEN BUYING MORE SO PEOPLE HAVE BEEN BUYING MORE BOARD GAMES AND PUZZLES, SMALL BOARD GAMES AND PUZZLES, SMALL EXERCISE THINGS LIKE YOGA AND EXERCISE THINGS LIKE YOGA AND WEIGHT EQUIPMENTS HAVE DONE WEIGHT EQUIPMENTS HAVE DONE WELL. WELL. AS THE WEATHER HAS IMPROVED, OUR AS THE WEATHER HAS IMPROVED, OUR BICYCLE BUSINESS HAS CHANGED. BICYCLE BUSINESS HAS CHANGED. AND SOME CATEGORIES THAT HAVE AND SOME CATEGORIES THAT HAVE BEEN SOFTER LIKE AUTO CARE. BEEN SOFTER LIKE AUTO CARE. PEOPLE AREN’T DRIVING AS MUCH. PEOPLE AREN’T DRIVING AS MUCH. THE CARS ARE PARKED. THE CARS ARE PARKED. SO WE CAN REALLY SEE THIS CHANGE SO WE CAN REALLY SEE THIS CHANGE IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOR THROUGHOUT IN CONSUMER BEHAVIOR THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE THING RIGHT UP UNTIL THE ENTIRE THING RIGHT UP UNTIL THIS WEEK. THIS WEEK. >> DO YOU THINK WE’RE GOING TO >> DO YOU THINK WE’RE GOING TO BE BOOMING AGAIN? BE BOOMING AGAIN? DO YOU THINK DEMAND WILL BE BACK DO YOU THINK DEMAND WILL BE BACK IN A HUGE WAY THIRD QUARTER OF IN A HUGE WAY THIRD QUARTER OF THIS YEAR? THIS YEAR? YOU’VE GOT A UNIQUE PERSPECTIVE. YOU’VE GOT A UNIQUE PERSPECTIVE. EVERYONE ELSE’S NUMBERS ARE EVERYONE ELSE’S NUMBERS ARE WARPED BECAUSE, THROUGH NO FAULT WARPED BECAUSE, THROUGH NO FAULT OF THEIR OWN, THEY SHUT DOWN. OF THEIR OWN, THEY SHUT DOWN. YOU’VE LIVED THROUGH THIS. YOU’VE LIVED THROUGH THIS. >> IT WOULD BE HARD TO FORECAST >> IT WOULD BE HARD TO FORECAST WHAT IT WILL BE LIKE THE REST OF WHAT IT WILL BE LIKE THE REST OF THE YEAR. THE YEAR. I THINK THERE ARE A LOT OF I THINK THERE ARE A LOT OF MOVING PIECES HERE. MOVING PIECES HERE. THE JOB MARKET THAT WE’LL BE THE JOB MARKET THAT WE’LL BE WATCHING. WATCHING. MANY PEOPLE ARE STARTING TO COME MANY PEOPLE ARE STARTING TO COME BACK TO WORK. BACK TO WORK. THIS WILL AFFECT DIFFERENT THIS WILL AFFECT DIFFERENT SEGMENTS. SEGMENTS. FOOD SERVICE WILL EASE THEIR WAY FOOD SERVICE WILL EASE THEIR WAY BACK IN. BACK IN. SOME OTHER PARTS OF THE ECONOMY SOME OTHER PARTS OF THE ECONOMY MAY BE MORE IMPACTED. MAY BE MORE IMPACTED. SO THIS WILL BE SOMETHING THAT SO THIS WILL BE SOMETHING THAT WE’LL HAVE TO WATCH CLOSELY. WE’LL HAVE TO WATCH CLOSELY. BUT AS FAR AS THE CONSUMER, BUT AS FAR AS THE CONSUMER, THERE WILL DEFINITELY BE SOME THERE WILL DEFINITELY BE SOME CHANGES. CHANGES. I THINK PEOPLE WHO HAVE LEARNED I THINK PEOPLE WHO HAVE LEARNED TO USE PICK-UP AS AN OPTION FOR

THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY by FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER PREFACE In republishing these essays in collected form, it has seemed best to issue them as they were originally printed, with the exception of a few slight corrections of slips in the text and with the omission of occasional duplication of language in the different essays. A considerable part of whatever value they may possess arises from the fact that they are commentaries in different periods on the central theme of the influence of the frontier in American history. Consequently they may have some historical significance as contemporaneous attempts of a student of American history, at successive transitions in our development during the past quarter century to interpret the relations of the present to the past. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the various societies and periodicals which have given permission to reprint the essays. Various essays dealing with the connection of diplomatic history and the frontier and others stressing the significance of the section, or geographic province, in American history, are not included in the present collection. Neither the French nor the Spanish frontier is within the scope of the volume. The future alone can disclose how far these interpretations are correct for the age of colonization which came gradually to an end with the disappearance of the frontier and free land. It alone can reveal how much of the courageous, creative American spirit, and how large a part of the historic American ideals are to be carried over into that new age which is replacing the era of free lands and of measurable isolation by consolidated and complex industrial development and by increasing resemblances and connections between the New World and the Old. But the larger part of what has been distinctive and valuable in America's contribution to the history of the human spirit has been due to this nation's peculiar experience in extending its type of frontier into new regions; and in creating peaceful societies with new ideals in the successive vast and differing geographic provinces which together make up the United States. Directly or indirectly these experiences shaped the life of the Eastern as well as the Western States, and even reacted upon the Old World and influenced the direction of its thought and its progress. This experience has been fundamental in the economic, political and social characteristics of the American people and in their conceptions of their destiny. Writing at the close of 1796, the French minister to the United States, M. Adet, reported to his government that Jefferson could not be relied on to be devoted to French interests, and he added: "Jefferson, I say, is American, and by that name, he cannot be sincerely our friend. An American is the born enemy of all European peoples." Obviously erroneous as are these words, there was an element of truth in them. If we would understand this element of truth, we must study the transforming influence of the American wilderness, remote from Europe, and by its resources and its free opportunities affording the conditions under which a new people, with new social and political types and ideals, could arise to play its own part in the world, and to influence Europe. FREDERICK J. TURNER. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, March, 1920. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY[1:1] In a recent bulletin of the Superintendent of the Census for 1890 appear these significant words: "Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement, but at present the unsettled area has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line. In the discussion of its extent, its westward movement, etc., it can not, therefore, any longer have a place in the census reports." This brief official statement marks the closing of a great historic movement. Up to our own day American history has been in a large degree the history of the colonization of the Great West. The existence of an area of free land, its continuous recession, and the advance of American settlement westward, explain American development. Behind institutions, behind constitutional forms and modifications, lie the vital forces that call these organs into life and shape them to meet changing conditions. The peculiarity of American institutions is, the fact that they have been compelled to adapt themselves to the changes of an expanding people--to the changes involved in crossing a continent, in winning a wilderness, and in developing at each area of this progress out of the primitive economic and political conditions of the frontier into the complexity of city life. Said Calhoun in 1817, "We are great, and rapidly--I was about to say fearfully--growing!"[2:1] So saying, he touched the distinguishing feature of American life. All peoples show development; the germ theory of politics has been sufficiently emphasized. In the case of most nations, however, the development has occurred in a limited area; and if the nation has expanded, it has met other growing peoples whom it has conquered. But in the case of the United States we have a different phenomenon. Limiting our attention to the Atlantic coast, we have the familiar phenomenon of the evolution of institutions in a limited area, such as the rise of representative government; the differentiation of simple colonial governments into complex organs; the progress from primitive industrial society, without division of labor, up to manufacturing civilization. But we have in addition to this a recurrence of the process of evolution in each western area reached in the process of expansion. Thus American development has exhibited not merely advance along a single line, but a return to primitive conditions on a continually advancing frontier line, and a new development for that area. American social development has been continually beginning over again on the frontier. This perennial rebirth, this fluidity of American life, this expansion westward with its new opportunities, its continuous touch with the simplicity of primitive society, furnish the forces dominating American character. The true point of view in the history of this nation is not the Atlantic coast, it is the Great West. Even the slavery struggle, which is made so exclusive an object of attention by writers like Professor von Holst, occupies its important place in American history because of its relation to westward expansion. In this advance, the frontier is the outer edge of the wave--the meeting point between savagery and civilization. Much has been written about the frontier from the point of view of border warfare and the chase, but as a field for the serious study of the economist and the historian it has been neglected. The American frontier is sharply distinguished from the European frontier--a fortified boundary line running through dense populations. The most significant thing about the American frontier is, that it lies at the hither edge of free land. In the census reports it is treated as the margin of that settlement which has a density of two or more to the square mile. The term is an elastic one, and for our purposes does not need sharp definition. We shall consider the whole frontier belt, including the Indian country and the outer margin of the "settled area" of the census reports. This paper will make no attempt to treat the subject exhaustively; its aim is simply to call attention to the frontier as a fertile field for investigation, and to suggest some of the problems which arise in connection with it. In the settlement of America we have to observe how European life entered the continent, and how America modified and developed that life and reacted on Europe. Our early history is the study of European germs developing in an American environment. Too exclusive attention has been paid by institutional students to the Germanic origins, too little to the American factors. The frontier is the line of most rapid and effective Americanization. The wilderness masters the colonist. It finds him a European in dress, industries, tools, modes of travel, and thought. It takes him from the railroad car and puts him in the birch canoe. It strips off the garments of civilization and arrays him in the hunting shirt and the moccasin. It puts him in the log cabin of the Cherokee and Iroquois and runs an Indian palisade around him. Before long he has gone to planting Indian corn and plowing with a sharp stick; he shouts the war cry and takes the scalp in orthodox Indian fashion. In short, at the frontier the environment is at first too strong for the man. He must accept the conditions which it furnishes, or perish, and so he fits himself into the Indian clearings and follows the Indian trails. Little by little he transforms the wilderness, but the outcome is not the old Europe, not simply the development of Germanic germs, any more than the first phenomenon was a case of reversion to the Germanic mark. The fact is, that here is a new product that is American. At first, the frontier was the Atlantic coast. It was the frontier of Europe in a very real sense. Moving westward, the frontier became more and more American. As successive terminal moraines result from successive glaciations, so each frontier leaves its traces behind it, and when it becomes a settled area the region still partakes of the frontier characteristics. Thus the advance of the frontier has meant a steady movement away from the influence of Europe, a steady growth of independence on American lines. And to study this advance, the men who grew up under these conditions, and the political, economic, and social results of it, is to study the really American part of our history. In the course of the seventeenth century the frontier was advanced up the Atlantic river courses, just beyond the "fall line," and the tidewater region became the settled area. In the first half of the eighteenth century another advance occurred. Traders followed the Delaware and Shawnese Indians to the Ohio as early as the end of the first quarter of the century.[5:1] Gov. Spotswood, of Virginia, made an expedition in 1714 across the Blue Ridge. The end of the first quarter of the century saw the advance of the Scotch-Irish and the Palatine Germans up the Shenandoah Valley into the western part of Virginia, and along the Piedmont region of the Carolinas.[5:2] The Germans in New York pushed the frontier of settlement up the Mohawk to German Flats.[5:3] In Pennsylvania the town of Bedford indicates the line of settlement. Settlements soon began on the New River, or the Great Kanawha, and on the sources of the Yadkin and French Broad.[5:4] The King attempted to arrest the advance by his proclamation of 1763,[5:5] forbidding settlements beyond the sources of the rivers flowing into the Atlantic; but in vain. In the period of the Revolution the frontier crossed the Alleghanies into Kentucky and Tennessee, and the upper waters of the Ohio were settled.[5:6] When the first census was taken in 1790, the continuous settled area was bounded by a line which ran near the coast of Maine, and included New England except a portion of Vermont and New Hampshire, New York along the Hudson and up the Mohawk about Schenectady, eastern and southern Pennsylvania, Virginia well across the Shenandoah Valley, and the Carolinas and eastern Georgia.[6:1] Beyond this region of continuous settlement were the small settled areas of Kentucky and Tennessee, and the Ohio, with the mountains intervening between them and the Atlantic area, thus giving a new and important character to the frontier. The isolation of the region increased its peculiarly American tendencies, and the need of transportation facilities to connect it with the East called out important schemes of internal improvement, which will be noted farther on. The "West," as a self-conscious section, began to evolve. From decade to decade distinct advances of the frontier occurred. By the census of 1820[6:2] the settled area included Ohio, southern Indiana and Illinois, southeastern Missouri, and about one-half of Louisiana. This settled area had surrounded Indian areas, and the management of these tribes became an object of political concern. The frontier region of the time lay along the Great Lakes, where Astor's American Fur Company operated in the Indian trade,[6:3] and beyond the Mississippi, where Indian traders extended their activity even to the Rocky Mountains; Florida also furnished frontier conditions. The Mississippi River region was the scene of typical frontier settlements.[7:1] The rising steam navigation[7:2] on western waters, the opening of the Erie Canal, and the westward extension of cotton[7:3] culture added five frontier states to the Union in this period. Grund, writing in 1836, declares: "It appears then that the universal disposition of Americans to emigrate to the western wilderness, in order to enlarge their dominion over inanimate nature, is the actual result of an expansive power which is inherent in them, and which by continually agitating all classes of society is constantly throwing a large portion of the whole population on the extreme confines of the State, in order to gain space for its development. Hardly is a new State or Territory formed before the same principle manifests itself again and gives rise to a further emigration; and so is it destined to go on until a physical barrier must finally obstruct its progress."[7:4] In the middle of this century the line indicated by the present eastern boundary of Indian Territory, Nebraska, and Kansas marked the frontier of the Indian country.[8:1] Minnesota and Wisconsin still exhibited frontier conditions,[8:2] but the distinctive frontier of the period is found in California, where the gold discoveries had sent a sudden tide of adventurous miners, and in Oregon, and the settlements in Utah.[8:3] As the frontier had leaped over the Alleghanies, so now it skipped the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains; and in the same way that the advance of the frontiersmen beyond the Alleghanies had caused the rise of important questions of transportation and internal improvement, so now the settlers beyond the Rocky Mountains needed means of communication with the East, and in the furnishing of these arose the settlement of the Great Plains and the development of still another kind of frontier life. Railroads, fostered by land grants, sent an increasing tide of immigrants into the Far West. The United States Army fought a series of Indian wars in Minnesota, Dakota, and the Indian Territory. By 1880 the settled area had been pushed into northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, along Dakota rivers, and in the Black Hills region, and was ascending the rivers of Kansas and Nebraska. The development of mines in Colorado had drawn isolated frontier settlements into that region, and Montana and Idaho were receiving settlers. The frontier was found in these mining camps and the ranches of the Great Plains. The superintendent of the census for 1890 reports, as previously stated, that the settlements of the West lie so scattered over the region that there can no longer be said to be a frontier line. In these successive frontiers we find natural boundary lines which have served to mark and to affect the characteristics of the frontiers, namely: the "fall line;" the Alleghany Mountains; the Mississippi; the Missouri where its direction approximates north and south; the line of the arid lands, approximately the ninety-ninth meridian; and the Rocky Mountains. The fall line marked the frontier of the seventeenth century; the Alleghanies that of the eighteenth; the Mississippi that of the first quarter of the nineteenth; the Missouri that of the middle of this century (omitting the California movement); and the belt of the Rocky Mountains and the arid tract, the present frontier. Each was won by a series of Indian wars. At the Atlantic frontier one can study the germs of processes repeated at each successive frontier. We have the complex European life sharply precipitated by the wilderness into the simplicity of primitive conditions. The first frontier had to meet its Indian question, its question of the disposition of the public domain, of the means of intercourse with older settlements, of the extension of political organization, of religious and educational activity. And the settlement of these and similar questions for one frontier served as a guide for the next. The American student needs not to go to the "prim little townships of Sleswick" for illustrations of the law of continuity and development. For example, he may study the origin of our land policies in the colonial land policy; he may see how the system grew by adapting the statutes to the customs of the successive frontiers.[10:1] He may see how the mining experience in the lead regions of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa was applied to the mining laws of the Sierras,[10:2] and how our Indian policy has been a series of experimentations on successive frontiers. Each tier of new States has found in the older ones material for its constitutions.[10:3] Each frontier has made similar contributions to American character, as will be discussed farther on. But with all these similarities there are essential differences due to the place element and the time element. It is evident that the farming frontier of the Mississippi Valley presents different conditions from the mining frontier of the Rocky Mountains. The frontier reached by the Pacific Railroad, surveyed into rectangles, guarded by the United States Army, and recruited by the daily immigrant ship, moves forward at a swifter pace and in a different way than the frontier reached by the birch canoe or the pack horse. The geologist traces patiently the shores of ancient seas, maps their areas, and compares the older and the newer. It would be a work worth the historian's labors to mark these various frontiers and in detail compare one with another. Not only would there result a more adequate conception of American development and characteristics, but invaluable additions would be made to the history of society. Loria,[11:1] the Italian economist, has urged the study of colonial life as an aid in understanding the stages of European development, affirming that colonial settlement is for economic science what the mountain is for geology, bringing to light primitive stratifications. "America," he says, "has the key to the historical enigma which Europe has sought for centuries in vain, and the land which has no history reveals luminously the course of universal history." There is much truth in this. The United States lies like a huge page in the history of society. Line by line as we read this continental page from West to East we find the record of social evolution. It begins with the Indian and the hunter; it goes on to tell of the disintegration of savagery by the entrance of the trader, the pathfinder of civilization; we read the annals of the pastoral stage in ranch life; the exploitation of the soil by the raising of unrotated crops of corn and wheat in sparsely settled farming communities; the intensive culture of the denser farm settlement; and finally the manufacturing organization with city and factory system.[11:2] This page is familiar to the student of census statistics, but how little of it has been used by our historians. Particularly in eastern States this page is a palimpsest. What is now a manufacturing State was in an earlier decade an area of intensive farming. Earlier yet it had been a wheat area, and still earlier the "range" had attracted the cattle-herder. Thus Wisconsin, now developing manufacture, is a State with varied agricultural interests. But earlier it was given over to almost exclusive grain-raising, like North Dakota at the present time. Each of these areas has had an influence in our economic and political history; the evolution of each into a higher stage has worked political transformations. But what constitutional historian has made any adequate attempt to interpret political facts by the light of these social areas and changes?[12:1] The Atlantic frontier was compounded of fisherman, fur-trader, miner, cattle-raiser, and farmer. Excepting the fisherman, each type of industry was on the march toward the West, impelled by an irresistible attraction. Each passed in successive waves across the continent. Stand at Cumberland Gap and watch the procession of civilization, marching single file--the buffalo following the trail to the salt springs, the Indian, the fur-trader and hunter, the cattle-raiser, the pioneer farmer--and the frontier has passed by. Stand at South Pass in the Rockies a century later and see the same procession with wider intervals between. The unequal rate of advance compels us to distinguish the frontier into the trader's frontier, the rancher's frontier, or the miner's frontier, and the farmer's frontier. When the mines and the cow pens were still near the fall line the traders' pack trains were tinkling across the Alleghanies, and the French on the Great Lakes were fortifying their posts, alarmed by the British trader's birch canoe. When the trappers scaled the Rockies, the farmer was still near the mouth of the Missouri. Why was it that the Indian trader passed so rapidly across the continent? What effects followed from the trader's frontier? The trade was coeval with American discovery. The Norsemen, Vespuccius, Verrazani, Hudson, John Smith, all trafficked for furs. The Plymouth pilgrims settled in Indian cornfields, and their first return cargo was of beaver and lumber. The records of the various New England colonies show how steadily exploration was carried into the wilderness by this trade. What is true for New England is, as would be expected, even plainer for the rest of the colonies. All along the coast from Maine to Georgia the Indian trade opened up the river courses. Steadily the trader passed westward, utilizing the older lines of French trade. The Ohio, the Great Lakes, the Mississippi, the Missouri, and the Platte, the lines of western advance, were ascended by traders. They found the passes in the Rocky Mountains and guided Lewis and Clark,[13:1] Frémont, and Bidwell. The explanation of the rapidity of this advance is connected with the effects of the trader on the Indian. The trading post left the unarmed tribes at the mercy of those that had purchased fire-arms--a truth which the Iroquois Indians wrote in blood, and so the remote and unvisited tribes gave eager welcome to the trader. "The savages," wrote La Salle, "take better care of us French than of their own children; from us only can they get guns and goods." This accounts for the trader's power and the rapidity of his advance. Thus the disintegrating forces of civilization entered the wilderness. Every river valley and Indian trail became a fissure in Indian society, and so that society became honeycombed. Long before the pioneer farmer appeared on the scene, primitive Indian life had passed away. The farmers met Indians armed with guns. The trading frontier, while steadily undermining Indian power by making the tribes ultimately dependent on the whites, yet, through its sale of guns, gave to the Indian increased power of resistance to the farming frontier. French colonization was dominated by its trading frontier; English colonization by its farming frontier. There was an antagonism between the two frontiers as between the two nations. Said Duquesne to the Iroquois, "Are you ignorant of the difference between the king of England and the king of France? Go see the forts that our king has established and you will see that you can still hunt under their very walls. They have been placed for your advantage in places which you frequent. The English, on the contrary, are no sooner in possession of a place than the game is driven away. The forest falls before them as they advance, and the soil is laid bare so that you can scarce find the wherewithal to erect a shelter for the night." And yet, in spite of this opposition of the interests of the trader and the farmer, the Indian trade pioneered the way for civilization. The buffalo trail became the Indian trail, and this became the trader's "trace;" the trails widened into roads, and the roads into turnpikes, and these in turn were transformed into railroads. The same origin can be shown for the railroads of the South, the Far West, and the Dominion of Canada.[14:1] The trading posts reached by these trails were on the sites of Indian villages which had been placed in positions suggested by nature; and these trading posts, situated so as to command the water systems of the country, have grown into such cities as Albany, Pittsburgh, Detroit, Chicago, St. Louis, Council Bluffs, and Kansas City. Thus civilization in America has followed the arteries made by geology, pouring an ever richer tide through them, until at last the slender paths of aboriginal intercourse have been broadened and interwoven into the complex mazes of modern commercial lines; the wilderness has been interpenetrated by lines of civilization growing ever more numerous. It is like the steady growth of a complex nervous system for the originally simple, inert continent. If one would understand why we are to-day one nation, rather than a collection of isolated states, he must study this economic and social consolidation of the country. In this progress from savage conditions lie topics for the evolutionist.[15:1] The effect of the Indian frontier as a consolidating agent in our history is important. From the close of the seventeenth century various intercolonial congresses have been called to treat with Indians and establish common measures of defense. Particularism was strongest in colonies with no Indian frontier. This frontier stretched along the western border like a cord of union. The Indian was a common danger, demanding united action. Most celebrated of these conferences was the Albany congress of 1754, called to treat with the Six Nations, and to consider plans of union. Even a cursory reading of the plan proposed by the congress reveals the importance of the frontier. The powers of the general council and the officers were, chiefly, the determination of peace and war with the Indians, the regulation of Indian trade, the purchase of Indian lands, and the creation and government of new settlements as a security against the Indians. It is evident that the unifying tendencies of the Revolutionary period were facilitated by the previous coöperation in the regulation of the frontier. In this connection may be mentioned the importance of the frontier, from that day to this, as a military training school, keeping alive the power of resistance to aggression, and developing the stalwart and rugged qualities of the frontiersman. It would not be possible in the limits of this paper to trace the other frontiers across the continent. Travelers of the eighteenth century found the "cowpens" among the canebrakes and peavine pastures of the South, and the "cow drivers" took their droves to Charleston, Philadelphia, and New York.[16:1] Travelers at the close of the War of 1812 met droves of more than a thousand cattle and swine from the interior of Ohio going to Pennsylvania to fatten for the Philadelphia market.[16:2] The ranges of the Great Plains, with ranch and cowboy and nomadic life, are things of yesterday and of to-day. The experience of the Carolina cowpens guided the ranchers of Texas. One element favoring the rapid extension of the rancher's frontier is the fact that in a remote country lacking transportation facilities the product must be in small bulk, or must be able to transport itself, and the cattle raiser could easily drive his product to market. The effect of these great ranches on the subsequent agrarian history of the localities in which they existed should be studied. The maps of the census reports show an uneven advance of the farmer's frontier, with tongues of settlement pushed forward and with indentations of wilderness. In part this is due to Indian resistance, in part to the location of river valleys and passes, in part to the unequal force of the centers of frontier attraction. Among the important centers of attraction may be mentioned the following: fertile and favorably situated soils, salt springs, mines, and army posts. The frontier army post, serving to protect the settlers from the Indians, has also acted as a wedge to open the Indian country, and has been a nucleus for settlement.[16:3] In this connection mention should also be made of the government military and exploring expeditions in determining the lines of settlement. But all the more important expeditions were greatly indebted to the earliest pathmakers, the Indian guides, the traders and trappers, and the French voyageurs, who were inevitable parts of governmental expeditions from the days of Lewis and Clark.[17:1] Each expedition was an epitome of the previous factors in western advance. In an interesting monograph, Victor Hehn[17:2] has traced the effect of salt upon early European development, and has pointed out how it affected the lines of settlement and the form of administration. A similar study might be made for the salt springs of the United States. The early settlers were tied to the coast by the need of salt, without which they could not preserve their meats or live in comfort. Writing in 1752, Bishop Spangenburg says of a colony for which he was seeking lands in North Carolina, "They will require salt & other necessaries which they can neither manufacture nor raise. Either they must go to Charleston, which is 300 miles distant . . . Or else they must go to Boling's Point in V{a} on a branch of the James & is also 300 miles from here. . . Or else they must go down the Roanoke--I know not how many miles--where salt is brought up from the Cape Fear."[17:3] This may serve as a typical illustration. An annual pilgrimage to the coast for salt thus became essential. Taking flocks or furs and ginseng root, the early settlers sent their pack trains after seeding time each year to the coast.[17:4] This proved to be an important educational influence, since it was almost the only way in which the pioneer learned what was going on in the East. But when discovery was made of the salt springs of the Kanawha, and the Holston, and Kentucky, and central New York, the West began to be freed from dependence on the coast. It was in part the effect of finding these salt springs that enabled settlement to cross the mountains. From the time the mountains rose between the pioneer and the seaboard, a new order of Americanism arose. The West and the East began to get out of touch of each other. The settlements from the sea to the mountains kept connection with the rear and had a certain solidarity. But the over-mountain men grew more and more independent. The East took a narrow view of American advance, and nearly lost these men. Kentucky and Tennessee history bears abundant witness to the truth of this statement. The East began to try to hedge and limit westward expansion. Though Webster could declare that there were no Alleghanies in his politics, yet in politics in general they were a very solid factor. The exploitation of the beasts took hunter and trader to the west, the exploitation of the grasses took the rancher west, and the exploitation of the virgin soil of the river valleys and prairies attracted the farmer. Good soils have been the most continuous attraction to the farmer's frontier. The land hunger of the Virginians drew them down the rivers into Carolina, in early colonial days; the search for soils took the Massachusetts men to Pennsylvania and to New York. As the eastern lands were taken up migration flowed across them to the west. Daniel Boone, the great backwoodsman, who combined the occupations of hunter, trader, cattle-raiser, farmer, and surveyor--learning, probably from the traders, of the fertility of the lands of the upper Yadkin, where the traders were wont to rest as they took their way to the Indians, left his Pennsylvania home with his father, and passed down the Great Valley road to that stream. Learning from a trader of the game and rich pastures of Kentucky, he pioneered the way for the farmers to that region. Thence he passed to the frontier of Missouri, where his settlement was long a landmark on the frontier. Here again he helped to open the way for civilization, finding salt licks, and trails, and land. His son was among the earliest trappers in the passes of the Rocky Mountains, and his party are said to have been the first to camp on the present site of Denver. His grandson, Col. A. J. Boone, of Colorado, was a power among the Indians of the Rocky Mountains, and was appointed an agent by the government. Kit Carson's mother was a Boone.[19:1] Thus this family epitomizes the backwoodsman's advance across the continent. The farmer's advance came in a distinct series of waves. In Peck's New Guide to the West, published in Boston in 1837, occurs this suggestive passage: Generally, in all the western settlements, three classes, like the waves of the ocean, have rolled one after the other. First comes the pioneer, who depends for the subsistence of his family chiefly upon the natural growth of vegetation, called the "range," and the proceeds of hunting. His implements of agriculture are rude, chiefly of his own make, and his efforts directed mainly to a crop of corn and a "truck patch." The last is a rude garden for growing cabbage, beans, corn for roasting ears, cucumbers, and potatoes. A log cabin, and, occasionally, a stable and corn-crib, and a field of a dozen acres, the timber girdled or "deadened," and fenced, are enough for his occupancy. It is quite immaterial whether he ever becomes the owner of the soil. He is the occupant for the time being, pays no rent, and feels as independent as the "lord of the manor." With a horse, cow, and one or two breeders of swine, he strikes into the woods with his family, and becomes the founder of a new county, or perhaps state. He builds his cabin, gathers around him a few other families of similar tastes and habits, and occupies till the range is somewhat subdued, and hunting a little precarious, or, which is more frequently the case, till the neighbors crowd around, roads, bridges, and fields annoy him, and he lacks elbow room. The preëmption law enables him to dispose of his cabin and cornfield to the next class of emigrants; and, to employ his own figures, he "breaks for the high timber," "clears out for the New Purchase," or migrates to Arkansas or Texas, to work the same process over. The next class of emigrants purchase the lands, add field to field, clear out the roads, throw rough bridges over the streams, put up hewn log houses with glass windows and brick or stone chimneys, occasionally plant orchards, build mills, school-houses, court-houses, etc., and exhibit the picture and forms of plain, frugal, civilized life. Another wave rolls on. The men of capital and enterprise come. The settler is ready to sell out and take the advantage of the rise in property, push farther into the interior and become, himself, a man of capital and enterprise in turn. The small village rises to a spacious town or city; substantial edifices of brick, extensive fields, orchards, gardens, colleges, and churches are seen. Broadcloths, silks, leghorns, crapes, and all the refinements, luxuries, elegancies, frivolities, and fashions are in vogue. Thus wave after wave is rolling westward; the real Eldorado is still farther on. A portion of the two first classes remain stationary amidst the general movement, improve their habits and condition, and rise in the scale of society. The writer has traveled much amongst the first class, the real pioneers. He has lived many years in connection with the second grade; and now the third wave is sweeping over large districts of Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. Migration has become almost a habit in the West. Hundreds of men can be found, not over 50 years of age, who have settled for the fourth, fifth, or sixth time on a new spot. To sell out and remove only a few hundred miles makes up a portion of the variety of backwoods life and manners.[21:1] Omitting those of the pioneer farmers who move from the love of adventure, the advance of the more steady farmer is easy to understand. Obviously the immigrant was attracted by the cheap lands of the frontier, and even the native farmer felt their influence strongly. Year by year the farmers who lived on soil whose returns were diminished by unrotated crops were offered the virgin soil of the frontier at nominal prices. Their growing families demanded more lands, and these were dear. The competition of the unexhausted, cheap, and easily tilled prairie lands compelled the farmer either to go west and continue the exhaustion of the soil on a new frontier, or to adopt intensive culture. Thus the census of 1890 shows, in the Northwest, many counties in which there is an absolute or a relative decrease of population. These States have been sending farmers to advance the frontier on the plains, and have themselves begun to turn to intensive farming and to manufacture. A decade before this, Ohio had shown the same transition stage. Thus the demand for land and the love of wilderness freedom drew the frontier ever onward. Having now roughly outlined the various kinds of frontiers, and their modes of advance, chiefly from the point of view of the frontier itself, we may next inquire what were the influences on the East and on the Old World. A rapid enumeration of some of the more noteworthy effects is all that I have time for. First, we note that the frontier promoted the formation of a composite nationality for the American people. The coast was preponderantly English, but the later tides of continental immigration flowed across to the free lands. This was the case from the early colonial days. The Scotch-Irish and the Palatine Germans, or "Pennsylvania Dutch," furnished the dominant element in the stock of the colonial frontier. With these peoples were also the freed indented servants, or redemptioners, who at the expiration of their time of service passed to the frontier. Governor Spotswood of Virginia writes in 1717, "The inhabitants of our frontiers are composed generally of such as have been transported hither as servants, and, being out of their time, settle themselves where land is to be taken up and that will produce the necessarys of life with little labour."[22:1] Very generally these redemptioners were of non-English stock. In the crucible of the frontier the immigrants were Americanized, liberated, and fused into a mixed race, English in neither nationality nor characteristics. The process has gone on from the early days to our own. Burke and other writers in the middle of the eighteenth century believed that Pennsylvania[23:1] was "threatened with the danger of being wholly foreign in language, manners, and perhaps even inclinations." The German and Scotch-Irish elements in the frontier of the South were only less great. In the middle of the present century the German element in Wisconsin was already so considerable that leading publicists looked to the creation of a German state out of the commonwealth by concentrating their colonization.[23:2] Such examples teach us to beware of misinterpreting the fact that there is a common English speech in America into a belief that the stock is also English. In another way the advance of the frontier decreased our dependence on England. The coast, particularly of the South, lacked diversified industries, and was dependent on England for the bulk of its supplies. In the South there was even a dependence on the Northern colonies for articles of food. Governor Glenn, of South Carolina, writes in the middle of the eighteenth century: "Our trade with New York and Philadelphia was of this sort, draining us of all the little money and bills we could gather from other places for their bread, flour, beer, hams, bacon, and other things of their produce, all which, except beer, our new townships begin to supply us with, which are settled with very industrious and thriving Germans. This no doubt diminishes the number of shipping and the appearance of our trade, but it is far from being a detriment to us."[23:3] Before long the frontier created a demand for merchants. As it retreated from the coast it became less and less possible for England to bring her supplies directly to the consumer's wharfs, and carry away staple crops, and staple crops began to give way to diversified agriculture for a time. The effect of this phase of the frontier action upon the northern section is perceived when we realize how the advance of the frontier aroused seaboard cities like Boston, New York, and Baltimore, to engage in rivalry for what Washington called "the extensive and valuable trade of a rising empire." The legislation which most developed the powers of the national government, and played the largest part in its activity, was conditioned on the frontier. Writers have discussed the subjects of tariff, land, and internal improvement, as subsidiary to the slavery question. But when American history comes to be rightly viewed it will be seen that the slavery question is an incident. In the period from the end of the first half of the present century to the close of the Civil War slavery rose to primary, but far from exclusive, importance. But this does not justify Dr. von Holst (to take an example) in treating our constitutional history in its formative period down to 1828 in a single volume, giving six volumes chiefly to the history of slavery from 1828 to 1861, under the title "Constitutional History of the United States." The growth of nationalism and the evolution of American political institutions were dependent on the advance of the frontier. Even so recent a writer as Rhodes, in his "History of the United States since the Compromise of 1850," has treated the legislation called out by the western advance as incidental to the slavery struggle. This is a wrong perspective. The pioneer needed the goods of the coast, and so the grand series of internal improvement and railroad legislation began, with potent nationalizing effects. Over internal improvements occurred great debates, in which grave constitutional questions were discussed. Sectional groupings appear in the votes, profoundly significant for the historian. Loose construction increased as the nation marched westward.[25:1] But the West was not content with bringing the farm to the factory. Under the lead of Clay--"Harry of the West"--protective tariffs were passed, with the cry of bringing the factory to the farm. The disposition of the public lands was a third important subject of national legislation influenced by the frontier. The public domain has been a force of profound importance in the nationalization and development of the government. The effects of the struggle of the landed and the landless States, and of the Ordinance of 1787, need no discussion.[25:2] Administratively the frontier called out some of the highest and most vitalizing activities of the general government. The purchase of Louisiana was perhaps the constitutional turning point in the history of the Republic, inasmuch as it afforded both a new area for national legislation and the occasion of the downfall of the policy of strict construction. But the purchase of Louisiana was called out by frontier needs and demands. As frontier States accrued to the Union the national power grew. In a speech on the dedication of the Calhoun monument Mr. Lamar explained: "In 1789 the States were the creators of the Federal Government; in 1861 the Federal Government was the creator of a large majority of the States." When we consider the public domain from the point of view of the sale and disposal of the public lands we are again brought face to face with the frontier. The policy of the United States in dealing with its lands is in sharp contrast with the European system of scientific administration. Efforts to make this domain a source of revenue, and to withhold it from emigrants in order that settlement might be compact, were in vain. The jealousy and the fears of the East were powerless in the face of the demands of the frontiersmen. John Quincy Adams was obliged to confess: "My own system of administration, which was to make the national domain the inexhaustible fund for progressive and unceasing internal improvement, has failed." The reason is obvious; a system of administration was not what the West demanded; it wanted land. Adams states the situation as follows: "The slaveholders of the South have bought the coöperation of the western country by the bribe of the western lands, abandoning to the new Western States their own proportion of the public property and aiding them in the design of grasping all the lands into their own hands." Thomas H. Benton was the author of this system, which he brought forward as a substitute for the American system of Mr. Clay, and to supplant him as the leading statesman of the West. Mr. Clay, by his tariff compromise with Mr. Calhoun, abandoned his own American system. At the same time he brought forward a plan for distributing among all the States of the Union the proceeds of the sales of the public lands. His bill for that purpose passed both Houses of Congress, but was vetoed by President Jackson, who, in his annual message of December, 1832, formally recommended that all public lands should be gratuitously given away to individual adventurers and to the States in which the lands are situated.[26:1] "No subject," said Henry Clay, "which has presented itself to the present, or perhaps any preceding, Congress, is of greater magnitude than that of the public lands." When we consider the far-reaching effects of the government's land policy upon political, economic, and social aspects of American life, we are disposed to agree with him. But this legislation was framed under frontier influences, and under the lead of Western statesmen like Benton and Jackson. Said Senator Scott of Indiana in 1841: "I consider the preëmption law merely declaratory of the custom or common law of the settlers." It is safe to say that the legislation with regard to land, tariff, and internal improvements--the American system of the nationalizing Whig party--was conditioned on frontier ideas and needs. But it was not merely in legislative action that the frontier worked against the sectionalism of the coast. The economic and social characteristics of the frontier worked against sectionalism. The men of the frontier had closer resemblances to the Middle region than to either of the other sections. Pennsylvania had been the seed-plot of frontier emigration, and, although she passed on her settlers along the Great Valley into the west of Virginia and the Carolinas, yet the industrial society of these Southern frontiersmen was always more like that of the Middle region than like that of the tide-water portion of the South, which later came to spread its industrial type throughout the South. The Middle region, entered by New York harbor, was an open door to all Europe. The tide-water part of the South represented typical Englishmen, modified by a warm climate and servile labor, and living in baronial fashion on great plantations; New England stood for a special English movement--Puritanism. The Middle region was less English than the other sections. It had a wide mixture of nationalities, a varied society, the mixed town and county system of local government, a varied economic life, many religious sects. In short, it was a region mediating between New England and the South, and the East and the West. It represented that composite nationality which the contemporary United States exhibits, that juxtaposition of non-English groups, occupying a valley or a little settlement, and presenting reflections of the map of Europe in their variety. It was democratic and nonsectional, if not national; "easy, tolerant, and contented;" rooted strongly in material prosperity. It was typical of the modern United States. It was least sectional, not only because it lay between North and South, but also because with no barriers to shut out its frontiers from its settled region, and with a system of connecting waterways, the Middle region mediated between East and West as well as between North and South. Thus it became the typically American region. Even the New Englander, who was shut out from the frontier by the Middle region, tarrying in New York or Pennsylvania on his westward march, lost the acuteness of his sectionalism on the way.[28:1] The spread of cotton culture into the interior of the South finally broke down the contrast between the "tide-water" region and the rest of the State, and based Southern interests on slavery. Before this process revealed its results the western portion of the South, which was akin to Pennsylvania in stock, society, and industry, showed tendencies to fall away from the faith of the fathers into internal improvement legislation and nationalism. In the Virginia convention of 1829-30, called to revise the constitution, Mr. Leigh, of Chesterfield, one of the tide-water counties, declared: One of the main causes of discontent which led to this convention, that which had the strongest influence in overcoming our veneration for the work of our fathers, which taught us to contemn the sentiments of Henry and Mason and Pendleton, which weaned us from our reverence for the constituted authorities of the State, was an overweening passion for internal improvement. I say this with perfect knowledge, for it has been avowed to me by gentlemen from the West over and over again. And let me tell the gentleman from Albemarle (Mr. Gordon) that it has been another principal object of those who set this ball of revolution in motion, to overturn the doctrine of State rights, of which Virginia has been the very pillar, and to remove the barrier she has interposed to the interference of the Federal Government in that same work of internal improvement, by so reorganizing the legislature that Virginia, too, may be hitched to the Federal car. It was this nationalizing tendency of the West that transformed the democracy of Jefferson into the national republicanism of Monroe and the democracy of Andrew Jackson. The West of the War of 1812, the West of Clay, and Benton and Harrison, and Andrew Jackson, shut off by the Middle States and the mountains from the coast sections, had a solidarity of its own with national tendencies.[29:1] On the tide of the Father of Waters, North and South met and mingled into a nation. Interstate migration went steadily on--a process of cross-fertilization of ideas and institutions. The fierce struggle of the sections over slavery on the western frontier does not diminish the truth of this statement; it proves the truth of it. Slavery was a sectional trait that would not down, but in the West it could not remain sectional. It was the greatest of frontiersmen who declared: "I believe this Government can not endure permanently half slave and half free. It will become all of one thing or all of the other." Nothing works for nationalism like intercourse within the nation. Mobility of population is death to localism, and the western frontier worked irresistibly in unsettling population. The effect reached back from the frontier and affected profoundly the Atlantic coast and even the Old World. But the most important effect of the frontier has been in the promotion of democracy here and in Europe. As has been indicated, the frontier is productive of individualism. Complex society is precipitated by the wilderness into a kind of primitive organization based on the family. The tendency is anti-social. It produces antipathy to control, and particularly to any direct control. The tax-gatherer is viewed as a representative of oppression. Prof. Osgood, in an able article,[30:1] has pointed out that the frontier conditions prevalent in the colonies are important factors in the explanation of the American Revolution, where individual liberty was sometimes confused with absence of all effective government. The same conditions aid in explaining the difficulty of instituting a strong government in the period of the confederacy. The frontier individualism has from the beginning promoted democracy. The frontier States that came into the Union in the first quarter of a century of its existence came in with democratic suffrage provisions, and had reactive effects of the highest importance upon the older States whose peoples were being attracted there. An extension of the franchise became essential. It was _western_ New York that forced an extension of suffrage in the constitutional convention of that State in 1821; and it was _western_ Virginia that compelled the tide-water region to put a more liberal suffrage provision in the constitution framed in 1830, and to give to the frontier region a more nearly proportionate representation with the tide-water aristocracy. The rise of democracy as an effective force in the nation came in with western preponderance under Jackson and William Henry Harrison, and it meant the triumph of the frontier--with all of its good and with all of its evil elements.[31:1] An interesting illustration of the tone of frontier democracy in 1830 comes from the same debates in the Virginia convention already referred to. A representative from western Virginia declared: But, sir, it is not the increase of population in the West which this gentleman ought to fear. It is the energy which the mountain breeze and western habits impart to those emigrants. They are regenerated, politically I mean, sir. They soon become _working politicians_; and the difference, sir, between a _talking_ and a _working_ politician is immense. The Old Dominion has long been celebrated for producing great orators; the ablest metaphysicians in policy; men that can split hairs in all abstruse questions of political economy. But at home, or when they return from Congress, they have negroes to fan them asleep. But a Pennsylvania, a New York, an Ohio, or a western Virginia statesman, though far inferior in logic, metaphysics, and rhetoric to an old Virginia statesman, has this advantage, that when he returns home he takes off his coat and takes hold of the plow. This gives him bone and muscle, sir, and preserves his republican principles pure and uncontaminated. So long as free land exists, the opportunity for a competency exists, and economic power secures political power. But the democracy born of free land, strong in selfishness and individualism, intolerant of administrative experience and education, and pressing individual liberty beyond its proper bounds, has its dangers as well as its benefits. Individualism in America has allowed a laxity in regard to governmental affairs which has rendered possible the spoils system and all the manifest evils that follow from the lack of a highly developed civic spirit. In this connection may be noted also the influence of frontier conditions in permitting lax business honor, inflated paper currency and wild-cat banking. The colonial and revolutionary frontier was the region whence emanated many of the worst forms of an evil currency.[32:1] The West in the War of 1812 repeated the phenomenon on the frontier of that day, while the speculation and wild-cat banking of the period of the crisis of 1837 occurred on the new frontier belt of the next tier of States. Thus each one of the periods of lax financial integrity coincides with periods when a new set of frontier communities had arisen, and coincides in area with these successive frontiers, for the most part. The recent Populist agitation is a case in point. Many a State that now declines any connection with the tenets of the Populists, itself adhered to such ideas in an earlier stage of the development of the State. A primitive society can hardly be expected to show the intelligent appreciation of the complexity of business interests in a developed society. The continual recurrence of these areas of paper-money agitation is another evidence that the frontier can be isolated and studied as a factor in American history of the highest importance.[32:2] The East has always feared the result of an unregulated advance of the frontier, and has tried to check and guide it. The English authorities would have checked settlement at the headwaters of the Atlantic tributaries and allowed the "savages to enjoy their deserts in quiet lest the peltry trade should decrease." This called out Burke's splendid protest: If you stopped your grants, what would be the consequence? The people would occupy without grants. They have already so occupied in many places. You can not station garrisons in every part of these deserts. If you drive the people from one place, they will carry on their annual tillage and remove with their flocks and herds to another. Many of the people in the back settlements are already little attached to particular situations. Already they have topped the Appalachian Mountains. From thence they behold before them an immense plain, one vast, rich, level meadow; a square of five hundred miles. Over this they would wander without a possibility of restraint; they would change their manners with their habits of life; would soon forget a government by which they were disowned; would become hordes of English Tartars; and, pouring down upon your unfortified frontiers a fierce and irresistible cavalry, become masters of your governors and your counselers, your collectors and comptrollers, and of all the slaves that adhered to them. Such would, and in no long time must, be the effect of attempting to forbid as a crime and to suppress as an evil the command and blessing of Providence, "Increase and multiply." Such would be the happy result of an endeavor to keep as a lair of wild beasts that earth which God, by an express charter, has given to the children of men. But the English Government was not alone in its desire to limit the advance of the frontier and guide its destinies. Tidewater Virginia[34:1] and South Carolina[34:2] gerrymandered those colonies to insure the dominance of the coast in their legislatures. Washington desired to settle a State at a time in the Northwest; Jefferson would reserve from settlement the territory of his Louisiana Purchase north of the thirty-second parallel, in order to offer it to the Indians in exchange for their settlements east of the Mississippi. "When we shall be full on this side," he writes, "we may lay off a range of States on the western bank from the head to the mouth, and so range after range, advancing compactly as we multiply." Madison went so far as to argue to the French minister that the United States had no interest in seeing population extend itself on the right bank of the Mississippi, but should rather fear it. When the Oregon question was under debate, in 1824, Smyth, of Virginia, would draw an unchangeable line for the limits of the United States at the outer limit of two tiers of States beyond the Mississippi, complaining that the seaboard States were being drained of the flower of their population by the bringing of too much land into market. Even Thomas Benton, the man of widest views of the destiny of the West, at this stage of his career declared that along the ridge of the Rocky mountains "the western limits of the Republic should be drawn, and the statue of the fabled god Terminus should be raised upon its highest peak, never to be thrown down."[35:1] But the attempts to limit the boundaries, to restrict land sales and settlement, and to deprive the West of its share of political power were all in vain. Steadily the frontier of settlement advanced and carried with it individualism, democracy, and nationalism, and powerfully affected the East and the Old World. The most effective efforts of the East to regulate the frontier came through its educational and religious activity, exerted by interstate migration and by organized societies. Speaking in 1835, Dr. Lyman Beecher declared: "It is equally plain that the religious and political destiny of our nation is to be decided in the West," and he pointed out that the population of the West "is assembled from all the States of the Union and from all the nations of Europe, and is rushing in like the waters of the flood, demanding for its moral preservation the immediate and universal action of those institutions which discipline the mind and arm the conscience and the heart. And so various are the opinions and habits, and so recent and imperfect is the acquaintance, and so sparse are the settlements of the West, that no homogeneous public sentiment can be formed to legislate immediately into being the requisite institutions. And yet they are all needed immediately in their utmost perfection and power. A nation is being 'born in a day.' . . . But what will become of the West if her prosperity rushes up to such a majesty of power, while those great institutions linger which are necessary to form the mind and the conscience and the heart of that vast world. It must not be permitted. . . . Let no man at the East quiet himself and dream of liberty, whatever may become of the West. . . . Her destiny is our destiny."[36:1] With the appeal to the conscience of New England, he adds appeals to her fears lest other religious sects anticipate her own. The New England preacher and school-teacher left their mark on the West. The dread of Western emancipation from New England's political and economic control was paralleled by her fears lest the West cut loose from her religion. Commenting in 1850 on reports that settlement was rapidly extending northward in Wisconsin, the editor of the _Home Missionary_ writes: "We scarcely know whether to rejoice or mourn over this extension of our settlements. While we sympathize in whatever tends to increase the physical resources and prosperity of our country, we can not forget that with all these dispersions into remote and still remoter corners of the land the supply of the means of grace is becoming relatively less and less." Acting in accordance with such ideas, home missions were established and Western colleges were erected. As seaboard cities like Philadelphia, New York, and Baltimore strove for the mastery of Western trade, so the various denominations strove for the possession of the West. Thus an intellectual stream from New England sources fertilized the West. Other sections sent their missionaries; but the real struggle was between sects. The contest for power and the expansive tendency furnished to the various sects by the existence of a moving frontier must have had important results on the character of religious organization in the United States. The multiplication of rival churches in the little frontier towns had deep and lasting social effects. The religious aspects of the frontier make a chapter in our history which needs study. From the conditions of frontier life came intellectual traits of profound importance. The works of travelers along each frontier from colonial days onward describe certain common traits, and these traits have, while softening down, still persisted as survivals in the place of their origin, even when a higher social organization succeeded. The result is that to the frontier the American intellect owes its striking characteristics. That coarseness and strength combined with acuteness and inquisitiveness; that practical, inventive turn of mind, quick to find expedients; that masterful grasp of material things, lacking in the artistic but powerful to effect great ends; that restless, nervous energy;[37:1] that dominant individualism, working for good and for evil, and withal that buoyancy and exuberance which comes with freedom--these are traits of the frontier, or traits called out elsewhere because of the existence of the frontier. Since the days when the fleet of Columbus sailed into the waters of the New World, America has been another name for opportunity, and the people of the United States have taken their tone from the incessant expansion which has not only been open but has even been forced upon them. He would be a rash prophet who should assert that the expansive character of American life has now entirely ceased. Movement has been its dominant fact, and, unless this training has no effect upon a people, the American energy will continually demand a wider field for its exercise. But never again will such gifts of free land offer themselves. For a moment, at the frontier, the bonds of custom are broken and unrestraint is triumphant. There is not _tabula rasa_. The stubborn American environment is there with its imperious summons to accept its conditions; the inherited ways of doing things are also there; and yet, in spite of environment, and in spite of custom, each frontier did indeed furnish a new field of opportunity, a gate of escape from the bondage of the past; and freshness, and confidence, and scorn of older society, impatience of its restraints and its ideas, and indifference to its lessons, have accompanied the frontier. What the Mediterranean Sea was to the Greeks, breaking the bond of custom, offering new experiences, calling out new institutions and activities, that, and more, the ever retreating frontier has been to the United States directly, and to the nations of Europe more remotely. And now, four centuries from the discovery of America, at the end of a hundred years of life under the Constitution, the frontier has gone, and with its going has closed the first period of American history. FOOTNOTES: [1:1] A paper read at the meeting of the American Historical Association in Chicago, July 12, 1893. It first appeared in the Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, December 14, 1893, with the following note: "The foundation of this paper is my article entitled 'Problems in American History,' which appeared in _The Ægis_, a publication of the students of the University of Wisconsin, November 4, 1892. . . . It is gratifying to find that Professor Woodrow Wilson--whose volume on 'Division and Reunion' in the Epochs of American History Series, has an appreciative estimate of the importance of the West as a factor in American history--accepts some of the views set forth in the papers above mentioned, and enhances their value by his lucid and suggestive treatment of them in his article in _The Forum_, December, 1893, reviewing Goldwin Smith's 'History of the United States.'" The present text is that of the _Report of the American Historical Association_ for 1893, 199-227. It was printed with additions in the _Fifth Year Book of the National Herbart Society_, and in various other publications. [2:1] "Abridgment of Debates of Congress," v, p. 706. [5:1] Bancroft (1860 ed.), iii, pp. 344, 345, citing Logan MSS.; [Mitchell] "Contest in America," etc. (1752), p. 237. [5:2] Kercheval, "History of the Valley"; Bernheim, "German Settlements in the Carolinas"; Winsor, "Narrative and Critical History of America," v, p. 304; Colonial Records of North Carolina, iv, p. xx; Weston, "Documents Connected with the History of South Carolina," p. 82; Ellis and Evans, "History of Lancaster County, Pa.," chs. iii, xxvi. [5:3] Parkman, "Pontiac," ii; Griffis, "Sir William Johnson," p. 6; Simms's "Frontiersmen of New York." [5:4] Monette, "Mississippi Valley," i, p. 311. [5:5] Wis. Hist. Cols., xi, p. 50; Hinsdale, "Old Northwest," p. 121; Burke, "Oration on Conciliation," Works (1872 ed.), i, p. 473. [5:6] Roosevelt, "Winning of the West," and citations there given; Cutler's "Life of Cutler." [6:1] Scribner's Statistical Atlas, xxxviii, pl. 13; McMaster, "Hist. of People of U. S.," i, pp. 4, 60, 61; Imlay and Filson, "Western Territory of America" (London, 1793); Rochefoucault-Liancourt, "Travels Through the United States of North America" (London, 1799); Michaux's "Journal," in _Proceedings American Philosophical Society_, xxvi, No. 129; Forman, "Narrative of a Journey Down the Ohio and Mississippi in 1780-'90" (Cincinnati, 1888); Bartram, "Travels Through North Carolina," etc. (London, 1792); Pope, "Tour Through the Southern and Western Territories," etc. (Richmond, 1792); Weld, "Travels Through the States of North America" (London, 1799); Baily, "Journal of a Tour in the Unsettled States of North America, 1796-'97" (London, 1856); Pennsylvania Magazine of History, July, 1886; Winsor, "Narrative and Critical History of America," vii, pp. 491, 492, citations. [6:2] Scribner's Statistical Atlas, xxxix. [6:3] Turner, "Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin" (Johns Hopkins University Studies, Series ix), pp. 61 ff. [7:1] Monette, "History of the Mississippi Valley," ii; Flint, "Travels and Residence in Mississippi," Flint, "Geography and History of the Western States," "Abridgment of Debates of Congress," vii, pp. 397, 398, 404; Holmes, "Account of the U. S."; Kingdom, "America and the British Colonies" (London, 1820); Grund, "Americans," ii, chs. i, iii, vi (although writing in 1836, he treats of conditions that grew out of western advance from the era of 1820 to that time); Peck, "Guide for Emigrants" (Boston, 1831); Darby, "Emigrants' Guide to Western and Southwestern States and Territories"; Dana, "Geographical Sketches in the Western Country"; Kinzie, "Waubun"; Keating, "Narrative of Long's Expedition"; Schoolcraft, "Discovery of the Sources of the Mississippi River," "Travels in the Central Portions of the Mississippi Valley," and "Lead Mines of the Missouri"; Andreas, "History of Illinois," i, 86-99; Hurlbut, "Chicago Antiquities"; McKenney, "Tour to the Lakes"; Thomas, "Travels Through the Western Country," etc. (Auburn, N. Y., 1819). [7:2] Darby, "Emigrants' Guide," pp. 272 ff; Benton, "Abridgment of Debates," vii, p. 397. [7:3] De Bow's _Review_, iv, p. 254; xvii, p. 428. [7:4] Grund, "Americans," ii, p. 8. [8:1] Peck, "New Guide to the West" (Cincinnati, 1848), ch. iv; Parkman, "Oregon Trail"; Hall, "The West" (Cincinnati, 1848); Pierce, "Incidents of Western Travel"; Murray, "Travels in North America"; Lloyd, "Steamboat Directory" (Cincinnati, 1856); "Forty Days in a Western Hotel" (Chicago), in _Putnam's Magazine_, December, 1894; Mackay, "The Western World," ii, ch. ii, iii; Meeker, "Life in the West"; Bogen, "German in America" (Boston, 1851); Olmstead, "Texas Journey"; Greeley, "Recollections of a Busy Life"; Schouler, "History of the United States," v, 261-267; Peyton, "Over the Alleghanies and Across the Prairies" (London, 1870); Loughborough, "The Pacific Telegraph and Railway" (St. Louis, 1849); Whitney, "Project for a Railroad to the Pacific" (New York, 1849); Peyton, "Suggestions on Railroad Communication with the Pacific, and the Trade of China and the Indian Islands"; Benton, "Highway to the Pacific" (a speech delivered in the U. S. Senate, December 16, 1850). [8:2] A writer in _The Home Missionary_ (1850), p. 239, reporting Wisconsin conditions, exclaims: "Think of this, people of the enlightened East. What an example, to come from the very frontier of civilization!" But one of the missionaries writes: "In a few years Wisconsin will no longer be considered as the West, or as an outpost of civilization, any more than Western New York, or the Western Reserve." [8:3] Bancroft (H. H.), "History of California," "History of Oregon," and "Popular Tribunals"; Shinn, "Mining Camps." [10:1] See the suggestive paper by Prof. Jesse Macy, "The Institutional Beginnings of a Western State." [10:2] Shinn, "Mining Camps." [10:3] Compare Thorpe, in _Annals American Academy of Political and Social Science_, September, 1891; Bryce, "American Commonwealth" (1888), ii, p. 689. [11:1] Loria, Analisi della Proprieta Capitalista, ii, p. 15. [11:2] Compare "Observations on the North American Land Company," London, 1796, pp. xv, 144; Logan, "History of Upper South Carolina," i, pp. 149-151; Turner, "Character and Influence of Indian Trade in Wisconsin," p. 18; Peck, "New Guide for Emigrants" (Boston, 1837), ch. iv; "Compendium Eleventh Census," i, p. xl. [12:1] See _post_, for illustrations of the political accompaniments of changed industrial conditions. [13:1] But Lewis and Clark were the first to explore the route from the Missouri to the Columbia. [14:1] "Narrative and Critical History of America," viii, p. 10; Sparks' "Washington Works," ix, pp. 303, 327; Logan, "History of Upper South Carolina," i; McDonald, "Life of Kenton," p. 72; Cong. Record, xxiii, p. 57. [15:1] On the effect of the fur trade in opening the routes of migration, see the author's "Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin." [16:1] Lodge, "English Colonies," p. 152 and citations; Logan, "Hist. of Upper South Carolina," i, p. 151. [16:2] Flint, "Recollections," p. 9. [16:3] See Monette, "Mississippi Valley," i, p. 344. [17:1] Coues', "Lewis and Clark's Expedition," i, pp. 2, 253-259; Benton, in Cong. Record, xxiii, p. 57. [17:2] Hehn, _Das Salz_ (Berlin, 1873). [17:3] Col. Records of N. C., v, p. 3. [17:4] Findley, "History of the Insurrection in the Four Western Counties of Pennsylvania in the Year 1794" (Philadelphia, 1796), p. 35. [19:1] Hale, "Daniel Boone" (pamphlet). [21:1] Compare Baily, "Tour in the Unsettled Parts of North America" (London, 1856), pp. 217-219, where a similar analysis is made for 1796. See also Collot, "Journey in North America" (Paris, 1826), p. 109; "Observations on the North American Land Company" (London, 1796), pp. xv, 144; Logan, "History of Upper South Carolina." [22:1] "Spotswood Papers," in Collections of Virginia Historical Society, i, ii. [23:1] [Burke], "European Settlements" (1765 ed.), ii, p. 200. [23:2] Everest, in "Wisconsin Historical Collections," xii, pp. 7 ff. [23:3] Weston, "Documents connected with History of South Carolina," p. 61. [25:1] See, for example, the speech of Clay, in the House of Representatives, January 30, 1824. [25:2] See the admirable monograph by Prof. H. B. Adams, "Maryland's Influence on the Land Cessions"; and also President Welling, in Papers American Historical Association, iii, p. 411. [26:1] Adams' Memoirs, ix, pp. 247, 248. [28:1] Author's article in _The Ægis_ (Madison, Wis.), November 4, 1892. [29:1] Compare Roosevelt, "Thomas Benton," ch. i. [30:1] _Political Science Quarterly_, ii, p. 457. Compare Sumner, "Alexander Hamilton," chs. ii-vii. [31:1] Compare Wilson, "Division and Reunion," pp. 15, 24. [32:1] On the relation of frontier conditions to Revolutionary taxation, see Sumner, Alexander Hamilton, ch. iii. [32:2] I have refrained from dwelling on the lawless characteristics of the frontier, because they are sufficiently well known. The gambler and desperado, the regulators of the Carolinas and the vigilantes of California, are types of that line of scum that the waves of advancing civilization bore before them, and of the growth of spontaneous organs of authority where legal authority was absent. Compare Barrows, "United States of Yesterday and To-morrow"; Shinn, "Mining Camps"; and Bancroft, "Popular Tribunals." The humor, bravery, and rude strength, as well as the vices of the frontier in its worst aspect, have left traces on American character, language, and literature, not soon to be effaced. [34:1] Debates in the Constitutional Convention, 1829-1830. [34:2] [McCrady] Eminent and Representative Men of the Carolinas, i, p. 43; Calhoun's Works, i, pp. 401-406. [35:1] Speech in the Senate, March 1, 1825; Register of Debates, i, 721. [36:1] Plea for the West (Cincinnati, 1835), pp. 11 ff. [37:1] Colonial travelers agree in remarking on the phlegmatic characteristics of the colonists. It has frequently been asked how such a people could have developed that strained nervous energy now characteristic of them. Compare Sumner, "Alexander Hamilton," p. 98, and Adams, "History of the United States," i, p. 60; ix, pp. 240, 241. The transition appears to become marked at the close of the War of 1812, a period when interest centered upon the development of the West, and the West was noted for restless energy. Grund, "Americans," ii, ch. i. II THE FIRST OFFICIAL FRONTIER OF THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY[39:1] In the Significance of the "Frontier in American History," I took for my text the following announcement of the Superintendent of the Census of 1890: Up to and including 1880 the country had a frontier of settlement but at present the unsettled area has been so broken into by isolated bodies of settlement that there can hardly be said to be a frontier line. In the discussion of its extent, the westward movement, etc., it cannot therefore any longer have a place in the census reports. Two centuries prior to this announcement, in 1690, a committee of the General Court of Massachusetts recommended the Court to order what shall be the frontier and to maintain a committee to settle garrisons on the frontier with forty soldiers to each frontier town as a main guard.[39:2] In the two hundred years between this official attempt to locate the Massachusetts frontier line, and the official announcement of the ending of the national frontier line, westward expansion was the most important single process in American history. The designation "frontier town" was not, however, a new one. As early as 1645 inhabitants of Concord, Sudbury, and Dedham, "being inland townes & but thinly peopled," were forbidden to remove without authority;[40:1] in 1669, certain towns had been the subject of legislation as "frontier towns;"[40:2] and in the period of King Philip's War there were various enactments regarding frontier towns.[40:3] In the session of 1675-6 it had been proposed to build a fence of stockades or stone eight feet high from the Charles "where it is navigable" to the Concord at Billerica and thence to the Merrimac and down the river to the Bay, "by which meanes that whole tract will [be] environed, for the security & safty (vnder God) of the people, their houses, goods & cattel; from the rage & fury of the enimy."[40:4] This project, however, of a kind of Roman Wall did not appeal to the frontiersmen of the time. It was a part of the antiquated ideas of defense which had been illustrated by the impossible equipment of the heavily armored soldier of the early Puritan régime whose corslets and head pieces, pikes, matchlocks, fourquettes and bandoleers, went out of use about the period of King Philip's War. The fifty-seven postures provided in the approved manual of arms for loading and firing the matchlock proved too great a handicap in the chase of the nimble savage. In this era the frontier fighter adapted himself to a more open order, and lighter equipment suggested by the Indian warrior's practice.[40:5] The settler on the outskirts of Puritan civilization took up the task of bearing the brunt of attack and pushing forward the line of advance which year after year carried American settlements into the wilderness. In American thought and speech the term "frontier" has come to mean the edge of settlement, rather than, as in Europe, the political boundary. By 1690 it was already evident that the frontier of settlement and the frontier of military defense were coinciding. As population advanced into the wilderness and thus successively brought new exposed areas between the settlements on the one side and the Indians with their European backers on the other, the military frontier ceased to be thought of as the Atlantic coast, but rather as a moving line bounding the un-won wilderness. It could not be a fortified boundary along the charter limits, for those limits extended to the South Sea, and conflicted with the bounds of sister colonies. The thing to be defended was the outer edge of this expanding society, a changing frontier, one that needed designation and re-statement with the changing location of the "West." It will help to illustrate the significance of this new frontier when we see that Virginia at about the same time as Massachusetts underwent a similar change and attempted to establish frontier towns, or "co-habitations," at the "heads," that is the first falls, the vicinity of Richmond, Petersburg, etc., of her rivers.[41:1] The Virginia system of "particular plantations" introduced along the James at the close of the London Company's activity had furnished a type for the New England town. In recompense, at this later day the New England town may have furnished a model for Virginia's efforts to create frontier settlements by legislation. An act of March 12, 1694-5, by the General Court of Massachusetts enumerated the "Frontier Towns" which the inhabitants were forbidden to desert on pain of loss of their lands (if landholders) or of imprisonment (if not landholders), unless permission to remove were first obtained.[42:1] These eleven frontier towns included Wells, York, and Kittery on the eastern frontier, and Amesbury, Haverhill, Dunstable, Chelmsford, Groton, Lancaster, Marlborough,[42:2] and Deerfield. In March, 1699-1700, the law was reënacted with the addition of Brookfield, Mendon, and Woodstock, together with seven others, Salisbury, Andover,[42:3] Billerica, Hatfield, Hadley, Westfield, and Northampton, which, "tho' they be not frontiers as those towns first named, yet lye more open than many others to an attack of an Enemy."[42:4] In the spring of 1704 the General Court of Connecticut, following closely the act of Massachusetts, named as her frontier towns, not to be deserted, Symsbury, Waterbury, Danbury, Colchester, Windham, Mansfield, and Plainfield. Thus about the close of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century there was an officially designated frontier line for New England. The line passing through these enumerated towns represents: (1) the outskirts of settlement along the eastern coast and up the Merrimac and its tributaries,--a region threatened from the Indian country by way of the Winnepesaukee Lake; (2) the end of the ribbon of settlement up the Connecticut Valley, menaced by the Canadian Indians by way of the Lake Champlain and Winooski River route to the Connecticut; (3) boundary towns which marked the edges of that inferior agricultural region, where the hard crystalline rocks furnished a later foundation for Shays' Rebellion, opposition to the adoption of the Federal Constitution, and the abandoned farm; and (4) the isolated intervale of Brookfield which lay intermediate between these frontiers. Besides this New England frontier there was a belt of settlement in New York, ascending the Hudson to where Albany and Schenectady served as outposts against the Five Nations, who menaced the Mohawk, and against the French and the Canadian Indians, who threatened the Hudson by way of Lake Champlain and Lake George.[43:1] The sinister relations of leading citizens of Albany engaged in the fur trade with these Indians, even during time of war, tended to protect the Hudson River frontier at the expense of the frontier towns of New England. The common sequence of frontier types (fur trader, cattle-raising pioneer, small primitive farmer, and the farmer engaged in intensive varied agriculture to produce a surplus for export) had appeared, though confusedly, in New England. The traders and their posts had prepared the way for the frontier towns,[44:1] and the cattle industry was most important to the early farmers.[44:2] But the stages succeeded rapidly and intermingled. After King Philip's War, while Albany was still in the fur-trading stage, the New England frontier towns were rather like mark colonies, military-agricultural outposts against the Indian enemy. The story of the border warfare between Canada and the frontier towns furnishes ample material for studying frontier life and institutions; but I shall not attempt to deal with the narrative of the wars. The palisaded meeting-house square, the fortified isolated garrison houses, the massacres and captivities are familiar features of New England's history. The Indian was a very real influence upon the mind and morals as well as upon the institutions of frontier New England. The occasional instances of Puritans returning from captivity to visit the frontier towns, Catholic in religion, painted and garbed as Indians and speaking the Indian tongue,[44:3] and the half-breed children of captive Puritan mothers, tell a sensational part of the story; but in the normal, as well as in such exceptional relations of the frontier townsmen to the Indians, there are clear evidences of the transforming influence of the Indian frontier upon the Puritan type of English colonist. In 1703-4, for example, the General Court of Massachusetts ordered five hundred pairs of snowshoes and an equal number of moccasins for use in specified counties "lying Frontier next to the Wilderness."[45:1] Connecticut in 1704 after referring to her frontier towns and garrisons ordered that "said company of English and Indians shall, from time to time at the discretion of their chief co[=m]ander, range the woods to indevour the discovery of an approaching enemy, and in especiall manner from Westfield to Ousatunnuck.[45:2] . . . And for the incouragement of our forces gone or going against the enemy, this Court will allow out of the publick treasurie the su[=m]e of five pounds for every mans scalp of the enemy killed in this Colonie."[45:3] Massachusetts offered bounties for scalps, varying in amount according to whether the scalp was of men, or women and youths, and whether it was taken by regular forces under pay, volunteers in service, or volunteers without pay.[45:4] One of the most striking phases of frontier adjustment, was the proposal of the Rev. Solomon Stoddard of Northampton in the fall of 1703, urging the use of dogs "to hunt Indians as they do Bears." The argument was that the dogs would catch many an Indian who would be too light of foot for the townsmen, nor was it to be thought of as inhuman; for the Indians "act like wolves and are to be dealt with as wolves."[45:5] In fact Massachusetts passed an act in 1706 for the raising and increasing of dogs for the better security of the frontiers, and both Massachusetts and Connecticut in 1708 paid money from their treasury for the trailing of dogs.[46:1] Thus we come to familiar ground: the Massachusetts frontiersman like his western successor hated the Indians; the "tawney serpents," of Cotton Mather's phrase, were to be hunted down and scalped in accord with law and, in at least one instance by the chaplain himself, a Harvard graduate, the hero of the Ballad of Pigwacket, who many Indians slew, And some of them he scalp'd when bullets round him flew.[46:2] Within the area bounded by the frontier line, were the broken fragments of Indians defeated in the era of King Philip's War, restrained within reservations, drunken and degenerate survivors, among whom the missionaries worked with small results, a vexation to the border towns,[46:3] as they were in the case of later frontiers. Although, as has been said, the frontier towns had scattered garrison houses, and palisaded enclosures similar to the neighborhood forts, or stations, of Kentucky in the Revolution, and of Indiana and Illinois in the War of 1812, one difference is particularly noteworthy. In the case of frontiersmen who came down from Pennsylvania into the Upland South along the eastern edge of the Alleghanies, as well as in the more obvious case of the backwoodsmen of Kentucky and Tennessee, the frontier towns were too isolated from the main settled regions to allow much military protection by the older areas. On the New England frontier, because it was adjacent to the coast towns, this was not the case, and here, as in seventeenth century Virginia, great activity in protecting the frontier was evinced by the colonial authorities, and the frontier towns themselves called loudly for assistance. This phase of frontier defense needs a special study, but at present it is sufficient to recall that the colony sent garrisons to the frontier besides using the militia of the frontier towns; and that it employed rangers to patrol from garrison to garrison.[47:1] These were prototypes of the regular army post, and of rangers, dragoons, cavalry and mounted police who have carried the remoter military frontier forward. It is possible to trace this military cordon from New England to the Carolinas early in the eighteenth century, still neighboring the coast; by 1840 it ran from Fort Snelling on the upper Mississippi through various posts to the Sabine boundary of Texas, and so it passed forward until to-day it lies at the edge of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. A few examples of frontier appeals for garrison aid will help to an understanding of the early form of the military frontier. Wells asks, June 30, 1689: 1 That yo{r} Hon{rs} will please to send us speedily twenty Eight good brisk men that may be serviceable as a guard to us whilest we get in our Harvest of Hay & Corn, (we being unable to Defend ourselves & to Do our work), & also to Persue & destroy the Enemy as occasion may require 2 That these men may be compleatly furnished with Arms, Amunition & Provision, and that upon the Countrys account, it being a Generall War.[48:1] Dunstable, "still weak and unable both to keep our Garrisons and to send out men to get hay for our Cattle; without doeing which wee cannot subsist," petitioned July 23, 1689, for twenty footmen for a month "to scout about the towne while wee get our hay." Otherwise, they say, they must be forced to leave.[48:2] Still more indicative of this temper is the petition of Lancaster, March 11, 1675-6, to the Governor and Council: "As God has made you father over us so you will have a father's pity to us." They asked a guard of men and aid, without which they must leave.[48:3] Deerfield pled in 1678 to the General Court, "unlest you will be pleased to take us (out of your fatherlike pitty) and Cherish us in yo{r} Bosomes we are like Suddainly to breathe out o{r} Last Breath."[48:4] The perils of the time, the hardships of the frontier towns and readiness of this particular frontier to ask appropriations for losses and wounds,[48:5] are abundantly illustrated in similar petitions from other towns. One is tempted at times to attribute the very frank self-pity and dependent attitude to a minister's phrasing, and to the desire to secure remission of taxes, the latter a frontier trait more often associated with riot than with religion in other regions. As an example of various petitions the following from Groton in 1704 is suggestive. Here the minister's hand is probably absent: 1 That wharas by the all dessposing hand of god who orders all things in infinit wisdom it is our portion to liue In such a part of the land which by reson of the enemy Is becom vary dangras as by wofull experiants we haue falt both formarly and of late to our grat damidg & discoridgment and espashaly this last yere hauing lost so many parsons som killed som captauated and som remoued and allso much corn & cattell and horses & hay wharby wee ar gratly Impouerrished and brought uary low & in a uary pore capasity to subsist any longer As the barers her of can inform your honors 2 And more then all this our paster mr hobard is & hath been for aboue a yere uncapable of desspansing the ordinances of god amongst us & we haue advised with th Raurant Elders of our nayboring churches and they aduise to hyare another minister and to saport mr hobard and to make our adras to your honours we haue but litel laft to pay our deus with being so pore and few In numbr ather to town or cuntrey & we being a frantere town & lyable to dangor there being no safty in going out nor coming in but for a long time we haue got our brad with the parel of our liues & allso broght uery low by so grat a charg of bilding garisons & fortefycations by ordur of athorety & thar is saural of our Inhabitants ramoued out of town & others are prouiding to remoue, axcapt somthing be don for our Incoridgment for we are so few & so por that we canot pay two ministors nathar ar we wiling to liue without any we spand so much time in waching and warding that we can doe but litel els & truly we haue liued allmost 2 yers more like soulders then other wise & accapt your honars can find out some bater way for our safty and support we cannot uphold as a town ather by remitting our tax or tow alow pay for building the sauarall forts alowed and ordred by athority or alls to alow the one half of our own Inhabitants to be under pay or to grant liberty for our remufe Into our naiburing towns to tak cer for oursalfs all which if your honors shall se meet to grant you will hereby gratly incoridg your humble pateceners to conflect with th many trubls we are ensadant unto.[50:1] Forced together into houses for protection, getting in their crops at the peril of their lives, the frontier townsmen felt it a hardship to contribute also to the taxes of the province while they helped to protect the exposed frontier. In addition there were grievances of absentee proprietors who paid no town taxes and yet profited by the exertions of the frontiersmen; of that I shall speak later. If we were to trust to these petitions asking favors from the government of the colony, we might impute to these early frontiersmen a degree of submission to authority unlike that of other frontiersmen,[51:1] and indeed not wholly warranted by the facts. Reading carefully, we find that, however prudently phrased, the petitions are in fact complaints against taxation; demands for expenditures by the colony in their behalf; criticisms of absentee proprietors; intimations that they may be forced to abandon the frontier position so essential to the defense of the settled eastern country. The spirit of military insubordination characteristic of the frontier is evident in the accounts of these towns, such as Pynchon's in 1694, complaining of the decay of the fortifications at Hatfield, Hadley, and Springfield: "the people a little wilful. Inclined to doe when and how they please or not at all."