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[ [ "2023 Georgian Super Cup" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2023 Georgian Super Cup''' was the 22nd edition of the Georgian Super Cup, an annual football competition for clubs in the Georgian football league system that were successful in its major competitions in the preceding season.", "It was the first edition of the tournament to be played under the new format with four teams.During the semi-final stage, both games went to penalties, with Dinamo Batumi defeating Torpedo Kutaisi 6–5, and Dinamo Tbilisi defeating Dila Gori 4–2.Both the final and the third place playoff also went to penalties, with Dinamo Tbilisi winning 4–3 against Dinamo Batumi in the final and Torpedo Kutaisi defeating Dila Gori 5–4 in the third place playoff." ], [ "Qualification", "=== Qualified teams ===The following four teams qualified for the tournament.TeamMethod of qualificationAppearanceLast appearance asYears performanceWinner(s)Runners-upSemi-finalistsDinamo Tbilisi2022 Erovnuli Liga winners13th2020 Erovnuli Liga84–Torpedo Kutaisi2022 Georgian Cup winners5th2018 Georgian Cup Winners22–Dinamo Batumi2022 Erovnuli Liga runners-up5th2021 Erovnuli Liga Winners22–Dila Gori2022 Erovnuli Liga third place3rd2014–15 Umaglesi Liga Winners02–" ], [ "Matches", "=== Bracket ======Semi-finals===----===Match for third place======Final=====See also== 2022 Erovnuli Liga2022 Georgian Cup" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Stroitel Stadium (Ufa)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Stroitel Stadium''' () is a sports stadium in Ufa.", "It is located north of the centre of the city, off the Aleksandra Nevskogo Ulitsa street in Neftekhimikov (Petrochemists') Park.The stadium is primarily an Ice speedway venue and has hosted major ice speedway events.", "It is also used for ice skating and in the summer for association football." ], [ "History", "The stadium opened in 1959 and once hosted motorcycle speedway but changes to the track resulted in it only being used for ice speedway.", "It was the venue for qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Championship in 1963 and the qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Team Cup in 1965 and 1967.Pre-meeting parade for an ice speedway meetingAs an ice speedway venue, the stadium has hosted multiple rounds of the Individual Ice Speedway World Championship from the very first World championship in 1966 to 2012.It has also held the final of the Individual Ice Speedway European Championship in 2010, 2013, 2016, 2017 and 2019.Over the last three decades the stadium has required modernisation and plans were drawn up by Mayor Sergey Grekov in November 2021 (as part of the 450th jubilee of Ufa) to modernise the stadium at the cost of 1.7 billion rubles.Aerial viewSince 2022, the stadium has been resticted to domestic use following the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ban on Russian motorcycle riders, teams, officials, and competitions, as a result of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bonapartherium" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Bonapartherium''''' is an extinct genus of polydolopimorphian metatherian known from the Late Eocene to the Earliest Oligocene in what is now Argentina.Two species are recognized, '''''B.", "hinakusijum''''' and '''''B.", "serrensis'''''." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Madagascar martin" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Madagascar martin''' ('''''Riparia cowani''''') is a small passerine bird in the swallow family Hirundinidae that is found in montane Madagascar.", "It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the brown-throated martin (''Riparia paludicola'')." ], [ "Taxonomy", "The Madagascar martin was formally described in 1882 by the English ornithologist Richard Bowdler Sharpe based on specimens collected by the Scottish naturalist William Deans Cowan in montane southeast Madagascar.", "Sharpe coined the binomial name ''Cotile cowani'', choosing the specific epithet to honour the collector.", "It is now one of six martins placed in the genus ''Riparia'' that was introduced in 1817 by the German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster.", "The Madagascar martin was formerly considered to be conspecific with the brown-throated martin (''Riparia paludicola'') but was split based on the different morphology and vocalization.", "The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Barra Santos" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Barra Santos''' is a restaurant in Cypress Park, Los Angeles, in the U.S. state of California.", "It serves Portuguese cuisine.", "In 2024, Barra Santos was a semifinalist in the Best New Restaurant category of the James Beard Foundation Awards." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sadness Sets Me Free" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Sadness Sets Me Free''''' is the eighth studio album by Welsh musician Gruff Rhys, released on 26 January 2024 through Rough Trade Records.", "It was recorded in three days in March 2022 in Paris, and received positive reviews from critics." ], [ "Recording", "Recording took place at La Frette studio in Paris, France, where Rhys and his band recorded the album in three days in March 2022." ], [ "Critical reception", "''Sadness Sets Me Free'' received a score of 85 out of 100 on review aggregator Metacritic based on four critics' reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".", "''Mojo''s James McNair wrote that \"though it stops well short of the ardent self-loathing that fired Radiohead's Creep, a pronounced seam of self-criticism runs through\" the album, despite concluding that \"the music is often uplifting; a stoical and pro-active salve against troubles local and global\".", "''Uncut''s Pete Paphides observed that \"on an album of songs that 'feel melancholic or... deal with shit things,' it's important to state that, at no point, does the listener feel like they're taking a holiday in someone else's misery\".", "Reviewing the album for ''The Irish Times'', Siobhán Kane felt that the album \"can sound both disconcerting and comforting\".Joe Muggs of ''The Arts Desk'' found the songs to have a \"subdued nature\" but called them \"so damn good, they could take a lot more lavishness and sparkle.", "As it is, though, this is a weird, inspiring and very lovely record\".", "Nathan Whittle of ''Louder Than War'' wrote that on ''Sadness Sets Me Free'', \"Gruff Rhys delivers a spellbindingly oxymoronic display; the low-key nature of the songs results in grandness, the darkness of the content providing hope\".", "''MusicOMH''s Ben Hogwood opined regarding the song titles that \"on paper, songs of this ilk should be weighing the listener down, but the reality is different as Rhys realises his ideas in music of blissful freedom\"." ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "Personnel", "* Gruff Rhys – vocals, production* Maxime Kosinetz – production, mixing* Chab – mastering* Gwenllian Hâf MacDonald – studio musician* Huw V. Williams – studio musician* Jess Feaver – studio musician* Kliph Scurlock – studio musician* Martin Gwilym-Jones – studio musician* Osian Gwynedd – studio musician* Rebecca Jones – studio musician* Rhodri Brooks – studio musician (tracks 1, 8, 9)* Kate Stables – studio musician (tracks 1, 8, 10)* Pedro Barrios – studio musician (tracks 3, 6, 7)* Gavin Fitzjohn – studio musician (tracks 4, 10)" ], [ "Charts", "+ Chart performance for ''Sadness Sets Me Free'' Chart (2024) Peakposition" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Vicente de Vera" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Vicente de Vera''' was a Filipino lawyer and politician during the American occupation from Sorsogon." ], [ "Biography", "Vicente de Vera was born on August 22, 1871, in Bulan, Sorsogon.De Vera was appointed vice mayor of the municipality of Sorsogon in 1904.That same year, he temporarily replaced Bernardino Monreal as governor of Sorsogon province.", "In 1907, De Vera was elected to the newly established Philippine House of Representatives representing the 1st district of Sorsogon, serving until 1909 and becoming chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary.", "In 1919, De Vera was elected to the Senate of the Philippines representing the 6th Senatorial District which comprised the Bicol region, serving until 1925.In 1945, De Vera was appointed to become a member of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), becoming its chairman in 1947.He oversaw several electoral exercises in the county such as the 1946 Philippine presidential election, the 1947 Philippine constitutional plebiscite, the 1947 Philippine Senate election, and the 1949 Philippine presidential election.", "De Vera served as COMELEC chair until his death in 1951." ], [ "Personal life", "De Vera's son, Teodoro de Vera, served as a senator for the Liberal Party from 1949 to 1952, which led to an unsuccessful attempt by the latter's rivals in the Nacionalista Party to have the elder de Vera removed by the Supreme Court as COMELEC chairman due to a supposed conflict of interest in his son's election." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Chez Noir" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Chez Noir''' is a restaurant in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in the U.S. state of California.", "It has received a Michelin star, and was a semifinalist in the Best New Restaurant category of the James Beard Foundation Awards in 2024." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Respect the Dead" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Respect the Dead''''' is an album by the American musician Otis Taylor, released in 2002.Taylor supported the album with North American tour.", "''Respect the Dead'' was nominated for a W. C. Handy Award for best contemporary blues album." ], [ "Production", "Recorded at Stepbridge Studios, in Santa Fe, the album was produced by Kenny Passarelli, who also played bass.", "Eddie Turner played lead guitar.", "Taylor's daughter, Cassie, contributed backing vocals to many of the songs.", "All of the songs were written by Taylor.", "Taylor was chiefly influenced by John Lee Hooker.", "\"32nd Time\" traces the history of the civil rights movement in the latter half of the 20th century.", "\"Ten Million Slaves\" is about the slave trade, told from the perspective of someone trapped in a fallout shelter.", "\"Three Stripes on a Cadillac\" was inspired by a story of a drag race in Mexico that ended in death." ], [ "Critical reception", "The ''Ottawa Citizen'' wrote that \"Taylor's both a history addict and social observer and he's way more interested in relating the stories of a people than he is in bad men- bad women tunes.\"", "''The Globe and Mail'' determined that, \"while the hard-strummed minimalist brilliance of ''African'' is reprised here, Taylor, by giving more manoeuvre to his band, adds backing depth to a musical stream of historical consciousness.\"", "''Billboard'' called \"Black Witch\" \"one of the most haunting (and haunted) blues songs tracked by anyone in recent memory.", "\"The ''Regina Leader-Post'' said that the songs \"are built on driving repetition, one chord over and over towards some sinister end.\"", "''The Commercial Appeal'' stated that ''Respect the Dead'' \"increases the jam-band quotient in Taylor's rootsy blend of Richie Havens folk, Dock Boggs old-time and John Lee Hooker blues.\"", "''The Province'' concluded that Taylor's \"singing is fierce and his electric banjo work is the twanging-est ever.\"", "''The Washington Post'' wrote that Taylor connects \"the droning, acoustic sounds of pre-World War II blues to the trance-like, amplified sounds of today's dance music.", "\"AllMusic noted that \"Taylor doesn't work within standard blues structures, and his lyrics stray far from the standard blues lines to encompass history and mythology.\"" ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Maria Kalyuzhnaya" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Maria Vasilyevna Kalyuzhnaya''' (; 1864 – 7 November 1889) was a Ukrainian Narodnik revolutionary.", "She was arrested in 1882 for her involvement in the printing operations of Narodnaya Volya, and again in 1884 for attempting to assassinate a Gendarme.", "She committed suicide by poisoning in the Kara katorga, in protest against the abuse of imprisoned women by the prison authorities." ], [ "Biography", "Maria Vasilyevna Kalyuzhnaya was born in 1864, in Lebedyn, a city in the Kharkov Governorate of the Russian Empire.", "She was the daughter of a merchant and the younger sister of .", "She studied at women's schools in Kharkov and Romny, graduating in 1880.She joined the Narodniks and was arrested in Odesa in 1882, on charges of printing subversive literature for Narodnaya Volya.", "The military administration sent her to live under house arrest with her mother in Okhtyrka, but she managed to escape.", "On 8 August 1884, she attempted to assassinated a colonel of the Gendarmerie.", "She was arrested, tried by a military tribunal on 29 August and sentenced to 20 years in prison.", "She was imprisoned in Kara katorga, in the Transbaikal Oblast.", "When the revolutionary prisoner Nadezhda Sigida was transferred to a punishment regime for slapping an gendarme officer, Kalyuzhnaya, along with Maria Kovalevska and Nadia Smyrnytska, went on hunger strike for two weeks, demanding that Sigida be allowed to see them.", "The women were beaten and tortured for their defiance.", "In November 1889, Kalyuzhnaya committed suicide by poisoning together with Sigida, Kovalevska and Smyrnytska, in protest against the abuse of women by the prison authorities.", "After learning about this, her brother Ivan also committed suicide by poisoning." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Robert Burns' skull" ], [ "Introduction", "In 1834, Robert Burns' skull was exhumed and multiple casts were made from the head of Scotland's national bard.In the early 19th century, phrenology, a pseudo-science involving the measuring of skulls to predict an individuals personality was widely believed.", "As a national figure and well known for his works and public persona, Burns' skull was of great interest to phrenologists at the time." ], [ "Interment to the Burns Mausoleum", "Burns died 21 July 1796 and was buried in St. Michael's Churchyard in Dumfries.", "A mausoleum in the same cemetery was erected 19 years after his death and his body was relocated to the new tomb.John McDiarmid, editor of the Dumfries Courier, reported on the removal of Burns from his original resting place though he arrived two years after the event.", "McDiarmid had an interest in phrenology and wished to make an examination of the Burns' skull.Cast of the skull of Scottish poet Robert Burns, held at the Anatomical Museum, Edinburgh." ], [ "Exhumation of the skull", "The opportunity to examine Burns' skull arose when Jean Armour, Burns' widow, died on 26 March 1834.The Burns Mausoleum was to be reopened to inter Armour's body on 1 April 1834.McDiarmid was supposedly granted permission to exhume Burns's body by Armour's brother, Robert Armour.", "However, on review of newspaper coverage of the time and with the exhumation being performed at night and in secret, historians now doubt whether consent was given.A group was led by McDiarmid and Archibald Blacklock, a local surgeon with an interest in phrenology.", "Other members included Adam Rankine, James Kerr, James Bogie, Andrew Crombie and their assistants.The group attempted to entered the mausoleum at 7pm 31 March 1834.There were many people present in the graveyard and they decided to try again later that evening when it would be quieter.", "Upon opening the coffin casket, Blacklock made an assessment of the skull in the tomb.The group then removed the skull and took it to James Fraser, a local plasterer of Queensbury Street, Dumfries.", "The skull was later returned to the tomb.=== Assessment of the cast by George Combe ===A plaster cast was sent to George Combe, a Scottish lawyer and practitioner of phrenology based in Edinburgh.", "Combe published a report about his findings, entitled ‘Phrenological development of Robert Burns.", "From a cast on his skull moulded at Dumfries, the 31st day of March, 1834’.Combe's analysis of the skull:The Skull indicates the combination of strong animal passions, with equally powerful moral emotions.", "If the natural morality had been less, the endowment of the propensities is sufficient to have constituted a character of the most desperate description." ], [ "Number of plaster casts", "Cast of the skull of Scottish poet Robert Burns - backIt is unknown how many casts were made by Fraser, with some sources reporting three were made.", "Six casts are known to exist today though some may be copies of the original cast.", "* Anatomical Museum, University of Edinburgh* The Hunterian, University of Glasgow* Writer’s Museum, a museum in Edinburgh* Dumfries Museum* East Ayrshire Museums* National Trust for Scotland’s Robert Burns Birthplace Museum" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Laza Razanajatovo" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Laza Razanajatovo''' (known as '''Laza''') is a Malagasy filmmaker, film producer, screenwriter and film festival organiser of the Rencontres du Film Court Madagascar." ], [ "Biography", "In 2006 Laza founded the Rencontres du Film Court Madagascar, the short film festival of Madagascar, which has organised Pan-African short film competitions, workshops, meetings and international exchanges.", "He studied cinematography in Paris for eight years and is based in Antananarivo, Madagascar, as director of his own film production house Rozifilms.", "He was a member of the documentary jury at the 29th Carthage Film Festival (Journées Cinématographiques de Carthage 2018, fr) and a co-organiser of Anim'ato Mada, a 2022 workshop for stop-motion film animators.", "Laza received the Chevalier (Knight) of the National Order of Madagascar distinction and is a president of Pan-African Alliance of Screenwriters and Directors (APASER)." ], [ "Filmography", "Laza's films include: Year Film Description Role Duration 2001 ''Même instant de vie'' Short Director 2004 ''La post-prod'' Documentary for Malagasy television channels Ma-TV and TVM Producer 2008 ''6h58'' (6:58 a.m.) Fiction short Director 12 m 2010 ''The pianoman'' Fiction short Producer 8 m 2010 ''Génération Jazz'' Documentary Producer 44 m 2010 ''L'Idiot du village'' Fiction short Screenwriter, director and producer 8 m 2012 ''Le Chant des Tlous'' by Luck Razanajaona Historical fiction feature.", "A 1940 Malgasy rebel fighting the French is proposed a second life.", "Producer 120 m 2012 ''Fragments de vies'' Documentary feature on hospital patients and psychiatric music therapy Screenwriter, director and producer 70 m 2014 ''Tee-shirt man'' by Tovoniaina Rasoanaivo Documentary feature on a Malagy presidential election Producer 70 m" ], [ "Gallery", "RFC competition screening 2016.jpg\|Laza addressing the public at the Rencontres du Film Court Madagascar competition screening, 2016.MIA-4075.jpg\|Opening speech of director Laza at the 13th Rencontres du Film Court Madagascar short film festival, 2018." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* .", "Video duration: 9m 35s.", "Uploader: Rencontres du Film Court de Madagascar, March 6, 2018.German and French spoken.", "At Berlin International Film Festival (15-25 February 2018).", "* .", "Video duration: 3m 28s.", "Uploader: HEVA FUND, August 16, 2023.", "* .", "Video duration: 2m 22 s. Uploader: Rencontres du Film Court de Madagascar, March 8, 2023.French spoken.", "Official start of APASER (Pan-African Alliance of Screenwriters and Directors, with Laza as president) at the FESPACO 2023 film festival in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 26 February 2023." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Einsteinium(II) iodide" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Einsteinium(II) iodide''' is a binary inorganic chemical compound of einsteinium and iodide with the chemical formula ." ], [ "Synthesis", "The compound can be prepared via a reaction of and .", "::" ], [ "Physical properties", "The compound forms a solid." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Malaikottai Vaaliban (soundtrack)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Malaikottai Vaaliban''''' is the soundtrack to the 2024 Malayalam-language film of the same name directed by Lijo Jose Pellissery and stars Mohanlal.", "A joint production of John & Mary Creative, Century Films, Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments, Yoodlee Films and Amen Movie Monastery, the film's musical score and soundtrack were composed by Prashant Pillai and lyrics written by P. S. Rafeeque, Preeti Pillai and Varun Grover.", "The soundtrack was released by Saregama on 18 January 2024." ], [ "Background", "Pellissery's norm collaborator Prashant Pillai—who had worked on all of the director's films, excluding ''Churuli'' (2022) and ''Nanpakal Nerathu Mayakkam'' (2023)—had scored music for ''Malaikottai Vaaliban''; it is also Pillai's maiden collaboration with Mohanlal.", "The film features eight songs in both Malayalam and Hindi-languages.", "Screenwriter P. S. Rafeeque contributed for the lyrics in the Malayalam-language, while the Hindi lyrics were written by Preeti Pillai and Varun Grover.", "Besides composing, Pillai arranged and programmed the songs.", "The initial compositions for four of the tracks—\"Punnara Kattile Poovanatthil\", \"Raakk\", \"Thaayum\", and \"Ezhimala Kottayile\"—were composed by Rafeeque and later directed by Pillai.Pillai produced most of the songs in Canada, while the recording happened mostly in India across Kochi, Gurgaon and Pune.", "In a Facebook post, he revealed that it took him nearly a year to score music for the film, throughout December 2022November 2023." ], [ "Marketing and release", "''Malaikottai Vaaliban'''s soundtrack preceded with four singles.", "The first of them—the instrumental theme used in the film teaser—was released as a single on 7 December 2023.The second song \"Punnara Kattile Poovanatthil\", a romantic number, was released on 15 December, with a music video accompanying the track.", "The third song \"Raakk\" was released on 22 December, with a lyrical video also released on the same date as the single.", "The video featured snippets of a group of travellers carousing in a rest house with Mohanlal (who also sang the track).", "The fourth song \"Madabhara Mizhiyoram\" was released on 8 January 2024.The film's soundtrack was released digitally on 18 January 2024 through the Saregama label, whereas it was physically launched a day later, at an event held in Kochi with the presence of the film's cast and crew." ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "Reception", "Princy Alexander of ''Manorama Online'' wrote Prashant Pillai's music is \"perfectly blend in with the mood of the narrative\".", "Latha Srinivasan of ''Hindustan Times'' complimented Pillai for the \"rich cultural elements\" in the music production and instrumentation.", "S. R. Praveen of ''The Hindu'' described the music as \"catchy\" and \"immense repeat value\".", "Janani K. of ''India Today'' wrote that Pillai's music \"elevates the sequences and gives the much-needed hype in many important sequences\".", "Hari P. N. of ''Koimoi'' said the music \"ignites the film's narrative\" and \"harmonizes with the story’s mood effortlessly\", but was also critical on its lack of impact needed to \"forge a profound emotional connection with the characters or the narrative\".", "Nirmal Jovial of ''The Week'' praised the background score being \"outstanding in places\" but criticized the songs as they were \"not memorable\" and \"irrelevant\".", "Anandu Suresh of ''The Indian Express'' wrote Pillai's music sets the \"perfect tone\" and evokes the \"atmosphere of spaghetti Western films\"." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1972" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''National Health Service (Scotland) Act 1972''' is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.The act imposed duties on the Secretary of State for Scotland relating to the provision of health services and education, and established Regional Health Boards and local health committees as part of a reorganisation that dissolved multiple previous bodies including the Regional Hospital Boards.The act established the post of Health Service Commissioner for Scotland, a role held alongside that of the equivalent posts for England and Waleswhich were established by the National Health Service Reorganisation Act the following yearby the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration.The act also established the Scottish Health Service Planning Council, and a Common Services Agency for the Scottish Health Service." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2019 Singapore FA Cup" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2019 Singapore FA Cup''' is the latest season of the FAS Football Association Cup, which is only open to teams from Singapore National Football League (NFL) and Island Wide League (IWL) in Singapore.Bukit Timah Juniors player Mohd Khairul was given a fine and three year ban from all football activities for his 'gross misconduct and violent conduct' during the match between Bukit Timah Juniors and Admiralty Rangers FC on 7 September 2019.On 15 September 2019, the match between Jungfrau Punggol and Kembangan FC at Woodlands Stadium was abandoned prematurely at the 58th minute by the match referee due to an incident that was deemed to compromise the safety and security of the match officials.", "Three players from Kembangan FC was punished, while the team was given a fine of $7,500.00 and a ban from participating in FAS FA Cup 2020.Tiong Bahru FC won the 2019 Football Association of Singapore (FAS) FA Cup after defeating defending champions Yishun Sentek Mariners FC on 20 October 2019.The NFL Division 1 champions exacted revenge for 2018 final loss to the same opponents as they completed a domestic double at Jalan Besar Stadium.The champions received $10,000 prize money and the FA Cup trophy.", "The first and second runners-up will received $5,000 and $2,000 from the Football Association of Singapore respectively." ], [ "Teams", "The Singapore FA Cup is a knockout competition with 16 IWL teams taking part from the first round on 7 September 2019.37 teams from the Singapore Football League system (21 teams in total from the Singapore Football League 1 and 2, and the 16 from the Island Wide League) will be contesting in the 2019 competition.2018 FA Cup champions, 2018 NFL Division One and Division Two champions will advance directly to the third round of the competition." ], [ "First Round" ], [ "Second Round" ], [ "Third Round" ], [ "Quarter Finals" ], [ "Semi Finals" ], [ "Third Placing" ], [ "Finals" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "August Palmisano" ], [ "Introduction", "'''August Samuel Palmisano''' (August 28, 1928 – June 30, 1978), also known as '''Augie''', was an American tavern owner.The owner of the Palmy's Bar, a tavern in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Palmisano was a reputed mobster and suspected informant.", "He was convicted of running gambling operations in the 1960s.", "Palmisano was killed in a car bombing in 1978." ], [ "Early life", "Palmisano was born in 1928 to Sicilian immigrants Giovanni and Angeline Palmisano.", "He grew up in Milwaukee's Third Ward and attended school at Lincoln High School.", "After graduating, he went to work assisting in the management of his father's produce business, John Palmisano & Sons Wholesale Produce." ], [ "Career", "Cafe Benelux, formerly Ritchie's and Palmy'sIn 1962, Palmisano and two others were arrested on bookmaking charges for taking bets on basketball games by US Marshals, the IRS, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the office of the United States Attorney.", "Bail was set at US$5,000 for each defendant; prosecutors argued for a high bail on the grounds that the defendants had a history of engaging in strong-arm tactics.", "Palmisano paid the bail and was released.", "In 1963, Palmisano was convicted at trial.", "In denying the appeal the following year, the court said the evidence against the three men was \"overwhelming\".Authorities suspected him of being part of the Milwaukee Mafia, while others believed him to be a police informant.", "When Palmisano's father died in 1964, Palmisano renamed the business \"Palmisano Produce\".", "He continued working as a wholesaler while taking an additional job at the American Motors Corporation.", "Palmisano used his income to open a tavern called Ritchie's (later renamed Palmy's), using the backrooms to run illegal games of chance.", "FBI agents raided it in 1974, seizing US$16,339.76 in cash, US$87,380 in promise-to-pay slips, 93 sticks of dynamite, and several firearms.", "In 1975, he was again convicted, for \"conducting a gambling business\" and put on probation for two years.", "The charge of illegally storing 93 sticks of dynamite was dismissed as prosecutors could not prove that he had any knowledge of them.In 1978, Palmisano was notified that he was one of nine Milwaukee residents subject to a police order to have their phones wiretapped as part of a federal investigation into Mafia-controlled gambling operations; Palmisano was suspected of violating his probation by continuing to run games.", "Palmisano was known to frequent Pitch's Lounge and Restaurant in Milwaukee.", "On January 18, 1978, he was involved in an altercation at Pitch's with another restaurant owner named Robert Bruns, who was tackled and beaten by Palmisano and three others: Bruns was hospitalized after the attack.", "Two women who were shoved by Palmisano during the scuffle were also recorded as assault victims.", "All charges were dropped after the two women refused to testify by stating their intentions to leave town; Bruns received a cash settlement from Palmisano's lawyers." ], [ "Death", "Juneau Village Garden Apartments underground parkingOn the morning of June 30, 1978, Palmisano went to the underground parking of the Juneau Village Garden Apartments where he lived.", "When he turned the key in the ignition of his 1977 Mercury sedan, it exploded.", "At least 20 other vehicles were damaged and a resident said the blast was strong enough to knock pictures off the walls.", "Palmisano was killed; losing his right foot and face, he was identified by his fingerprints.Frank Balistrieri, the head of the Milwaukee Mafia, was thought to be behind the bombing.", "Undercover FBI agent Gail Cobb reported that Balistrieri said, \"He Palmisano was arrogant.", "He called me a name to my face.", "Now he has no skin\".", "Balistrieri also reportedly told the agent that nobody ever survived to be a witness against him.", "''The Capital Times'' newspaper published an article with the headline \"Blast Kills Convicted Milwaukee Gambler\".", "The ''Kenosha News'' ran the headline, \"Blast Victim was in Organized Crime\".", "''The Milwaukee Sentinel'' reported that, less than a day after Palmisano's death, burglars forced their way into the warehouse section of the tavern and then made a hole in an internal wall.", "A safe in the tavern was \"peeled\" open and documents scattered about." ], [ "Personal life", "Palmisano married Jean Rose née Lassa in 1952; the two bought a home in Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin and had four children: Angela, John, Patricia and Angeline." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* August S Palmisano at Find a Grave* Milwaukee Mafia" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Isaiah Adams" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Isaiah Adams''' (born July 21, 2000) is an American football offensive guard for the Illinois Fighting Illini." ], [ "Early life and high school", "Adams attended high school at McLellan Catholic." ], [ "College career", "=== Garden City CC ===In Adam's one season at Garden City, he was named NJCAA D1 All-America first team.=== Illinois ===Adams decided to commit to play Division I football for the Illinois Fighting Illini.", "Adams finished the 2022 season by playing in 13 games while starting twelve at left guard and one start at left tackle.", "During the 2022 season, Adams was ranked as the 11th best blocking guard in the nation and the 2nd best in the Big Ten.", "For his performance on the 2022 season, Adams was named third team all Big-Ten.", "Adams helped the Fighting Illini to be semifinalists for the Joe Moore Award which is awarded to the nation's best offensive line.", "During the 2023 season, Adams played in and started 12 games, while being a captain, and a big ten honorable mention selection.In Adam's career for the Fighting Illini, he played in and started 25 games." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Illinois Fighting Illini bio* Garden City Broncbusters bio" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2022–23 Big East Conference men's basketball season" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2022–23 Big East Conference men's basketball season''' began with practices in October 2022, followed by the start of the 2022–23 NCAA Division I men's basketball season in November.", "Conference play began in December 2022 and ended in March.", "The conference champions were the Marquette Golden Eagles and the season MVP was Tyler Kolek." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Big East website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alvania maclurgi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania maclurgi''''' is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 1.8 m, its diameter 1.05 mm." ], [ "Distribution", "This species is endemic to New Zealand and occurs off Chatham Island and Bounty Island." ], [ "References", "* Powell, A. W. B.", "(1933).", "The marine Mollusca of the Chatham Islands.", "Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum.", "1: 181–208.", "* Powell, A.W.B.", "1979 New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells, Collins, Auckland* Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A.", "& Willan, R.C.", "(2009).", "Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca.", "pp 196–219.in: Gordon, D.P.", "(ed.)", "New Zealand inventory of biodiversity.", "Volume one.", "Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia.", "Canterbury University Press, Christchurch." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Shaitaan (2024 film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Shaitaan''''' () is an upcoming Indian Hindi-language supernatural horror thriller film directed by Vikas Bahl and produced under Ajay Devgn FFilms, Jio Studios, and Panorama Studios.", "The film stars Ajay Devgn, R. Madhavan, Jyothika, Janki Bodiwala.", "and Anngad Raaj.", "It is a remake of the 2023 Gujarati film ''Vash''.The film was officially announced in May 2023 with the title confirmed in January 2024.Principal photography began in June 2023 and ended in September 2023, proceeding in India and London.", "The film is set for theatrical release on 8 March 2024." ], [ "Premise", "A happy family, who go on a vacation to a secluded village, where they encounter a mysterious man, who claims to be their well-wisher.", "However, he has a sinister motive, and uses black magic to manipulate and torment them.", "The family soon realizes that they are in grave danger, and must fight for their survival against the evil forces." ], [ "Cast", "* Ajay Devgn* R. Madhavan* Jyothika* Janki Bodiwala* Anngad Raaj" ], [ "Production", "The film is a remake of the Gujarati horror film ''Vash'' (2023) and was announced in May 2023, while the title ''Shaitaan'' was announced in January 2024 through teaser.", "Ajay Devgn and R. Madhavan were cast for the principal roles along with Jyothika, Anngad Raaj and Janki Bodiwala; the latter reprises her role from the original film.The film was shot in London, Mumbai and Mussoorie with filming taking place from June 2023 to September 2023." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mina Bizic" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mina Bizic''' is an environmental microbiologist with particular interest in aquatic systems.", "She is mostly known for her work on organic matter particles and oxic methane production.", "She was named a fellow of the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) in 2022, and is serving on the ASLO board of directors where she is chairing the Early Career Committee." ], [ "Education and career", "Bizic completed her Diploma studies in General Biology, and Hydroecology and Water Protection at the University of Belgrade from 1999 to 2005.Following her diploma, in 2005–2006, she engaged in transdisciplinary academic research in Ancient Jewish texts studies at the European Institute for Jewish Studies in Sweden (PAIDEIA).", "She later moved to Israel, where she worked for three years at the Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (KLL) of the Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR).Subsequently, Bizic earned her Ph.D. from the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen and the University of Oldenburg as part of The International Max Planck Research School of Marine Microbiology ( MarMic)Her doctoral thesis was titled \"''Polyphasic comparison of limnic and marine particle-associated bacteria''\".", "Following her Ph.D., she conducted a postdoc at the Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries ( IGB).", "In 2019, Bizic obtained a DFG German Research Foundation independent researcher grant." ], [ "Research", "During her investigations into marine and lake snow, Bizic and her collaborators developed a novel experimental device, a flow-through rolling tank, which facilitates long-term experiments on marine and lake snow while addressing biases inherent in closed systems, commonly referred to as the bottle effect.", "Using this device, Bizic demonstrated that microbial degradation of marine snow takes longer than predicted using closed experimental systems.", "This finding implies that the biological carbon pump may sequester more carbon than experimentally estimated.In a subsequent study, Bizic and her colleagues conducted the first research utilizing molecular tools to focus on individual marine and lake snow particles rather than pooling thousands together.", "This groundbreaking study revealed that particles from the same source are colonized by different bacteria, in what appears to be a stochastic colonization process.", "Furthermore, the study highlighted that, at the early stages of colonization, bacterial succession is primarily driven by competition rather than a change in the quality of available organic matter.In parallel with her work on marine and lake snow, Bizic has delved into aerobic methane production, a phenomenon known as \"The Methane Paradox\".", "This process is increasingly recognized as a significant source of the potent greenhouse gas methane in aquatic systems.", "Bizic and her colleagues were the first to demonstrate the conversion of methylamines to methane under aerobic conditions.", "This process was later comprehensively characterized by Wang and colleagues.", "Subsequently, Bizic and her team revealed that cyanobacteria, the most abundant photosynthetic organisms on Earth, emit methane as a byproduct of photosynthesis.", "The implications of this discovery were explored by Bizic in a subsequent opinion paper." ], [ "Recognition and activities", "In 2022, Bizic was elected to the Board of Directors of the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO).", "She currently serves as a member at large and chairs the Early Career committee of ASLO, organizing activities for the benefit of early career scientists such as the promotion of early creer scientist from historically excluded groups as well as organizing webinars to improve the mental well-being of scientists.", "Bizic's contributions to aquatic research and to ASLO were further acknowledged when she was named an ASLO fellow in 2022.Beyond her academic