[51:2] Saltonstall writes from Haverhill about the same time regarding his ill success in recruiting: "I will never plead for an Haverhill man more," and he begs that some meet person be sent "to tell us what we should, may or must do. I have laboured in vain: some go this, and that, and the other way at pleasure, and do what they list."[51:3] This has a familiar ring to the student of the frontier. As in the case of the later frontier also, the existence of a common danger on the borders of settlement tended to consolidate not only the towns of Massachusetts into united action for defense, but also the various colonies. The frontier was an incentive to sectional combination then as it was to nationalism afterward. When in 1692 Connecticut sent soldiers from her own colony to aid the Massachusetts towns on the Connecticut River,[52:1] she showed a realization that the Deerfield people, who were "in a sense in the enemy's Mouth almost," as Pynchon wrote, constituted her own frontier[52:2] and that the facts of geography were more compelling than arbitrary colonial boundaries. Thereby she also took a step that helped to break down provincial antagonisms. When in 1689 Massachusetts and Connecticut sent agents to Albany to join with New York in making presents to the Indians of that colony in order to engage their aid against the French,[52:3] they recognized (as their leaders put it) that Albany was "the hinge" of the frontier in this exposed quarter. In thanking Connecticut for the assistance furnished in 1690 Livingston said: "I hope your honors do not look upon Albany as Albany, but as the frontier of your honor's Colony and of all their Majesties countries."[52:4] The very essence of the American frontier is that it is the graphic line which records the expansive energies of the people behind it, and which by the law of its own being continually draws that advance after it to new conquests. This is one of the most significant things about New England's frontier in these years. That long blood-stained line of the eastern frontier which skirted the Maine coast was of great importance, for it imparted a western tone to the life and characteristics of the Maine people which endures to this day, and it was one line of advance for New England toward the mouth of the St. Lawrence, leading again and again to diplomatic negotiations with the powers that held that river. The line of the towns that occupied the waters of the Merrimac, tempted the province continually into the wilderness of New Hampshire. The Connecticut river towns pressed steadily up that stream, along its tributaries into the Hoosatonic valleys, and into the valleys between the Green Mountains of Vermont. By the end of 1723, the General Court of Massachusetts enacted,-- That It will be of Great Service to all the Western Frontiers, both in this and the Neighboring Government of Conn., to Build a Block House above Northfield, in the most convenient Place on the Lands called the Equivilant Lands, & to post in it forty Able Men, English & Western Indians, to be employed in Scouting at a Good Distance up Conn. River, West River, Otter Creek, and sometimes Eastwardly above the Great Manadnuck, for the Discovery of the Enemy Coming towards anny of the frontier Towns.[53:1] The "frontier Towns" were preparing to swarm. It was not long before Fort Dummer replaced "the Block House," and the Berkshires and Vermont became new frontiers. The Hudson River likewise was recognized as another line of advance pointing the way to Lake Champlain and Montreal, calling out demands that protection should be secured by means of an aggressive advance of the frontier. _Canada delenda est_ became the rallying cry in New England as well as in New York, and combined diplomatic pressure and military expeditions followed in the French and Indian wars and in the Revolution, in which the children of the Connecticut and Massachusetts frontier towns, acclimated to Indian fighting, followed Ethan Allen and his fellows to the north.[54:1] Having touched upon some of the military and expansive tendencies of this first official frontier, let us next turn to its social, economic, and political aspects. How far was this first frontier a field for the investment of eastern capital and for political control by it? Were there evidences of antagonism between the frontier and the settled, property-holding classes of the coast? Restless democracy, resentfulness over taxation and control, and recriminations between the Western pioneer and the Eastern capitalist, have been characteristic features of other frontiers: were similar phenomena in evidence here? Did "Populistic" tendencies appear in this frontier, and were there grievances which explained these tendencies?[54:2] In such colonies as New York and Virginia the land grants were often made to members of the Council and their influential friends, even when there were actual settlers already on the grants. In the case of New England the land system is usually so described as to give the impression that it was based on a non-commercial policy, creating new Puritan towns by free grants of land made in advance to approved settlers. This description does not completely fit the case. That there was an economic interest on the part of absentee proprietors, and that men of political influence with the government were often among the grantees seems also to be true. Melville Egleston states the case thus: "The court was careful not to authorize new plantations unless they were to be in a measure under the influence of men in whom confidence could be placed, and commonly acted upon their application."[55:1] The frontier, as we shall observe later, was not always disposed to see the practice in so favorable a light. New towns seem to have been the result in some cases of the aggregation of settlers upon and about a large private grant; more often they resulted from settlers in older towns, where the town limits were extensive, spreading out to the good lands of the outskirts, beyond easy access to the meeting-house, and then asking recognition as a separate town. In some cases they may have been due to squatting on unassigned lands, or purchasing the Indian title and then asking confirmation. In others grants were made in advance of settlement. As early as 1636 the General Court had ordered that none go to new plantations without leave of a majority of the magistrates.[55:2] This made the legal situation clear, but it would be dangerous to conclude that it represented the actual situation. In any case there would be a necessity for the settlers finally to secure the assent of the Court. This could be facilitated by a grant to leading men having political influence with the magistrates. The complaints of absentee proprietors which find expression in the frontier petitions of the seventeenth and early eighteenth century seems to indicate that this happened. In the succeeding years of the eighteenth century the grants to leading men and the economic and political motives in the grants are increasingly evident. This whole topic should be made the subject of special study. What is here offered is merely suggestive of a problem.[56:1] The frontier settlers criticized the absentee proprietors, who profited by the pioneers' expenditure of labor and blood upon their farms, while they themselves enjoyed security in an eastern town. A few examples from town historians will illustrate this. Among the towns of the Merrimac Valley, Salisbury was planted on the basis of a grant to a dozen proprietors including such men as Mr. Bradstreet and the younger Dudley, only two of whom actually lived and died in Salisbury.[56:2] Amesbury was set off from Salisbury by division, one half of the signers of the agreement signing by mark. Haverhill was first seated in 1641, following petitions from Mr. Ward, the Ipswich minister, his son-in-law, Giles Firmin, and others. Firmin's letter to Governor Winthrop, in 1640, complains that Ipswich had given him his ground in that town on condition that he should stay in the town three years or else he could not sell it, "whenas others have no business but range from place to place on purpose to live upon the countrey."[56:3] Dunstable's large grant was brought about by a combination of leading men who had received grants after the survey of 1652; among such grants was one to the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company and another to Thomas Brattle of Boston. Apparently it was settled chiefly by others than the original grantees.[57:1] Groton voted in 1685 to sue the "non-Residenc" to assist in paying the rate, and in 1679 the General Court had ordered non-residents having land at Groton to pay rates for their lands as residents did.[57:2] Lancaster (Nashaway) was granted to proprietors including various craftsmen in iron, indicating, perhaps, an expectation of iron works, and few of the original proprietors actually settled in the town.[57:3] The grant of 1653-4 was made by the Court after reciting: (1) that it had ordered in 1647 that the "ordering and disposeing of the Plantation at Nashaway is wholly in the Courts power"; (2) "Considering that there is allredy at Nashaway about nine Families and that severall both freemen and others intend to goe and setle there, some whereof are named in this Petition," etc. Mendon, begun in 1660 by Braintree people, is a particularly significant example. In 1681 the inhabitants petitioned that while they are not "of the number of those who dwell in their ceiled houses & yet say the time is not come that the Lord's house should be built," yet they have gone outside of their strength "unless others who are proprietors as well as ourselves, (the price of whose lands is much raysed by our carrying on public work & will be nothing worth if we are forced to quit the place) doo beare an equal share in Town charges with us. Those who are not yet come up to us are a great and far yet abler part of our Proprietors . . ."[57:4] In 1684 the selectmen inform the General Court that one half of the proprietors, two only excepted, are dwelling in other places, "Our proprietors, abroad," say they, "object that they see no reason why they should pay as much for thayer lands as we do for our Land and stock, which we answer that if their be not a noff of reason for it, we are sure there is more than enough of necessity to supply that is wanting in reason."[58:1] This is the authentic voice of the frontier. Deerfield furnishes another type, inasmuch as a considerable part of its land was first held by Dedham, to which the grant was made as a recompense for the location of the Natick Indian reservation. Dedham shares in the town often fell into the hands of speculators, and Sheldon, the careful historian of Deerfield, declares that not a single Dedham man became a permanent resident of the grant. In 1678 Deerfield petitioned the General Court as follows: You may be pleased to know that the very principle & best of the land; the best for soile; the best for situation; as lying in y{e} centre & midle of the town: & as to quantity, nere half, belongs unto eight or 9 proprietors each and every of which, are never like to come to a settlement amongst us, which we have formerly found grievous & doe Judge for the future will be found intollerable if not altered. O{r} minister, Mr. Mather . . . & we ourselves are much discouraged as judging the Plantation will be spoiled if thes proprietors may not be begged, or will not be bought up on very easy terms outt of their Right . . . Butt as long as the maine of the plantation Lies in men's hands that can't improve it themselves, neither are ever like to putt such tenants on to it as shall be likely to advance the good of y{e} place in Civill or sacred Respects; he, ourselves, and all others that think of going to it, are much discouraged.[59:1] Woodstock, later a Connecticut town, was settled under a grant in the Nipmuc country made to the town of Roxbury. The settlers, who located their farms near the trading post about which the Indians still collected, were called the "go-ers," while the "stayers" were those who remained in Roxbury, and retained half of the new grant; but it should be added that they paid the go-ers a sum of money to facilitate the settlement. This absentee proprietorship and the commercial attitude toward the lands of new towns became more evident in succeeding years of the eighteenth century. Leicester, for example, was confirmed by the General Court in 1713. The twenty shares were divided among twenty-two proprietors, including Jeremiah Dummer, Paul Dudley (Attorney-General), William Dudley (like Paul a son of the Governor, Joseph Dudley), Thomas Hutchinson (father of the later Governor), John Clark (the political leader), and Samuel Sewall (son of the Chief Justice). These were all men of influence, and none of the proprietors became inhabitants of Leicester. The proprietors tried to induce the fifty families, whose settlement was one of the conditions on which the grant was made, to occupy the eastern half of the township reserving the rest as their absolute property.[59:2] The author of a currency tract, in 1716, entitled "Some Considerations upon the Several Sorts of Banks," remarks that formerly, when land was easy to be obtained, good men came over as indentured servants; but now, he says, they are runaways, thieves, and disorderly persons. The remedy for this, in his opinion, would be to induce servants to come over by offering them homes when the terms of indenture should expire.[60:1] He therefore advocates that townships should be laid out four or five miles square in which grants of fifty or sixty acres could be made to servants.[60:2] Concern over the increase of negro slaves in Massachusetts seems to have been the reason for this proposal. It indicates that the current practice in disposing of the lands did not provide for the poorer people. But Massachusetts did not follow this suggestion of a homestead policy. On the contrary, the desire to locate towns to create continuous lines of settlement along the roads between the disconnected frontiers and to protect boundary claims by granting tiers of towns in the disputed tract, as well, no doubt, as pressure from financial interests, led the General Court between 1715 and 1762 to dispose of the remaining public domain of Massachusetts under conditions that made speculation and colonization by capitalists important factors.[60:3] When in 1762 Massachusetts sold a group of townships in the Berkshires to the highest bidders (by whole townships),[60:4] the transfer from the social-religious to the economic conception was complete, and the frontier was deeply influenced by the change to "land mongering." In one respect, however, there was an increasing recognition of the religious and social element in settling the frontier, due in part, no doubt, to a desire to provide for the preservation of eastern ideals and influences in the West. Provisions for reserving lands within the granted townships for the support of an approved minister, and for schools, appear in the seventeenth century and become a common feature of the grants for frontier towns in the eighteenth.[61:1] This practice with respect to the New England frontier became the foundation for the system of grants of land from the public domain for the support of common schools and state universities by the federal government from its beginning, and has been profoundly influential in later Western States. Another ground for discontent over land questions was furnished by the system of granting lands within the town by the commoners. The principle which in many, if not all, cases guided the proprietors in distributing the town lots is familiar and is well stated in the Lancaster town records (1653): And, whereas Lotts are Now Laid out for the most part Equally to Rich and poore, Partly to keepe the Towne from Scatering to farr, and partly out of Charitie and Respect to men of meaner estate, yet that Equallitie (which is the rule of God) may be observed, we Covenant and Agree, That in a second Devition and so through all other Devitions of Land the mater shall be drawne as neere to _equallitie according to mens estates_ as wee are able to doe, That he which hath now more then his estate Deserveth in home Lotts and entervale Lotts shall haue so much Less: and he that hath Less then his estate Deserveth shall haue so much more.[62:1] This peculiar doctrine of "equality" had early in the history of the colony created discontents. Winthrop explained the principle which governed himself and his colleagues in the case of the Boston committee of 1634 by saying that their divisions were arranged "partly to prevent the neglect of trades." This is a pregnant idea; it underlay much of the later opposition of New England as a manufacturing section to the free homestead or cheap land policy, demanded by the West and by the labor party, in the national public domain. The migration of labor to free lands meant that higher wages must be paid to those who remained. The use of the town lands by the established classes to promote an approved form of society naturally must have had some effect on migration. But a more effective source of disputes was with respect to the relation of the town proprietors to the public domain of the town in contrast with the non-proprietors as a class. The need of keeping the town meeting and the proprietors' meeting separate in the old towns in earlier years was not so great as it was when the new-comers became numerous. In an increasing degree these new-comers were either not granted lands at all, or were not admitted to the body of proprietors with rights in the possession of the undivided town lands. Contentions on the part of the town meeting that it had the right of dealing with the town lands occasionally appear, significantly, in the frontier towns of Haverhill, Massachusetts, Simsbury, Connecticut, and in the towns of the Connecticut Valley.[63:1] Jonathan Edwards, in 1751, declared that there had been in Northampton for forty or fifty years "two parties somewhat like the court and country parties of England. . . . The first party embraced the great proprietors of land, and the parties concerned about land and other matters."[63:2] The tendency to divide up the common lands among the proprietors in individual possession did not become marked until the eighteenth century; but the exclusion of some from possession of the town lands and the "equality" in allotment favoring men with already large estates must have attracted ambitious men who were not of the favored class to join in the movement to new towns. Religious dissensions would combine to make frontier society as it formed early in the eighteenth century more and more democratic, dissatisfied with the existing order, and less respectful of authority. We shall not understand the relative radicalism of parts of the Berkshires, Vermont and interior New Hampshire without enquiry into the degree in which the control over the lands by a proprietary monopoly affected the men who settled on the frontier. The final aspect of this frontier to be examined, is the attitude of the conservatives of the older sections towards this movement of westward advance. President Dwight in the era of the War of 1812 was very critical of the "foresters," but saw in such a movement a safety valve to the institutions of New England by allowing the escape of the explosive advocates of "Innovation."[63:3] Cotton Mather is perhaps not a typical representative of the conservative sentiment at the close of the seventeenth century, but his writings may partly reflect the attitude of Boston Bay toward New England's first Western frontier. Writing in 1694 of "Wonderful Passages which have Occurred, First in the Protections and then in the Afflictions of New England," he says: One while the Enclosing of _Commons_ hath made Neighbours, that should have been like Sheep, to _Bite and devour one another_. . . . Again, Do our _Old_ People, any of them _Go Out_ from the Institutions of God, Swarming into New Settlements, where they and their Untaught Families are like to _Perish for Lack of Vision_? They that have done so, heretofore, have to their Cost found, that they were got unto the _Wrong side of the Hedge_, in their doing so. Think, here _Should this be done any more?_ We read of Balaam, in Num. 22, 23. He was to his Damage, _driven to the_ Wall, when he would needs make an unlawful Salley forth after the _Gain_ of this World. . . . Why, when men, for the Sake of Earthly Gain, would be _going out_ into the _Warm_ Sun, they drive _Through the Wall_, and the _Angel of the Lord_ becomes their Enemy. In his essay on "Frontiers Well-Defended" (1707) Mather assures the pioneers that they "dwell in a Hatsarmaneth," a place of "tawney serpents," are "inhabitants of the Valley of Achor," and are "the Poor of this World." There may be significance in his assertion: "It is remarkable to see that when the Unchurched Villages, have been so many of them, _utterly broken up_, in the _War_, that has been upon us, those that have had _Churches_ regularly formed in them, have generally been under a more _sensible Protection_ of Heaven." "Sirs," he says, "a _Church-State_ well form'd may fortify you wonderfully!" He recommends abstention from profane swearing, furious cursing, Sabbath breaking, unchastity, dishonesty, robbing of God by defrauding the ministers of their dues, drunkenness, and revels and he reminds them that even the Indians have family prayers! Like his successors who solicited missionary contributions for the salvation of the frontier in the Mississippi Valley during the forties of the nineteenth century, this early spokesman for New England laid stress upon teaching anti-popery, particularly in view of the captivity that might await them. In summing up, we find many of the traits of later frontiers in this early prototype, the Massachusetts frontier. It lies at the edge of the Indian country and tends to advance. It calls out militant qualities and reveals the imprint of wilderness conditions upon the psychology and morals as well as upon the institutions of the people. It demands common defense and thus becomes a factor for consolidation. It is built on the basis of a preliminary fur trade, and is settled by the combined and sometimes antagonistic forces of eastern men of property (the absentee proprietors) and the democratic pioneers. The East attempted to regulate and control it. Individualistic and democratic tendencies were emphasized both by the wilderness conditions and, probably, by the prior contentions between the proprietors and non-proprietors of the towns from which settlers moved to the frontier. Removal away from the control of the customary usages of the older communities and from the conservative influence of the body of the clergy, increased the innovating tendency. Finally the towns were regarded by at least one prominent representative of the established order in the East, as an undesirable place for the re-location of the pillars of society. The temptation to look upon the frontier as a field for investment was viewed by the clergy as a danger to the "institutions of God." The frontier was "the Wrong side of the Hedge." But to this "wrong side of the hedge" New England men continued to migrate. The frontier towns of 1695 were hardly more than suburbs of Boston. The frontier of a century later included New England's colonies in Vermont, Western New York, the Wyoming Valley, the Connecticut Reserve, and the Ohio Company's settlement in the Old Northwest Territory. By the time of the Civil War the frontier towns of New England had occupied the great prairie zone of the Middle West and were even planted in Mormon Utah and in parts of the Pacific Coast. New England's sons had become the organizers of a Greater New England in the West, captains of industry, political leaders, founders of educational systems, and prophets of religion, in a section that was to influence the ideals and shape the destiny of the nation in ways to which the eyes of men like Cotton Mather were sealed.[66:1] FOOTNOTES: [39:1] Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, April, 1914, xvii, 250-271. Reprinted with permission of the Society. [39:2] Massachusetts Archives, xxxvi, p. 150. [40:1] Massachusetts Colony Records, ii, p. 122. [40:2] _Ibid._, vol. iv, pt. ii, p. 439; Massachusetts Archives, cvii, pp. 160-161. [40:3] See, for example, Massachusetts Colony Records, v, 79; Green, "Groton During the Indian Wars," p. 39; L. K. Mathews, "Expansion of New England," p. 58. [40:4] Massachusetts Archives, lxviii, pp. 174-176. [40:5] Osgood, "American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century," i, p. 501, and citations: cf. Publications of this Society, xii, pp. 38-39. [41:1] Hening, "Statutes at Large," iii, p. 204: cf. 1 Massachusetts Historical Collections, v, p. 129, for influence of the example of the New England town. On Virginia frontier conditions see Alvord and Bidgood, "First Explorations of the Trans-Allegheny Region," pp. 23-34, 93-95. P. A. Bruce, "Institutional History of Virginia," ii, p. 97, discusses frontier defense in the seventeenth century. [See chapter iii, _post_.] [42:1] Massachusetts Archives, lxx, 240; Massachusetts Province Laws, i, pp. 194, 293. [42:2] In a petition (read March 3, 1692-3) of settlers "in Sundry Farms granted in those Remote Lands Scituate and Lyeing between Sudbury, Concord, Marlbury, Natick and Sherburne & Westerly is the Wilderness," the petitioners ask easement of taxes and extension into the Natick region in order to have means to provide for the worship of God, and say: "Wee are not Ignorant that by reason of the present Distressed Condition of those that dwell in these Frontier Towns, divers are meditating to remove themselves into such places where they have not hitherto been conserned in the present Warr and desolation thereby made, as also that thereby they may be freed from that great burthen of public taxes necessarily accruing thereby, Some haveing already removed themselves. Butt knowing for our parts that wee cannot run from the hand of a Jealous God, doe account it our duty to take such Measures as may inable us to the performance of that duty wee owe to God, the King, & our Familyes" (Massachusetts Archives, cxiii, p. 1). [42:3] In a petition of 1658 Andover speaks of itself as "a remote upland plantation" (Massachusetts Archives, cxii, p. 99). [42:4] Massachusetts Province Laws, i, p. 402. [43:1] Convenient maps of settlement, 1660-1700, are in E. Channing, "History of the United States," i, pp. 510-511, ii, end; Avery, "History of the United States and its People," ii, p. 398. A useful contemporaneous map for conditions at the close of King Philip's War is Hubbard's map of New England in his "Narrative" published in Boston, 1677. See also L. K. Mathews, "Expansion of New England," pp. 56-57, 70. [44:1] Weeden, "Economic and Social History of New England," pp. 90, 95, 129-132; F. J. Turner, "Indian Trade in Wisconsin," p. 13; McIlwain, "Wraxall's Abridgement," introduction; the town histories abound in evidence of the significance of the early Indian traders' posts, transition to Indian land cessions, and then to town grants. [44:2] Weeden, _loc. cit._, pp. 64-67; M. Egleston, "New England Land System," pp. 31-32; Sheldon, "Deerfield," i, pp. 37, 206, 267-268; Connecticut Colonial Records, vii, p. 111, illustrations of cattle brands in 1727. [44:3] Hutchinson, "History" (1795), ii, p. 129, note, relates such a case of a Groton man; see also Parkman, "Half-Century," vol. i, ch. iv, citing Maurault, "Histoire des Abenakis," p. 377. [45:1] Massachusetts Archives, lxxi, pp. 4, 84, 85, 87, 88. [45:2] Hoosatonic. [45:3] Connecticut Records, iv, pp. 463, 464. [45:4] Massachusetts Colony Records, v, p. 72; Massachusetts Province Laws, i, pp. 176, 211, 292, 558, 594, 600; Massachusetts Archives, lxxi, pp. 7, 89, 102. Cf. Publications of this Society, vii, 275-278. [45:5] Sheldon, "Deerfield," i, p. 290. [46:1] Judd, "Hadley," p. 272; 4 Massachusetts Historical Collections, ii, p. 235. [46:2] Farmer and Moore, "Collections," iii, p. 64. The frontier woman of the farther west found no more extreme representative than Hannah Dustan of Haverhill, with her trophy of ten scalps, for which she received a bounty of £50 (Parkman, "Frontenac," 1898, p. 407, note). [46:3] For illustrations of resentment against those who protected the Christian Indians, see F. W. Gookin, "Daniel Gookin," pp. 145-155. [47:1] For example, Massachusetts Archives, lxx, p. 261; Bailey, "Andover," p. 179; Metcalf, "Annals of Mendon," p. 63; Proceedings Massachusetts Historical Society, xliii, pp. 504-519. Parkman, "Frontenac" (Boston, 1898), p. 390, and "Half-Century of Conflict" (Boston, 1898), i, p. 55, sketches the frontier defense. [48:1] Massachusetts Archives, cvii, p. 155. [48:2] _Ibid._, cvii, p. 230; cf. 230 a. [48:3] Massachusetts Archives, lxviii, p. 156. [48:4] Sheldon, "Deerfield," i, p. 189. [48:5] Massachusetts Archives, lxxi, 46-48, 131, 134, 135 _et passim_. [50:1] Massachusetts Archives, lxxi, p. 107: cf. Metcalf, "Mendon," p. 130; Sheldon, "Deerfield," i, p. 288. The frontier of Virginia in 1755 and 1774 showed similar conditions: see, for example, the citations to Washington's Writings in Thwaites, "France in America," pp. 193-195; and frontier letters in Thwaites and Kellogg, "Dunmore's War," pp. 227, 228 _et passim_. The following petition to Governor Gooch of Virginia, dated July 30, 1742, affords a basis for comparison with a Scotch-Irish frontier: We your pettionours humbly sheweth that we your Honours Loly and Dutifull Subganckes hath ventred our Lives & all that we have In settling ye back parts of Virginia which was a veri Great Hassirt & Dengrous, for it is the Hathins [heathens] Road to ware, which has proved hortfull to severil of ous that were ye first settlers of these back woods & wee your Honibill pettionors some time a goo petitioned your Honnour for to have Commisioned men amungst ous which we your Honnours most Duttifull subjects thought properist men & men that had Hart and Curidg to hed us yn time of [war] & to defend your Contray & your poor Sogbacks Intrist from ye voilince of ye Haithen--But yet agine we Humbly persume to poot your Honnour yn mind of our Great want of them in hopes that your Honner will Grant a Captins' Commission to John McDowell, with follring ofishers, and your Honnours' Complyence in this will be Great settisfiction to your most Duttifull and Humbil pettioners--and we as in Duty bond shall Ever pray . . . (Calendar of Virginia State Papers, i, p. 235). [51:1] But there is a note of deference in Southern frontier petitions to the Continental Congress--to be discounted, however, by the remoteness of that body. See F. J. Turner, "Western State-Making in the Revolutionary Era" (_American Historical Review_, i, pp. 70, 251). The demand for remission of taxes is a common feature of the petitions there quoted. [51:2] Proceedings Massachusetts Historical Society, xliii, pp. 506 ff. [51:3] _Ibid._, xliii, p. 518. [52:1] Connecticut Colonial Records, iv, p. 67. [52:2] In a petition of February 22, 1693-4, Deerfield calls itself the "most Utmost Frontere Town in the County of West Hampshire" (Massachusetts Archives, cxiii, p. 57 a). [52:3] Judd, "Hadley," p. 249. [52:4] W. D. Schuyler-Lighthall, "Glorious Enterprise," p. 16. [53:1] Sheldon, "Deerfield," i, p. 405. [54:1] "I want to have your warriours come and see me," wrote Allen to the Indians of Canada in 1775, "and help me fight the King's Regular Troops. You know they stand all close together, rank and file, and my men fight so as Indians do, and I want your warriours to join with me and my warriours, like brothers, and ambush the Regulars: if you will, I will give you money, blankets, tomahawks, knives, paint, and any thing that there is in the army, just like brothers; and I will go with you into the woods to scout; and my men and your men will sleep together, and eat and drink together, and fight Regulars, because they first killed our brothers" (American Archives, 4th Series, ii, p. 714). [54:2] Compare A. McF. Davis, "The Shays Rebellion a Political Aftermath" (Proceedings American Antiquarian Society, xxi, pp. 58, 62, 75-79). [55:1] "Land System of the New England Colonies," p. 30. [55:2] Massachusetts Colony Records, i, p. 167. [56:1] Compare Weeden, "Economic and Social History of New England," i, pp. 270-271; Gookin, "Daniel Gookin," pp. 106-161; and the histories of Worcester for illustrations of how the various factors noted could be combined in a single town. [56:2] F. Merrill, "Amesbury," pp. 5, 50. [56:3] B. L. Mirick, "Haverhill," pp. 9, 10. [57:1] Green, "Early Records of Groton," pp. 49, 70, 90. [57:2] _Ibid._ [57:3] Worcester County History, i, pp. 2, 3. [57:4] J. G. Metcalf, "Annals of Mendon," p. 85. [58:1] P. 96. Compare the Kentucky petition of 1780 given in Roosevelt, "Winning of the West," ii, p. 398, and the letter from that frontier cited in Turner, "Western State-Making" (_American Historical Review_, i, p. 262), attacking the Virginia "Nabobs," who hold absentee land titles. "Let the _great men_," say they, "whom the land belongs to come and defend it." [59:1] Sheldon, "Deerfield," i, pp. 188-189. [59:2] These facts are stated on the authority of E. Washburn, "Leicester," pp. 5-15: compare Major Stephen Sewall to Jeremiah Dummer, 1717, quoted in Weeden, "Economic and Social History of New England," ii, p. 505, note 4. [60:1] Compare the Virginia system, Bruce, "Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century," ii, pp. 42, 43. [60:2] For this item I am indebted to our associate, Mr. Andrew McF. Davis: see his "Colonial Currency Reprints," i, pp. 335-349. [60:3] Hutchinson, "History of Massachusetts" (1768), ii, pp. 331, 332, has an instructive comment. A. C. Ford, "Colonial Precedents of Our National Land System," p. 84; L. K. Mathews, "Expansion of New England," pp. 82 ff. [60:4] J. G. Holland, "Western Massachusetts," p. 197. [61:1] Jos. Schafer, "Origin of the System of Land Grants for Education," pp. 25-33. [62:1] H. D. Hurd (ed.), "History of Worcester County," i, p. 6. The italics are mine. [63:1] Egleston, "Land System of the New England Colonies," pp. 39-41. [63:2] _Ibid._, p. 41. [63:3] T. Dwight, "Travels" (1821), ii, pp. 459-463. [66:1] [See F. J. Turner, "Greater New England in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century," in American Antiquarian Society "Proceedings," 1920.] III THE OLD WEST[67:1] It is not the oldest West with which this chapter deals. The oldest West was the Atlantic coast. Roughly speaking, it took a century of Indian fighting and forest felling for the colonial settlements to expand into the interior to a distance of about a hundred miles from the coast. Indeed, some stretches were hardly touched in that period. This conquest of the nearest wilderness in the course of the seventeenth century and in the early years of the eighteenth, gave control of the maritime section of the nation and made way for the new movement of westward expansion which I propose to discuss. In his "Winning of the West," Roosevelt dealt chiefly with the region beyond the Alleghanies, and with the period of the later eighteenth century, although he prefaced his account with an excellent chapter describing the backwoodsmen of the Alleghanies and their social conditions from 1769 to 1774. It is important to notice, however, that he is concerned with a backwoods society already formed; that he ignores the New England frontier and its part in the winning of the West, and does not recognize that there was a West to be won between New England and the Great Lakes. In short, he is interested in the winning of the West beyond the Alleghanies by the southern half of the frontier folk. There is, then, a western area intermediate between the coastal colonial settlements of the seventeenth century and the trans-Alleghany settlements of the latter portion of the eighteenth century. This section I propose to isolate and discuss under the name of the Old West, and in the period from about 1676 to 1763. It includes the back country of New England, the Mohawk Valley, the Great Valley of Pennsylvania, the Shenandoah Valley, and the Piedmont--that is, the interior or upland portion of the South, lying between the Alleghanies and the head of navigation of the Atlantic rivers marked by the "fall line."[68:1] In this region, and in these years, are to be found the beginnings of much that is characteristic in Western society, for the Atlantic coast was in such close touch with Europe that its frontier experience was soon counteracted, and it developed along other lines. It is unfortunate that the colonial back country appealed so long to historians solely in connection with the colonial wars, for the development of its society, its institutions and mental attitude all need study. Its history has been dealt with in separate fragments, by states, or towns, or in discussions of special phases, such as German and Scotch-Irish immigration. The Old West as a whole can be appreciated only by obliterating the state boundaries which conceal its unity, by correlating the special and fragmentary studies, and by filling the gaps in the material for understanding the formation of its society. The present paper is rather a reconnaissance than a conquest of the field, a program for study of the Old West rather than an exposition of it. The end of the period proposed may be placed about 1763, and the beginning between 1676 and 1700. The termination of the period is marked by the Peace of Paris in 1763, and the royal proclamation of that year forbidding settlement beyond the Alleghanies. By this time the settlement of the Old West was fairly accomplished, and new advances were soon made into the "Western Waters" beyond the mountains and into the interior of Vermont and New Hampshire. The isolation of the transmontane settlements, and the special conditions and doctrines of the Revolutionary era during which they were formed, make a natural distinction between the period of which I am to speak and the later extension of the West. The beginning of the period is necessarily an indeterminate date, owing to the different times of colonizing the coastal areas which served as bases of operations in the westward advance. The most active movements into the Old West occurred after 1730. But in 1676 New England, having closed the exhausting struggle with the Indians, known as King Philip's War, could regard her established settlements as secure, and go on to complete her possession of the interior. This she did in the midst of conflicts with the exterior Indian tribes which invaded her frontiers from New York and Canada during the French and Indian wars from 1690 to 1760, and under frontier conditions different from the conditions of the earlier Puritan colonization. In 1676, Virginia was passing through Indian fighting--keenest along the fall line, where the frontier lay--and also experiencing a social revolt which resulted in the defeat of the democratic forces that sought to stay the progress of aristocratic control in the colony.[70:1] The date marks the end of the period when the Virginia tidewater could itself be regarded as a frontier region, and consequently the beginning of a more special interest in the interior. Let us first examine the northern part of the movement into the back country. The expansion of New England into the vacant spaces of its own section, in the period we have chosen for discussion, resulted in the formation of an interior society which contrasted in many ways with that of the coast, and which has a special significance in Western history, in that it was this interior New England people who settled the Greater New England in central and western New York, the Wyoming Valley, the Connecticut Reserve of Ohio, and much of the prairie areas of the Old Northwest. It is important to realize that the Old West included interior New England. The situation in New England at the close of the seventeenth century is indicated by the Massachusetts act of 1694 enumerating eleven towns, then on the frontier and exposed to raids, none of which might be voluntarily deserted without leave of the governor and council, on penalty of loss of their freeholds by the landowners, or fine of other inhabitants.[70:2] Thus these frontier settlers were made substantially garrisons, or "mark colonies." Crowded into the palisades of the town, and obliged in spite of their poverty to bear the brunt of Indian attack, their hardships are illustrated in the manly but pathetic letters of Deerfield's minister, Mr. Williams,[70:3] in 1704. Parkman succinctly describes the general conditions in these words:[70:4] The exposed frontier of New England was between two and three hundred miles long, and consisted of farms and hamlets loosely scattered through an almost impervious forest. . . . Even in so-called villages the houses were far apart, because, except on the seashore, the people lived by farming. Such as were able to do so fenced their dwellings with palisades, or built them of solid timber, with loopholes, a projecting upper story like a block house, and sometimes a flanker at one or more of the corners. In the more considerable settlements the largest of these fortified houses was occupied in time of danger by armed men and served as a place of refuge for the neighbors. Into these places, in days of alarm, were crowded the outlying settlers, just as was the case in later times in the Kentucky "stations." In spite of such frontier conditions, the outlying towns continued to multiply. Between 1720 and the middle of the century, settlement crept up the Housatonic and its lateral valley into the Berkshires. About 1720 Litchfield was established; in 1725, Sheffield; in 1730, Great Barrington; and in 1735 a road was cut and towns soon established between Westfield and these Housatonic settlements, thus uniting them with the older extensions along the Connecticut and its tributaries. In this period, scattered and sometimes unwelcome Scotch-Irish settlements were established, such as that at Londonderry, New Hampshire, and in the Berkshires, as well as in the region won in King Philip's War from the Nipmucks, whither there came also Huguenots.[72:1] In King George's War, the Connecticut River settlers found their frontier protection in such rude stockades as those at the sites of Keene, of Charlestown, New Hampshire (Number Four), Fort Shirley at the head of Deerfield River (Heath), and Fort Pelham (Rowe); while Fort Massachusetts (Adams) guarded the Hoosac gateway to the Hoosatonic Valley. These frontier garrisons and the self-defense of the backwoodsmen of New England are well portrayed in the pages of Parkman.[72:2] At the close of the war, settlement again expanded into the Berkshires, where Lennox, West Hoosac (Williamstown), and Pittsfield were established in the middle of the century. Checked by the fighting in the last French and Indian War, the frontier went forward after the Peace of Paris (1763) at an exceptional rate, especially into Vermont and interior New Hampshire. An anonymous writer gives a contemporary view of the situation on the eve of the Revolution:[72:3] The richest parts remaining to be granted are on the northern branches of the Connecticut river, towards Crown Point where are great districts of fertile soil still unsettled. The North part of New Hampshire, the province of Maine, and the territory of Sagadahock have but few settlements in them compared with the tracts yet unsettled. . . . I should further observe that these tracts have since the peace [_i. e._, 1763], been settling pretty fast: farms on the river Connecticut are every day extending beyond the old fort Dummer, for near thirty miles; and will in a few years reach to Kohasser which is nearly two hundred miles; not that such an extent will be one-tenth settled, but the new-comers do not fix near their neighbors, and go on regularly, but take spots that please them best, though twenty or thirty miles beyond any others. This to people of a sociable disposition in Europe would appear very strange, but the Americans do not regard the near neighborhood of other farmers; twenty or thirty miles by water they esteem no distance in matters of this sort; besides in a country that promises well the intermediate space is not long in filling up. Between Connecticut river and Lake Champlain upon Otter Creek, and all along Lake Sacrament [George] and the rivers that fall into it, and the whole length of Wood Creek, are numerous settlements made since the peace.[73:1] For nearly a hundred years, therefore, New England communities had been pushed out to new frontiers in the intervals between the almost continuous wars with the French and Indians. Probably the most distinctive feature in this frontier was the importance of the community type of settlement; in other words, of the towns, with their Puritan ideals in education, morals, and religion. This has always been a matter of pride to the statesmen and annalists of New England, as is illustrated by these words of Holland in his "Western Massachusetts," commenting on the settlement of the Connecticut Valley in villages, whereby in his judgment morality, education, and urbanity were preserved: The influence of this policy can only be fully appreciated when standing by the side of the solitary settler's hut in the West, where even an Eastern man has degenerated to a boor in manners, where his children have grown up uneducated, and where the Sabbath has become an unknown day, and religion and its obligations have ceased to exercise control upon the heart and life. Whatever may be the real value of the community type of settlement, its establishment in New England was intimately connected both with the Congregational religious organization and with the land system of the colonies of that section, under which the colonial governments made grants--not in tracts to individuals, but in townships to groups of proprietors who in turn assigned lands to the inhabitants without cost. The typical form of establishing a town was as follows: On application of an approved body of men, desiring to establish a new settlement, the colonial General Court would appoint a committee to view the desired land and report on its fitness; an order for the grant would then issue, in varying areas, not far from the equivalent of six miles square. In the eighteenth century especially, it was common to reserve certain lots of the town for the support of schools and the ministry. This was the origin of that very important feature of Western society, federal land grants for schools and colleges.[74:1] The General Courts also made regulations regarding the common lands, the terms for admitting inhabitants, etc., and thus kept a firm hand upon the social structure of the new settlements as they formed on the frontier. This practice, seen in its purity in the seventeenth century especially, was markedly different from the practices of other colonies in the settlement of their back lands. For during most of the period New England did not use her wild lands, or public domain, as a source of revenue by sale to individuals or to companies, with the reservation of quit-rents; nor attract individual settlers by "head rights," or fifty-acre grants, after the Virginia type; nor did the colonies of the New England group often make extensive grants to individuals, on the ground of special services, or because of influence with the government, or on the theory that the grantee would introduce settlers on his grant. They donated their lands to groups of men who became town proprietors for the purpose of establishing communities. These proprietors were supposed to hold the lands in trust, to be assigned to inhabitants under restraints to ensure the persistence of Puritan ideals. During most of the seventeenth century the proprietors awarded lands to the new-comers in accordance with this theory. But as density of settlement increased, and lands grew scarce in the older towns, the proprietors began to assert their legal right to the unoccupied lands and to refuse to share them with inhabitants who were not of the body of proprietors. The distinction resulted in class conflicts in the towns, especially in the eighteenth century,[75:1] over the ownership and disposal of the common lands. The new settlements, by a process of natural selection, would afford opportunity to the least contented, whether because of grievances, or ambitions, to establish themselves. This tended to produce a Western flavor in the towns on the frontier. But it was not until the original ideals of the land system began to change, that the opportunity to make new settlements for such reasons became common. As the economic and political ideal replaced the religious and social ideal, in the conditions under which new towns could be established, this became more possible. Such a change was in progress in the latter part of the seventeenth century and during the eighteenth. In 1713, 1715, and 1727, Massachusetts determined upon a policy of locating towns in advance of settlement, to protect her boundary claims. In 1736 she laid out five towns near the New Hampshire border, and a year earlier opened four contiguous towns to connect her Housatonic and Connecticut Valley settlements.[76:1] Grants in non-adjacent regions were sometimes made to old towns, the proprietors of which sold them to those who wished to move. The history of the town of Litchfield illustrates the increasing importance of the economic factor. At a time when Connecticut feared that Andros might dispose of the public lands to the disadvantage of the colony, the legislature granted a large part of Western Connecticut to the towns of Hartford and Windsor, _pro forma_, as a means of withdrawing the lands from his hands. But these towns refused to give up the lands after the danger had passed, and proceeded to sell part of them.[76:2] Riots occurred when the colonial authorities attempted to assert possession, and the matter was at length compromised in 1719 by allowing Litchfield to be settled in accordance with the town grants, while the colony reserved the larger part of northwestern Connecticut. In 1737 the colony disposed of its last unlocated lands by sale in lots. In 1762 Massachusetts sold a group of entire townships in the Berkshires to the highest bidders.[77:1] But the most striking illustration of the tendency, is afforded by the "New Hampshire grants" of Governor Wentworth, who, chiefly in the years about 1760, made grants of a hundred and thirty towns west of the Connecticut, in what is now the State of Vermont, but which was then in dispute between New Hampshire and New York. These grants, while in form much like other town grants, were disposed of for cash, chiefly to speculators who hastened to sell their rights to the throngs of land-seekers who, after the peace, began to pour into the Green Mountain region. It is needless to point out how this would affect the movement of Western settlement in respect to individualistic speculation in public lands; how it would open a career to the land jobbers, as well as to the natural leaders in the competitive movement for acquiring the best lands, for laying out town sites and building up new communities under "boom" conditions. The migratory tendency of New Englanders was increased by this gradual change in its land policy; the attachment to a locality was diminished. The later years showed increasing emphasis by New England upon individual success, greater respect for the self-made man who, in the midst of opportunities under competitive conditions, achieved superiority. The old dominance of town settlement, village moral police, and traditional class control gave way slowly. Settlement in communities and rooted Puritan habits and ideals had enduring influences in the regions settled by New Englanders; but it was in this Old West, in the years just before the Revolution, that individualism began to play an important rôle, along with the traditional habit of expanding in organized communities. The opening of the Vermont towns revealed more fully than before, the capability of New Englanders to become democratic pioneers, under characteristic frontier conditions. Their economic life was simple and self-sufficing. They readily adopted lynch law (the use of the "birch seal" is familiar to readers of Vermont history) to protect their land titles in the troubled times when these "Green Mountain Boys" resisted New York's assertion of authority. They later became an independent Revolutionary state with frontier directness, and in very many respects their history in the Revolutionary epoch is similar to that of settlers in Kentucky and Tennessee, both in assertion of the right to independent self government and in a frontier separatism.[78:1] Vermont may be regarded as the culmination of the frontier movement which I have been describing in New England. By this time two distinct New Englands existed--the one coastal, and dominated by commercial interests and the established congregational churches; the other a primitive agricultural area, democratic in principle, and with various sects increasingly indifferent to the fear of "innovation" which the dominant classes of the old communities felt. Already speculative land companies had begun New England settlements in the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania, as well as on the lower Mississippi; and New England missions among the Indians, such as that at Stockbridge, were beginning the noteworthy religious and educational expansion of the section to the west. That this movement of expansion had been chiefly from south to north, along the river valleys, should not conceal from us the fact that it was in essential characteristics a Western movement, especially in the social traits that were developing. Even the men who lived in the long line of settlements on the Maine coast, under frontier conditions, and remote from the older centers of New England, developed traits and a democratic spirit that relate them closely to the Westerners, in spite of the fact that Maine is "down east" by preëminence.[79:1] The frontier of the Middle region in this period of the formation of the Old West, was divided into two parts, which happen to coincide with the colonies of New York and Pennsylvania. In the latter colony the trend of settlement was into the Great Valley, and so on to the Southern uplands; while the advance of settlement in New York was like that of New England, chiefly northward, following the line of Hudson River. The Hudson and the Mohawk constituted the area of the Old West in this part of the eighteenth century. With them were associated the Wallkill, tributary to the Hudson, and Cherry Valley near the Mohawk, along the sources of the Susquehanna. The Berkshires walled the Hudson in to the east; the Adirondacks and the Catskills to the west. Where the Mohawk Valley penetrated between the mountainous areas, the Iroquois Indians were too formidable for advance on such a slender line. Nothing but dense settlement along the narrow strip of the Hudson, if even that, could have furnished the necessary momentum for overcoming the Indian barrier; and this pressure was lacking, for the population was comparatively sparse in contrast with the task to be performed. What most needs discussion in the case of New York, therefore, is not the history of expansion as in other sections, but the absence of expansive power. The fur-trade had led the way up the Hudson, and made beginnings of settlements at strategic points near the confluence of the Mohawk. But the fur-trader was not followed by a tide of pioneers. One of the most important factors in restraining density of population in New York, in retarding the settlement of its frontier, and in determining the conditions there, was the land system of that colony. From the time of the patroon grants along the lower Hudson, great estates had been the common form of land tenure. Rensselaerswyck reached at one time over seven hundred thousand acres. These great patroon estates were confirmed by the English governors, who in their turn followed a similar policy. By 1732 two and one-half million acres were engrossed in manorial grants.[80:1] In 1764, Governor Colden wrote[80:2] that three of the extravagant grants contain, as the proprietors claim, above a million acres each, several others above 200,000. * * * Although these grants contain a great part of the province, they are made in trifling acknowledgements. The far greater part of them still remain uncultivated, without any benefit to the community, and are likewise a discouragement to the settling and improving the lands in the neighborhood of them, for from the uncertainty of their boundaries, the patentees of these great tracts are daily enlarging their pretensions, and by tedious and most expensive law suits, distress and ruin poor families who have taken out grants near them. He adds that "the proprietors of the great tracts are not only freed from the quit-rents, which the other landholders in the province pay, but by their influence in the assembly are freed from every other public tax on their lands." In 1769 it was estimated that at least five-sixths of the inhabitants of Westchester County lived within the bounds of the great manors there.[81:1] In Albany County the Livingston manor spread over seven modern townships, and the great Van Rensselaer manor stretched twenty-four by twenty-eight miles along the Hudson; while still farther, on the Mohawk, were the vast possessions of Sir William Johnson.[81:2] It was not simply that the grants were extensive, but that the policy of the proprietors favored the leasing rather than the sale of the lands--frequently also of the stock, and taking payment in shares. It followed that settlers preferred to go to frontiers where a more liberal land policy prevailed. At one time it seemed possible that the tide of German settlement, which finally sought Pennsylvania and the up-country of the South, might flow into New York. In 1710, Governor Hunter purchased a tract in Livingston's manor and located nearly fifteen hundred Palatines on it to produce naval stores.[82:1] But the attempt soon failed; the Germans applied to the Indians on Schoharie Creek, a branch of the Mohawk, for a grant of land and migrated there, only to find that the governor had already granted the land. Again were the villages broken up, some remaining and some moving farther up the Mohawk, where they and accessions to their number established the frontier settlements about Palatine Bridge, in the region where, in the Revolution, Herkimer led these German frontiersmen to stem the British attack in the battle of Oriskany. They constituted the most effective military defense of Mohawk Valley. Still another portion took their way across to the waters of the Susquehanna, and at Tulpehockon Creek began an important center of German settlement in the Great Valley of Pennsylvania.[82:2] The most important aspect of the history of the movement into the frontier of New York at this period, therefore, was the evidence which it afforded that in the competition for settlement between colonies possessing a vast area of vacant land, those which imposed feudal tenures and undemocratic restraints, and which exploited settlers, were certain to lose. The manorial practice gave a bad name to New York as a region for settlement, which not even the actual opportunities in certain parts of the colony could counteract. The diplomacy of New York governors during this period of the Old West, in securing a protectorate over the Six Nations and a consequent claim to their territory, and in holding them aloof from France, constituted the most effective contribution of that colony to the movement of American expansion. When lands of these tribes were obtained after Sullivan's expedition in the Revolution (in which New England soldiers played a prominent part), it was by the New England inundation into this interior that they were colonized. And it was under conditions like those prevailing in the later years of the expansion of settlements in New England itself, that this settlement of interior and western New York was effected. The result was, that New York became divided into two distinct peoples: the dwellers along Hudson Valley, and the Yankee pioneers of the interior. But the settlement of central and western New York, like the settlement of Vermont, is a story that belongs to the era in which the trans-Alleghany West was occupied. We can best consider the settlement of the share of the Old West which is located in Pennsylvania as a part of the migration which occupied the Southern Uplands, and before entering upon this it will be advantageous to survey that part of the movement toward the interior which proceeded westward from the coast. First let us observe the conditions at the eastern edge of these uplands, along the fall line in Virginia, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, in order that the process and the significance of the movement may be better understood. About the time of Bacon's Rebellion, in Virginia, strenuous efforts were made to protect the frontier line which ran along the falls of the river, against the attacks of Indians. This "fall line," as the geographers call it, marking the head of navigation, and thus the boundary of the maritime or lowland South, runs from the site of Washington, through Richmond, and on to Raleigh, North Carolina, and Columbia, South Carolina. Virginia having earliest advanced thus far to the interior, found it necessary in the closing years of the seventeenth century to draw a military frontier along this line. As early as 1675 a statute was enacted,[84:1] providing that paid troops of five hundred men should be drawn from the midland and most secure parts of the country and placed on the "heads of the rivers" and other places fronting upon the Indians. What was meant by the "heads of the rivers," is shown by the fact that several of these forts were located either at the falls of the rivers or just above tidewater, as follows: one on the lower Potomac in Stafford County; one near the falls of the Rappahannock; one on the Mattapony; one on the Pamunky; one at the falls of the James (near the site of Richmond); one near the falls of the Appomattox, and others on the Blackwater, the Nansemond, and the Accomac peninsula, all in the eastern part of Virginia. Again, in 1679, similar provision was made,[84:2] and an especially interesting act was passed, making _quasi_ manorial grants to Major Lawrence Smith and Captain William Byrd, "to seate certain lands at the head [falls] of Rappahannock and James river" respectively. This scheme failed for lack of approval by the authorities in England.[84:3] But Byrd at the falls of the James near the present site of Richmond, Robert Beverley on the Rappahannock, and other frontier commanders on the York and Potomac, continued to undertake colonial defense. The system of mounted rangers was established in 1691, by which a lieutenant, eleven soldiers, and two Indians at the "heads" or falls of each great river were to scout for enemy,[85:1] and the Indian boundary line was strictly defined. By the opening years of the eighteenth century (1701), the assembly of Virginia had reached the conclusion that settlement would be the best means of protecting the frontiers, and that the best way of "settling in co-habitations upon the said land frontiers within this government will be by encouragements to induce societies of men to undertake the same."[85:2] It was declared to be inexpedient to have less than twenty fighting men in each "society," and provision was made for a land grant to be given to these societies (or towns) not less than 10,000 nor more than 30,000 acres upon any of the frontiers, to be held in common by the society. The power of ordering and managing these lands, and the settling and planting of them, was to remain in the society. Virginia was to pay the cost of survey, also quit-rents for the first twenty years for the two-hundred-acre tract as the site of the "co-habitation." Within this two hundred acres each member was to have a half-acre lot for living upon, and a right to two hundred acres next adjacent, until the thirty thousand acres were taken up. The members of the society were exempt from taxes for twenty years, and from the requirements of military duty except such as they imposed upon themselves. The resemblance to the New England town is obvious. "Provided alwayes," ran the quaint statute, "and it is the true intent and meaning of this act that for every five hundred acres of land to be granted in pursuance of this act there shall be and shall be continually kept upon the said land one christian man between sixteen and sixty years of age perfect of limb, able and fitt for service who shall alsoe be continually provided with a well fixed musquett or fuzee, a good pistoll, sharp simeter, tomahawk and five pounds of good clean pistoll powder and twenty pounds of sizable leaden bulletts or swan or goose shott to be kept within the fort directed by this act besides the powder and shott for his necessary or useful shooting at game. Provided also that the said warlike christian man shall have his dwelling and continual abode within the space of two hundred acres of land to be laid out in a geometricall square or as near that figure as conveniency will admit," etc. Within two years the society was required to cause a half acre in the middle of the "co-habitation" to be palisaded "with good sound pallisadoes at least thirteen foot long and six inches diameter in the middle of the length thereof, and set double and at least three foot within the ground." Such in 1701 was the idea of the Virginia tidewater assembly of a frontiersman, and of the frontier towns by which the Old Dominion should spread her population into the upland South. But the "warlike Christian man" who actually came to furnish the firing line for Virginia, was destined to be the Scotch-Irishman and the German with long rifle in place of "fuzee" and "simeter," and altogether too restless to have his continual abode within the space of two hundred acres. Nevertheless there are points of resemblance between this idea of societies settled about a fortified town and the later "stations" of Kentucky.[87:1] By the beginning of the eighteenth century the engrossing of the lands of lowland Virginia had progressed so far, the practice of holding large tracts of wasteland for reserves in the great plantations had become so common, that the authorities of Virginia reported to the home government that the best lands were all taken up,[87:2] and settlers were passing into North Carolina seeking cheap lands near navigable rivers. Attention was directed also to the Piedmont portions of Virginia, for by this time the Indians were conquered in this region. It was now possible to acquire land by purchase[87:3] at five shillings sterling for fifty acres, as well as by head-rights for importation or settlement, and land speculation soon turned to the new area. Already the Piedmont had been somewhat explored.[87:4] Even by the middle of the seventeenth century, fur-traders had followed the trail southwest from the James more than four hundred miles to the Catawbas and later to the Cherokees. Col. William Byrd had, as we have seen, not only been absorbing good lands in the lowlands, and defending his post at the falls of the James, like a Count of the Border, but he also engaged in this fur-trade and sent his pack trains along this trail through the Piedmont of the Carolinas,[87:5] and took note of the rich savannas of that region. Charleston traders engaged in rivalry for this trade. It was not long before cattle raisers from the older settlements, learning from the traders of the fertile plains and peavine pastures of this land, followed the fur-traders and erected scattered "cow-pens" or ranches beyond the line of plantations in the Piedmont. Even at the close of the seventeenth century, herds of wild horses and cattle ranged at the outskirts of the Virginia settlements, and were hunted by the planters, driven into pens, and branded somewhat after the manner of the later ranching on the Great Plains.[88:1] Now the cow-drovers and the cow-pens[88:2] began to enter the uplands. The Indians had by this time been reduced to submission in most of the Virginia Piedmont--as Governor Spotswood[88:3] reported in 1712, living "quietly on our frontiers, trafficking with the Inhabitants." After the defeat of the Tuscaroras and Yemassees about this time in the Carolinas, similar opportunities for expansion existed there. The cattle drovers sometimes took their herds from range to range; sometimes they were gathered permanently near the pens, finding the range sufficient throughout the year. They were driven to Charleston, or later sometimes even to Philadelphia and Baltimore markets. By the middle of the century, disease worked havoc with them in South Carolina[89:1] and destroyed seven-eighths of those in North Carolina; Virginia made regulations governing the driving of cattle through her frontier counties to avoid the disease, just as in our own time the northern cattlemen attempted to protect their herds against the Texas fever. Thus cattle raisers from the coast followed the fur-traders toward the uplands, and already pioneer farmers were straggling into the same region, soon to be outnumbered by the tide of settlement that flowed into the region from Pennsylvania. The descriptions of the uplands by contemporaneous writers are in glowing terms. Makemie, in his "Plain and Friendly Persuasion" (1705), declared "The best, richest, and most healthy part of your Country is yet to be inhabited, above the falls of every River, to the Mountains." Jones, in his "Present State of Virginia" (1724), comments on the convenience of tidewater transportation, etc., but declares that section "not nearly so healthy as the uplands and Barrens which serve for Ranges for Stock," although he speaks less enthusiastically of the savannas and marshes which lay in the midst of the forest areas. In fact, the Piedmont was by no means the unbroken forest that might have been imagined, for in addition to natural meadows, the Indians had burned over large tracts.[89:2] It was a rare combination of woodland and pasture, with clear running streams and mild climate.[89:3] The occupation of the Virginia Piedmont received a special impetus from the interest which Governor Spotswood took in the frontier. In 1710 he proposed a plan for intercepting the French in their occupation of the interior, by inducing Virginia settlement to proceed along one side of James River only, until this column of advancing pioneers should strike the attenuated line of French posts in the center. In the same year he sent a body of horsemen to the top of the Blue Ridge, where they could overlook the Valley of Virginia.[90:1] By 1714 he became active as a colonizer himself. Thirty miles above the falls of the Rappahannock, on the Rapidan at Germanna,[90:2] he settled a little village of German redemptioners (who in return for having the passage paid agreed to serve without wages for a term of years), to engage in his iron works, also to act as rangers on the frontier. From here, in 1716, with two companies of rangers and four Indians, Governor Spotswood and a band of Virginia gentlemen made a summer picnic excursion of two weeks across the Blue Ridge into the Shenandoah Valley. _Sic juvat transcendere montes_ was the motto of these Knights of the Golden Horse Shoe, as the governor dubbed them. But they were not the "warlike christian men" destined to occupy the frontier. Spotswood's interest in the advance along the Rappahannock, probably accounts for the fact that in 1720 Spotsylvania and Brunswick were organized as frontier counties of Virginia.[91:1] Five hundred dollars were contributed by the colony to the church, and a thousand dollars for arms and ammunition for the settlers in these counties. The fears of the French and Indians beyond the high mountains, were alleged as reasons for this advance. To attract settlers to these new counties, they were (1723) exempt from purchasing the lands under the system of head rights, and from payment of quit-rents for seven years after 1721. The free grants so obtained were not to exceed a thousand acres. This was soon extended to six thousand acres, but with provision requiring the settlement of a certain number of families upon the grant within a certain time. In 1729 Spotswood was ordered by the Council to produce "rights" and pay the quit-rents for the 59,786 acres which he claimed in this county. Other similar actions by the Council show that large holdings were developing there, also that the difficulty of establishing a frontier democracy in contact with the area of expanding plantations, was very real.[91:2] By the time of the occupation of the Shenandoah Valley, therefore, the custom was established in this part of Virginia,[91:3] of making grants of a thousand acres for each family settled. Speculative planters, influential with the Governor and Council secured grants of many thousand acres, conditioned upon seating a certain number of families, and satisfying the requirements of planting. Thus what had originally been intended as direct grants to the actual settler, frequently became grants to great planters like Beverley, who promoted the coming of Scotch-Irish and German settlers, or took advantage of the natural drift into the Valley, to sell lands in their grants, as a rule, reserving quit-rents. The liberal grants per family enabled these speculative planters, while satisfying the terms of settlement, to hold large portions of the grant for themselves. Under the lax requirements, and probably still more lax enforcement, of the provisions for actual cultivation or cattle-raising,[92:1] it was not difficult to hold such wild land. These conditions rendered possible the extension of a measure of aristocratic planter life in the course of time to the Piedmont and Valley lands of Virginia. It must be added, however, that some of the newcomers, both Germans and Scotch-Irish, like the Van Meters, Stover, and Lewis, also showed an ability to act as promoters in locating settlers and securing grants to themselves. In the northern part of the Shenandoah Valley, lay part of the estate of Lord Fairfax, some six million acres in extent, which came to the family by dower from the old Culpeper and Arlington grant of Northern Neck. In 1748, the youthful Washington was surveying this estate along the upper waters of the Potomac, finding a bed under the stars and learning the life of the frontier. Lord Fairfax established his own Greenway manor,[92:2] and divided his domain into other manors, giving ninety-nine-year leases to settlers already on the ground at twenty shillings annually per hundred acres; while of the new-comers he exacted two shillings annual quit-rent for this amount of land in fee simple. Litigation kept land titles uncertain here, for many years. Similarly, Beverley's manor, about Staunton, represented a grant of 118,000 acres to Beverley and his associates on condition of placing the proper number of families on the tract.[93:1] Thus speculative planters on this frontier shared in the movement of occupation and made an aristocratic element in the up-country; but the increasing proportion of Scotch-Irish immigrants, as well as German settlers, together with the contrast in natural conditions, made the interior a different Virginia from that of the tidewater. As settlement ascended the Rappahannock, and emigrants began to enter the Valley from the north, so, contemporaneously, settlement ascended the James above the falls, succeeding to the posts of the fur-traders.[93:2] Goochland County was set off in 1728, and the growth of population led, as early as 1729, to proposals for establishing a city (Richmond) at the falls. Along the upper James, as on the Rappahannock, speculative planters bought headrights and located settlers and tenants to hold their grants.[93:3] Into this region came natives of Virginia, emigrants from the British isles, and scattered representatives of other lands, some of them coming up the James, others up the York, and still others arriving with the southward-moving current along both sides of the Blue Ridge. Before 1730 few settlers lived above the mouth of the Rivanna. In 1732 Peter Jefferson patented a thousand acres at the eastern opening of its mountain gap, and here, under frontier conditions, Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743 near his later estate of Monticello. About him were pioneer farmers, as well as foresighted engrossers of the land. In the main his country was that of a democratic frontier people--Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, Quakers, Baptists, and other sects,[94:1] out of sympathy with the established church and the landed gentry of the lowlands. This society in which he was born, was to find in Jefferson a powerful exponent of its ideals.[94:2] Patrick Henry was born in 1736 above the falls, not far from Richmond, and he also was a mouthpiece of interior Virginia in the Revolutionary era. In short, a society was already forming in the Virginia Piedmont which was composed of many sects, of independent yeomen as well as their great planter leaders--a society naturally expansive, seeing its opportunity to deal in unoccupied lands along the frontier which continually moved toward the West, and in this era of the eighteenth century dominated by the democratic ideals of pioneers rather than by the aristocratic tendencies of slaveholding planters. As there were two New Englands, so there were by this time two Virginias, and the uplands belonged with the Old West. The advance across the fall line from the coast was, in North Carolina, much slower than in Virginia. After the Tuscarora War (1712-13) an extensive region west from Pamlico Sound was opened (1724). The region to the north, about the Roanoke, had before this begun to receive frontier settlers, largely from Virginia. Their traits are interestingly portrayed in Byrd's "Dividing Line." By 1728 the farthest inhabitants along the Virginia boundary were frontiersmen about Great Creek, a branch of the Roanoke.[94:3] The North Carolina commissioners desired to stop running the line after going a hundred and seventy miles, on the plea that they were already fifty miles beyond the outermost inhabitant, and there would be no need for an age or two to carry the line farther; but the Virginia surveyors pointed out that already speculators were taking up the land. A line from Weldon to Fayetteville would roughly mark the western boundary of North Carolina's sparse population of forty thousand souls.[95:1] The slower advance is explained, partly because of the later settlement of the Carolinas, partly because the Indians continued to be troublesome on the flanks of the advancing population, as seen in the Tuscarora and Yemassee wars, and partly because the pine barrens running parallel with the fall line made a zone of infertile land not attractive to settlers. The North Carolina low country, indeed, had from the end of the seventeenth century been a kind of southern frontier for overflow from Virginia; and in many ways was assimilated to the type of the up-country in its turbulent democracy, its variety of sects and peoples, and its primitive conditions. But under the lax management of the public lands, the use of "blank patents" and other evasions made possible the development of large landholding, side by side with headrights to settlers. Here, as in Virginia, a great proprietary grant extended across the colony--Lord Granville's proprietary was a zone embracing the northern half of North Carolina. Within the area, sales and quit-rents were administered by the agents of the owner, with the result that uncertainty and disorder of an agrarian nature extended down to the Revolution. There were likewise great speculative holdings, conditioned on seating a certain proportion of settlers, into which the frontiersmen were drifting.[95:2] But this system also made it possible for agents of later migrating congregations to establish colonies like that of the Moravians at Wachovia.[95:3] Thus, by the time settlers came into the uplands from the north, a land system existed similar to that of Virginia. A common holding was a square mile (640 acres), but in practice this did not prevent the accumulation of great estates.[96:1] Whereas Virginia's Piedmont area was to a large extent entered by extensions from the coast, that of North Carolina remained almost untouched by 1730.[96:2] The same is true of South Carolina. By 1730, settlement had progressed hardly eighty miles from the coast, even in the settled area of the lowlands. The tendency to engross the lowlands for large plantations was clear, here as elsewhere.[96:3] The surveyor-general reports in 1732 that not as many as a thousand acres within a hundred miles of Charleston, or within twenty miles of a river or navigable creek, were unpossessed. In 1729 the crown ordered eleven townships of twenty thousand acres each to be laid out in rectangles, divided into fifty acres for each actual settler under a quit-rent of four shillings a year for every hundred acres, or proportionally, to be paid after the first ten years.[96:4] By 1732 these townships, designed to attract foreign Protestants, were laid out on the great rivers of the colony. As they were located in the middle region, east of the fall line, among pine barrens, or in malarial lands in the southern corner of the colony, they all proved abortive as towns, except Orangeburg[96:5] on the North Edisto, where German redemptioners made a settlement. The Scotch-Irish Presbyterians who came to Williamsburg, on Black River, suffered hardships; as did the Swiss who, under the visionary leadership of Purry, settled in the deadly climate of Purrysburg, on the lower Savannah. To Welsh colonists from Pennsylvania there was made a grant--known as the "Welsh tract," embracing over 173,000 acres on the Great Pedee (Marion County)[97:1] under headrights of fifty acres, also a bounty in provisions, tools, and livestock. These attempts, east of the fall line, are interesting as showing the colonial policy of marking out towns (which were to be politically-organized parishes, with representation in the legislature), and attracting foreigners thereto, prior to the coming of settlers from the North. The settlement of Georgia, in 1732, completed the southern line of colonization toward the Piedmont. Among the objects of the colony, as specified in the charters, were the relief of the poor and the protection of the frontiers. To guard against the tendency to engross the lands in great estates, already so clearly revealed in the older colonies, the Georgia trustees provided that the grants of fifty acres should not be alienated or divided, but should pass to the male heirs and revert to the trustees in case heirs were lacking. No grant greater than five hundred acres was permitted, and even this was made conditionally upon the holder settling ten colonists. However, under local conditions and the competition and example of neighboring colonies, this attempt to restrict land tenure in the interest of democracy broke down by 1750, and Georgia's land system became not unlike that of the other Southern colonies.[97:2] In 1734, Salzburgers had been located above Savannah, and within seven years some twelve hundred German Protestants were dwelling on the Georgia frontier; while a settlement of Scotch Highlanders at Darien, near the mouth of the Altamaha, protected the southern frontier. At Augusta, an Indian trading fort (1735), whence the dealers in peltry visited the Cherokee, completed the familiar picture of frontier advance.[98:1] We have now hastily surveyed the movement of the frontier of settlement westward from the lowlands, in the later years of the seventeenth and early part of the eighteenth century. There is much that is common in the whole line of advance. The original settlers engross the desirable lands of the older area. Indented servants and new-comers pass to the frontier seeking a place to locate their headrights, or plant new towns. Adventurous and speculative wealthy planters acquire large holdings in the new areas, and bring over settlers to satisfy the requirements of seating and cultivating their extensive grants, thus building up a yeomanry of small landholders side by side with the holders of large estates. The most far-sighted of the new-comers follow the example of the planters, and petition for increasing extensive grants. Meanwhile, pioneers like Abraham Wood, himself once an indented servant, and gentlemen like Col. William Byrd--prosecuting the Indian trade from their posts at the "heads" of the rivers, and combining frontier protection, exploring, and surveying--make known the more distant fertile soils of the Piedmont. Already in the first part of the eighteenth century, the frontier population tended to be a rude democracy, with a large representation of Scotch-Irish, Germans, Welsh, and Huguenot French settlers, holding religious faiths unlike that of the followers of the established church in the lowlands. The movement of slaves into the region was unimportant, but not unknown. The Virginia Valley was practically unsettled in 1730, as was much of Virginia's Piedmont area and all the Piedmont area of the Carolinas. The significance of the movement of settlers from the North into this vacant Valley and Piedmont, behind the area occupied by expansion from the coast is, that it was geographically separated from the westward movement from the coast, and that it was sufficient in volume to recruit the democratic forces and postpone for a long time the process of social assimilation to the type of the lowlands. As has been pointed out, especially in the Carolinas a belt of pine barrens, roughly eighty miles in breadth, ran parallel with the fall line and thus discouraged western advance across this belt, even before the head of navigation was reached. In Virginia, the Blue Ridge made an almost equally effective barrier, walling off the Shenandoah Valley from the westward advance. At the same time this valley was but a continuation of the Great Valley, that ran along the eastern edge of the Alleghanies in southeastern Pennsylvania, and included in its mountain trough the Cumberland and Hagerstown valleys. In short, a broad limestone band of fertile soil was stretched within mountain walls, southerly from Pennsylvania to southwestern Virginia; and here the watergaps opened the way to descend to the Carolina Piedmont. This whole area, a kind of peninsula thrust down from Pennsylvania, was rendered comparatively inaccessible to the westward movement from the lowlands, and was equally accessible to the population which was entering Pennsylvania.[99:1] Thus it happened that from about 1730 to 1760 a generation of settlers poured along this mountain trough into the southern uplands, or Piedmont, creating a new continuous social and economic area, which cut across the artificial colonial boundary lines, disarranged the regular extension of local government from the coast westward, and built up a new Pennsylvania in contrast with the old Quaker colonies, and a new South in contrast with the tidewater South. This New South composed the southern half of the Old West. From its beginning, Pennsylvania was advertised as a home for dissenting sects seeking freedom in the wilderness. But it was not until the exodus of German redemptioners,[100:1] from about 1717, that the Palatinate and neighboring areas sent the great tide of Germans which by the time of the Revolution made them nearly a third of the total population of Pennsylvania. It has been carefully estimated that in 1775 over 200,000 Germans lived in the thirteen colonies, chiefly along the frontier zone of the Old West. Of these, a hundred thousand had their home in Pennsylvania, mainly in the Great Valley, in the region which is still so notably the abode of the "Pennsylvania Dutch."[100:2] Space does not permit us to describe this movement of colonization.[100:3] The entrance to the fertile limestone soils of the Great Valley of Pennsylvania was easy, in view of the low elevation of the South Mountain ridge, and the watergaps thereto. The continuation along the similar valley to the south, in Maryland and Virginia, was a natural one, especially as the increasing tide of emigrants raised the price of lands.[100:4] In 1719 the proprietor's price for Pennsylvania lands was ten pounds per hundred acres, and two shillings quit-rents. In 1732 this became fifteen and one-half pounds, with a quit-rent of a half penny per acre.[101:1] During the period 1718 to 1732, when the Germans were coming in great numbers, the management of the lands fell into confusion, and many seated themselves as squatters, without title.[101:2] This was a fortunate possibility for the poor redemptioners, who had sold their service for a term of years in order to secure their transportation to America. By 1726 it was estimated that there were 100,000 squatters;[101:3] and of the 670,000 acres occupied between 1732 and 1740, it is estimated that 400,000 acres were settled without grants.[101:4] Nevertheless these must ultimately be paid for, with interest, and the concession of the right of preëmption to squatters made this easier. But it was not until 1755 that the governor offered land free from purchase, and this was to be taken only west of the Alleghanies.[101:5] Although the credit system relieved the difficulty in Pennsylvania, the lands of that colony were in competition with the Maryland lands, offered between 1717 and 1738 at forty shillings sterling per hundred acres, which in 1738 was raised to five pounds sterling.[101:6] At the same time, in the Virginia Valley, as will be recalled, free grants were being made of a thousand acres per family. Although large tracts of the Shenandoah Valley had been granted to speculators like Beverley, Borden, and the Carters, as well as to Lord Fairfax, the owners sold six or seven pounds cheaper per hundred acres than did the Pennsylvania land office.[102:1] Between 1726 and 1734, therefore, the Germans began to enter this valley,[102:2] and before long they extended their settlements into the Piedmont of the Carolinas,[102:3] being recruited in South Carolina by emigrants coming by way of Charleston--especially after Governor Glenn's purchase from the Cherokee in 1755, of the extreme western portion of the colony. Between 1750 and the Revolution, these settlers in the Carolinas greatly increased in numbers. Thus a zone of almost continuous German settlements had been established, running from the head of the Mohawk in New York to the Savannah in Georgia. They had found the best soils, and they knew how to till them intensively and thriftily, as attested by their large, well-filled barns, good stock, and big canvas-covered Conestoga wagons. They preferred to dwell in groups, often of the same religious denomination--Lutherans, Reformed, Moravians, Mennonites, and many lesser sects. The diaries of Moravian missionaries from Pennsylvania, who visited them, show how the parent congregations kept in touch with their colonies[102:4] and how intimate, in general, was the bond of connection between this whole German frontier zone and that of Pennsylvania. Side by side with this German occupation of Valley and Piedmont, went the migration of the Scotch-Irish.[103:1] These lowland Scots had been planted in Ulster early in the seventeenth century. Followers of John Knox, they had the contentious individualism and revolutionary temper that seem natural to Scotch Presbyterianism. They were brought up on the Old Testament, and in the doctrine of government by covenant or compact. In Ireland their fighting qualities had been revealed in the siege of Londonderry, where their stubborn resistance balked the hopes of James II. However, religious and political disabilities were imposed upon these Ulstermen, which made them discontented, and hard times contributed to detach them from their homes. Their movement to America was contemporaneous with the heavy German migration. By the Revolution, it is believed that a third of the population of Pennsylvania was Scotch-Irish; and it has been estimated, probably too liberally, that a half million came to the United States between 1730 and 1770.[103:2] Especially after the Rebellion of 1745, large numbers of Highlanders came to increase the Scotch blood in the nation.[103:3] Some of the Scotch-Irish went to New England.[103:4] Given the cold shoulder by congregational Puritans, they passed to unsettled lands about Worcester, to the frontier in the Berkshires, and in southern New Hampshire at Londonderry--whence came John Stark, a frontier leader in the French and Indian War, and the hero of Bennington in the Revolution, as well as the ancestors of Horace Greeley and S. P. Chase. In New York, a Scotch-Irish settlement was planted on the frontier at Cherry Valley.[104:1] Scotch Highlanders came to the Mohawk,[104:2] where they followed Sir William Johnson and became Tory raiders in the Revolution. But it was in Pennsylvania that the center of Scotch-Irish power lay. "These bold and indigent strangers, saying as their excuse when challenged for titles that we had solicited for colonists and they had come accordingly,"[104:3] and asserting that "it was against the laws of God and nature that so much land should be idle while so many christians wanted it to work on and to raise their bread," squatted on the vacant lands, especially in the region disputed between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and remained in spite of efforts to drive them off. Finding the Great Valley in the hands of the Germans, they planted their own outposts along the line of the Indian trading path from Lancaster to Bedford; they occupied Cumberland Valley, and before 1760 pressed up the Juniata somewhat beyond the narrows, spreading out along its tributaries, and by 1768 had to be warned off from the Redstone country to avoid Indian trouble. By the time of the Revolution, their settlements made Pittsburgh a center from which was to come a new era in Pennsylvania history. It was the Scotch-Irish and German fur-traders[104:4] whose pack trains pioneered into the Ohio Valley in the days before the French and Indian wars. The messengers between civilization and savagery were such men,[105:1] as the Irish Croghan, and the Germans Conrad Weiser and Christian Post. Like the Germans, the Scotch-Irish passed into the Shenandoah Valley,[105:2] and on to the uplands of the South. In 1738 a delegation of the Philadelphia Presbyterian synod was sent to the Virginia governor and received assurances of security of religious freedom; the same policy was followed by the Carolinas. By 1760 a zone of Scotch-Irish Presbyterian churches extended from the frontiers of New England to the frontiers of South Carolina. This zone combined in part with the German zone, but in general Scotch-Irishmen tended to follow the valleys farther toward the mountains, to be the outer edge of this frontier. Along with this combined frontier stream were English, Welsh and Irish Quakers, and French Huguenots.