endeavors, Bizic is involved in the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON), and as of 2024, serves as a member in their committee for inclusive collaboration.", "Bizic has participated in interviews, events and panel discussions addressing the role of women in science such as the Marthe Vogt podcast and the Soapbox Science." ], [ "Personal life", "Mina Bizic was born in Belgrade, Serbia, and has lived in Sweden and Israel.", "In 2009, she relocated to Germany.", "She is the sibling of opera singer David Bizic and is married to fellow scientist Danny Ionescu, with whom she has two children." ], [ "References", "'''Notes''''''Sources'''* *" ], [ "External links" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Saint Mary's Huskies men's ice hockey" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Saint Mary's Huskies men's ice hockey team''' is an ice hockey team representing the Saint Mary's Huskies athletics program of Saint Mary's University.", "The team is a member of the Atlantic University Sport conference and compete in U Sports.", "The team plays their home games at the Dauphinee Centre in Halifax, Nova Scotia." ], [ "History", "Saint Mary's ice hockey program had a difficult start, though at first it was entirely of their own making.", "The team joined the Maritime Intercollegiate Athletic Association in 1929 and promptly won the conference tournament that season.", "However, the school's administrators were not enamored by the Huskies' exploits.", "Three years later, when Saint Mary's had a chance for a second championship, the team was forbade from participating as the final game occurred during Lent.", "The following year, the Huskies withdrew from competition since the order remained in force.", "Due to Ash Wednesday falling later in 1935, the Huskies were able to return to play for two year but again withdrew prior to the 1937 postseason since Lent began on February 10.However, by 1940 Saint Mary's had relented on its prohibition and allowed the team to compete through the holiday season.Now that it had persisted over the objections of its own administration, the ice hockey team then had to survive the difficulties brought upon by World War II.", "The MIAA conference had seen more than half of its nominal members suspend play for the duration of the war.", "Saint Mary's was one of just three schools to attempt to continue on but by 1944 the program had to finally admit defeat and halt play.", "Their suspension lasted just one season, however, and the team returned in the fall of 1945.Saint Mary's return didn't last long, and the team left the MIAA after 1948.The Huskies remained out of competition for several years, returning in 1954 when college teams shifted away from senior hockey.", "The time off had not done Saint Mary's any favors as he program was a shell of its former self.", "The Huskies muddled through the next decade before withdrawing from the MIAA in 1964.After a three-year hiatus, Saint Mary's returned in style, finishing second in the conference upon their return.", "The team then reeled off seven consecutive league championships and finished as national runners-up four years in a row.", "The Huskies came back down to earth after their unprecedented run but still remained a power in the conference for several years.", "In 1984, however, disaster struck the program; At the conclusion of the season, Saint Mary's was getting ready for the postseason when the program was ruled to have used an ineligible player.", "Wayne Fortune had played 11 games for the Saginaw Gears, a professional team, the year before.", "The Huskies were forced to forfeit all of their 13 wins and officially finished last with a record of 0–24.The controversy had a chilling effect on the program and Saint Mary's spent the next several years wallowing at the bottom of the standings.The Saint Mary's ice hockey program didn't really recover until the close of the 20th century when it won its first regular season title in over 20 years.", "Two years later, the team captured a conference championship and returned to the national tournament for the first time in nearly 30 seasons.", "Saint Mary's would then slowly ramp up performance, culminating with a pair of league championships and its first national championship by the end of the decade.", "Since then, Saint Mary's has maintained a regular position near the top of the conference standings and made several more trips to the national tournament." ], [ "Season-by-season results", "===Senior and collegiate play==='''''Note:''' GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points'''''U Sports Champion ''''''U Sports Semifinalist''''''Conference regular season champions''''''Conference Division Champions''''''Conference Playoff Champions'''SeasonConferenceRegular SeasonConference Tournament ResultsNational Tournament Results Conference OverallGPWLTPtsFinishGPWLT%Senior and Collegiate Hockey1929–30MIAA?????", "?", "?????", "'''Won''' Semifinal, 3–2 (St. Francis Xavier)'''Won Championship''', 2–0 (New Brunswick)1930–31MIAA?????", "?", "?????", "Lost Semifinal, 2–3 (St. Francis Xavier)1931–32MIAA?????", "?", "?????", "Lost Semifinal, 1–4 (St. Francis Xavier)1932–33MIAA?????", "?", "?????", "'''Won''' Semifinal, 3–2 (Acadia)Lost Championship, forfeit (Mount Allison)1933–34MIAA???????????", "Withdrew1934–35MIAA?????", "?", "?????", "'''Won''' Halifax Final series, 4–3 (Dalhousie)Lost Quarterfinal series, 5–7 (St. Francis Xavier)1935–36MIAA?????", "?", "?????", "Lost Semifinal, 3–9 (St. Francis Xavier)1936–37MIAA11002 ?", "?????", "Withdrew1937–38MIAA???????????", "Withdrew1938–39MIAA?????", "?", "?????", "Lost Semifinal, 3–5 (Acadia)1939–40MIAA???????????", "'''Won''' Quarterfinal, 4–1 (Dalhousie)Lost Semifinal series, 9–20 (Acadia)1940–41MIAA?????", "?", "?????", "Lost Semifinal series, 10–11 (St. Francis Xavier)1941–42MIAA?????", "?", "?????", "'''Won''' Semifinal series, 9–10 (St. Francis Xavier)'''Won Championship series''', 12–11 (Acadia)1942–43MIAA???????????", "'''Won''' Semifinal series, 14–11 (Acadia)Lost Championship series, 7–14 (St. Francis Xavier)1943–44MIAA???????????", "Lost Semifinal series, 8–10 (Acadia)Program suspended due to World War II1945–46MIAA3021??????", "1946–47MIAA6420??????", "1947–48MIAA61508th?????", "Program suspendedTotals GP W L T %ChampionshipsRegular Season ?", "?", "?", "?", "?", "13 MIAA Division Championships, 10 MIAA ChampionshipsConference Post-season ?", "?", "?", "?", "?", "3 Hewson Cups, 15 MIAA ChampionshipsRegular Season and Postseason Record ?", "?", "?", "?", "?", "===Collegiate only==='''''Note:''' GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, SOL = Shootout Losses, Pts = Points'''''U Sports Champion ''''''U Sports Semifinalist''''''Conference regular season champions''''''Conference Division Champions''''''Conference Playoff Champions'''SeasonConferenceRegular SeasonConference Tournament ResultsNational Tournament Results Conference OverallGPWLTOTLSOLPtsFinishGPWLT%1954–55MIAA12471––9T–5th12471 1955–56MIAA8260––47th10271 Lost Quarterfinal series, 4–5 (Acadia)1956–57MIAA7070––0T–8th7070 1957–58MIAA8260––4T–7th8260 1958–59MIAA8260––47th10271 Lost Quarterfinal series, 10–12 (Dalhousie) 1959–60MIAA8431––94th12642 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 8–6 (Dalhousie)Lost Semifinal series, 8–12 (St. Francis Xavier)1960–61MIAA8431––94th12651 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 11–9 (Dalhousie)Lost Semifinal series, 3–13 (St. Francis Xavier)1961–62MIAA7142––4T–5th9162 Lost Quarterfinal series, 3–7 (Acadia) 1962–63MIAA120111––19th120111 1963–64MIAA12480––87th12480 Program suspended1967–68MIAA161240––242nd181350 '''Won''' Semifinal, 7–2 (Acadia)Lost Championship, 6–9 (St. Francis Xavier) 1968–69AIAA181350––262nd221570 '''Won''' Semifinal, 6–4 (Acadia)'''Won Championship''', 4–2 (St. Thomas) Lost Semifinal, 3–5 (Sir George Williams)Lost Consolation Final, 3–5 (Alberta)1969–70AIAA181512––32 '''1st'''231922 '''Won''' Semifinal, 7–1 (St. Thomas)'''Won Championship''', 6–5 (St. Francis Xavier) '''Won''' Quarterfinal, 4–1 (York)'''Won''' Semifinal, 4–0 (Loyola)Lost Championship, 2–3 (Toronto)1970–71AIAA181710––34 '''1st'''222020 '''Won''' Semifinal, 5–1 (Prince Edward Island)'''Won Championship''', 8–4 (Dalhousie) '''Won''' Semifinal, 4–2 (Laurentian)Lost Championship, 4–5 (Toronto)1971–72AIAA181521––31 '''1st'''221831 '''Won''' Semifinal, 4–2 (Memorial)'''Won Championship''', 7–1 (Prince Edward Island) '''Won''' Semifinal, 4–3 (Alberta)Lost Championship, 0–5 (Toronto)1972–73AIAA202000–– '''1st'''252410 '''Won''' Semifinal, 9–1 (Prince Edward Island)'''Won Championship''', 7–1 (Moncton) '''Won''' Semifinal series, 2–0 (Loyola)Lost Championship, 2–3 (Toronto)1973–74AUAA211920–– '''1st'''262240 '''Won''' Semifinal, 7–0 (New Brunswick)'''Won Championship''', 12–2 (Moncton) Lost Semifinal series, 1–2 (Sir George Williams)1974–75AUAA181611––33 '''1st'''231931 '''Won''' Semifinal, 7–3 (Dalhousie)'''Won Championship''', 9–2 (Acadia) Lost Semifinal series, 1–2 (Toronto)1975–76AUAA161510––30 '''1st'''171520 Lost Semifinal, 5–9 (Moncton) 1976–77AUAA201631––332nd241842 '''Won''' Semifinal series, 2–0 (Moncton)'''Won Championship series''', 2–0 (St. Francis Xavier) '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 2–1 (Concordia)Lost Semifinal series, 5–12 (Alberta)1977–78AUAA201820––36 '''1st'''272250 '''Won''' Semifinal series, 2–0 (Moncton)Lost Championship series, 2–3 (St. Francis Xavier) 1978–79AUAA201541––31 '''1st'''261871 '''Won''' Semifinal series, 2–1 (Prince Edward Island)Lost Championship series, 1–2 (Dalhousie) 1979–80AUAA2917102––363rd3319122 '''Won''' Quarterfinal, 4–0 (Mount Allison)Lost Semifinal series, 1–2 (Moncton) 1980–81AUAA2413110––264th2513120 Lost Quarterfinal, 0–4 (New Brunswick) 1981–82AUAA261673––353rd281693 Lost Pool 2 Round-Robin, 3–4 (Mount Allison), 1–4 (Moncton) 1982–83AUAA2412111––254th2612131 Lost Quarterfinal, 0–4 (Moncton) 1983–84AUAA240 †24 †0 †––0 †9th †240 †24 †0 † † 1984–85AUAA247170––148th247170 1985–86AUAA250250––9th250250 1986–87AUAA257180––8th257180 1987–88AUAA247170––147th247170 1988–89AUAA261781––35T–2nd2817101 Lost Quarterfinal series, 0–2 (Dalhousie) 1989–90AUAA225152––129th225152 1990–91AUAA269161––199th269161 1991–92AUAA269134––226th2910154 Lost Division Semifinal series, 1–2 (Dalhousie) 1992–93AUAA2612131––255th2812151 Lost Division Semifinal series, 0–2 (Dalhousie) 1993–94AUAA2612113––276th2812133 Lost Division Semifinal series, 0–2 (Dalhousie) 1994–95AUAA2610151––217th2810171 Lost Division Semifinal series, 0–2 (Dalhousie) 1995–96AUAA2610151––218th2810171 Lost Division Semifinal series, 0–2 (Acadia) 1996–97AUAA285203––138th305223 Lost Division Semifinal series, 0–2 (Acadia) 1997–98AUAA2881641–218th319184 Lost Quarterfinal series, 1–2 (St. Francis Xavier) 1998–99AUS26131121–294th2914132 Lost Quarterfinal series, 1–2 (Acadia) 1999–00AUS2618805–41 '''1st'''3221110 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 2–1 (Dalhousie)Lost Semifinal series, 1–2 (Acadia) 2000–01AUS28111432–276th3011163 Lost Quarterfinal series, 0–2 (Dalhousie) 2001–02AUS2814662–362nd3720116 '''Won''' Semifinal series, 2–0 (Moncton)'''Won Championship series''', 3–2 (Dalhousie) Lost Pool B Round-Robin, 3–1 (Saskatchewan), 3–5 (Quebec–Trois-Rivières)2002–03AUS28141310–295th3014151 Lost Quarterfinal series, 0–2 (New Brunswick) 2003–04AUS28141121–313rd3115142 Lost Quarterfinal series, 1–2 (St. Thomas) 2004–05AUS28151111–323rd3217141 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 2–0 (Prince Edward Island)Lost Semifinal series, 1–3 (Moncton) 2005–06AUS2816930–354th3318123 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 2–1 (St. Thomas)Lost Semifinal series, 0–2 (Acadia) 2006–07AUS281510–3–334th3116150 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 1–2 (St. Thomas) 2007–08AUS28205–3–432nd3323100 '''Won''' Semifinal series, 3–0 (Moncton)Lost Championship series, 0–2 (New Brunswick) 2008–09AUS28207–1–412nd3726110 '''Won''' Semifinal series, 3–1 (Moncton)'''Won Championship series''', 2–1 (New Brunswick) Lost Pool B Round-Robin, 4–1 (McGill), 2–7 (Western Ontario)2009–10AUS28168–4–363rd4128130 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 2–0 (Moncton)'''Won''' Semifinal series, 3–1 (Acadia)'''Won Championship series''', 3–0 (St. Francis Xavier) '''Won''' Pool B Round-Robin, 4–2 (McGill), 5–0 (Manitoba)'''Won Championship''', 3–2 (2OT) (Alberta)2010–11AUS28189–1–372nd3320130 Lost Semifinal series, 2–3 (St. Francis Xavier) 2011–12AUS28187–3–392nd3219130 Lost Semifinal series, 1–3 (Moncton) 2012–13AUS28187–30392nd3823150 '''Won''' Semifinal series, 3–1 (Acadia)Lost Championship series, 1–2 (New Brunswick) '''Won''' Pool A Round-Robin, 3–4 (OT) (Alberta), 5–1 (Waterloo)Lost Championship, 0–2 (New Brunswick)2013–14AUS281414–00285th3920190 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 2–1 (Prince Edward Island)'''Won''' Semifinal series, 3–1 (New Brunswick)Lost Championship series, 1–3 (Acadia) 2014–15AUS28207–10413rd3624120 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 2–1 (Moncton)Lost Semifinal series, 2–3 (Acadia) 2015–16AUS28178–21374th3722141 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 2–0 (Moncton)Lost Semifinal series, 1–3 (St. Francis Xavier) '''Won''' Quarterfinal, 3–2 (Quebec–Trois-Rivières)Lost Semifinal, 0–4 (New Brunswick)'''Won''' Bronze Medal game, 5–2 (Saskatchewan)2016–17AUS301514–10314th3918210 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 2–1 (Prince Edward Island)Lost Semifinal series, 1–3 (New Brunswick)Lost Third Place series, 0–2 (Acadia) 2017–18AUS301810–20384th3921180 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 2–1 (Prince Edward Island)Lost Semifinal series, 0–3 (New Brunswick)Lost Third Place series, 1–2 (Acadia) 2018–19AUS301910–10392nd3521140 Lost Semifinal series, 2–3 (St. Francis Xavier) 2019–20AUS301712–10353rd3923160 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 2–0 (Prince Edward Island)Lost Semifinal series, 1–3 (Acadia)'''Won''' Third Place series, 2–0 (Moncton) '''Won''' Quarterfinal, 5–1 (Guelph)Remainder of tournament cancelled2020–21 ''Season cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic''2021–22AUS231011–11225th2712141 '''Won''' Quarterfinal series, 2–0 (Prince Edward Island)Lost Semifinal series, 0–2 (St. Francis Xavier) 2022–23AUS30209–10412nd3724130 '''Won''' Semifinal series, 3–1 (Acadia)Lost Championship series, 1–2 (New Brunswick) Totals GP W L T/SOL %ChampionshipsRegular Season '''1471''' '''780''' '''632''' '''59''' '''''' 1 South Division Title, 1 Kelly Division Title, 4 AIAA Championships, 5 AUAA Championships, 1 AUS ChampionshipConference Post-season '''210''' '''101''' '''105''' '''4''' '''''' 5 AIAA Championships, 3 AUAA Championships, 3 AUS ChampionshipsU Sports Postseason '''37''' '''19''' '''18''' '''0''' '''''' 14 National tournament appearancesRegular Season and Postseason Record '''1718''' '''900''' '''755''' '''63''' '''''' '''1 National Championship'''Note: Totals include results from 1954 to 1955 onward.† Saint Mary's was forced to forfeit 13 wins after the end of the regular season.", "They dropped from 4th to 9th place as a result." ], [ "See also", "Saint Mary's Huskies women's ice hockey" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* HOME OF THE HUSKIES" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mathis Touré" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mathis Touré''' (born c. 2005) is a French actor and under-20 football player." ], [ "Early life and acting career", "In 2011, at the age of 6, Mathis made his acting debut in the film ''Dix Jours En Or'' (2012), opposite Franck Dubosc, playing a mixed race youngster who is left in the company of an unsuspecting bachelor who is asked him to take him across the country to his father.The following year, Touré had a small role in the film \"The Mark of the Angels – Miserere\" (2013), starring Gérard Depardieu and JoeyStarr." ], [ "Soccer career", "In 2022, at the age of 17, during his final year of high school, Mathis once again made headlines, this time for his skills on the soccer field when he joined football club AC Ajaccio as a central defender.", "This came after turns at Bondy – the club where renowned player Kylian Mbappé trained - and Montfermeil.Despite facing initial challenges including a two-month absence due to injury, Mathis' perseverance paid off as he found his place in the French U19 national team and made appearances in the N3 National Championship." ], [ "Personal life", "Mathis is a distant cousin of French footballer, José Touré and the latter's father, Malian footballer Bako Touré who also played for AC Ajaccio." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Capital One Shopping" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Capital One Shopping''' is a browser plugin, website and mobile app that offers e-commerce comparison shopping and cash back at online retailers (more than 30,000) that participate in its programs.", "It is operated by Wikibuy, LLC of Plano, Texas, and is primarily aimed at consumers in the United States." ], [ "Services", "Services include product search, automated coupon codes, shopping credits, and watchlist.Capital One Shopping searches the internet for products and automated coupon codes for relevant products.", "It also compares prices among various merchants.", "When shoppers purchase from participating retails using the Capital One Shopping browser extension or app, they earn rewards in the form of shopping credits, which can then be used to buy gift cards.", "The watchlist function lets users know when prices drop on products that they have viewed and/or purchased." ], [ "Technical specifications", "Capital One Shopping's browser extension is compatible with Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge and Safari.", "The mobile version is available for both iOS and Android devices and is designed primarily for use within the U.S." ], [ "Reception", "Consumer financial site NerdWallet recommends Capital Online Shopping, among several other competitors, but warns that such sites collect basic information about users such as name, mailing address, and email address, which are often used for marketing purposes.", "CNET rated the service \"Best for Gift Cards\"." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Marie Jacquot" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Marie Jacquot''' (born 1990 in Paris) is a French orchestra conductor." ], [ "Biography", "Raised in Chartres, Jacquot began her music studies on piano, and subsequently learned to play trombone.", "Initially, she pursued a tennis career and even took part in French Open but at the age of 15 decided in favour of trombone rather than tennis.", "She continued her music studies at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna and at the University of Music Franz Liszt Weimar.From 2016 to 2019, Jacquot was ''Erste Kapellmeisterin'' (first ''Kapellmeister'') and Deputy General Music Director in Würzburg.", "From 2019 to 2022, she was ''Erste Kapellmeisterin'' at the Deutsche Oper am Rhein (Düsseldorf/Duisburg).", "In February 2022, the Royal Danish Orchestra (''Det Kongelige Kapel'') announced the appointment of Jacquot as its next music director, effective with the 2024–2025 season, with an initial contract of 5 years.", "Jacquot is the first female conductor to be named music director of ''Det Kongelige Kapel''.In March 2023, the Vienna Symphony announced the appointment of Jacquot as its next principal guest conductor (''Erste Gastdirigentin''), the first female conductor to be named to the post, effective with the 2023–2024 season.Jacquot first guest-conducted the WDR Symphony Orchestra in December 2022.In January 2024, the orchestra announced the appointment of Jacquot as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2026–2027 season, with an initial contract of 4 years.", "Jacquot is the first female conductor to be named chief conductor of the WDR Symphony Orchestra." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official homepage of Marie Jacquot* Künstleragentur Dr. Raab & Dr. Böhm German-language agency page on Marie Jacquot* Künstleragentur Dr. Raab & Dr. Böhm English-language agency page on Marie Jacquot* Staatsoper Stuttgart page on Marie Jacquot* Interview with Marie Jacquot (in German)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (New South Wales)" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''New South Wales Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water''' ('''DCCEEW''') is a department of the New South Wales Government, responsible for climate change and energy action, water management, environment and heritage conservation and protection." ], [ "History", "===Formation===Following a media release on 18 August 2023, it was announced that, as of 1 January 2024, the department would be split into two new entities: the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, and the Department of Planning, Housing and Infrastructure.", "The former would also be joined by the Office of Energy and Climate Change, which was until then a part of the New South Wales Treasury.===Groups===The following groups are included in the Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water cluster, administered by the Department:* NSW Climate and Energy Action* Environment and Heritage* Water* National Parks and Wildlife Service* New South Wales Environment Protection Authority* EnergyCo* Biodiversity Conservation Trust* Air Quality* AdaptNSW" ], [ "See also", "List of New South Wales government agenciesDepartment of Planning and Environment" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water webpage" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alpine skiing at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics – Men's slalom" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''men's Slalom''' competition of the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics was held at the High1 Resort, Jeongseon, South Korea, on Thursday, 25 January 2024." ], [ "Results", "The first run was started at 10:45 and the second run was started at 14:45.Rank Bib Name Country Run 1 Rank Run 2 Rank Total Diff 6 Zak Carrick-Smith 46.56 3 52.05 3 1:38.61 11 Elliot Westlund 46.45 2 52.21 4 1:38.66 +0.05 8 Nash Huot-Marchand 47.14 4 51.73 1 1:38.87 +0.26 4 2 Neo Kamada 48.15 9 51.94 2 1:40.09 +1.48 5 16 Jevin Palmquist 47.64 8 52.51 5 1:40.15 +1.54 6 10 Leo Scherer 47.59 7 52.72 7 1:40.31 +1.70 7 18 Edoardo Simonelli 48.33 14 52.56 6 1:40.90 +2.29 8 23 Pietro Scesa 48.26 11 53.02 10 1:41.28 +2.67 9 12 Nicolás Quintero 48.59 17 53.01 9 1:41.60 +2.99 10 17 Stewart Bruce 48.74 21 52.97 8 1:41.71 +3.10 11 27 Altti Pyrrö 48.38 15 53.55 12 1:41.93 +3.32 12 20 Ziggy Vrdoljak 48.65 20 53.97 13 1:42.62 +4.01 13 29 Jaka Škrjanc 49.37 25 53.42 11 1:42.79 +4.18 14 26 Yanis Häusermann 48.74 21 54.25 16 1:42.99 +4.38 15 41 Christos Bouas 49.85 29 54.12 14 1:43.97 +5.36 16 45 Noah Gianesini 49.98 30 54.28 17 1:44.26 +5.65 17 28 Romain Monney 50.15 31 54.22 15 1:44.37 +5.76 18 36 Gerónimo Castro 49.74 27 56.19 20 1:45.93 +7.32 19 59 Rostislav Khohlov 50.58 35 55.80 19 1:46.38 +7.77 20 50 Milan Schneider 50.35 33 56.68 22 1:47.03 +8.42 21 54 Emeric Guerrillot 50.69 36 56.39 21 1:47.08 +8.47 22 47 Max Kelly 51.41 37 55.77 18 1:47.18 +8.57 23 48 Thomas Kaan Onol Lang 51.92 40 56.74 23 1:48.66 +10.05 24 46 Aleksa Lalić 51.70 38 57.36 24 1:49.06 +10.45 25 55 Dagur Ýmir Sveinsson 51.95 41 57.52 27 1:49.47 +10.86 26 52 Alexandru Matei Oancea 52.30 44 57.50 25 1:49.80 +11.19 27 62 Finlay Wilson 51.86 39 58.01 28 1:49.87 +11.26 28 56 Hugo Leonelli 52.56 45 57.51 26 1:50.07 +11.46 29 44 Apostolos Vougioukas 52.29 43 58.23 29 1:50.52 +11.91 30 60 Luca Poberai 53.34 47 58.35 30 1:51.69 +13.08 31 61 Rauan Raimkulov 53.59 50 59.08 31 1:52.67 +14.06 32 57 Oleksandr Patsahan 53.10 46 59.75 33 1:52.85 +14.24 33 53 Branislav Peković 53.48 49 35 1:53.51 +14.90 34 70 Henri Rivers IV 54.96 52 59.37 32 1:54.33 +15.72 35 73 Issa Laborde Dit Pere 56.18 53 59.85 34 1:56.03 +17.42 36 68 Chi Hao Lucas Wong 57.11 54 36 2:00.67 +22.06 37 67 Mattia Beccari 57.52 55 37 2:03.58 +24.97 38 64 Alexander Astridge 58.44 57 38 2:05.50 +26.89 39 74 Pattarapol Saengdaeng 59 39 2:13.08 +34.47 40 76 Manlaijav Myangaibaatar 62 40 2:29.56 +50.95 4 Liam Liljenborg 46.04 1 5 Jonas Feichter 47.20 5 7 Florian Neumayer 48.16 10 14 Miha Oserban 47.57 6 15 Thomas Carnahan 48.44 16 19 Gal Hajdinjak 48.96 23 21 Andrej Barnáš 48.59 17 25 Romeo Rogue 48.64 19 31 Zacchaeus Poulsen 48.26 11 33 Hemi Meikle 50.54 34 35 Salvador Cornella Guitart 49.77 28 37 Stanislav Kovář 50.24 32 39 Kim Joo-hyoun 49.61 26 43 Pauls Pēteris Pracans 53.47 48 49 Lee Hyun-ho 52.11 42 58 Timur Shakirov 54.27 51 66 Hakob Hakobyan 60 72 Ali Boloukat 59.65 58 75 Sahil Thakur 61 9 Lars Horvath 48.26 11 34 Robert Clarke 49.18 24 71 Wang Shuai 57.80 56 78 Chhowang Mingyur Tamang 63 1 Alexander Ax Swartz 3 Benno Brandis 13 Asaja Sturm 22 Stanisław Sarzyński 24 Urho Rechardt 30 Atanas Petrov 32 Kim Se-hyun 38 Daniel Palič 40 Markus Mesila 42 Leon Hafner 51 Noah Miljković 65 Andreas Kashiouris 69 Alexandre El Hayek 63 Arthur Padilha 77 Abderrahmane Bouderbala" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Denise Clark-Bradford" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Denise \"Niecy\" Clark-Bradford''' (born '''Denise Clark'''; September 10, 1953) is an American Grammy Award-winning gospel singer.", "Clark–Bradford is best known as an original member of family vocal group The Clark Sisters and as a daughter of pioneering choral director Mattie Moss Clark.", "As a member of The Clark Sisters, Clark–Bradford has been honored with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award." ], [ "Biography", "Clark-Bradford was born in Detroit, Michigan to world-renowned gospel choir director, gold-certified singer, and musician Mattie Moss Clark and Pastor Elbert Clark.", "Clark-Bradford was taught to sing alongside her sisters at a young age, with the goal of forming a powerful group of female evangelists who would win souls for God with their voices.", "By 1966, Clark-Bradford and her sisters were performing behind their mother at church services, usually singing her songs.Clark-Bradford left The Clark Sisters in 1986 and began her own ministry in California.", "Her last contribution to the group was that year's ''Heart & Soul'' album, which was released after a four-year gap." ], [ "Awards", "===Dove Awards===The Dove Awards are awarded annually by the Gospel Music Association.", "Clark-Bradford has received 1 award.", "Year Nominated work AwardResult 1987 ''Heart & Soul'' Contemporary Gospel Album of the Year ===Grammy Awards===The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.", "Clark-Bradford has earned a Lifetime Achievement award as well as 2 competitive nominations.", "Year Nominated work AwardResult 1983 ''Sincerely'' Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group 1987 ''Heart & Soul'' Best Soul Gospel Performance by a Duo or Group, Choir or Chorus 2024 The Clark Sisters Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award ===NAACP Image Awards===The NAACP Image Awards are awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).", "Clark-Bradford has received 1 award.", "Year Nominated work AwardResult 1983 The Clark Sisters Outstanding Gospel Artist ===Soul Train Awards===The Soul Train Music Awards are awarded annually.", "Clark-Bradford has received 1 nomination.", "Year Nominated work AwardResult 1988 ''Heart & Soul'' Best Gospel Album – Group or Choir" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Denise Clark-Bradford Official Instagram* Denise Clark-Bradford Official Facebook* Denise Clark-Bradford Official YouTube" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1908 Cuban local and provincial elections" ], [ "Introduction", "Local and provincial elections were held in Cuba on August 1, 1908.The elections took place during the Second American Occupation of Cuba and was intended by the Americans to allow for a withdrawal of U.S. troops and restoration of Cuban self-government.The National Conservative Party was considered to have performed unexpectedly well in the elections, as they won three out of six governorships and 28 mayoralties.", "No black candidates were elected to office in the elections, which prompted the creation of the Partido Independiente de Color on August 7, 1908." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Fernando Ruas" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Fernando de Carvalho Ruas''' (born 15 January 1949) is a Portuguese economist and politician from the Social Democratic Party.", "He is currently the Mayor of Viseu, since 2021.He was also Mayor of Viseu between 1989 and 2013." ], [ "Early life", "Fernando de Carvalho Ruas was born on 15 January 1949, in the Farminhão Parish (since 2013, Union of Parishes of Boa Aldeia, Farminhão and Torredeita), in the city of Viseu, Portugal.", "He was the youngest of 12 children (6 boys and 6 girls).He has a degree in Economics from the Faculty of Economics of the University of Coimbra (1978).He was a secondary school teacher between 1973 and 1982.That year he became Principal Advisor for Public administration, having become, in 1986, a member of the Social Security Board of Viseu." ], [ "Political career", "He was Mayor of Viseu between 1990 and 2013 for the PPD/PSD, having been succeeded by António Almeida Henriques.He was also President of ANMP - National Association of Portuguese Municipalities (2002 to 2013).", "This role made him the ANMP representative on the Council of European Cities and Regions.", "He was President of the District Assembly of the PSD of Viseu from 1990 to 2013 and President of the board of directors of the Municipal Water and Sanitation Services of Viseu from 1990 to 2013.He was a member of the European Parliament between 2014 and 2019.He was a member of the Assembly of the Republic in the 14th legislature, in 2019, as lead candidate for the Viseu electoral circle.", "He was a member of Parliament between October 25, 2019, and October 3, 2021, when he resigned to run for the Viseu mayorship in the 2021 local elections.He was also President of the PSD/Viseu from 1983 to 1987, vice-president of the PSD National Congress from 1999 to 2007 and vice-president of the PSD/Viseu District Assembly from 1997 to 1999.He currently holds the position of President of the District Assembly of PSD (since 2005) and was President of the PSD National Congress from 2010 to 2018.He was a founding member of the Committee of the Regions in 1994, and served until 2013.He was a member of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe from 2001 to 2004.He was President of the Permanent Cabinet of the Portuguese-Spanish Association of Municipalities 'A route to Europe' between 1999 and 2000, Member of the Executive Cabinet of the World Council of United Cities and Local Governments between 2006 and 2013, and President of the Foral CPLP – Forum of Local Authorities of the Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries – between 2009 and 2013." ], [ "Personal life", "He is married, has two children and three grandchildren." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Battle of Shalateng" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Battle of Shalateng''' was a military engagement on 7 November 1947, during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948.It was a decisive battle that resulted in the halting of the Pakistani offensive and the beginning of the Indian counter offensive." ], [ "Build-up", "The Battle of Badgam had taken place just 4 days earlier, in which the advance of Tribal lashkars of Pakistan was halted and the Srinagar airport was secured, allowing more forces to be flown in.On 6 November, an aerial patrol observed a significant gathering of tribesmen in the Zainakot area near Shalateng village, facing the defences of 1 Sikh on the outskirts of Srinagar town.", "This group was observed engaging in digging activities, signalling preparations for an imminent assault on the town.The plan was to encircle them through a flanking maneuver led by 1 Kumaon (Para) on the southern side of the Sikhs, and 4 Kumaon on the right flank.", "Early morning on 7 November, a squadron of four Daimler armoured cars of 7 Light Cavalry was inducted.", "Two armoured cars were deployed in support of 1 Sikh, and two were sent to reconnoitre, and positioned themselves behind the tribal lashkar forces." ], [ "The battle", "Once the tribesmen were surrounded, the Indian forces opened up and strafing air support was also provided by Spitfires of the Airforce.", "The tribesmen were taken by surprise and broke ranks and fled, leaving over 600 dead and much of their arms, ammunition and equipment." ], [ "Aftermath", "The Pakistani raiders fled with the Indian Army in hot pursuit.", "By evening, 1 Sikh had recaptured Pattan, and at around midnight, 1 Kumaon (Para) along with the armoured cars and a troop of 25 pounder guns advanced towards Baramulla, which was occupied by 5.30 pm on 8 November.By 13 November, territory up to Uri was recaptured and Kashmir Valley was brought firmly in India's control." ], [ "References", "===Works cited===*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Utah Senate election" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Utah Senate elections''' will be held on November 5, 2024, as part of the biennial 2024 United States elections.", "14 of the 29 seats in the Utah Senate will be up for election.", "The filing deadline for candidates was January 8, 2024.Primary elections will be held on June 24, 2024.The elections will coincide with elections for other offices in Utah, including for Governor, US Senate, US House, and the Utah House.+ Summary of the November 5, 2024 Utah Senate electionFile:Utah Senate 2021 - 2023.svg Party Candidates Votes Seats % Before Up Won After +/– Republican 14 ''TBD'' 23 11 ''TBD'' Democratic 8 ''TBD'' 6 3 ''TBD'' Constitution 1 ''TBD'' 0 0 ''TBD'' Utah Forward 1 ''TBD'' 0 0 ''TBD'' Independent 2 ''TBD'' 0 0 ''TBD'' '''Total''' ''TBD'' 29 14 14 29 }" ], [ "Retirements", "===Republicans===D. Gregg Buxton, SD 4" ], [ "SD 2", "=== Democratic primary ==='''Candidate'''Nancy Huntly, ecologist and nominee for state senate district 25 in 2020=== Republican primary ==='''Candidate'''Chris H. Wilson, incumbent senator=== General election ===" ], [ "SD 3", "=== Democratic primary ==='''Candidate'''Stacy Bernal=== Republican primary ==='''Candidate'''John D. Johnson, incumbent state senator=== General election ===" ], [ "SD 4", "Incumbent state senator D. Gregg Buxton is not seeking re-election.", "State representative from the 9th district, Cal Musselman, is running unopposed in both the Republican primary and the general election.=== Republican primary ==='''Candidate'''Cal Musselman, state representative from the 9th district=== General election ===" ], [ "SD 8", "=== Constitution primary ==='''Candidate'''Laren Livingston=== Democratic primary ==='''Candidate'''Aaron Wiley=== Republican primary ==='''Candidates'''Ronald MortensenBrady TracyTodd Weiler, incumbent state senator=== Independent ==='''Candidate'''Alisa Langeveld" ], [ "SD 10", "=== Democratic primary ==='''Candidate'''Luz Escamilla, incumbent state senator=== Republican primary ==='''Candidate'''Kyle Erb=== General election ===" ], [ "SD 12", "=== Democratic primary ==='''Candidate'''Karen Kwan, incumbent state senator=== Republican primary==='''Candidate'''Judy Weeks-Rohner, state representative from the 30th district=== General election ===" ], [ "SD 15", "=== Democratic primary ==='''Candidate'''Kathleen Riebe, incumbent state senator=== Republican primary ==='''Candidates'''Steve AsteEdward BennettScott CuthbertsonAmber Shill" ], [ "SD 16", "=== Republican primary ==='''Candidates'''Wayne Harper, incumbent state senatorJonathan FilderChristina Boggess===Independent==='''Candidate'''Monnica Manuel" ], [ "SD 22", "No independent or Democratic candidate filed before the deadline.=== Republican primary ==='''Candidates'''Heidi Balderree, incumbent state senatorGarret CammansEmily Lockhart" ], [ "SD 24", "=== Utah Forward primary ==='''Candidate'''David Hinckley=== Republican primary ==='''Candidates'''Curt Bramble, incumbent state senatorBrad Daw, former state representative from the 60th districtDan Hemmert, former senator from the 14th districtKeven Stratton, state representative from the 58th district" ], [ "SD 25", "=== Democratic primary ==='''Candidate'''Alan Hansen=== Republican primary ==='''Candidates'''Michael CookMike McKell, incumbent state senator" ], [ "SD 26", "=== Democratic primary ==='''Candidate'''Corbin Frost=== Republican primary ==='''Candidate'''David Hinkins, incumbent state senator=== General election ===" ], [ "SD 27", "The incumbent state senator, Derrin Owens, is running unopposed in both the Republican primary and the general election.=== Republican primary ==='''Candidate'''Derrin Owens, incumbent state senator=== General election ===" ], [ "SD 29", "=== Democratic primary ==='''Candidate'''Deidra Ritchhart=== Republican primary ==='''Candidates'''Chad BennionCory GreenDon Ipson, incumbent state senator" ], [ "See also", "2024 Utah gubernatorial election2024 United States Senate election in Utah2024 United States House of Representatives elections in Utah" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alvania minuscula" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania minuscula''''' is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 2.1 mm, its diameter 1.2 mm.", "(Original description) The very minute shell is ovate and pale yellowish brown.", "It consists of five whorls besides the small, mammillary, apical whorl.", "The whorls are convex in the middle.", "Those of the spire are crossed by three revolving cingula and covered by numerous, fine, elevated, longitudinal ribs, most distinct in the grooves between the cingula and on the subsutural area, giving the surface a finely cancellated appearance under the microscope.", "These ribs do not interrupt the stronger revolving lines.", "The body whorl is relatively large and has three or four smaller, additional revolving cingula below the periphery, the last of which circumscribes the narrow and shallow umbilical chink.", "The aperture is round-ovate with a strongly thickened margin, supported by a well-developed marginal rib." ], [ "Distribution", "This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean on the Atlantis Seamount." ], [ "References", "* Jensen, R. H. (1997).", "A Checklist and Bibliography of the Marine Molluscs of Bermuda.", "Unp.", ", 547 pp" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Czesław Ścisłowski" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Czesław Ścisłowski''' (Polish: tsheh'swahv shtshes'wohv'skee ʈ͡ʂɛslaf st͡ɕislɔfskʲi; May 22, 1904–August 12, 1971) was a Polish physicist, educator, university professor, author of school books and science articles, the initiator and organizer of International Physics Olympiad for high school students.", "Before World War II he was the principal teacher of the science class at the Stefan Batory High School in Warsaw, many of whose students became wartime resistance heroes." ], [ "Life and career", "Czesław Ścisłowski was born May 22, 1904, in Mogielnica, central Poland, then under imposed Russian rule, as the only child of fruit farmer and entrepreneur Franciszek Ścisłowski and Franciszka Ścisłowska, née Podogrodzka.", "In 1924, he graduated from the Władysław Giżycki High School in Warsaw.", "He took part in amateur theater performances and played the violin.In 1930, Ścisłowski obtained the M.Sc.", "degree in physics from the University of Warsaw and began his career as a high school teacher.In 1937-39 he was physics teacher at the Stefan Batory High School in Warsaw, many of whose students fought in the resistance against the Nazi German occupation of Poland during World War II.", "In the 1943 so-called Operation Arsenal, Tadeusz Zawadzki \"Zośka\" and Maciej Aleksy Dawidowski \"Alek\" took part in the daring action to free their former classmate Jan Bytnar \"Rudy\" from Nazi hands.During the war Ścisłowski taught clandestine classes in Warsaw and in nearby towns.After the war he returned to the Stefan Batory High School for two years, as teacher and deputy headmaster, and then took a job teaching physics at the Warsaw Technical University.