[105:3] Among this moving mass, as it passed along the Valley into the Piedmont, in the middle of the eighteenth century, were Daniel Boone, John Sevier, James Robertson, and the ancestors of John C. Calhoun, Abraham Lincoln, Jefferson Davis, Stonewall Jackson, James K. Polk, Sam Houston, and Davy Crockett, while the father of Andrew Jackson came to the Carolina Piedmont at the same time from the coast. Recalling that Thomas Jefferson's home was on the frontier, at the edge of the Blue Ridge, we perceive that these names represent the militant expansive movement in American life. They foretell the settlement across the Alleghanies in Kentucky and Tennessee; the Louisiana Purchase, and Lewis and Clark's transcontinental exploration; the conquest of the Gulf Plains in the War of 1812-15; the annexation of Texas; the acquisition of California and the Spanish Southwest. They represent, too, frontier democracy in its two aspects personified in Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln. It was a democracy responsive to leadership, susceptible to waves of emotion, of a "high religeous voltage"--quick and direct in action. The volume of this Northern movement into the Southern uplands is illustrated by the statement of Governor Tryon, of North Carolina, that in the summer and winter of 1765 more than a thousand immigrant wagons passed through Salisbury, in that colony.[106:1] Coming by families, or groups of families or congregations, they often drove their herds with them. Whereas in 1746 scarce a hundred fighting men were found in Orange and the western counties of North Carolina, there were in 1753 fully three thousand, in addition to over a thousand Scotch in the Cumberland; and they covered the province more or less thickly, from Hillsboro and Fayetteville to the mountains.[106:2] Bassett remarks that the Presbyterians received their first ministers from the synod of New York and Pennsylvania, and later on sent their ministerial students to Princeton College. "Indeed it is likely that the inhabitants of this region knew more about Philadelphia at that time than about Newbern or Edenton."[106:3] We are now in a position to note briefly, in conclusion, some of the results of the occupation of this new frontier during the first half of the eighteenth century--some of the consequences of this formation of the Old West. I. A fighting frontier had been created all along the line from New England to Georgia, which bore the brunt of French and Indian attacks and gave indispensable service during the Revolution. The significance of this fact could only be developed by an extended survey of the scattered border warfare of this era. We should have to see Rogers leading his New England Rangers, and Washington defending interior Virginia with his frontiersmen in their hunting shirts, in the French and Indian War. When all of the campaigns about the region of Canada, Lake Champlain, and the Hudson, central New York (Oriskany, Cherry Valley, Sullivan's expedition against the Iroquois), Wyoming Valley, western Pennsylvania, the Virginia Valley, and the back country of the South are considered as a whole from this point of view, the meaning of the Old West will become more apparent. II. A new society had been established, differing in essentials from the colonial society of the coast. It was a democratic self-sufficing, primitive agricultural society, in which individualism was more pronounced than the community life of the lowlands. The indented servant and the slave were not a normal part of its labor system. It was engaged in grain and cattle raising, not in producing staples, and it found a partial means of supplying its scarcity of specie by the peltries which it shipped to the coast. But the hunter folk were already pushing farther on; the cow-pens and the range were giving place to the small farm, as in our own day they have done in the cattle country. It was a region of hard work and poverty, not of wealth and leisure. Schools and churches were secured under serious difficulty,[107:1] if at all; but in spite of the natural tendencies of a frontier life, a large portion of the interior showed a distinctly religious atmosphere. III. The Old West began the movement of internal trade which developed home markets and diminished that colonial dependence on Europe in industrial matters shown by the maritime and staple-raising sections. Not only did Boston and other New England towns increase as trading centers when the back country settled up, but an even more significant interchange occurred along the Valley and Piedmont. The German farmers of the Great Valley brought their woven linen, knitted stockings, firkins of butter, dried apples, grain, etc., to Philadelphia and especially to Baltimore, which was laid out in 1730. To this city also came trade from the Shenandoah Valley, and even from the Piedmont came peltry trains and droves of cattle and hogs to the same market.[108:1] The increase of settlement on the upper James resulted in the establishment of the city of Richmond at the falls of the river in 1737. Already the tobacco-planting aristocracy of the lowlands were finding rivals in the grain-raising area of interior Virginia and Maryland. Charleston prospered as the up-country of the Carolinas grew. Writing in the middle of the eighteenth century, Governor Glenn, of South Carolina, explained the apparent diminution of the colony's shipping thus:[108:2] Our trade with New York and Philadelphia was of this sort, draining us of all the little money and bills that we could gather from other places, for their bread, flour, beer, hams, bacon, and other things of their produce, all which, except beer, our new townships begin to supply us with which are settled with very industrious and consequently thriving Germans. It was not long before this interior trade produced those rivalries for commercial ascendancy, between the coastwise cities, which still continue. The problem of internal improvements became a pressing one, and the statutes show increasing provision for roads, ferries, bridges, river improvements, etc.[109:1] The basis was being laid for a national economy, and at the same time a new source for foreign export was created. IV. The Old West raised the issues of nativism and a lower standard of comfort. In New England, Scotch-Irish Presbyterians had been frowned upon and pushed away by the Puritan townsmen.[109:2] In Pennsylvania, the coming of the Germans and the Scotch-Irish in such numbers caused grave anxiety. Indeed, a bill was passed to limit the importation of the Palatines, but it was vetoed.[109:3] Such astute observers as Franklin feared in 1753 that Pennsylvania would be unable to preserve its language and that even its government would become precarious.[109:4] "I remember," he declares, "when they modestly declined intermeddling in our elections, but now they come in droves and carry all before them, except in one or two counties;" and he lamented that the English could not remove their prejudices by addressing them in German.[109:5] Dr. Douglas[109:6] apprehended that Pennsylvania would "degenerate into a foreign colony" and endanger the quiet of the adjacent provinces. Edmund Burke, regretting that the Germans adhered to their own schools, literature, and language, and that they possessed great tracts without admixture of English, feared that they would not blend and become one people with the British colonists, and that the colony was threatened with the danger of being wholly foreign. He also noted that "these foreigners by their industry, frugality, and a hard way of living, in which they greatly exceed our people, have in a manner thrust them out in several places."[110:1] This is a phenomenon with which a succession of later frontiers has familiarized us. In point of fact the "Pennsylvania Dutch" remained through our history a very stubborn area to assimilate, with corresponding effect upon Pennsylvania politics. It should be noted also that this coming of non-English stock to the frontier raised in all the colonies affected, questions of naturalization and land tenure by aliens.[110:2] V. The creation of this frontier society--of which so large a portion differed from that of the coast in language and religion as well as in economic life, social structure, and ideals--produced an antagonism between interior and coast, which worked itself out in interesting fashion. In general this took these forms: contests between the property-holding class of the coast and the debtor class of the interior, where specie was lacking, and where paper money and a readjustment of the basis of taxation were demanded; contests over defective or unjust local government in the administration of taxes, fees, lands, and the courts; contests over apportionment in the legislature, whereby the coast was able to dominate, even when its white population was in the minority; contests to secure the complete separation of church and state; and, later, contests over slavery, internal improvements, and party politics in general. These contests are also intimately connected with the political philosophy of the Revolution and with the development of American democracy. In nearly every colony prior to the Revolution, struggles had been in progress between the party of privilege, chiefly the Eastern men of property allied with the English authorities, and the democratic classes, strongest in the West and the cities. This theme deserves more space than can here be allotted to it; but a rapid survey of conditions in this respect, along the whole frontier, will at least serve to bring out the point. In New England as a whole, the contest is less in evidence. That part of the friction elsewhere seen as the result of defective local government in the back country, was met by the efficiency of the town system; but between the interior and the coast there were struggles over apportionment and religious freedom. The former is illustrated by the convention that met in Dracut, Massachusetts, in 1776, to petition the States of Massachusetts and New Hampshire to relieve the financial distress and unfair legislative representation. Sixteen of the border towns of New Hampshire sent delegates to this convention. Two years later, these New Hampshire towns attempted to join Vermont.[111:1] As a Revolutionary State, Vermont itself was an illustration of the same tendency of the interior to break away from the coast. Massachusetts in this period witnessed a campaign between the paper money party which was entrenched in the more recently and thinly-settled areas of the interior and west, and the property-holding classes of the coast.[111:2] The opposition to the constitutions of 1778 and 1780 is tinctured with the same antagonism between the ideas of the newer part of the interior and of the coast.[112:1] Shays' Rebellion and the anti-federal opposition of 1787-88 found its stronghold in the same interior areas.[112:2] The religious struggles continued until the democratic interior, where dissenting sects were strong, and where there was antagonism to the privileges of the congregational church, finally secured complete disestablishment in New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. But this belongs to a later period.[112:3] Pennsylvania affords a clear illustration of these sectional antagonisms. The memorial of the frontier "Paxton Boys," in 1764, demanded a right to share in political privileges with the older part of the colony, and protested against the apportionment by which the counties of Chester, Bucks, and Philadelphia, together with the city of Philadelphia, elected twenty-six delegates, while the five frontier counties had but ten.[112:4] The frontier complained against the failure of the dominant Quaker party of the coast to protect the interior against the Indians.[112:5] The three old wealthy counties under Quaker rule feared the growth of the West, therefore made few new counties, and carefully restricted the representation in each to preserve the majority in the old section. At the same time, by a property qualification they met the danger of the democratic city population. Among the points of grievance in this colony, in addition to apportionment and representation, was the difficulty of access to the county seat, owing to the size of the back counties. Dr. Lincoln has well set forth the struggle of the back country, culminating in its triumph in the constitutional convention of 1776, which was chiefly the work of the Presbyterian counties.[113:1] Indeed, there were two revolutions in Pennsylvania, which went on side by side: one a revolt against the coastal property-holding classes, the old dominant Quaker party, and the other a revolt against Great Britain, which was in this colony made possible only by the triumph of the interior. In Virginia, as early as 1710, Governor Spotswood had complained that the old counties remained small while the new ones were sometimes ninety miles long, the inhabitants being obliged to travel thirty or forty miles to their own court-house. Some of the counties had 1,700 tithables, while others only a dozen miles square had 500. Justices of the peace disliked to ride forty or fifty miles to their monthly courts. Likewise there was disparity in the size of parishes--for example, that of Varina, on the upper James, had nine hundred tithables, many of whom lived fifty miles from their church. But the vestry refused to allow the remote parishioners to separate, because it would increase the parish levy of those that remained. He feared lest this would afford "opportunity to Sectarys to establish their opinions among 'em, and thereby shake that happy establishment of the Church of England which this colony enjoys with less mixture of Dissenters than any other of her Maj'tie's plantations, and when once Schism has crept into the Church, it will soon create faction in the Civil Government." That Spotswood's fears were well founded, we have already seen. As the sectaries of the back country increased, dissatisfaction with the established church grew. After the Revolution came, Jefferson, with the back country behind him, was able finally to destroy the establishment, and to break down the system of entails and primogeniture behind which the tobacco-planting aristocracy of the coast was entrenched. The desire of Jefferson to see slavery gradually abolished and popular education provided, is a further illustration of the attitude of the interior. In short, Jeffersonian democracy, with its idea of separation of church and state, its wish to popularize education, and its dislike for special privilege, was deeply affected by the Western society of the Old Dominion. The Virginian reform movement, however, was unable to redress the grievance of unequal apportionment. In 1780 Jefferson pointed out that the practice of allowing each county an equal representation in the legislature gave control to the numerous small counties of the tidewater, while the large populous counties of the up-country suffered. "Thus," he wrote, "the 19,000 men below the falls give law to more than 30,000 living in other parts of the state, and appoint all their chief officers, executive and judiciary."[114:1] This led to a long struggle between coast and interior, terminated only when the slave population passed across the fall line, and more nearly assimilated coast and up-country. In the mountain areas which did not undergo this change, the independent state of West Virginia remains as a monument of the contest. In the convention of 1829-30, the whole philosophy of representation was discussed, and the coast defended its control as necessary to protect property from the assaults of a numerical majority. They feared that the interior would tax their slaves in order to secure funds for internal improvements. As Doddridge put the case:[115:1] The principle is that the owners of slave property must be possessed of all the powers of government, however small their own numbers may be, to secure that property from the rapacity of an overgrown majority of white men. This principle admits of no relaxation, because the weaker the minority becomes, the greater will their need for power be according to their own doctrines. Leigh of Chesterfield county declared:[115:2] It is remarkable--I mention it for the curiosity of the fact--that if any evil, physical or moral, arise in any of the states south of us, it never takes a northerly direction, or taints the Southern breeze; whereas, if any plague originate in the North, it is sure to spread to the South and to invade us sooner or later; the influenza--the smallpox--the varioloid--the Hessian fly--the Circuit Court system--Universal Suffrage--all come from the North, _and they always cross above the falls of the great rivers_; below, it seems, the broad expanse of waters interposing, effectually arrests their progress. Nothing could more clearly bring out the sense of contrast between upland and lowland Virginia, and the continued intimacy of the bond of connection between the North and its Valley and Piedmont colonies, than this unconscious testimony. In North and South Carolina the upland South, beyond the pine barrens and the fall line, had similar grievances against the coast; but as the zone of separation was more strongly marked, the grievances were more acute. The tide of backwoods settlement flowing down the Piedmont from the north, had cut across the lines of local government and disarranged the regular course of development of the colonies from the seacoast.[116:1] Under the common practice, large counties in North Carolina and parishes in South Carolina had been projected into the unoccupied interior from the older settlements along their eastern edge. But the Piedmont settlers brought their own social order, and could not be well governed by the older planters living far away toward the seaboard. This may be illustrated by conditions in South Carolina. The general court in Charleston had absorbed county and precinct courts, except the minor jurisdiction of justices of the peace. This was well enough for the great planters who made their regular residence there for a part of each year; but it was a source of oppression to the up-country settlers, remote from the court. The difficulty of bringing witnesses, the delay of the law, and the costs all resulted in the escape of criminals as well as in the immunity of reckless debtors. The extortions of officials, and their occasional collusion with horse and cattle thieves, and the lack of regular administration of the law, led the South Carolina up-country men to take affairs in their own hands, and in 1764 to establish associations to administer lynch law under the name of "Regulators." The "Scovillites," or government party, and the Regulators met in arms on the Saluda in 1769, but hostilities were averted and remedial measures passed, which alleviated the difficulty until the Revolution.[117:1] There still remained, however, the grievance of unjust legislative representation.[117:2] Calhoun stated the condition in these words: The upper country had no representation in the government and no political existence as a constituent portion of the state until a period near the commencement of the revolution. Indeed, during the revolution, and until the formation of the present constitution, in 1790, its political weight was scarcely felt in the government. Even then although it had become the most populous section, power was so distributed under the constitution as to leave it in a minority in every department of government. Even in 1794 it was claimed by the up-country leaders that four-fifths of the people were governed by one-fifth. Nor was the difficulty met until the constitutional amendment of 1808, the effect of which was to give the control of the senate to the lower section and of the house of representatives to the upper section, thus providing a mutual veto.[117:3] This South Carolina experience furnished the historical basis for Calhoun's argument for nullification, and for the political philosophy underlying his theory of the "concurrent majority."[118:1] This adjustment was effected, however, only after the advance of the black belt toward the interior had assimilated portions of the Piedmont to lowland ideals. When we turn to North Carolina's upper country we find the familiar story, but with a more tragic ending. The local officials owed their selection to the governor and the council whom he appointed. Thus power was all concentrated in the official "ring" of the lowland area. The men of the interior resented the extortionate fees and the poll tax, which bore with unequal weight upon the poor settlers of the back country. This tax had been continued after sufficient funds had been collected to extinguish the debt for which it was originally levied, but venal sheriffs had failed to pay it into the treasury. A report of 1770 showed at least one defaulting sheriff in every county of the province.[118:2] This tax, which was almost the sole tax of the colony, was to be collected in specie, for the warehouse system, by which staples might be accepted, while familiar on the coast, did not apply to the interior. The specie was exceedingly difficult to obtain; in lack of it, the farmer saw the sheriff, who owed his appointment to the dominant lowland planters, sell the lands of the delinquent to his speculative friends. Lawyers and court fees followed. In short, the interior felt that it was being exploited,[118:3] and it had no redress, for the legislature was so apportioned that all power rested in the old lowland region. Efforts to secure paper money failed by reason of the governor's opposition under instructions from the crown, and the currency was contracting at the very time when population was rapidly increasing in the interior.[119:1] As in New England, in the days of Shays' Rebellion, violent prejudice existed against the judiciary and the lawyers, and it must, of course, be understood that the movement was not free from frontier dislike of taxation and the restraints of law and order in general. In 1766 and 1768, meetings were held in the upper counties to organize the opposition, and an "association"[119:2] was formed, the members of which pledged themselves to pay no more taxes or fees until they satisfied themselves that these were agreeable to law. The Regulators, as they called themselves, assembled in the autumn of 1768 to the number of nearly four thousand, and tried to secure terms of adjustment. In 1770 the court-house at Hillsboro was broken into by a mob. The assembly passed some measures designed to conciliate the back country; but before they became operative, Governor Tryon's militia, about twelve hundred men, largely from the lowlands, and led by the gentry whose privileges were involved, met the motley army of the Regulators, who numbered about two thousand, in the battle of the Alamance (May, 1771). Many were killed and wounded, the Regulators dispersed, and over six thousand men came into camp and took the oath of submission to the colonial authorities. The battle was not the first battle of the Revolution, as it has been sometimes called, for it had little or no relation to the stamp act; and many of the frontiersmen involved, later refused to fight against England because of the very hatred which had been inspired for the lowland Revolutionary leaders in this battle of the Alamance. The interior of the Carolinas was a region where neighbors, during the Revolution, engaged in internecine conflicts of Tories against Whigs. But in the sense that the battle of Alamance was a conflict against privilege, and for equality of political rights and power, it was indeed a preliminary battle of the Revolution, although fought against many of the very men who later professed Revolutionary doctrines in North Carolina. The need of recognizing the importance of the interior led to concessions in the convention of 1776 in that state. "Of the forty-four sections of the constitution, thirteen are embodiments of reforms sought by the Regulators."[120:1] But it was in this period that hundreds of North Carolina backwoodsmen crossed the mountains to Tennessee and Kentucky, many of them coming from the heart of the Regulator region. They used the device of "associations" to provide for government in their communities.[120:2] In the matter of apportionment, North Carolina showed the same lodgment of power in the hands of the coast, even after population preponderated in the Piedmont.[120:3] It is needless to comment on the uniformity of the evidence which has been adduced, to show that the Old West, the interior region from New England to Georgia, had a common grievance against the coast; that it was deprived throughout most of the region of its due share of representation, and neglected and oppressed in local government in large portions of the section. The familiar struggle of West against East, of democracy against privileged classes, was exhibited along the entire line. The phenomenon must be considered as a unit, not in the fragments of state histories. It was a struggle of interior against coast. VI. Perhaps the most noteworthy Western activity in the Revolutionary era, aside from the aspects already mentioned, was in the part which the multitude of sects in the Old West played in securing the great contribution which the United States made to civilization by providing for complete religious liberty, a secular state with free churches. Particularly the Revolutionary constitutions of Pennsylvania and Virginia, under the influence of the back country, insured religious freedom. The effects of the North Carolina upland area to secure a similar result were noteworthy, though for the time ineffective.[121:1] VII. As population increased in these years, the coast gradually yielded to the up-country's demands. This may be illustrated by the transfer of the capitals from the lowlands to the fall line and Valley. In 1779, Virginia changed her seat of government from Williamsburg to Richmond; in 1790, South Carolina, from Charleston to Columbia; in 1791, North Carolina, from Edenton to Raleigh; in 1797, New York, from New York City to Albany; in 1799, Pennsylvania, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. VIII. The democratic aspect of the new constitutions was also influenced by the frontier as well as by the prevalent Revolutionary philosophy; and the demands for paper money, stay and tender laws, etc., of this period were strongest in the interior. It was this region that supported Shays' Rebellion; it was (with some important exceptions) the same area that resisted the ratification of the federal constitution, fearful of a stronger government and of the loss of paper money. IX. The interior later showed its opposition to the coast by the persistent contest against slavery, carried on in the up-country of Virginia, and North and South Carolina. Until the decade 1830-40, it was not certain that both Virginia and North Carolina would not find some means of gradual abolition. The same influence accounts for much of the exodus of the Piedmont pioneers into Indiana and Illinois, in the first half of the nineteenth century.[122:1] X. These were the regions, also, in which were developed the desire of the pioneers who crossed the mountains, and settled on the "Western waters," to establish new States free from control by the lowlands, owning their own lands, able to determine their own currency, and in general to govern themselves in accordance with the ideals of the Old West. They were ready also, if need be, to become independent of the Old Thirteen. Vermont must be considered in this aspect, as well as Kentucky and Tennessee.[122:2] XI. The land system of the Old West furnished precedents which developed into the land system of the trans-Alleghany West.[122:3] The squatters of Pennsylvania and the Carolinas found it easy to repeat the operation on another frontier. Preëmption laws became established features. The Revolution gave opportunity to confiscate the claims of Lord Fairfax, Lord Granville, and McCulloh to their vast estates, as well as the remaining lands of the Pennsylvania proprietors. The 640 acre (or one square mile) unit of North Carolina for preëmptions, and frontier land bounties, became the area awarded to frontier stations by Virginia in 1779, and the "section" of the later federal land system. The Virginia preëmption right of four hundred acres on the Western waters, or a thousand for those who came prior to 1778, was, in substance, the continuation of a system familiar in the Old West. The grants to Beverley, of over a hundred thousand acres in the Valley, conditioned on seating a family for every thousand acres, and the similar grants to Borden, Carter, and Lewis, were followed by the great grant to the Ohio Company. This company, including leading Virginia planters and some frontiersmen, asked in 1749 for two hundred thousand acres on the upper Ohio, conditioned on seating a hundred families in seven years, and for an additional grant of three hundred thousand acres after this should be accomplished. It was proposed to settle Germans on these lands. The Loyal Land Company, by order of the Virginia council (1749), was authorized to take up eight hundred thousand acres west and north of the southern boundary of Virginia, on condition of purchasing "rights" for the amount within four years. The company sold many tracts for £3 per hundred acres to settlers, but finally lost its claim. The Mississippi Company, including in its membership the Lees, Washingtons, and other great Virginia planters, applied for two and one-half million acres in the West in 1769. Similar land companies of New England origin, like the Susquehanna Company and Lyman's Mississippi Company, exhibit the same tendency of the Old West on the northern side. New England's Ohio Company of Associates, which settled Marietta, had striking resemblances to town proprietors. These were only the most noteworthy of many companies of this period, and it is evident that they were a natural outgrowth of speculations in the Old West. Washington, securing military bounty land claims of soldiers of the French and Indian War, and selecting lands in West Virginia until he controlled over seventy thousand acres for speculation, is an excellent illustration of the tendency. He also thought of colonizing German Palatines upon his lands. The formation of the Transylvania and Vandalia companies were natural developments on a still vaster scale.[124:1] XII. The final phase of the Old West, which I wish merely to mention, in conclusion, is its colonization of areas beyond the mountains. The essential unity of the movement is brought out by a study of how New England's Old West settled northern Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont, the Adirondacks, central and Western New York, the Wyoming Valley (once organized as a part of Litchfield, Connecticut), the Ohio Company's region about Marietta, and Connecticut's Western Reserve on the shores of Lake Erie; and how the pioneers of the Great Valley and the Piedmont region of the South crossed the Alleghanies and settled on the Western Waters. Daniel Boone, going from his Pennsylvania home to the Yadkin, and from the Yadkin to Tennessee and Kentucky, took part in the whole process, and later in its continuation into Missouri.[124:2] The social conditions and ideals of the Old West powerfully shaped those of the trans-Alleghany West. The important contrast between the spirit of individual colonization, resentful of control, which the Southern frontiersmen showed, and the spirit of community colonization and control to which the New England pioneers inclined, left deep traces on the later history of the West.[125:1] The Old West diminished the importance of the town as a colonizing unit, even in New England. In the Southern area, efforts to legislate towns into existence, as in Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia, failed. They faded away before wilderness conditions. But in general, the Northern stream of migration was communal, and the Southern individual. The difference which existed between that portion of the Old West which was formed by the northward colonization, chiefly of the New England Plateau (including New York), and that portion formed by the southward colonization of the Virginia Valley and the Southern Piedmont was reflected in the history of the Middle West and the Mississippi Valley.[125:2] FOOTNOTES: [67:1] _Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin for 1908._ Reprinted with the permission of the Society. [68:1] For the settled area in 1660, see the map by Lois Mathews in Channing, "United Stales" (N. Y., 1905), i, p. 510; and by Albert Cook Myers in Avery, "United States" (Cleveland, 1905), ii, following p. 398. In Channing, ii, following p. 603, is Marion F. Lansing's map of settlement in 1760, which is on a rather conservative basis, especially the part showing the interior of the Carolinas. Contemporaneous maps of the middle of the eighteenth century, useful in studying the progress of settlement, are: Mitchell, "Map of the British Colonies" (1755); Evans, "Middle British Colonies" (1758); Jefferson and Frye, "Map of Virginia" (1751 and 1755). On the geographical conditions, see maps and text in Powell, "Physiographic Regions" (N. Y., 1896), and Willis, "Northern Appalachians," in "Physiography of the United States" (N. Y., 1896), pp. 73-82, 169-176, 196-201. [70:1] See Osgood, "American Colonies" (N. Y., 1907), iii, chap. iii. [70:2] See chapter ii, _ante_. [70:3] Sheldon, "Deerfield" (Deerfield, Mass., 1895), i, p. 288. [70:4] Parkman, "Frontenac" (Boston, 1898), p. 390; compare his description of Deerfield in 1704, in "Half Century of Conflict" (Boston, 1898), i, p. 55. [72:1] Hanna, "Scotch Irish" (N. Y. and London, 1902), ii, pp. 17-24. [72:2] "Half Century of Conflict," ii, pp. 214-234. [72:3] "American Husbandry" (London, 1775), i, p. 47. [73:1] For the extent of New England settlements in 1760, compared with 1700, see the map in Channing, "United States," ii, at end of volume. [74:1] Schafer, "Land Grants for Education," Univ. of Wis. _Bulletin_ (Madison, 1902), chap. iv. [75:1] On New England's land system see Osgood, "American Colonies" (N. Y., 1904), i, chap. xi; and Egleston, "Land System of the New England Colonies," Johns Hopkins Univ. _Studies_ (Baltimore, 1886), iv. Compare the account of Virginia, about 1696, in "Mass. Hist. Colls." (Boston, 1835), 1st series, v, p. 129, for a favorable view of the New England town system; and note the probable influence of New England's system upon Virginia's legislation about 1700. See chapter ii, _ante_. [76:1] Amelia C. Ford, "Colonial Precedents of our National Land System," citing Massachusetts Bay, House of Rep. "Journal," 1715, pp. 5, 22, 46; Hutchinson, "History of Massachusetts Bay" (London, 1768), ii, p. 331; Holland, "Western Massachusetts" (Springfield, 1855), pp. 66, 169. [76:2] "Conn. Colon. Records" (Hartford, 1874), viii, p. 134. [77:1] Holland, "Western Massachusetts," p. 197. See the comments of Hutchinson in his "History of Massachusetts Bay," ii, pp. 331, 332. Compare the steps of Connecticut men in 1753 and 1755 to secure a land grant in Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania, for the Susquehanna Company, and the Connecticut governor's remark that there was no unappropriated land in the latter colony--"Pa. Colon. Records" (Harrisburg, 1851), v, p. 771; "Pa. Archives," 2d series, xviii, contains the important documents, with much valuable information on the land system of the Wyoming Valley region. See also General Lyman's projects for a Mississippi colony in the Yazoo delta area--all indicative of the pressure for land and the speculative spirit. [78:1] Compare Vermont's dealings with the British, and the negotiations of Kentucky and Tennessee leaders with Spaniards and British. See _Amer. Hist. Review_, i, p. 252, note 2, for references on Vermont's Revolutionary philosophy and influence. [79:1] See H. C. Emery, "Artemas Jean Haynes" (New Haven, 1908), pp. 8-10. [80:1] Ballagh, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. "Report," 1897, p. 110. [80:2] "N. Y. Colon. Docs," vii, pp. 654, 795. [81:1] Becker, in _Amer. Hist. Review_, vi, p. 261. [81:2] Becker, _loc. cit._ For maps of grants in New York, see O'Callaghan, "Doc. Hist. of N. Y." (Albany, 1850), i, pp. 421, 774; especially Southier, "Chorographical Map of New York"; Winsor, "America," v, p. 236. In general on these grants, consult also "Doc. Hist. of N. Y.," i, pp. 249-257; "N. Y. Colon. Docs.," iv, pp. 397, 791, 874; v, pp. 459, 651, 805; vi, pp. 486, 549, 743, 876, 950; Kip, "Olden Time" (N. Y., 1872), p. 12; Scharf, "History of Westchester County" (Phila., 1886), i, p. 91; Libby, "Distribution of Vote on Ratification of Constitution" (Madison, 1894), pp. 21-25. For the region of the Wallkill, including New Paltz, etc., see Eager, "Outline History of Orange County, New York" (Newburgh, 1846-47); and Ruttenber and Clark, "History of Orange County" (Phila., 1881), pp. 11-20. On Cherry Valley and upper Susquehanna settlements, in general, in New York, see Halsey, "Old New York Frontier," pp. 5, 119, and the maps by De Witt and Southier in O'Callaghan, "Doc. Hist. of N. Y.," i, pp. 421, 774. Note the French Huguenots and Scotch-Irish in Orange County, and the Scotch-Irish settlers of Cherry Valley and their relation to Londonderry, N. H., as well as the missionary visits from Stockbridge, Mass., to the upper Susquehanna. [82:1] Lord, "Industrial Experiments" (Baltimore, 1898), p. 45; Diffenderfer, "German Exodus" (Lancaster, Pa., 1897). [82:2] See _post_. [84:1] Hening, "Va. Statutes at Large" (N. Y., 1823), ii, p. 326. [84:2] _Ibid._, p. 433. [84:3] Bassett, "Writings of William Byrd" (N. Y., 1901), p. xxi. [85:1] Hening, iii, p. 82. Similar acts were passed almost annually in successive years of the seventeenth century; cf. _loc. cit._, _pp._ 98, 115, 119, 126, 164; the system was discontinued in 1722--see Beverley, "Virginia and its Government" (London, 1722), p. 234. It is interesting to compare the recommendation of Governor Dodge for Wisconsin Territory in 1836--see Wis. Terr. House of Reps. "Journal," 1836, pp. 11 _et seq._ [85:2] Hening, iii, pp. 204-209. [87:1] Compare the law of 1779 in "Va. Revised Code" (1819), ii, p. 357; Ranck's "Boonesborough" (Louisville, 1901). [87:2] Bassett, "Writings of Byrd," p. xii; "Calendar of British State Papers, Am. and W. I.," 1677-80 (London, 1896), p. 168. [87:3] Bassett, _loc. cit._, p. x, and Hening, iii, p. 304 (1705). [87:4] [See Alvord and Bidgood, "First Explorations of the Trans-Allegheny Region."] [87:5] Bassett, "Writings of Byrd," pp. xvii, xviii, quotes Byrd's description of the trail; Logan, "Upper South Carolina" (Columbia, 1859), i, p. 167; Adair describes the trade somewhat later; cf. Bartram, "Travels" (London, 1792), _passim_, and Monette, "Mississippi Valley" (N. Y., 1846), ii, p. 13. [88:1] Bruce, "Economic Hist. of Va." (N. Y., 1896), i, pp. 473, 475, 477. [88:2] See descriptions of cow-pens in Logan, "History of Upper S. C.," i, p. 151; Bartram, "Travels," p. 308. On cattle raising generally in the Piedmont, see: Gregg, "Old Cheraws" (N. Y., 1867), pp. 68, 108-110; Salley, "Orangeburg" (Orangeburg, 1898), pp. 219-221; Lawson, "New Voyage to Carolina" (Raleigh, 1860), p. 135; Ramsay, "South Carolina" (Charleston, 1809), i, p. 207; J. F. D. Smyth, "Tour" (London, 1784), i, p. 143, ii, pp. 78, 97; Foote, "Sketches of N. C." (N. Y., 1846), p. 77; "N. C. Colon. Records" (Raleigh, 1887), v, pp. xli, 1193, 1223; "American Husbandry" (London, 1775), i, pp. 336, 350, 384; Hening, v. pp. 176, 245. [88:3] Spotswood, "Letters" (Richmond, 1882), i, p. 167; compare _Va. Magazine_, iii, pp. 120, 189. [89:1] "N. C. Colon. Records," v, p. xli. [89:2] Lawson, "Carolina" (Raleigh, 1860), gives a description early in the eighteenth century; his map is reproduced in Avery, "United States" (Cleveland, 1907), iii, p. 224. [89:3] The advantages and disadvantages of the Piedmont region of the Carolinas in the middle of the eighteenth century are illustrated in Spangenburg's diary, in "N. C. Colon. Records," v, pp. 6, 7, 13, 14. Compare "American Husbandry," i, pp. 220, 332, 357, 388. [90:1] Spotswood, "Letters," i, p. 40. [90:2] On Germanna see Spotswood, "Letters" (index); Fontaine's journal in A. Maury, "Huguenot Family" (1853), p. 268; Jones, "Present State of Virginia" (N. Y., 1865), p. 59; Bassett, "Writings of Byrd," p. 356; _Va. Magazine_, xiii, pp. 362, 365; vi, p. 385; xii, pp. 342, 350; xiv, p. 136. Spotswood's interest in the Indian trade on the southern frontier of Virginia is illustrated in his fort Christanna, on which the above references afford information. The contemporaneous account of Spotswood's expedition into Shenandoah Valley is Fontaine's journey, cited above. [91:1] See the excellent paper by C. E. Kemper, in _Va. Magazine_, xii, on "Early Westward Movement in Virginia." [91:2] Compare Phillips, "Origin and Growth of the Southern Black Belts," in _Amer. Hist. Review_, xi, p. 799. [91:3] _Va. Magazine_, xiii, p. 113. [92:1] "Revised Code of Virginia" (Richmond, 1819), ii, p. 339. [92:2] _Mag. Amer. Hist._, xiii, pp. 217, 230; Winsor, "Narr. and Crit. Hist. of America," v, p. 268; Kercheval, "The Valley" (Winchester, Va., 1833), pp. 67, 209; _Va. Magazine_, xiii, p. 115. [93:1] "William and Mary College Quarterly" (Williamsburg, 1895), iii, p. 226. See Jefferson and Frye, "Map of Virginia, 1751," for location of this and Borden's manor. [93:2] Brown, "The Cabells" (Boston, 1895), p. 53. [93:3] _Loc. cit._, pp. 57, 66. [94:1] Meade, "Old Churches" (Phila., 1861), 2 vols.; Foote, "Sketches" (Phila., 1855); Brown, "The Cabells," p. 68. [94:2] _Atlantic Monthly_, vol. xci, pp. 83 _et seq._; Ford, "Writing of Thomas Jefferson" (N. Y., 1892), i, pp. xix _et seq._ [94:3] Byrd, "Dividing Line" (Richmond, 1866), pp. 85, 271. [95:1] "N. C. Colon. Records," iii, p. xiii. Compare Hawks, "Hist. of North Carolina" (Fayetteville, 1859), map of precincts, 1663-1729. [95:2] Raper, "North Carolina" (N. Y., 1904), chap. v; W. R. Smith, "South Carolina" (N. Y., 1903), pp. 48, 57. [95:3] Clewell, "Wachovia" (N. Y., 1902). [96:1] Ballagh, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. "Report," 1897, pp. 120, 121, citing Bassett, in "Law Quarterly Review," April, 1895, pp. 159-161. [96:2] See map in Hawks, "North Carolina." [96:3] McCrady, "South Carolina," 1719-1776 (N. Y., 1899), pp. 149, 151; Smith, "South Carolina," p. 40; Ballagh, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. "Report," 1897, pp. 117-119; Brevard, "Digest of S. C. Laws" (Charleston, 1857), i, p. xi. [96:4] McCrady, "South Carolina," pp. 121 _et seq._; Phillips, "Transportation in the Eastern Cotton Belt" (N. Y., 1908), p. 51. [96:5] This was not originally provided for among the eleven towns. For its history see Salley, "Orangeburg"--frontier conditions about 1769 are described on pp. 219 _et seq._; see map opposite p. 9. [97:1] Gregg, "Old Cheraws," p. 44. [97:2] Ballagh, _loc. cit._, pp. 119, 120. [98:1] Compare the description of Georgia frontier traders, cattle raisers, and land speculators, about 1773, in Bartram, "Travels," pp. 18, 36, 308. [99:1] See Willis, "Northern Appalachians," in "Physiography of the U. S." in National Geog. Soc. "Monographs" (N. Y., 1895), no. 6. [100:1] Diffenderfer, "German Immigration into Pennsylvania," in Pa. German Soc. "Proc.," v, p. 10; "Redemptioners" (Lancaster, Pa., 1900). [100:2] A. B. Faust, "German Element in the United States." [100:3] See the bibliographies in Kuhns, "German and Swiss Settlements of Pennsylvania" (N. Y., 1901); Wayland, "German Element of the Shenandoah Valley" (N. Y., 1908); Channing, "United States," ii, p. 421; Griffin, "List of Works Relating to the Germans in the U. S." (Library of Congress, Wash., 1904). [100:4] See in illustration, the letter in Myers, "Irish Quakers" (Swarthmore, Pa., 1902), p. 70. [101:1] Shepherd, "Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania" (N. Y., 1896), p. 34. [101:2] Gordon, "Pennsylvania" (Phila., 1829), p. 225. [101:3] Shepherd, _loc. cit._, pp. 49-51. [101:4] Ballagh, Amer. Hist. Assoc. "Report," 1897, pp. 112, 113. Compare Smith, "St. Clair Papers" (Cincinnati, 1882), ii, p. 101. [101:5] Shepherd, _loc. cit._, p. 50. [101:6] Mereness, "Maryland" (N. Y., 1901), p. 77. [102:1] "Calendar Va. State Papers" (Richmond, 1875), i, p. 217; on these grants see Kemper, "Early Westward Movement in Virginia" in _Va. Mag._, xii and xiii; Wayland, "German Element of the Shenandoah Valley," _William and Mary College Quarterly_, iii. The speculators, both planters and new-comers, soon made application for lands beyond the Alleghanies. [102:2] In 1794 the Virginia House of Delegates resolved to publish the most important laws of the state in German. [102:3] See Bernheim, "German Settlements in the Carolinas" (Phila., 1872); Clewell, "Wachovia"; Allen, "German Palatines in N. C." (Raleigh, 1905). [102:4] See Wayland, _loc. cit._, bibliography, for references; and especially _Va. Mag._, xi, pp. 113, 225, 370; xii, pp. 55, 134, 271; "German American Annals," N. S. iii, pp. 342, 369; iv, p. 16; Clewell, "Wachovia; N. C. Colon. Records," v, pp. 1-14. [103:1] On the Scotch-Irish, see the bibliography in Green, "Scotch-Irish in America," Amer. Antiquarian Soc. "Proceedings," April, 1895; Hanna, "Scotch-Irish" (N. Y., 1902), is a comprehensive presentation of the subject; see also Myers, "Irish Quakers." [103:2] Fiske, "Old Virginia" (Boston, 1897), ii, p. 394. Compare Linehan, "The Irish Scots and the Scotch-Irish" (Concord, N. H., 1902). [103:3] See MacLean, "Scotch Highlanders in America" (Cleveland, 1900). [103:4] Hanna, "Scotch-Irish," ii, pp. 17-24. [104:1] Halsey, "Old New York Frontier" (N. Y., 1901). [104:2] MacLean, pp. 196-230. [104:3] The words of Logan, Penn's agent, in 1724, in Hanna, ii, pp. 60, 63. [104:4] Winsor, "Mississippi Basin" (Boston, 1895), pp. 238-243. [105:1] See Thwaites, "Early Western Travels" (Cleveland, 1904-06), i; Walton, "Conrad Weiser" (Phila., 1900); Heckewelder, "Narrative" (Phila., 1820). [105:2] Christian, "Scotch-Irish Settlers in the Valley of Virginia" (Richmond, 1860). [105:3] Roosevelt gives an interesting picture of this society in his "Winning of the West" (N. Y., 1889-96), i, chap. v; see also his citations, especially Doddridge, "Settlements and Indian Wars" (Wellsburgh, W. Va., 1824). [106:1] Bassett, in Amer. Hist. Assoc. "Report," 1894, p. 145. [106:2] "N. C. Colon. Records," v, pp. xxxix, xl; _cf._ p. xxi. [106:3] _Loc. cit._, pp. 146, 147. [107:1] See the interesting account of Rev. Moses Waddell's school in South Carolina, on the upper Savannah, where the students, including John C. Calhoun, McDuffe, Legaré, and Petigru, were educated in the wilderness. They lived in log huts in the woods, furnished their own supplies, or boarded near by, were called to the log school-house by horn for morning prayers, and then scattered in groups to the woods for study. Hunt, "Calhoun" (Phila., 1907), p. 13. [108:1] Scharf, "Maryland" (Baltimore, 1879), ii, p. 61, and chaps. i and xviii; Kercheval, "The Valley." [108:2] Weston, "Documents," p. 82. [109:1] See, for example, Phillips, "Transportation in the Eastern Cotton Belt," pp. 21-53. [109:2] Hanna, "Scotch-Irish," ii, pp. 19, 22-24. [109:3] Cobb, "Story of the Palatines" (Wilkes-Barre, Pa., 1897), p. 300, citing "Penn. Colon. Records," iv, pp. 225, 345. [109:4] "Works" (Bigelow ed.), ii, pp. 296-299. [109:5] _Ibid._, iii, p. 297; _cf._ p. 221. [109:6] "Summary" (1755), ii, p. 326. [110:1] "European Settlements" (London, 1793), ii, p. 200 (1765); _cf._ Franklin, "Works" (N. Y., 1905-07), ii, p. 221, to the same effect. [110:2] Proper, "Colonial Immigration Laws," in Columbia Univ., "Studies," xii. [111:1] Libby, "Distribution of the Vote on the Federal Constitution," Univ. of Wis. _Bulletin_, pp. 8, 9, and citations. Note especially "New Hampshire State Papers," x, pp. 228 _et seq._ [111:2] Libby, _loc. cit._, pp. 12-14, 46, 54-57. [112:1] Farrand, in _Yale Review_, May, 1908, p. 52 and citation. [112:2] Libby, _loc. cit._ [112:3] See Turner, "Rise of the New West" (Amer. Nation series, N. Y., 1906), pp. 16-18. [112:4] Parkman, "Pontiac" (Boston, 1851), ii, p. 352. [112:5] Shepherd, "Proprietary Government in Pennsylvania," in Columbia Univ. _Studies_, vi, pp. 546 _et seq._ Compare Watson, "Annals," ii, p. 259; Green, "Provincial America" (Amer. Nation series, N. Y., 1905), p. 234. [113:1] Lincoln, "Revolutionary Movement in Pennsylvania" (Boston, 1901); McMaster and Stone, "Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution" (Lancaster, 1888). [114:1] "Notes on Virginia." See his table of apportionment in Ford, "Writings of Thomas Jefferson," iii, p. 222. [115:1] "Debates of the Virginia State Convention, 1829-1830" (Richmond, 1854), p. 87. These debates constitute a mine of material on the difficulty of reconciling the political philosophy of the Revolution with the protection of the property, including slaves, of the lowland planters. [115:2] _Loc. cit._, p. 407. The italics are mine. [116:1] McCrady, "South Carolina, 1719-1776," p. 623. [117:1] Brevard, "Digest of S. C. Laws," i, pp. xxiv, 253; McCrady, "South Carolina, 1719-1776," p. 637; Schaper, "Sectionalism in South Carolina," in Amer. Hist. Assoc. "Report," 1900, i, pp. 334-338. [117:2] Schaper, _loc. cit._, pp. 338, 339; Calhoun, "Works" (N. Y., 1851-59), i, p. 402; _Columbia_ (S. C.) _Gazette_, Aug. 1, 1794; Ramsay, "South Carolina," pp. 64-66, 195, 217; Elliot, "Debates," iv, pp. 288, 289, 296-299, 305, 309, 312. [117:3] Schaper, _loc. cit._, pp. 440-447 _et seq._ [118:1] Turner, "Rise of the New West," pp. 50-52, 331; Calhoun, "Works," i, pp. 400-405. [118:2] "N. C. Colon. Records," vii, pp. xiv-xvii. [118:3] See Bassett, "Regulators of N. C." in Amer. Hist. Assoc. "Report," 1894, pp. 141 (bibliog.) _et seq._; "N. C. Colon. Records," pp. vii-x (Saunder's introductions are valuable); Caruthers, "David Caldwell" (Greensborough, N. C., 1842); Waddell, "Colonial Officer" (Raleigh, 1890); M. De L. Haywood, "Governor William Tryon" (Raleigh, N. C., 1903); Clewell, "Wachovia," chap. x; W. E. Fitch, "Some Neglected History of N. C." (N. Y., 1905); L. A. McCorkle and F. Nash, in "N. C. Booklet" (Raleigh, 1901-07), iii; Wheeler, "North Carolina," ii, pp. 301 _et seq._; Cutter, "Lynch Law," chap. ii. and iii. [119:1] Bassett, _loc. cit._, p. 152. [119:2] Wheeler, "North Carolina," ii, pp. 301-306; "N. C. Colon. Records," vii, pp. 251, 699. [120:1] "N. C. Colon. Records," viii, p. xix. [120:2] Turner, in _Amer. Hist. Review_, i, p. 76. [120:3] "N. C. Colon. Records," vii, pp. xiv-xxiv. [121:1] Weeks, "Church and State in North Carolina" (Baltimore, 1893); "N. C. Colon. Records," x, p. 870; Curry, "Establishment and Disestablishment" (Phila., 1889); C. F. James, "Documentary History of the Struggle for Religious Liberty in Virginia" (Lynchburg, Va., 1900); Semple, "The Virginia Baptists" (Richmond, 1810); Amer. Hist. Assoc. "Papers," ii, p. 21; iii, pp. 205, 213. [122:1] See Ballagh, "Slavery in Virginia," Johns Hopkins Univ. "Studies," extra, xxiv; Bassett, "Slavery and Servitude in the Colony of North Carolina," _Id._, xiv, pp. 169-254; Bassett, "Slavery in the State of North Carolina," _Id._, xvii; Bassett, "Antislavery Leaders in North Carolina," _Id._, xvi; Weeks, "Southern Quakers," _Id._, xv, extra; Schaper, "Sectionalism in South Carolina," Amer. Hist. Assoc. "Report," 1900; Turner, "Rise of the New West," pp. 54-56, 76-78, 80, 90, 150-152. [122:2] See F. J. Turner, "State-Making in the West During the Revolutionary Era," in _American Historical Review_, i, p. 70. [122:3] Hening, x, p. 35; "Public Acts of N. C.," i, pp. 204, 306; "Revised Code of Va., 1819," ii, p. 357; Roosevelt, "Winning of the West," i, p. 261; ii, pp. 92, 220. [124:1] Alden, "New Governments West of the Alleghanies" (Madison, 1897), gives an account of these colonies. [See the more recent work by C. W. Alvord, "The Mississippi Valley in British Politics, 1763-1774" (1917).] [124:2] Thwaites, "Daniel Boone" (N. Y., 1902); [A. Henderson, "Conquest of the Old Southwest" (N. Y., 1920), brings out the important share of up-country men of means in promoting colonization]. [125:1] Turner, in "Alumni Quarterly of the University of Illinois," ii, 133-136. [125:2] [It has seemed best in this volume not to attempt to deal with the French frontier or the Spanish-American frontier. Besides the works of Parkman, a multitude of monographs have appeared in recent years which set the French frontier in new light; and for the Spanish frontier in both the Southwest and California much new information has been secured, and illuminating interpretations made by Professors H. E. Bolton, I. J. Cox, Chapman, Father Engelhart, and other California and Texas investigators, although the works of Hubert Howe Bancroft remain a useful mine of material. There was, of course, a contemporaneous Old West on both the French and the Spanish frontiers. The formation, approach and ultimate collision and intermingling of these contrasting types of frontiers are worthy of a special study.] IV THE MIDDLE WEST[126:1] American sectional nomenclature is still confused. Once "the West" described the whole region beyond the Alleghanies; but the term has hopelessly lost its definiteness. The rapidity of the spread of settlement has broken down old usage, and as yet no substitute has been generally accepted. The "Middle West" is a term variously used by the public, but for the purpose of the present paper, it will be applied to that region of the United States included in the census reports under the name of the North Central division, comprising the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin (the old "Territory Northwest of the River Ohio"), and their trans-Mississippi sisters of the Louisiana Purchase,--Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota. It is an imperial domain. If the greater countries of Central Europe,--France, Germany, Italy, and Austro-Hungary,--were laid down upon this area, the Middle West would still show a margin of spare territory. Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and Buffalo constitute its gateways to the Eastern States; Kansas City, Omaha, St. Paul-Minneapolis, and Duluth-Superior dominate its western areas; Cincinnati and St. Louis stand on its southern borders; and Chicago reigns at the center. What Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore are to the Atlantic seaboard these cities are to the Middle West. The Great Lakes and the Mississippi, with the Ohio and the Missouri as laterals, constitute the vast water system that binds the Middle West together. It is the economic and political center of the Republic. At one edge is the Populism of the prairies; at the other, the capitalism that is typified in Pittsburgh. Great as are the local differences within the Middle West, it possesses, in its physiography, in the history of its settlement, and in its economic and social life, a unity and interdependence which warrant a study of the area as an entity. Within the limits of this article, treatment of so vast a region, however, can at best afford no more than an outline sketch, in which old and well-known facts must, if possible, be so grouped as to explain the position of the section in American history. In spite of the difficulties of the task, there is a definite advantage in so large a view. By fixing our attention too exclusively upon the artificial boundary lines of the States, we have failed to perceive much that is significant in the westward development of the United States. For instance, our colonial system did not begin with the Spanish War; the United States has had a colonial history and policy from the beginning of the Republic; but they have been hidden under the phraseology of "interstate migration" and "territorial organization." The American people have occupied a spacious wilderness; vast physiographic provinces, each with its own peculiarities, have lain across the path of this migration, and each has furnished a special environment for economic and social transformation. It is possible to underestimate the importance of State lines, but if we direct our gaze rather to the physiographic province than to the State area, we shall be able to see some facts in a new light. Then it becomes clear that these physiographic provinces of America are in some respects comparable to the countries of Europe, and that each has its own history of occupation and development. General Francis A. Walker once remarked that "the course of settlement has called upon our people to occupy territory as extensive as Switzerland, as England, as Italy, and latterly, as France or Germany, every ten years." It is this element of vastness in the achievements of American democracy that gives a peculiar interest to the conquest and development of the Middle West. The effects of this conquest and development upon the present United States have been of fundamental importance. Geographically the Middle West is almost conterminous with the Provinces of the Lake and Prairie Plains; but the larger share of Kansas and Nebraska, and the western part of the two Dakotas belong to the Great Plains; the Ozark Mountains occupy a portion of Missouri, and the southern parts of Ohio and Indiana merge into the Alleghany Plateau. The relation of the Provinces of the Lake and Prairie Plains to the rest of the United States is an important element in the significance of the Middle West. On the north lies the similar region of Canada: the Great Lakes are in the center of the whole eastern and more thickly settled half of North America, and they bind the Canadian and Middle Western people together. On the south, the provinces meet the apex of that of the Gulf Plains, and the Mississippi unites them. To the west, they merge gradually into the Great Plains; the Missouri and its tributaries and the Pacific railroads make for them a bond of union; another rather effective bond is the interdependence of the cattle of the plains and the corn of the prairies. To the east, the province meets the Alleghany and New England Plateaus, and is connected with them by the upper Ohio and by the line of the Erie Canal. Here the interaction of industrial life and the historical facts of settlement have produced a close relationship. The intimate connection between the larger part of the North Central and the North Atlantic divisions of the United States will impress any one who examines the industrial and social maps of the census atlas. By reason of these interprovincial relationships, the Middle West is the mediator between Canada and the United States, and between the concentrated wealth and manufactures of the North Atlantic States and the sparsely settled Western mining, cattle-raising, and agricultural States. It has a connection with the South that was once still closer, and is likely before long to reassert itself with new power. Within the limits of the United States, therefore, we have problems of interprovincial trade and commerce similar to those that exist between the nations of the Old World. Over most of the Province of the Lake and Prairie Plains the Laurentide glacier spread its drift, rich in limestone and other rock powder, which farmers in less favored sections must purchase to replenish the soil. The alluvial deposit from primeval lakes contributed to fatten the soil of other parts of the prairies. Taken as a whole, the Prairie Plains surpass in fertility any other region of America or Europe, unless we except some territory about the Black Sea. It is a land marked out as the granary of the nation; but it is more than a granary. On the rocky shores of Lake Superior were concealed copper mines rivaled only by those of Montana, and iron fields which now[129:1] furnish the ore for the production of eighty per cent of the pig iron of the United States. The Great Lakes afford a highway between these iron fields and the coal areas of the Ohio Valley. The gas and oil deposits of the Ohio Valley, the coal of Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, and eastern Kansas, the lead and zinc of the Ozark region and of the upper Mississippi Valley, and the gold of the black Hills,--all contribute underground wealth to the Middle West. The primeval American forest once spread its shade over vast portions of the same province. Ohio, Indiana, southern Michigan, and central Wisconsin were almost covered with a growth of noble deciduous trees. In southern Illinois, along the broad bottom lands of the Mississippi and the Illinois, and in southern and southwestern Missouri, similar forests prevailed. To the north, in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, appeared the somber white pine wilderness, interlaced with hard woods, which swept in ample zone along the Great Lakes, till the deciduous forests triumphed again, and, in their turn, faded into the treeless expanse of the prairies. In the remaining portions were openings in the midst of the forested area, and then the grassy ocean of prairie that rolled to west and northwest, until it passed beyond the line of sufficient rainfall for agriculture without irrigation, into the semi-arid stretches of the Great Plains. In the middle of the eighteenth century, the forested region of this province was occupied by the wigwams of many different tribes of the Algonquin tongue, sparsely scattered in villages along the water courses, warring and trading through the vast wilderness. The western edge of the prairie and the Great Plains were held by the Sioux, chasing herds of bison across these far-stretching expanses. These horsemen of the plains and the canoemen of the Great Lakes and the Ohio were factors with which civilization had to reckon, for they constituted important portions of perhaps the fiercest native race with which the white man has ever battled for new lands. The Frenchman had done but little fighting for this region. He swore brotherhood with its savages, traded with them, intermarried with them, and explored the Middle West; but he left the wilderness much as he found it. Some six or seven thousand French people in all, about Detroit and Vincennes, and in the Illinois country, and scattered among the Indian villages of the remote lakes and streams, held possession when George Washington reached the site of Pittsburgh, bearing Virginia's summons of eviction to France. In his person fate knocked at the portals of a "rising empire." France hurried her commanders and garrisons, with Indian allies, from the posts about the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi; but it was in vain. In vain, too, the aftermath of Pontiac's widespread Indian uprising against the English occupation. When she came into possession of the lands between the Ohio, the Mississippi, and the Great Lakes, England organized them as a part of the Province of Quebec. The daring conquest of George Rogers Clark left Virginia in military possession of the Illinois country at the conclusion of the Revolutionary War; but over all the remainder of the Old Northwest, England was in control. Although she ceded the region by the treaty which closed the Revolution, she remained for many years the mistress of the Indians and the fur trade. When Lord Shelburne was upbraided in parliament for yielding the Northwest to the United States, the complaint was that he had clothed the Americans "in the warm covering of our fur trade," and his defense was that the peltry trade of the ceded tract was not sufficiently profitable to warrant further war. But the English government became convinced that the Indian trade demanded the retention of the Northwest, and she did in fact hold her posts there in spite of the treaty of peace. Dundas, the English secretary for the colonies, expressed the policy, when he declared, in 1792, that the object was to interpose an Indian barrier between Canada and the United States; and in pursuance of this policy of preserving the Northwest as an Indian buffer State, the Canadian authorities supported the Indians in their resistance to American settlement beyond the Ohio. The conception of the Northwest as an Indian reserve strikingly exhibits England's inability to foresee the future of the region, and to measure the forces of American expansion. By the cessions of Virginia, New York, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, the Old Congress had come into nominal possession of an extensive public domain, and a field for the exercise of national authority. The significance of this fact in the development of national power is not likely to be overestimated. The first result was the completion of the Ordinance of 1787, which provided a territorial government for the Old Northwest, with provisions for the admission of States into the Union. This federal colonial system guaranteed that the new national possessions should not be governed as dependent provinces, but should enter as a group of sister States into the federation.[132:1] While the importance of the article excluding slavery has often been pointed out, it is probable that the provisions for a federal colonial organization have been at least equally potential in our actual development. The full significance of this feature of the Ordinance is only appreciated when we consider its continuous influence upon the American territorial and State policy in the westward expansion to the Pacific, and the political preconceptions with which Americans approach the problems of government in the new insular possessions. The Land Ordinance of 1785 is also worthy of attention in this connection, for under its provisions almost all of the Middle West has been divided by the government surveyor into rectangles of sections and townships, by whose lines the settler has been able easily and certainly to locate his farm, and the forester his "forty." In the local organization of the Middle West these lines have played an important part. It would be impossible within the limits of this paper to detail the history of the occupation of the Middle West; but the larger aspects of the flow of population into the region may be sketched. Massachusetts men had formed the Ohio Company, and had been influential in shaping the liberal provisions of the Ordinance. Their land purchase, paid for in soldiers' certificates, embraced an area larger than the State of Rhode Island. At Marietta in 1788, under the shelter of Fort Harmar, their bullet-proof barge landed the first New England colony. A New Jersey colony was planted soon after at Cincinnati in the Symmes Purchase. Thus American civilization crossed the Ohio. The French settlements at Detroit and in Indiana and Illinois belonged to other times and had their own ideals; but with the entrance of the American pioneer into the forest of the Middle West, a new era began. The Indians, with the moral support of England, resisted the invasion, and an Indian war followed. The conquest of Wayne, in 1795, pushed back the Indians to the Greenville line, extending irregularly across the State of Ohio from the site of Cleveland to Fort Recovery in the middle point of her present western boundary, and secured certain areas in Indiana. In the same period Jay's treaty provided for the withdrawal of the British posts. After this extension of the area open to the pioneer, new settlements were rapidly formed. Connecticut disposed of her reserved land about Lake Erie to companies, and in 1796 General Moses Cleaveland led the way to the site of the city that bears his name. This was the beginning of the occupation of the Western Reserve, a district about as large as the parent State of Connecticut, a New England colony in the Middle West, which has maintained, even to the present time, the impress of New England traits. Virginia and Kentucky settlers sought the Virginia Military Bounty Lands, and the foundation of Chillicothe here, in 1796, afforded a center for Southern settlement. The region is a modified extension of the limestone area of Kentucky, and naturally attracted the emigrants from the Blue Grass State. Ohio's history is deeply marked by the interaction of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies within her borders. By the opening of the nineteenth century, when Napoleon's cession brought to the United States the vast spaces of the Louisiana Purchase beyond the Mississippi, the pioneers had hardly more than entered the outskirts of the forest along the Ohio and Lake Erie. But by 1810 the government had extinguished the Indian title to the unsecured portions of the Western Reserve, and to great tracts of Indiana, along the Ohio and up the Wabash Valley; thus protecting the Ohio highway from the Indians, and opening new lands to settlement. The embargo had destroyed the trade of New England, and had weighted down her citizens with debt and taxation; caravans of Yankee emigrant wagons, precursors of the "prairie schooner," had already begun to cross Pennsylvania on their way to Ohio; and they now greatly increased in number. North Carolina back countrymen flocked to the Indiana settlements, giving the peculiar Hoosier flavor to the State, and other Southerners followed, outnumbering the Northern immigrants, who sought the eastern edge of Indiana. Tecumthe, rendered desperate by the advance into his hunting grounds, took up the hatchet, made wide-reaching alliances among the Indians, and turned to England for protection. The Indian war merged into the War of 1812, and the settlers strove in vain to add Canadian lands to their empire. In the diplomatic negotiations that followed the war, England made another attempt to erect the Old Northwest beyond the Greenville line into a permanent Indian barrier between Canada and the United States; but the demand was refused, and by the treaties of 1818, the Indians were pressed still farther north. In the meantime, Indian treaties had released additional land in southern Illinois, and pioneers were widening the bounds of the old French settlements. Avoiding the rich savannas of the prairie regions, as devoid of wood, remote from transportation facilities, and suited only to grazing, they entered the hard woods--and in the early twenties they were advancing in a wedge-shaped column up the Illinois Valley. The Southern element constituted the main portion of this phalanx of ax-bearers. Abraham Lincoln's father joined the throng of Kentuckians that entered the Indiana woods in 1816, and the boy, when he had learned to hew out a forest home, betook himself, in 1830, to Sangamon county, Illinois. He represents the pioneer of the period; but his ax sank deeper than other men's, and the plaster cast of his great sinewy hand, at Washington, embodies the training of these frontier railsplitters, in the days when Fort Dearborn, on the site of Chicago, was but a military outpost in a desolate country. While the hard woods of Illinois were being entered, the pioneer movement passed also into the Missouri Valley. The French lead miners had already opened the southeastern section, and Southern mountaineers had pushed up the Missouri; but now the planters from the Ohio Valley and the upper Tennessee followed, seeking the alluvial soils for slave labor. Moving across the southern border of free Illinois, they had awakened regrets in that State at the loss of so large a body of settlers. Looking at the Middle West, as a whole, in the decade from 1810 to 1820, we perceive that settlement extended from the shores of Lake Erie in an arc, following the banks of the Ohio till it joined the Mississippi, and thence along that river and up the Missouri well into the center of the State. The next decade was marked by the increased use of the steamboat; pioneers pressed farther up the streams, etching out the hard wood forests well up to the prairie lands, and forming additional tracts of settlement in the region tributary to Detroit and in the southeastern part of Michigan. In the area of the Galena lead mines of northwestern Illinois, southwestern Wisconsin, and northeastern Iowa, Southerners had already begun operations; and if we except Ohio and Michigan, the dominant element in all this overflow of settlement into the Middle West was Southern, particularly from Kentucky, Virginia, and North Carolina. The settlements were still dependent on the rivers for transportation, and the areas between the rivers were but lightly occupied. The Mississippi constituted the principal outlet for the products of the Middle West; Pittsburgh furnished most of the supplies for the region, but New Orleans received its crops. The Old National road was built piecemeal, and too late, as a whole, to make a great artery of trade throughout the Middle West, in this early period; but it marked the northern borders of the Southern stream of population, running, as this did, through Columbus, Indianapolis, and Vandalia. The twenty years from 1830 to 1850 saw great changes in the composition of the population of the Middle West. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 was an epoch-making event. It furnished a new outlet and inlet for northwestern traffic; Buffalo began to grow, and New York City changed from a local market to a great commercial center. But even more important was the place which the canal occupied as the highway for a new migration. In the march of the New England people from the coast, three movements are of especial importance: the advance from the seaboard up the Connecticut and Housatonic Valleys through Massachusetts and into Vermont; the advance thence to central and western New York; and the advance to the interior of the Old Northwest. The second of these stages occupied the generation from about 1790 to 1820; after that the second generation was ready to seek new lands; and these the Erie Canal and lake navigation opened to them, and to the Vermonters and other adventurous spirits of New England. It was this combined New York-New England stream that in the thirties poured in large volume into the zone north of the settlements which have been described. The newcomers filled in the southern counties of Michigan and Wisconsin, the northern countries of Illinois, and parts of the northern and central areas of Indiana. Pennsylvania and Ohio sent a similar type of people to the area adjacent to those States. In Iowa a stream combined of the Southern element and of these settlers sought the wooded tributaries of the Mississippi in the southeastern part of the State. In default of legal authority, in this early period, they formed squatter governments and land associations, comparable to the action of the Massachusetts men who in the first quarter of the seventeenth century "squatted" in the Connecticut Valley. A great forward movement had occurred, which took possession of oak openings and prairies, gave birth to the cities of Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, and Minneapolis, as well as to a multitude of lesser cities, and replaced the dominance of the Southern element by that of a modified Puritan stock. The railroad system of the early fifties bound the Mississippi to the North Atlantic seaboard; New Orleans gave way to New York as the outlet for the Middle West, and the day of river settlement was succeeded by the era of inter-river settlement and railway transportation. The change in the political and social ideals was at least equal to the change in economic connections, and together these forces made an intimate organic union between New England, New York, and the newly settled West. In estimating the New England influence in the Middle West, it must not be forgotten that the New York settlers were mainly New Englanders of a later generation. Combined with the streams from the East came the German migration into the Middle West. Over half a million, mainly from the Palatinate, Würtemberg, and the adjacent regions, sought America between 1830 and 1850, and nearly a million more Germans came in the next decade. The larger portion of these went into the Middle West; they became pioneers in the newer parts of Ohio, especially along the central ridge, and in Cincinnati; they took up the hardwood lands of the Wisconsin counties along Lake Michigan; and they came in important numbers to Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan, and to the river towns of Iowa. The migration in the thirties and forties contained an exceptionally large proportion of educated and forceful leaders, men who had struggled in vain for the ideal of a liberal German nation, and who contributed important intellectual forces to the communities in which they settled. The Germans, as a whole, furnished a conservative and thrifty agricultural element to the Middle West. In some of their social ideals they came into collision with the Puritan element from New England, and the outcome of the steady contest has been a compromise. Of all the States, Wisconsin has been most deeply influenced by the Germans. By the later fifties, therefore, the control of the Middle West had passed to its Northern zone of population, and this zone included representatives of the Middle States, New England, and Germany as its principal elements. The Southern people, north of the Ohio, differed in important respects from the Southerners across the river. They had sprung largely from the humbler classes of the South, although there were important exceptions. The early pioneer life, however, was ill-suited to the great plantations, and slavery was excluded under the Ordinance. Thus this Southern zone of the Middle West, particularly in Indiana and Illinois, constituted a mediating section between the South and the North. The Mississippi still acted as a bond of union, and up to the close of the War of 1812 the Valley, north and south, had been fundamentally of the same social organization. In order to understand what follows, we must bear in mind the outlines of the occupation of the Gulf Plains. While settlement had been crossing the Ohio to the Northwest, the spread of cotton culture and negro slavery into the Southwest had been equally significant. What the New England States and New York were in the occupation of the Middle West, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia were in the occupation of the Gulf States. But, as in the case of the Northwest, a modification of the original stock occurred in the new environment. A greater energy and initiative appeared in the new Southern lands; the pioneer's devotion to exploiting the territory in which he was placed transferred slavery from the patriarchal to the commercial basis. The same expansive tendency seen in the Northwest revealed itself, with a belligerent seasoning, in the Gulf States. They had a program of action. Abraham Lincoln migrated from Kentucky to Indiana and to Illinois. Jefferson Davis moved from Kentucky to Louisiana, and thence to Mississippi, in the same period. Starting from the same locality, each represented the divergent flow of streams of settlement into contrasted environments. The result of these antagonistic streams of migration to the West was a struggle between the Lake and Prairie plainsmen, on the one side, and the Gulf plainsmen, on the other, for the possession of the Mississippi Valley. It was the crucial part of the struggle between the Northern and Southern sections of the nation. What gave slavery and State sovereignty their power as issues was the fact that they involved the question of dominance over common territory in an expanding nation. The place of the Middle West in the origin and settlement of the great slavery struggle is of the highest significance. In the early history of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, a modified form of slavery existed under a system of indenture of the colored servant; and the effort of Southern settlers in Indiana and in Illinois to reintroduce slavery are indicative of the importance of the pro-slavery element in the Northwest. But the most significant early manifestation of the rival currents of migration with respect to slavery is seen in the contest which culminated in the Missouri Compromise. The historical obstacle of the Ordinance, as well as natural conditions, gave an advantage to the anti-slavery settlers northwest of the Ohio; but when the Mississippi was crossed, and the rival streams of settlement mingled in the area of the Louisiana Purchase, the struggle followed. It was an Illinois man, with constituents in both currents of settlement, who introduced the Missouri Compromise, which made a _modus vivendi_ for the Middle West, until the Compromise of 1850 gave to Senator Douglas of Illinois, in 1854, the opportunity to reopen the issue by his Kansas-Nebraska bill. In his doctrine of "squatter-sovereignty," or the right of the territories to determine the question of slavery within their bounds, Douglas utilized a favorite Western political idea, one which Cass of Michigan had promulgated before. Douglas set the love of the Middle West for local self-government against its preponderant antipathy to the spread of slavery. At the same time he brought to the support of the doctrine the Democratic party, which ever since the days of Andrew Jackson had voiced the love of the frontier for individualism and for popular power. In his "Young America" doctrines Douglas had also made himself the spokesman of Western expansive tendencies. He thus found important sources of popular support when he invoked the localism of his section. Western appeals to Congress for aid in internal improvements, protective tariffs, and land grants had been indications of nationalism. The doctrine of squatter-sovereignty itself catered to the love of national union by presenting the appearance of a non-sectional compromise, which should allow the new areas of the Middle West to determine their own institutions. But the Free Soil party, strongest in the regions occupied by the New York-New England colonists, and having for its program national prohibition of the spread of slavery into the territories, had already found in the Middle West an important center of power. The strength of the movement far surpassed the actual voting power of the Free Soil party, for it compelled both Whigs and Democrats to propose fusion on the basis of concession to Free Soil doctrines. The New England settlers and the western New York settlers,--the children of New England,--were keenly alive to the importance of the issue. Indeed, Seward, in an address at Madison, Wisconsin, in 1860, declared that the Northwest, in reality, extended to the base of the Alleghanies, and that the new States had "matured just in the critical moment to rally the free States of the Atlantic coast, to call them back to their ancient principles." These Free Soil forces and the nationalistic tendencies of the Middle West proved too strong for the opposing doctrines when the real struggle came. Calhoun and Taney shaped the issue so logically that the Middle West saw that the contest was not only a war for the preservation of the Union, but also a war for the possession of the unoccupied West, a struggle between the Middle West and the States of the Gulf Plains. The economic life of the Middle West had been bound by the railroad to the North Atlantic, and its interests, as well as its love of national unity, made it in every way hostile to secession. When Dr. Cutler had urged the desires of the Ohio Company upon Congress, in 1787, he had promised to plant in the Ohio Valley a colony that would stand for the Union. Vinton of Ohio, in arguing for the admission of Iowa, urged the position of the Middle West as the great unifying section of the country: "Disunion," he said, "is ruin to them. They have no alternative but to resist it whenever or wherever attempted. . . . Massachusetts and South Carolina might, for aught I know, find a dividing line that would be mutually satisfactory to them; but, Sir, they can find no such line to which the western country can assent." But it was Abraham Lincoln who stated the issue with the greatest precision, and who voiced most clearly the nationalism of the Middle West, when he declared, "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free." So it was that when the civil war in Kansas grew into the Civil War in the Union, after Lincoln's election to the presidency, the Middle West, dominated by its combined Puritan and German population, ceased to compromise, and turned the scale in favor of the North. The Middle West furnished more than one-third of the Union troops. The names of Grant and Sherman are sufficient testimony to her leadership in the field. The names of Lincoln and Chase show that the presidential, the financial, and the war powers were in the hands of the Middle West. If we were to accept Seward's own classification, the conduct of foreign affairs as well belonged to the same section; it was, at least, in the hands of representatives of the dominant forces of the section. The Middle West, led by Grant and Sherman, hewed its way down the Mississippi and across the Gulf States, and Lincoln could exult in 1863, "The Father of Waters again goes unvexed to the sea. Thanks to the great Northwest for it, nor yet wholly to them." In thus outlining the relations of the Middle West to the slavery struggle, we have passed over important extensions of settlement in the decade before the war. In these years, not only did the density of settlement increase in the older portions of the region, but new waves of colonization passed into the remoter prairies. Iowa's pioneers, after Indian cessions had been secured, spread well toward her western limits. Minnesota, also, was recruited by a column of pioneers. The treaty of Traverse de Sioux, in 1851, opened over twenty million acres of arable land in that State, and Minnesota increased her population 2730.7 per cent in the decade from 1850 to 1860. Up to this decade the pine belt of the Middle West, in northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota had been the field of operations of Indian traders. At first under English companies, and afterward under Astor's American Fur Company, the traders with their French and half-breed boatmen skirted the Great Lakes and followed the rivers into the forests, where they stationed their posts and spread goods and whiskey among the Indians. Their posts were centers of disintegration among the savages. The new wants and the demoralization which resulted from the Indian trade facilitated the purchases of their lands by the federal government. The trader was followed by the seeker for the best pine land "forties"; and by the time of the Civil War the exploitation of the pine belt had fairly begun. The Irish and Canadian choppers, followed by the Scandinavians, joined the forest men, and log drives succeeded the trading canoe. Men from the pine woods of Maine and Vermont directed the industry, and became magnates in the mill towns that grew up in the forests,--millionaires, and afterwards political leaders. In the prairie country of the Middle West, the Indian trade that centered at St. Louis had been important ever since 1820, with an influence upon the Indians of the plains similar to the influence of the northern fur trade upon the Indians of the forest. By 1840 the removal policy had effected the transfer of most of the eastern tribes to lands across the Mississippi. Tribal names that formerly belonged to Ohio and the rest of the Old Northwest were found on the map of the Kansas Valley. The Platte country belonged to the Pawnee and their neighbors, and to the north along the Upper Missouri were the Sioux, or Dakota, Crow, Cheyenne, and other horse Indians, following the vast herds of buffalo that grazed on the Great Plains. The discovery of California gold and the opening of the Oregon country, in the middle of the century, made it necessary to secure a road through the Indian lands for the procession of pioneers that crossed the prairies to the Pacific. The organization of Kansas and Nebraska, in 1854, was the first step in the withdrawal of these territories from the Indians. A period of almost constant Indian hostility followed, for the savage lords of the boundless prairies instinctively felt the significance of the entrance of the farmer into their empire. In Minnesota the Sioux took advantage of the Civil War to rise; but the outcome was the destruction of their reservations in that State, and the opening of great tracts to the pioneers. When the Pacific railways were begun, Red Cloud, the astute Sioux chief, who, in some ways, stands as the successor of Pontiac and of Tecumthe, rallied the principal tribes of the Great Plains to resist the march of civilization. Their hostility resulted in the peace measure of 1867 and 1868, which assigned to the Sioux and their allies reservations embracing the major portion of Dakota territory, west of the Missouri River. The systematic slaughter of millions of buffalo, in the years between 1866 and 1873, for the sake of their hides, put an end to the vast herds of the Great Plains, and destroyed the economic foundation of the Indians. Henceforth they were dependent on the whites for their food supply, and the Great Plains were open to the cattle ranchers. In a preface written in 1872 for a new edition of "The Oregon Trail," which had appeared in 1847, Francis Parkman said, "The wild cavalcade that defiled with me down the gorges of the Black Hills, with its paint and war plumes, fluttering trophies and savage embroidery, bows, arrows, lances, and shields, will never be seen again." The prairies were ready for the final rush of occupation. The homestead law of 1862, passed in the midst of the war, did not reveal its full importance as an element in the settlement of the Middle West until after peace. It began to operate most actively, contemporaneously with the development of the several railways to the Pacific, in the two decades from 1870 to 1890, and in connection with the marketing of the railroad land grants. The outcome was an epoch-making extension of population. Before 1870 the vast and fertile valley of the Red River, once the level bed of an ancient lake, occupying the region where North Dakota and Minnesota meet, was almost virgin soil. But in 1875 the great Dalrymple farm showed its advantages for wheat raising, and a tide of farm seekers turned to the region. The "Jim River" Valley of South Dakota attracted still other settlers. The Northern Pacific and the Great Northern Railway thrust out laterals into these Minnesota and Dakota wheat areas from which to draw the nourishment for their daring passage to the Pacific. The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, the Chicago and Northwestern Railway, Burlington, and other roads, gridironed the region; and the unoccupied lands of the Middle West were taken up by a migration that in its system and scale is unprecedented. The railroads sent their agents and their literature everywhere, "booming" the "Golden West"; the opportunity for economic and political fortunes in such rapidly growing communities attracted multitudes of Americans whom the cheap land alone would not have tempted. In 1870 the Dakotas had 14,000 settlers; in 1890 they had over 510,000. Nebraska's population was 28,000 in 1860; 123,000 in 1870; 452,000 in 1880; and 1,059,000 in 1890. Kansas had 107,000 in 1860; 364,000 in 1870; 996,000 in 1880; and 1,427,000 in 1890. Wisconsin and New York gave the largest fractions of the native element to Minnesota; Illinois and Ohio together sent perhaps one-third of the native element of Kansas and Nebraska, but the Missouri and Southern settlers were strongly represented in Kansas; Wisconsin, New York, Minnesota, and Iowa gave North Dakota the most of her native settlers; and Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and New York did the same for South Dakota. Railroads and steamships organized foreign immigration on scale and system never before equaled; a high-water mark of American immigration came in the early eighties. Germans and Scandinavians were rushed by emigrant trains out to the prairies, to fill the remaining spaces in the older States of the Middle West. The census of 1890 showed in Minnesota 373,000 persons of Scandinavian parentage, and out of the total million and one-half persons of Scandinavian parentage in the United States, the Middle West received all but about three hundred thousand. The persons of German parentage in the Middle West numbered over four millions out of a total of less than seven millions in the whole country. The province had, in 1890, a smaller proportion of persons of foreign parentage than had the North Atlantic division, but the proportions varied greatly in the different States. Indiana had the lowest percentage, 20.38; and, rising in the scale, Missouri had 24.94; Kansas 26.75; Ohio 33.93; Nebraska 42.45; Iowa 43.57; Illinois 49.01; Michigan 54.58; Wisconsin 73.65; Minnesota 75.37; and North Dakota 78.87. What these statistics of settlement mean when translated into the pioneer life of the prairie, cannot be told here. There were sharp contrasts with the pioneer life of the Old Northwest; for the forest shade, there was substituted the boundless prairie; the sod house for the log hut; the continental railway for the old National Turnpike and the Erie Canal. Life moved faster, in larger masses, and with greater momentum in this pioneer movement. The horizon line was more remote. Things were done in the gross. The transcontinental railroad, the bonanza farm, the steam plow, harvester, and thresher, the "league-long furrow," and the vast cattle ranches, all suggested spacious combination and systematization of industry. The largest hopes were excited by these conquests of the prairie. The occupation of western Kansas may illustrate the movement which went on also in the west of Nebraska and the Dakotas. The pioneer farmer tried to push into the region with the old methods of settlement. Deceived by rainy seasons and the railroad advertisements, and recklessly optimistic, hosts of settlers poured out into the plains beyond the region of sufficient rainfall for successful agriculture without irrigation. Dry seasons starved them back; but a repetition of good rainfalls again aroused the determination to occupy the western plains. Boom towns flourished like prairie weeds; Eastern capital struggled for a chance to share in the venture, and the Kansas farmers eagerly mortgaged their possessions to secure the capital so freely offered for their attack on the arid lands. By 1887 the tide of the pioneer farmers had flowed across the semi-arid plains to the western boundary of the State. But it was a hopeless effort to conquer a new province by the forces that had won the prairies. The wave of settlement dashed itself in vain against the conditions of the Great Plains. The native American farmer had received his first defeat; farm products at the same period had depreciated, and he turned to the national government for reinforcements. The Populistic movement of the western half of the Middle West is a complex of many forces. In some respects it is the latest manifestation of the same forces that brought on the crisis of 1837 in the earlier region of pioneer exploitation. That era of over-confidence, reckless internal improvements, and land purchases by borrowed capital, brought a reaction when it became apparent that the future had been over-discounted. But, in that time, there were the farther free lands to which the ruined pioneer could turn. The demand for an expansion of the currency has marked each area of Western advance. The greenback movement of Ohio and the eastern part of the Middle West grew into the fiat money, free silver, and land bank propositions of the Populists across the Mississippi. Efforts for cheaper transportation also appear in each stage of Western advance. When the pioneer left the rivers and had to haul his crops by wagon to a market, the transportation factor determined both his profits and the extension of settlement. Demands for national aid to roads and canals had marked the pioneer advance of the first third of the century. The "Granger" attacks upon the railway rates, and in favor of governmental regulation, marked a second advance of Western settlement. The Farmers' Alliance and the Populist demand for government ownership of the railroad is a phase of the same effort of the pioneer farmer, on his latest frontier. The proposals have taken increasing proportions in each region of Western Advance. Taken as a whole, Populism is a manifestation of the old pioneer ideals of the native American, with the added element of increasing readiness to utilize the national government to effect its ends. This is not unnatural in a section whose lands were originally purchased by the government and given away to its settlers by the same authority, whose railroads were built largely by federal land grants, and whose settlements were protected by the United States army and governed by the national authority until they were carved into rectangular States and admitted into the Union. Its native settlers were drawn from many States, many of them former soldiers of the Civil War, who mingled in new lands with foreign immigrants accustomed to the vigorous authority of European national governments. But these old ideals of the American pioneer, phrased in the new language of national power, did not meet with the assent of the East. Even in the Middle West a change of deepest import had been in progress during these years of prairie settlement. The agricultural preponderance of the country has passed to the prairies, and manufacturing has developed in the areas once devoted to pioneer farming. In the decade prior to the Civil War, the area of greatest wheat production passed from Ohio and the States to the east, into Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin; after 1880, the center of wheat growing moved across the Mississippi; and in 1890 the new settlements produced half the crop of the United States. The corn area shows a similar migration. In 1840 the Southern States produced half the crop, and the Middle West one-fifth; by 1860 the situation was reversed and in 1890 nearly one-half the corn of the Union came from beyond the Mississippi. Thus the settlers of the Old Northwest and their crops have moved together across the Mississippi, and in the regions whence they migrated varied agriculture and manufacture have sprung up. As these movements in population and products have passed across the Middle West, and as the economic life of the eastern border has been intensified, a huge industrial organism has been created in the province,--an organism of tremendous power, activity, and unity. Fundamentally the Middle West is an agricultural area unequaled for its combination of space, variety, productiveness, and freedom from interruption by deserts or mountains. The huge water system of the Great Lakes has become the highway of a mighty commerce. The Sault Ste. Marie Canal, although open but two-thirds of the year, is the channel of a traffic of greater tonnage than that which passes through the Suez Canal, and nearly all this commerce moves almost the whole length of the Great Lakes system; the chief ports being Duluth, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and Buffalo. The transportation facilities of the Great Lakes were revolutionized after 1886, to supply the needs of commerce between the East and the newly developed lands of the Middle West; the tonnage doubled; wooden ships gave way to steel; sailing vessels yielded to steam; and huge docks, derricks, and elevators, triumphs of mechanical skill, were constructed. A competent investigator has lately declared that "there is probably in the world to-day no place at tide water where ship plates can be laid down for a less price than they can be manufactured or purchased at the lake ports." This rapid rise of the merchant marine of our inland seas has led to the demand for deep water canals to connect them with the ocean road to Europe. When the fleets of the Great Lakes plow the Atlantic, and when Duluth and Chicago become seaports, the water transportation of the Middle West will have completed its evolution. The significance of the development of the railway systems is not inferior to that of the great water way. Chicago has become the greatest railroad center of the world, nor is there another area of like size which equals this in its railroad facilities; all the forces of the nation intersect here. Improved terminals, steel rails, better rolling stock, and consolidation of railway systems have accompanied the advance of the people of the Middle West. This unparalleled development of transportation facilities measures the magnitude of the material development of the province. Its wheat and corn surplus supplies the deficit of the rest of the United States and much of that of Europe. Such is the agricultural condition of the province of which Monroe wrote to Jefferson, in 1786, in these words: "A great part of the territory is miserably poor, especially that near Lakes Michigan and Erie, and that upon the Mississippi and the Illinois consists of extensive plains which have not had, from appearances, and will not have, a single bush on them for ages. The districts, therefore, within which these fall will never contain a sufficient number of inhabitants to entitle them to membership in the confederacy." Minneapolis and Duluth receive the spring wheat of the northern prairies, and after manufacturing great portions of it into flour, transmit it to Buffalo, the eastern cities, and to Europe. Chicago is still the great city of the corn belt, but its power as a milling and wheat center has been passing to the cities that receive tribute from the northern prairies. It lies in the region of winter wheat, corn, oats, and live stock. Kansas City, St. Louis, and Cincinnati are the sister cities of this zone, which reaches into the grazing country of the Great Plains. The meeting point of corn and cattle has led to the development of the packing industries,--large business systems that send the beef and pork of the region to supply the East and parts of Europe. The "feeding system" adopted in Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa, whereby the stock is fattened from the surplus corn of the region, constitutes a species of varied farming that has saved these States from the disasters of the failure of a single industry, and has been one solution of the economic life of the transition belt between the prairies and the Great Plains. Under a more complex agriculture, better adapted to the various sections of the State, and with better crops, Kansas has become more prosperous and less a center of political discontent. While this development of the agricultural interests of the Middle West has been in progress, the exploitation of the pine woods of the north has furnished another contribution to the commerce of the province. The center of activity has migrated from Michigan to Minnesota, and the lumber traffic furnishes one of the principal contributions to the vessels that ply the Great Lakes and supply the tributary mills. As the white pine vanishes before the organized forces of exploitation, the remaining hard woods serve to establish factories in the former mill towns. The more fertile denuded lands of the north are now receiving settlers who repeat the old pioneer life among the stumps. But the most striking development in the industrial history of the Middle West in recent years has been due to the opening up of the iron mines of Lake Superior. Even in 1873 the Lake Superior ores furnished a quarter of the total production of American blast furnaces. The opening of the Gogebic mines in 1884, and the development of the Vermillion and Mesabi mines adjacent to the head of the lake, in the early nineties, completed the transfer of iron ore production to the Lake Superior region. Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin together now produce the ore for eighty per cent of the pig iron of the United States. Four-fifths of this great product moves to the ports on Lake Erie and the rest to the manufactories at Chicago and Milwaukee. The vast steel and iron industry that centers at Pittsburgh and Cleveland, with important outposts like Chicago and Milwaukee, is the outcome of the meeting of the coal of the eastern and southern borders of the province and of Pennsylvania, with the iron ores of the north. The industry has been systematized and consolidated by a few captains of industry. Steam shovels dig the ore from many of the Mesabi mines; gravity roads carry it to the docks and to the ships, and huge hoisting and carrying devices, built especially for the traffic, unload it for the railroad and the furnace. Iron and coal mines, transportation fleets, railroad systems, and iron manufactories are concentrated in a few corporations, principally the United States Steel Corporation. The world has never seen such a consolidation of capital and so complete a systematization of economic processes. Such is the economic appearance of the Middle West a century after the pioneers left the frontier village of Pittsburgh and crossed the Ohio into the forests. De Tocqueville exclaimed, with reason, in 1833: "This gradual and continuous progress of the European race toward the Rocky Mountains has the solemnity of a providential event. It is like a deluge of men, rising unabatedly, and driven daily onward by the hand of God." The ideals of the Middle West began in the log huts set in the midst of the forest a century ago. While his horizon was still bounded by the clearing that his ax had made, the pioneer dreamed of continental conquests. The vastness of the wilderness kindled his imagination. His vision saw beyond the dank swamp at the edge of the great lake to the lofty buildings and the jostling multitudes of a mighty city; beyond the rank, grass-clad prairie to the seas of golden grain; beyond the harsh life of the log hut and the sod house to the home of his children, where should dwell comfort and the higher things of life, though they might not be for him. The men and women who made the Middle West were idealists, and they had the power of will to make their dreams come true. Here, also, were the pioneer's traits,--individual activity, inventiveness, and competition for the prizes of the rich province that awaited exploitation under freedom and equality of opportunity. He honored the man whose eye was the quickest and whose grasp was the strongest in this contest: it was "every one for himself." The early society of the Middle West was not a complex, highly differentiated and organized society. Almost every family was a self-sufficing unit, and liberty and equality flourished in the frontier periods of the Middle West as perhaps never before in history. American democracy came from the forest, and its destiny drove it to material conquests; but the materialism of the pioneer was not the dull contented materialism of an old and fixed society. Both native settler and European immigrant saw in this free and competitive movement of the frontier the chance to break the bondage of social rank, and to rise to a higher plane of existence. The pioneer was passionately desirous to secure for himself and for his family a favorable place in the midst of these large and free but vanishing opportunities. It took a century for this society to fit itself into the conditions of the whole province. Little by little, nature pressed into her mold the plastic pioneer life. The Middle West, yesterday a pioneer province, is to-day the field of industrial resources and systematization so vast that Europe, alarmed for her industries in competition with this new power, is discussing the policy of forming protective alliances among the nations of the continent. Into this region flowed the great forces of modern capitalism. Indeed, the region itself furnished favorable conditions for the creation of these forces, and trained many of the famous American industrial leaders. The Prairies, the Great Plains, and the Great Lakes furnished new standards of industrial measurement. From this society, seated amidst a wealth of material advantages, and breeding individualism, energetic competition, inventiveness, and spaciousness of design, came the triumph of the strongest. The captains of industry arose and seized on nature's gifts. Struggling with one another, increasing the scope of their ambitions as the largeness of the resources and the extent of the fields of activity revealed themselves, they were forced to accept the natural conditions of a province vast in area but simple in structure. Competition grew into consolidation. On the Pittsburgh border of the Middle West the completion of the process is most clearly seen. On the prairies of Kansas stands the Populist, a survival of the pioneer, striving to adjust present conditions to his old ideals. The ideals of equality, freedom of opportunity, faith in the common man are deep rooted in all the Middle West. The frontier stage, through which each portion passed, left abiding traces on the older, as well as on the newer, areas of the province. Nor were these ideals limited to the native American settlers: Germans and Scandinavians who poured into the Middle West sought the country with like hopes and like faith. These facts must be remembered in estimating the effects of the economic transformation of the province upon its democracy. The peculiar democracy of the frontier has passed away with the conditions that produced it; but the democratic aspirations remain. They are held with passionate determination. The task of the Middle West is that of adapting democracy to the vast economic organization of the present. This region which has so often needed the reminder that bigness is not greatness, may yet show that its training has produced the power to reconcile popular government and culture with the huge industrial society of the modern world. The democracies of the past have been small communities, under simple and primitive economic conditions. At bottom the problem is how to reconcile real greatness with bigness. It is important that the Middle West should accomplish this; the future of the Republic is with her. Politically she is dominant, as is illustrated by the fact that six out of seven of the Presidents elected since 1860 have come from her borders. Twenty-six million people live in the Middle West as against twenty-one million in New England and the Middle States together, and the Middle West has indefinite capacity for growth. The educational forces are more democratic than in the East, and the Middle West has twice as many students (if we count together the common school, secondary, and collegiate attendance), as have New England and the Middle States combined. Nor is this educational system, as a whole, inferior to that of the Eastern States. State universities crown the public school system in every one of these States of the Middle West, and rank with the universities of the seaboard, while private munificence has furnished others on an unexampled scale. The public and private art collections of Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Paul, and other cities rival those of the seaboard. "World's fairs," with their important popular educational influences, have been held at Chicago, Omaha, and Buffalo; and the next of these national gatherings is to be at St. Louis. There is throughout the Middle West a vigor and a mental activity among the common people that bode well for its future. If the task of reducing the Province of the Lake and Prairie Plains to the uses of civilization should for a time overweigh art and literature, and even high political and social ideals, it would not be surprising. But if the ideals of the pioneers shall survive the inundation of material success, we may expect to see in the Middle West the rise of a highly intelligent society where culture shall be reconciled with democracy in the large. FOOTNOTES: [126:1] With acknowledgments to the _International Monthly_, December, 1901. [129:1] 1901. [132:1] See F. J. Turner, "Western State-Making in the Revolutionary Era," in _Am. Historical Review_, i, pp. 70 _et seq._ V THE OHIO VALLEY IN AMERICAN HISTORY[157:1] In a notable essay Professor Josiah Royce has asserted the salutary influence of a highly organized provincial life in order to counteract certain evils arising from the tremendous development of nationalism in our own day. Among these evils he enumerates: first, the frequent changes of dwelling place, whereby the community is in danger of losing the well-knit organization of a common life; second, the tendency to reduce variety in national civilization, to assimilate all to a common type and thus to discourage individuality, and produce a "remorseless mechanism--vast, irrational;" third, the evils arising from the fact that waves of emotion, the passion of the mob, tend in our day to sweep across the nation. Against these surges of national feeling Professor Royce would erect dikes in the form of provincialism, the resistance of separate sections each with its own traditions, beliefs and aspirations. "Our national unities have grown so vast, our forces of social consolidation so paramount, the resulting problems, conflicts, evils, have become so intensified," he says, that we must seek in the province renewed strength, usefulness and beauty of American life. Whatever may be thought of this philosopher's appeal for a revival of sectionalism, on a higher level, in order to check the tendencies to a deadening uniformity of national consolidation (and to me this appeal, under the limitations which he gives it, seems warranted by the conditions)--it is certainly true that in the history of the United States sectionalism holds a place too little recognized by the historians. By sectionalism I do not mean the struggle between North and South which culminated in the Civil War. That extreme and tragic form of sectionalism indeed has almost engrossed the attention of historians, and it is, no doubt, the most striking and painful example of the phenomenon in our history. But there are older, and perhaps in the long run more enduring examples of the play of sectional forces than the slavery struggle, and there are various sections besides North and South. Indeed, the United States is, in size and natural resources, an empire, a collection of potential nations, rather than a single nation. It is comparable in area to Europe. If the coast of California be placed along the coast of Spain, Charleston, South Carolina, would fall near Constantinople; the northern shores of Lake Superior would touch the Baltic, and New Orleans would lie in southern Italy. Within this vast empire there are geographic provinces, separate in physical conditions, into which American colonization has flowed, and in each of which a special society has developed, with an economic, political and social life of its own. Each of these provinces, or sections, has developed its own leaders, who in the public life of the nation have voiced the needs of their section, contended with the representatives of other sections, and arranged compromises between sections in national legislation and policy, almost as ambassadors from separate countries in a European congress might make treaties. Between these sections commercial relations have sprung up, and economic combinations and contests may be traced by the student who looks beneath the surface of our national life to the actual grouping of States in congressional votes on tariff, internal improvement, currency and banking, and all the varied legislation in the field of commerce. American industrial life is the outcome of the combinations and contests of groups of States in sections. And the intellectual, the spiritual life of the nation is the result of the interplay of the sectional ideals, fundamental assumptions and emotions. In short, the real federal aspect of the nation, if we penetrate beneath constitutional forms to the deeper currents of social, economic and political life, will be found to lie in the relation of sections and nation, rather than in the relation of States and nation. Recently ex-secretary Root emphasized the danger that the States, by neglecting to fulfil their duties, might fall into decay, while the national government engrossed their former power. But even if the States disappeared altogether as effective factors in our national life, the sections might, in my opinion, gain from that very disappearance a strength and activity that would prove effective limitations upon the nationalizing process. Without pursuing the interesting speculation, I may note as evidence of the development of sectionalism, the various gatherings of business men, religious denominations and educational organizations in groups of States. Among the signs of growth of a healthy provincialism is the formation of sectional historical societies. While the American Historical Association has been growing vigorously and becoming a genuine gathering of historical students from all parts of the nation, there have also arisen societies in various sections to deal with the particular history of the groups of States. In part this is due to the great distances which render attendance difficult upon the meetings of the national body to-day, but we would be short-sighted, indeed, who failed to perceive in the formation of the Pacific Coast Historical Association, the Mississippi Valley Historical Association, and the Ohio Valley Historical Association, for example, genuine and spontaneous manifestations of a sectional consciousness. These associations spring in large part from the recognition in each of a common past, a common body of experiences, traditions, institutions and ideals. It is not necessary now to raise the question whether all of these associations are based on a real community of historical interest, whether there are overlapping areas, whether new combinations may not be made? They are at least substantial attempts to find a common sectional unity, and out of their interest in the past of the section, increasing tendencies to common sectional ideas and policies are certain to follow. I do not mean to prophesy any disruptive tendency in American life by the rejuvenation of sectional self-consciousness; but I do mean to assert that American life will be enriched and safe-guarded by the development of the greater variety of interest, purposes and ideals which seem to be arising. A measure of local concentration seems necessary to produce healthy, intellectual and moral life. The spread of social forces over too vast an area makes for monotony and stagnation. Let us, then, raise the question of how far the Ohio Valley has had a part of its own in the making of the nation. I have not the temerity to attempt a history of the Valley in the brief compass of this address. Nor am I confident of my ability even to pick out the more important features of its history in our common national life. But I venture to put the problem, to state some familiar facts from the special point of view, with the hope of arousing interest in the theme among the many students who are advancing the science of history in this section. To the physiographer the section is made up of the province of the Alleghany Plateaus and the southern portion of the Prairie Plains. In it are found rich mineral deposits which are changing the life of the section and of the nation. Although you reckon in your membership only the states that touch the Ohio River, parts of those states are, from the point of view of their social origins, more closely connected with the Northwest on the Lake Plains, than with the Ohio Valley; and, on the other hand, the Tennessee Valley, though it sweeps far toward the Lower South, and only joins the Ohio at the end of its course, has been through much of the history of the region an essential part of this society. Together these rivers made up the "Western World" of the pioneers of the Revolutionary era; the "Western Waters" of the backwoodsmen. But, after all, the unity of the section and its place in history were determined by the "beautiful river," as the French explorers called it--the Ohio, which pours its flood for over a thousand miles, a great highway to the West; a historic artery of commerce, a wedge of advance between powerful Indian confederacies, and rival European nations, to the Mississippi Valley; a home for six mighty States, now in the heart of the nation, rich in material wealth, richer in the history of American democracy, a society that holds a place midway between the industrial sections of the seaboard and the plains and prairies of the agricultural West; between the society that formed later along the levels about the Great Lakes, and the society that arose in the Lower South on the plains of the Gulf of Mexico. The Alleghanies bound it on the east, the Mississippi on the west. At the forks of the great river lies Pittsburgh, the historic gateway to the West, the present symbol and embodiment of the age of steel, the type of modern industrialism. Near its western border is St. Louis, looking toward the Prairies, the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains, the land into which the tide of modern colonization turns. Between these old cities, for whose sites European nations contended, stand the cities whose growth preëminently represents the Ohio valley; Cincinnati, the historic queen of the river; Louisville, the warder of the falls; the cities of the "Old National Road," Columbus, Indianapolis; the cities of the Blue Grass lands, which made Kentucky the goal of the pioneers; and the cities of that young commonwealth, whom the Ohio river by force of its attraction tore away from an uncongenial control by the Old Dominion, and joined to the social section where it belonged. The Ohio Valley is, therefore, not only a commercial highway, it is a middle kingdom between the East and the West, between the northern area, which was occupied by a greater New England and emigrants from northern Europe, and the southern area of the "Cotton Kingdom." As Pennsylvania and New York constituted the Middle Region in our earlier history, between New England and the seaboard South, so the Ohio Valley became the Middle Region of a later time. In its position as a highway and a Middle Region are found the keys to its place in American history. From the beginning the Ohio Valley seems to have been a highway for migration, and the home of a culture of its own. The sciences of American archeology and ethnology are too new to enable us to speak with confidence upon the origins and earlier distribution of the aborigines, but it is at least clear that the Ohio river played an important part in the movements of the earlier men in America, and that the mounds of the valley indicate a special type of development intermediate between that of the northern hunter folk, and the pueblo building races of the south. This dim and yet fascinating introduction to the history of the Ohio will afford ample opportunity for later students of the relations between geography and population to make contributions to our history. The French explorers saw the river, but failed to grasp its significance as a strategic line in the conquest of the West. Entangled in the water labyrinth of the vast interior, and kindled with aspirations to reach the "Sea of the West," their fur traders and explorers pushed their way through the forests of the North and across the plains of the South, from river to lake, from lake to river, until they met the mountains of the West. But while they were reaching the upper course of the Missouri and the Spanish outposts of Santa Fé, they missed the opportunity to hold the Ohio Valley, and before France could settle the Valley, the long and attenuated line of French posts in the west, reaching from Canada to Louisiana, was struck by the advancing column of the American backwoodsmen in the center by the way of the Ohio. Parkman, in whose golden pages is written the epic of the American wilderness, found his hero in the wandering Frenchman. Perhaps because he was a New Englander he missed a great opportunity and neglected to portray the formation and advance of the backwood society which was finally to erase the traces of French control in the interior of North America. It is not without significance in a consideration of the national aspects of the history of the Ohio Valley, that the messenger of English civilization, who summoned the French to evacuate the Valley and its approaches, and whose men near the forks of the Ohio fired the opening gun of the world-historic conflict that wrought the doom of New France in America, was George Washington, the first American to win a national position in the United States. The father of his country was the prophet of the Ohio Valley. Into this dominion, in the next scene of this drama, came the backwoodsmen, the men who began the formation of the society of the Valley. I wish to consider the effects of the formation of this society upon the nation. And first let us consider the stock itself. The Ohio Valley was settled, for the most part (though with important exceptions, especially in Ohio), by men of the Upland South, and this determined a large part of its influence in the nation through a long period. As the Ohio Valley, as a whole, was an extension of the Upland South, so the Upland South was, broadly speaking, an extension from the old Middle Region, chiefly from Pennsylvania. The society of pioneers, English, Scotch-Irish, Germans, and other nationalities which formed in the beginning of the eighteenth century in the Great Valley of Pennsylvania and its lateral extensions was the nursery of the American backwoodsmen. Between about 1730 and the Revolution, successive tides of pioneers ascended the Shenandoah, occupied the Piedmont, or up-country of Virginia and the Carolinas, and received recruits from similar peoples who came by eastward advances from the coast toward this Old West. Thus by the middle of the eighteenth century a new section had been created in America, a kind of peninsula thrust down from Pennsylvania between the falls of the rivers of the South Atlantic colonies on the one side and the Alleghany mountains on the other. Its population showed a mixture of nationalities and religions. Less English than the colonial coast, it was built on a basis of religious feeling different from that of Puritan New England, and still different from the conservative Anglicans of the southern seaboard. The Scotch-Irish Presbyterians with the glow of the covenanters; German sectaries with serious-minded devotion to one or another of a multiplicity of sects, but withal deeply responsive to the call of the religious spirit, and the English Quakers all furnish a foundation of emotional responsiveness to religion and a readiness to find a new heaven and a new earth in politics as well as in religion. In spite of the influence of the backwoods in hampering religious organization, this upland society was a fertile field for tillage by such democratic and emotional sects as the Baptists, Methodists and the later Campbellites, as well as by Presbyterians. Mr. Bryce has well characterized the South as a region of "high religious voltage," but this characterization is especially applicable to the Upland South, and its colonies in the Ohio Valley. It is not necessary to assert that this religious spirit resulted in the kind of conduct associated with the religious life of the Puritans. What I wish to point out is the responsiveness of the Upland South to emotional religious and political appeal. Besides its variety of stocks and its religious sects responsive to emotion, the Upland South was intensely democratic and individualistic. It believed that government was based on a limited contract for the benefit of the individual, and it acted independently of governmental organs and restraints with such ease that in many regions this was the habitual mode of social procedure: voluntary coöperation was more natural to the Southern Uplanders than action through the machinery of government, especially when government checked rather than aided their industrial and social tendencies and desires. It was a naturally radical society. It was moreover a rural section not of the planter or merchant type, but characterized by the small farmer, building his log cabin in the wilderness, raising a small crop and a few animals for family use. It was this stock which began to pass into the Ohio Valley when Daniel Boone, and the pioneers associated with his name, followed the "Wilderness Trace" from the Upland South to the Blue Grass lands in the midst of the Kentucky hills, on the Ohio river. In the opening years of the Revolution these pioneers were recruited by westward extensions from Pennsylvania and West Virginia. With this colonization of the Ohio Valley begins a chapter in American history. This settlement contributed a new element to our national development and raised new national problems. It took a long time for the seaboard South to assimilate the upland section. We cannot think of the South as a unit through much of its ante-bellum history without doing violence to the facts. The struggle between the men of the up-country and the men of the tide-water, made a large part of the domestic history of the "Old South." Nevertheless, the Upland South, as slavery and cotton cultivation extended westward from the coast, gradually merged in the East. On the other hand, its children, who placed the wall of the Alleghanies between them and the East, gave thereby a new life to the conditions and ideals which were lost in their former home. Nor was this all. Beyond the mountains new conditions, new problems, aroused new ambitions and new social ideals. Its entrance into the "Western World" was a tonic to this stock. Its crossing put new fire into its veins--fires of militant expansion, creative social energy, triumphant democracy. A new section was added to the American nation, a new element was infused into the combination which we call the United States, a new flavor was given to the American spirit. We may next rapidly note some of the results. First, let us consider the national effects of the settlement of this new social type in the Ohio Valley upon the expansion and diplomacy of the nation. Almost from the first the Ohio valley had constituted the problem of westward expansion. It was the entering wedge to the possession of the Mississippi Valley, and, although reluctantly, the Eastern colonies and then the Eastern States were compelled to join in the struggle first to possess the Ohio, then to retain it, and finally to enforce its demand for the possession of the whole Mississippi Valley and the basin of the Great Lakes as a means of outlet for its crops and of defense for its settlements. The part played by the pioneers of the Ohio Valley as a flying column of the nation, sent across the mountains and making a line of advance between hostile Indians and English on the north, and hostile Indians and Spaniards on the south, is itself too extensive a theme to be more than mentioned. Here in historic Kentucky, in the State which was the home of George Rogers Clark it is not necessary to dwell upon his clear insight and courage in carrying American arms into the Northwest. From the first, Washington also grasped the significance of the Ohio Valley as a "rising empire," whose population and trade were essential to the nation, but which found its natural outlet down the Mississippi, where Spain blocked the river, and which was in danger of withdrawing from the weak confederacy. The intrigues of England to attract the Valley to herself and those of Spain to add the settlements to the Spanish Empire, the use of the Indians by these rivals, and the efforts of France to use the pioneers of Kentucky to win New Orleans and the whole Valley between the Alleghanies and the Rocky Mountains for a revived French Empire in America, are among the fascinating chapters of American, as well as of Ohio Valley, history. This position of the Valley explains much of the Indian wars, the foreign relations, and, indirectly, the domestic politics of the period from the Revolution to the purchase of Louisiana. Indeed, the purchase was in large measure due to the pressure of the settlers of the Ohio Valley to secure this necessary outlet. It was the Ohio Valley which forced the nation away from a narrow colonial attitude into its career as a nation among other nations with an adequate physical basis for future growth. In this development of a foreign policy in connection with the Ohio Valley, we find the germ of the Monroe doctrine, and the beginnings of the definite independence of the United States from the state system of the Old World, the beginning, in fact, of its career as a world power. This expansive impulse went on into the War of 1812, a war which was in no inconsiderable degree, the result of the aggressive leadership of a group of men from Kentucky and Tennessee, and especially of the daring and lofty demands of Henry Clay, who even thus early voiced the spirit of the Ohio Valley. That in this war William Henry Harrison and the Kentucky troops achieved the real conquest of the northwest province and Andrew Jackson with his Tennesseeans achieved the real conquest of the Gulf Plains, is in itself abundant evidence of the part played in the expansion of the nation by the section which formed on the Ohio and its tributaries. Nor was this the end of the process, for the annexation of Texas and the Pacific Coast was in a very real sense only an aftermath of the same movement of expansion. While the Ohio Valley was leading the way to the building of a greater nation, it was also the field wherein was formed an important contribution of the United States to political institutions. By this I mean what George Bancroft has well called "federal colonial system," that is, our system of territories and new States. It is a mistake to attribute this system to the Ordinance of 1787 and to the leadership of New England. It was in large measure the work of the communities of the Ohio Valley who wrought out the essentials of the system for themselves, and by their attitude imposed it, of necessity, upon the nation. The great Ordinance only perfected the system.[168:1] Under the belief that all men going into vacant lands have the right to shape their own political institutions, the riflemen of western Virginia, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Tennessee, during the Revolution, protested against the rule of governments east of the mountains, and asserted with manly independence their right to self-government. But it is significant that in making this assertion, they at the same time petitioned congress to admit them to the sisterhood of States. Even when leaders like Wilkinson were attempting to induce Kentucky to act as an independent nation, the national spirit of the people as a whole led them to delay until at last they found themselves a State of the new Union. This recognition of the paramount authority of congress and this demand for self-government under that authority, constitute the foundations of the federal territorial system, as expressed in congressional resolutions, worked out tentatively in Jefferson's Ordinance of 1784, and finally shaped in the Ordinance of 1787. Thus the Ohio Valley was not only the area to which this system was applied, but it was itself instrumental in shaping the system by its own demands and by the danger that too rigorous an assertion of either State or national power over these remote communities might result in their loss to the nation. The importance of the result can hardly be overestimated. It insured the peaceful and free development of the great West and gave it political organization not as the outcome of wars of hostile States, nor by arbitrary government by distant powers, but by territorial government combined with large local autonomy. These governments in turn were admitted as equal States of the Union. By this peaceful process of colonization a whole continent has been filled with free and orderly commonwealths so quietly, so naturally, that we can only appreciate the profound significance of the process by contrasting it with the spread of European nations through conquest and oppression. Next let me invite your attention to the part played by the Ohio Valley in the economic legislation which shaped our history in the years of the making of the nation between the War of 1812 and the rise of the slavery struggle. It needs but slight reflection to discover that in the area in question, the men and measures of the Ohio Valley held the balance of power and set the course of our national progress. The problems before the country at that time were problems of internal development: the mode of dealing with the public domain; the building of roads and digging of canals for the internal improvement of a nation which was separated into East and West by the Alleghany Mountains; the formation of a tariff system for the protection of home industries and to supply a market for the surplus of the West which no longer found an outlet in warring Europe; the framing of a banking and currency system which should meet the needs of the new interstate commerce produced by the rise of the western surplus. In the Ohio Valley, by the initiative of Ohio Valley men, and often against the protest of Eastern sections, the public land policy was developed by laws which subordinated the revenue idea to the idea of the upbuilding of a democracy of small landholders. The squatters of the Ohio Valley forced the passage of preëmption laws and these laws in their turn led to the homestead agitation. There has been no single element more influential in shaping American democracy and its ideals than this land policy. And whether the system be regarded as harmful or helpful, there can be, I think, no doubt that it was the outcome of conditions imposed by the settlers of the Ohio Valley. When one names the tariff, internal improvements and the bank, he is bound to add the title "The American System," and to think of Henry Clay of Kentucky, the captivating young statesman, who fashioned a national policy, raised issues and disciplined a party to support them and who finally imposed the system upon the nation. But, however clearly we recognize the genius and originality of Henry Clay as a political leader; however we recognize that he has a national standing as a constructive statesman, we must perceive, if we probe the matter deeply enough, that his policy and his power grew out of the economic and social conditions of the people whose needs he voiced--the people of the Ohio Valley. It was the fact that in this period they had begun to create an agricultural surplus, which made the necessity for this legislation. The nation has recently celebrated the one hundredth anniversary of Fulton's invention of the steamboat, and the Hudson river has been ablaze in his honor; but in truth it is on the Ohio and the Mississippi that the fires of celebration should really burn in honor of Fulton, for the historic significance to the United States of the invention of the steamboat does not lie in its use on Eastern rivers; not even in its use on the ocean; for our own internal commerce carried in our own ships has had a vaster influence upon our national life than has our foreign commerce. And this internal commerce was at first, and for many years, the commerce of the Ohio Valley carried by way of the Mississippi. When Fulton's steamboat was applied in 1811 to the Western Waters, it became possible to develop agriculture and to get the Western crops rapidly and cheaply to a market. The result was a tremendous growth in the entire Ohio Valley, but this invention did not solve the problem of cheap supplies of Eastern manufactures, nor satisfy the desire of the West to build up its own factories in order to consume its own products. The Ohio Valley had seen the advantage of home markets, as her towns grew up with their commerce and manufacturers close to the rural regions. Lands had increased in value in proportion to their nearness to these cities, and crops were in higher demand near them. Thus Henry Clay found a whole section standing behind him when he demanded a protective tariff to create home markets on a national scale, and when he urged the breaking of the Alleghany barrier by a national system of roads and canals. If we analyse the congressional votes by which the tariff and internal improvement acts were passed, we shall find that there was an almost unbroken South against them, a Middle Region largely for them, a New England divided, and the Ohio Valley almost a unit, holding the balance of power and casting it in favor of the American system. The next topic to which I ask your attention is the influence of the Ohio Valley in the promotion of democracy. On this I shall, by reason of lack of time, be obliged merely to point out that the powerful group of Ohio Valley States, which sprang out of the democracy of the backwoods, and which entered the Union one after the other with manhood suffrage, greatly recruited the effective forces of democracy in the Union. Not only did they add new recruits, but by their competitive pressure for population they forced the older States to break down their historic restraints upon the right of voting, unless they were to lose their people to the freer life of the West. But in the era of Jacksonian democracy, Henry Clay and his followers engaged the great Tennesseean in a fierce political struggle out of which was born the rival Whig and Democratic parties. This struggle was in fact reflective of the conditions which had arisen in the Ohio Valley. As the section had grown in population and wealth, as the trails changed into roads, the cabins into well-built houses, the clearings into broad farms, the hamlets into towns; as barter became commerce and all the modern processes of industrial development began to operate in this rising region, the Ohio Valley broke apart into the rival interests of the industrial forces (the town-makers and the business builders), on the one side and the old rural democracy of the uplands on the other. This division was symbolical of national processes. In the contest between these forces, Andrew Jackson was the champion of the cause of the upland democracy. He denounced the money power, banks and the whole credit system and sounded a fierce tocsin of danger against the increasing influence of wealth in politics. Henry Clay, on the other hand, represented the new industrial forces along the Ohio. It is certainly significant that in the rivalry between the great Whig of the Ohio Valley and the great Democrat of its Tennessee tributary lay the issues of American politics almost until the slavery struggle. The responsiveness of the Ohio Valley to leadership and its enthusiasm in action are illustrated by the Harrison campaign of 1840; in that "log cabin campaign" when the Whigs "stole the thunder" of pioneer Jacksonian democracy for another backwoods hero, the Ohio Valley carried its spirit as well as its political favorite throughout the nation. Meanwhile, on each side of the Ohio Valley, other sections were forming. New England and the children of New England in western New York and an increasing flood of German immigrants were pouring into the Great Lake basin and the prairies, north of the upland peoples who had chopped out homes in the forests along the Ohio. This section was tied to the East by the Great Lake navigation and the Erie canal, it became in fact an extension of New England and New York. Here the Free Soil party found its strength and New York newspapers expressed the political ideas. Although this section tried to attach the Ohio River interests to itself by canals and later by railroads, it was in reality for a long time separate in its ideals and its interests and never succeeded in dominating the Ohio Valley. On the south along the Gulf Plains there developed the "Cotton Kingdom," a Greater South with a radical program of slavery expansion mapped out by bold and aggressive leaders. Already this Southern section had attempted to establish increasing commercial relations with the Ohio Valley. The staple-producing region was a principal consumer of its live stock and food products. South Carolina leaders like Calhoun tried to bind the Ohio to the chariot of the South by the Cincinnati and Charleston Railroad, designed to make an outlet for the Ohio Valley products to the southeast. Georgia in her turn was a rival of South Carolina in plans to drain this commerce itself. In all of these plans to connect the Ohio Valley commercially with the South, the political object was quite as prominent as the commercial. In short, various areas were bidding for the support of the zone of population along the Ohio River. The Ohio Valley recognized its old relationship to the South, but its people were by no means champions of slavery. In the southern portion of the States north of the Ohio where indented servitude for many years opened a way to a system of semi-slavery, there were divided counsels. Kentucky also spoke with no certain voice. As a result, it is in these regions that we find the stronghold of the compromising movement in the slavery struggle. Kentucky furnished Abraham Lincoln to Illinois, and Jefferson Davis to Mississippi, and was in reality the very center of the region of adjustment between these rival interests. Senator Thomas, of southern Illinois, moved the Missouri Compromise, and Henry Clay was the most effective champion of that compromise, as he was the architect of the Compromise of 1850. The Crittenden compromise proposals on the eve of the Civil War came also from Kentucky and represent the persistence of the spirit of Henry Clay. In a word, as I pointed out in the beginning, the Ohio Valley was a Middle Region with a strong national allegiance, striving to hold apart with either hand the sectional combatants in this struggle. In the cautious development of his policy of emancipation, we may see the profound influence of the Ohio Valley upon Abraham Lincoln--Kentucky's greatest son. No one can understand his presidency without proper appreciation of the deep influence of the Ohio Valley, its ideals and its prejudices upon America's original contribution to the great men of the world. Enough has been said to make it clear, I trust, that the Ohio Valley has not only a local history worthy of study, a rich heritage to its people, but also that it has been an independent and powerful force in shaping the development of a nation. Of the late history of this Valley, the rise of its vast industrial power, its far-reaching commercial influence, it is not necessary that I should speak. You know its statesmen and their influence upon our own time; you know the relation of Ohio to the office of President of the United States! Nor is it necessary that I should attempt to prophesy concerning the future which the Ohio Valley will hold in the nation. In that new age of inland water transportation, which is certain to supplement the age of the railroad, there can be no more important region than the Ohio Valley. Let us hope that its old love of democracy may endure, and that in this section, where the first trans-Alleghany pioneers struck blows at the forests, there may be brought to blossom and to fruit the ripe civilization of a people who know that whatever the glories of prosperity may be, there are greater glories of the spirit of man; who know that in the ultimate record of history, the place of the Ohio Valley will depend upon the contribution which her people and her leaders make to the cause of an enlightened, a cultivated, a God-fearing and a free, as well as a comfortable, democracy. FOOTNOTES: [157:1] An address before the Ohio Valley Historical Association, October 16, 1909. [168:1] See F. J. Turner, "New States West of the Alleghanies," _American Historical Review_, i, pp. 70 ff. VI THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY IN AMERICAN HISTORY[177:1] The rise of a company of sympathetic and critical students of history in the South and in the West is bound to revolutionize the perspective of American history. Already our Eastern colleagues are aware in general, if not in detail, of the importance of the work of this nation in dealing with the vast interior, and with the influence of the West upon the nation. Indeed, I might take as the text for this address the words of one of our Eastern historians, Professor Albert Bushnell Hart, who, a decade ago, wrote: The Mississippi Valley yields to no region in the world in interest, in romance, and in promise for the future. Here, if anywhere, is the real America--the field, the theater, and the basis of the civilization of the Western World. The history of the Mississippi Valley is the history of the United States; its future is the future of one of the most powerful of modern nations.[177:2] If those of us who have been insisting on the importance of our own region are led at times by the enthusiasm of the pioneer for the inviting historical domain that opens before us to overstate the importance of our subject, we may at least plead that we have gone no farther than some of our brethren of the East; and we may take comfort in this declaration of Theodore Roosevelt: The states that have grown up around the Great Lakes and in the Valley of the Upper Mississippi, [are] the states which are destined to be the greatest, the richest, the most prosperous of all the great, rich, and prosperous commonwealths which go to make up the mightiest republic the world has ever seen. These states . . . form the heart of the country geographically, and they will soon become the heart in population and in political and social importance. . . . I should be sorry to think that before these states there loomed a future of material prosperity merely. I regard this section of the country as the heart of true American sentiment.[178:1] In studying the history of the whole Mississippi Valley, therefore, the members of this Association are studying the origins of that portion of the nation which is admitted by competent Eastern authorities to be the section potentially most influential in the future of America. They are also studying the region which has engaged the most vital activities of the whole nation; for the problems arising from the existence of the Mississippi Valley, whether of movement of population, diplomacy, politics, economic development, or social structure, have been fundamental problems in shaping the nation. It is not a narrow, not even a local, interest which determines the mission of this Association. It is nothing less than the study of the American people in the presence and under the influence of the vast spaces, the imperial resources of the great interior. The social destiny of this Valley will be the social destiny, and will mark the place in history, of the United States. In a large sense, and in the one usually given to it by geographers and historians, the Mississippi Valley includes the whole interior basin, a province which drains into nearly two thousand miles of navigable waters of the Mississippi itself, two thousand miles of the tawny flood of the Missouri, and a thousand miles of the Ohio--five thousand miles of main water highways open to the steamboat, nearly two and a half million square miles of drainage basin, a land greater than all Europe except Russia, Norway, and Sweden, a land of levels, marked by essential geographic unity, a land estimated to be able to support a population of two or three hundred millions, three times the present population of the whole nation, an empire of natural resources in which to build a noble social structure worthy to hold its place as the heart of American industrial, political and spiritual life. The significance of the Mississippi Valley in American history was first shown in the fact that it opened to various nations visions of power in the New World--visions that sweep across the horizon of historical possibility like the luminous but unsubstantial aurora of a comet's train, portentous and fleeting. Out of the darkness of the primitive history of the continent are being drawn the evidences of the rise and fall of Indian cultures, the migrations through and into the great Valley by men of the Stone Age, hinted at in legends and languages, dimly told in the records of mounds and artifacts, but waiting still for complete interpretation. Into these spaces and among the savage peoples, came France and wrote a romantic page in our early history, a page that tells of unfulfilled empire. What is striking in the effect of the Mississippi Valley upon France is the pronounced influence of the unity of its great spaces. It is not without meaning that Radisson and Groseilliers not only reached the extreme of Lake Superior but also, in all probability, entered upon the waters of the Mississippi and learned of its western affluent; that Marquette not only received the Indians of the Illinois region in his post on the shores of Lake Superior, but traversed the length of the Mississippi almost to its mouth, and returning revealed the site of Chicago; that La Salle was inspired with the vision of a huge interior empire reaching from the Gulf to the Great Lakes. Before the close of the seventeenth century, Perrot's influence was supreme in the Upper Mississippi, while D'Iberville was laying the foundations of Louisiana toward the mouth of the river. Nor is it without significance that while the Verendryes were advancing toward the northwest (where they discovered the Big Horn Mountains and revealed the natural boundaries of the Valley) the Mallet brothers were ascending the Platte, crossing the Colorado plains to Santa Fé and so revealing the natural boundaries toward the southwest. To the English the great Valley was a land beyond the Alleghanies. Spotswood, the far-sighted Governor of Virginia, predecessor of frontier builders, grasped the situation when he proposed western settlements to prevent the French from becoming a great people at the back of the colonies. He realized the importance of the Mississippi Valley as the field for expansion, and the necessity to the English empire of dominating it, if England would remain the great power of the New World. In the war that followed between France and England, we now see what the men of the time could not have realized: that the main issue was neither the possession of the fisheries nor the approaches to the St. Lawrence on the one hemisphere, nor the possession of India on the other, but the mastery of the interior basin of North America. How little the nations realized the true meaning of the final victory of England is shown in the fact that Spain reluctantly received from France the cession of the lands beyond the Mississippi, accepting it as a means of preventing the infringement of her colonial monopoly in Spanish America rather than as a field for imperial expansion. But we know now that when George Washington came as a stripling to the camp of the French at the edge of the great Valley and demanded the relinquishment of the French posts in the name of Virginia, he was demanding in the name of the English speaking people the right to occupy and rule the real center of American resources and power. When Braddock's axmen cut their road from the Potomac toward the forks of the Ohio they were opening a channel through which the forces of civilization should flow with ever increasing momentum and "carving a cross on the wilderness rim" at the spot which is now the center of industrial power of the American nation. England trembled on the brink of her great conquest, fearful of the effect of these far-stretching rivers upon her colonial system, timorous in the presence of the fierce peoples who held the vast domain beyond the Alleghanies. It seems clear, however, that the Proclamation of 1763, forbidding settlement and the patenting of lands beyond the Alleghanies, was not intended as a permanent creation of an Indian reservation out of this Valley, but was rather a temporary arrangement in order that British plans might mature and a system of gradual colonization be devised. Already our greatest leaders, men like Washington and Franklin, had been quick to see the importance of this new area for enlarged activities of the American people. A sudden revelation that it was the West, rather than the ocean, which was the real theater for the creative energy of America came with the triumph over France. The Ohio Company and the Loyal Land Company indicate the interest at the outbreak of the war, while the Mississippi Company, headed by the Washingtons and Lees, organized to occupy southern Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky, mark the Virginia interest in the Mississippi Valley, and Franklin's activity in promoting a colony in the Illinois country illustrates the interest of the Philadelphians. Indeed, Franklin saw clearly the possibilities of a settlement there as a means of breaking up Spanish America. Writing to his son in 1767 he declared that a "settlement should be made in the Illinois country . . . raising a strength there which on occasions of a future war might easily be poured down the Mississippi upon the lower country and into the Bay of Mexico to be used against Cuba, the French Islands, or Mexico itself."[182:1] The Mississippi Valley had been the despair of France in the matter of governmental control. The coureurs de bois escaping from restraints of law and order took their way through its extensive wilderness, exploring and trading as they listed. Similarly, when the English colonists crossed the Alleghanies they escaped from the control of mother colonies as well as of the mother country. If the Mississippi Valley revealed to the statesmen of the East, in the exultation of the war with France, an opportunity for new empire building, it revealed to the frontiersmen, who penetrated the passes of the Alleghanies, and entered into their new inheritance, the sharp distinctions between them and the Eastern lands which they left behind. From the beginning it was clear that the lands beyond the Alleghanies furnished an opportunity and an incentive to develop American society on independent and unconventional lines. The "men of the Western Waters" broke with the old order of things, subordinated social restraint to the freedom of the individual, won their title to the rich lands which they entered by hard fighting against the Indians, hotly challenged the right of the East to rule them, demanded their own States, and would not be refused, spoke with contempt of the old social order of ranks and classes in the lands between the Alleghanies and the Atlantic, and proclaimed the ideal of democracy for the vast country which they had entered. Not with the mercurial facility of the French did they follow the river systems of the Great Valley. Like the advance of the glacier they changed the face of the country in their steady and inevitable progress, and they sought the sea. It was not long before the Spaniards at the mouth of the river realized the meaning of the new forces that had entered the Valley. In 1794 the Governor of Louisiana wrote: This vast and restless population progressively driving the Indian tribes before them and upon us, seek to possess themselves of all the extensive regions which the Indians occupy between the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Appalachian Mountains, thus becoming our neighbors, at the same time that they menacingly ask for the free navigation of the Mississippi. If they achieve their object, their ambitions would not be confined to this side of the Mississippi. Their writings, public papers, and speeches, all turn on this point, the free navigation of the Gulf by the rivers . . . which empty into it, the rich fur trade of the Missouri, and in time the possession of the rich mines of the interior provinces of the very Kingdom of Mexico. Their mode of growth and their policy are as formidable for Spain as their armies. . . . Their roving spirit and the readiness with which they procure sustenance and shelter facilitate rapid settlement. A rifle and a little corn meal in a bag are enough for an American wandering alone in the woods for a month. . . . With logs crossed upon one another he makes a house, and even an impregnable fort against the Indians. . . . Cold does not terrify him, and when a family wearies of one place, it moves to another and settles there with the same ease. If such men come to occupy the banks of the Mississippi and Missouri, or secure their navigation, doubtless nothing will prevent them from crossing and penetrating into our provinces on the other side, which, being to a great extent unoccupied, can oppose no resistance. . . . In my opinion, a general revolution in America threatens Spain unless the remedy be applied promptly. In fact, the pioneers who had occupied the uplands of the South, the backwoods stock with its Scotch-Irish leaders which had formed on the eastern edge of the Alleghanies, separate and distinct from the type of tidewater and New England, had found in the Mississippi Valley a new field for expansion under conditions of free land and unrestraint. These conditions gave it promise of ample time to work out its own social type. But, first of all, these men who were occupying the Western Waters must find an outlet for their surplus products, if they were to become a powerful people. While the Alleghanies placed a veto toward the east, the Mississippi opened a broad highway to the south. Its swift current took their flat boats in its strong arms to bear them to the sea, but across the outlet of the great river Spain drew the barrier of her colonial monopoly and denied them exit. The significance of the Mississippi Valley in American history at the opening of the new republic, therefore, lay in the fact that, beyond the area of the social and political control of the thirteen colonies, there had arisen a new and aggressive society which imperiously put the questions of the public lands, internal communication, local self-government, defense, and aggressive expansion, before the legislators of the old colonial régime. The men of the Mississippi Valley compelled the men of the East to think in American terms instead of European. They dragged a reluctant nation on in a new course. From the Revolution to the end of the War of 1812 Europe regarded the destiny of the Mississippi Valley as undetermined. Spain desired to maintain her hold by means of the control given through the possession of the mouth of the river and the Gulf, by her influence upon the Indian tribes, and by intrigues with the settlers. Her object was primarily to safeguard the Spanish American monopoly which had made her a great nation in the world. Instinctively she seemed to surmise that out of this Valley were the issues of her future; here was the lever which might break successively, from her empire fragments about the Gulf--Louisiana, Florida and Texas, Cuba and Porto Rico--the Southwest and Pacific coast, and even the Philippines and the Isthmian Canal, while the American republic, building itself on the resources of the Valley, should become paramount over the independent republics into which her empire was to disintegrate. France, seeking to regain her former colonial power, would use the Mississippi Valley as a means of provisioning her West Indian islands; of dominating Spanish America, and of subordinating to her purposes the feeble United States, which her policy assigned to the lands between the Atlantic and the Alleghanies. The ancient Bourbon monarchy, the revolutionary republic, and the Napoleonic empire--all contemplated the acquisition of the whole Valley of the Mississippi from the Alleghanies to the Rocky Mountains.[186:1] England holding the Great Lakes, dominating the northern Indian populations and threatening the Gulf and the mouth of the Mississippi by her fleet, watched during the Revolution, the Confederation, and the early republic for the breaking of the fragile bonds of the thirteen States, ready to extend her protection over the settlers in the Mississippi Valley. Alarmed by the prospect of England's taking Louisiana and Florida from Spain, Jefferson wrote in 1790: "Embraced from St. Croix to St. Mary's on one side by their possessions, on the other by their fleet, we need not hesitate to say that they would soon find means to unite to them all the territory covered by the ramifications of the Mississippi." And that, he thought, must result in "bloody and eternal war or indissoluble confederacy" with England. None of these nations deemed it impossible that American settlers in the Mississippi Valley might be won to accept another flag than that of the United States. Gardoqui had the effrontery in 1787 to suggest to Madison that the Kentuckians would make good Spanish subjects. France enlisted the support of frontiersmen led by George Rogers Clark for her attempted conquest of Louisiana in 1793. England tried to win support among the western settlers. Indeed, when we recall that George Rogers Clark accepted a commission as Major General from France in 1793 and again in 1798; that Wilkinson, afterwards commander-in-chief of the American army, secretly asked Spanish citizenship and promised renunciation of his American allegiance; that Governor Sevier of Franklin, afterwards Senator from Tennessee and its first Governor as a State, Robertson the founder of Cumberland, and Blount, Governor of the Southwest Territory and afterwards Senator from Tennessee, were all willing to accept the rule of another nation sooner than see the navigation of the Mississippi yielded by the American government we can easily believe that it lay within the realm of possibility that another allegiance might have been accepted by the frontiersmen themselves. We may well trust Rufus Putnam, whose federalism and devotion to his country had been proved and whose work in founding New England's settlement at Marietta is well known, when he wrote in 1790 in answer to Fisher Ames's question whether the Mississippi Valley could be retained in the Union: "Should Congress give up her claim to the navigation of the Mississippi or cede it to the Spaniards, I believe the people in the Western quarter would separate themselves from the United States very soon. Such a measure, I have no doubt, would excite so much rage and dissatisfaction that the people would sooner put themselves under the despotic government of Spain than remain the indented servants of Congress." He added that if Congress did not afford due protection also to these western settlers they might turn to England or Spain.[187:1] Prior to the railroad the Mississippi Valley was potentially the basis for an independent empire, in spite of the fact that its population would inevitably be drawn from the Eastern States. Its natural outlet was down the current to the Gulf. New Orleans controlled the Valley, in the words of Wilkinson, "as the key the lock, or the citadel the outworks." So long as the Mississippi Valley was menaced, or in part controlled, by rival European states, just so long must the United States be a part of the state system of Europe, involved in its fortunes. And particularly was this the case in view of the fact that until the Union made internal commerce, based upon the Mississippi Valley, its dominant economic interest, the merchants and sailors of the northeastern States and the staple producers of the southern sea-board were a commercial appanage of Europe. The significance of the Mississippi Valley was clearly seen by Jefferson. Writing to Livingston in 1802 he declared: There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three-eights of our territory must pass to market, and from its fertility it will ere long yield more than half of our whole produce and contain more than half of our inhabitants. . . . The day that France takes possession of New Orleans fixes the sentence which is to restrain her within her low-water mark. It seals the union of two nations who in conjunction can maintain exclusive possession of the ocean. From that moment we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation . . . holding the two continents of America in sequestration for the common purposes of the united British and American nations.[188:1] The acquisition of Louisiana was a recognition of the essential unity of the Mississippi Valley. The French engineer Collot reported to his government after an investigation in 1796: All the positions on the left [east] bank of the Mississippi . . . without the alliance of the Western states are far from covering Louisiana. . . . When two nations possess, one the coasts and the other the plains, the former must inevitably embark or submit. From thence I conclude that the Western States of the North American republic must unite themselves with Louisiana and form in the future one single compact nation; or else that colony to whatever power it shall belong will be conquered or devoured. The effect of bringing political unity to the Mississippi Valley by the Louisiana Purchase was profound. It was the decisive step of the United States on an independent career as a world power, free from entangling foreign alliances. The victories of Harrison in the Northwest, in the War of 1812 that followed, ensured our expansion in the northern half of the Valley. Jackson's triumphal march to the Gulf and his defense of New Orleans in the same war won the basis for that Cotton Kingdom, so important in the economic life of the nation and so pregnant with the issue of slavery.[189:1] The acquisition of Florida, Texas, and the Far West followed naturally. Not only was the nation set on an independent path in foreign relations; its political system was revolutionized, for the Mississippi Valley now opened the way for adding State after State, swamping the New England section and its Federalism. The doctrine of strict construction had received a fatal blow at the hands of its own prophet. The old conception of historic sovereign States, makers of a federation, was shattered by this vast addition of raw material for an indefinite number of parallelograms called States, nursed through a Territorial period by the Federal government, admitted under conditions, and animated by national rather than by State patriotism. The area of the nation had been so enlarged and the development of the internal resources so promoted, by the acquisition of the whole course of the mighty river, its tributaries and its outlet, that the Atlantic coast soon turned its economic energies from the sea to the interior. Cities and sections began to struggle for ascendancy over its industrial life. A real national activity, a genuine American culture began. The vast spaces, the huge natural resources, of the Valley demanded exploitation and population. Later there came the tide of foreign immigration which has risen so steadily that it has made a composite American people whose amalgamation is destined to produce a new national stock. But without attempting to exhaust, or even to indicate, all the effects of the Louisiana Purchase, I wish next to ask your attention to the significance of the Mississippi Valley in the promotion of democracy and the transfer of the political center of gravity in the nation. The Mississippi Valley has been the especial home of democracy. Born of free land and the pioneer spirit, nurtured in the ideas of the Revolution and finding free play for these ideas in the freedom of the wilderness, democracy showed itself in the earliest utterances of the men of the Western Waters and it has persisted there. The demand for local self-government, which was insistent on the frontier, and the endorsement given by the Alleghanies to these demands led to the creation of a system of independent Western governments and to the Ordinance of 1787, an original contribution to colonial policy. This was framed in the period when any rigorous subjection of the West to Eastern rule would have endangered the ties that bound them to the Union itself. In the Constitutional Convention prominent Eastern statesmen expressed their fears of the Western democracy and would have checked its ability to out-vote the regions of property by limiting its political power, so that it should never equal that of the Atlantic coast. But more liberal counsels prevailed. In the first debates upon the public lands, also, it was clearly stated that the social system of the nation was involved quite as much as the question of revenue. Eastern fears that cheap lands in abundance would depopulate the Atlantic States and check their industrial growth by a scarcity of labor supply were met by the answer of one of the representatives in 1796: I question if any man would be hardy enough to point out a class of citizens by name that ought to be the servants of the community; yet unless that is done to what class of the People could you direct such a law? But if you passed such an act [limiting the area offered for sale in the Mississippi Valley], it would be tantamount to saying that there is some class which must remain here, and by law be obliged to serve the others for such wages as they please to give. Gallatin showed his comprehension of the basis of the prosperous American democracy in the same debate when he said: If the cause of the happiness of this country was examined into, it would be found to arise as much from the great plenty of land in proportion to the inhabitants, which their citizens enjoyed as from the wisdom of their political institutions. Out of this frontier democratic society where the freedom and abundance of land in the great Valley opened a refuge to the oppressed in all regions, came the Jacksonian democracy which governed the nation after the downfall of the party of John Quincy Adams. Its center rested in Tennessee, the region from which so large a portion of the Mississippi Valley was settled by descendants of the men of the Upland South. The rule of the Mississippi Valley is seen when we recall the place that Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri held in both parties. Besides Jackson, Clay, Harrison and Polk, we count such presidential candidates as Hugh White and John Bell, Vice President R. M. Johnson, Grundy, the chairman of the finance committee, and Benton, the champion of western radicalism. It was in this same period, and largely by reason of the drainage of population to the West, and the stir in the air raised by the Western winds of Jacksonian democracy, that most of the older States reconstructed their constitutions on a more democratic basis. From the Mississippi Valley where there were liberal suffrage provisions (based on population alone instead of property and population), disregard of vested interests, and insistence on the rights of man, came the inspiration for this era of change in the franchise and apportionment, of reform of laws for imprisonment for debt, of general attacks upon monopoly and privilege. "It is now plain," wrote Jackson in 1837, "that the war is to be carried on by the monied aristocracy of the few against the democracy of numbers; the [prosperous] to make the honest laborers hewers of wood and drawers of water . . . through the credit and paper system." By this time the Mississippi Valley had grown in population and political power so that it ranked with the older sections. The next indication of its significance in American history which I shall mention is its position in shaping the economic and political course of the nation between the close of the War of 1812 and the slavery struggle. In 1790 the Mississippi Valley had a population of about a hundred thousand, or one-fortieth of that of the United States as a whole; by 1810 it had over a million, or one-seventh; by 1830 it had three and two-thirds millions, or over one-fourth; by 1840 over six millions, more than one-third. While the Atlantic coast increased only a million and a half souls between 1830 and 1840, the Mississippi Valley gained nearly three millions. Ohio (virgin wilderness in 1790) was, half a century later, nearly as populous as Pennsylvania and twice as populous as Massachusetts. While Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina were gaining 60,000 souls between 1830 and 1840, Illinois gained 318,000. Indeed, the growth of this State alone excelled that of the entire South Atlantic States. These figures show the significance of the Mississippi Valley in its pressure upon the older section by the competition of its cheap lands, its abundant harvests, and its drainage of the labor supply. All of these things meant an upward lift to the Eastern wage earner. But they meant also an increase of political power in the Valley. Before the War of 1812 the Mississippi Valley had six senators, New England ten, the Middle States ten, and the South eight. By 1840 the Mississippi Valley had twenty-two senators, double those of the Middle States and New England combined, and nearly three times as many as the Old South; while in the House of Representatives the Mississippi Valley outweighed any one of the old sections. In 1810 it had less than one-third the power of New England and the South together in the House. In 1840 it outweighed them both combined and because of its special circumstances it held the balance of power. While the Mississippi Valley thus rose to superior political power as compared with any of the old sections, its economic development made it the inciting factor in the industrial life of the nation. After the War of 1812 the steamboat revolutionized the transportation facilities of the Mississippi Valley. In each economic area a surplus formed, demanding an outlet and demanding returns in manufactures. The spread of cotton into the lower Mississippi Valley and the Gulf Plains had a double significance. This transfer of the center of cotton production away from the Atlantic South not only brought increasing hardship and increasing unrest to the East as the competition of the virgin soils depressed Atlantic land values and made Eastern labor increasingly dear, but the price of cotton fell also in due proportion to the increase in production by the Mississippi Valley. While the transfer of economic power from the Seaboard South to the Cotton Kingdom of the lower Mississippi Valley was in progress, the upper Mississippi Valley was leaping forward, partly under the stimulus of a market for its surplus in the plantations of the South, where almost exclusive cultivation of the great staples resulted in a lack of foodstuffs and livestock. At the same time the great river and its affluents became the highway of a commerce that reached to the West Indies, the Atlantic Coast, Europe, and South America. The Mississippi Valley was an industrial entity, from Pittsburgh and Santa Fé to New Orleans. It became the most important influence in American politics and industry. Washington had declared in 1784 that it was the part of wisdom for Virginia to bind the West to the East by ties of interest through internal improvement thereby taking advantage of the extensive and valuable trade of a rising empire. This realization of the fact that an economic empire was growing up beyond the mountains stimulated rival cities, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, to engage in a struggle to supply the West with goods and receive its products. This resulted in an attempt to break down the barrier of the Alleghanies by internal improvements. The movement became especially active after the War of 1812, when New York carried out De Witt Clinton's vast conception of making by the Erie Canal a greater Hudson which should drain to the port of New York all the basin of the Great Lakes, and by means of other canals even divert the traffic from the tributaries of the Mississippi. New York City's commercial ascendancy dates from this connection with interior New York and the Mississippi Valley. A writer in Hunt's _Merchants' Magazine_ in 1869 makes the significance of this clearer by these words: There was a period in the history of the seaboard cities when there was no West; and when the Alleghany Mountains formed the frontier of settlement and agricultural production. During that epoch the seaboard cities, North and South, grew in proportion to the extent and fertility of the country in their rear; and as Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia were more productive in staples valuable to commerce than the colonies north of them, the cities of Baltimore, Norfolk, Charleston, and Savannah enjoyed a greater trade and experienced a larger growth than those on the northern seaboard. He, then, classifies the periods of city development into three: (1) the provincial, limited to the Atlantic seaboard; (2) that of canal and turnpike connected with the Mississippi Valley; and (3) that of railroad connection. Thus he was able to show how Norfolk, for example, was shut off from the enriching currents of interior trade and was outstripped by New York. The efforts of Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, and Savannah to divert the trade of the Mississippi system to their own ports on the Atlantic, and the rise or fall of these cities in proportion as they succeeded are a sufficient indication of the meaning of the Mississippi Valley in American industrial life. What colonial empire has been for London that the Mississippi Valley is to the seaboard cities of the United States, awakening visions of industrial empire, systematic control of vast spaces, producing the American type of the captain of industry. It was not alone city rivalry that converged upon the Mississippi Valley and sought its alliance. Sectional rivalry likewise saw that the balance of power possessed by the interior furnished an opportunity for combinations. This was a fundamental feature of Calhoun's policy when he urged the seaboard South to complete a railroad system to tap the Northwest. As Washington had hoped to make western trade seek its outlet in Virginia and build up the industrial power of the Old Dominion by enriching intercourse with the Mississippi Valley, as Monroe wished to bind the West to Virginia's political interests; and as De Witt Clinton wished to attach it to New York, so Calhoun and Hayne would make "Georgia and Carolina the commercial center of the Union, and the two most powerful and influential members of the confederacy," by draining the Mississippi Valley to their ports. "I believe," said Calhoun, "that the success of a connection of the West is of the last importance to us politically and commercially. . . . I do verily believe that Charleston has more advantages in her position for the Western trade, than any city on the Atlantic, but to develop them we ought to look to the Tennessee instead of the Ohio, and much farther to the West than Cincinnati or Lexington." This was the secret of Calhoun's advocacy in 1836 and 1837 both of the distribution of the surplus revenue and of the cession of the public lands to the States in which they lay, as an inducement to the West to ally itself with Southern policies; and it is the key to the readiness of Calhoun, even after he lost his nationalism, to promote internal improvements which would foster the southward current of trade on the Mississippi. Without going into details, I may simply call your attention to the fact that Clay's whole system of internal improvements and tariff was based upon the place of the Mississippi Valley in American life. It was the upper part of the Valley, and especially the Ohio Valley, that furnished the votes which carried the tariffs of 1816, 1824, and 1828. Its interests profoundly influenced the details of those tariffs and its need of internal improvement constituted a basis for sectional bargaining in all the constructive legislation after the War of 1812. New England, the Middle Region, and the South each sought alliance with the growing section beyond the mountains. American legislation bears the enduring evidence of these alliances. Even the National Bank found in this Valley the main sphere of its business. The nation had turned its energies to internal exploitation, and sections contended for the economic and political power derived from connection with the interior. But already the Mississippi Valley was beginning to stratify, both socially and geographically. As the railroads pushed across the mountains, the tide of New England and New York colonists and German immigrants sought the basin of the Great Lakes and the Upper Mississippi. A distinct zone, industrially and socially connected with New England, was forming. The railroad reinforced the Erie Canal and, as De Bow put it, turned back the tide of the Father of Waters so that its outlet was in New York instead of New Orleans for a large part of the Valley. Below the Northern zone was the border zone of the Upland South, the region of compromise, including both banks of the Ohio and the Missouri and reaching down to the hills on the north of the Gulf Plains. The Cotton Kingdom based on slavery found its center in the fertile soils along the Lower Mississippi and the black prairies of Georgia and Alabama, and was settled largely by planters from the old cotton lands of the Atlantic States. The Mississippi Valley had rejuvenated slavery, had given it an aggressive tone characteristic of Western life. Thus the Valley found itself in the midst of the slavery struggle at the very time when its own society had lost homogeneity. Let us allow two leaders, one of the South and one of the North, to describe the situation; and, first, let the South speak. Said Hammond, of South Carolina,[198:1] in a speech in the Senate on March 4, 1858: I think it not improper that I should attempt to bring the North and South face to face, and see what resources each of us might have in the contingency of separate organizations. Through the heart of our country runs the great Mississippi, the father of waters, into whose bosom are poured thirty-six thousand miles of tributary streams; and beyond we have the desert prairie wastes to protect us in our rear. Can you hem in such a territory as that? You talk of putting up a wall of fire around eight hundred and fifty thousand miles so situated! How absurd. But in this territory lies the great valley of the Mississippi, now the real and soon to be the acknowledged seat of the empire of the world. The sway of that valley will be as great as ever the Nile knew in the earlier ages of mankind. We own the most of it. The most valuable part of it belongs to us now; and although those who have settled above us are now opposed to us, another generation will tell a different tale. They are ours by all the laws of nature; slave labor will go to every foot of this great valley where it will be found profitable to use it, and some of those who may not use it are soon to be united with us by such ties as will make us one and inseparable. The iron horse will soon be clattering over the sunny plains of the South to bear the products of its upper tributaries to our Atlantic ports, as it now does through the ice-bound North. There is the great Mississippi, bond of union made by nature herself. She will maintain it forever. As the Seaboard South had transferred the mantle of leadership to Tennessee and then to the Cotton Kingdom of the Lower Mississippi, so New England and New York resigned their command to the northern half of the Mississippi Valley and the basin of the Great Lakes. Seward, the old-time leader of the Eastern Whigs who had just lost the Republican nomination for the presidency to Lincoln, may rightfully speak for the Northeast. In the fall of 1860, addressing an audience at Madison, Wisconsin, he declared:[199:1] The empire established at Washington is of less than a hundred years' formation. It was the empire of thirteen Atlantic states. Still, practically, the mission of that empire is fulfilled. The power that directs it is ready to pass away from those thirteen states, and although held and exercised under the same constitution and national form of government, yet it is now in the very act of being transferred from the thirteen states east of the Alleghany mountains and on the coast of the Atlantic ocean, to the twenty states that lie west of the Alleghanies, and stretch away from their base to the base of the Rocky mountains on the West, and you are the heirs to it. When the next census shall reveal your power, you will be found to be the masters of the United States of America, and through them the dominating political power of the world. Appealing to the Northwest on the slavery issue Seward declared: The whole responsibility rests henceforth directly or indirectly on the people of the Northwest. . . . There can be no virtue in commercial and manufacturing communities to maintain a democracy, when the democracy themselves do not want a democracy. There is no virtue in Pearl street, in Wall street, in Court street, in Chestnut street, in any other street of great commercial cities, that can save the great democratic government of ours, when you cease to uphold it with your intelligent votes, your strong and mighty hands. You must, therefore, lead us as we heretofore reserved and prepared the way for you. We resign to you the banner of human rights and human liberty, on this continent, and we bid you be firm, bold and onward and then you may hope that we will be able to follow you. When we survey the course of the slavery struggle in the United States it is clear that the form the question took was due to the Mississippi Valley. The Ordinance of 1787, the Missouri Compromise, the Texas question, the Free Soil agitation, the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska bill, the Dred Scott decision, "bleeding Kansas"--these are all Mississippi Valley questions, and the mere enumeration makes it plain that it was the Mississippi Valley as an area for expansion which gave the slavery issue its significance in American history. But for this field of expansion, slavery might have fulfilled the expectation of the fathers and gradually died away. Of the significance of the Mississippi Valley in the Civil War, it is unnecessary that I should speak. Illinois gave to the North its President; Mississippi gave to the South its President. Lincoln and Davis were both born in Kentucky. Grant and Sherman, the northern generals, came from the Mississippi Valley; and both of them believed that when Vicksburg fell the cause of the South was lost, and so it must have been if the Confederacy had been unable, after victories in the East, to regain the Father of Waters; for, as General Sherman said: "Whatever power holds that river can govern this continent." With the close of the war political power passed for many years to the northern half of the Mississippi Valley, as the names of Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, and McKinley indicate. The population of the Valley grew from about fifteen millions in 1860 to over forty millions in 1900--over half the total population of the United States. The significance of its industrial growth is not likely to be overestimated or overlooked. On its northern border, from near Minnesota's boundary line, through the Great Lakes to Pittsburgh, on its eastern edge, runs a huge movement of iron from mine to factory. This industry is basal in American life, and it has revolutionized the industry of the world. The United States produces pig iron and steel in amount equal to her two greatest competitors combined, and the iron ores for this product are chiefly in the Mississippi Valley. It is the chief producer of coal, thereby enabling the United States almost to equal the combined production of Germany and Great Britain; and great oil fields of the nation are in its midst. Its huge crops of wheat and corn and its cattle are the main resources for the United States and are drawn upon by Europe. Its cotton furnishes two-thirds of the world's factory supply. Its railroad system constitutes the greatest transportation network in the world. Again it is seeking industrial consolidation by demanding improvement of its vast water system as a unit. If this design, favored by Roosevelt, shall at some time be accomplished, again the bulk of the commerce of the Valley may flow along the old routes to New Orleans; and to Galveston by the development of southern railroad outlets after the building of the Panama Canal. For the development and exploitation of these and of the transportation and trade interests of the Middle West, Eastern capital has been consolidated into huge corporations, trusts, and combinations. With the influx of capital, and the rise of cities and manufactures, portions of the Mississippi Valley have become assimilated with the East. With the end of the era of free lands the basis of its democratic society is passing away. The final topic on which I shall briefly comment in this discussion of the significance of the Mississippi Valley in American history is a corollary of this condition. Has the Mississippi Valley a permanent contribution to make to American society, or is it to be adjusted into a type characteristically Eastern and European? In other words, has the United States itself an original contribution to make to the history of society? This is what it comes to. The most significant fact in the Mississippi Valley is its ideals. Here has been developed, not by revolutionary theory, but by growth among free opportunities, the conception of a vast democracy made up of mobile ascending individuals, conscious of their power and their responsibilities. Can these ideals of individualism and democracy be reconciled and applied to the twentieth century type of civilization? Other nations have been rich and prosperous and powerful, art-loving and empire-building. No other nation on a vast scale has been controlled by a self-conscious, self-restrained democracy in the interests of progress and freedom, industrial as well as political. It is in the vast and level spaces of the Mississippi Valley, if anywhere, that the forces of social transformation and the modification of its democratic ideals may be arrested. Beginning with competitive individualism, as well as with belief in equality, the farmers of the Mississippi Valley gradually learned that unrestrained competition and combination meant the triumph of the strongest, the seizure in the interest of a dominant class of the strategic points of the nation's life. They learned that between the ideal of individualism, unrestrained by society, and the ideal of democracy, was an innate conflict; that their very ambitions and forcefulness had endangered their democracy. The significance of the Mississippi Valley in American history has lain partly in the fact that it was a region of revolt. Here have arisen varied, sometimes ill-considered, but always devoted, movements for ameliorating the lot of the common man in the interests of democracy. Out of the Mississippi Valley have come successive and related tidal waves of popular demand for real or imagined legislative safeguards to their rights and their social ideals. The Granger movement, the Greenback movement, the Populist movement, Bryan Democracy, and Roosevelt Republicanism all found their greatest strength in the Mississippi Valley. They were Mississippi Valley ideals in action. Its people were learning by experiment and experience how to grapple with the fundamental problem of creating a just social order that shall sustain the free, progressive, individual in a real democracy. The Mississippi Valley is asking, "What shall it profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose his own soul?" The Mississippi Valley has furnished a new social order to America. Its universities have set new types of institutions for social service and for the elevation of the plain people. Its historians should recount its old ambitions, and inventory its ideals, as well as its resources, for the information of the present age, to the end that building on its past, the mighty Valley may have a significance in the life of the nation even more profound than any which I have recounted. FOOTNOTES: [177:1] Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association for 1909-10. Reprinted with the permission of the Association. [177:2] _Harper's Magazine_, February, 1900, p. 413. [178:1] Roosevelt, "The Northwest in the Nation," in "Proceedings of the Wisconsin Historical Society," Fortieth Annual Meeting, p. 92. [182:1] "Franklin's Works," iv, p. 141. [186:1] [See the author's paper in _American Historical Review_, x, p. 245.] [187:1] Cutler's "Cutler," ii, p. 372. [188:1] "Jefferson's Works," iv, p. 431. [189:1] [See on the Cotton Kingdom, U. B. Phillips, "History of Slavery"; W. G. Brown, "Lower South"; W. E. Dodd, "Expansion and Conflict"; F. J. Turner, "New West."] [198:1] "Congressional Globe," 35th Congress, First Session, Appendix, p. 70. [199:1] "Seward's Works" (Boston, 1884), iv, p. 319. VII THE PROBLEM OF THE WEST[205:1] The problem of the West is nothing less than the problem of American development. A glance at the map of the United States reveals the truth. To write of a "Western sectionalism," bounded on the east by the Alleghanies, is, in itself, to proclaim the writer a provincial. What is the West? What has it been in American life? To have the answers to these questions, is to understand the most significant features of the United States of to-day. The West, at bottom, is a form of society, rather than an area. It is the term applied to the region whose social conditions result from the application of older institutions and ideas to the transforming influences of free land. By this application, a new environment is suddenly entered, freedom of opportunity is opened, the cake of custom is broken, and new activities, new lines of growth, new institutions and new ideals, are brought into existence. The wilderness disappears, the "West" proper passes on to a new frontier, and in the former area, a new society has emerged from its contact with the backwoods. Gradually this society loses its primitive conditions, and assimilates itself to the type of the older social conditions of the East; but it bears within it enduring and distinguishing survivals of its frontier experience. Decade after decade, West after West, this rebirth of American society has gone on, has left its traces behind it, and has reacted on the East. The history of our political institutions, our democracy, is not a history of imitation, of simple borrowing; it is a history of the evolution and adaptation of organs in response to changed environment, a history of the origin of new political species. In this sense, therefore, the West has been a constructive force of the highest significance in our life. To use the words of that acute and widely informed observer, Mr. Bryce, "The West is the most American part of America. . . . What Europe is to Asia, what America is to England, that the Western States and Territories are to the Atlantic States." * * * * * The West, as a phase of social organization, began with the Atlantic coast, and passed across the continent. But the colonial tide-water area was in close touch with the Old World, and soon lost its Western aspects. In the middle of the eighteenth century, the newer social conditions appeared along the upper waters of the tributaries of the Atlantic. Here it was that the West took on its distinguishing features, and transmitted frontier traits and ideals to this area in later days. On the coast, were the fishermen and skippers, the merchants and planters, with eyes turned toward Europe. Beyond the falls of the rivers were the pioneer farmers, largely of non-English stock, Scotch-Irish and German. They constituted a distinct people, and may be regarded as an expansion of the social and economic life of the middle region into the back country of the South. These frontiersmen were the ancestors of Boone, Andrew Jackson, Calhoun, Clay, and Lincoln. Washington and Jefferson were profoundly affected by these frontier conditions. The forest clearings have been the seed plots of American character. In the Revolutionary days, the settlers crossed the Alleghanies and put a barrier between them and the coast. They became, to use their phrases, "the men of the Western waters," the heirs of the "Western world." In this era, the backwoodsmen, all along the western slopes of the mountains, with a keen sense of the difference between them and the dwellers on the coast, demanded organization into independent States of the Union. Self-government was their ideal. Said one of their rude, but energetic petitions for statehood: "Some of our fellow-citizens may think we are not able to conduct our affairs and consult our interests; but if our society is rude, much wisdom is not necessary to supply our wants, and a fool can sometimes put on his clothes better than a wise man can do it for him." This forest philosophy is the philosophy of American democracy. But the men of the coast were not ready to admit its implications. They apportioned the State legislatures so that the property-holding minority of the tide-water lands were able to outvote the more populous back countries. A similar system was proposed by Federalists in the constitutional convention of 1787. Gouverneur Morris, arguing in favor of basing representation on property as well as numbers, declared that "he looked forward, also, to that range of new States which would soon be formed in the West. He thought the rule of representation ought to be so fixed, as to secure to the Atlantic States a prevalence in the national councils." "The new States," said he, "will know less of the public interest than these; will have an interest in many respects different; in particular will be little scrupulous of involving the community in wars, the burdens and operations of which would fall chiefly on the maritime States. Provision ought, therefore, to be made to prevent the maritime States from being hereafter outvoted by them." He added that the Western country "would not be able to furnish men equally enlightened to share in the administration of our common interests. The busy haunts of men, not the remote wilderness, was the proper school of political talents. If the Western people get power into their hands, they will ruin the Atlantic interest. The back members are always most averse to the best measures." Add to these utterances of Gouverneur Morris the impassioned protest of Josiah Quincy, of Massachusetts, in the debates in the House of Representatives, on the admission of Louisiana. Referring to the discussion over the slave votes and the West in the constitutional convention, he declared, "Suppose, then, that it had been distinctly foreseen that, in addition to the effect of this weight, the whole population of a world beyond the Mississippi was to be brought into this and the other branch of the legislature, to form our laws, control our rights, and decide our destiny. Sir, can it be pretended that the patriots of that day would for one moment have listened to it? . . . They had not taken degrees at the hospital of idiocy. . . . Why, sir, I have already heard of six States, and some say there will be, at no great distant time, more. I have also heard that the mouth of the Ohio will be far to the east of the center of the contemplated empire. . . . You have no authority to throw the rights and property of this people into 'hotch-pot' with the wild men on the Missouri, nor with the mixed, though more respectable, race of Anglo-Hispano-Gallo-Americans who bask on the sands in the mouth of the Mississippi. . . . Do you suppose the people of the Northern and Atlantic States will, or ought to, look on with patience and see Representatives and Senators from the Red River and Missouri, pouring themselves upon this and the other floor, managing the concerns of a seaboard fifteen hundred miles, at least, from their residence; and having a preponderancy in councils into which, constitutionally, they could never have been admitted?" Like an echo from the fears expressed by the East at the close of the eighteenth century come the words of an eminent Eastern man of letters[208:1] at the end of the nineteenth century, in warning against the West: "Materialized in their temper; with few ideals of an ennobling sort; little instructed in the lessons of history; safe from exposure to the direct calamities and physical horrors of war; with undeveloped imaginations and sympathies--they form a community unfortunate and dangerous from the possession of power without a due sense of its corresponding responsibilities; a community in which the passion for war may easily be excited as the fancied means by which its greatness may be convincingly exhibited, and its ambitions gratified. . . . Some chance spark may fire the prairie." Here, then, is the problem of the West, as it looked to New England leaders of thought in the beginning and at the end of this century. From the first, it was recognized that a new type was growing up beyond the seaboard, and that the time would come when the destiny of the nation would be in Western hands. The divergence of these societies became clear in the struggle over the ratification of the federal constitution. The up-country agricultural regions, the communities that were in debt and desired paper money, with some Western exceptions, opposed the instrument; but the areas of intercourse and property carried the day. It is important to understand, therefore, what were some of the ideals of this early Western democracy. How did the frontiersman differ from the man of the coast? The most obvious fact regarding the man of the Western Waters is that he had placed himself under influences destructive to many of the gains of civilization. Remote from the opportunity for systematic education, substituting a log hut in the forest-clearing for the social comforts of the town, he suffered hardships and privations, and reverted in many ways to primitive conditions of life. Engaged in a struggle to subdue the forest, working as an individual, and with little specie or capital, his interests were with the debtor class. At each stage of its advance, the West has favored an expansion of the currency. The pioneer had boundless confidence in the future of his own community, and when seasons of financial contraction and depression occurred, he, who had staked his all on confidence in Western development, and had fought the savage for his home, was inclined to reproach the conservative sections and classes. To explain this antagonism requires more than denunciation of dishonesty, ignorance, and boorishness as fundamental Western traits. Legislation in the United States has had to deal with two distinct social conditions. In some portions of the country there was, and is, an aggregation of property, and vested rights are in the foreground: in others, capital is lacking, more primitive conditions prevail, with different economic and social ideals, and the contentment of the average individual is placed in the foreground. That in the conflict between these two ideals an even hand has always been held by the government would be difficult to show. The separation of the Western man from the seaboard, and his environment, made him in a large degree free from European precedents and forces. He looked at things independently and with small regard or appreciation for the best Old World experience. He had no ideal of a philosophical, eclectic nation, that should advance civilization by "intercourse with foreigners and familiarity with their point of view, and readiness to adopt whatever is best and most suitable in their ideas, manners, and customs." His was rather the ideal of conserving and developing what was original and valuable in this new country. The entrance of old society upon free lands meant to him opportunity for a new type of democracy and new popular ideals. The West was not conservative: buoyant self-confidence and self-assertion were distinguishing traits in its composition. It saw in its growth nothing less than a new order of society and state. In this conception were elements of evil and elements of good. But the fundamental fact in regard to this new society was its relation to land. Professor Boutmy has said of the United States, "Their one primary and predominant object is to cultivate and settle these prairies, forests, and vast waste lands. The striking and peculiar characteristic of American society is that it is not so much a democracy as a huge commercial company for the discovery, cultivation, and capitalization of its enormous territory. The United States are primarily a commercial society, and only secondarily a nation." Of course, this involves a serious misapprehension. By the very fact of the task here set forth, far-reaching ideals of the state and of society have been evolved in the West, accompanied by loyalty to the nation representative of these ideals. But M. Boutmy's description hits the substantial fact, that the fundamental traits of the man of the interior were due to the free lands of the West. These turned his attention to the great task of subduing them to the purposes of civilization, and to the task of advancing his economic and social status in the new democracy which he was helping to create. Art, literature, refinement, scientific administration, all had to give way to this Titanic labor. Energy, incessant activity, became the lot of this new American. Says a traveler of the time of Andrew Jackson, "America is like a vast workshop, over the door of which is printed in blazing characters, 'No admittance here, except on business.'" The West of our own day reminds Mr. Bryce "of the crowd which Vathek found in the hall of Eblis, each darting hither and thither with swift steps and unquiet mien, driven to and fro by a fire in the heart. Time seems too short for what they have to do, and the result always to come short of their desire." But free lands and the consciousness of working out their social destiny did more than turn the Westerner to material interests and devote him to a restless existence. They promoted equality among the Western settlers, and reacted as a check on the aristocratic influences of the East. Where everybody could have a farm, almost for taking it, economic equality easily resulted, and this involved political equality. Not without a struggle would the Western man abandon this ideal, and it goes far to explain the unrest in the remote West to-day. Western democracy included individual liberty, as well as equality. The frontiersman was impatient of restraints. He knew how to preserve order, even in the absence of legal authority. If there were cattle thieves, lynch law was sudden and effective: the regulators of the Carolinas were the predecessors of the claims associations of Iowa and the vigilance committees of California. But the individual was not ready to submit to complex regulations. Population was sparse, there was no multitude of jostling interests, as in older settlements, demanding an elaborate system of personal restraints. Society became atomic. There was a reproduction of the primitive idea of the personality of the law, a crime was more an offense against the victim than a violation of the law of the land. Substantial justice, secured in the most direct way, was the ideal of the backwoodsman. He had little patience with finely drawn distinctions or scruples of method. If the thing was one proper to be done, then the most immediate, rough and ready, effective way was the best way. It followed from the lack of organized political life, from the atomic conditions of the backwoods society, that the individual was exalted and given free play. The West was another name for opportunity. Here were mines to be seized, fertile valleys to be preëmpted, all the natural resources open to the shrewdest and the boldest. The United States is unique in the extent to which the individual has been given an open field, unchecked by restraints of an old social order, or of scientific administration of government. The self-made man was the Western man's ideal, was the kind of man that all men might become. Out of his wilderness experience, out of the freedom of his opportunities, he fashioned a formula for social regeneration,--the freedom of the individual to seek his own. He did not consider that his conditions were exceptional and temporary. Under such conditions, leadership easily develops,--a leadership based on the possession of the qualities most serviceable to the young society. In the history of Western settlement, we see each forted village following its local hero. Clay, Jackson, Harrison, Lincoln, were illustrations of this tendency in periods when the Western hero rose to the dignity of national hero. The Western man believed in the manifest destiny of his country. On his border, and checking his advance, were the Indian, the Spaniard, and the Englishman. He was indignant at Eastern indifference and lack of sympathy with his view of his relations to these peoples; at the short-sightedness of Eastern policy. The closure of the Mississippi by Spain, and the proposal to exchange our claim of freedom of navigating the river, in return for commercial advantages to New England, nearly led to the withdrawal of the West from the Union. It was the Western demands that brought about the purchase of Louisiana, and turned the scale in favor of declaring the War of 1812. Militant qualities were favored by the annual expansion of the settled area in the face of hostile Indians and the stubborn wilderness. The West caught the vision of the nation's continental destiny. Henry Adams, in his History of the United States, makes the American of 1800 exclaim to the foreign visitor, "Look at my wealth! See these solid mountains of salt and iron, of lead, copper, silver, and gold. See these magnificent cities scattered broadcast to the Pacific! See my cornfields rustling and waving in the summer breeze from ocean to ocean, so far that the sun itself is not high enough to mark where the distant mountains bound my golden seas. Look at this continent of mine, fairest of created worlds, as she lies turning up to the sun's never failing caress her broad and exuberant breasts, overflowing with milk for her hundred million children." And the foreigner saw only dreary deserts, tenanted by sparse, ague-stricken pioneers and savages. The cities were log huts and gambling dens. But the frontiersman's dream was prophetic. In spite of his rude, gross nature, this early Western man was an idealist withal. He dreamed dreams and beheld visions. He had faith in man, hope for democracy, belief in America's destiny, unbounded confidence in his ability to make his dreams come true. Said Harriet Martineau in 1834, "I regard the American people as a great embryo poet, now moody, now wild, but bringing out results of absolute good sense: restless and wayward in action, but with deep peace at his heart; exulting that he has caught the true aspect of things past, and the depth of futurity which lies before him, wherein to create something so magnificent as the world has scarcely begun to dream of. There is the strongest hope of a nation that is capable of being possessed with an idea." It is important to bear this idealism of the West in mind. The very materialism that has been urged against the West was accompanied by ideals of equality, of the exaltation of the common man, of national expansion, that makes it a profound mistake to write of the West as though it were engrossed in mere material ends. It has been, and is, preëminently a region of ideals, mistaken or not. It is obvious that these economic and social conditions were so fundamental in Western life that they might well dominate whatever accessions came to the West by immigration from the coast sections or from Europe. Nevertheless, the West cannot be understood without bearing in mind the fact that it has received the great streams from the North and from the South, and that the Mississippi compelled these currents to intermingle. Here it was that sectionalism first gave way under the pressure of unification. Ultimately the conflicting ideas and institutions of the old sections struggled for dominance in this area under the influence of the forces that made for uniformity, but this is merely another phase of the truth that the West must become unified, that it could not rest in sectional groupings. For precisely this reason the struggle occurred. In the period from the Revolution to the close of the War of 1812, the democracy of the Southern and Middle States contributed the main streams of settlement and social influence to the West. Even in Ohio political power was soon lost by the New England leaders. The democratic spirit of the Middle region left an indelible impress on the West in this its formative period. After the War of 1812, New England, its supremacy in the carrying trade of the world having vanished, became a hive from which swarms of settlers went out to western New York and the remoter regions. These settlers spread New England ideals of education and character and political institutions, and acted as a leaven of great significance in the Northwest. But it would be a mistake to believe that an unmixed New England influence took possession of the Northwest. These pioneers did not come from the class that conserved the type of New England civilization pure and undefiled. They represented a less contented, less conservative influence. Moreover, by their sojourn in the Middle Region, on their westward march, they underwent modification, and when the farther West received them, they suffered a forest-change, indeed. The Westernized New England man was no longer the representative of the section that he left. He was less conservative, less provincial, more adaptable and approachable, less rigorous in his Puritan ideals, less a man of culture, more a man of action. As might have been expected, therefore, the Western men, in the "era of good feeling," had much homogeneity throughout the Mississippi Valley, and began to stand as a new national type. Under the lead of Henry Clay they invoked the national government to break down the mountain barrier by internal improvements, and thus to give their crops an outlet to the coast. Under him they appealed to the national government for a protective tariff to create a home market. A group of frontier States entered the Union with democratic provisions respecting the suffrage, and with devotion to the nation that had given them their lands, built their roads and canals, regulated their territorial life, and made them equals in the sisterhood of States. At last these Western forces of aggressive nationalism and democracy took possession of the government in the person of the man who best embodied them, Andrew Jackson. This new democracy that captured the country and destroyed the ideals of statesmanship came from no theorist's dreams of the German forest. It came, stark and strong and full of life, from the American forest. But the triumph of this Western democracy revealed also the fact that it could rally to its aid the laboring classes of the coast, then just beginning to acquire self-consciousness and organization. The next phase of Western development revealed forces of division between the northern and southern portions of the West. With the spread of the cotton culture went the slave system and the great plantation. The small farmer in his log cabin, raising varied crops, was displaced by the planter raising cotton. In all except the mountainous areas the industrial organization of the tidewater took possession of the Southwest, the unity of the back country was broken, and the solid South was formed. In the Northwest this was the era of railroads and canals, opening the region to the increasing stream of Middle State and New England settlement, and strengthening the opposition to slavery. A map showing the location of the men of New England ancestry in the Northwest would represent also the counties in which the Free Soil party cast its heaviest votes. The commercial connections of the Northwest likewise were reversed by the railroad. The result is stated by a writer in _De Bow's Review_ in 1852 in these words:-- "What is New Orleans now? Where are her dreams of greatness and glory? . . . Whilst she slept, an enemy has sowed tares in her most prolific fields. Armed with energy, enterprise, and an indomitable spirit, that enemy, by a system of bold, vigorous, and sustained efforts, has succeeded in reversing the very laws of nature and of nature's God,--rolled back the mighty tide of the Mississippi and its thousand tributary streams, until their mouth, practically and commercially, is more at New York or Boston than at New Orleans." The West broke asunder, and the great struggle over the social system to be given to the lands beyond the Mississippi followed. In the Civil War the Northwest furnished the national hero,--Lincoln was the very flower of frontier training and ideals,--and it also took into its hands the whole power of the government. Before the war closed, the West could claim the President, Vice-President, Chief Justice, Speaker of the House, Secretary of the Treasury, Postmaster-General, Attorney-General, General of the army, and Admiral of the navy. The leading generals of the war had been furnished by the West. It was the region of action, and in the crisis it took the reins. The triumph of the nation was followed by a new era of Western development. The national forces projected themselves across the prairies and plains. Railroads, fostered by government loans and land grants, opened the way for settlement and poured a flood of European immigrants and restless pioneers from all sections of the Union into the government lands. The army of the United States pushed back the Indian, rectangular Territories were carved into checkerboard States, creations of the federal government, without a history, without physiographical unity, without particularistic ideas. The later frontiersman leaned on the strong arm of national power. At the same time the South underwent a revolution. The plantation, based on slavery, gave place to the farm, the gentry to the democratic elements. As in the West, new industries, of mining and of manufacture, sprang up as by magic. The New South, like the New West, was an area of construction, a debtor area, an area of unrest; and it, too, had learned the uses to which federal legislation might be put. In the meantime the Old Northwest[218:1] passed through an economic and social transformation. The whole West furnished an area over which successive waves of economic development have passed. The State of Wisconsin, now much like parts of the State of New York, was at an earlier period like the State of Nebraska of to-day; the Granger movement and Greenback party had for a time the ascendancy; and in the northern counties of the State, where there is a sparser population, and the country is being settled, its sympathies are still with the debtor class. Thus the Old Northwest is a region where the older frontier conditions survive in parts, and where the inherited ways of looking at things are largely to be traced to its frontier days. At the same time it is a region in many ways assimilated to the East. It understands both sections. It is not entirely content with the existing structure of economic society in the sections where wealth has accumulated and corporate organizations are powerful; but neither has it seemed to feel that its interests lie in supporting the program of the prairies and the South. In the Fifty-third Congress it voted for the income tax, but it rejected free coinage. It is still affected by the ideal of the self-made man, rather than by the ideal of industrial nationalism. It is more American, but less cosmopolitan than the seaboard. We are now in a position to see clearly some of the factors involved in the Western problem. For nearly three centuries the dominant fact in American life has been expansion. With the settlement of the Pacific coast and the occupation of the free lands, this movement has come to a check. That these energies of expansion will no longer operate would be a rash prediction; and the demands for a vigorous foreign policy, for an interoceanic canal, for a revival of our power upon the seas, and for the extension of American influence to outlying islands and adjoining countries, are indications that the movement will continue. The stronghold of these demands lies west of the Alleghanies. In the remoter West, the restless, rushing wave of settlement has broken with a shock against the arid plains. The free lands are gone, the continent is crossed, and all this push and energy is turning into channels of agitation. Failures in one area can no longer be made good by taking up land on a new frontier; the conditions of a settled society are being reached with suddenness and with confusion. The West has been built up with borrowed capital, and the question of the stability of gold, as a standard of deferred payments, is eagerly agitated by the debtor West, profoundly dissatisfied with the industrial conditions that confront it, and actuated by frontier directness and rigor in its remedies. For the most part, the men who built up the West beyond the Mississippi, and who are now leading the agitation,[220:1] came as pioneers from the old Northwest, in the days when it was just passing from the stage of a frontier section. For example, Senator Allen of Nebraska, president of the recent national Populist Convention, and a type of the political leaders of his section, was born in Ohio in the middle of the century, went in his youth to Iowa, and not long after the Civil War made his home in Nebraska. As a boy, he saw the buffalo driven out by the settlers; he saw the Indian retreat as the pioneer advanced. His training is that of the old West, in its frontier days. And now the frontier opportunities are gone. Discontent is demanding an extension of governmental activity in its behalf. In these demands, it finds itself in touch with the depressed agricultural classes and the workingmen of the South and East. The Western problem is no longer a sectional problem: it is a social problem on a national scale. The greater West, extending from the Alleghanies to the Pacific, cannot be regarded as a unit; it requires analysis into regions and classes. But its area, its population, and its material resources would give force to its assertion that if there is a sectionalism in the country, the sectionalism is Eastern. The old West, united to the new South, would produce, not a new sectionalism, but a new Americanism. It would not mean sectional disunion, as some have speculated, but it might mean a drastic assertion of national government and imperial expansion under a popular hero. This, then, is the real situation: a people composed of heterogeneous materials, with diverse and conflicting ideals and social interests, having passed from the task of filling up the vacant spaces of the continent, is now thrown back upon itself, and is seeking an equilibrium. The diverse elements are being fused into national unity. The forces of reorganization are turbulent and the nation seems like a witches' kettle. But the West has its own centers of industrial life and culture not unlike those of the East. It has State universities, rivaling in conservative and scientific economic instruction those of any other part of the Union, and its citizens more often visit the East, than do Eastern men the West. As time goes on, its industrial development will bring it more into harmony with the East. Moreover, the Old Northwest holds the balance of power, and is the battlefield on which these issues of American development are to be settled. It has more in common with all parts of the nation than has any other region. It understands the East, as the East does not understand the West. The White City which recently rose on the shores of Lake Michigan fitly typified its growing culture as well as its capacity for great achievement. Its complex and representative industrial organization and business ties, its determination to hold fast to what is original and good in its Western experience, and its readiness to learn and receive the results of the experience of other sections and nations, make it an open-minded and safe arbiter of the American destiny. In the long run the "Center of the Republic" may be trusted to strike a wise balance between the contending ideals. But she does not deceive herself; she knows that the problem of the West means nothing less than the problem of working out original social ideals and social adjustments for the American nation. FOOTNOTES: [205:1] _Atlantic Monthly_, September, 1896. Reprinted by permission. [208:1] Charles Eliot Norton. [218:1] The present States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. [220:1] [Written in the year of Mr. Bryan's first presidential campaign.] VIII DOMINANT FORCES IN WESTERN LIFE[222:1] The Old Northwest is a name which tells of the vestiges which the march of settlement across the American continent has left behind it. The New Northwest fronts the watery labyrinth of Puget Sound and awaits its destiny upon the Pacific. The Old Northwest, the historic Northwest Territory, is now the new Middle Region of the United States. A century ago it was a wilderness, broken only by a few French settlements and the straggling American hamlets along the Ohio and its tributaries, while, on the shore of Lake Erie, Moses Cleaveland had just led a handful of men to the Connecticut Reserve. To-day it is the keystone of the American Commonwealth. Since 1860 the center of population of the United States has rested within its limits, and the center of manufacturing in the nation lies eight miles from President McKinley's Ohio home. Of the seven men who have been elected to the presidency of the United States since 1860, six have come from the Old Northwest, and the seventh came from the kindred region of western New York. The congressional Representatives from these five States of the Old Northwest already outnumber those from the old Middle States, and are three times as numerous as those from New England. The elements that have contributed to the civilization of this region are therefore well worth consideration. To know the States that make up the Old Northwest--Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin--one must understand their social origins. Eldest in this sisterhood was Ohio. New England gave the formative impulses to this State by the part which the Ohio Company played in securing the Ordinance of 1787, and at Marietta and Cleveland Massachusetts and Connecticut planted enduring centers of Puritan influence. During the same period New Jersey and Pennsylvania sent their colonists to the Symmes Purchase, in which Cincinnati was the rallying-point, while Virginians sought the Military Bounty Lands in the region of Chillicothe. The Middle States and the South, with their democratic ideas, constituted the dominant element in Ohio politics in the early part of her history. This dominance is shown by the nativity of the members of the Ohio legislature elected in 1820: New England furnished nine Senators and sixteen Representatives, chiefly from Connecticut; New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, seventeen Senators and twenty-one Representatives, mostly from Pennsylvania; while the South furnished nine Senators and twenty-seven Representatives, of whom the majority came from Virginia. Five of the Representatives were native of Ireland, presumably Scotch-Irishmen. In the Ohio Senate, therefore, the Middle States had as many representatives as had New England and the South together, while the Southern men slightly outnumbered the Middle States men in the Assembly. Together, the emigrants from the Democratic South and Middle Region outnumbered the Federalist New Englanders three to one. Although Ohio is popularly considered a child of New England, it is clear that in these formative years of her statehood the commonwealth was dominated by other forces. By the close of this early period, in 1820, the settlement in Ohio had covered more or less fully all except the northwest corner of the State, and Indiana's formative period was well started. Here, as in Ohio, there was a large Southern element. But while the Southern stream that flowed into Ohio had its sources in Virginia, the main current that sought Indiana came from North Carolina; and these settlers were for the most part from the humbler classes. In the settlement of Indiana from the South two separate elements are distinguishable: the Quaker migration from North Carolina, moving chiefly because of anti-slavery convictions; the "poor white" stream, made up in part of restless hunters and thriftless pioneers moving without definite ambitions, and in part of other classes, such as former overseers, migrating to the new country with definite purpose of improving their fortunes. These elements constituted well-marked features in the Southern contribution to Indiana, and they explain why she has been named the Hoosier State; but it should by no means be thought that all of the Southern immigrants came under these classes, nor that these have been the normal elements in the development of the Indiana of to-day. In the Northwest, where interstate migration has been so continuous and widespread, the lack of typical State peculiarities is obvious, and the student of society, like the traveler, is tempted, in his effort to distinguish the community from its neighbors, to exaggerate the odd and exceptional elements which give a particular flavor to the State. Indiana has suffered somewhat from this tendency; but it is undoubted that these peculiarities of origin left deep and abiding influences upon the State. In 1820 her settlement was chiefly in the southern counties, where Southern and Middle States influence was dominant. Her two United States Senators were Virginians by birth, while her Representative was from Pennsylvania. The Southern element continued so powerful that one student of Indiana origins has estimated that in 1850 one-third of the population of the State were native Carolinians and their children in the first generation. Not until a few years before the Civil War did the Northern current exert a decisive influence upon Indiana. She had no such lake ports as had her sister States, and extension of settlement into the State from ports like Chicago was interrupted by the less attractive area of the northwestern part of Indiana. Add to this the geological fact that the limestone ridges and the best soils ran in nearly perpendicular belts northward from the Ohio, and it will be seen how circumstances combined to diminish Northern and to facilitate Southern influences in the State prior to the railroad development. In Illinois, also, the current of migration was at first preponderantly Southern, but the settlers were less often from the Atlantic coast. Kentucky and Tennessee were generous contributors, but many of the distinguished leaders came from Virginia, and it is worthy of note that in 1820 the two United States Senators of Illinois were of Maryland ancestry, while her Representative was of Kentucky origin. The swarms of land-seekers between 1820 and 1830 ascended the Illinois river, and spread out between that river and the Mississippi. It was in this period that Abraham Lincoln's father, who had come from Kentucky to Indiana, again left his log cabin and traveled by ox-team with his family to the popular Illinois county of Sangamon. Here Lincoln split his famous rails to fence their land, and grew up under the influences of this migration of the Southern pioneers to the prairies. They were not predominantly of the planter class; but the fierce contest in 1824 over the proposition to open Illinois to slavery was won for freedom by a narrow majority. Looking at the three States, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, prior to 1850, we perceive how important was the voice of the South here, and we can the more easily understand the early affiliation of the Northwest with her sister States to the south on the Western waters. It was not without reason that the proposal of the Missouri Compromise came from Illinois, and it was a natural enthusiasm with which these States followed Henry Clay in the war policy of 1812. The combination of the South, the western portion of the Middle States, and the Mississippi Valley gave the ascendancy to the democratic ideals of the followers of Jefferson, and left New England a weakened and isolated section for nearly half a century. Many of the most characteristic elements in American life in the first part of the century were due to this relationship between the South and the trans-Alleghany region. But even thus early the Northwest had revealed strong predilections for the Northern economic ideals as against the peculiar institution of the South, and this tendency grew with the increase of New England immigration. The northern two in this sisterhood of Northwestern States were the first to be entered by the French, but latest by the English settlers. Why Michigan was not occupied by New York men at an earlier period is at first sight not easy to understand. Perhaps the adverse reports of surveyors who visited the interior of the State, the partial geographical isolation, and the unprogressive character of the French settlers account for the tardy occupation of the area. Certain it is that while the southern tier of States was sought by swarms of settlers, Wisconsin and Michigan still echoed to Canadian boating-songs, and voyageurs paddled their birch canoes along the streams of the wilderness to traffic with the savages. Great Britain maintained the dominant position until after the War of 1812, and the real center of authority was in Canada. But after the digging of the Erie Canal, settlement began to turn into Michigan. Between 1830 and 1840 the population of the State leaped from 31,000 to 212,000, in the face of the fact that the heavy debt of the State and the crisis of 1837 turned from her borders many of the thrifty, debt-hating Germans. The vast majority of the settlers were New Yorkers. Michigan is distinctly a child of the Empire State. Canadians, both French and English, continued to come as the lumber interests of the region increased. By 1850 Michigan contained nearly 400,000 inhabitants, who occupied the southern half of the State. But she now found an active competitor for settlement in Wisconsin. In this region two forces had attracted the earlier inhabitants. The fur-trading posts of Green Bay, Prairie du Chien, and Milwaukee constituted one element, in which the French influence was continued. The lead region of the southwest corner of the State formed the center of attraction for Illinois and Southern pioneers. The soldiers who followed Black Hawk's trail in 1832 reported the richness of the soil, and an era of immigration followed. To the port of Milwaukee came a combined migration from western New York and New England, and spread along the southern tier of prairie counties until it met the Southern settlers in the lead region. Many of the early political contests in the State were connected, as in Ohio and Illinois, with the antagonisms between the sections thus brought together in a limited area. The other element in the formation of Wisconsin was that of the Germans, then just entering upon their vast immigration to the United States. Wisconsin was free from debt; she made a constitution of exceptional liberality to foreigners, and instead of treasuring her school lands or using them for internal improvements, she sold them for almost nothing to attract immigration. The result was that the prudent Germans, who loved light taxes and cheap hard wood lands, turned toward Wisconsin,--another _Völkerwanderung_. From Milwaukee as a center they spread north along the shore of Lake Michigan, and later into northern central Wisconsin, following the belt of the hardwood forests. So considerable were their numbers that such an economist as Roscher wrote of the feasibility of making Wisconsin a German State. "They can plant the vine on the hills," cried Franz Löher in 1847, "and drink with happy song and dance; they can have German schools and universities, German literature and art, German science and philosophy, German courts and assemblies; in short, they can form a German State, in which the German language shall be as much the popular and official language as the English is now, and in which the German spirit shall rule." By 1860 the German-born were sixteen per cent of the population of the State. But the New York and New England stream proved even more broad and steady in its flow in these years before the war. Wisconsin's population rose from 30,000 in 1840 to 300,000 in 1850. The New England element that entered this State is probably typical of the same element in Wisconsin's neighboring States, and demands notice. It came for the most part, not from the seaboard of Massachusetts, which has so frequently represented New England to the popular apprehension. A large element in this stock was the product of the migration that ascended the valleys of Connecticut and central Massachusetts through the hills into Vermont and New York,--a pioneer folk almost from the time of their origin. The Vermont colonists decidedly outnumbered those of Massachusetts in both Michigan and Wisconsin, and were far more numerous in other Northwestern States than the population of Vermont warranted. Together with this current came the settlers from western New York. These were generally descendants of this same pioneer New England stock, continuing into a remoter West the movement that had brought their parents to New York. The combined current from New England and New York thus constituted a distinctly modified New England stock, and was clearly the dominant native element in Michigan and Wisconsin. The decade of the forties was also the period of Iowa's rapid increase. Although not politically a part of the Old Northwest, in history she is closely related to that region. Her growth was by no means so rapid as was Wisconsin's, for the proportion of foreign immigration was less. Whereas in 1850 more than one-third of Wisconsin's population was foreign-born, the proportion for Iowa was not much over one-tenth. The main body of her people finally came from the Middle States, and Illinois and Ohio; but Southern elements were well represented, particularly among her political leaders. The middle of the century was the turning-point in the transfer of control in the Northwest. Below the line of the old national turnpike, marked by the cities of Columbus, Indianapolis, Vandalia, and St. Louis, the counties had acquired a stability of settlement; and partly because of the Southern element, partly because of a natural tendency of new communities toward Jacksonian ideals, these counties were preponderantly Democratic. But the Southern migration had turned to the cotton areas of the Southwest, and the development of railroads and canals had broken the historic commercial ascendancy of the Mississippi River; New Orleans was yielding the scepter to New York. The tide of migration from the North poured along these newly opened channels, and occupied the less settled counties above the national turnpike. In cities like Columbus and Indianapolis, where the two currents had run side by side, the combined elements were most clearly marked, but in the Northwest as a whole a varied population had been formed. This region seemed to represent and understand the various parts of the Union. It was this aspect which Mr. Vinton, of Ohio, urged in Congress when he made his notable speech in favor of the admission of Iowa. He pleaded the mission of the Northwest as the mediator between the sections and the unifying agency in the nation, with such power and pathos as to thrill even John Quincy Adams. But there are some issues which cannot be settled by compromise, tendencies one of which must conquer the other. Such an issue the slave power raised, and raised too late for support in the upper half of the Mississippi Basin. The Northern and the Southern elements found themselves in opposition to each other. "A house divided against itself cannot stand," said Abraham Lincoln, a Northern leader of Southern origin. Douglas, a leader of the Southern forces, though coming from New England, declared his indifference whether slavery were voted up or down in the Western Territories. The historic debates between these two champions reveal the complex conditions in the Northwest, and take on a new meaning when considered in the light of this contest between the Northern and the Southern elements. The State that had been so potent for compromise was at last the battle-ground itself, and the places selected for the various debates of Lincoln and Douglas marked the strongholds and the outposts of the antagonistic forces. At this time the kinship of western New York and the dominant element in the Northwest was clearly revealed. Speaking for the anti-slavery forces at Madison, Wisconsin, in 1860, Seward said: "The Northwest is by no means so small as you may think it. I speak to you because I feel that I am, and during all my mature life have been, one of you. Although of New York, I am still a citizen of the Northwest. The Northwest extends eastward to the base of the Alleghany Mountains, and does not all of western New York lie westward of the Alleghany Mountains? Whence comes all the inspiration of free soil which spreads itself with such cheerful voices over all these plains? Why, from New York westward of the Alleghany Mountains. The people before me,--who are you but New York men, while you are men of the Northwest?" In the Civil War, western New York and the Northwest were powerful in the forum and in the field. A million soldiers came from the States that the Ordinance, passed by Southern votes, had devoted to freedom. This was the first grave time of trial for the Northwest, and it did much eventually to give to the region a homogeneity and self-consciousness. But at the close of the war the region was still agricultural, only half-developed; still breaking ground in northern forests; still receiving contributions of peoples which radically modified the social organism, and undergoing economic changes almost revolutionary in their rapidity and extent. The changes since the war are of more social importance, in many respects, than those in the years commonly referred to as the formative period. As a result, the Northwest finds herself again between contending forces, sharing the interests of East and West, as once before those of North and South, and forced to give her voice on issues of equal significance for the destiny of the republic. In these transforming years since 1860, Ohio, finding the magician's talisman that revealed the treasury of mineral wealth, gas, and petroleum beneath her fields, has leaped to a front rank among the manufacturing States of the Union. Potential on the Great Lakes by reason of her ports of Toledo and Cleveland, tapping the Ohio river artery of trade at Cincinnati, and closely connected with all the vast material development of the upper waters of this river in western Pennsylvania and West Virginia, Ohio has become distinctly a part of the eastern social organism, much like the State of Pennsylvania. The complexity of her origin still persists. Ohio has no preponderant social center; her multiplicity of colleges and universities bears tribute to the diversity of the elements that have made the State. One-third of her people are of foreign parentage (one or both parents foreign-born), and the city of Cincinnati has been deeply affected by the German stock, while Cleveland strongly reflects the influence of the New England element. That influence is still very palpable, but it is New England in the presence of natural gas, iron, and coal, New England shaped by blast and forge. The Middle State ideals will dominate Ohio's future. Bucolic Indiana, too, within the last decade has come into the possession of gas-fields and has increased the exploitation of her coals until she seems destined to share in the industrial type represented by Ohio. Cities have arisen, like a dream, on the sites of country villages. But Indiana has a much smaller proportion of foreign elements than any other State of the Old Northwest, and it is the Southern element that still differentiates her from her sisters. While Ohio's political leaders still attest the Puritan migration, Indiana's clasp hands with the leaders from the South. The Southern elements continue also to reveal themselves in the Democratic southwestern counties of Illinois, grouped like a broad delta of the Illinois River, while northern Illinois holds a larger proportion of descendants of the Middle States and New England. About one-half her population is of foreign parentage, in which the German, Irish, and Scandinavians furnish the largest elements. She is a great agricultural State and a great manufacturing State, the connecting link between the Mississippi and the Great Lakes. Her metropolis, Chicago, is the very type of Northwestern development for good and for evil. It is an epitome of her composite nationality. A recent writer, analyzing the school census of Chicago, points out that "only two cities in the German Empire, Berlin and Hamburg, have a greater German population than Chicago; only two in Sweden, Stockholm and Göteborg, have more Swedes; and only two in Norway, Christiana and Bergen, have more Norwegians"; while the Irish, Polish, Bohemians, and Dutch elements are also largely represented. But in spite of her rapidity of growth and her complex elements, Chicago stands as the representative of the will-power and genius for action of the Middle West, and the State of Illinois will be the battle-ground for social and economic ideals for the next generation. Michigan is two States. The northern peninsula is cut off from the southern physically, industrially, and in the history of settlement. It would seem that her natural destiny was with Wisconsin, or some possible new State embracing the iron and copper, forest and shipping areas of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota on Lake Superior. The lower peninsula of Michigan is the daughter of New York and over twelve per cent of Michigan's present population were born in that State, and her traits are those of the parent State. Over half her population is of foreign parentage, of which Canada and England together have furnished one-half, while the Germans outnumber any other single foreign element. The State has undergone a steady industrial development, exploiting her northern mines and forests, developing her lumber interests with Saginaw as the center, raising fruits along the lake shore counties, and producing grain in the middle trough of counties running from Saginaw Bay to the south of Lake Michigan. Her state university has been her peculiar glory, furnishing the first model for the state university, and it is the educational contribution of the Northwest to the nation. Wisconsin's future is dependent upon the influence of the large proportion of her population of foreign parentage, for nearly three-fourths of her inhabitants are of that class. She thus has a smaller percentage of native population than any other of the States formed from the Old Northwest. Of this foreign element the Germans constitute by far the largest part, with the Scandinavians second. Her American population born outside of Wisconsin comes chiefly from New York. In contrast with the Ohio River States, she lacks the Southern element. Her greater foreign population and her dairy interests contrast with Michigan's Canadian and English elements and fruit culture. Her relations are more Western than Michigan's by reason of her connection with the Mississippi and the prairie States. Her foreign element is slightly less than Minnesota's, and in the latter State the Scandinavians take the place held by the Germans in Wisconsin. The facility with which the Scandinavians catch the spirit of Western America and assimilate with their neighbors is much greater than is the case with the Germans, so that Wisconsin seems to offer opportunity for non-English influence in a greater degree than her sister on the west. While Minnesota's economic development has heretofore been closely dependent on the wheat-producing prairies, the opening of the iron fields of the Mesabi and Vermilion ranges, together with the development of St. Paul and Minneapolis, Duluth and West Superior, and the prospective achievement of a deep-water communication with the Atlantic, seem to offer to that State a new and imperial industrial destiny. Between this stupendous economic future to the northwest and the colossal growth of Chicago on the southeast Wisconsin seems likely to become a middle agricultural area, developing particularly into a dairy State. She is powerfully affected by the conservative tendencies of her German element in times of political agitation and of proposals of social change. Some of the social modifications in this State are more or less typical of important processes at work among the neighboring States of the Old Northwest. In the north, the men who built up the lumber interests of the State, who founded a mill town surrounded by the stumps of the pine forests which they exploited for the prairie markets, have acquired wealth and political power. The spacious and well-appointed home of the town-builder may now be seen in many a northern community, in a group of less pretentious homes of operatives and tradesmen, the social distinctions between them emphasized by the difference in nationality. A few years before, this captain of industry was perhaps actively engaged in the task of seeking the best "forties" or directing the operations of his log-drivers. His wife and daughters make extensive visits to Europe, his sons go to some university, and he himself is likely to acquire political position, or to devote his energies to saving the town from industrial decline, as the timber is cut away, by transforming it into a manufacturing center for more finished products. Still others continue their activity among the forests of the South. This social history of the timber areas of Wisconsin has left clear indications in the development of the peculiar political leadership in the northern portion of the State. In the southern and middle counties of the State, the original settlement of the native American pioneer farmer, a tendency is showing itself to divide the farms and to sell to thrifty Germans, or to cultivate the soil by tenants, while the farmer retires to live in the neighboring village, and perhaps to organize creameries and develop a dairy business. The result is that a replacement of nationalities is in progress. Townships and even counties once dominated by the native American farmers of New York extraction are now possessed by Germans or other European nationalities. Large portions of the retail trades of the towns are also passing into German hands, while the native element seeks the cities, the professions, or mercantile enterprises of larger character. The non-native element shows distinct tendencies to dwell in groups. One of the most striking illustrations of this fact is the community of New Glarus, in Wisconsin, formed by a carefully organized migration from Glarus in Switzerland, aided by the canton itself. For some years this community was a miniature Swiss canton in social organization and customs, but of late it has become increasingly assimilated to the American type, and has left an impress by transforming the county in which it is from a grain-raising to a dairy region. From Milwaukee as a center, the influence of the Germans upon the social customs and ideals of Wisconsin has been marked. Milwaukee has many of the aspects of a German city, and has furnished a stronghold of resistance to native American efforts to enact rigid temperance legislation, laws regulative of parochial schools, and similar attempts to bend the German type to the social ideas of the pioneer American stock. In the last presidential election, the German area of the State deserted the Democratic party, and its opposition to free silver was a decisive factor in the overwhelming victory of the Republicans in Wisconsin. With all the evidence of the persistence of the influence of this nationality, it is nevertheless clear that each decade marks an increased assimilation and homogeneity in the State; but the result is a compromise, and not a conquest by either element. The States of the Old Northwest gave to McKinley a plurality of over 367,000 out of a total vote of about 3,734,000. New England and the Middle States together gave him a plurality of 979,000 in about the same vote, while the farther West gave to Bryan a decisive net plurality. It thus appears that the Old Northwest occupied the position of a political middle region between East and West. The significance of this position is manifest when it is recalled that this section is the child of the East and the mother of the Populistic West. The occupation of the Western prairies was determined by forces similar to those which settled the Old Northwest. In the decade before the war, Minnesota succeeded to the place held by Wisconsin as the Mecca of settlers in the prior decade. To Wisconsin and New York she owes the largest proportion of her native settlers born outside of the State. Kansas and Nebraska were settled most rapidly in the decade following the war, and had a large proportion of soldiers in their American immigrants. Illinois and Ohio together furnished about one-third of the native settlers of these States, but the element coming from Southern States was stronger in Kansas than in Nebraska. Both these States have an exceptionally large proportion of native whites as compared with their neighbors among the prairie States. Kansas, for example, has about twenty-six per cent of persons of foreign parentage, while Nebraska has about forty-two, Iowa forty-three, South Dakota sixty, Wisconsin seventy-three, Minnesota seventy-five, and North Dakota seventy-nine. North Dakota's development was greatest in the decade prior to 1890. Her native stock came in largest numbers from Wisconsin, with New York, Minnesota, and Iowa next in order. The growth of South Dakota occupied the two decades prior to the census of 1890, and she has recruited her native element from Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and New York. In consequence of the large migration from the States of the Old Northwest to the virgin soils of these prairie States many counties in the parent States show a considerable decline in growth in the decade before 1890. There is significance in the fact that, with the exception of Iowa, these prairie States, the colonies of the Old Northwest, gave Bryan votes in the election of 1896 in the ratio of their proportion of persons of native parentage. North Dakota, with the heaviest foreign element, was carried for McKinley, while South Dakota, with a much smaller foreign vote, went for Bryan. Kansas and Nebraska rank with Ohio in their native percentage, and they were the center of prairie Populism. Of course, there were other important local economic and political explanations for this ratio, but it seems to have a basis of real meaning. Certain it is that the leaders of the silver movement came from the native element furnished by the Old Northwest. The original Populists in the Kansas legislature of 1891 were born in different States as follows: in Ohio, twelve; Indiana, six; Illinois, five; New York, four; Pennsylvania, two; Connecticut, Vermont, and Maine, one each,--making a total, for the Northern current, of thirty-two. Of the remaining eighteen, thirteen were from the South, and one each from Kansas, Missouri, California, England and Ireland. Nearly all were Methodists and former Republicans.[238:1] Looking at the silver movement more largely, we find that of the Kansas delegation in the Fifty-fourth Congress, one was born in Kansas, and the rest in Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Maine. All of the Nebraska delegation in the House came from the Old Northwest or from Iowa. The biographies of the two Representatives from the State of Washington tell an interesting story. These men came as children to the pine woods of Wisconsin, took up public lands, and worked on the farm and in the pineries. One passed on to a homestead in Nebraska before settling in Washington. Thus they kept one stage ahead of the social transformations of the West. This is the usual training of the Western politicians. If the reader would see a picture of the representative Kansas Populist, let him examine the family portraits of the Ohio farmer in the middle of this century. In a word, the Populist is the American farmer who has kept in advance of the economic and social transformations that have overtaken those who remained behind. While, doubtless, investigation into the ancestry of the Populists and "silver men" who came to the prairies from the Old Northwest would show a large proportion of Southern origin, yet the center of discontent seems to have been among the men of the New England and New York current. If New England looks with care at these men, she may recognize in them the familiar lineaments of the embattled farmers who fired the shot heard round the world. The continuous advance of this pioneer stock from New England has preserved for us the older type of the pioneer of frontier New England. I do not overlook the transforming influences of the wilderness on this stock ever since it left the earlier frontier to follow up the valleys of western Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont, into western New York, into Ohio, into Iowa, and out to the arid plains of western Kansas and Nebraska; nor do I overlook the peculiar industrial conditions of the prairie States. But I desire to insist upon the other truth, also, that these westward immigrants, keeping for generations in advance of the transforming industrial and social forces that have wrought so vast a revolution in the older regions of the East which they left, could not but preserve important aspects of the older farmer type. In the arid West these pioneers have halted and have turned to perceive an altered nation and changed social ideals. They see the sharp contrast between their traditional idea of America, as the land of opportunity, the land of the self-made man, free from class distinctions and from the power of wealth, and the existing America, so unlike the earlier ideal. If we follow back the line of march of the Puritan farmer, we shall see how responsive he has always been to _isms_, and how persistently he has resisted encroachments on his ideals of individual opportunity and democracy. He is the prophet of the "higher law" in Kansas before the Civil War. He is the Prohibitionist of Iowa and Wisconsin, crying out against German customs as an invasion of his traditional ideals. He is the Granger of Wisconsin, passing restrictive railroad legislation. He is the Abolitionist, the Anti-mason, the Millerite, the Woman Suffragist, the Spiritualist, the Mormon, of Western New York. Follow him to his New England home in the turbulent days of Shays' rebellion, paper money, stay and tender laws, and land banks. The radicals among these New England farmers hated lawyers and capitalists. "I would not trust them," said Abraham White, in the ratification convention of Massachusetts, in 1788, "though every one of them should be a Moses." "These lawyers," cried Amos Singletary, "and men of learning and moneyed men that talk so finely and gloss over matters so smoothly to make us poor illiterate people swallow the pill, expect to get into Congress themselves! They mean to get all the money into their hands, and then they will swallow up all us little folk, like the Leviathan, Mr. President; yea, just as the whale swallowed up Jonah." If the voice of Mary Ellen Lease sounds raucous to the New England man to-day, while it is sweet music in the ears of the Kansas farmer, let him ponder the utterances of these frontier farmers in the days of the Revolution; and if he is still doubtful of this spiritual kinship, let him read the words of the levelers and sectaries of Cromwell's army. The story of the political leaders who remained in the place of their birth and shared its economic changes differs from the story of those who by moving to the West continued on a new area the old social type. In the throng of Scotch-Irish pioneers that entered the uplands of the Carolinas in the second quarter of the eighteenth century were the ancestors of Calhoun and of Andrew Jackson. Remaining in this region, Calhoun shared the transformations of the South Carolina interior. He saw it change from the area of the pioneer farmers to an area of great planters raising cotton by slave labor. This explains the transformation of the nationalist and protectionist Calhoun of 1816 into the state-sovereignty and free-trade Calhoun. Jackson, on the other hand, left the region while it was still a frontier, shared the frontier life of Tennessee, and reflected the democracy and nationalism of his people. Henry Clay lived long enough in the kindred State of Kentucky to see it pass from a frontier to a settled community, and his views on slavery reflected the transitional history of that State. Lincoln, on the other hand, born in Kentucky in 1809, while the State was still under frontier conditions, migrated in 1816 to Indiana, and in 1830 to Illinois. The pioneer influences of his community did much to shape his life, and the development of the raw frontiersman into the statesman was not unlike the development of his own State. Political leaders who experienced the later growth of the Northwest, like Garfield, Hayes, Harrison, and McKinley, show clearly the continued transformations of the section. But in the days when the Northwest was still in the gristle, she sent her sons into the newer West to continue the views of life and the policies of the half-frontier region they had left. To-day, the Northwest, standing between her ancestral connections in the East and her children in the West, partly like the East, partly like the West, finds herself in a position strangely like that in the days of the slavery struggle, when her origins presented to her a "divided duty." But these issues are not with the same imperious "Which?" as was the issue of freedom or slavery. Looking at the Northwest as a whole, one sees, in the character of its industries and in the elements of its population, it is identified on the east with the zone of States including the middle region and New England. Cotton culture and the negro make a clear line of division between the Old Northwest and the South. And yet in important historical ideals--in the process of expansion, in the persistence of agricultural interests, in impulsiveness, in imperialistic ways of looking at the American destiny, in hero-worship, in the newness of its present social structure--the Old Northwest has much in common with the South and the Far West. Behind her is the old pioneer past of simple democratic conditions, and freedom of opportunity for all men. Before her is a superb industrial development, the brilliancy of success as evinced in a vast population, aggregate wealth, and sectional power. FOOTNOTES: [222:1] _Atlantic Monthly_, April, 1897. Published by permission. [238:1] For this information I am indebted to Professor F. W. Blackmar, of the University of Kansas. IX CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE WEST TO AMERICAN DEMOCRACY[243:1] Political thought in the period of the French Revolution tended to treat democracy as an absolute system applicable to all times and to all peoples, a system that was to be created by the act of the people themselves on philosophical principles. Ever since that era there has been an inclination on the part of writers on democracy to emphasize the analytical and theoretical treatment to the neglect of the underlying factors of historical development. If, however, we consider the underlying conditions and forces that create the democratic type of government, and at times contradict the external forms to which the name democracy is applied, we shall find that under this name there have appeared a multitude of political types radically unlike in fact. The careful student of history must, therefore, seek the explanation of the forms and changes of political institutions in the social and economic forces that determine them. To know that at any one time a nation may be called a democracy, an aristocracy, or a monarchy, is not so important as to know what are the social and economic tendencies of the state. These are the vital forces that work beneath the surface and dominate the external form. It is to changes in the economic and social life of a people that we must look for the forces, that ultimately create and modify organs of political action. For the time, adaptation of political structure may be incomplete or concealed. Old organs will be utilized to express new forces, and so gradual and subtle will be the change that it may hardly be recognized. The pseudo-democracies under the Medici at Florence and under Augustus at Rome are familiar examples of this type. Or again, if the political structure be rigid, incapable of responding to the changes demanded by growth, the expansive forces of social and economic transformation may rend it in some catastrophe like that of the French Revolution. In all these changes both conscious ideals and unconscious social reorganization are at work. These facts are familiar to the student, and yet it is doubtful if they have been fully considered in connection with American democracy. For a century at least, in conventional expression, Americans have referred to a "glorious Constitution" in explaining the stability and prosperity of their democracy. We have believed as a nation that other peoples had only to will our democratic institutions in order to repeat our own career. In dealing with Western contributions to democracy, it is essential that the considerations which have just been mentioned shall be kept in mind. Whatever these contributions may have been, we find ourselves at the present time in an era of such profound economic and social transformation as to raise the question of the effect of these changes upon the democratic institutions of the United States. Within a decade four marked changes have occurred in our national development; taken together they constitute a revolution. First, there is the exhaustion of the supply of free land and the closing of the movement of Western advance as an effective factor in American development. The first rough conquest of the wilderness is accomplished, and that great supply of free lands which year after year has served to reinforce the democratic influences in the United States is exhausted. It is true that vast tracts of government land are still untaken, but they constitute the mountain and arid regions, only a small fraction of them capable of conquest, and then only by the application of capital and combined effort. The free lands that made the American pioneer have gone. In the second place, contemporaneously with this there has been such a concentration of capital in the control of fundamental industries as to make a new epoch in the economic development of the United States. The iron, the coal, and the cattle of the country have all fallen under the domination of a few great corporations with allied interests, and by the rapid combination of the important railroad systems and steamship lines, in concert with these same forces, even the breadstuffs and the manufactures of the nation are to some degree controlled in a similar way. This is largely the work of the last decade. The development of the greatest iron mines of Lake Superior occurred in the early nineties, and in the same decade came the combination by which the coal and the coke of the country, and the transportation systems that connect them with the iron mines, have been brought under a few concentrated managements. Side by side with this concentration of capital has gone the combination of labor in the same vast industries. The one is in a certain sense the concomitant of the other, but the movement acquires an additional significance because of the fact that during the past fifteen years the labor class has been so recruited by a tide of foreign immigration that this class is now largely made up of persons of foreign parentage, and the lines of cleavage which begin to appear in this country between capital and labor have been accentuated by distinctions of nationality. A third phenomenon connected with the two just mentioned is the expansion of the United States politically and commercially into lands beyond the seas. A cycle of American development has been completed. Up to the close of the War of 1812, this country was involved in the fortunes of the European state system. The first quarter of a century of our national existence was almost a continual struggle to prevent ourselves being drawn into the European wars. At the close of that era of conflict, the United States set its face toward the West. It began the settlement and improvement of the vast interior of the country. Here was the field of our colonization, here the field of our political activity. This process being completed, it is not strange that we find the United States again involved in world-politics. The revolution that occurred four years ago, when the United States struck down that ancient nation under whose auspices the New World was discovered, is hardly yet more than dimly understood. The insular wreckage of the Spanish War, Porto Rico and the Philippines, with the problems presented by the Hawaiian Islands, Cuba, the Isthmian Canal, and China, all are indications of the new direction of the ship of state, and while we thus turn our attention overseas, our concentrated industrial strength has given us a striking power against the commerce of Europe that is already producing consternation in the Old World. Having completed the conquest of the wilderness, and having consolidated our interests, we are beginning to consider the relations of democracy and empire. And fourth, the political parties of the United States, now tend to divide on issues that involve the question of Socialism. The rise of the Populist party in the last decade, and the acceptance of so many of its principles by the Democratic party under the leadership of Mr. Bryan, show in striking manner the birth of new political ideas, the reformation of the lines of political conflict. It is doubtful if in any ten years of American history more significant factors in our growth have revealed themselves. The struggle of the pioneer farmers to subdue the arid lands of the Great Plains in the eighties was followed by the official announcement of the extinction of the frontier line in 1890. The dramatic outcome of the Chicago Convention of 1896 marked the rise into power of the representatives of Populistic change. Two years later came the battle of Manila, which broke down the old isolation of the nation, and started it on a path the goal of which no man can foretell; and finally, but two years ago came that concentration of which the billion and a half dollar steel trust and the union of the Northern continental railways are stupendous examples. Is it not obvious, then, that the student who seeks for the explanation of democracy in the social and economic forces that underlie political forms must make inquiry into the conditions that have produced our democratic institutions, if he would estimate the effect of these vast changes? As a contribution to this inquiry, let us now turn to an examination of the part that the West has played in shaping our democracy. From the beginning of the settlement of America, the frontier regions have exercised a steady influence toward democracy. In Virginia, to take an example, it can be traced as early as the period of Bacon's Rebellion, a hundred years before our Declaration of Independence. The small landholders, seeing that their powers were steadily passing into the hands of the wealthy planters who controlled Church and State and lands, rose in revolt. A generation later, in the governorship of Alexander Spotswood, we find a contest between the frontier settlers and the property-holding classes of the coast. The democracy with which Spotswood had to struggle, and of which he so bitterly complained, was a democracy made up of small landholders, of the newer immigrants, and of indented servants, who at the expiration of their time of servitude passed into the interior to take up lands and engage in pioneer farming. The "War of the Regulation," just on the eve of the American Revolution, shows the steady persistence of this struggle between the classes of the interior and those of the coast. The Declaration of Grievances which the back counties of the Carolinas then drew up against the aristocracy that dominated the politics of those colonies exhibits the contest between the democracy of the frontier and the established classes who apportioned the legislature in such fashion as to secure effective control of government. Indeed, in a period before the outbreak of the American Revolution, one can trace a distinct belt of democratic territory extending from the back country of New England down through western New York, Pennsylvania, and the South.