Ścisłowski was author and co-author of physics textbooks for primary and high schools.", "In 1949, the deputy education minister of the communist government of the time, Henryk Jabłoński, criticized the textbooks for referring too much to U.S. and British scientists and inventors rather than to Polish or Soviet ones.In 1959, Ścisłowski obtained doctor's degree in physics from the University of Warsaw.", "He was member of the Polish Physical Society.Starting in 1951, Ścisłowski organized all-Poland Physics Olympiads and in 1967 he organized in Warsaw the first International Physics Olympiad of which he was the originator.", "The participants came from the East Bloc: Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania and Poland.", "With time, other countries joined in the olympiads, which now span the globe.He was active professionally until his sudden death on Aug.12, 1971.His resting place is at the Bródno Cemetery in Warsaw." ], [ "Awards and honours", "In 1992, Ścisłowski was awarded a medal by the International Commission on Physics Education for \"outstanding contribution to physics education.\"", "In awarding the medal, the commission recognized that it was \"primarily as a result of his efforts that the first International Physics Olympiad was held in Poland in 1967 under the aegis of the Polish Physical Society.\"" ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* Zdzisław Szeląg \"Słownik wiedzy o grójeckim\" volume II Towarzystwo Literackie im.", "Adama Mickiewicza w Grójcu 1994* Cz.", "F. Czesław Fotyma \"Dr Czesław Ścisłowski nie żyje\" Fizyka w szkole 1971 number 6 pages 58–59 Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Oświaty i Szkolnictwa Wyższego - Państwowe Zakłady Wydawnictw Szkolnych 1971" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Maurice Banks (American football)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Maurice Banks''' (born ) is an American college football coach.", "He is the head football coach for Gettysburg College, a position he has held since 2020.He played college football for Georgetown as a defensive back." ], [ "Head coaching record", "===College===" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Gettysburg profile* Georgetown profile" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Amir Avivi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Amir Avivi''' (born 16 April 1969) is a retired Israeli brigadier general at Israeli Defense Forces.", "He served as a military lieutenant at the Defense Establishment Comptroller Unit, he is the commander of Sagi Brigade and the chief of Israeli general and politician Moshe Ya'alon.In 2020, he founded the NPO \"Habithonistim\" (הביטחונים) which consists of mainly high-ranking members of the Israeli security forces, and has been its leader ever since.", "In May 2023, Avivi's book \"We Will Not Go Back: How We Will Guarantee Israel's Security for Generations\" (לא נשוב אחור: כיצד נבטיח את ביטחון ישראל לדורות) was published." ], [ "Activism", "On November 29, 2018, Avivi spoke at the \"My Israel National Interest Conference\" and presented his political plan: New State Solution.", "The main point of the plan is to establish a Palestinian state in the Gaza Strip and the northern Sinai Peninsula, where the Palestinians (including those in the West Bank) will be citizens.", "The territory will be donated by Egypt, which will receive generous economic aid and a leading status in the Arab world in exchange for this.In June 2020, Avivi and members of the \"Habithonistim\" met with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, in order to support Trump peace plan.", "Avivi emphasized that the United States recognition is very important to the implementation of the move and that this is aמ historic opportunity to make peace.In 2023, Avivi was ranked 37th on the Jerusalem Post's list \"50 Most Influential Jews in the World\"." ], [ "Criticism", "Amir Avivi is known for expressing his right-wing zionist views.", "his NPO Habithunistim is also known for attacking the left-wing on Israel.On 13 October 2024, after 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, he said: \"let the Palestinian civilians move south into the Sinai Peninsula\", which made people question his support for Israeli transfer plan and ethnic cleansing." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Porchetto" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Porchetto''' is an Italian surname.", "Notable people with the surname include:* Clara Porchetto (born 1978), Italian retired swimmer* Raúl Porchetto (born 1949), Argentine musician* Victor Porchetto de Salvatici (died c. 1315), Italian Carthusian monk sometimes referred to as ''Porchetus''" ], [ "See also", "PorchettaPorchetta (family name)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "American Cinema Editors Awards 2024" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''74th American Cinema Editors Eddie Awards''' will be presented on March 3, 2024, at the Royce Hall in Los Angeles, honoring the best editors in film and television of 2023.The nominees were announced on January 25, 2024.John Waters will be honored with the ACE Golden Eddie Filmmaker of the Year Award, while Kate Amend and Walter Murch will both receive the Career Achievement Award." ], [ "<!--Winners and-->Nominees", "===Film=== Best Edited Feature Film (Drama, Theatrical) Best Edited Feature Film (Comedy, Theatrical)* ''Anatomy of a Fall'' – Laurent Sénéchal* ''Killers of the Flower Moon'' – Thelma Schoonmaker* ''Maestro'' – Michelle Tesoro* ''Oppenheimer'' – Jennifer Lame* ''Past Lives'' – Keith Fraase* ''Air'' – William Goldenberg* ''American Fiction'' – Hilda Rasula* ''Barbie'' – Nick Houy* ''The Holdovers'' – Kevin Tent* ''Poor Things'' – Yorgos Mavropsaridis Best Edited Documentary (Theatrical) Best Edited Animated Feature Film(Theatrical or Non-Theatrical)* ''20 Days in Mariupol'' – Michelle Mizner* ''American Symphony'' – Sammy Dane, Matthew Heineman, Jim Hession, and Fernando Villegas* ''Joan Baez: I Am a Noise'' – Maeve O'Boyle* ''Little Richard: I Am Everything'' – Nyneve Minnear and Jake Hostetter* ''Still: A Michael J.", "Fox Movie'' – Michael Harte* ''Elemental'' – Stephen Schaffer* ''Nimona'' – Randy Trager and Erin Crackel* ''Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse'' – Michael Andrews* ''The Super Mario Bros. Movie'' – Eric Osmond* ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem'' – Greg Levitan Best Edited Documentary (Non-Theatrical)* ''100 Foot Wave'': \"Jaws\" – Alex Bayer, Alex Keipper, and Quin O'Brien (HBO)* ''Albert Brooks: Defending My Life'' – Bob Joyce (HBO)* ''Beckham'': \"The Kick\" – Michael Harte (Netflix)* ''Being Mary Tyler Moore'' – Mariah Rehmet (HBO)* ''Escaping Twin Flames'': \"Up in Flames\" – Martin Biehn, Kevin Hibbard, Inbal B. Lessner, Troy Takaki, and Mimi Wilcox (Netflix)===Television=== Best Edited Drama Series Best Edited Single-Camera Comedy Series* ''Ahsoka'': \"Part Four: Fallen Jedi\" – Dana E. Glauberman (Disney+)* ''The Last of Us'': \"Long, Long Time\" – Timothy A.", "Good (HBO)* ''Slow Horses'': \"Strange Games\" – Sam Williams (Apple TV+)* ''Succession'': \"Connor's Wedding\" – Bill Henry (HBO)* ''Succession'': \"With Open Eyes\" – Ken Eluto (HBO)* ''Barry'': \"wow\" – Ali Greer and Franky Guttman (HBO)* ''The Bear'': \"Fishes\" – Joanna Naugle (FX / Hulu)* ''The Bear'': \"Forks\" – Adam Epstein (FX / Hulu)* ''Only Murders in the Building'': \"Sitzprobe\" – Shelly Westerman and Payton Koch (Hulu)* ''Ted Lasso'': \"So Long, Farewell\" – Melissa McCoy (Apple TV+) Best Edited Multi-Camera Comedy Series Best Edited Limited Series* ''Frasier'': \"Blind Date\" – Joseph Fulton (Paramount+)* ''How I Met Your Father'': \"Daddy\" – Russell Griffin (Hulu)* ''The Upshaws'': \"Off Beat\" – Angel Gamboa Bryant (Netflix)* ''Beef'': \"The Birds Don't Sing, They Screech in Pain\" – Harry Yoon and Laura Zempel (Netflix)* ''Beef'': \"The Great Fabricator\" – Nat Fuller (Netflix)* ''Fargo'': \"The Paradox of Intermediate Transactions\" – Christopher Nelson (FX)* ''Fargo'': \"The Tragedy of the Commons\" – Regis Kimble (FX)* ''Lessons in Chemistry'': \"Introduction to Chemistry\" – Géraud Brisson and Daniel Martens (Apple TV+) Best Edited Feature Film (Non-Theatrical) Best Edited Non-Scripted Series* ''Black Mirror'': \"Beyond the Sea\" – Jon Harris (Netflix)* ''Flamin' Hot'' – Kayla M. Emter and Liza D. Espinas (Hulu)* ''Reality'' – Jennifer Vecchiarello and Ron Dulin (HBO)* ''Couples Therapy'': \"Episode 310\" – Delaney Lynch, Helen Kearns, and Katrina Taylor (Netflix)* ''Dancing with the Stars'': \"Most Memorable Year Night\" – Laurens Van Charante, Ben Bulatao, Fernanda Cardoso, Jessie Sock, Jon Oliver, Neal Acosta, Raiko Siems, Joe Headrick, and Mike Bennaton (ABC / Disney+)* ''Deadliest Catch'': \"Pain Level Ten\" – Rob Butler, Isaiah Camp, Alexander Rubinow, and Josh Stockero (Discovery) Best Edited Variety Talk/Sketch Show or Special Event Best Edited Animated Series* ''A Black Lady Sketch Show'': \"My Love Language Is Words of Defamation\" – Stephanie Filo, Malinda Zehner Guerra, and Taylor Joy Mason (HBO)* ''Last Week Tonight with John Oliver'': \"Dollar Stores\" – Anthony Miale (HBO)* ''Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour'' – Dom Whitworth, Guy Harding, Hamish Lyons, Rupa Rathod, Ben Wainwright-Pearce, and Reg Wrench (Prime Video)* ''Blue Eye Samurai'': \"The Tale of the Ronin and the Bride\" – Yuka Shirasuna (Netflix)* ''Bob's Burgers'': \"Amelia\" – Jeremy Reuben and Stephanie Earley (Fox)* ''Scott Pilgrim Takes Off'': \"Ramona Rents a Video\" – Keisuke Yanagi (Netflix)===Anne V. Coates Award===* Ariel Emma Martin – Chapman University* Isaiah Clarke – Spanish Springs High School* Jamie Diaz – California State University, Los Angeles" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Radhika" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Radhika''' may refer to:* Radha, a Hindu goddess and eternal consort of Krishna* Radhika (given name), an Indian given name* Radhika (Malayalam actress)* Radhika (choreographer), in South Indian films* Kalamandalam Radhika, Indian dancer and choreographer, and actor in Malayalam films and television* Radhika (TV series), Kannada language series on Udaya TV* Radhika, the main character of the Zee TV serial ''Choti Bahu''" ], [ "See also", "* Radika, a river in Europe* Radha (disambiguation)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Han (SE Zhou state)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Han''' was a minor chinese state under the Zhou dynasty, located in present-day Jiangsu province.", "It was established by sinicized refugees from the central plains, who established a new vassal state in the () to the southeast of Zhou kingdom.", "Its capitalalso named Hanwas located in the southern area of present-day Huai'an municipality.", "By the early Spring and Autumn period at the latest, Han was conquered by the state of Wu, whose King Fuchai named his () and Hancheng (at present-day Yangzhou) after it." ], [ "See also", "* Han (NW Zhou state)* Han (state)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Maury Mattingley" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Maurice William Mattingley''' (22 October 1923 – 8 November 2007) was a motorcycle speedway rider from England." ], [ "Biography", "Mattingley, born in Totton, Hampshire, began his British leagues career riding for Southampton Saints during the 1952 Speedway Southern League season and he became an instant success with the team.", "He was an integral part of the Southampton team over the next six years and helped them win the 1956 division two National Trophy.In 1958, he left Southampton to join the Coventry Bees and won the Midland Cup with them in 1960.After four years at Coventry, he joined Plymouth Bulldogs in 1961 and posted an impressive 9.38 average.In 1963, he joined Wolverhampton Wolves and the year turned out to be arguably his best, when he won the league title with the team, won the prestigious Scottish Open Championship and performed well in the British round of the 1963 Individual Speedway World Championship.", "Despite the success that he achieved in 1963, he teamed up with the Glasgow Tigers in 1964 and spent four years with the Scottish club and became their team captain.", "Remarkably for the era, he commuted by air from Southampton to Glasgow for matches.He continued to run his engineering business in Southampton and returned south to race for one final season in 1968 with the Poole Pirates." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1908 Panamanian presidential election" ], [ "Introduction", "Presidential elections were held in Panama on July 12, 1908.José Domingo de Obaldía won the election.", "The election was preceded by municipal elections on June 28, which were won by Obaldía's supporters.", "Obaldía's main opponent in the race, Ricardo Arias Feraud, withdrew from the race, leaving Obaldia unopposed.", "Supporters of Arias abstained from voting.", "The incumbent president, Manuel Amador Guerrero, supported Arias Feraud in the election.", "There were fears among American policymakers that Amador Guerrero would rig the election in favor of Arias Feraud, which prompted the U.S. to threaten to intervene if the elections were rigged.", "There were expectations that the election would be marred by disorder, but it proceeded in an orderly fashion." ], [ "Results" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Robert von der Goltz" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Robert Heinrich Ludwig, Graf von der Goltz''' (6 June 1817 – 24 June 1869) was a German diplomat and politician in Prussia." ], [ "Early life", "Goltz was born on 6 June 1817 in Paris into the prominent Prussian noble von der Goltz family.", "Robert was a son of Karl Heinrich von der Goltz, the Prussian Lt.