[248:1] In each colony this region was in conflict with the dominant classes of the coast. It constituted a quasi-revolutionary area before the days of the Revolution, and it formed the basis on which the Democratic party was afterwards established. It was, therefore, in the West, as it was in the period before the Declaration of Independence, that the struggle for democratic development first revealed itself, and in that area the essential ideas of American democracy had already appeared. Through the period of the Revolution and of the Confederation a similar contest can be noted. On the frontier of New England, along the western border of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the Carolinas, and in the communities beyond the Alleghany Mountains, there arose a demand of the frontier settlers for independent statehood based on democratic provisions. There is a strain of fierceness in their energetic petitions demanding self-government under the theory that every people have the right to establish their own political institutions in an area which they have won from the wilderness. Those revolutionary principles based on natural rights, for which the seaboard colonies were contending, were taken up with frontier energy in an attempt to apply them to the lands of the West. No one can read their petitions denouncing the control exercised by the wealthy landholders of the coast, appealing to the record of their conquest of the wilderness, and demanding the possession of the lands for which they have fought the Indians, and which they had reduced by their ax to civilization, without recognizing in these frontier communities the cradle of a belligerent Western democracy. "A fool can sometimes put on his coat better than a wise man can do it for him,"--such is the philosophy of its petitioners. In this period also came the contests of the interior agricultural portion of New England against the coast-wise merchants and property-holders, of which Shays' Rebellion is the best known, although by no means an isolated instance. By the time of the constitutional convention, this struggle for democracy had affected a fairly well-defined division into parties. Although these parties did not at first recognize their interstate connections, there were similar issues on which they split in almost all the States. The demands for an issue of paper money, the stay of execution against debtors, and the relief against excessive taxation were found in every colony in the interior agricultural regions. The rise of this significant movement wakened the apprehensions of the men of means, and in the debates over the basis of suffrage for the House of Representatives in the constitutional convention of 1787 leaders of the conservative party did not hesitate to demand that safeguards to the property should be furnished the coast against the interior. The outcome of the debate left the question of suffrage for the House of Representatives dependent upon the policy of the separate States. This was in effect imposing a property qualification throughout the nation as a whole, and it was only as the interior of the country developed that these restrictions gradually gave way in the direction of manhood suffrage. All of these scattered democratic tendencies Jefferson combined, in the period of Washington's presidency, into the Democratic-Republican party. Jefferson was the first prophet of American democracy, and when we analyse the essential features of his gospel, it is clear that the Western influence was the dominant element. Jefferson himself was born in the frontier region of Virginia, on the edge of the Blue Ridge, in the middle of the eighteenth century. His father was a pioneer. Jefferson's "Notes on Virginia" reveal clearly his conception that democracy should have an agricultural basis, and that manufacturing development and city life were dangerous to the purity of the body politic. Simplicity and economy in government, the right of revolution, the freedom of the individual, the belief that those who win the vacant lands are entitled to shape their own government in their own way,--these are all parts of the platform of political principles to which he gave his adhesion, and they are all elements eminently characteristic of the Western democracy into which he was born. In the period of the Revolution he had brought in a series of measures which tended to throw the power of Virginia into the hands of the settlers in the interior rather than of the coastwise aristocracy. The repeal of the laws of entail and primogeniture would have destroyed the great estates on which the planting aristocracy based its power. The abolition of the Established Church would still further have diminished the influence of the coastwise party in favor of the dissenting sects of the interior. His scheme of general public education reflected the same tendency, and his demand for the abolition of slavery was characteristic of a representative of the West rather than of the old-time aristocracy of the coast. His sympathy with the Western expansion culminated in the Louisiana Purchase. In short, the tendencies of Jefferson's legislation were to replace the dominance of the planting aristocracy by the dominance of the interior class, which had sought in vain to achieve its liberties in the period of Bacon's Rebellion. Nevertheless, Thomas Jefferson was the John the Baptist of democracy, not its Moses. Only with the slow setting of the tide of settlement farther and farther toward the interior did the democratic influence grow strong enough to take actual possession of the government. The period from 1800 to 1820 saw a steady increase in these tendencies. The established classes in New England and the South began to take alarm. Perhaps no better illustration of the apprehensions of the old-time Federal conservative can be given than these utterances of President Dwight, of Yale College, in the book of travels which he published in that period:-- The class of pioneers cannot live in regular society. They are too idle, too talkative, too passionate, too prodigal, and too shiftless to acquire either property or character. They are impatient of the restraints of law, religion, and morality, and grumble about the taxes by which the Rulers, Ministers, and Schoolmasters are supported. . . . After exposing the injustice of the community in neglecting to invest persons of such superior merit in public offices, in many an eloquent harangue uttered by many a kitchen fire, in every blacksmith shop, in every corner of the streets, and finding all their efforts vain, they become at length discouraged, and under the pressure of poverty, the fear of the gaol, and consciousness of public contempt, leave their native places and betake themselves to the wilderness. Such was a conservative's impression of that pioneer movement of New England colonists who had spread up the valley of the Connecticut into New Hampshire, Vermont, and western New York in the period of which he wrote, and who afterwards went on to possess the Northwest. New England Federalism looked with a shudder at the democratic ideas of those who refused to recognize the established order. But in that period there came into the Union a sisterhood of frontier States--Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri--with provisions for the franchise that brought in complete democracy. Even the newly created States of the Southwest showed the tendency. The wind of democracy blew so strongly from the West, that even in the older States of New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Virginia, conventions were called, which liberalized their constitutions by strengthening the democratic basis of the State. In the same time the labor population of the cities began to assert its power and its determination to share in government. Of this frontier democracy which now took possession of the nation, Andrew Jackson was the very personification. He was born in the backwoods of the Carolinas in the midst of the turbulent democracy that preceded the Revolution, and he grew up in the frontier State of Tennessee. In the midst of this region of personal feuds and frontier ideals of law, he quickly rose to leadership. The appearance of this frontiersman on the floor of Congress was an omen full of significance. He reached Philadelphia at the close of Washington's administration, having ridden on horseback nearly eight hundred miles to his destination. Gallatin, himself a Western man, describes Jackson as he entered the halls of Congress: "A tall, lank, uncouth-looking personage, with long locks of hair hanging over his face and a cue down his back tied in an eel-skin; his dress singular; his manners those of a rough backwoodsman." And Jefferson testified: "When I was President of the Senate he was a Senator, and he could never speak on account of the rashness of his feelings. I have seen him attempt it repeatedly and as often choke with rage." At last the frontier in the person of its typical man had found a place in the Government. This six-foot backwoodsman, with blue eyes that could blaze on occasion, this choleric, impetuous, self-willed Scotch-Irish leader of men, this expert duelist, and ready fighter, this embodiment of the tenacious, vehement, personal West, was in politics to stay. The frontier democracy of that time had the instincts of the clansman in the days of Scotch border warfare. Vehement and tenacious as the democracy was, strenuously as each man contended with his neighbor for the spoils of the new country that opened before them, they all had respect for the man who best expressed their aspirations and their ideas. Every community had its hero. In the War of 1812 and the subsequent Indian fighting Jackson made good his claim, not only to the loyalty of the people of Tennessee, but of the whole West, and even of the nation. He had the essential traits of the Kentucky and Tennessee frontier. It was a frontier free from the influence of European ideas and institutions. The men of the "Western World" turned their backs upon the Atlantic Ocean, and with a grim energy and self-reliance began to build up a society free from the dominance of ancient forms. The Westerner defended himself and resented governmental restrictions. The duel and the blood-feud found congenial soil in Kentucky and Tennessee. The idea of the personality of law was often dominant over the organized machinery of justice. That method was best which was most direct and effective. The backwoodsman was intolerant of men who split hairs, or scrupled over the method of reaching the right. In a word, the unchecked development of the individual was the significant product of this frontier democracy. It sought rather to express itself by choosing a man of the people, than by the formation of elaborate governmental institutions. It was because Andrew Jackson personified these essential Western traits that in his presidency he became the idol and the mouthpiece of the popular will. In his assault upon the Bank as an engine of aristocracy, and in his denunciation of nullification, he went directly to his object with the ruthless energy of a frontiersman. For formal law and the subtleties of State sovereignty he had the contempt of a backwoodsman. Nor is it without significance that this typical man of the new democracy will always be associated with the triumph of the spoils system in national politics. To the new democracy of the West, office was an opportunity to exercise natural rights as an equal citizen of the community. Rotation in office served not simply to allow the successful man to punish his enemies and reward his friends, but it also furnished the training in the actual conduct of political affairs which every American claimed as his birthright. Only in a primitive democracy of the type of the United States in 1830 could such a system have existed without the ruin of the State. National government in that period was no complex and nicely adjusted machine, and the evils of the system were long in making themselves fully apparent. The triumph of Andrew Jackson marked the end of the old era of trained statesmen for the Presidency. With him began the era of the popular hero. Even Martin Van Buren, whom we think of in connection with the East, was born in a log house under conditions that were not unlike parts of the older West. Harrison was the hero of the Northwest, as Jackson had been of the Southwest. Polk was a typical Tennesseean, eager to expand the nation, and Zachary Taylor was what Webster called a "frontier colonel." During the period that followed Jackson, power passed from the region of Kentucky and Tennessee to the border of the Mississippi. The natural democratic tendencies that had earlier shown themselves in the Gulf States were destroyed, however, by the spread of cotton culture, and the development of great plantations in that region. What had been typical of the democracy of the Revolutionary frontier and of the frontier of Andrew Jackson was now to be seen in the States between the Ohio and the Mississippi. As Andrew Jackson is the typical democrat of the former region, so Abraham Lincoln is the very embodiment of the pioneer period of the Old Northwest. Indeed, he is the embodiment of the democracy of the West. How can one speak of him except in the words of Lowell's great "Commemoration Ode":-- "For him her Old-World moulds aside she threw, And, choosing sweet clay from the breast Of the unexhausted West, With stuff untainted shaped a hero new, Wise, steadfast in the strength of God, and true. * * * * * His was no lonely mountain-peak of mind, Thrusting to thin air o'er our cloudy bars, A sea-mark now, now lost in vapors blind; Broad prairie rather, genial, level-lined, Fruitful and friendly for all human kind, Yet also nigh to heaven and loved of loftiest stars. Nothing of Europe here, Or, then, of Europe fronting mornward still, Ere any names of Serf and Peer, Could Nature's equal scheme deface; New birth of our new soil, the first American." The pioneer life from which Lincoln came differed in important respects from the frontier democracy typified by Andrew Jackson. Jackson's democracy was contentious, individualistic, and it sought the ideal of local self-government and expansion. Lincoln represents rather the pioneer folk who entered the forest of the great Northwest to chop out a home, to build up their fortunes in the midst of a continually ascending industrial movement. In the democracy of the Southwest, industrial development and city life were only minor factors, but to the democracy of the Northwest they were its very life. To widen the area of the clearing, to contend with one another for the mastery of the industrial resources of the rich provinces, to struggle for a place in the ascending movement of society, to transmit to one's offspring the chance for education, for industrial betterment, for the rise in life which the hardships of the pioneer existence denied to the pioneer himself, these were some of the ideals of the region to which Lincoln came. The men were commonwealth builders, industry builders. Whereas the type of hero in the Southwest was militant, in the Northwest he was industrial. It was in the midst of these "plain people," as he loved to call them, that Lincoln grew to manhood. As Emerson says: "He is the true history of the American people in his time." The years of his early life were the years when the democracy of the Northwest came into struggle with the institution of slavery which threatened to forbid the expansion of the democratic pioneer life in the West. In President Eliot's essay on "Five American Contributions to Civilization," he instances as one of the supreme tests of American democracy its attitude upon the question of slavery. But if democracy chose wisely and worked effectively toward the solution of this problem, it must be remembered that Western democracy took the lead. The rail-splitter himself became the nation's President in that fierce time of struggle, and armies of the woodsmen and pioneer farmers recruited in the Old Northwest made free the Father of Waters, marched through Georgia, and helped to force the struggle to a conclusion at Appomattox. The free pioneer democracy struck down the slave-holding aristocracy on its march to the West. The last chapter in the development of Western democracy is the one that deals with its conquest over the vast spaces of the new West. At each new stage of Western development, the people have had to grapple with larger areas, with bigger combinations. The little colony of Massachusetts veterans that settled at Marietta received a land grant as large as the State of Rhode Island. The band of Connecticut pioneers that followed Moses Cleaveland to the Connecticut Reserve occupied a region as large as the parent State. The area which settlers of New England stock occupied on the prairies of northern Illinois surpassed the combined area of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Men who had become accustomed to the narrow valleys and the little towns of the East found themselves out on the boundless spaces of the West dealing with units of such magnitude as dwarfed their former experience. The Great Lakes, the Prairies, the Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, the Mississippi and the Missouri, furnished new standards of measurement for the achievement of this industrial democracy. Individualism began to give way to coöperation and to governmental activity. Even in the earlier days of the democratic conquest of the wilderness, demands had been made upon the government for support in internal improvements, but this new West showed a growing tendency to call to its assistance the powerful arm of national authority. In the period since the Civil War, the vast public domain has been donated to the individual farmer, to States for education, to railroads for the construction of transportation lines. Moreover, with the advent of democracy in the last fifteen years upon the Great Plains, new physical conditions have presented themselves which have accelerated the social tendency of Western democracy. The pioneer farmer of the days of Lincoln could place his family on a flatboat, strike into the wilderness, cut out his clearing, and with little or no capital go on to the achievement of industrial independence. Even the homesteader on the Western prairies found it possible to work out a similar independent destiny, although the factor of transportation made a serious and increasing impediment to the free working-out of his individual career. But when the arid lands and the mineral resources of the Far West were reached, no conquest was possible by the old individual pioneer methods. Here expensive irrigation works must be constructed, coöperative activity was demanded in utilization of the water supply, capital beyond the reach of the small farmer was required. In a word, the physiographic province itself decreed that the destiny of this new frontier should be social rather than individual. Magnitude of social achievement is the watchword of the democracy since the Civil War. From petty towns built in the marshes, cities arose whose greatness and industrial power are the wonder of our time. The conditions were ideal for the production of captains of industry. The old democratic admiration for the self-made man, its old deference to the rights of competitive individual development, together with the stupendous natural resources that opened to the conquest of the keenest and the strongest, gave such conditions of mobility as enabled the development of the large corporate industries which in our own decade have marked the West. Thus, in brief, have been outlined the chief phases of the development of Western democracy in the different areas which it has conquered. There has been a steady development of the industrial ideal, and a steady increase of the social tendency, in this later movement of Western democracy. While the individualism of the frontier, so prominent in the earliest days of the Western advance, has been preserved as an ideal, more and more these individuals struggling each with the other, dealing with vaster and vaster areas, with larger and larger problems, have found it necessary to combine under the leadership of the strongest. This is the explanation of the rise of those preëminent captains of industry whose genius has concentrated capital to control the fundamental resources of the nation. If now in the way of recapitulation, we try to pick out from the influences that have gone to the making of Western democracy the factors which constitute the net result of this movement, we shall have to mention at least the following:-- Most important of all has been the fact that an area of free land has continually lain on the western border of the settled area of the United States. Whenever social conditions tended to crystallize in the East, whenever capital tended to press upon labor or political restraints to impede the freedom of the mass, there was this gate of escape to the free conditions of the frontier. These free lands promoted individualism, economic equality, freedom to rise, democracy. Men would not accept inferior wages and a permanent position of social subordination when this promised land of freedom and equality was theirs for the taking. Who would rest content under oppressive legislative conditions when with a slight effort he might reach a land wherein to become a co-worker in the building of free cities and free States on the lines of his own ideal? In a word, then, free lands meant free opportunities. Their existence has differentiated the American democracy from the democracies which have preceded it, because ever, as democracy in the East took the form of highly specialized and complicated industrial society, in the West it kept in touch with primitive conditions, and by action and reaction these two forces have shaped our history. In the next place, these free lands and this treasury of industrial resources have existed over such vast spaces that they have demanded of democracy increasing spaciousness of design and power of execution. Western democracy is contrasted with the democracy of all other times in the largeness of the tasks to which it has set its hand, and in the vast achievements which it has wrought out in the control of nature and of politics. It would be difficult to over-emphasize the importance of this training upon democracy. Never before in the history of the world has a democracy existed on so vast an area and handled things in the gross with such success, with such largeness of design, and such grasp upon the means of execution. In short, democracy has learned in the West of the United States how to deal with the problem of magnitude. The old historic democracies were but little states with primitive economic conditions. But the very task of dealing with vast resources, over vast areas, under the conditions of free competition furnished by the West, has produced the rise of those captains of industry whose success in consolidating economic power now raises the question as to whether democracy under such conditions can survive. For the old military type of Western leaders like George Rogers Clark, Andrew Jackson, and William Henry Harrison have been substituted such industrial leaders as James J. Hill, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie. The question is imperative, then, What ideals persist from this democratic experience of the West; and have they acquired sufficient momentum to sustain themselves under conditions so radically unlike those in the days of their origin? In other words, the question put at the beginning of this discussion becomes pertinent. Under the forms of the American democracy is there in reality evolving such a concentration of economic and social power in the hands of a comparatively few men as may make political democracy an appearance rather than a reality? The free lands are gone. The material forces that gave vitality to Western democracy are passing away. It is to the realm of the spirit, to the domain of ideals and legislation, that we must look for Western influence upon democracy in our own days. Western democracy has been from the time of its birth idealistic. The very fact of the wilderness appealed to men as a fair, blank page on which to write a new chapter in the story of man's struggle for a higher type of society. The Western wilds, from the Alleghanies to the Pacific, constituted the richest free gift that was ever spread out before civilized man. To the peasant and artisan of the Old World, bound by the chains of social class, as old as custom and as inevitable as fate, the West offered an exit into a free life and greater well-being among the bounties of nature, into the midst of resources that demanded manly exertion, and that gave in return the chance for indefinite ascent in the scale of social advance. "To each she offered gifts after his will." Never again can such an opportunity come to the sons of men. It was unique, and the thing is so near us, so much a part of our lives, that we do not even yet comprehend its full significance. The existence of this land of opportunity has made America the goal of idealists from the days of the Pilgrim Fathers. With all the materialism of the pioneer movements, this idealistic conception of the vacant lands as an opportunity for a new order of things is unmistakably present. Kipling's "Song of the English" has given it expression:-- "We were dreamers, dreaming greatly, in the man-stifled town; We yearned beyond the sky-line where the strange roads go down. Came the Whisper, came the Vision, came the Power with the Need, Till the Soul that is not man's soul was lent us to lead. As the deer breaks--as the steer breaks--from the herd where they graze, In the faith of little children we went on our ways. Then the wood failed--then the food failed--then the last water dried-- In the faith of little children we lay down and died. "On the sand-drift--on the veldt-side--in the fern-scrub we lay, That our sons might follow after by the bones on the way. Follow after--follow after! We have watered the root And the bud has come to blossom that ripens for fruit! Follow after--we are waiting by the trails that we lost For the sound of many footsteps, for the tread of a host. "Follow after--follow after--for the harvest is sown: By the bones about the wayside ye shall come to your own!" This was the vision that called to Roger Williams,--that "prophetic soul ravished of truth disembodied," "unable to enter into treaty with its environment," and forced to seek the wilderness. "Oh, how sweet," wrote William Penn, from his forest refuge, "is the quiet of these parts, freed from the troubles and perplexities of woeful Europe." And here he projected what he called his "Holy Experiment in Government." If the later West offers few such striking illustrations of the relation of the wilderness to idealistic schemes, and if some of the designs were fantastic and abortive, none the less the influence is a fact. Hardly a Western State but has been the Mecca of some sect or band of social reformers, anxious to put into practice their ideals, in vacant land, far removed from the checks of a settled form of social organization. Consider the Dunkards, the Icarians, the Fourierists, the Mormons, and similar idealists who sought our Western wilds. But the idealistic influence is not limited to the dreamers' conception of a new State. It gave to the pioneer farmer and city builder a restless energy, a quick capacity for judgment and action, a belief in liberty, freedom of opportunity, and a resistance to the domination of class which infused a vitality and power into the individual atoms of this democratic mass. Even as he dwelt among the stumps of his newly-cut clearing, the pioneer had the creative vision of a new order of society. In imagination he pushed back the forest boundary to the confines of a mighty Commonwealth; he willed that log cabins should become the lofty buildings of great cities. He decreed that his children should enter into a heritage of education, comfort, and social welfare, and for this ideal he bore the scars of the wilderness. Possessed with this idea he ennobled his task and laid deep foundations for a democratic State. Nor was this idealism by any means limited to the American pioneer. To the old native democratic stock has been added a vast army of recruits from the Old World. There are in the Middle West alone four million persons of German parentage out of a total of seven millions in the country. Over a million persons of Scandinavian parentage live in the same region. The democracy of the newer West is deeply affected by the ideals brought by these immigrants from the Old World. To them America was not simply a new home; it was a land of opportunity, of freedom, of democracy. It meant to them, as to the American pioneer that preceded them, the opportunity to destroy the bonds of social caste that bound them in their older home, to hew out for themselves in a new country a destiny proportioned to the powers that God had given them, a chance to place their families under better conditions and to win a larger life than the life that they had left behind. He who believes that even the hordes of recent immigrants from southern Italy are drawn to these shores by nothing more than a dull and blind materialism has not penetrated into the heart of the problem. The idealism and expectation of these children of the Old World, the hopes which they have formed for a newer and freer life across the seas, are almost pathetic when one considers how far they are from the possibility of fruition. He who would take stock of American democracy must not forget the accumulation of human purposes and ideals which immigration has added to the American populace. In this connection it must also be remembered that these democratic ideals have existed at each stage of the advance of the frontier, and have left behind them deep and enduring effects on the thinking of the whole country. Long after the frontier period of a particular region of the United States has passed away, the conception of society, the ideals and aspirations which it produced, persist in the minds of the people. So recent has been the transition of the greater portion of the United States from frontier conditions to conditions of settled life, that we are, over the large portion of the United States, hardly a generation removed from the primitive conditions of the West. If, indeed, we ourselves were not pioneers, our fathers were, and the inherited ways of looking at things, the fundamental assumptions of the American people, have all been shaped by this experience of democracy on its westward march. This experience has been wrought into the very warp and woof of American thought. Even those masters of industry and capital who have risen to power by the conquest of Western resources came from the midst of this society and still profess its principles. John D. Rockefeller was born on a New York farm, and began his career as a young business man in St. Louis. Marcus Hanna was a Cleveland grocer's clerk at the age of twenty. Claus Spreckles, the sugar king, came from Germany as a steerage passenger to the United States in 1848. Marshall Field was a farmer boy in Conway, Massachusetts, until he left to grow up with the young Chicago. Andrew Carnegie came as a ten-year-old boy from Scotland to Pittsburgh, then a distinctively Western town. He built up his fortunes through successive grades until he became the dominating factor in the great iron industries, and paved the way for that colossal achievement, the Steel Trust. Whatever may be the tendencies of this corporation, there can be little doubt of the democratic ideals of Mr. Carnegie himself. With lavish hand he has strewn millions through the United States for the promotion of libraries. The effect of this library movement in perpetuating the democracy that comes from an intelligent and self-respecting people can hardly be measured. In his "Triumphant Democracy," published in 1886, Mr. Carnegie, the ironmaster, said, in reference to the mineral wealth of the United States: "Thank God, these treasures are in the hands of an intelligent people, the Democracy, to be used for the general good of the masses, and not made the spoils of monarchs, courts, and aristocracy, to be turned to the base and selfish ends of a privileged hereditary class." It would be hard to find a more rigorous assertion of democratic doctrine than the celebrated utterance, attributed to the same man, that he should feel it a disgrace to die rich. In enumerating the services of American democracy, President Eliot included the corporation as one of its achievements, declaring that "freedom of incorporation, though no longer exclusively a democratic agency, has given a strong support to democratic institutions." In one sense this is doubtless true, since the corporation has been one of the means by which small properties can be aggregated into an effective working body. Socialistic writers have long been fond of pointing out also that these various concentrations pave the way for and make possible social control. From this point of view it is possible that the masters of industry may prove to be not so much an incipient aristocracy as the pathfinders for democracy in reducing the industrial world to systematic consolidation suited to democratic control. The great geniuses that have built up the modern industrial concentration were trained in the midst of democratic society. They were the product of these democratic conditions. Freedom to rise was the very condition of their existence. Whether they will be followed by successors who will adopt the exploitation of the masses, and who will be capable of retaining under efficient control these vast resources, is one of the questions which we shall have to face. This, at least, is clear: American democracy is fundamentally the outcome of the experiences of the American people in dealing with the West. Western democracy through the whole of its earlier period tended to the production of a society of which the most distinctive fact was the freedom of the individual to rise under conditions of social mobility, and whose ambition was the liberty and well-being of the masses. This conception has vitalized all American democracy, and has brought it into sharp contrasts with the democracies of history, and with those modern efforts of Europe to create an artificial democratic order by legislation. The problem of the United States is not to create democracy, but to conserve democratic institutions and ideals. In the later period of its development, Western democracy has been gaining experience in the problem of social control. It has steadily enlarged the sphere of its action and the instruments for its perpetuation. By its system of public schools, from the grades to the graduate work of the great universities, the West has created a larger single body of intelligent plain people than can be found elsewhere in the world. Its political tendencies, whether we consider Democracy, Populism, or Republicanism, are distinctly in the direction of greater social control and the conservation of the old democratic ideals. To these ideals the West adheres with even a passionate determination. If, in working out its mastery of the resources of the interior, it has produced a type of industrial leader so powerful as to be the wonder of the world, nevertheless, it is still to be determined whether these men constitute a menace to democratic institutions, or the most efficient factor for adjusting democratic control to the new conditions. Whatever shall be the outcome of the rush of this huge industrial modern United States to its place among the nations of the earth, the formation of its Western democracy will always remain one of the wonderful chapters in the history of the human race. Into this vast shaggy continent of ours poured the first feeble tide of European settlement. European men, institutions, and ideas were lodged in the American wilderness, and this great American West took them to her bosom, taught them a new way of looking upon the destiny of the common man, trained them in adaptation to the conditions of the New World, to the creation of new institutions to meet new needs; and ever as society on her eastern border grew to resemble the Old World in its social forms and its industry, ever, as it began to lose faith in the ideals of democracy, she opened new provinces, and dowered new democracies in her most distant domains with her material treasures and with the ennobling influence that the fierce love of freedom, the strength that came from hewing out a home, making a school and a church, and creating a higher future for his family, furnished to the pioneer. She gave to the world such types as the farmer Thomas Jefferson, with his Declaration of Independence, his statute for religious toleration, and his purchase of Louisiana. She gave us Andrew Jackson, that fierce Tennessee spirit who broke down the traditions of conservative rule, swept away the privacies and privileges of officialdom, and, like a Gothic leader, opened the temple of the nation to the populace. She gave us Abraham Lincoln, whose gaunt frontier form and gnarled, massive hand told of the conflict with the forest, whose grasp of the ax-handle of the pioneer was no firmer than his grasp of the helm of the ship of state as it breasted the seas of civil war. She has furnished to this new democracy her stores of mineral wealth, that dwarf those of the Old World, and her provinces that in themselves are vaster and more productive than most of the nations of Europe. Out of her bounty has come a nation whose industrial competition alarms the Old World, and the masters of whose resources wield wealth and power vaster than the wealth and power of kings. Best of all, the West gave, not only to the American, but to the unhappy and oppressed of all lands, a vision of hope, and assurance that the world held a place where were to be found high faith in man and the will and power to furnish him the opportunity to grow to the full measure of his own capacity. Great and powerful as are the new sons of her loins, the Republic is greater than they. The paths of the pioneer have widened into broad highways. The forest clearing has expanded into affluent commonwealths. Let us see to it that the ideals of the pioneer in his log cabin shall enlarge into the spiritual life of a democracy where civic power shall dominate and utilize individual achievement for the common good. FOOTNOTES: [243:1] _Atlantic Monthly_, January, 1903. Reprinted by permission. [248:1] See chapter iii. X PIONEER IDEALS AND THE STATE UNIVERSITY[269:1] The ideals of a people, their aspirations and convictions, their hopes and ambitions, their dreams and determinations, are assets in their civilization as real and important as per capita wealth or industrial skill. This nation was formed under pioneer ideals. During three centuries after Captain John Smith struck the first blow at the American forest on the eastern edge of the continent, the pioneers were abandoning settled society for the wilderness, seeking, for generation after generation, new frontiers. Their experiences left abiding influences upon the ideas and purposes of the nation. Indeed the older settled regions themselves were shaped profoundly by the very fact that the whole nation was pioneering and that in the development of the West the East had its own part. The first ideal of the pioneer was that of conquest. It was his task to fight with nature for the chance to exist. Not as in older countries did this contest take place in a mythical past, told in folk lore and epic. It has been continuous to our own day. Facing each generation of pioneers was the unmastered continent. Vast forests blocked the way; mountainous ramparts interposed; desolate, grass-clad prairies, barren oceans of rolling plains, arid deserts, and a fierce race of savages, all had to be met and defeated. The rifle and the ax are the symbols of the backwoods pioneer. They meant a training in aggressive courage, in domination, in directness of action, in destructiveness. To the pioneer the forest was no friendly resource for posterity, no object of careful economy. He must wage a hand-to-hand war upon it, cutting and burning a little space to let in the light upon a dozen acres of hard-won soil, and year after year expanding the clearing into new woodlands against the stubborn resistance of primeval trunks and matted roots. He made war against the rank fertility of the soil. While new worlds of virgin land lay ever just beyond, it was idle to expect the pioneer to stay his hand and turn to scientific farming. Indeed, as Secretary Wilson has said, the pioneer would, in that case, have raised wheat that no one wanted to eat, corn to store on the farm, and cotton not worth the picking. Thus, fired with the ideal of subduing the wilderness, the destroying pioneer fought his way across the continent, masterful and wasteful, preparing the way by seeking the immediate thing, rejoicing in rude strength and wilful achievement. But even this backwoodsman was more than a mere destroyer. He had visions. He was finder as well as fighter--the trail-maker for civilization, the inventor of new ways. Although Rudyard Kipling's "Foreloper"[270:1] deals with the English pioneer in lands beneath the Southern Cross, yet the poem portrays American traits as well: "The gull shall whistle in his wake, the blind wave break in fire, He shall fulfill God's utmost will, unknowing his desire; And he shall see old planets pass and alien stars arise, And give the gale his reckless sail in shadow of new skies. "Strong lust of gear shall drive him out and hunger arm his hand To wring food from desert nude, his foothold from the sand. His neighbors' smoke shall vex his eyes, their voices break his rest; He shall go forth till south is north, sullen and dispossessed; He shall desire loneliness and his desire shall bring Hard on his heels, a thousand wheels, a people and a king. "He shall come back on his own track, and by his scarce cool camp, There shall he meet the roaring street, the derrick and the stamp; For he must blaze a nation's way with hatchet and with brand, Till on his last won wilderness an empire's bulwarks stand." This quest after the unknown, this yearning "beyond the sky line, where the strange roads go down," is of the very essence of the backwoods pioneer, even though he was unconscious of its spiritual significance. The pioneer was taught in the school of experience that the crops of one area would not do for a new frontier; that the scythe of the clearing must be replaced by the reaper of the prairies. He was forced to make old tools serve new uses; to shape former habits, institutions and ideas to changed conditions; and to find new means when the old proved inapplicable. He was building a new society as well as breaking new soil; he had the ideal of nonconformity and of change. He rebelled against the conventional. Besides the ideals of conquest and of discovery, the pioneer had the ideal of personal development, free from social and governmental constraint. He came from a civilization based on individual competition, and he brought the conception with him to the wilderness where a wealth of resources, and innumerable opportunities gave it a new scope. The prizes were for the keenest and the strongest; for them were the best bottom lands, the finest timber tracts, the best salt-springs, the richest ore beds; and not only these natural gifts, but also the opportunities afforded in the midst of a forming society. Here were mill sites, town sites, transportation lines, banking centers, openings in the law, in politics--all the varied chances for advancement afforded in a rapidly developing society where everything was open to him who knew how to seize the opportunity. The squatter enforced his claim to lands even against the government's title by the use of extra-legal combinations and force. He appealed to lynch law with little hesitation. He was impatient of any governmental restriction upon his individual right to deal with the wilderness. In our own day we sometimes hear of congressmen sent to jail for violating land laws; but the different spirit in the pioneer days may be illustrated by a speech of Delegate Sibley of Minnesota in Congress in 1852. In view of the fact that he became the State's first governor, a regent of its university, president of its historical society, and a doctor of laws of Princeton, we may assume that he was a pillar of society. He said: The government has watched its public domain with jealous eye, and there are now enactments upon your statute books, aimed at the trespassers upon it, which should be expunged as a disgrace to the country and to the nineteenth century. Especially is he pursued with unrelenting severity, who has dared to break the silence of the primeval forest by the blows of the American ax. The hardy lumberman who has penetrated to the remotest wilds of the Northwest, to drag from their recesses the materials for building up towns and cities in the great valley of the Mississippi, has been particularly marked out as a victim. After enduring all the privations and subjecting himself to all the perils incident to his vocation--when he has toiled for months to add by his honest labor to the comfort of his fellow men, and to the aggregate wealth of the nation, he finds himself suddenly in the clutches of the law for trespassing on the public domain. The proceeds of his long winter's work are reft from him, and exposed to public sale for the benefit of his paternal government . . . and the object of this oppression and wrong is further harassed by vexatious law proceedings against him. Sibley's protest in congress against these "outrages" by which the northern lumbermen were "harassed" in their work of what would now be called stealing government timber, aroused no protest from his colleagues. No president called this congressman an undesirable citizen or gave him over to the courts. Thus many of the pioneers, following the ideal of the right of the individual to rise, subordinated the rights of the nation and posterity to the desire that the country should be "developed" and that the individual should advance with as little interference as possible. Squatter doctrines and individualism have left deep traces upon American conceptions. But quite as deeply fixed in the pioneer's mind as the ideal of individualism was the ideal of democracy. He had a passionate hatred for aristocracy, monopoly and special privilege; he believed in simplicity, economy and in the rule of the people. It is true that he honored the successful man, and that he strove in all ways to advance himself. But the West was so free and so vast, the barriers to individual achievement were so remote, that the pioneer was hardly conscious that any danger to equality could come from his competition for natural resources. He thought of democracy as in some way the result of our political institutions, and he failed to see that it was primarily the result of the free lands and immense opportunities which surrounded him. Occasional statesmen voiced the idea that American democracy was based on the abundance of unoccupied land, even in the first debates on the public domain. This early recognition of the influence of abundance of land in shaping the economic conditions of American democracy is peculiarly significant to-day in view of the practical exhaustion of the supply of cheap arable public lands open to the poor man, and the coincident development of labor unions to keep up wages. Certain it is that the strength of democratic movements has chiefly lain in the regions of the pioneer. "Our governments tend too much to democracy," wrote Izard, of South Carolina, to Jefferson, in 1785. "A handicraftsman thinks an apprenticeship necessary to make him acquainted with his business. But our backcountrymen are of the opinion that a politician may be born just as well as a poet." The Revolutionary ideas, of course, gave a great impetus to democracy, and in substantially every colony there was a double revolution, one for independence and the other for the overthrow of aristocratic control. But in the long run the effective force behind American democracy was the presence of the practically free land into which men might escape from oppression or inequalities which burdened them in the older settlements. This possibility compelled the coastwise States to liberalize the franchise; and it prevented the formation of a dominant class, whether based on property or on custom. Among the pioneers one man was as good as his neighbor. He had the same chance; conditions were simple and free. Economic equality fostered political equality. An optimistic and buoyant belief in the worth of the plain people, a devout faith in man prevailed in the West. Democracy became almost the religion of the pioneer. He held with passionate devotion the idea that he was building under freedom a new society, based on self government, and for the welfare of the average man. And yet even as he proclaimed the gospel of democracy the pioneer showed a vague apprehension lest the time be short--lest equality should not endure--lest he might fall behind in the ascending movement of Western society. This led him on in feverish haste to acquire advantages as though he only half believed his dream. "Before him lies a boundless continent," wrote De Tocqueville, in the days when pioneer democracy was triumphant under Jackson, "and he urges forward as if time pressed and he was afraid of finding no room for his exertions." Even while Jackson lived, labor leaders and speculative thinkers were demanding legislation to place a limit on the amount of land which one person might acquire and to provide free farms. De Tocqueville saw the signs of change. "Between the workman and the master," he said, "there are frequent relations but no real association. . . . I am of the opinion, upon the whole, that the manufacturing aristocracy which is growing up under our eyes is one of the harshest which ever existed in the world; . . . if ever a permanent inequality, of conditions and aristocracy again penetrate into the world, it may be predicted that this is the gate by which they will enter." But the sanative influences of the free spaces of the West were destined to ameliorate labor's condition, to afford new hopes and new faith to pioneer democracy, and to postpone the problem. As the settlers advanced into provinces whose area dwarfed that of the older sections, pioneer democracy itself began to undergo changes, both in its composition and in its processes of expansion. At the close of the Civil War, when settlement was spreading with greatest vigor across the Mississippi, the railways began their work as colonists. Their land grants from the government, amounting altogether by 1871 to an area five times that of the State of Pennsylvania, demanded purchasers, and so the railroads pioneered the way for the pioneer. The homestead law increased the tide of settlers. The improved farm machinery made it possible for him to go boldly out on to the prairie and to deal effectively with virgin soil in farms whose cultivated area made the old clearings of the backwoodsman seem mere garden plots. Two things resulted from these conditions, which profoundly modified pioneer ideals. In the first place the new form of colonization demanded an increasing use of capital; and the rapidity of the formation of towns, the speed with which society developed, made men the more eager to secure bank credit to deal with the new West. This made the pioneer more dependent on the eastern economic forces. In the second place the farmer became dependent as never before on transportation companies. In this speculative movement the railroads, finding that they had pressed too far in advance and had issued stock to freely for their earnings to justify the face of the investment, came into collision with the pioneer on the question of rates and of discriminations. The Greenback movement and the Granger movements were appeals to government to prevent what the pioneer thought to be invasions of pioneer democracy. As the western settler began to face the problem of magnitude in the areas he was occupying; as he began to adjust his life to the modern forces of capital and to complex productive processes; as he began to see that, go where he would, the question of credit and currency, of transportation and distribution in general conditioned his success, he sought relief by legislation. He began to lose his primitive attitude of individualism, government began to look less like a necessary evil and more like an instrument for the perpetuation of his democratic ideals. In brief, the defenses of the pioneer democrat began to shift, from free land to legislation, from the ideal of individualism to the ideal of social control through regulation by law. He had no sympathy with a radical reconstruction of society by the revolution of socialism; even his alliances with the movement of organized labor, which paralleled that of organized capital in the East, were only half-hearted. But he was becoming alarmed over the future of the free democratic ideal. The wisdom of his legislation it is not necessary to discuss here. The essential point is that his conception of the right of government to control social process had undergone a change. He was coming to regard legislation as an instrument of social construction. The individualism of the Kentucky pioneer of 1796 was giving way to the Populism of the Kansas pioneer of 1896. The later days of pioneer democracy are too familiar to require much exposition. But they are profoundly significant. As the pioneer doctrine of free competition for the resources of the nation revealed its tendencies; as individual, corporation and trust, like the pioneer, turned increasingly to legal devices to promote their contrasting ideals, the natural resources were falling into private possession. Tides of alien immigrants were surging into the country to replace the old American stock in the labor market, to lower the standard of living and to increase the pressure of population upon the land. These recent foreigners have lodged almost exclusively in the dozen great centers of industrial life, and there they have accented the antagonisms between capital and labor by the fact that the labor supply has become increasingly foreign born, and recruited from nationalities who arouse no sympathy on the part of capital and little on the part of the general public. Class distinctions are accented by national prejudices, and democracy is thereby invaded. But even in the dull brains of great masses of these unfortunates from southern and eastern Europe the idea of America as the land of freedom and of opportunity to rise, the land of pioneer democratic ideals, has found lodgment, and if it is given time and is not turned into revolutionary lines it will fructify. As the American pioneer passed on in advance of this new tide of European immigration, he found lands increasingly limited. In place of the old lavish opportunity for the settler to set his stakes where he would, there were frantic rushes of thousands of eager pioneers across the line of newly opened Indian reservations. Even in 1889, when Oklahoma was opened to settlement, twenty thousand settlers crowded at the boundaries, like straining athletes, waiting the bugle note that should start the race across the line. To-day great crowds gather at the land lotteries of the government as the remaining fragments of the public domain are flung to hungry settlers. Hundreds of thousands of pioneers from the Middle West have crossed the national boundary into Canadian wheat fields eager to find farms for their children, although under an alien flag. And finally the government has taken to itself great areas of arid land for reclamation by costly irrigation projects whereby to furnish twenty-acre tracts in the desert to settlers under careful regulation of water rights. The government supplies the capital for huge irrigation dams and reservoirs and builds them itself. It owns and operates quarries, coal mines and timber to facilitate this work. It seeks the remotest regions of the earth for crops suitable for these areas. It analyzes the soils and tells the farmer what and when and how to plant. It has even considered the rental to manufacturers of the surplus water, electrical and steam power generated in its irrigation works and the utilization of this power to extract nitrates from the air to replenish worn-out soils. The pioneer of the arid regions must be both a capitalist and the protégé of the government. Consider the contrast between the conditions of the pioneers at the beginning and at the end of this period of development. Three hundred years ago adventurous Englishmen on the coast of Virginia began the attack on the wilderness. Three years ago the President of the United States summoned the governors of forty-six states to deliberate upon the danger of the exhaustion of the natural resources of the nation.[279:1] The pressure of population upon the food supply is already felt and we are at the beginning only of this transformation. It is profoundly significant that at the very time when American democracy is becoming conscious that its pioneer basis of free land and sparse population is giving way, it is also brought face to face with the startling outcome of its old ideals of individualism and exploitation under competition uncontrolled by government. Pioneer society itself was not sufficiently sophisticated to work out to its logical result the conception of the self-made man. But the captains of industry by applying squatter doctrines to the evolution of American industrial society, have made the process so clear that he who runs may read. Contests imply alliances as well as rivalries. The increasing magnitude of the areas to be dealt with and the occurrences of times of industrial stress furnished occasion for such unions. The panic of 1873 was followed by an unprecedented combination of individual businesses and partnerships into corporations. The panic of 1893 marked the beginning of an extraordinary development of corporate combinations into pools and trusts, agreements and absorptions, until, by the time of the panic of 1907, it seemed not impossible that the outcome of free competition under individualism was to be monopoly of the most important natural resources and processes by a limited group of men whose vast fortunes were so invested in allied and dependent industries that they constituted the dominating force in the industrial life of the nation. The development of large scale factory production, the benefit of combination in the competitive struggle, and the tremendous advantage of concentration in securing possession of the unoccupied opportunities, were so great that vast accumulations of capital became the normal agency of the industrial world. In almost exact ratio to the diminution of the supply of unpossessed resources, combinations of capital have increased in magnitude and in efficiency of conquest. The solitary backwoodsman wielding his ax at the edge of a measureless forest is replaced by companies capitalized at millions, operating railroads, sawmills, and all the enginery of modern machinery to harvest the remaining trees.[280:1] A new national development is before us without the former safety valve of abundant resources open to him who would take. Classes are becoming alarmingly distinct: There is the demand on the one side voiced by Mr. Harriman so well and by others since, that nothing must be done to interfere with the early pioneer ideals of the exploitation and the development of the country's wealth; that restrictive and reforming legislation must on no account threaten prosperity even for a moment. In fact, we sometimes hear in these days, from men of influence, serious doubts of democracy, and intimations that the country would be better off if it freely resigned itself to guidance by the geniuses who are mastering the economic forces of the nation, and who, it is alleged, would work out the prosperity of the United States more effectively, if unvexed by politicians and people. On the other hand, an inharmonious group of reformers are sounding the warning that American democratic ideals and society are menaced and already invaded by the very conditions that make this apparent prosperity; that the economic resources are no longer limitless and free; that the aggregate national wealth is increasing at the cost of present social justice and moral health, and the future well-being of the American people. The Granger and the Populist were prophets of this reform movement. Mr. Bryan's Democracy, Mr. Debs' Socialism, and Mr. Roosevelt's Republicanism all had in common the emphasis upon the need of governmental regulation of industrial tendencies in the interest of the common man; the checking of the power of those business Titans who emerged successful out of the competitive individualism of pioneer America. As land values rise, as meat and bread grow dearer, as the process of industrial consolidation goes on, and as Eastern industrial conditions spread across the West, the problems of traditional American democracy will become increasingly grave. The time has come when University men may well consider pioneer ideals, for American society has reached the end of the first great period in its formation. It must survey itself, reflect upon its origins, consider what freightage of purposes it carried in its long march across the continent, what ambitions it had for the man, what rôle it would play in the world. How shall we conserve what was best in pioneer ideals? How adjust the old conceptions to the changed conditions of modern life? Other nations have been rich and prosperous and powerful. But the United States has believed that it had an original contribution to make to the history of society by the production of a self-determining, self-restrained, intelligent democracy. It is in the Middle West that society has formed on lines least like those of Europe. It is here, if anywhere, that American democracy will make its stand against the tendency to adjust to a European type. This consideration gives importance to my final topic, the relation of the University to pioneer ideals and to the changing conditions of American democracy. President Pritchett of the Carnegie Foundation has recently declared that in no other form of popular activity does a nation or State so clearly reveal its ideals or the quality of its civilization as in its system of education; and he finds, especially in the State University, "a conception of education from the standpoint of the whole people." "If our American democracy were to-day called to give proof of its constructive ability," he says, "the State University and the public school system which it crowns would be the strongest evidence of its fitness which it could offer." It may at least be conceded that an essential characteristic of the State University is its democracy in the largest sense. The provision in the Constitution of Indiana of 1816, so familiar to you all, for a "general system of education ascending in regular gradations from township schools to a State University, wherein tuition shall be gratis and equally open to all," expresses the Middle Western conception born in the days of pioneer society and doubtless deeply influenced by Jeffersonian democracy. The most obvious fact about these universities, perhaps, lies in their integral relation with the public schools, whereby the pupil has pressed upon him the question whether he shall go to college, and whereby the road is made open and direct to the highest training. By this means the State offers to every class the means of education, and even engages in propaganda to induce students to continue. It sinks deep shafts through the social strata to find the gold of real ability in the underlying rock of the masses. It fosters that due degree of individualism which is implied in the right of every human being to have opportunity to rise in whatever directions his peculiar abilities entitle him to go, subordinate to the welfare of the state. It keeps the avenues of promotion to the highest offices, the highest honors, open to the humblest and most obscure lad who has the natural gifts, at the same time that it aids in the improvement of the masses. Nothing in our educational history is more striking than the steady pressure of democracy upon its universities to adapt them to the requirements of all the people. From the State Universities of the Middle West, shaped under pioneer ideals, have come the fuller recognition of scientific studies, and especially those of applied science devoted to the conquest of nature; the breaking down of the traditional required curriculum; the union of vocational and college work in the same institution; the development of agricultural and engineering colleges and business courses; the training of lawyers, administrators, public men, and journalists--all under the ideal of service to democracy rather than of individual advancement alone. Other universities do the same thing; but the head springs and the main current of this great stream of tendency come from the land of the pioneers, the democratic states of the Middle West. And the people themselves, through their boards of trustees and the legislature, are in the last resort the court of appeal as to the directions and conditions of growth, as well as have the fountain of income from which these universities derive their existence. The State University has thus both a peculiar power in the directness of its influence upon the whole people and a peculiar limitation in its dependence upon the people. The ideals of the people constitute the atmosphere in which it moves, though it can itself affect this atmosphere. Herein is the source of its strength and the direction of its difficulties. For to fulfil its mission of uplifting the state to continuously higher levels the University must, in the words of Mr. Bryce, "serve the time without yielding to it;" it must recognize new needs without becoming subordinate to the immediately practical, to the short-sightedly expedient. It must not sacrifice the higher efficiency for the more obvious but lower efficiency. It must have the wisdom to make expenditures for results which pay manifold in the enrichment of civilization, but which are not immediate and palpable. In the transitional condition of American democracy which I have tried to indicate, the mission of the university is most important. The times call for educated leaders. General experience and rule-of-thumb information are inadequate for the solution of the problems of a democracy which no longer owns the safety fund of an unlimited quantity of untouched resources. Scientific farming must increase the yield of the field, scientific forestry must economize the woodlands, scientific experiment and construction by chemist, physicist, biologist and engineer must be applied to all of nature's forces in our complex modern society. The test tube and the microscope are needed rather than ax and rifle in this new ideal of conquest. The very discoveries of science in such fields as public health and manufacturing processes have made it necessary to depend upon the expert, and if the ranks of experts are to be recruited broadly from the democratic masses as well as from those of larger means, the State Universities must furnish at least as liberal opportunities for research and training as the universities based on private endowments furnish. It needs no argument to show that it is not to the advantage of democracy to give over the training of the expert exclusively to privately endowed institutions. But quite as much in the field of legislation and of public life in general as in the industrial world is the expert needed. The industrial conditions which shape society are too complex, problems of labor, finance, social reform too difficult to be dealt with intelligently and wisely without the leadership of highly educated men familiar with the legislation and literature on social questions in other States and nations. By training in science, in law, politics, economics and history the universities may supply from the ranks of democracy administrators, legislators, judges and experts for commissions who shall disinterestedly and intelligently mediate between contending interests. When the words "capitalistic classes" and "the proletariate" can be used and understood in America it is surely time to develop such men, with the ideal of service to the State, who may help to break the force of these collisions, to find common grounds between the contestants and to possess the respect and confidence of all parties which are genuinely loyal to the best American ideals. The signs of such a development are already plain in the expert commissions of some States; in the increasing proportion of university men in legislatures; in the university men's influence in federal departments and commissions. It is hardly too much to say that the best hope of intelligent and principled progress in economic and social legislation and administration lies in the increasing influence of American universities. By sending out these open-minded experts, by furnishing well-fitted legislators, public leaders and teachers, by graduating successive armies of enlightened citizens accustomed to deal dispassionately with the problems of modern life, able to think for themselves, governed not by ignorance, by prejudice or by impulse, but by knowledge and reason and high-mindedness, the State Universities will safeguard democracy. Without such leaders and followers democratic reactions may create revolutions, but they will not be able to produce industrial and social progress. America's problem is not violently to introduce democratic ideals, but to preserve and entrench them by courageous adaptation to new conditions. Educated leadership sets bulwarks against both the passionate impulses of the mob and the sinister designs of those who would subordinate public welfare to private greed. Lord Bacon's splendid utterance still rings true: "The learning of the few is despotism; the learning of the many is liberty. And intelligent and principled liberty is fame, wisdom and power." There is a danger to the universities in this very opportunity. At first pioneer democracy had scant respect for the expert. He believed that "a fool can put on his coat better than a wise man can do it for him." There is much truth in the belief; and the educated leader, even he who has been trained under present university conditions, in direct contact with the world about him, will still have to contend with this inherited suspicion of the expert. But if he be well trained and worthy of his training, if he be endowed with creative imagination and personality, he will make good his leadership. A more serious danger will come when the universities are fully recognized as powerful factors in shaping the life of the State--not mere cloisters, remote from its life, but an influential element in its life. Then it may easily happen that the smoke of the battle-field of political and social controversy will obscure their pure air, that efforts will be made to stamp out the exceptional doctrine and the exceptional man. Those who investigate and teach within the university walls must respond to the injunction of the church, "_Sursum corda_"--lift up the heart to high thinking and impartial search for the unsullied truth in the interests of all the people; this is the holy grail of the universities. That they may perform their work they must be left free, as the pioneer was free, to explore new regions and to report what they find; for like the pioneers they have the ideal of investigation, they seek new horizons. They are not tied to past knowledge; they recognize the fact that the universe still abounds in mystery, that science and society have not crystallized, but are still growing and need their pioneer trail-makers. New and beneficent discoveries in nature, new and beneficial discoveries in the processes and directions of the growth of society, substitutes for the vanishing material basis of pioneer democracy may be expected if the university pioneers are left free to seek the trail. In conclusion, the university has a duty in adjusting pioneer ideals to the new requirements of American democracy, even more important than those which I have named. The early pioneer was an individualist and a seeker after the undiscovered; but he did not understand the richness and complexity of life as a whole; he did not fully realize his opportunities of individualism and discovery. He stood in his somber forest as the traveler sometimes stands in a village on the Alps when the mist has shrouded everything, and only the squalid hut, the stony field, the muddy pathway are in view. But suddenly a wind sweeps the fog away. Vast fields of radiant snow and sparkling ice lie before him; profound abysses open at his feet; and as he lifts his eyes the unimaginable peak of the Matterhorn cleaves the thin air, far, far above. A new and unsuspected world is revealed all about him. Thus it is the function of the university to reveal to the individual the mystery and the glory of life as a whole--to open all the realms of rational human enjoyment and achievement; to preserve the consciousness of the past; to spread before the eye the beauty of the universe; and to throw wide its portals of duty and of power to the human soul. It must honor the poet and painter, the writer and the teacher, the scientist and the inventor, the musician and the prophet of righteousness--the men of genius in all fields who make life nobler. It must call forth anew, and for finer uses, the pioneer's love of creative individualism and provide for it a spiritual atmosphere friendly to the development of personality in all uplifting ways. It must check the tendency to act in mediocre social masses with undue emphasis upon the ideals of prosperity and politics. In short, it must summon ability of all kinds to joyous and earnest effort for the welfare and the spiritual enrichment of society. It must awaken new tastes and ambitions among the people. The light of these university watch towers should flash from State to State until American democracy itself is illuminated with higher and broader ideals of what constitutes service to the State and to mankind; of what are prizes; of what is worthy of praise and reward. So long as success in amassing great wealth for the aggrandizement of the individual is the exclusive or the dominant standard of success, so long as material prosperity, regardless of the conditions of its cost, or the civilization which results, is the shibboleth, American democracy, that faith in the common man which the pioneer cherishes, is in danger. For the strongest will make their way unerringly to whatever goal society sets up as the mark of conceded preëminence. What more effective agency is there for the cultivation of the seed wheat of ideals than the university? Where can we find a more promising body of sowers of the grain? The pioneer's clearing must be broadened into a domain where all that is worthy of human endeavor may find fertile soil on which to grow; and America must exact of the constructive business geniuses who owe their rise to the freedom of pioneer democracy supreme allegiance and devotion to the commonweal. In fostering such an outcome and in tempering the asperities of the conflicts that must precede its fulfilment, the nation has no more promising agency than the State Universities, no more hopeful product than their graduates. FOOTNOTES: [269:1] Commencement Address at the University of Indiana, 1910. [270:1] [Printed from an earlier version; since published in his "Songs from Books," p. 93, under the title, "The Voortrekker." Even fuller of insight into the idealistic side of the frontier, is his "Explorer," in "Collected Verse," p. 19.] [279:1] Written in 1910. [280:1] Omissions from the original are incorporated in later chapters. XI THE WEST AND AMERICAN IDEALS[290:1] True to American traditions that each succeeding generation ought to find in the Republic a better home, once in every year the colleges and universities summon the nation to lift its eyes from the routine of work, in order to take stock of the country's purposes and achievements, to examine its past and consider its future. This attitude of self-examination is hardly characteristic of the people as a whole. Particularly it is not characteristic of the historic American. He has been an opportunist rather than a dealer in general ideas. Destiny set him in a current which bore him swiftly along through such a wealth of opportunity that reflection and well-considered planning seemed wasted time. He knew not where he was going, but he was on his way, cheerful, optimistic, busy and buoyant. To-day we are reaching a changed condition, less apparent perhaps, in the newer regions than in the old, but sufficiently obvious to extend the commencement frame of mind from the college to the country as a whole. The swift and inevitable current of the upper reaches of the nation's history has borne it to the broader expanse and slower stretches which mark the nearness of the level sea. The vessel, no longer carried along by the rushing waters, finds it necessary to determine its own directions on this new ocean of its future, to give conscious consideration to its motive power and to its steering gear. It matters not so much that those who address these college men and women upon life, give conflicting answers to the questions of whence and whither: the pause for remembrance, for reflection and for aspiration is wholesome in itself. Although the American people are becoming more self-conscious, more responsive to the appeal to act by deliberate choices, we should be over-sanguine if we believed that even in this new day these commencement surveys were taken to heart by the general public, or that they were directly and immediately influential upon national thought and action. But even while we check our enthusiasm by this realization of the common thought, we must take heart. The University's peculiar privilege and distinction lie in the fact that it is not the passive instrument of the State to voice its current ideas. Its problem is not that of expressing tendencies. Its mission is to create tendencies and to direct them. Its problem is that of leadership and of ideals. It is called, of course, to justify the support which the public gives it, by working in close and sympathetic touch with those it serves. More than that, it would lose important element of strength if it failed to recognize the fact that improvement and creative movement often come from the masses themselves, instinctively moving toward a better order. The University's graduates must be fitted to take their places naturally and effectually in the common life of the time. But the University is called especially to justify its existence by giving to its sons and daughters something which they could not well have gotten through the ordinary experiences of the life outside its walls. It is called to serve the time by independent research and by original thought. If it were a mere recording instrument of conventional opinion and average information, it is hard to see why the University should exist at all. To clasp hands with the common life in order that it may lift that life, to be a radiant center enkindling the society in which it has its being, these are primary duties of the University. Fortunate the State which gives free play to this spirit of inquiry. Let it "grubstake" its intellectual prospectors and send them forth where "the trails run out and stop." A famous scientist holds that the universal ether bears vital germs which impinging upon a dead world would bring life to it. So, at least it is, in the world of thought, where energized ideals put in the air and carried here and there by the waves and currents of the intellectual atmosphere, fertilize vast inert areas. The University, therefore, has a double duty. On the one hand it must aid in the improvement of the general economic and social environment. It must help on in the work of scientific discovery and of making such conditions of existence, economic, political and social, as will produce more fertile and responsive soil for a higher and better life. It must stimulate a wider demand on the part of the public for right leadership. It must extend its operations more widely among the people and sink deeper shafts through social strata to find new supplies of intellectual gold in popular levels yet untouched. And on the other hand, it must find and fit men and women for leadership. It must both awaken new demands and it must satisfy those demands by trained leaders with new motives, with new incentives to ambition, with higher and broader conception of what constitute the prize in life, of what constitutes success. The University has to deal with both the soil and sifted seed in the agriculture of the human spirit. Its efficiency is not the efficiency which the business engineer is fitted to appraise. If it is a training ship, it is a training ship bound on a voyage of discovery, seeking new horizons. The economy of the University's consumption can only be rightly measured by the later times which shall possess those new realms of the spirit which its voyage shall reveal. If the ships of Columbus had engaged in a profitable coastwise traffic between Palos and Cadiz they might have saved sail cloth, but their keels would never have grated on the shores of a New World. The appeal of the undiscovered is strong in America. For three centuries the fundamental process in its history was the westward movement, the discovery and occupation of the vast free spaces of the continent. We are the first generation of Americans who can look back upon that era as a historic movement now coming to its end. Other generations have been so much a part of it that they could hardly comprehend its significance. To them it seemed inevitable. The free land and the natural resources seemed practically inexhaustible. Nor were they aware of the fact that their most fundamental traits, their institutions, even their ideals were shaped by this interaction between the wilderness and themselves. American democracy was born of no theorist's dream; it was not carried in the _Susan Constant_ to Virginia, nor in the _Mayflower_ to Plymouth. It came out of the American forest, and it gained new strength each time it touched a new frontier. Not the constitution, but free land and an abundance of natural resources open to a fit people, made the democratic type of society in America for three centuries while it occupied its empire. To-day we are looking with a shock upon a changed world. The national problem is no longer how to cut and burn away the vast screen of the dense and daunting forest; it is how to save and wisely use the remaining timber. It is no longer how to get the great spaces of fertile prairie land in humid zones out of the hands of the government into the hands of the pioneer; these lands have already passed into private possession. No longer is it a question of how to avoid or cross the Great Plains and the arid desert. It is a question of how to conquer those rejected lands by new method of farming and by cultivating new crops from seed collected by the government and by scientists from the cold, dry steppes of Siberia, the burning sands of Egypt, and the remote interior of China. It is a problem of how to bring the precious rills of water on to the alkali and sage brush. Population is increasing faster than the food supply. New farm lands no longer increase decade after decade in areas equal to those of European states. While the ratio of increase of improved land declines, the value of farm lands rise and the price of food leaps upward, reversing the old ratio between the two. The cry of scientific farming and the conservation of natural resources replaces the cry of rapid conquest of the wilderness. We have so far won our national home, wrested from it its first rich treasures, and drawn to it the unfortunate of other lands, that we are already obliged to compare ourselves with settled states of the Old World. In place of our attitude of contemptuous indifference to the legislation of such countries as Germany and England, even Western States like Wisconsin send commissions to study their systems of taxation, workingmen's insurance, old age pensions and a great variety of other remedies for social ills. If we look about the periphery of the nation, everywhere we see the indications that our world is changing. On the streets of Northeastern cities like New York and Boston, the faces which we meet are to a surprising extent those of Southeastern Europe. Puritan New England, which turned its capital into factories and mills and drew to its shores an army of cheap labor, governed these people for a time by a ruling class like an upper stratum between which and the lower strata there was no assimilation. There was no such evolution into an assimilated commonwealth as is seen in Middle Western agricultural States, where immigrant and old native stock came in together and built up a homogeneous society on the principle of give and take. But now the Northeastern coast finds its destiny, politically and economically, passing away from the descendants of the Puritans. It is the little Jewish boy, the Greek or the Sicilian, who takes the traveler through historic streets, now the home of these newer people to the Old North Church or to Paul Revere's house, or to Tea Wharf, and tells you in his strange patois the story of revolution against oppression. Along the Southern Atlantic and the Gulf coast, in spite of the preservative influence of the negro, whose presence has always called out resistance to change on the part of the whites, the forces of social and industrial transformation are at work. The old tidewater aristocracy has surrendered to the up-country democrats. Along the line of the Alleghanies like an advancing column, the forces of Northern capital, textile and steel mills, year after year extend their invasion into the lower South. New Orleans, once the mistress of the commerce of the Mississippi Valley, is awakening to new dreams of world commerce. On the southern border, similar invasions of American capital have been entering Mexico. At the same time, the opening of the Panama Canal has completed the dream of the ages of the Straits of Anian between Atlantic and Pacific. Four hundred years ago, Balboa raised the flag of Spain at the edge of the Sea of the West and we are now preparing to celebrate both that anniversary, and the piercing of the continent. New relations have been created between Spanish America and the United States and the world is watching the mediation of Argentina, Brazil and Chile between the contending forces of Mexico and the Union. Once more alien national interests lie threatening at our borders, but we no longer appeal to the Monroe Doctrine and send our armies of frontiersmen to settle our concerns off-hand. We take council with European nations and with the sisterhood of South America, and propose a remedy of social reorganization in place of imperious will and force. Whether the effort will succeed or not, it is a significant indication that an old order is passing away, when such a solution is undertaken by a President of Scotch Presbyterian stock, born in the State of Virginia. If we turn to the Northern border, where we are about to celebrate a century of peace with England, we see in progress, like a belated procession of our own history the spread of pioneers, the opening of new wildernesses, the building of new cities, the growth of a new and mighty nation. That old American advance of the wheat farmer from the Connecticut to the Mohawk, and the Genesee, from the Great Valley of Pennsylvania to the Ohio Valley and the prairies of the Middle West, is now by its own momentum and under the stimulus of Canadian homesteads and the high price of wheat, carried across the national border to the once lone plains where the Hudson Bay dog trains crossed the desolate snows of the wild North Land. In the Pacific Northwest the era of construction has not ended, but it is so rapidly in progress that we can already see the closing of the age of the pioneer. Already Alaska beckons on the north, and pointing to her wealth of natural resources asks the nation on what new terms the new age will deal with her. Across the Pacific looms Asia, no longer a remote vision and a symbol of the unchanging, but borne as by mirage close to our shores and raising grave questions of the common destiny of the people of the ocean. The dreams of Benton and of Seward of a regenerated Orient, when the long march of westward civilization should complete its circle, seem almost to be in process of realization. The age of the Pacific Ocean begins, mysterious and unfathomable in its meaning for our own future. Turning to view the interior, we see the same picture of change. When the Superintendent of the Census in 1890 declared the frontier line no longer traceable, the beginning of the rush into Oklahoma had just occurred. Here where the broken fragments of Indian nations from the East had been gathered and where the wilder tribes of the Southwest were being settled, came the rush of the land-hungry pioneer. Almost at a blow the old Indian territory passed away, populous cities came into being and it was not long before gushing oil wells made a new era of sudden wealth. The farm lands of the Middle West taken as free homesteads or bought for a mere pittance, have risen so in value that the original owners have in an increasing degree either sold them in order to reinvest in the newer cheap lands of the West, or have moved into the town and have left the tillage to tenant farmers. The growth of absentee ownership of the soil is producing a serious problem in the former centers of the Granger and the Populist. Along the Old Northwest the Great Lakes are becoming a new Mediterranean Sea joining the realms of wheat and iron ore, at one end with the coal and furnaces of the forks of the Ohio, where the most intense and wide-reaching center of industrial energy exists. City life like that of the East, manufactures and accumulated capital, seem to be reproducing in the center of the Republic the tendencies already so plain on the Atlantic Coast. Across the Great Plains where buffalo and Indian held sway successive industrial waves are passing. The old free range gave place to the ranch, the ranch to the homestead and now in places in the arid lands the homestead is replaced by the ten or twenty acre irrigated fruit farm. The age of cheap land, cheap corn and wheat, and cheap cattle has gone forever. The federal government has undertaken vast paternal enterprises of reclamation of the desert. In the Rocky Mountains where at the time of Civil War, the first important rushes to gold and silver mines carried the frontier backward on a march toward the east, the most amazing transformations have occurred. Here, where prospectors made new trails, and lived the wild free life of mountain men, here where the human spirit seemed likely to attain the largest measure of individual freedom, and where fortune beckoned to the common man, have come revolutions wrought by the demand for organized industry and capital. In the regions where the popular tribunal and the free competitive life flourished, we have seen law and order break down in the unmitigated collision of great aggregations of capital, with each other and with organized socialistic labor. The Cripple Creek strikes, the contests at Butte, the Goldfield mobs, the recent Colorado fighting, all tell a similar story,--the solid impact of contending forces in regions where civic power and loyalty to the State have never fully developed. Like the Grand Cañon, where in dazzling light the huge geologic history is written so large that none may fail to read it, so in the Rocky Mountains the dangers of modern American industrial tendencies have been exposed. As we crossed the Cascades on our way to Seattle, one of the passengers was moved to explain his feeling on the excellence of Puget Sound in contrast with the remaining visible Universe. He did it well in spite of irreverent interruptions from those fellow travelers who were unconverted children of the East, and at last he broke forth in passionate challenge, "Why should I not love Seattle! It took me from the slums of the Atlantic Coast, a poor Swedish boy with hardly fifteen dollars in my pocket. It gave me a home by the beautiful sea; it spread before my eyes a vision of snow-capped peaks and smiling fields; it brought abundance and a new life to me and my children and I love it, I love it! If I were a multi-millionaire I would charter freight cars and carry away from the crowded tenements and noisome alleys of the eastern cities and the Old World the toiling masses, and let them loose in our vast forests and ore-laden mountains to learn what life really is!" And my heart was stirred by his words and by the whirling spaces of woods and peaks through which we passed. But as I looked and listened to this passionate outcry, I remembered the words of Talleyrand, the exiled Bishop of Autun, in Washington's administration. Looking down from an eminence not far from Philadelphia upon a wilderness which is now in the heart of that huge industrial society where population presses on the means of life, even the cold-blooded and cynical Talleyrand, gazing on those unpeopled hills and forests, kindled with the vision of coming clearings, the smiling farms and grazing herds that were to be, the populous towns that should be built, the newer and finer social organization that should there arise. And then I remembered the hall in Harvard's museum of social ethics through which I pass to my lecture room when I speak on the history of the Westward movement. That hall is covered with an exhibit of the work in Pittsburgh steel mills, and of the congested tenements. Its charts and diagrams tell of the long hours of work, the death rate, the relation of typhoid to the slums, the gathering of the poor of all Southeastern Europe to make a civilization at that center of American industrial energy and vast capital that is a social tragedy. As I enter my lecture room through that hall, I speak of the young Washington leading his Virginia frontiersmen to the magnificent forest at the forks of the Ohio. Where Braddock and his men, "carving a cross on the wilderness rim," were struck by the painted savages in the primeval woods, huge furnaces belch forth perpetual fires and Huns and Bulgars, Poles and Sicilians struggle for a chance to earn their daily bread, and live a brutal and degraded life. Irresistibly there rushed across my mind the memorable words of Huxley: "Even the best of modern civilization appears to me to exhibit a condition of mankind which neither embodies any worthy ideal nor even possesses the merit of stability. I do not hesitate to express the opinion that, if there is no hope of a large improvement of the condition of the greater part of the human family; if it is true that the increase of knowledge, the winning of a greater dominion over Nature, which is its consequence, and the wealth which follows upon that dominion, are to make no difference in the extent and the intensity of Want, with its concomitant physical and moral degradation, among the masses of the people, I should hail the advent of some kindly comet, which would sweep the whole affair away, as a desirable consummation." But if there is disillusion and shock and apprehension as we come to realize these changes, to strong men and women there is challenge and inspiration in them too. In place of old frontiers of wilderness, there are new frontiers of unwon fields of science, fruitful for the needs of the race; there are frontiers of better social domains yet unexplored. Let us hold to our attitude of faith and courage, and creative zeal. Let us dream as our fathers dreamt and let us make our dreams come true. "Daughters of Time, the hypocritic days, Muffled and dumb like barefoot dervishes, And marching single in an endless file, Bear diadems and fagots in their hands. To each they offer gifts after his will Bread, kingdoms, stars, and sky that hold them all. I, in my pleachéd garden watched the pomp, Forgot my morning wishes, hastily Took a few herbs and apples and the day Turned and departed silent. I, too late, Under her solemn fillet, saw the scorn!" What were America's "morning wishes"? From the beginning of that long westward march of the American people America has never been the home of mere contented materialism. It has continuously sought new ways and dreamed of a perfected social type. In the fifteenth century when men dealt with the New World which Columbus found, the ideal of discovery was dominant. Here was placed within the reach of men whose ideas had been bounded by the Atlantic, new realms to be explored. America became the land of European dreams, its Fortunate Islands were made real, where, in the imagination of old Europe, peace and happiness, as well as riches and eternal youth, were to be found. To Sir Edwin Sandys and his friends of the London Company, Virginia offered an opportunity to erect the Republic for which they had longed in vain in England. To the Puritans, New England was the new land of freedom, wherein they might establish the institutions of God, according to their own faith. As the vision died away in Virginia toward the close of the seventeenth century, it was taken up anew by the fiery Bacon with his revolution to establish a real democracy in place of the rule of the planter aristocracy, that formed along the coast. Hardly had he been overthrown when in the eighteenth century, the democratic ideal was rejuvenated by the strong frontiersmen, who pressed beyond the New England Coast into the Berkshires and up the valleys of the Green Mountains of Vermont, and by the Scotch-Irish and German pioneers who followed the Great Valley from Pennsylvania into the Upland South. In both the Yankee frontiersmen and the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians of the South, the Calvinistic conception of the importance of the individual, bound by free covenant to his fellow men and to God, was a compelling influence, and all their wilderness experience combined to emphasize the ideals of opening new ways, of giving freer play to the individual, and of constructing democratic society. When the backwoodsmen crossed the Alleghanies they put between themselves and the Atlantic Coast a barrier which seemed to separate them from a region already too much like the Europe they had left, and as they followed the courses of the rivers that flowed to the Mississippi, they called themselves "Men of the Western Waters," and their new home in the Mississippi Valley was the "Western World." Here, by the thirties, Jacksonian democracy flourished, strong in the faith of the intrinsic excellence of the common man, in his right to make his own place in the world, and in his capacity to share in government. But while Jacksonian democracy demanded these rights, it was also loyal to leadership as the very name implies. It was ready to follow to the uttermost the man in whom it placed its trust, whether the hero were frontier fighter or president, and it even rebuked and limited its own legislative representatives and recalled its senators when they ran counter to their chosen executive. Jacksonian democracy was essentially rural. It was based on the good fellowship and genuine social feeling of the frontier, in which classes and inequalities of fortune played little part. But it did not demand equality of condition, for there was abundance of natural resources and the belief that the self-made man had a right to his success in the free competition which western life afforded, was as prominent in their thought as was the love of democracy. On the other hand, they viewed governmental restraints with suspicion as a limitation on their right to work out their own individuality. For the banking institutions and capitalists of the East they had an instinctive antipathy. Already they feared that the "money power" as Jackson called it, was planning to make hewers of wood and drawers of water of the common people. In this view they found allies among the labor leaders of the East, who in the same period began their fight for better conditions of the wage earner. These Locofocos were the first Americans to demand fundamental social changes for the benefit of the workers in the cities. Like the Western pioneers, they protested against monopolies and special privilege. But they also had a constructive policy, whereby society was to be kept democratic by free gifts of the public land, so that surplus labor might not bid against itself, but might find an outlet in the West. Thus to both the labor theorist and the practical pioneer, the existence of what seemed inexhaustible cheap land and unpossessed resources was the condition of democracy. In these years of the thirties and forties, Western democracy took on its distinctive form. Travelers like De Tocqueville and Harriet Martineau, came to study and to report it enthusiastically to Europe. Side by side with this westward marching army of individualistic liberty-loving democratic backwoodsmen, went a more northern stream of pioneers, who cherished similar ideas, but added to them the desire to create new industrial centers, to build up factories, to build railroads, and to develop the country by founding cities and extending prosperity. They were ready to call upon legislatures to aid in this, by subscriptions to stock, grants of franchises, promotion of banking and internal improvements. These were the Whig followers of that other Western leader, Henry Clay, and their early strength lay in the Ohio Valley, and particularly among the well-to-do. In the South their strength was found among the aristocracy of the Cotton Kingdom. Both of these Western groups, Whigs and Democrats alike, had one common ideal: the desire to leave their children a better heritage than they themselves had received, and both were fired with devotion to the ideal of creating in this New World a home more worthy of mankind. Both were ready to break with the past, to boldly strike out new lines of social endeavor, and both believed in American expansion. Before these tendencies had worked themselves out, three new forces entered. In the sudden extension of our boundaries to the Pacific Coast, which took place in the forties, the nation won so vast a domain that its resources seemed illimitable and its society seemed able to throw off all its maladies by the very presence of these vast new spaces. At the same period the great activity of railroad building to the Mississippi Valley occurred, making these lands available and diverting attention to the task of economic construction. The third influence was the slavery question which, becoming acute, shaped the American ideals and public discussion for nearly a generation. Viewed from one angle, this struggle involved the great question of national unity. From another it involved the question of the relations of labor and capital, democracy and aristocracy. It was not without significance that Abraham Lincoln became the very type of American pioneer democracy, the first adequate and elemental demonstration to the world that that democracy could produce a man who belonged to the ages. After the war, new national energies were set loose, and new construction and development engaged the attention of the Westerners as they occupied prairies and Great Plains and mountains. Democracy and capitalistic development did not seem antagonistic. With the passing of the frontier, Western social and political ideals took new form. Capital began to consolidate in even greater masses, and increasingly attempted to reduce to system and control the processes of industrial development. Labor with equal step organized its forces to destroy the old competitive system. It is not strange that the Western pioneers took alarm for their ideals of democracy as the outcome of the free struggle for the national resources became apparent. They espoused the cause of governmental activity. It was a new gospel, for the Western radical became convinced that he must sacrifice his ideal of individualism and free competition in order to maintain his ideal of democracy. Under this conviction the Populist revised the pioneer conception of government. He saw in government no longer something outside of him, but the people themselves shaping their own affairs. He demanded therefore an extension of the powers of governments in the interest of his historic ideal of democratic society. He demanded not only free silver, but the ownership of the agencies of communication and transportation, the income tax, the postal savings bank, the provision of means of credit for agriculture, the construction of more effective devices to express the will of the people, primary nominations, direct elections, initiative, referendum and recall. In a word, capital, labor, and the Western pioneer, all deserted the ideal of competitive individualism in order to organize their interests in more effective combinations. The disappearance of the frontier, the closing of the era which was marked by the influence of the West as a form of society, brings with it new problems of social adjustment, new demands for considering our past ideals and our present needs. Let us recall the conditions of the foreign relations along our borders, the dangers that wait us if we fail to unite in the solution of our domestic problems. Let us recall those internal evidences of the destruction of our old social order. If we take to heart this warning, we shall do well also to recount our historic ideals, to take stock of those purposes, and fundamental assumptions that have gone to make the American spirit and the meaning of America in world history. First of all, there was the ideal of discovery, the courageous determination to break new paths, indifference to the dogma that because an institution or a condition exists, it must remain. All American experience has gone to the making of the spirit of innovation; it is in the blood and will not be repressed. Then, there was the ideal of democracy, the ideal of a free self-directing people, responsive to leadership in the forming of programs and their execution, but insistent that the procedure should be that of free choice, not of compulsion. But there was also the ideal of individualism. This democratic society was not a disciplined army, where all must keep step and where the collective interests destroyed individual will and work. Rather it was a mobile mass of freely circulating atoms, each seeking its own place and finding play for its own powers and for its own original initiative. We cannot lay too much stress upon this point, for it was at the very heart of the whole American movement. The world was to be made a better world by the example of a democracy in which there was freedom of the individual, in which there was the vitality and mobility productive of originality and variety. Bearing in mind the far-reaching influence of the disappearance of unlimited resources open to all men for the taking, and considering the recoil of the common man when he saw the outcome of the competitive struggle for these resources as the supply came to its end over most of the nation, we can understand the reaction against individualism and in favor of drastic assertion of the powers of government. Legislation is taking the place of the free lands as the means of preserving the ideal of democracy. But at the same time it is endangering the other pioneer ideal of creative and competitive individualism. Both were essential and constituted what was best in America's contribution to history and to progress. Both must be preserved if the nation would be true to its past, and would fulfil its highest destiny. It would be a grave misfortune if these people so rich in experience, in self-confidence and aspiration, in creative genius, should turn to some Old World discipline of socialism or plutocracy, or despotic rule, whether by class or by dictator. Nor shall we be driven to these alternatives. Our ancient hopes, our courageous faith, our underlying good humor and love of fair play will triumph in the end. There will be give and take in all directions. There will be disinterested leadership, under loyalty to the best American ideals. Nowhere is this leadership more likely to arise than among the men trained in the Universities, aware of the promise of the past and the possibilities of the future. The times call for new ambitions and new motives. In a most suggestive essay on the Problems of Modern Democracy, Mr. Godkin has said: M. de Tocqueville and all his followers take it for granted that the great incentive to excellence, in all countries in which excellence is found, is the patronage and encouragement of an aristocracy; that democracy is generally content with mediocrity. But where is the proof of this? The incentive to exertion which is widest, most constant, and most powerful in its operations in all civilized countries, is the desire of distinction; and this may be composed either of love of fame or love of wealth or of both. In literary and artistic and scientific pursuits, sometimes the strongest influence is exerted by a love of the subject. But it may safely be said that no man has ever labored in any of the higher colleges to whom the applause and appreciation of his fellows was not one of the sweetest rewards of his exertions. What is there we would ask, in the nature of democratic institutions, that should render this great spring of action powerless, that should deprive glory of all radiance, and put ambition to sleep? Is it not notorious, on the contrary, that one of the most marked peculiarities of democratic society, or of a society drifting toward democracy, is the fire of competition which rages in it, the fevered anxiety which possesses all its members to rise above the dead level to which the law is ever seeking to confine them, and by some brilliant stroke become something higher and more remarkable than their fellows? The secret of that great restlessness which is one of the most disagreeable accompaniments of life in democratic countries, is in fact due to the eagerness of everybody to grasp the prizes of which in aristocratic countries, only the few have much chance. And in no other society is success more worshiped, is distinction of any kind more widely flattered and caressed. In democratic societies, in fact, excellence is the first title to distinction; in aristocratic ones there are two or three others which are far stronger and which must be stronger or aristocracy could not exist. The moment you acknowledge that the highest social position ought to be the reward of the man who has the most talent, you make aristocratic institutions impossible. All that was buoyant and creative in American life would be lost if we gave up the respect for distinct personality, and variety in genius, and came to the dead level of common standards. To be "socialized into an average" and placed "under the tutelage of the mass of us," as a recent writer has put it, would be an irreparable loss. Nor is it necessary in a democracy, as these words of Godkin well disclose. What is needed is the multiplication of motives for ambition and the opening of new lines of achievement for the strongest. As we turn from the task of the first rough conquest of the continent there lies before us a whole wealth of unexploited resources in the realm of the spirit. Arts and letters, science and better social creation, loyalty and political service to the commonweal,--these and a thousand other directions of activity are open to the men, who formerly under the incentive of attaining distinction by amassing extraordinary wealth, saw success only in material display. Newer and finer careers will open to the ambitious when once public opinion shall award the laurels to those who rise above their fellows in these new fields of labor. It has not been the gold, but the getting of the gold, that has caught the imaginations of our captains of industry. Their real enjoyment lay not in the luxuries which wealth brought, but in the work of construction and in the place which society awarded them. A new era will come if schools and universities can only widen the intellectual horizon of the people, help to lay the foundations of a better industrial life, show them new goals for endeavor, inspire them with more varied and higher ideals. The Western spirit must be invoked for new and nobler achievements. Of that matured Western spirit, Tennyson's Ulysses is a symbol. ". . . I am become a name For always roaming with an hungry heart, Much have I seen and known . . . I am a part of all that I have met; Yet all experience is an arch, where thro' Gleams that untravelled world, whose margin fades Forever and forever when I move. How dull it is to pause, to make an end, To rust unburnished, not to shine in use! * * * * * And this gray spirit yearning in desire To follow knowledge like a shining star Beyond the utmost hound of human thought. . . . Come my friends, 'Tis not too late to seek a newer world. Push off, and sitting well in order smite The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths Of all the Western stars until I die * * * * * To strive, to seek, to find and not to yield." FOOTNOTES: [290:1] Commencement Address, University of Washington, June 17, 1914. Reprinted by permission from _The Washington Historical Quarterly_, October, 1914. XII SOCIAL FORCES IN AMERICAN HISTORY[311:1] The transformations through which the United States is passing in our own day are so profound, so far-reaching, that it is hardly an exaggeration to say that we are witnessing the birth of a new nation in America. The revolution in the social and economic structure of this country during the past two decades is comparable to what occurred when independence was declared and the constitution was formed, or to the changes wrought by the era which began half a century ago, the era of Civil War and Reconstruction. These changes have been long in preparation and are, in part, the result of world-wide forces of reorganization incident to the age of steam production and large-scale industry, and, in part, the result of the closing of the period of the colonization of the West. They have been prophesied, and the course of the movement partly described by students of American development; but after all, it is with a shock that the people of the United States are coming to realize that the fundamental forces which have shaped their society up to the present are disappearing. Twenty years ago, as I have before had occasion to point out, the Superintendent of the Census declared that the frontier line, which its maps had depicted for decade after decade of the westward march of the nation, could no longer be described. To-day we must add that the age of free competition of individuals for the unpossessed resources of the nation is nearing its end. It is taking less than a generation to write the chapter which began with the disappearance of the line of the frontier--the last chapter in the history of the colonization of the United States, the conclusion to the annals of its pioneer democracy. It is a wonderful chapter, this final rush of American energy upon the remaining wilderness. Even the bare statistics become eloquent of a new era. They no longer derive their significance from the exhibit of vast proportions of the public domain transferred to agriculture, of wildernesses equal to European nations changed decade after decade into the farm area of the United States. It is true there was added to the farms of the nation between 1870 and 1880 a territory equal to that of France, and between 1880 and 1900 a territory equal to the European area of France, Germany, England, and Wales combined. The records of 1910 are not yet available, but whatever they reveal they will not be so full of meaning as the figures which tell of upleaping wealth and organization and concentration of industrial power in the East in the last decade. As the final provinces of the Western empire have been subdued to the purposes of civilization and have yielded their spoils, as the spheres of operation of the great industrial corporations have extended, with the extension of American settlement, production and wealth have increased beyond all precedent. The total deposits in all national banks have more than trebled in the present decade; the money in circulation has doubled since 1890. The flood of gold makes it difficult to gage the full meaning of the incredible increase in values, for in the decade ending with 1909 over 41,600,000 ounces of gold were mined in the United States alone. Over four million ounces have been produced every year since 1905, whereas between 1880 and 1894 no year showed a production of two million ounces. As a result of this swelling stream of gold and instruments of credit, aided by a variety of other causes, prices have risen until their height has become one of the most marked features and influential factors in American life, producing social readjustments and contributing effectively to party revolutions. But if we avoid those statistics which require analysis because of the changing standard of value, we still find that the decade occupies an exceptional place in American history. More coal was mined in the United States in the ten years after 1897 than in all the life of the nation before that time.[313:1] Fifty years ago we mined less than fifteen million long tons of coal. In 1907 we mined nearly 429,000,000. At the present rate it is estimated that the supply of coal would be exhausted at a date no farther in the future than the formation of the constitution is in the past. Iron and coal are the measures of industrial power. The nation has produced three times as much iron ore in the past two decades as in all its previous history; the production of the past ten years was more than double that of the prior decade. Pig-iron production is admitted to be an excellent barometer of manufacture and of transportation. Never until 1898 had this reached an annual total of ten million long tons. But in the five years beginning with 1904 it averaged over twice that. By 1907 the United States had surpassed Great Britain, Germany, and France combined in the production of pig-iron and steel together, and in the same decade a single great corporation has established its domination over the iron mines and steel manufacture of the United States. It is more than a mere accident that the United States Steel Corporation with its stocks and bonds aggregating $1,400,000,000 was organized at the beginning of the present decade. The former wilderness about Lake Superior has, principally in the past two decades, established its position as overwhelmingly the preponderant source of iron ore, present and prospective, in the United States--a treasury from which Pittsburgh has drawn wealth and extended its unparalleled industrial empire in these years. The tremendous energies thus liberated at this center of industrial power in the United States revolutionized methods of manufacture in general, and in many indirect ways profoundly influenced the life of the nation. Railroad statistics also exhibit unprecedented development, the formation of a new industrial society. The number of passengers carried one mile more than doubled between 1890 and 1908; freight carried one mile has nearly trebled in the same period and has doubled in the past decade. Agricultural products tell a different story. The corn crop has only risen from about two billion bushels in 1891 to two and seven-tenths billions in 1909; wheat from six hundred and eleven million bushels in 1891 to only seven hundred and thirty-seven million in 1909; and cotton from about nine million bales in 1891 to ten and three-tenths million bales in 1909. Population has increased in the United States proper from about sixty-two and one-half millions in 1890 to seventy-five and one-half millions in 1900 and to over ninety millions in 1910. It is clear from these statistics that the ratio of the nation's increased production of immediate wealth by the enormously increased exploitation of its remaining natural resources vastly exceeds the ratio of increase of population and still more strikingly exceeds the ratio of increase of agricultural products. Already population is pressing upon the food supply while capital consolidates in billion-dollar organizations. The "Triumphant Democracy" whose achievements the iron-master celebrated has reached a stature even more imposing than he could have foreseen; but still less did he perceive the changes in democracy itself and the conditions of its life which have accompanied this material growth. Having colonized the Far West, having mastered its internal resources, the nation turned at the conclusion of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century to deal with the Far East to engage in the world-politics of the Pacific Ocean. Having continued its historic expansion into the lands of the old Spanish empire by the successful outcome of the recent war, the United States became the mistress of the Philippines at the same time that it came into possession of the Hawaiian Islands, and the controlling influence in the Gulf of Mexico. It provided early in the present decade for connecting its Atlantic and Pacific coasts by the Isthmian Canal, and became an imperial republic with dependencies and protectorates--admittedly a new world-power, with a potential voice in the problems of Europe, Asia, and Africa. This extension of power, this undertaking of grave responsibilities in new fields, this entry into the sisterhood of world-states, was no isolated event. It was, indeed, in some respects the logical outcome of the nation's march to the Pacific, the sequence to the era in which it was engaged in occupying the free lands and exploiting the resources of the West. When it had achieved this position among the nations of the earth, the United States found itself confronted, also, with the need of constitutional readjustment, arising from the relations of federal government and territorial acquisitions. It was obliged to reconsider questions of the rights of man and traditional American ideals of liberty and democracy, in view of the task of government of other races politically inexperienced and undeveloped. If we turn to consider the effect upon American society and domestic policy in these two decades of transition we are met with palpable evidences of the invasion of the old pioneer democratic order. Obvious among them is the effect of unprecedented immigration to supply the mobile army of cheap labor for the centers of industrial life. In the past ten years, beginning with 1900, over eight million immigrants have arrived. The newcomers of the eight years since 1900 would, according to a writer in 1908, "repopulate all the five older New England States as they stand to-day; or, if properly disseminated over the newer parts of the country they would serve to populate no less than nineteen states of the Union as they stand." In 1907 "there were one and one-quarter million arrivals. This number would entirely populate both New Hampshire and Maine, two of our oldest States." "The arrivals of this one year would found a State with more inhabitants than any one of twenty-one of our other existing commonwealths which could be named." Not only has the addition to the population from Europe been thus extraordinary, it has come in increasing measure from southern and eastern Europe. For the year 1907, Professor Ripley,[316:1] whom I am quoting, has redistributed the incomers on the basis of physical type and finds that one-quarter of them were of the Mediterranean race, one-quarter of the Slavic race, one-eighth Jewish, and only one-sixth of the Alpine, and one-sixth of the Teutonic. In 1882 Germans had come to the amount of 250,000; in 1907 they were replaced by 330,000 South Italians. Thus it is evident that the ethnic elements of the United States have undergone startling changes; and instead of spreading over the nation these immigrants have concentrated especially in the cities and great industrial centers in the past decade. The composition of the labor class and its relation to wages and to the native American employer have been deeply influenced thereby; the sympathy of the employers with labor has been unfavorably affected by the pressure of great numbers of immigrants of alien nationality and of lower standards of life. The familiar facts of the massing of population in the cities and the contemporaneous increase of urban power, and of the massing of capital and production in fewer and vastly greater industrial units, especially attest the revolution. "It is a proposition too plain to require elucidation," wrote Richard Rush, Secretary of the Treasury, in his report of 1827, "that the creation of capital is retarded rather than accelerated by the diffusion of a thin population over a great surface of soil."[317:1] Thirty years before Rush wrote these words Albert Gallatin declared in Congress that "if the cause of the happiness of this country were examined into, it would be found to arise as much from the great plenty of land in proportion to the inhabitants which their citizens enjoyed as from the wisdom of their political institutions." Possibly both of these Pennsylvania financiers were right under the conditions of the time; but it is at least significant that capital and labor entered upon a new era as the end of the free lands approached. A contemporary of Gallatin in Congress had replied to the argument that cheap lands would depopulate the Atlantic coast by saying that if a law were framed to prevent ready access to western lands it would be tantamount to saying that there is some class which must remain "and by law be obliged to serve the others for such wages as they pleased to give." The passage of the arable public domain into private possession has raised this question in a new form and has brought forth new answers. This is peculiarly the era when competitive individualism in the midst of vast unappropriated opportunities changed into the monopoly of the fundamental industrial processes by huge aggregations of capital as the free lands disappeared. All the tendencies of the large-scale production of the twentieth century, all the trend to the massing of capital in large combinations, all of the energies of the age of steam, found in America exceptional freedom of action and were offered regions of activity equal to the states of all Western Europe. Here they reached their highest development. The decade following 1897 is marked by the work of Mr. Harriman and his rivals in building up the various railroads into a few great groups, a process that had gone so far that before his death Mr. Harriman was ambitious to concentrate them all under his single control. High finance under the leadership of Mr. Morgan steadily achieved the consolidation of the greater industries into trusts or combinations and effected a community of interests between them and a few dominant banking organizations, with allied insurance companies and trust companies. In New York City have been centered, as never before, the banking reserves of the nation, and here, by the financial management of capital and speculative promotion, there has grown up a unified control over the nation's industrial life. Colossal private fortunes have arisen. No longer is the per capita wealth of the nation a real index to the prosperity of the average man. Labor on the other hand has shown an increasing self-consciousness, is combining and increasing its demands. In a word, the old pioneer individualism is disappearing, while the forces of social combination are manifesting themselves as never before. The self-made man has become, in popular speech, the coal baron, the steel king, the oil king, the cattle king, the railroad magnate, the master of high finance, the monarch of trusts. The world has never before seen such huge fortunes exercising combined control over the economic life of a people, and such luxury as has come out of the individualistic pioneer democracy of America in the course of competitive evolution. At the same time the masters of industry, who control interests which represent billions of dollars, do not admit that they have broken with pioneer ideals. They regard themselves as pioneers under changed conditions, carrying on the old work of developing the natural resources of the nation, compelled by the constructive fever in their veins, even in ill-health and old age and after the accumulation of wealth beyond their power to enjoy, to seek new avenues of action and of power, to chop new clearings, to find new trails, to expand the horizon of the nation's activity, and to extend the scope of their dominion. "This country," said the late Mr. Harriman in an interview a few years ago, "has been developed by a wonderful people, flush with enthusiasm, imagination and speculative bent. . . . They have been magnificent pioneers. They saw into the future and adapted their work to the possibilities. . . . Stifle that enthusiasm, deaden that imagination and prohibit that speculation by restrictive and cramping conservative law, and you tend to produce a moribund and conservative people and country." This is an appeal to the historic ideals of Americans who viewed the republic as the guardian of individual freedom to compete for the control of the natural resources of the nation. On the other hand, we have the voice of the insurgent West, recently given utterance in the New Nationalism of ex-President Roosevelt, demanding increase of federal authority to curb the special interests, the powerful industrial organizations, and the monopolies, for the sake of the conservation of our natural resources and the preservation of American democracy. The past decade has witnessed an extraordinary federal activity in limiting individual and corporate freedom for the benefit of society. To that decade belong the conservation congresses and the effective organization of the Forest Service, and the Reclamation Service. Taken together these developments alone would mark a new era, for over three hundred million acres are, as a result of this policy, reserved from entry and sale, an area more than equal to that of all the states which established the constitution, if we exclude their western claims; and these reserved lands are held for a more beneficial use of their forests, minerals, arid tracts, and water rights, by the nation as a whole. Another example is the extension of the activity of the Department of Agriculture, which seeks the remotest regions of the earth for crops suitable to the areas reclaimed by the government, maps and analyzes the soils, fosters the improvement of seeds and animals, tells the farmer when and how and what to plant, and makes war upon diseases of plants and animals and insect pests. The recent legislation for pure food and meat inspection, and the whole mass of regulative law under the Interstate Commerce clause of the constitution, further illustrates the same tendency. Two ideals were fundamental in traditional American thought, ideals that developed in the pioneer era. One was that of individual freedom to compete unrestrictedly for the resources of a continent--the squatter ideal. To the pioneer government was an evil. The other was the ideal of a democracy--"government of the people, by the people and for the people." The operation of these ideals took place contemporaneously with the passing into private possession of the free public domain and the natural resources of the United States. But American democracy was based on an abundance of free lands; these were the very conditions that shaped its growth and its fundamental traits. Thus time has revealed that these two ideals of pioneer democracy had elements of mutual hostility and contained the seeds of its dissolution. The present finds itself engaged in the task of readjusting its old ideals to new conditions and is turning increasingly to government to preserve its traditional democracy. It is not surprising that socialism shows noteworthy gains as elections continue; that parties are forming on new lines; that the demand for primary elections, for popular choice of senators, initiative, referendum, and recall, is spreading, and that the regions once the center of pioneer democracy exhibit these tendencies in the most marked degree. They are efforts to find substitutes for that former safeguard of democracy, the disappearing free lands. They are the sequence to the extinction of the frontier. It is necessary next to notice that in the midst of all this national energy, and contemporaneous with the tendency to turn to the national government for protection to democracy, there is clear evidence of the persistence and the development of sectionalism.[321:1] Whether we observe the grouping of votes in Congress and in general elections, or the organization and utterances of business leaders, or the association of scholars, churches, or other representatives of the things of the spirit, we find that American life is not only increasing in its national intensity but that it is integrating by sections. In part this is due to the factor of great spaces which make sectional rather than national organization the line of least resistance; but, in part, it is also the expression of the separate economic, political, and social interests and the separate spiritual life of the various geographic provinces or sections. The votes on the tariff, and in general the location of the strongholds of the Progressive Republican movement, illustrate this fact. The difficulty of a national adjustment of railway rates to the diverse interests of different sections is another example. Without attempting to enter upon a more extensive discussion of sectionalism, I desire simply to point out that there are evidences that now, as formerly, the separate geographical interests have their leaders and spokesmen, that much Congressional legislation is determined by the contests, triumphs, or compromises between the rival sections, and that the real federal relations of the United States are shaped by the interplay of sectional with national forces rather than by the relation of State and Nation. As time goes on and the nation adjusts itself more durably to the conditions of the differing geographic sections which make it up, they are coming to a new self-consciousness and a revived self-assertion. Our national character is a composite of these sections.[322:1] Obviously in attempting to indicate even a portion of the significant features of our recent history we have been obliged to take note of a complex of forces. The times are so close at hand that the relations between events and tendencies force themselves upon our attention. We have had to deal with the connections of geography, industrial growth, politics, and government. With these we must take into consideration the changing social composition, the inherited beliefs and habitual attitude of the masses of the people, the psychology of the nation and of the separate sections, as well as of the leaders. We must see how these leaders are shaped partly by their time and section, and how they are in part original, creative, by virtue of their own genius and initiative. We cannot neglect the moral tendencies and the ideals. All are related parts of the same subject and can no more be properly understood in isolation than the movement as a whole can be understood by neglecting some of these important factors, or by the use of a single method of investigation. Whatever be the truth regarding European history, American history is chiefly concerned with social forces, shaping and reshaping under the conditions of a nation changing as it adjusts to its environment. And this environment progressively reveals new aspects of itself, exerts new influences, and calls out new social organs and functions. I have undertaken this rapid survey of recent history for two purposes. First, because it has seemed fitting to emphasize the significance of American development since the passing of the frontier, and, second, because in the observation of present conditions we may find assistance in our study of the past. It is a familiar doctrine that each age studies its history anew and with interests determined by the spirit of the time. Each age finds it necessary to reconsider at least some portion of the past, from points of view furnished by new conditions which reveal the influence and significance of forces not adequately known by the historians of the previous generation. Unquestionably each investigator and writer is influenced by the times in which he lives and while this fact exposes the historian to a bias, at the same time it affords him new instruments and new insight for dealing with his subject. If recent history, then, gives new meaning to past events, if it has to deal with the rise into a commanding position of forces, the origin and growth of which may have been inadequately described or even overlooked by historians of the previous generation, it is important to study the present and the recent past, not only for themselves but also as the source of new hypotheses, new lines of inquiry, new criteria of the perspective of the remoter past. And, moreover, a just public opinion and a statesmanlike treatment of present problems demand that they be seen in their historical relations in order that history may hold the lamp for conservative reform. Seen from the vantage-ground of present developments what new light falls upon past events! When we consider what the Mississippi Valley has come to be in American life, and when we consider what it is yet to be, the young Washington, crossing the snows of the wilderness to summon the French to evacuate the portals of the great valley, becomes the herald of an empire. When we recall the huge industrial power that has centered at Pittsburgh, Braddock's advance to the forks of the Ohio takes on new meaning. Even in defeat, he opened a road to what is now the center of the world's industrial energy. The modifications which England proposed in 1794 to John Jay in the northwestern boundary of the United States from the Lake of the Woods to the Mississippi, seemed to him, doubtless, significant chiefly as a matter of principle and as a question of the retention or loss of beaver grounds. The historians hardly notice the proposals. But they involved, in fact, the ownership of the richest and most extensive deposits of iron ore in America, the all-important source of a fundamental industry of the United States, the occasion for the rise of some of the most influential forces of our time. What continuity and meaning are furnished by the outcome in present times of the movements of minor political parties and reform agitations! To the historian they have often seemed to be mere curious side eddies, vexatious distractions to the course of his literary craft as it navigated the stream of historical tendency. And yet, by the revelation of the present, what seemed to be side eddies have not seldom proven to be the concealed entrances to the main current, and the course which seemed the central one has led to blind channels and stagnant waters, important in their day, but cut off like oxbow lakes from the mighty river of historical progress by the mere permanent and compelling forces of the neglected currents. We may trace the contest between the capitalist and the democratic pioneer from the earliest colonial days. It is influential in colonial parties. It is seen in the vehement protests of Kentucky frontiersmen in petition after petition to the Congress of the Confederation against the "nabobs" and men of wealth who took out titles to the pioneers' farms while they themselves were too busy defending those farms from the Indians to perfect their claims. It is seen in the attitude of the Ohio Valley in its backwoods days before the rise of the Whig party, as when in 1811 Henry Clay denounced the Bank of the United States as a corporation which throve on special privileges--"a special association of favored individuals taken from the mass of society, and invested with exemptions and surrounded by immunities and privileges." Benton voiced the same contest twenty years later when he denounced the bank as a company of private individuals, many of them foreigners, and the mass of them residing in a remote and narrow corner of the Union, unconnected by any sympathy with the fertile regions of the Great Valley in which the natural power of this Union, the power of numbers, will be found to reside long before the renewed term of the second charter would expire. "And where," he asked, "would all this power and money center? In the great cities of the Northeast, which have been for forty years and that by force of federal legislation, the lion's den of Southern and Western money--that den into which all the tracks point inward; from which the returning track of a solitary dollar has never yet been seen." Declaring, in words that have a very modern sound, that the bank tended to multiply nabobs and paupers, and that "a great moneyed power is favorable to great capitalists, for it is the principle of capital to favor capital," he appealed to the fact of the country's extent and its sectional divergences against the nationalizing of capital. What a condition for a confederacy of states! What grounds for alarm and terrible apprehension when in a confederacy of such vast extent, so many rival commercial cities, so much sectional jealousy, such violent political parties, such fierce contests for power, there should be but one moneyed tribunal before which all the rival and contending elements must appear. Even more vehement were the words of Jackson in 1837. "It is now plain," he wrote, "that the war is to be carried on by the monied aristocracy of the few against the democracy of numbers; the [prosperous] to make the honest laborers hewers of wood and drawers of water through the credit and paper system." Van Buren's administration is usually passed hastily over with hardly more than mention of his Independent Treasury plan, and with particular consideration of the slavery discussion. But some of the most important movements in American social and political history began in these years of Jackson and Van Buren. Read the demands of the obscure labor papers and the reports of labor's open-air meetings anew, and you will find in the utterances of so-called labor visionaries and the Locofoco champions of "equal rights for all and special privileges for none," like Evans and Jacques, Byrdsall and Leggett, the finger points to the currents that now make the main channel of our history; you will find in them some of the important planks of the platforms of the triumphant parties of our own day. As Professor Commons has shown by his papers and the documents which he has published on labor history, an idealistic but widespread and influential humanitarian movement, strikingly similar to that of the present, arose in the years between 1830 and 1850, dealing with social forces in American life, animated by a desire to apply the public lands to social amelioration, eager to find new forms of democratic development. But the flood of the slavery struggle swept all of these movements into its mighty inundation for the time. After the war, other influences delayed the revival of the movement. The railroads opened the wide prairies after 1850 and made it easy to reach them; and decade after decade new sections were reduced to the purposes of civilization and to the advantages of the common man as well as the promotion of great individual fortunes. The nation centered its interests in the development of the West. It is only in our own day that this humanitarian democratic wave has reached the level of those earlier years. But in the meantime there are clear evidences of the persistence of the forces, even though under strange guise. Read the platforms of the Greenback-Labor, the Granger, and the Populist parties, and you will find in those platforms, discredited and reprobated by the major parties of the time, the basic proposals of the Democratic party after its revolution under the leadership of Mr. Bryan, and of the Republican party after its revolution by Mr. Roosevelt. The Insurgent movement is so clearly related to the areas and elements that gave strength to this progressive assertion of old democratic ideals with new weapons, that it must be regarded as the organized refusal of these persistent tendencies to be checked by the advocates of more moderate measures. I have dealt with these fragments of party history, not, of course, with the purpose of expressing any present judgment upon them, but to emphasize and give concreteness to the fact that there is disclosed by present events a new significance to these contests of radical democracy and conservative interests; that they are rather a continuing expression of deep-seated forces than fragmentary and sporadic curios for the historical museum. If we should survey the history of our lands from a similar point of view, considering the relations of legislation and administration of the public domain to the structure of American democracy, it would yield a return far beyond that offered by the formal treatment of the subject in most of our histories. We should find in the squatter doctrines and practices, the seizure of the best soils, the taking of public timber on the theory of a right to it by the labor expended on it, fruitful material for understanding the atmosphere and ideals under which the great corporations developed the West. Men like Senator Benton and Delegate Sibley in successive generations defended the trespasses of the pioneer and the lumberman upon the public forest lands, and denounced the paternal government that "harassed" these men, who were engaged in what we should call stealing government timber. It is evident that at some time between the middle of the nineteenth century and the present time, when we impose jail sentences upon Congressmen caught in such violations of the land laws, a change came over the American conscience and the civic ideals were modified. That our great industrial enterprises developed in the midst of these changing ideals is important to recall when we write the history of their activity. We should find also that we cannot understand the land question without seeing its relations to the struggle of sections and classes bidding against each other and finding in the public domain a most important topic of political bargaining. We should find, too, that the settlement of unlike geographic areas in the course of the nation's progress resulted in changes in the effect of the land laws; that a system intended for the humid prairies was ill-adjusted to the grazing lands and coal fields and to the forests in the days of large-scale exploitation by corporations commanding great capital. Thus changing geographic factors as well as the changing character of the forces which occupied the public domain must be considered, if we would understand the bearing of legislation and policy in this field.[329:1] It is fortunate that suggestive studies of democracy and the land policy have already begun to appear. The whole subject of American agriculture viewed in relation to the economic, political, and social life of the nation has important contributions to make. If, for example, we study the maps showing the transition of the wheat belt from the East to the West, as the virgin soils were conquered and made new bases for destructive competition with the older wheat States, we shall see how deeply they affected not only land values, railroad building, the movement of population, and the supply of cheap food, but also how the regions once devoted to single cropping of wheat were forced to turn to varied and intensive agriculture and to diversified industry, and we shall see also how these transformations affected party politics and even the ideals of the Americans of the regions thus changed. We shall find in the over-production of wheat in the provinces thus rapidly colonized, and in the over-production of silver in the mountain provinces which were contemporaneously exploited, important explanations of the peculiar form which American politics took in the period when Mr. Bryan mastered the Democratic party, just as we shall find in the opening of the new gold fields in the years immediately following, and in the passing of the era of almost free virgin wheat soils, explanations of the more recent period when high prices are giving new energy and aggressiveness to the demands of the new American industrial democracy. Enough has been said, it may be assumed, to make clear the point which I am trying to elucidate, namely that a comprehension of the United States of to-day, an understanding of the rise and progress of the forces which have made it what it is, demands that we should rework our history from the new points of view afforded by the present. If this is done, it will be seen, for example, that the progress of the struggle between North and South over slavery and the freed negro, which held the principal place in American interest in the two decades after 1850, was, after all, only one of the interests in the time. The pages of the Congressional debates, the contemporary newspapers, the public documents of those twenty years, remain a rich mine for those who will seek therein the sources of movements dominant in the present day. The final consideration to which I ask your attention in this discussion of social forces in American life, is with reference to the mode of investigating them and the bearing of these investigations upon the relations and the goal of history. It has become a precedent, fairly well established by the distinguished scholars who have held the office which I am about to lay down, to state a position with reference to the relations of history and its sister-studies, and even to raise the question of the attitude of the historian toward the laws of thermodynamics and to seek to find the key of historical development or of historical degradation. It is not given to all to bend the bow of Ulysses. I shall attempt a lesser task. We may take some lessons from the scientist. He has enriched knowledge especially in recent years by attacking the no-man's lands left unexplored by the too sharp delimitation of spheres of activity. These new conquests have been especially achieved by the combination of old sciences. Physical chemistry, electro-chemistry, geo-physics, astro-physics, and a variety of other scientic unions have led to audacious hypotheses, veritable flashes of vision, which open new regions of activity for a generation of investigators. Moreover they have promoted such investigations by furnishing new instruments of research. Now in some respects there is an analogy between geology and history. The new geologist aims to describe the inorganic earth dynamically in terms of natural law, using chemistry, physics, mathematics, and even botany and zoölogy so far as they relate to paleontology. But he does not insist that the relative importance of physical or chemical factors shall be determined before he applies the methods and data of these sciences to his problem. Indeed, he has learned that a geological area is too complex a thing to be reduced to a single explanation. He has abandoned the single hypothesis for the multiple hypothesis. He creates a whole family of possible explanations of a given problem and thus avoids the warping influence of partiality for a simple theory. Have we not here an illustration of what is possible and necessary for the historian? Is it not well, before attempting to decide whether history requires an economic interpretation, or a psychological, or any other ultimate interpretation, to recognize that the factors in human society are varied and complex; that the political historian handling his subject in isolation is certain to miss fundamental facts and relations in his treatment of a given age or nation; that the economic historian is exposed to the same danger; and so of all of the other special historians? Those who insist that history is simply the effort to tell the thing exactly as it was, to state the facts, are confronted with the difficulty that the fact which they would represent is not planted on the solid ground of fixed conditions; it is in the midst and is itself a part of the changing currents, the complex and interacting influences of the time, deriving its significance as a fact from its relations to the deeper-seated movements of the age, movements so gradual that often only the passing years can reveal the truth about the fact and its right to a place on the historian's page. The economic historian is in danger of making his analysis and his statement of a law on the basis of present conditions and then passing to history for justificatory appendixes to his conclusions. An American economist of high rank has recently expressed his conception of "the full relation of economic theory, statistics, and history" in these words: A principle is formulated by _a priori_ reasoning concerning facts of common experience; it is then tested by statistics and promoted to the rank of a known and acknowledged truth; illustrations of its action are then found in narrative history and, on the other hand, the economic law becomes the interpreter of records that would otherwise be confusing and comparatively valueless; the law itself derives its final confirmation from the illustrations of its working which the records afford; but what is at least of equal importance is the parallel fact that the law affords the decisive test of the correctness of those assertions concerning the causes and the effects of past events which it is second nature to make and which historians almost invariably do make in connection with their narrations.[333:1] There is much in this statement by which the historian may profit, but he may doubt also whether the past should serve merely as the "illustration" by which to confirm the law deduced from common experience by _a priori_ reasoning tested by statistics. In fact the pathway of history is strewn with the wrecks of the "known and acknowledged truths" of economic law, due not only to defective analysis and imperfect statistics, but also to the lack of critical historical methods, of insufficient historical-mindedness on the part of the economist, to failure to give due attention to the relativity and transiency of the conditions from which his laws were deduced. But the point on which I would lay stress is this. The economist, the political scientist, the psychologist, the sociologist, the geographer, the student of literature, of art, of religion--all the allied laborers in the study of society--have contributions to make to the equipment of the historian. These contributions are partly of material, partly of tools, partly of new points of view, new hypotheses, new suggestions of relations, causes, and emphasis. Each of these special students is in some danger of bias by his particular point of view, by his exposure to see simply the thing in which he is primarily interested, and also by his effort to deduce the universal laws of his separate science. The historian, on the other hand, is exposed to the danger of dealing with the complex and interacting social forces of a period or of a country, from some single point of view to which his special training or interest inclines him. If the truth is to be made known, the historian must so far familiarize himself with the work, and equip himself with the training of his sister-subjects that he can at least avail himself of their results and in some reasonable degree master the essential tools of their trade. And the followers of the sister-studies must likewise familiarize themselves and their students with the work and the methods of the historians, and coöperate in the difficult task. It is necessary that the American historian shall aim at this equipment, not so much that he may possess the key to history or satisfy himself in regard to its ultimate laws. At present a different duty is before him. He must see in American society with its vast spaces, its sections equal to European nations, its geographic influences, its brief period of development, its variety of nationalities and races, its extraordinary industrial growth under the conditions of freedom, its institutions, culture, ideals, social psychology, and even its religions forming and changing almost under his eyes, one of the richest fields ever offered for the preliminary recognition and study of the forces that operate and interplay in the making of society. FOOTNOTES: [311:1] Annual address as the president of the American Historical Association, delivered at Indianapolis, December 28, 1910. Reprinted by permission from _The American Historical Review_, January, 1911. [313:1] Van Hise, "Conservation of Natural Resources," pp. 23, 24. [316:1] _Atlantic Monthly_, December, 1908, vii, p. 745. [317:1] [Although the words of these early land debates are quoted above in Chapter VI, they are repeated because of the light they cast upon the present problem.] [321:1] [I have outlined this subject in various essays, including the article on "Sectionalism" in McLaughlin and Hart, "Cyclopedia of Government."] [322:1] [It is not impossible that they may ultimately replace the State as the significant administrative and legislative units. There are strong evidences of this tendency, such as the organization of the Federal Reserve districts, and proposals for railroad administration by regions.] [329:1] [See R. G. Wellington, "Public Lands, 1820-1840"; G. M. Stephenson, "Public Lands, 1841-1862"; J. Ise, "Forest Policy."] [333:1] Professor J. B. Clark, in Commons, ed., "Documentary History of American Industrial Society," I. 43-44. XIII MIDDLE WESTERN PIONEER DEMOCRACY[335:1] In time of war, when all that this nation has stood for, all the things in which it passionately believes, are at stake, we have met to dedicate this beautiful home for history. There is a fitness in the occasion. It is for historic ideals that we are fighting. If this nation is one for which we should pour out our savings, postpone our differences, go hungry, and even give up life itself, it is not because it is a rich, extensive, well-fed and populous nation; it is because from its early days America has pressed onward toward a goal of its own; that it has followed an ideal, the ideal of a democracy developing under conditions unlike those of any other age or country. We are fighting not for an Old World ideal, not for an abstraction, not for a philosophical revolution. Broad and generous as are our sympathies, widely scattered in origin as are our people, keenly as we feel the call of kinship, the thrill of sympathy with the stricken nations across the Atlantic, we are fighting for the historic ideals of the United States, for the continued existence of the type of society in which we believe, because we have proved it good, for the things which drew European exiles to our shores, and which inspired the hopes of the pioneers. We are at war that the history of the United States, rich with the record of high human purposes, and of faith in the destiny of the common man under freedom, filled with the promises of a better world, may not become the lost and tragic story of a futile dream. Yes, it is an American ideal and an American example for which we fight; but in that ideal and example lies medicine for the healing of the nations. It is the best we have to give to Europe, and it is a matter of vital import that we shall safeguard and preserve our power to serve the world, and not be overwhelmed in the flood of imperialistic force that wills the death of democracy and would send the freeman under the yoke. Essential as are our contributions of wealth, the work of our scientists, the toil of our farmers and our workmen in factory and shipyard, priceless as is the stream of young American manhood which we pour forth to stop the flood which flows like moulten lava across the green fields and peaceful hamlets of Europe toward the sea and turns to ashes and death all that it covers, these contributions have their deeper meaning in the American spirit. They are born of the love of Democracy. Long ago in prophetic words Walt Whitman voiced the meaning of our present sacrifices: "Sail, sail thy best, ship of Democracy, Of value is thy freight, 'tis not the Present only, The Past is also stored in thee, Thou holdest not the venture of thyself alone, not of the Western Continent alone, Earth's résumé entire floats on thy keel, O ship, is steadied by thy spars, With thee Time voyages in trust, the antecedent nations sink or swim with thee, With all their ancient struggles, martyrs, heroes, epics, wars, thou bear'st the other continents, Theirs, theirs as much as thine, the destination-port triumphant." Shortly before the Civil War, a great German, exiled from his native land for his love of freedom, came from his new home among the pioneers of the Middle West to set forth in Faneuil Hall, the "cradle of liberty," in Boston, his vision of the young America that was forming in the West, "the last depository of the hopes of all true friends of humanity." Speaking of the contrast between the migrations to the Mississippi Valley and those of the Old World in other centuries, he said: It is now not a barbarous multitude pouncing upon old and decrepit empires, not a violent concussion of tribes accompanied by all the horrors of general destruction, but we see the vigorous elements--peaceably congregating and mingling together on virgin soil--; led together by the irresistible attraction of free and broad principles; undertaking to commence a new era in the history of the world, without first destroying the results of the progress of past periods; undertaking to found a cosmopolitan nation without marching over the dead bodies of slain millions. If Carl Schurz had lived to see the outcome of that Germany from which he was sent as an exile, in the days when Prussian bayonets dispersed the legislatures and stamped out the beginnings of democratic rule in his former country, could he have better pictured the contrasts between the Prussian and the American spirit? He went on to say: Thus was founded the _great colony of free humanity_, which has not old England alone, but the _world_ for its mother country. And in the colony of free humanity, whose mother country is the world, they established the Republic of equal rights where the title of manhood is the title to citizenship. My friends, if I had a thousand tongues, and a voice as strong as the thunder of heaven, they would not be sufficient to impress upon your minds forcibly enough the greatness of this idea, the overshadowing glory of this result. This was the dream of the truest friends of man from the beginning; for this the noblest blood of martyrs has been shed; for this has mankind waded through seas of blood and tears. There it is now; there it stands, the noble fabric in all the splendor of reality. It is in a solemn and inspiring time, therefore, that we meet to dedicate this building, and the occasion is fitting to the time. We may now see, as never before, the deeper significance, the larger meaning of these pioneers, whose plain lives and homely annals are glorified as a part of the story of the building of a better system of social justice under freedom, a broader, and as we fervently hope, a more enduring foundation for the welfare and progress under individual liberty of the common man, an example of federation, of peaceful adjustments by compromise and concession under a self-governing Republic, where sections replace nations over a Union as large as Europe, where party discussions take the place of warring countries, where the _Pax Americana_ furnishes an example for a better world. As our forefathers, the pioneers, gathered in their neighborhood to raise the log cabin, and sanctified it by the name of home, the dwelling place of pioneer ideals, so we meet to celebrate the raising of this home, this shrine of Minnesota's historic life. It symbolizes the conviction that the past and the future of this people are tied together; that this Historical Society is the keeper of the records of a noteworthy movement in the progress of mankind; that these records are not unmeaning and antiquarian, but even in their details are worthy of preservation for their revelation of the beginnings of society in the midst of a nation caught by the vision of a better future for the world. Let me repeat the words of Harriet Martineau, who portrayed the American of the thirties: I regard the American people as a great embryo poet, now moody, now wild, but bringing out results of absolute good sense; restless and wayward in action, but with deep peace at his heart; exulting that he has caught the true aspect of things past and the depth of futurity which lies before him, wherein to create something so magnificent as the world has scarcely begun to dream of. There is the strongest hope of a nation that is capable of being possessed with an idea. And recall her appeal to the American people to "cherish their high democratic hope, their faith in man. The older they grow the more they must reverence the dreams of their youth." The dreams of their youth! Here they shall be preserved, and the achievements as well as the aspirations of the men who made the State, the men who built on their foundations, the men with large vision and power of action, the lesser men in the mass, the leaders who served the State and nation with devotion to the cause. Here shall be preserved the record of the men who failed to see the larger vision and worked impatiently with narrow or selfish or class ends, as well as of those who labored with patience and sympathy and mutual concession, with readiness to make adjustments and to subordinate their immediate interests to the larger good and the immediate safety of the nation. In the archives of such an old institution as that of the Historical Society of Massachusetts, whose treasures run to the beginnings of the Puritan colonization, the students cannot fail to find the evidence that a State Historical Society is a Book of Judgment wherein is made up the record of a people and its leaders. So, as time unfolds, shall be the collections of this Society, the depository of the material that shall preserve the memory of this people. Each section of this widely extended and varied nation has its own peculiar past, its special form of society, its traits and its leaders. It were a pity if any section left its annals solely to the collectors of a remote region, and it were a pity if its collections were not transformed into printed documents and monographic studies which can go to the libraries of all the parts of the Union and thus enable the student to see the nation as a whole in its past as well as in its present. This Society finds its special field of activity in a great State of the Middle West, so new, as history reckons time, that its annals are still predominantly those of the pioneers, but so rapidly growing that already the era of the pioneers is a part of the history of the past, capable of being handled objectively, seen in a perspective that is not possible to the observer of the present conditions. Because of these facts I have taken as the special theme of this address the Middle Western Pioneer Democracy, which I would sketch in some of its outstanding aspects, and chiefly in the generation before the Civil War, for it was from those pioneers that the later colonization to the newer parts of the Mississippi Valley derived much of their traits, and from whom large numbers of them came. The North Central States as a whole is a region comparable to all of Central Europe. Of these States, a large part of the old Northwest,--Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin; and their sisters beyond the Mississippi--Missouri, Iowa and Minnesota--were still, in the middle of the nineteenth century, the home of an essentially pioneer society. Within the lifetime of many living men, Wisconsin was called the "Far West," and Minnesota was a land of the Indian and the fur traders, a wilderness of forest and prairie beyond the "edge of cultivation." That portion of this great region which was still in the pioneering period of settlement by 1850 was alone about as extensive as the old thirteen States, or Germany and Austria-Hungary combined. The region was a huge geographic mold for a new society, modeled by nature on the scale of the Great Lakes, the Ohio Valley, the upper Mississippi and the Missouri. Simple and majestic in its vast outlines it was graven into a variety that in its detail also had a largeness of design. From the Great Lakes extended the massive glacial sheet which covered that mighty basin and laid down treasures of soil. Vast forests of pine shrouded its upper zone, breaking into hardwood and the oak openings as they neared the ocean-like expanses of the prairies. Forests again along the Ohio Valley, and beyond, to the west, lay the levels of the Great Plains. Within the earth were unexploited treasures of coal and lead, copper and iron in such form and quantity as were to revolutionize the industrial processes of the world. But nature's revelations are progressive, and it was rather the marvelous adaptation of the soil to the raising of corn and wheat that drew the pioneers to this land of promise, and made a new era of colonization. In the unity with variety of this pioneer empire and in its broad levels we have a promise of its society. First had come the children of the interior of the South, and with ax and rifle in hand had cut their clearings in the forest, raised their log cabins, fought the Indians and by 1830 had pushed their way to the very edge of the prairies along the Ohio and Missouri Valleys, leaving unoccupied most of the Basin of the Great Lakes. These slashers of the forest, these self-sufficing pioneers, raising the corn and live stock for their own need, living scattered and apart, had at first small interest in town life or a share in markets. They were passionately devoted to the ideal of equality, but it was an ideal which assumed that under free conditions in the midst of unlimited resources, the homogeneous society of the pioneers _must_ result in equality. What they objected to was arbitrary obstacles, artificial limitations upon the freedom of each member of this frontier folk to work out his own career without fear or favor. What they instinctively opposed was the crystallization of differences, the monopolization of opportunity and the fixing of that monopoly by government or by social customs. The road must be open. The game must be played according to the rules. There must be no artificial stifling of equality of opportunity, no closed doors to the able, no stopping the free game before it was played to the end. More than that, there was an unformulated, perhaps, but very real feeling, that mere success in the game, by which the abler men were able to achieve preëminence gave to the successful ones no right to look down upon their neighbors, no vested title to assert superiority as a matter of pride and to the diminution of the equal right and dignity of the less successful. If this democracy of Southern pioneers, this Jacksonian democracy, was, as its socialist critics have called it, in reality a democracy of "expectant capitalists," it was not one which expected or acknowledged on the part of the successful ones the right to harden their triumphs into the rule of a privileged class. In short, if it is indeed true that the backwoods democracy was based upon equality of opportunity, it is also true that it resented the conception that opportunity under competition should result in the hopeless inequality, or rule of class. Ever a new clearing must be possible. And because the wilderness seemed so unending, the menace to the enjoyment of this ideal seemed rather to be feared from government, within or without, than from the operations of internal evolution. From the first, it became evident that these men had means of supplementing their individual activity by informal combinations. One of the things that impressed all early travelers in the United States was the capacity for extra-legal, voluntary association.[343:1] This was natural enough; in all America we can study the process by which in a new land social customs form and crystallize into law. We can even see how the personal leader becomes the governmental official. This power of the newly arrived pioneers to join together for a common end without the intervention of governmental institutions was one of their marked characteristics. The log rolling, the house-raising, the husking bee, the apple paring, and the squatters' associations whereby they protected themselves against the speculators in securing title to their clearings on the public domain, the camp meeting, the mining camp, the vigilantes, the cattle-raisers' associations, the "gentlemen's agreements," are a few of the indications of this attitude. It is well to emphasize this American trait, because in a modified way it has come to be one of the most characteristic and important features of the United States of to-day. America does through informal association and understandings on the part of the people many of the things which in the Old World are and can be done only by governmental intervention and compulsion. These associations were in America not due to immemorial custom of tribe or village community. They were extemporized by voluntary action. The actions of these associations had an authority akin to that of law. They were usually not so much evidences of a disrespect for law and order as the only means by which real law and order were possible in a region where settlement and society had gone in advance of the institutions and instrumentalities of organized society. Because of these elements of individualistic competition and the power of spontaneous association, pioneers were responsive to leadership. The backwoodsmen knew that under the free opportunities of his life the abler man would reveal himself, and show them the way. By free choice and not by compulsion, by spontaneous impulse, and not by the domination of a caste, they rallied around a cause, they supported an issue. They yielded to the principle of government by agreement, and they hated the doctrine of autocracy even before it gained a name. They looked forward to the extension of their American principles to the Old World and their keenest apprehensions came from the possibility of the extension of the Old World's system of arbitrary rule, its class wars and rivalries and interventions to the destruction of the free States and democratic institutions which they were building in the forests of America. If we add to these aspects of early backwoods democracy, its spiritual qualities, we shall more easily understand them. These men were emotional. As they wrested their clearing from the woods and from the savages who surrounded them, as they expanded that clearing and saw the beginnings of commonwealths, where only little communities had been, and as they saw these commonwealths touch hands with each other along the great course of the Mississippi River, they became enthusiastically optimistic and confident of the continued expansion of this democracy. They had faith in themselves and their destiny. And that optimistic faith was responsible both for their confidence in their own ability to rule and for the passion for expansion. They looked to the future. "Others appeal to history: an American appeals to prophecy; and with Malthus in one hand and a map of the back country in the other, he boldly defies us to a comparison with America as she is to be," said a London periodical in 1821. Just because, perhaps, of the usual isolation of their lives, when they came together in associations whether of the camp meeting or of the political gathering, they felt the influence of a common emotion and enthusiasm. Whether Scotch-Irish Presbyterian, Baptist, or Methodist, these people saturated their religion and their politics with feeling. Both the stump and the pulpit were centers of energy, electric cells capable of starting widespreading fires. They _felt_ both their religion and their democracy, and were ready to fight for it. This democracy was one that involved a real feeling of social comradeship among its widespread members. Justice Catron, who came from Arkansas to the Supreme Court in the presidency of Jackson, said: "The people of New Orleans and St. Louis are next neighbors--if we desire to know a man in any quarter of the union we inquire of our next neighbor, who but the other day lived by him." Exaggerated as this is, it nevertheless had a surprising measure of truth for the Middle West as well. For the Mississippi River was the great highway down which groups of pioneers like Abraham Lincoln, on their rafts and flat boats, brought the little neighborhood surplus. After the steamboat came to the western waters the voyages up and down by merchants and by farmers shifting their homes, brought people into contact with each other over wide areas. This enlarged neighborhood democracy was determined not by a reluctant admission that under the law one man is as good as another; it was based upon "good fellowship," sympathy and understanding. They were of a stock, moreover, which sought new trails and were ready to follow where the trail led, innovators in society as well as finders of new lands. By 1830 the Southern inundation ebbed and a different tide flowed in from the northeast by way of the Erie Canal and steam navigation on the Great Lakes to occupy the zone unreached by Southern settlement. This new tide spread along the margins of the Great Lakes, found the oak openings and small prairie islands of Southern Michigan and Wisconsin; followed the fertile forested ribbons along the river courses far into the prairie lands; and by the end of the forties began to venture into the margin of the open prairie. In 1830 the Middle West contained a little over a million and a half people; in 1840, over three and a third millions; in 1850, nearly five and a half millions. Although in 1830 the North Atlantic States numbered between three and four times as many people as the Middle West, yet in those two decades the Middle West made an actual gain of several hundred thousand more than did the old section. Counties in the newer states rose from a few hundred to ten or fifteen thousand people in the space of less than five years. Suddenly, with astonishing rapidity and volume, a new people was forming with varied elements, ideals and institutions drawn from all over this nation and from Europe. They were confronted with the problem of adjusting different stocks, varied customs and habits, to their new home. In comparison with the Ohio Valley, the peculiarity of the occupation of the northern zone of the Middle West, lay in the fact that the native element was predominantly from the older settlements of the Middle West itself and from New York and New England. But it was from the central and western counties of New York and from the western and northern parts of New England, the rural regions of declining agricultural prosperity, that the bulk of this element came. Thus the influence of the Middle West stretched into the Northeast, and attracted a farming population already suffering from western competition. The advantage of abundant, fertile, and cheap land, the richer agricultural returns, and especially the opportunities for youth to rise in all the trades and professions, gave strength to this competition. By it New England was profoundly and permanently modified. This Yankee stock carried with it a habit of community life, in contrast with the individualistic democracy of the Southern element. The colonizing land companies, the town, the school, the church, the feeling of local unity, furnished the evidences of this instinct for communities. This instinct was accompanied by the creation of cities, the production of a surplus for market, the reaching out to connections with the trading centers of the East, the evolution of a more complex and at the same time a more integrated industrial society than that of the Southern pioneer. But they did not carry with them the unmodified New England institutions and traits. They came at a time and from a people less satisfied with the old order than were their neighbors in the East. They were the young men with initiative, with discontent; the New York element especially was affected by the radicalism of Locofoco democracy which was in itself a protest against the established order. The winds of the prairies swept away almost at once a mass of old habits and prepossessions. Said one of these pioneers in a letter to friends in the East: If you value ease more than money or prosperity, don't come. . . . Hands are too few for the work, houses for the inhabitants, and days for the day's work to be done. . . . Next if you can't stand seeing your old New England ideas, ways of doing, and living and in fact, all of the good old Yankee fashions knocked out of shape and altered, or thrown by as unsuited to the climate, don't be caught out here. But if you can bear grief with a smile, can put up with a scale of accommodations ranging from the soft side of a plank before the fire (and perhaps three in a bed at that) down through the middling and inferior grades; if you are never at a loss for ways to do the most unpracticable things without tools; if you can do all this and some more come on. . . . It is a universal rule here to help one another, each one keeping an eye single to his own business. They knew that they were leaving many dear associations of the old home, giving up many of the comforts of life, sacrificing things which those who remained thought too vital to civilization to be left. But they were not mere materialists ready to surrender all that life is worth for immediate gain. They were idealists themselves, sacrificing the ease of the immediate future for the welfare of their children, and convinced of the possibility of helping to bring about a better social order and a freer life. They were social idealists. But they based their ideals on trust in the common man and the readiness to make adjustments, not on the rule of a benevolent despot or a controlling class. The attraction of this new home reached also into the Old World and gave a new hope and new impulses to the people of Germany, of England, of Ireland, and of Scandinavia. Both economic influences and revolutionary discontent promoted German migration at this time; economic causes brought the larger volume, but the quest for liberty brought the leaders, many of whom were German political exiles. While the latter urged, with varying degrees of emphasis, that their own contribution should be preserved in their new surroundings, and a few visionaries even talked of a German State in the federal system, what was noteworthy was the adjustment of the emigrants of the thirties and forties to Middle Western conditions; the response to the opportunity to create a new type of society in which all gave and all received and no element remained isolated. Society was plastic. In the midst of more or less antagonism between "bowie knife Southerners," "cow-milking Yankee Puritans," "beer-drinking Germans," "wild Irishmen," a process of mutual education, a giving and taking, was at work. In the outcome, in spite of slowness of assimilation where different groups were compact and isolated from the others, and a certain persistence of inherited _morale_, there was the creation of a new type, which was neither the sum of all its elements, nor a complete fusion in a melting pot. They were American pioneers, not outlying fragments of New England, of Germany, or of Norway. The Germans were most strongly represented in the Missouri Valley, in St. Louis, in Illinois opposite that city, and in the Lake Shore counties of eastern Wisconsin north from Milwaukee. In Cincinnati and Cleveland there were many Germans, while in nearly half the counties of Ohio, the German immigrants and the Pennsylvania Germans held nearly or quite the balance of political power. The Irish came primarily as workers on turnpikes, canals and railroads, and tended to remain along such lines, or to gather in the growing cities. The Scandinavians, of whom the largest proportion were Norwegians, founded their colonies in Northern Illinois, and in Southern Wisconsin about the Fox and the head waters of Rock River, whence in later years they spread into Iowa, Minnesota and North Dakota. By 1850 about one-sixth of the people of the Middle West were of North Atlantic birth, about one-eighth of Southern birth, and a like fraction of foreign birth, of whom the Germans were twice as numerous as the Irish, and the Scandinavians only slightly more numerous than the Welsh, and fewer than the Scotch. There were only a dozen Scandinavians in Minnesota. The natives of the British Islands, together with the natives of British North America in the Middle West, numbered nearly as many as the natives of German lands. But in 1850 almost three-fifths of the population were natives of the Middle West itself, and over a third of the population lived in Ohio. The cities were especially a mixture of peoples. In the five larger cities of the section natives and foreigners were nearly balanced. In Chicago the Irish, Germans and natives of the North Atlantic States about equaled each other. But in all the other cities, the Germans exceeded the Irish in varying proportions. There were nearly three to one in Milwaukee. It is not merely that the section was growing rapidly and was made up of various stocks with many different cultures, sectional and European; what is more significant is that these elements did not remain as separate strata underneath an established ruling order, as was the case particularly in New England. All were accepted and intermingling components of a forming society, plastic and absorptive. This characteristic of the section as "a good mixer" became fixed before the large immigrations of the eighties. The foundations of the section were laid firmly in a period when the foreign elements were particularly free and eager to contribute to a new society and to receive an impress from the country which offered them a liberty denied abroad. Significant as is this fact, and influential in the solution of America's present problems, it is no more important than the fact that in the decade before the Civil War, the Southern element in the Middle West had also had nearly two generations of direct association with the Northern, and had finally been engulfed in a tide of Northeastern and Old World settlers. In this society of pioneers men learned to drop their old national animosities. One of the Immigrant Guides of the fifties urged the newcomers to abandon their racial animosities. "The American laughs at these steerage quarrels," said the author. Thus the Middle West was teaching the lesson of national cross-fertilization instead of national enmities, the possibility of a newer and richer civilization, not by preserving unmodified or isolated the old component elements, but by breaking down the line-fences, by merging the individual life in the common product--a new product, which held the promise of world brotherhood. If the pioneers divided their allegiance between various parties, Whig, Democrat, Free Soil or Republican, it does not follow that the western Whig was like the eastern Whig. There was an infiltration of a western quality into all of these. The western Whig supported Harrison more because he was a pioneer than because he was a Whig. It saw in him a legitimate successor of Andrew Jackson. The campaign of 1840 was a Middle Western camp meeting on a huge scale. The log cabins, the cider and the coonskins were the symbols of the triumph of Middle Western ideas, and were carried with misgivings by the merchants, the bankers and the manufacturers of the East. In like fashion, the Middle Western wing of the Democratic party was as different from the Southern wing wherein lay its strength, as Douglas was from Calhoun. It had little in common with the slaveholding classes of the South, even while it felt the kinship of the pioneer with the people of the Southern upland stock from which so many Westerners were descended. In the later forties and early fifties most of the Middle Western States made constitutions. The debates in their conventions and the results embodied in the constitutions themselves tell the story of their political ideals. Of course, they based the franchise on the principle of manhood suffrage. But they also provided for an elective judiciary, for restrictions on the borrowing power of the State, lest it fall under the control of what they feared as the money power, and several of them either provided for the extinguishment of banks of issue, or rigidly restrained them. Some of them exempted the homestead from forced sale for debt; married women's legal rights were prominent topics in the debates of the conventions, and Wisconsin led off by permitting the alien to vote after a year's residence. It welcomed the newcomer to the freedom and to the obligations of American citizenship. Although this pioneer society was preponderantly an agricultural society it was rapidly learning that agriculture alone was not sufficient for its life. It was developing manufactures, trade, mining, the professions, and becoming conscious that in a progressive modern state it was possible to pass from one industry to another and that all were bound by common ties. But it is significant that in the census of 1850, Ohio, out of a population of two millions, reported only a thousand servants, Iowa only ten in two hundred thousand and Minnesota fifteen in its six thousand. In the intellectual life of this new democracy there was already the promise of original contributions even in the midst of the engrossing toil and hard life of the pioneer. The country editor was a leader of his people, not a patent-insides recorder of social functions, but a vigorous and independent thinker and writer. The subscribers to the newspaper published in the section were higher in proportion to population than in the State of New York and not greatly inferior to those of New England, although such eastern papers as the _New York Tribune_ had an extensive circulation throughout the Middle West. The agricultural press presupposed in its articles and contributions a level of general intelligence and interest above that of the later farmers of the section, at least before the present day. Farmer boys walked behind the plow with their book in hand and sometimes forgot to turn at the end of the furrow; even rare boys, who, like the young Howells, "limped barefoot by his father's side with his eyes on the cow and his mind on Cervantes and Shakespeare." Periodicals flourished and faded like the prairie flowers. Some of Emerson's best poems first appeared in one of these Ohio Valley magazines. But for the most part the literature of the region and the period was imitative or reflective of the common things in a not uncommon way. It is to its children that the Middle West had to look for the expression of its life and its ideals rather than to the busy pioneer who was breaking a prairie farm or building up a new community. Illiteracy was least among the Yankee pioneers and highest among the Southern element. When illiteracy is mapped for 1850 by percentages there appears two distinct zones, the one extending from New England, the other from the South. The influence of New England men was strong in the Yankee regions of the Middle West. Home missionaries, and representatives of societies for the promotion of education in the West, both in the common school and denominational colleges, scattered themselves throughout the region and left a deep impress in all these States. The conception was firmly fixed in the thirties and forties that the West was the coming power in the Union, that the fate of civilization was in its hands, and therefore rival sects and rival sections strove to influence it to their own types. But the Middle West shaped all these educational contributions according to her own needs and ideals. The State Universities were for the most part the result of agitation and proposals of men of New England origin; but they became characteristic products of Middle Western society, where the community as a whole, rather than wealthy benefactors, supported these institutions. In the end the community determined their directions in accord with popular ideals. They reached down more deeply into the ranks of the common people than did the New England or Middle State Colleges; they laid more emphasis upon the obviously useful, and became coëducational at an early date. This dominance of the community ideals had dangers for the Universities, which were called to raise ideals and to point new ways, rather than to conform. Challenging the spaces of the West, struck by the rapidity with which a new society was unfolding under their gaze, it is not strange that the pioneers dealt in the superlative and saw their destiny with optimistic eyes. The meadow lot of the small intervale had become the prairie, stretching farther than their gaze could reach. All was motion and change. A restlessness was universal. Men moved, in their single life, from Vermont to New York, from New York to Ohio, from Ohio to Wisconsin, from Wisconsin to California, and longed for the Hawaiian Islands. When the bark started from their fence rails, they felt the call to change. They were conscious of the mobility of their society and gloried in it. They broke with the Past and thought to create something finer, more fitting for humanity, more beneficial for the average man than the world had ever seen. "With the Past we have literally nothing to do," said B. Gratz Brown in a Missouri Fourth of July oration in 1850, "save to dream of it. Its lessons are lost and its tongue is silent. We are ourselves at the head and front of all political experience. Precedents have lost their virtue and all their authority is gone. . . . Experience can profit us only to guard from antequated delusions." "The yoke of opinion," wrote Channing to a Western friend, speaking of New England, "is a heavy one, often crushing individuality of judgment and action," and he added that the habits, rules, and criticisms under which he had grown up had not left him the freedom and courage which are needed in the style of address best suited to the Western people. Channing no doubt unduly stressed the freedom of the West in this respect. The frontier had its own conventions and prejudices, and New England was breaking its own cake of custom and proclaiming a new liberty at the very time he wrote. But there was truth in the Eastern thought of the West, as a land of intellectual toleration, one which questioned the old order of things and made innovation its very creed. The West laid emphasis upon the practical and demanded that ideals should be put to work for useful ends; ideals were tested by their direct contributions to the betterment of the average man, rather than by the production of the man of exceptional genius and distinction. For, in fine this was the goal of the Middle West, the welfare of the average man; not only the man of the South, or of the East, the Yankee, or the Irishman, or the German, but all men in one common fellowship. This was the hope of their youth, of that youth when Abraham Lincoln rose from rail-splitter to country lawyer, from Illinois legislator to congressman and from congressman to President. It is not strange that in all this flux and freedom and novelty and vast spaces, the pioneer did not sufficiently consider the need of disciplined devotion to the government which he himself created and operated. But the name of Lincoln and the response of the pioneer to the duties of the Civil War,--to the sacrifices and the restraints on freedom which it entailed under his presidency, reminds us that they knew how to take part in a common cause, even while they knew that war's conditions were destructive of many of the things for which they worked. There are two kinds of governmental discipline: that which proceeds from free choice, in the conviction that restraint of individual or class interests is necessary for the common good; and that which is imposed by a dominant class, upon a subjected and helpless people. The latter is Prussian discipline, the discipline of a harsh machine-like, logical organization, based on the rule of a military autocracy. It assumes that if you do not crush your opponent first, he will crush you. It is the discipline of a nation ruled by its General Staff, assuming war as the normal condition of peoples, and attempting with remorseless logic to extend its operations to the destruction of freedom everywhere. It can only be met by the discipline of a people who use their own government for worthy ends, who preserve individuality and mobility in society and respect the rights of others, who follow the dictates of humanity and fair play, the principles of give and take. The Prussian discipline is the discipline of Thor, the War God, against the discipline of the White Christ. Pioneer democracy has had to learn lessons by experience: the lesson that government on principles of free democracy can accomplish many things which the men of the middle of the nineteenth century did not realize were even possible. They have had to sacrifice something of their passion for individual unrestraint; they have had to learn that the specially trained man, the man fitted for his calling by education and experience, whether in the field of science or of industry, has a place in government; that the rule of the people is effective and enduring only as it incorporates the trained specialist into the organization of that government, whether as umpire between contending interests or as the efficient instrument in the hands of democracy. Organized democracy after the era of free land has learned that popular government to be successful must not only be legitimately the choice of the whole people; that the offices of that government must not only be open to all, but that in the fierce struggle of nations in the field of economic competition and in the field of war, the salvation and perpetuity of the republic depend upon recognition of the fact that specialization of the organs of the government, the choice of the fit and the capable for office, is quite as important as the extension of popular control. When we lost our free lands and our isolation from the Old World, we lost our immunity from the results of mistakes, of waste, of inefficiency, and of inexperience in our government. But in the present day we are also learning another lesson which was better known to the pioneers than to their immediate successors. We are learning that the distinction arising from devotion to the interests of the commonwealth is a higher distinction than mere success in economic competition. America is now awarding laurels to the men who sacrifice their triumphs in the rivalry of business in order to give their service to the cause of a liberty-loving nation, their wealth and their genius to the success of her ideals. That craving for distinction which once drew men to pile up wealth and exhibit power over the industrial processes of the nation, is now finding a new outlet in the craving for distinction that comes from service to the Union, in satisfaction in the use of great talent for the good of the republic. And all over the nation, in voluntary organizations for aid to the government, is being shown the pioneer principle of association that was expressed in the "house raising." It is shown in the Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., the Knights of Columbus, the councils and boards of science, commerce, labor, agriculture; and in all the countless other types, from the association of women in their kitchen who carry out the recommendations of the Food Director and revive the plain living of the pioneer, to the Boy Scouts who are laying the foundations for a self-disciplined and virile generation worthy to follow the trail of the backwoodsmen. It is an inspiring prophecy of the revival of the old pioneer conception of the obligations and opportunities of neighborliness, broadening to a national and even to an international scope. The promise of what that wise and lamented philosopher, Josiah Royce called, "the beloved community." In the spirit of the pioneer's "house raising" lies the salvation of the Republic. This then is the heritage of pioneer experience,--a passionate belief that a democracy was possible which should leave the individual a part to play in free society and not make him a cog in a machine operated from above; which trusted in the common man, in his tolerance, his ability to adjust differences with good humor, and to work out an American type from the contributions of all nations--a type for which he would fight against those who challenged it in arms, and for which in time of war he would make sacrifices, even the temporary sacrifice of individual freedom and his life, lest that freedom be lost forever.

>I THINK A LOT ABOUT CONSCIOUSNESS. I FOCUS INWARD AND FILL MYSELF WITH PRIVATE AWARENESS. NOTHING IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN CONSCIOUSNESS. HERE'S WHY. EITHER CONSCIOUSNESS IS SOMETHING SPECIAL IN THE UNIVERSE, A CARRIER OF MEANING AND PERHAPS PURPOSE, OR CONSCIOUSNESS IS AN ACCIDENTAL BY-PRODUCT OF EVOLUTIONARY SURVIVAL. A LIKELY ILLUSION. THAT'S WHY I THOUGHT LONG AND HARD ABOUT CONSCIOUSNESS, WITH NO PLANS TO STOP. MY HOPE IS THAT CONSCIOUSNESS IS SOMETHING SPECIAL, BECAUSE ONLY IF SO, COULD WE IN ANY SENSE, SURVIVE DEATH. BUT BECAUSE I HOPE, I AM BIASED. WHICH IS WHY I MUST FRAME THE QUESTION AS A SKEPTIC. IS CONSCIOUSNESS AN ILLUSION? I'M ROBERT LAWRENCE KUHN AND CLOSER TO TRUTH IS MY LONG JOURNEY TO FIND OUT. I BEGIN IN CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND WITH AN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGIST WHOSE WORK ON VISION SHEDS LIGHT ON CONSCIOUSNESS. NICHOLAS HUMPHREY. I AM INTRIGUED BY NICK'S CONTROVERSIAL IDEAS ON THE EVOLUTION OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND BY HIS AUDACIOUS CLAIM THAT HIS NEW THEORY EXPLAINS CONSCIOUSNESS. NICK, YOU AND I WERE BOTH TRAINED IN NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND HAVE HAD A FASCINATION WITH CONSCIOUSNESS OUR ENTIRE LIVES. SO I WOULD LIKE TO START WITH YOUR SENSE OF WHAT THIS REMARKABLE FEELING OF CONSCIOUSNESS IS. >>WELL, I THINK IT'S SURPRISING SOMETIMES, PEOPLE THINK THERE IS A PUZZLE ABOUT DEFINING CONSCIOUSNESS. IN SOME WAYS IT'S THE MOST OBVIOUS THING THERE IS FOR US. IT'S WHAT WE WAKE UP TO EVERY MORNING, WHEN WE OPEN OUR EYES AND WE SEE THE BLUE SKY OUT THE WINDOW AND WE HEAR THE BIRDS SINGING AND YOU SMELL THE AROMA OF COFFEE COMING UP THE STAIRS, PERHAPS. WE ARE SUDDENLY BATHED IN SENSATION. WE ARE LIVING IN WHAT I CALL THE "THICK MOMENT OF SENSATION". AND THAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS. >IT SEEMS LIKE SOMETHING SO DIFFERENT THAN EVERYTHING ELSE WE KNOW IN THE PHYSICAL WORLD. >>WELL, EXACTLY SO, SENSATIONS ARE POSSIBLY THE MOST MYSTERIOUS WHICH EXISTS IN OUR UNIVERSE. OUR EXPERIENCE OF SENSATION SEEMS TO HAVE QUALITIES WHICH MATERIAL MATTER COULDN'T GIVE RISE TO. AND THAT IS WHERE THE MYSTERY LIES. SOMETIMES I SAY THAT CONSCIOUSNESS IS AN ILLUSION AND THE REASON FOR SAYING THAT IS THAT IT SEEMS TO US THAT IT EXISTS OUTSIDE OF TIME AND SPACE AND MATTER AS DEFINED BY PHYSICS. IT CAN'T BE SO. I'M A MATERIALIST. THIS IS BEING PRODUCED BY MY BRAIN OR YOUR BRAIN. AND SO I BELIEVE THAT IN THE END, THE EXPLANATION MUST COME DOWN TO WHAT'S GOING ON INSIDE OUR HEADS. BUT CONSCIOUSNESS DOESN'T SEEM TO HAVE THOSE QUALITIES BECAUSE IT MAKES US THINK OF OURSELVES AS BEING SOMETHING OUTSIDE MATTER. OF HAVING METAPHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE PERHAPS, WHICH SETS US ABOVE AN OUTSIDE, MUNDANE WORLD. >BUT THIS IS AN ILLUSION? >>I HOPE IT'S AN ILLUSION, I SHOULD SAY. BECAUSE AS A SCIENTIST, I WANT TO BELIEVE THAT WE CAN EXPLAIN IT IN TERMS OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY, THE MATTER OF THE BRAIN. IF IT'S NOT AN ILLUSION, THEN WE ARE DEALING WITH SOMETHING PARANORMAL, BUT MY BELIEF OF COURSE IS, THERE IS NOTHING PARANORMAL ABOUT CONSCIOUSNESS. WE ARE NOT GOING TO HAVE TO INVOKE NEW LAWS OF PHYSICS OR NEW LAWS OF PSYCHIC PHENOMENA TO EXPLAIN IT. IN THE END, WE MUST BE ABLE TO BRING THIS ALL BACK TO EARTH WITH AN EXPLANATION IN TERMS OF THE CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF THE BRAIN. THE BRAIN HAS SET US UP TO EXPERIENCE THESE PHENOMENA IN THE WAY A MAGICIAN CAN SET UP A MYSTERY SHOW ON STAGE TO IMPRESS US WITH THE STRANGENESS OF THE PHENOMENA, WHICH HE'S DEMONSTRATING. IN THIS CASE, IT'S OUR OWN BRAIN WHICH IS IMPRESSING US WITH WHAT IS GOING ON IN OUR HEADS, IN THE WAY WHICH MAKES US FEEL SPECIAL AND TRANSCENDENT. THAT IS WHAT THE POINT OF CONSCIOUSNESS IS AND IN THE END, WHY IT EVOLVED. >SO NICK HOLDS CONSCIOUSNESS AS AN ILLUSION. BECAUSE CONSCIOUSNESS SEEMS TO EXIST OUTSIDE OF TIME AND SPACE AND INDEPENDENTLY OF MATTER. IF THIS NON-MATERIAL SENSE OF CONSCIOUSNESS WERE NOT AN ILLUSION, THEN TO EXPLAIN IT, ONE WOULD NEED VENTURE BEYOND THE PHYSICAL. AND BECAUSE NICK IS A MATERIALIST, HE NATURALLY DECIDES THAT OUR NON-MATERIAL SENSE OF CONSCIOUSNESS MUST BE AN ILLUSION. TO NICK, CONSCIOUSNESS IS A MAGIC TRICK, PLAYED ON US BY OUR OWN BRAINS. CONSCIOUSNESS IS A MAGICAL MYSTERY SHOW THAT WE LAY ON FOR OURSELVES. BUT WHY THE MAGIC SHOW? TO GIVE LIFE MORE MEANING? MORE TO ENJOY? MORE TO FIGHT FOR? MORE TO STAY ALIVE FOR? WHICH IS WHY, I SUPPOSE NICK SAYS, CONSCIOUSNESS EVOLVED. IT'S A NEAT STORY, BUT STILL AT BEST, NICK EXPLAINS THE FACT OF CONSCIOUSNESS, NOT THE FEELING. THE WHY, NOT THE HOW. ARE THERE OTHER FACETS OF OUR MENTAL LIFE THAT MAY BE ILLUSIONS? I GO TO LONDON TO PURSUE MENTAL DECEPTIONS WITH THE AUTHOR OF THE EGO TRICK, PHILOSOPHER JULIAN BAGGINI. >> CONSCIOUSNESS ISN'T AN ILLUSION. I MEAN, CLEARLY THERE IS AN AWARENESS OF THE WORLD. WHAT IS AN ILLUSION IS THE IDEA THAT WITHIN EACH OF US IS THIS UNITARY FIXED CONSTANT SELF THAT THERE IS IN EACH OF US, A KIND OF CORE OF BEING. A SINGLE ENTITY WHICH IS THE SAME AND PERSISTS THROUGH TIME. I THINK THAT IS AN ILLUSION, BECAUSE ACTUALLY WHEN YOU LOOK AT IT AND YOU LOOK AT IT FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF INTROSPECTION OR YOU LOOK AT IT THROUGH NEUROSCIENCE OR YOU LOOK AT IT THROUGH VEGETATION, WHICH BUDDHISM DOES, YOU FIND ACTUALLY THERE IS JUST AN ARRANGEMENT, A COLLECTION OF THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, MEMORIES AND SO FORTH. AND IT'S THE WAY THAT IT'S ALL COME TOGETHER THAT GIVES US A FEELING OF BEING UNITARIAN ENTITIES. BUT THERE ISN'T A SINGLE THING THERE AT THE CORE OF IT. WE DON'T UNDERSTAND ENOUGH ABOUT HOW THE SENSE OF SELF EMERGES FROM THE WAY THE BRAIN OPERATES, TO ACTUALLY BE ABLE TO EXPLAIN THIS PROPERLY. BUT THERE ARE ALSO METAPHORS THAT CAN HELP US. I MEAN, MOST ESPECIALLY WANT TO BE LIKE AN ORCHESTRA, I GUESS. WHEN YOU LISTEN TO AN ORCHESTRA, YOU HAVE A SENSE OF THERE BE A SINGLE PIECE OF MUSIC. YOU HEAR IT AS ONE THING. BUT WE KNOW THAT IS ONLY BECAUSE THERE ARE ALL SORTS OF INSTRUMENTS DOING THEIR BITS. AND IN A WAY, BRAIN AND CONSCIOUSNESS IS LIKE AN ORCHESTRA OF THE MIND. THERE ARE ALL THESE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS WORKING TOGETHER AND THEY CREATE A SENSE OF ONENESS BECAUSE OF THE WAY THEY HARMONIZE. >WHAT WOULD BE THE ANALOG OF THE CONDUCTOR OF THE ORCHESTRA? >>WELL, YOU KNOW, ORCHESTRAS DON'T ALWAYS NEED CONDUCTORS. JUST THINK OF YOUR OWN PERSONAL EXPERIENCE, THINK FOR EXAMPLE ABOUT AN ACT OF CREATION, WHEN YOU HAVE AN IDEA. IT'S NOT LIKE YOU ARE SITTING THERE CONDUCTING EVERY STEP OF THE ARGUMENT IN CONSCIOUS WAY. YOU KIND OF STEW THINGS OVER AND - A SOLUTION POPS UP. A CONCLUSION EMERGES. SO I THINK OUR OWN EXPERIENCE REALLY, TELLS US THE MIND KIND OF GENERATES CONCLUSIONS. THEY ARE NOT BEING GENERATED BY THE EQUIVALENT OF A CONDUCTOR. >SO DO YOU HAVE EVERY CONFIDENCE THAT THERE WILL BE A PHYSICAL EXPLANATION FOR THE INNER SENSE OF AWARENESS, THIS CONCEPT OF QUALIA IN CONSCIOUSNESS? >>I'M AGNOSTIC ABOUT HOW WE ARE GOING TO GO WITH BEING ABLE TO EXPLAIN FEELING, SENSATION, QUALIA, SCIENTIFICALLY. I JUST DON'T THINK - I THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE ARE BEING TOO CONFIDENT IN SAYING SCIENCE COULD NEVER EXPLAIN THIS OR SCIENCE WILL EXPLAIN IT. THERE ARE GOING TO BE LIMITS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE AND I THINK THAT IS SOMETHING WE ALL HAVE TO ACCEPT. LOOK AT US, WE ARE JUST OVERGROWN APES OR UNDER GROWN APES, I SHOULD SAY. >JULIAN SAYS THAT WHILE OUR UNIFIED SENSE OF PERSONAL IDENTITY IS AN ILLUSION, CONSCIOUSNESS IS REAL. BUT WHETHER CONSCIOUSNESS CAN EVER BE EXPLAINED IS NOT YET KNOWN. FAIR ENOUGH. WE HAVE MUCH MORE TO LEARN ABOUT THE BRAIN. BUT AN ARGUMENT THAT APPEALS TO LIMITS OF KNOWLEDGE IS HARD TO REFUTE. I DO NOT LIKE LIMITS OF KNOWLEDGE ARGUMENTS. WE ARE EITHER WAY TOO EARLY OR WAY TOO SMART AND I SHALL NOT RETREAT FROM THE BATTLE TO EXPLAIN CONSCIOUSNESS. PERHAPS A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON CONSCIOUSNESS CAN HELP. I GO TO BOSTON TO VISIT A MIND-BODY PHILOSOPHER AND A NOVELIST, WHO WORKS HER IDEAS THROUGH THE MENTAL LIVES OF HER FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. REBECCA NEWBERGER GOLDSTEIN. REBECCA, WHEN I START FOCUSING ON CONSCIOUSNESS, I SEE A DRAMATIC BIFURCATION OF MY FRIENDS. MANY OF THEM ARE BRAIN SCIENTISTS AND THEY SAY THAT WHAT WE IMAGINE CONSCIOUSNESS TO BE IS REALLY AN ILLUSION. >>AS A NOVELIST, I SPEND SO MUCH OF MY LIFE TRYING TO IMAGINE WHAT IT'S LIKE TO BE OTHER PEOPLE AND WHAT THE WORLD SEEMS LIKE FROM THEIR POINT OF VIEW. AND I CAN'T FOR THE LIFE OF ME IMAGINE ONLY THAT POINT OF VIEW. AND A LOT OF TIMES, IN THE HISTORY, IN OUR PROGRESS, WE HAVE ELIMINATED CERTAIN THINGS THAT WE BELIEVED EXISTED. I MEAN, PEOPLE USED TO BELIEVE WITCHES EXISTED AND MILK GOING SOUR AND BABIES DYING FOR NO REASON, WOULD EXPLAIN BY THAT CACKLING LITTLE OLD LADY LIVING IN THE HUT. AND THEN OF COURSE WE FIND ANOTHER EXPLANATION THAT ELIMINATES ANY REFERENCE TO THE WITCH. WE UNDERSTAND ABOUT GERMS AND THEN FERMENTATION. WE UNDERSTAND ABOUT INSTANT DEATH SYNDROME IN BABIES AND WHATEVER. I TRY TO IMAGINE WHAT IT WOULD BE LIKE TO HAVE AN EXPLANATION IN TERMS OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, OR WHATEVER THE MOST ADVANCED SCIENCE WE HAVE AT THAT TIME IS. IT ONLY SEEMED TO US THAT WE WERE CONSCIOUS AND WE - IT SEEMING TO US THAT WE ARE CONSCIOUS IS A DESCRIPTION OF A CONSCIOUS STATE. I COULD UNDERSTAND THAT MAYBE WE CAN GET A DESCRIPTION DOWN AT THE PHYSICAL LEVEL, WHICH IS SO REFINED THAT WE HAVE A ONE TO ONE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN EVERY CONSCIOUS STATE AND EVERY PHYSICAL STATE SO THAT BY GIVING THE PHYSICAL STATE DESCRIPTION, WE SAY, OH YES, YOU ARE SAYING THAT YOU ARE NERVOUS. YOU ARE SAYING THAT YOU ARE LONGING FOR YOUR HUSBAND. OR THAT THEY WOULD KNOW THAT THERE WAS THIS CORRELATION. BUT THAT TO GET A DESCRIPTION THAT WOULD SAY, NO IT ONLY SEEMS TO YOU THAT YOU ARE LONGING FOR YOUR HUSBAND. YOU ARE NOT. THE PHYSICS IS WHAT'S GOING ON. I DON'T UNDERSTAND. PEOPLE USED TO THINK THAT HEAT WAS CALORIC FLUID OR THAT FIRE WAS PHLOGISTON. THOSE THINGS WERE ELIMINATED, THEY DON'T EXIST. IT'S NOT THAT WE'VE SHOWN WHAT THEY CONSIST OF, THEY HAVE NO EXPLANATORY USE WHATSOEVER AND THEY SIMPLY HAVE BEEN ELIMINATED. AND ONE BIG DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONSCIOUSNESS OR OUR KNOWLEDGE OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND PHLOGISTON AND CALORIC FLUID, IS THOSE THINGS - WE THOUGHT THEY EXISTED BECAUSE THEY WERE INFERRED TO EXPLAIN SOMETHING. WE DON'T INFER CONSCIOUSNESS TO EXPLAIN. I MEAN, IT DOES EXPLAIN THINGS, BUT THAT IS NOT WHY WE KNOW THAT CONSCIOUSNESS EXISTS. WE KNOW IT EXISTS. IT'S SO INTIMATE AS DESCARTES SAID, "THERE IS NOTHING MORE THAN I KNOW, THEN MY OWN MIND." >TO REBECCA, NOTHING IS MORE REAL THAN CONSCIOUSNESS. IT CHARACTERIZES HER PHILOSOPHY AND ENRICHES HER NOVELS. BUT THEN, WHAT FOLLOWS? HOW TO MAKE PROGRESS. BECAUSE REAL IS ONE THING, EXPLANATION, QUITE ANOTHER. IN FACT, THE MORE CONSCIOUSNESS IS REAL, THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO EXPLAIN. SO I TURN IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION. I SEEK A RARE PHILOSOPHER WHO BELIEVES THAT CONSCIOUSNESS IS SO REAL THAT IT'S A BUILDING BLOCK OF REALITY. IN OXFORD, I SPEAK WITH THE BRITISH PHILOSOPHER OF MIND, GALEN STRAWSON. GALEN, WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? IS IT AN ILLUSION? >>NO, IT'S NOT AN ILLUSION. AND IT'S ACTUALLY PROBABLY NOT AN ILLUSION. IF THERE SEEMS TO BE EXPERIENCE OF VIOLINS AND GOLDEN SUNLIGHT, THAT JUST IS THE EXPERIENCE OF GOLDEN SUNLIGHT AND VIOLINS. THIS IS A PLACE WHERE YOU CAN'T OPEN UP THE IT SEEMS GAP. SO I CAN FRAME THE OBJECT I COULD SAY THAT "IT SEEMS TO ME THAT I'M SITTING IN FRONT OF YOU, BUT I MIGHT BE DREAMING, YOU MIGHT NOT REALLY BE THERE." BUT IF YOU TRY TO SAY, "IT SEEMS TO ME THAT I'M SEEING SOMEBODY THAT LOOKS JUST LIKE YOU." OR, "IT SEEMS TO ME THAT I'M IN FRONT OF A RED WALL." BUT EVEN THE SEEMING IS AN ILLUSION. THAT WOULD BE SAYING, "IT SEEMS TO SEEM - " BUT WHAT WOULD THAT BE LIKE? THAT WOULD BE THE SAME AS IT SEEMING. >YOU CAN NEVER GET RID OF IT. >>YOU CANNOT GET AWAY FROM THE SEEMING AND THE SEEMING JUST IS WHAT MOST PEOPLE MEAN BY CONSCIOUSNESS. >THE CLAIM IS THAT THERE ARE DIFFERENT BRAIN SYSTEMS THAT ARE COMPETING TOGETHER, THAT HAVE NO RELATIONSHIP TOGETHER EXCEPT THAT WE BRING AN ARTIFICIAL UNITY. >>I DON'T MIND WHAT STORY I TELL ABOUT HOW IT'S PRODUCED IN THE BRAIN. I MEAN, I KNOW THAT IT'S EXTREMELY COMPLICATED. WHAT WE KNOW IS THAT THE END PRODUCT IS THERE. SO WHATEVER THE TRUE STORY AND TRUE NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL STORY ABOUT HOW IT IS CAUSED TO ARISE, THERE ISN'T GOING TO BE AN ARGUMENT FROM SAYING, LOOK IT ARISES IN THIS INCREDIBLY COMPLICATED WAY INTO GREATLY INDEPENDENT SYSTEMS, THEREFORE, IT'S NOT REALLY REAL. THERE IS JUST NO ARGUMENT THERE. WE KNOW THAT IT'S REAL. >SO HOW WOULD YOU THEN CLASSIFY CONSCIOUSNESS? >>I INVENTED THE VERB, WHICH IS CALLED TO LOOKINGGLASS - A WORD. SO A LOT OF PEOPLE HAVE LOOKINGGLASSED THE WORD CONSCIOUSNESS, TO WHERE I DEFINE THAT AS, YOU USE IT IN SUCH A WAY THAT WHATEVER YOU MEAN BY IT, IT EXCLUDES WHAT THE WORD ACTUALLY MEANS. >WHAT IS YOUR DEFINITION OF CONSCIOUSNESS? >>YEAH, I MEAN, I THINK - I THINK WE JUST DON'T NEED TO GET VERY COMPLICATED. WE JUST STAY WITH COLORS, SIGHTS, SOUNDS, TASTES AND SMELLS AND BODILY FEELINGS INCLUDING PAIN. THAT IS ENOUGH. IT'S ALL THOSE THINGS OF WHICH WE SAY AND THIS FAMOUS PHRASE, THERE IS SOMETHING IT'S LIKE - IT'S LIKE SUBJECTIVELY OR QUALITATIVELY OR EXPERIENTIALLY TO FEEL THEM. >HOW IMPORTANT IS CONSCIOUSNESS FOR OUR UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT REALITY IS ALL ABOUT? >>WELL, YOU ARE INCLINED TO GO ALL THE WAY. I WOULD SAY CONSCIOUSNESS IS THE MOST CERTAINLY KNOWN FACT. ALL OUR FUNDAMENTAL DATA IS A MATTER OF CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCES. SO ABSOLUTELY FUNDAMENTAL. FUNDAMENTAL SCIENCE. I HAVE NO DOUBT THAT ALL OUR CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE IS JUST A MATTER OF BRAIN PROCESSES GOING ON. BUT I WISH I COULD BET A THOUSAND YEARS INTO THE FUTURE. I - BET THAT WE WILL NEVER EXPLAIN THAT. >SO STRONGLY DOES GALEN BELIEVE IN THE PROFOUND UNIQUENESS OF CONSCIOUSNESS, GOING ALL THE WAY WITH CONSCIOUSNESS, HE SAYS, THAT HE MAKES THE RADICAL MOVE TO PUT FEELING AT THE BOTTOM OF THINGS. SUCH THAT ALL MATTER HAS OR IS A KIND OF EXPERIENCE. THIS MEANS THAT CONSCIOUSNESS WOULD BE FUNDAMENTAL. IT WOULD NOT DEPEND ON ANYTHING ELSE. IT WOULD NOT EMERGE THROUGH EVOLUTION. CONSCIOUSNESS WOULD SIT AT THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE WORLD. THAT A SERIOUS PHILOSOPHER DECIDES TO FLOUT SCIENCE AND BE INTELLECTUALLY PILLORIED, TESTIFIES TO THE EXTREME DEPTH OF MYSTERY OF CONSCIOUSNESS. BUT CAN CONSCIOUSNESS BE EXPLORED BY SCIENCE WITHOUT MAKING RADICAL DEPARTURES FROM NORMAL KNOWLEDGE? STILL IN ENGLAND, I GO TO LONDON. I MEET THE TOUGH MINDED PUBLIC INTELLECTUAL AND NEW ATHEIST, PHILOSOPHER ANTHONY GRAYLING. >>THE FACT OF CONSCIOUSNESS SEEMS TO BE INDISPUTABLE. WE EXPERIENCE IT ALL THE TIME. WE ARE INHABITING THE CALL OF OUR OWN CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE. WE HAVE LEARNED TO RECOGNIZE THAT CONSCIOUSNESS IS SELECTIVE, IT IS A VERY SMALL PART OF OUR MENTAL ACTIVITY, VERY SMALL COMPUTATION, IT'S NON-CONSCIOUS. IT DOESN'T CHANGE THE FACT THAT TO FEEL THE PAIN, TO SEE A BEAUTIFUL ARRAY OF FLOWERS, THAT THE QUALIA ASPECT OF THINGS IS SOMETHING VERY, VERY VIVID, VERY REAL AND OF COURSE OF SUPREME IMPORTANCE TO US. IT'S ALSO THE CASE THAT WE KNOW TWO OTHER THINGS. THAT WE RECOGNIZE THE PRESENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS IN NON-HUMAN ANIMALS AS WELL. IN DOGS AND PRIMATES AND - SO WE CAN SURMISE THAT THE COMPLEXITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS SOMETHING TO DO WITH THE RICHNESS OR FULLNESS OF CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE. AND WE ALSO KNOW THAT IF YOU TAKE AN ICE PICK AND YOU DIG IT DEEP ENOUGH IN SOMEBODY'S HEAD, THAT CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE IS GOING TO BE RE-ARRANGED OR TERMINATED. AND ALL THE EVIDENCE SEEMS TO SUGGEST THAT UNLESS YOU HAVE A FUNCTIONING BRAIN, HIGHER CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, YOU DON'T GET CONSCIOUSNESS ASSOCIATED WITH IT. CONSCIOUSNESS MAY VERY WELL NOT BE ONE SINGLE THING. IT MAY NOT BE ONE COORDINATING CENTRAL CONSCIOUSNESS, IT MAY BE A MULTIPLE PHENOMENA. IT MAY BE DIFFERENT LEVELS AND KINDS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. BUT THE FACT OF IT IS INDISPUTABLE AND ITS IMPORTANCE IS SUPREME. >SO THE QUESTION COMES UP, IS - CAN YOU TAKE THE CATEGORY OF NERVE IMPULSES WITH THAT FEELING OF THE INTERNAL EXPERIENCE OF WHAT IT MEANS TO SEE A SUNSET OR HEAR A SYMPHONY? ARE THOSE CATEGORIES SO DISTINCT THAT IT PUTS A SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE TO MAKE THE CORRELATION INTO CAUSE OR SOME WOULD THINK, INTO IDENTITY. TO WHERE THOSE NEURAL EVENTS LITERALLY ARE THOSE QUALITY OF THOSE INTERNAL EXPERIENCES. >>I THINK THE POWERFULLY JUSTIFIED ASSUMPTION IS THAT THOSE TWO APPARENTLY VERY DIFFERENT KINDS OF PHENOMENA ARE IN SOME SENSE THE SAME THING OR IN SOME SENSE CAUSALLY RELATED. AND SO THE GOAL HAS TO BE TO FIND OUT WHAT THAT EXPLANATION IS THAT WE CAN GIVE OF THAT. ANY INDIVIDUAL COMPONENT OF A MOTORCAR CAN'T BE DRIVEN FROM CHICAGO TO NEW YORK, BUT PUT THEM TOGETHER IN THE RIGHT WAY AND THEN YOU CAN. THIS IS AN APPEAL TO THE IDEA OF EMERGENT PROPERTIES. CONSCIOUSNESS MAY BE A PROPERTY OR A SET OF PROPERTIES THAT ARISE FROM THE RIGHT CONFIGURATION AND INTERACTION OF ELEMENTS IN OUR BRAINS >TO ANTHONY, CONSCIOUSNESS MUST BE EXPLAINED ENTIRELY BY PHYSICAL BRAIN. BRAIN AND MIND MUST BE, IN SOME SENSE, THE SAME THING. IDENTICAL. OR AT LEAST CAUSALLY CONNECTED. NO OTHER OPTIONS CAN HE CONSIDER. I RESPECT ANTHONY'S PHYSICALIST VIEWS, WHICH FIX THE FACTS OF BRAIN SCIENCE. BUT I REMAIN SUSPICIOUS THAT SOMETHING BIG IS MISSING. CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE AND BRAIN ELECTRICITY SEEMS SO SUPREMELY DISTINCT, I WOULD BE DUMBFOUNDED IF THEY WERE IDENTICAL. THAT'S WHY, STILL IN LONDON, I SEEK OUT THE POLYMATH PHILOSOPHER ESSAYIST, HUMANIST AND RETIRED DOCTOR, RAYMOND TALLIS. I HAVE READ RAY FOR YEARS. I'M TAKEN BY HIS SURPRISE REJECTION OF MATERIALISM AND BRAIN MIND IDENTITY AND HIS FEARLESS INSISTENCE ON HUMAN UNIQUENESS. ALL WITHIN HIS ATHEISTIC WORLD VIEW. >RAY, LET'S START AT BASICS, WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? >>THAT'S NOT AS BASIC AS IT SOUNDS. BUT I WOULD LIKE TO HAVE AFFIRMATIVE ACTION FOR THE GROUND FOR CONSCIOUSNESS. QUALIA. THESE ARE SENSATIONS, FEELINGS. FEELINGS OF WARMTH, FEELINGS OF COLD, SENSE OF BRIGHTNESS AND SO ON AND SO FORTH. THIS IS THE GROUND FOR CONSCIOUSNESS THAT MANY PHILOSOPHERS OF CONSCIOUSNESS TRY TO IGNORE OR TO ELIMINATE, BECAUSE IT IS THE MOST DIFFICULT PART OF CONSCIOUSNESS, ACTUALLY, TO ASSIMILATE INTO A MATERIALIST WORLD PICTURE. INTO THE IDEA THAT CONSCIOUSNESS IS DUE TO BRAIN ACTIVITY. >NOW SOME PHILOSOPHERS WILL ELIMINATE THAT BY CLAIMING THAT CONSCIOUSNESS IS AN ILLUSION. >>CONSCIOUSNESS CAN'T BE AN ILLUSION OF COURSE, BECAUSE TO HAVE THE ILLUSION OF BEING CONSCIOUS, IS BEING CONSCIOUS. I MEAN, THIS IS JUST A VARIANT, BASICALLY OF DESCARTES' COGNITIVE ARGUMENT. BUT THE THINGS THAT THEY TEND TO REGARD AS A ILLUSORY, ARE GROUND FLOOR BITS OF CONSCIOUSNESS LIKE QUALIA OR EVEN ITEMS SUCH AS BELIEFS AND THOUGHTS AND SO ON. THEY THINK THAT THESE ITEMS BELONG TO A FOLK PSYCHOLOGY THAT A SCIENCE OF CONSCIOUSNESS WILL EVENTUALLY DO WITHOUT. BUT THEIR ATTEMPTS TO GET RID OF THESE THINGS SEEMS TO ME, HAVE PROVED ENTIRELY UNSATISFACTORY. >WHY DO SO MANY FIRST GRADE PHILOSOPHERS THAN BELIEVE THAT? >>I THINK THE FUNDAMENTAL AND VERY COMMON ERROR OF CONFUSING METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS WITH AN ACCOUNT OF WHAT IS THERE. IF YOU CAN'T MEASURE SOMETHING OR IF YOU CAN'T SUBJECT IT TO SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION, SO THEY FEEL, THEN IT DOESN'T REALLY EXIST. BUT THAT OF COURSE IS NONSENSE. TO ARGUE THAT SOMETHING THAT FUNDAMENTALIST. THE FEELING OF WARMTH THAT I'M HAVING NOW, DOESN'T EXIST, IS A PRETTY DESPERATE REMEDY TO TRY AND INCLUDE ALL OF CONSCIOUSNESS WITHIN THE METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS OF SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY. >THE FOCUS OF THE ILLUSION IS THE "I" THAT SENSES THAT. THAT IS THE ILLUSION. >>IT IS INTERESTING THAT THOSE WHO TRY TO DISPOSE OF THE "I", ARE QUITE REMARKABLE EGOS THEMSELVES, BUT EVEN RATHER NON-EGOCENTRIC CHARACTERS LIKE DAVID HUME, RUN INTO A LOT OF TROUBLE WHEN THEY TRY TO DISPOSE OF THE "I". WHEN YOU THINK OF THE FAMOUS PASSAGE IN HIS TREATUS US ON HUMAN NATURE, HE SAYS, WHEN I LOOK INTO THE FLOW OF MY CONSCIOUSNESS, I SEE A SUCCESSION OF PERCEPTIONS, BUT I DON'T SEE ANYTHING CORRESPONDING TO I. THAT SENTENCE HAS GOT AT LEAST THREE INSTANCES OF "I" IN IT. SO CLEARLY THE "I" THAT IS DAVID HUME IS A REAL THING, BUT THIS "I" THAT I AM, IS AN ABSOLUTELY FUNDAMENTAL INTUITION. IT ISN'T SOMETHING THAT IS REDUCIBLE TO ANYTHING ELSE. THAT I AM, OR THAT I AM THIS, THIS PERSON TALKING, THIS BODY FROM WHICH I AM TALKING - IS SOMETHING THAT I CANNOT WITHOUT SELF REFUTATION, DENY. >CONSCIOUSNESS SEEMS TO EXIST BEYOND THE MATERIAL WORLD, THE LESS THIS IS TRUE, THE EASIER TO EXPLAIN CONSCIOUSNESS IN PURELY PHYSICAL TERMS. MAYBE OUR NON-MATERIAL SENSE OF CONSCIOUSNESS IS AN ILLUSION. A RANDOM ACCIDENT SELECTED FOR BY SURVIVAL SEEKING EVOLUTION. IF SO, A LAST BASTION OF SUPERNATURALISM WOULD FALL, IF CONSCIOUSNESS IS ALL PHYSICAL, THEN THE MATERIAL WORLD IS LIKELY ALL THAT EXISTS. ULTIMATELY, CONSCIOUSNESS MAY BE EXPLAINED BY BRAIN ACTIVITY ALONE. BUT IF NOT, THERE WOULD REMAIN ONLY TWO POSSIBILITIES. ONE - CONSCIOUSNESS EXCEEDS THE LIMITS OF HUMAN INQUIRY. OUR BRAINS EVOLVED TO ESCAPE WILD ANIMALS, NOT TO COMPREHEND CONSCIOUSNESS. TWO - CONSCIOUSNESS BREAKS THE BOUNDARIES OF PHYSICAL LAWS. THERE WOULD BE SOMETHING ABOUT CONSCIOUSNESS THAT GOES BEYOND TODAY'S PHYSICS. HERE I AM AN EXTREMIST. I THINK THAT ONLY THE POLAR OPPOSITE POSITIONS MAKE SENSE. EITHER OUR NON-MATERIAL SENSE OF CONSCIOUSNESS IS IN AN ILLUSION, OR CONSCIOUSNESS IS A GLIMPSE OF NON-PHYSICAL REALITY. FOR ME, THERE IS NO MIDDLE GROUND. TO COMPROMISE ON CONSCIOUSNESS, IS NOT CLOSER TO TRUTH.

We're standing on almost the top of Mount Hor, h-o-r. It's in the territory of Edom, and we're looking west toward the Mediterranean Sea. But right in our foreground, there's a long, wide valley that runs north and south, and that is the Aravah, A-r-a-v-a-h. On the opposite side of the Aravah, beginning at that kibbutz and going southwest is another valley, and that is the Desert of Paran, P-a-r-a-n, that the Bible talks about. It was right after Moses struck the rock the second time and the water came out that it says that, "From Kadesh, Moses sent messengers to the king of Edom, they say..." and this is in Numbers chapter 20, verse 14. And in verse 15, it says, "'Behold, we are at Kadesh, a town on the edge of your territory. Please let us pass through your land. We will not pass through a field or a vineyard. We won't even drink the water from your well until we have passed through your territory and left.' And Edom said, 'No, you can't pass.'" It was at this time, still in Numbers chapter 20, that we hear, "The Lord spoke to Moses," verse 23, "and to Aaron at Mount Hor..." which is right behind us. "by the border of the land of Edom saying, 'Aaron shall be gathered to his people. He will not enter the land that I have given to the sons of Israel because you rebelled against My commandment at the waters of Meribah.'" Verse 25, "'Take Aaron and his son, Eleazar, and bring them up to Mount Hor. And strip Aaron of his garments and put them on his son, Eleazar. So Aaron will be gathered to his people, and there he will die.'" Verse 28, "And so Aaron died there on the mountaintop. And then Moses and Eleazar came down from the mountain. When the congregation had seen that Aaron had died, then all of the people of Israel wept for Aaron for thirty days." So, from the Aravah Valley and the Wilderness of Paran, the Israelites crossed over here. Moses, his brother, and his brother's son, Eleazar, ascended this mountain, Mount Hor, which the Talmud describes as "a mountain...an apple on top of a mountain." We've just come from the top there where there is a 14th-century AD mosque commemorating that death of Aaron, and spent time worshiping and also studying Scripture on top of the mountain. Who said that this is where Aaron was buried? If I said it, it's not good enough. If a number of us will say it, it's still not good enough. But if the Bible gives us at least a hint that this is the place, now we're talking. And so, we'll soon read from the Bible, but I just want to point out, okay, that this is the land of Edom. And right where we're staying is where the King's Highway was going through, still going through to this day. The official name of the road that passes through the village where we're staying is the King's Way, which in Hebrew, [Hebrew phrase], became like a nickname for anything that you do that follows the main path that is main stream. Let's "[Hebrew phrase]," even if it's no road that we're talking about at all. And so, why do people think that this is up here? Because this is the land of Edom, and the Israelites—600,000 of them, let's say— have had to walk along a major road. They couldn't go uphill like we did. Even the Bible tells you that Aaron and his assistant, Eleazar, came up here. Pretty much just them and maybe a few other assistants, and that's it. You couldn't bring a whole nation up here, but they could take the King...but they were able to take the King's Highway, and actually follow the main trunk route that brings them from where we came yesterday all the way to Mount Nebo, where Moses will die, where he will get a different view of the land of Israel than Aaron had. And then Joshua will take over and they will enter, cross the Jordan River and get to take Jericho. But before that, how do we know that this is the place? The Bible tells us a number of times—in Numbers 20, in Numbers 34, and somewhere else—that Moses and Eleazar, for the sins they committed, right? Not Moses—Aaron and Eleazar went up to a place called, in your English translation, Mount H-o-r. Please note that in the Hebrew version of the Bible, which is what counts—with your permission, no offense taken—this mountain has no name at all. There's no name for this mountain. At all. In Hebrew, when you want to say a name of a mountain, you first say the word "Mount" and then you say the name of it, like Mount McKinley. Like Mount Everest. Like Mount Carmel. Like Mount Hermon. Mount of Olives. When you want to give a name to certain a mountain, you first—and for most—mention the word "mount" and then you give the name. But when you go back to Numbers 20 and Numbers 34, you hear the word "mount" coming after the word that is connected with it, which in Hebrew is hor harar, which actually means that that mountain doesn't have a specific name. But the one translating this term, "hor harar," into Hebrew, did not know Hebrew—into other languages—did not know Hebrew that well. And he assumed that when he heard the name, harar, everything connected to it must be the name of that mountain. No. Hor harar will be translated later on by Jewish rabbis to be a term describing apple on top of an apple, or a mountain on top of another mountain. And so you guys climbed up and then everything became flat and then you climbed up again! And when you look at this mountain from afar, you get an even better understanding of what a mountain on top of the mountain is. And what word means that? Hor hahar. H-o-r. And then a new word, but connected to the first one, h-a-h-a-r. Hor hahar is not Mount Hor at all. It's just a description of how the mountain looks like from afar. And please note that this is the only mountain in the area where we're at that actually looks like that. So it's a mistaken translation that brought people to think that this mountain even has a name. It doesn't. That's number one. Number two, we hear that this is on the verge, or the border of the land of Edom. Go figure what were the borders of Edom back then and where the Israelites were going through. But assuming they had to go along the King's Highway, which is very close to where we are, and assuming that Aaron, at the age of 123, couldn't go from the King's Highway that far off, and that we are not that far off from the King's Highway, it could make sense that this would be the place from which he actually departed with Eleazar his assistant to go up to and to die. But the question you ask yourself, Aaron died at the age of 123. That detail that he died at the age of 123 helps us to understand that he was in a good physical shape, if he actually made it up here before he died. And that help us to understand that it wasn't the uphill that made him die, but rather God's decision that he will die. It wasn't the physical effort that made him die; it was a decision that he will die. And someone else took it, not Aaron. We'll allude to that when we get to talk about Moses later on as well. Because it's the same correlation between the age of Aaron and how much he had to climb and the age of Moses and how much he had to climb. And so the Bible gives us details that already hint towards this location. Now fast forward to a person called Yosef ben Matityah that later on was renamed Josephus Flavius. He wrote four books. One of them is called "Antiquities of the Jews." Mr. Josephus Flavius—nevermind his character, now—was someone who actually started writing down 800 years of Jewish history before his day and age. In that book, "Antiquities of the Jews," he's dialing back to the 8th century BC. That's how early he goes. Is this true, Wave? He goes back to Moses. He goes back even to Moses. And so everything he writes in that book is suspected to be borrowed from traditions that go way before his day and age. No—he goes back to Abraham. And so, if Mr. Josephus Flavius in "Antiquities of the Jews," writes that the tomb of Aaron is next to Petra, which existed as a huge metropolis in his day and age. And he's expecting people to know where Petra is. And he's expecting to understand that the tomb of Aaron is somewhere near Petra. And that could be a tradition that dials back hundreds, if not over a thousand years before Josephus Flavius, which brings us to the days of Moses and Aaron. So what are you saying? Can you make it a little plainer? Josephus locates Aaron's tomb in this area. Next to Petra. So the Bible gives you a general understanding. Does it also give us a history of how long Petra was here? He's describing Petra. But because there's no doubt that that is Petra, and that we are close to Petra, we're suspecting again that this is the place. Because of the shape. Because of the biblical description. Because of the Josephus Flavius. Now the Byzantines are coming along. So Josephus also describes the tomb of Aaron. Yes. Next to Petra. That's almost an X marking the spot. But then you have the Byzantine tradition, which, if it stands by itself, is not always that good. But when you add it to everything we've discussed so far, and you see the remains of the Byzantine church that back down there, that the Finnish excavation team has excavated over 20 years ago. They built it up here, because they had a good reason for it. Who builds a church up here unless you have a really good reason for it? And they built it in honor of Aaron. You know, it's not like it's a tourist trap. It doesn't cost any money to come up here. [laughter] You've gotta be a little bit mentally ill to come up here or live up here. And then you go to Jewish sources, one that's called the Talmud. And in the Talmud, it's described...in the Talmud, it's described that the tomb of Aaron is on a mountain that has no name, but is described by its physical features, and it's like an apple on top of another apple. It's like a mountain on top of another mountain. [Speaking Hebrew] That's when they're talking about how stupid we are. [laughter] These stupid tourists followed us up here. Alright guys, we're going to do a whole book in the Bible in fifteen minutes. Everybody give Wave your attention. Thanks. So, if you didn't have your stuff tied down tight before, you'll have it tied down tight when we get finished with this...a whole book of the Bible in fifteen minutes. So, if you ca—if you've got it digital or you got a hard copy—go to the book of the prophecy of Obadiah. This is a book you've probably never read before anyway, so we'll be cutting new ground...on new ground. If you've been going to New Hope long enough, you have, because I've preached through it. Obadiah. Have you? Open to chapter 1. So, Pastor's preached on through it, that means you probably have visited Obadiah before. Obadiah, it means "the servant of Yahweh." And that's what the prophets were anyway, so this works pretty well. From the title of the book. So, Obadiah—I'll give you a real quick historical overview—Obadiah's living as more or less a contemporary of Jeremiah and Ezekiel. And he is actually observing, he's an eye witness of the destruction of Jerusalem in 587 BC by the Babylonian forces of King Nebuchadnezzar. And he is an eye witness then to the destruction of the Temple, the demolition of Jerusalem, and the exile of God's people to begin a seventy-year period of absence from the country in exile in Babylon. So this is the historical context of Obadiah, the servant of Yahweh. So, he's a contemporary of Jeremiah and Ezekiel. Yah. And saw the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple. So, the vision of Obadiah. "Thus says Yahweh God concerning Edom, 'We have heard a...'" Edom. That puts us right where we are right now. Chapter 1, verse 1. Yah. So, "we have heard a report from Yahweh. An envoy has been sent among the nations saying, 'Arise and let us go against her for battle. Behold, I will make you small among the nations. You are greatly despised. The arrogance of your heart has decieved you.'" These guys had allied with the Babylonians. And the Babylonians were agents of God's destruction, for sure, of His judgment of His own people. But these guys piled on. So, the Edomites and the Babylonians...allied...they were allies? Right. And you'll see the way that the Edomites helped strengthen the hands of the Babylonians. The Babylonians are hundreds of miles from home, but the Edomites join forces with them, and then make the destruction even worse than what God had decreed. They went...and in the second Temple period, the Nabteans are helping the Romans to destroy the Temple again. Right. Which is an interesting historical echo, kind of history repeating itself. Not the same people group, but living in the same area. So the Edomites ended up helping the Babylonians in the destruction of Israel. Right. Yah. Alright. So, he continues this description in verse 8 of Edom's destruction, "Will I not on that day..." [Hebrew]. When it says that in the Prophets, it means "in the prophetic future, at the time of, kind of, almost like, end-time judgment." "'On that day,' declares Yahweh, "destroy the wise men from Edom...'" So, all the way back as far as the Book of Job, these...Edom has been viewed as, kind of a seat of wisdom. Some kind of a place of great learning and a place of, the origin of wise men and wise teaching from back in the mists of time. So this is what Obadiah's tapping into here. But their wisdom, their riches is going to be carried off, and their wisdom is going to be destroyed. "Destroy the wise men from Edom." Alright. So, now we're hearing this talked about in verse 1, it's called "Edom." In verse 6, it's called "Esau." In verse 8, it's called "Esau" and "Edom." And then in verse 9, "then your mighty men will be dismayed oh, Teman." There's another way that Edom or Esau—this area—is described. There's yet another way in the Bible—I don't think that it shows up in Obadiah—but it's sometimes called Seir, S-e-i-r, or Mount Seir. Seir. Seir. Seir. Seir. S-i-e-r? S-e-i-r. Yah. And... Teman? Teman, yah. T-i-m-o-n. T-i-m-a-n in verse 9. So, you got the same area called by about a half-a-dozen different names. "Then your mighty men will be dismayed oh, Teman, in order that everyone might be cut off from the mountain of Esau..." Do you see the Teman and Esau, it's the same thing. "by slaughter. Because"—listen to this. Now, he's really getting down to...here's what the offense of Edom, Esau, Teman, Seir is, and that is—"Because of your violence to your brother Jacob. You will be covered with shame." I have a question for you, real quick. What was the primary cause of the judgment that God brought on the whole world in the days of Noah? There's only one place, one thing in the Bible that the Bible buttonholes, says specifically this. There's evil, you know, there's...godlessness? It's even more specific than that. It's because violence increased on the face of earth. That is, guys, one of the primary markers of the time right before cataclysmic judgment falls. And so here again, "Because of the violence that you did to your brother Jacob, you will be covered with shame and cut off forever. On that day, you stood aloof"—there's again that reference to a high altitude. Remember the rocky peaks? Okay. "You stood aloof and on that"—in other words, they needed your help. Your brother by blood. Related by Abraham needed your help, and instead what you did was you piled on. "As you have done it will be done to you. Your dealings will return on your own head." Now, this is not all doom and gloom. Look at verse 17. "But on Mount Zion, there will be those who escape." And somebody used the word—when we got up here—we are the remnant. We're the only ones that made it to the top of the mountain. We're the remnant. Obadiah's following people like Jeremiah and Isaiah, and they're saying, "Yes. [Hebrew phrase.] A remnant will return." Boy, have they. Here's one of them right there. Sitting right in front of you. One of the remnant. "Then the house of Jacob will be like a fire." Like a light. Like a signal fire. "And the house of Joseph a flame. But the house of Esau will be like stubble." They're going to be burned up by that fire. "So that there will be no survivor"—at the end of verse 18—"among the house of Esau." In verse 21, "and the kingdom will be Yahweh's." The kingdoms of this world have become the kingdoms of our God and of His Christ. And He will reign forever and ever. Book of Revelation, chapter 11. That's the way that this all ends.

[APPLAUSE] >> Orton's got something on that right hand. I think, God. Orton's hit right in the face Michaels is motionless. >> One, two, three! >> Michaels is motionless. >> Wait a minute ref! >> And Orton wins it. What the Hell happened here? >> Here's your winner, Randy Orton! >> I can not believe the referee! We saw Flair put Orton's foot on the bottom rope. And I think the referee thought that his foot was there all along during the count. It wasn't! [MUSIC] >> [APPLAUSE] >> That nasty stink, can you smell the stench? >> Mr Socko. >> Mr Socko. >> Is where it all begins again. >> Look out Randy. [SOUND] >> Randy Orton [CROSSTALK] KO, out of nowhere. >> Get him up, get him up. >> One, two, three. >> [LAUGH] [SOUND] >> Evolution wins it. >> Amazing. >> Here are your winners. Nature Boy Ric Flair, Batista, And Randy Orton. >> That's beautiful, JR. [MUSIC] >> And what the hell is going on inside the casket? That's what I wanna know. >> Well, that's what's going on, hold on. Undertaker, Randy Orton, I think from high point, [INAUDIBLE]. The proverbial numbers game. >> My god, I can't believe it. >> My God. >> I can't believe it. >> They're locking it. >> Here are your winners, Cowboy Bob Orton and the legend killer Randy Orton. >> What an incredible sequence to end this handicap casket match, but ladies and gentlemen, the Ortons did it. Did they put the final nail in The Undertaker's coffin tonight? [MUSIC] >> Can someone stop this or what? What the hell is going on here? There's a man in there, don't do this. Randy. >> Do not do this. Enough is enough, Randy. You won the match. >> Yeah, you won the damn match, you're the Legend Killer. You don't wanna do this, Randy. >> You made your point, this is not you. >> You're the Legend Killer, okay, great. That it, you are. Enough. >> Come on now, come on now. >> My God. >> Somebody get out here. [CROSSTALK] [INAUDIBLE] inferno, somebody get out here. [INAUDIBLE] No. [SOUND] >> What a small world. >> Randy is trying to make it about them [SOUND] >> See you at Summer Slam brother. >> Yes, sir. No problem, yes, sir. >> Let's go. It never ends. [NOISE] God, god! >> [APPLAUSE] >> And down as well but Randy Orton, Picking the moment. >> Watch what he's gonna do. >> I believe that, think that's part of the stage where the sledgehammer was hidden. >> [SOUND] >> And Randy Orton [SOUND] Randy Orton wins the Stretcher Match and retains the title. >> Here is your winner and still the WWE Champion, Randy Orton. >> Okay, Randy Orton has won the three stages of Hell match. [MUSIC] >> Intercontinental Championship on the line. Here tonight on Monday Night RAW. We are live in San Antonio, Texas. >> Booker T is feeling it now. He's telling his fellow Texans. [SOUND] >> What the Hell? >> What the Hell is that? >> He Good God almighty. That's Kane. What the hell is this monster doing here? And Orton, Booker T distracted by Kane's presence. Orton hits the RKO and Randy Orton retains the Intercontinental Continental title. >> Look out, Randy. Get out of there. [MUSIC] >> One, two, three. >> What was that? An elbow to the rib or [INAUDIBLE] RKO right out of nowhere. >> That could be it. >> Suddenly the RKO strikes and Orton wins it. [APPLAUSE] >> Here's your winner, Randy Orton. >> And another legend bites the dust. >> [APPLAUSE] >> Don't do it, Randy [INAUDIBLE] [SOUND] >> [APPLAUSE] >> [SOUND] >> Watch it, The Tree looking for that huge elbow and Orton lucky to avoid the contact. Orton really lucky to- >> Watch, the bell again. >> The bell. >> No, gosh almighty. Good Lord. Talk about ringing the bells of the three count. The heavy cowbell to the head. [MUSIC]. >> Here's your winner, Randy Orton. >> If it wasn't for my father, you'd be nothing. If it wasn't for my father, there'd be no Piper's Pet. >> When I was a kid I used to have to watch my dad come home for being on the road, all black and blue, bruised up, hurt, in pain, arm in a cast. What did he get out of it? Pain, suffereing. What did you get out of it? MTV spots, movies, main event at WrestleMania. You know what? It makes me sick. And you're lucky that my father has more class than I do. And fortunately enough for him, I was raised the right way and I grew up to be a legend killer. Look out! >> And Piper dropping Randy Orton. Roddy Piper had heard enough there. Randy Orton and Rowdy Roddy Piper having to be separated here in this as Piper's head is imploding. >> Get this apart. >> Foley is trying to pull away Piper away from Randy Orton. Orton's father, Bob Orton junior, attempting to intervene. >> Well, Rowdy Piper should be thanking Mick Foley for pulling him off him, Randy Orton, because Rany Orton would just tear Rowdy Roddy Piper apart. >> Well, I don't know, it looked like Rowdy Roddy Piper decked Randy Orton with that [INAUDIBLE] >> Sucker punch. And RKO. Bob Orton junior sucker punches Foley. >> And another one. >> RKO. Both Mick Foley and Rowdy Roddy Piper on SmackDown, Randy Orton. >> And Orton now looking for the RKO. A low blow. The referee didn't see the low blow. Lawler with a low blow and then the RKO. >> One, two, three. [MUSIC] >> Here is your winner, Randy Orton. >> Well, Randy Orton almost ran over the referee, but what'd it cost? It won the opportunity to low-blow The King. [MUSIC]

Before we're going to dive into electromagnetic waves, I would like to discuss a few more mechanical resonances with you. Last Friday, we discussed the resonances of string instruments and wind instruments. But there are several that you see around you quite often, without realizing it, perhaps, that you're looking at a resonance frequency. You may have noticed that traffic signs have the tendency, sometimes, to do this and at certain wind speeds, they go like this. Enormously strong amplitude, that's a form of resonance. Undoubtedly, you have been motels or at homes where you open a faucet and then all of a sudden, when the water's running in a certain way, you hear an incredible noise, a terrible noise. You close the faucet a little, or you open it a little further, and that noise goes away. That's clearly an example of resonance. You drive your car, or you're in someone else's car and at a certain speed something begins to rattle. Very annoying. You go a little faster, it stops. You go a little slower, it stops. Or, if you go a little faster, something else begins to rattle there's some other resonance, of something else in the car. And of course, there are cars whereby something rattles at any speed. But in any case, there's always this idea, then, of resonance, which is all around us. I remember when I was in a student, and when we had an after-dinner speaker which we didn't like, we would all very quickly empty our wine glasses in those days, we were still allowed to drink, by the way and what we would do is the following, something extremely annoying. We would generate the fundamental of our wine glasses. You take your finger, you make it wet and you rub it like this. Listen. [Rubs glass, creates tone] Believe me, if hundred students do that, it's very annoying. But it's also extremely effective. [laughter] Speaker-- speaker gets the message very quickly. [Rubs glass again] What the glass is doing, it's the fundamental of the glass, it's the lowest frequency, the glass is actually doing this. And there are rumors that people can break glasses by singing. And we'll talk about that in a minute. Um, I remember a, um, commercial, Memorex. Memorex is an audio tape. And they bragged about breaking glasses, some of you may actually have seen that commercial. There was a, uh, a picture that I can show you that goes with the commercial and then a very dramatic story. The story is that someone goes to a concert. And there is a woman singer, puts a glass on the table, raises her voice, hits the resonance frequency of the glass... [pshew!] ...and there goes the glass. And this gentleman was recording it, of course on his Memorex tape. So let's, um, see this, uh, this slide. So if we get the slide, yeah! You see this, um, this glass, maybe you can focus a little better John, thank you. Memorex. And so the story then goes that the guy goes home and tells his wife about this. Well, she is smart enough not to believe this story. But he plays back his tape. And at the moment that this glass breaks at the concert, he has some wineglasses himself at home and lo and behold, they also break. And so then idea is, that is the commercial, that's the great pitch of Memorex, that the reason why they break at home is because of the enormous quality of this tape which is made of very special material. And the material, as you could have read on the box, is a very special chemical compound, it is M R X two. Two atoms of X, one of R and one of M and then you make it oxide and then you have the best tape that you can imagine in the world. Well, they overlook a small detail and that is that, um, for one thing, a tape recorder would never generate enough volume to break a glass in the first place. But in the second place, the glasses that this guy had at home, obviously didn't have exactly the same resonance frequency as the glass at the concert. So this could never had happened. But like with all commercials, you know that you're being swindled and this, of course, no exception. I've always questioned whether it is actually possible, that a person, without the aid of strong amplification and without the aid of huge sound volumes which you can generate with loudspeakers, whether you can actually break a glass. I've always wondered about that. People say it can be done. Caruso, famous singer, was known for being able to do that. He put the glass there, he would rub it with his finger so that he knew the resonance frequency... [kllk] ...and there he would go, and... [poit] ...bingo. Frankly speaking, I don't believe it. I don't believe it can be done by a human being without the aid of amplifiers and speakers. And when I lectured 801, several years ago, together with Professor Feld here at MIT, we discussed the-- the possibility of designing something that actually would be able to break a glass, and-- and he actually deserved a lot of credit for that, he worked with a graduate student and he managed to design a setup that works most of the time. But don't put your hopes too high, it doesn't work all the time. So here is a wineglass, the same series as that one. By the time when-- when he got it to work, we bought five hundred of those glasses, we got a good discount, by the way, because we wanted to be sure that we can do it for years to come. So here's the wine glass and here is the loudspeaker and we are going to generate sound very close to the resonance frequency of this glass, which we have already determined before you came in, four hundred and eighty eight Hertz. You're going to see the glass there and to make you see, actually, this wonderful motion of the glass, we will strobe it with light at a frequency slightly different from the frequency of the sound so that you see the glass move very slowly. And then we will increase the volume of the speaker and then with some luck, if we are right on resonance... [poit] ...the glass may actually break. I think this is the sound that you're going to hear at low volume. [tone] And I think I turned on the, um, the strobe light now. [tone] So I'm going to go make it dark. [tone] And I want to warn you that the sound level is going to be quite high. [tone] I will have to protect my ears [tone] and you actually may have to do the same. [tone] I will first increase the volume of the sound to see whether I'm close enough to resonance. [tone] So this slow motion that you see is the result of the strobe, which is not exactly at the same frequency as the glass. I can change that a little. [tone, pitch changes slightly] All right. So we are very close to resonance. The glass is clearly responding to the sound and now I will cover my ears and slowly increase the sound volume. [tone, volume increases] [tone] [tone, volume increases] [tone] I can't go any louder. [tone] It's tough glass. [tone] [glass breaking] [tone, lower pitch due to slow-motion replay] [glass breaking] [tone] It was a tough glass. [applause] I think you will probably agree with me now that for a person to do that without electronic help is just not so believable. The most dramatic example of destructive resonance is the collapse of the bridge in Tacoma in 1940. Many of you may have seen that dramatic movie, but some of you may not have seen it. And even if you have seen it, it's worth seeing it again. With a little bit of wind, there's a little bit more wind and just like with these wind instruments, you're dumping a whole spectrum of frequencies onto a wind instrument and it picks out the resonance frequency. And this bridge, as you're going to see, picks out its own resonance frequencies. And the consequences are quite dramatic. So if you can start, Marcos, with this movie. Movie: (dramatic) music playing Dawn of a fatal day and the wind begins to speak with a roar that no man can fail to hear. Music continues... In a forty mile an hour gale the feathers pan weaves like a ribbon in a swinging swift that you wouldn't believe possible. Unless you could see it as you do now. Music continues... There is an automobile caught on the heaving road way. The eleven thousand ton feathers pan swifts and swings the giant cables that support it. Cables of sixty three hunderd wire slams, each seventeen inches thick. Music continues... No structure of steel and concrete can stand such a strain. Steel girders buckle and giant cables snap like [two leaf branch?] There it goes! Music continues... Engineers are divided as to the cause of the disaster. Some claim it was the use of solid girders. Others differ, but whatever the reasons, Tacoma will rebuild. This time a bridge that will not provide a super thrill [swirl? swell?] in the news. Music continues... No other example of re-- destructive resonance is more impressive than this one. All right, so now, we've had so much fun and we have to really get into electromagnetic waves. So we turn back to Maxwell's equations as you see them here. And Maxwell, who was credited for this extra term that he added to Ampere's Law, the displacement current term, was able to predict that electromagnetic waves should exist, he predicted the existence of radio waves, which were later discovered by Hertz and that was a great victory for the theory. But, as I will show you today, there was another enormous victory around the corner. Electric and magnetic fields can move through space and satisfy all four Maxwell's equations. The electric field results from a changing magnetic field and a magnetic field results from a changing electric field. So one exists at the mercy of the other and the other exists at the mercy of one. Together, they propagate through space, they can even propagate through vacuum, where there are no charges and where there are no currents. Very mysterious. I will write down a possible solution of an electromagnetic wave which meets all four Maxwell's equations and this is the graphical display of those waves that I'm going to write down. But I will discuss that with you in a minute. The electric field is only in the direction of x-- this is the magnitude, the largest value of the electric field, it's only in the direction of x. Cosine k z minus omega t. This is the frequency and the minus sign tells you that it is traveling in the plus z direction. B, the associated magnetic field, is B zero, only in the y direction, with exactly the same cosine minus omega t term. So if I plot this at time t equals zero, then you see this curve right here. And you see the magnetic field curve here. The magnetic field is only in the y direction and the electric field is only in the x direction. And this is a package that, together, moves in the direction of plus z with this speed, which is omega divided by k. And the wavelength from here to here is then two pi divided by k. We call them plane waves and the reason why we call them plane waves is that, if you take a plane, anywhere perpendicular to z, that no matter where you are in that plane, at that moment in time, the E and the B vector are everywhere in that plane the same. So think of this as a plane perpendicular to the z axis and then this whole train passes by you. And so you see the electric field vector like this, becomes zero, like this, becomes zero, like this. And the magnetic field vector, maximum, zero, this direction and so on. But that's why they're called plane waves. These equations only satisfy Maxwell's equations under two conditions. And one condition is that B zero is E zero divided by C and the other condition is that omega divided by k, which is the velocity, with which it propagates, I will call that C, in vacuum, we call the velocity of electromagnetic radiation C, that is one divided by the square root of epsilon zero, mu zero. If that's the case, my two equations will satisfy Maxwell's equations. Imagine the victory for Maxwell. Maxwell was not only able to predict the existence of electromagnetic waves, but he was even able to predict that they would move through vacuum with that speed. What an unbelievable victory, when you come to think of it, that epsilon zero can be measured, in a static way, it follows from Coulomb's law, has nothing to do with the dB dt, has nothing to do with the dE dt. Has nothing to do with traveling waves. Epsilon zero is about eight point eight five times ten to the minus twelve in SI units. Mu zero is equally static, can be measured from the force at which two wires, through which you run a current, attract each other. No dB dt, no dE dt, there's nothing to do with electromagnetic waves. Mu zero is about one point two six times ten to the minus six in SI units. And if you multiply them and substitute them in this equation, you will find that C equals two point nine nine times ten to the eight meters per second. Unbelievable. What a success for that theory. It always baffles me how two quantities so static and seemingly so unrelated to moving waves, with dB dts and dE dts all over the place, how they can predict the speed of light. Suppose I ask you to measure the pressure in your tires of your car and I would ask you to also measure the voltage of your battery and then to predict the speed of the car. It's almost something like that. It is bizarre. But it works and it was a great victory and of course, it justified entirely this one term, which is this displacement current term. Together, you and I will prove that this is, indeed, a necessary condition so that these equations satisfy Maxwell's equations. We will do it together. I will do 50 percent and you will do the other 50 percent at assignment number nine. So we split this bill fifty-fifty. I will make a new drawing and I will do something that I rarely ever do in lectures, I will give you eight minutes of hardcore math. You're going to hate it. I'm going to make a new drawing, which is not too different from what you have there. So this is z, this is x and this is y. And at t equals zero, I'm going to draw here the electric field like so. So this is E zero, electric field is this strength and now I'm going to apply Ampere's Law, that's my half of the bargain, closed-loop integral of B dot dl, you see there, equals epsilon zero times mu zero times d phi E dt. We're dealing with vacuums, so kappa M is one, and the dielectric constant is one. And there is no such thing as a current I, because we are in empty space, so this whole term does not exist. What does Ampere's Law require? I need a closed loop and I need a surface that I attach an open surface to that closed loop. I'm going to choose a closed loop in the plane y z. And this is going to be my closed loop. This here is going to be my closed loop. This length is l and the length, or the width, of this side, is lambda divided by four. I have to do a closed loop integral of B dot dl, I will do that last. I will first do the hardest part, which is the time derivative of the electric flux through this surface. The problem is that the electric field is not constant. The electric field is zero here and has a maximum here and falls off in this way. So I have to do an integral. So I'm going to make a slice here and this slice here has a width dz. And in that very narrow slice, the electric field is approximately constant. Right here, the electric field has this value. But everywhere in that slice, it has the same value, because remember, it's a plane wave. And so I will draw here a line parallel and so everywhere in that slice, the electric field has exactly this value. And that value is given by this equation. If you tell me what z is at time t equals zero, I know what that value is, that's this value. So now I have to calculate the electric flux. So phi of E, I have to take the dot product between dA and the electric field. Remember, flux is the dot product, E times dA. I will choose dA up, because E is also up, so that makes life easy, I have to remember that later, then, when I do the closed loop integral of B dot dL, then looking from below, I have to go clockwise, because I remember the right-hand corkscrew rule. So I get all my minus signs and plus signs just right. So dA and E are in the same direction. So what is dA of this little slice? That is l times dz. So I get l times dz. What is the local electric field in this slice? Well, that's that equation. So I get E zero times the cosine of k z minus omega t. This x roof, of course, is gone, because the A and E are in the same direction, I have already taken that into account. But I have to integrate this now, from z equals zero to lambda over four, because I have to integrate it over this whole surface. So that's the-- the answer. But I'm not interested in phi E. I have to know d phi E dt. So it's going to be worse for you. I told you, eight minutes, pain in the neck. So I'm going to take the time derivative of that function, so d phi E dt. L and E zero can come out, that's no problem, they are constants. I take the time derivative of cosine k z minus omega t, then minus omega pops out and the cosine becomes a minus sign. So I get minus the sine of k z minus omega t. And I have to do an integral, here is my dz, zero to lambda over four. This minus sign eats up this minus sign. I have to do the integral, but I do that at t equals zero. In other words, this thing goes away, because t equals zero. So I'm getting close. So I'm going to continue here, so I get l times E zero, I have an omega and now I have to do the integral of sine k z dz. Well, the k z means I have to get a k out, which is here and then the integral of sine dz is simply minus the cosine of k z and I have to evaluate that between zero and lambda over four. If I evaluate cosine k z between zero and lambda over four, that's minus one. I'm sure you can do that alone. Times this minus one makes it plus one. And so the answer is l times E zero times omega divided by k, but we call that c, in vacuum, that is the speed of electromagnetic radiation. So this is the answer to d phi E dt. Now, we have to do the closed loop integral of B dot dl. And that is easy. At this moment in time, B is the maximum here, which is B zero and then it falls off to zero here. You can see the same there. Suppose I start here and I go this way, this way, this way and this way. Closed loop integral. If I go from here to here, my B and dl are at ninety degree angles. B is coming to you, and Bl-- dl is like this. So there is no contribution here. If you go from here to here, well, B is zero everywhere along the line. So integral B dot dl from here to here is zero. It's a plane wave, remember? B is zero here, it's also zero here, it's also zero here, it's also zero here. If you go from here to here, B and dl are, again, at ninety-degree angles, so there is no contribution, so there's only a contribution due to this portion. And that is B zero times the length l. And now you see why I chose the width lambda over four, so I get a very easy result. So I find then, that B zero times l, which is the left part of Ampere's Law, well, it's too much to give Ampere credit, all the credit, because it's really Maxwell who added that term, d phi E dt. And so this, now, is epsilon zero mu zero, which you see upstairs there, times the result that we have here. Oh, by the way, this is E zero, times l, times E zero, times c. And I lose my l. And you see here a result that is quite remarkable, even though it doesn't look so remarkable to you, yet. The reason is, that you are going to do the other half. You are going to apply Faraday's Law for me. I only used Ampere's Law, you're going to-- in assignment nine, use this relationship, which will allow you to prove this. And once you have this, substitute for B zero, E zero divided by c and you see immediately that the speed of light then, has to be this. This is your task. I did this end. Yours is no easier than mine and I advise you to also, use this quarter-wavelength trick. If you know the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation then the wavelength follows immediately and so you see here a few examples that I've calculated for you. If you start out with a low frequency of thousand Hertz, you get a wavelength of three hundred kilometers, radio waves, megaHertz, still talk about radio waves, but when you go up in frequency, the wavelengths, of course, get shorter and shorter, we would call these radar waves, microwaves. If you go to ten to the fourteen, ten to the fifteen Hertz, you get into the domain of infrared and visible light and the ultraviolet, and if you go even higher, then you end up with X-ray and ultimately, gamma rays. All of these are members of the electromagnetic family, electromagnetic waves. This A with a little zero there stands for angstroms. That means ten to the minus ten meters. So, a whole family of electromagnetic waves, and we give them names so we can talk about them without ever mentioning the specific frequency or the-- or the wavelength. So given the fact that electromagnetic waves then travel-- with three hundred thousand kilometers per second, one foot would take one nanosecond. Twenty six one hundred, thirty meters deep. The light, for me, to Professor Bertozzi all the way at the end would take about oh point one microseconds. One second, light, radio waves to the moon. Eight minutes it takes the light from the sun to reach us. The light from the nearest stars will take five years. And the nearest large galaxy to the Earth would take two million years for that light to reach us. So when you look at that galaxy, then you see the galaxy the way it was two million years ago. In astronomy, we use as our meter stick, a light-year, which is the distance that light travels in one year, which is about ten to the sixteen meters. If you study a galaxy which is at a distance of ten billion light-years, you're looking at the universe the way it was ten billion years ago. So in astronomy, you can look back minutes, you can look back years, you can look back millions of years, but you can also look back in time billions of years. Most forms of electromagnetic radiation, certainly light and radio waves and radar-- can reflect off surfaces. At least, to some degree, it depends on the surface. And this is the basis behind the distance determination. When you send a radar pulse to an airplane, or to a rainstorm, some of that radiation comes back at you and you know the speed and so that allowed you to calculate the distance. If the distance to the plane is d and you send a brief pulse and it comes back, they call it the echo and it takes a certain amount of time to come back, which you can measure, then that signal has traveled twice the distance, so that is the speed of light times t, this is what you measure, the distance in time from the moment you sent the signal until you get the reflection back and so you can calculate the distance. The distance to the moon can be measured this way. There are five corner reflectors on the moon. Three were left there by the Americans and two were left by the Soviets, in the days that it was still the Soviet Union. An optical telescope from Earth can send a very brief pulse, laser pulse, to these corner reflectors. The l-- the time, the length in time of this pulse is only one-quarter of a nanosecond. Just imagine, light only travels seven centimeters in one-quarter of a nanosecond. So the kind of wave that you get is really not very much of a plane wave, the way we envision it. But in any case, this pulse goes to the moon, and then some of it comes back, it's reflected off these corner reflectors. There are two times ten to the seventeen photons, roughly, in one of these pulses and only one comes back per ten pulses. So not much comes back. But it's enough, if you integrate it to get an accurate distance determination between us and the corner reflectors, the accuracy is about ten centimeters. And the goal is really to get a handle on the precise orbit of the moon. I can show you these corner reflectors the way they were built on Earth and then I will also show an optical observatory as it is sending out these quarter-nanosecond pulses, laser light, to the moon. So this is, uh, one of those corner reflectors. They are designed in such a way that if light strikes it in a certain direction, that it reflects the light in exactly the same direction backwards, hundred eighty degrees, very clever design. And so the next slide will show you, in Texas, McDonald Observatory is sending, here, these short, brief pulses, laser light, to the moon and what you see here is simply some scattered light of the dust in the Earth atmosphere. And then only a teeny weeny little bit of that comes back, but that is enough to get the distance to the moon. There are, on the moon, this is enough for this slide, John, there are, on the moon, several cameras. They were left there by Surveyor, they are small cameras. The lens, I think, is only two inches across. And they keep an eye on the Earth all the time. Something that you may never have thought of, that if you were on the moon and you look at the Earth, and the Earth is there, say that an hour from now, the Earth will still be there. And ten hours from now, the Earth will still be there and ten years from now, the Earth will still be there. As seen from the moon, the Earth never moves. Of course, it rotates about its axis. You will see that. You will also see that certain parts of the Earth are at night and others are at day, that's different, but it's always in the same direction. So it's very easy for these cameras to keep an eye on us, so to speak. All you have to do is to aim them in one direction and you never have to change that direction. Imagine that you and I were now on the moon and we were looking at the Earth. And you, for instance, would see the Earth as you see it here. Here is North America and this part of the Earth happens to be daylight and here it's night. And this is the moment that these cameras are going to take a picture of the Earth. So you expect to see a lot of light here, and you expect this to be night, here is New York. You may think that there is so much light coming from New York that you may actually see New York, that a picture taken by these cameras-- actually may show you New York. Well, you won't, but you see something else which is very dramatic, that's why I show this to you, because the picture you're going to see next, John, you can show it, is at the time that two observatories on Earth were both sending these laser pulses to the moon. And here you see one in Arizona and here you see one in California. But you don't see New York. Isn't that amazing? That you're on the moon and you know there's really life on Earth, someone is blinking at you. Well, you don't see the blinking, but you see these lights. Very dramatic shot. Thanks, uh, John, that's fine. Radio waves can be generated by oscillating charges. I will talk about that a great deal the next lecture. So you run alternating current through wires called antennas, this is an antenna and then you create electromagnetic waves. And radio stations transmit at a well-defined frequency. For instance, WEEI transmits at eight hundred and fifty kiloHertz, wavelength three hundred and fifty three meters. Eight hundred and fifty kiloHertz is an extremely high frequency. How come I can hear things, that I can hear music and that I hear someone speak? Well, this signal, we call this the carrier wave, is being modulated. The strength of that signal is modulated with the frequency of audible sound, we call that, therefore, amplitude modulation. So, for instance, if you looked at this signal as a function of time, then this would be the audio modulation of that signal. But the transmitter would transmit eight hundred fifty kiloHertz, here, the signal would be a little stronger, here a little weaker, here a little stronger and if this were a thousand Hertz tone, then this would be one millisecond. At the receiving end, you tune your radio, you change a capacitor somewhere in your radio, you have an LRC circuit, so that you are exactly on resonance at eight hundred fifty kiloHertz, and you're not on resonance at eight hundred and forty kiloHertz, so you don't hear other stations, but you really tune in on that one station and you can receive this signal, then. And then you do some demodulation to only hear the audio envelope and you hear speech and you hear music. That's the idea. Right here in twenty six one hundred, we have a transmitter and I can transmit sound at almost any frequency that we choose. We have decided in honor of you, to transmit a one kiloHertz audio signal at eight zero two kiloHertz. The eight zero two is in honor of you. At eight hundred and two kiloHertz, there is no radio station, so this is a nice thing to do. We're not interfering with anyone. We're going to transmit it here and then we have a radio here, and we are going to search for that signal at eight hundred and two kiloHertz. That's what we're going to do first before we're going to do some other things which are not so nice. Now, Marcos is an expert, in order to get the frequencies right, so Marcos has promised to help me with this, very nice. [tone] Oh, boy, you're already on, we are already transmitting at eight hundred and two kiloHertz and the station is already receiving it, the station meaning our radio. [tone] Marcos, let me convince the students that, indeed, [tone, pitch changes] that it, oh, you changed the frequency. Marcos: Yeah. Lewin: So he changed the audio signal. So I want you to appreciate that we really are transmitting from this antenna, by unplugging it. [tone stops, static noise] So now the radio doesn't see the electromagnetic waves [tone continues] at eight hundred and two kiloHertz. [tone] So the radio is receiving now, the radio waves that we are producing. [tone] Now, we're going to do something that is not so nice. [tone] We're going to change our frequency to eight hundred fifty KiloHertz. [tone] So now what are we going to do is jamming the WEEA sport channel. [tone] So you may hear our one kiloHertz [tone] tone but you may not hear [tone] what they are saying. Can we first listen to WEEI, before we do this nasty thing? [tone fades into static noise followed by radio] Radio: uh, not the, you know, Larry Dominique matchup, but he says it was not, now what, what was the date of Clemens'... Lewin: Is it WEEI? Marcos: Yeah. Radio: ...dig that up, do we know the date? Lewin: Now be a naughty boy. Radio: I've got all the, uh, the Celtics playoffs dates here... [radio signal replaced by tone] We're doing something very illegal here. [tone] In fact, we can do even worse. [tone] [tone changes pitch and silences for the most part] I can be on the radio. [laughter] I'll have to turn off my microphone, because otherwise, you wouldn't know whether it comes from the radio... [Microfone off, voice volume down] or whether it comes from my microphone. [kgg, sound clearly hearable via the radio, kgg repeated] Hello, hello? Can you hear me? This is radio WHTL, it's a pirate station in the Cambridge area, we're now transmitting at eight hundred fifty kiloHertz. Our weekly programs will be on the latest excitement in science. Of course, we realize that this is illegal as hell, [laughter] but that's why we like it so much. [laughter] We start our first program next Monday at ten AM and if you have any questions, feel free to contact the Physics Department of Harvard University. [laughter] See you next Wednesday. [applause]

The main thing that drew me Southampton was the NOC (National Oceanography Centre) I looked around it with my Mum and it was just a beautiful campus, I just could see myself studying there. The facilities were just amazing we did sort of test practicals and that kind of thing and it was just it was just great. I just really enjoyed the atmosphere and the space. It's quite a small community so only the sort of Earth Sciences study there. The library's beautiful it's over three floors. Because it's quite a small community you get to know everyone that you pass every day. The cafe is great, the food's amazing! It's nice to feel you know comfortable in a place because you recognise people it's not unfamiliar. You know that there's research going on, if someone's found something exciting the buzz goes around the lecturers and one of them are put in a lecture and that's it the students know as well. Geology is kind of predominantly earth sciences it's a very wide-ranging subject, you study from volcanoes, to earthquakes, to oil, to environmental issues such as nuclear waste and disposal and that kind of thing. So really Geology encompasses a very wide range of science aspects, looking at the physical earth around you. Throughout a geology degree, field work is an essential part because how can you study the world around you without looking at it. If a trip is compulsory so on a core module it will be funded by the University you just have to buy your own food. And then in your first year the trips you go on really teach you the basics of geological field work whether it's mapping or just general observation and analysis of rock, what kind of things you as a geologist you should be looking out for, that gives you the clues to what's going on around you And then as you progress through your degree you gets got more and more exciting trips. So my favourite trip was the Tenerife trip which you take in third year as part of a volcanics module and you spend the week looking at all kinds of volcanic deposits. My dream job would be an Outreach Volcanology worker you can study so much with Geology lots of people, obviously when you think Geology, lots of people think 'oil industry' but it covers environmental jobs as well and people that have gone into looking at cleaning up nuclear waste and other environmental problems. People go into renewable energy. Looking at if you've got to drill down into bedrocks to put a wind turbine in then you need a Geologist. There's also lots of engineering geology, jobs things like, if you're trying to cut a road through a hillside, you need a Geologist there, if you're trying to dig a tunnel a Geologist will be there and then there's obviously the kind of seismology and looking at earthquakes and volcano monitoring and that kind of thing.