-Gen. and Prussian Ambassador in Paris during the Bourbon Restoration in France and Baroness Julie von Seckendorff, a lady-in-waiting to Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg.", "His elder siblings were Leopoldine (the wife of Lt.-Gen. Ferdinand von Kleist) and Karl Friedrich von der Goltz, adjutant general of Kaiser Wilhelm I.", "After his father's death in 1822, he grew up under the guardianship of Chief Marshal von Maltzahn.", "His mother married Lt.-Gen. Karl Heinrich Stephan von Block in 1828.His paternal grandparents were Eleonore Juliane von Maltzahn and Leopold Heinrich von der Goltz, the Prussian ambassador to Russia from 1789 to 1794.After being taught by private teachers in Berlin, he attended the Friedrichs-Gymnasium in Breslau.", "He studied law at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität and the University of Breslau.", "He became a member of the Borussia Bonn Corps in 1835 and the Borussia Breslau Corps in 1839.After passing his first legal examination at the Berlin Court of Appeal in August 1837, he traveled extensively." ], [ "Career", "Goltz took an active Prussian role in the German revolutions of 1848–1849.He also joined the moderate-liberal party during the reaction period and was appointed as a secretary to the Federal Central Commission in Frankfurt am Main.", "In 1852 he was elected to the Prussian House of Representatives for the Düsseldorf's 3rd constituency while acting in the opposition.", "He resigned his mandate in 1854 in order to be able to go to Athens as Resident Minister, before becoming Envoy to the Kingdom of Greece in Athens in 1857, serving until 1859 when he was sent to the Court of the Ottoman Empire in Constantinople, serving until 1862 when he was succeeded by Joseph Maria Anton Brassier de Saint-Simon-Vallade.===Ambassador to Russia===In 1862 he became Otto von Bismarck's successor (and rival) in Saint Petersburg, staying for one year before again succeeding Bismarck in 1863 in Paris, While in Russia, he was said to have maintained good relations with the liberal Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duke Constantine (the second son of Nicholas I and his wife, Charlotte of Prussia).===Ambassador to France===Goltz served in Paris until his death, first as the Ambassador of Prussia and then, from January 1868, of the North German Confederation.", "While Ambassador, he had to deal with the consequences of the Alvensleben Convention (which obliged Prussia to assist in the suppression of the Polish uprising).", "Much to the chagrin of Bismarck, Goltz was said to have maintained a secret correspondence with the influential Foreign Minister Baron Alexander von Schleinitz.", "He was considered very popular at the court of Napoleon III, and Napoleon's Prussian-friendly attitude was said to be thanks to Goltz.", "After his death, he was succeeded by Karl von Werther.He was a Knight of the Order of St. John." ], [ "Personal life", "Goltz, who never married, died on 24 June 1869 in Charlottenburg after undergoing tongue cancer surgery in Paris.", "He was buried in the family mausoleum at Luisenfriedhof II." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Robert Heinrich Ludwig,Graf von der Goltz.", "at the New York Public Library" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "David Hooper (chemist)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''David Hooper''' (1858 – 31 January 1947) was an English pharmaceutical chemist who served as a quinologist at the cinchona plantations in Ootacamund in India.", "He wrote extensively on Indian medical plants and economic botany." ], [ "Life and work", "Hooper was born in Redhill, Surrey and studied in Chelmsford.", "He received a bronze medal for the best herbarium during his studies in 1878.He became a pharmaceutical chemist, winning a Pereira medal in 1880.He was posted quinologist to Madras in 1884 and before going there he studied Dutch methods of planting and quinine manufacture.", "He worked at Ootacamund until 1896 briefly also managing the cinchona plantations and serving as government botanist.", "He completed the ''Materia Medica of Madras'' (1891) which was begun by Moodeen Sheriff but incomplete due to his death.", "Hooper's work as a quinologist involved examining alkaloids in plants.", "He took an interest in traditional herbal remedies and isolated the alkaloid vasicine from ''Adhatoda vasica'' during this period.", "He published extensively on his work such as on the tannins of acacias.", "He was involved in producing the three-volume ''Pharmacographia Indica'' along with William Dymock (1832-1892), and Charles Warden (1851-1900).", "He then worked as an officiating reporter on economic products and in 1902 he served as government chemist.", "He received a Hanbury Gold Medal, given for research in natural history and drug chemistry in 1907.He also held a position as a curator of the economic and art section of the Indian Museum until his retirement in 1914.During World War I he was involved in supervising chemical work in ammunition production.", "In 1919 he worked at Bristol University examining plants from Asia for their chemicals.While working in Ootacamund he met Hannah Carr, the daughter of the Baptist minister Thomas Evans and married her in 1887.They had two sons and three daughters.", "He died at Bromley and was buried at Islington." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Portrait" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze''' (born 2 April 1953 in Halle (Saale)) is a German historian of mathematics." ], [ "Biography", "Siegmund-Schultze studied mathematics at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, where he received his doctorate in 1979 on the history of functional analysis.", "He wrote his doctoral thesis between 1975 and 1978 during research studies at the ''Karl-Sudhoff-Institut für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften'' (Karl Sudhoff Institute for the History of Medicine and Natural Sciences) at the Leipzig University.", "He then worked until 1990 as an assistant at the Humboldt University of Berlin, where he completed his habilitation in 1987 (\"Contributions to the analysis of the development conditions of mathematics in fascist Germany with special consideration of the presentation system\").", "From 1991 to 1994 he was a Feodor Lynen research fellow at the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in the USA.", "Since 2000 he has been a professor of history of science at the University of Agder in Kristiansand, Norway.Siegmund-Schultze is known for historical work on the unfortunate circumstances and emigration of mathematicians from National Socialist Germany.", "In particular, he has written extensively about Richard von Mises.Since 2000 he has been a member of the ''Académie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences'' headquartered in Paris.", "In 2011 he gave the historical lecture ''Landau und Schur: eine Freundschaft in unmenschlicher Zeit'' (Landau and Schur: a friendship in inhumane times), which was part of the events accompanying the Euler Lecture.", "In 2014 at the ICM in Seoul, he was an invited speaker with talk ''One hundred years after the Great War (1914–2014): A century of breakdowns, resumptions and fundamental changes in international mathematical communication''.", "Since 2016 he has been co-editor of ''Historia Mathematica''." ], [ "Selected publications", "===Articles===* * * * * * * * * * (Einstein's obituary for Emmy Noether in the ''New York Times'') online text from McTutor* * * (\"Göttingen Field-grey\": Einstein and the delayed perception of Emmy Noether's theorems on invariant variation problems (1918))* abstract* (See Niels Henrik Abel & Sophus Lie.", ")===Books===* ; Mathematical reporting in Hitler's Germany: the demise of the ''Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik'' (Yearbook on the Progress of Mathematics)* ** * * abstract at American Mathematical Society Bookstore website" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Vladimir Bezsmertny" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Vladimir Vasilyevich Bezsmertny''' (; 6 May 1912 – 2002) was a Russian geologist, mineralogist, petrographer and petrologist, candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences, specialist in the field of ore deposits, associate professor at the Moscow Pedagogical Institute.In 1978, Vladimir Bezsmertny became one of the authors of the discovery of another new mineral, bilibinskite.", "Four years later, this mineral became the title mineral for a new group of polymetallic tellurides called the ''bilibinskite group''.In 1979, in honor of Vladimir Bezsmertny and his wife Marianna Bezsmertnaya (1915-1991), a new mineral found in Kamchatka, bezsmertnovite, was named in composition — a complex plumbotelluride of gold, copper, iron and silver, the brightness of the color surpasses even gold." ], [ "Publications", "*" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Wilhelm Bergenthal" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Franz Anton Wilhelm Bergenthal''' colloquially '''Wilhelm Bergenthal''' (4 February 1805 - 28 April 1893) was a German industrialist and politician.", "In 1834, he formed Bergenthal & Gabriel, a predecessor of Siepmann in Warstein.", "Additionally he served as president of IHK Arnsberg from 1878 to 1884.Bergenthal unsuccessfully sought election to the Reichstag (North German Confederation) in March 1867 but lost election against Peter Reichensperger.", "He campaigned for seats in the 1878 German federal election and in a by-election to the Prussian House of Representatives in 1884, both times unsuccessfully." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of Mexican football transfers winter 2023–24" ], [ "Introduction", "This is a list of Mexican football transfers for the '''2023–24 winter transfer window''', grouped by club.", "It includes football transfers related to clubs from the Liga BBVA MX." ], [ "Liga BBVA MX", "===América==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Atlas==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Atlético San Luis==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Cruz Azul==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Guadalajara==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Juárez==='''In:''' '''Out:'''===León==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Mazatlán==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Monterrey==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Necaxa==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Pachuca==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Puebla==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Querétaro==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Santos Laguna==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Tijuana==='''In:''''''Out:'''===Toluca==='''In:''' '''Out:'''===UNAM==='''In:''''''Out:'''===UANL==='''In:''''''Out:'''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Donna Mears" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Donna C. Mears''' (born 1971) is an American politician from Alaska who has served as a member of the Alaska House of Representatives since 2023.She represents District 21 which covers East Anchorage.", "Mears is a civil and environmental engineer by profession." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Campaign website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Louise Westmarland" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Louise Westmarland''' is a British criminologist and Professor of Criminology at Open University, where she is also head of discipline in social policy and criminology.", "She has researched police conduct since the early 2000s.", "Her research focuses on police and policing, including gender and policing, homicide investigations, and corruption, integrity and ethics.", "She is director of the International Centre for Comparative Criminological Research.", "She earned her PhD at Durham University in 1998 with the thesis ''An ethnography of gendered policing''.", "According to Google Scholar her work has been cited over 3,000 times in academic literature.In January 2024 Westmarland's comparison of Jo Phoenix to a \"racist uncle\" was mentioned in the judgment of an employment tribunal case Phoenix brought against her former employer." ], [ "Selected bibliography", "''Researching crime and justice: tales from the field'', Routledge, 2011''Creating citizen-consumers: Changing Publics and changing public services'', Sage, 2007*''Gender and policing: sex, power and police culture'', Willan Publishing, 2001" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 in UAE Warriors" ], [ "Introduction", "2024 is the 12th year in the history of UAE Warriors, a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United Arab Emirates." ], [ "List of events", " # Event Date Venue Location1 UAE Warriors 46 Mubadala ArenaAbu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates2 UAE Warriors 47: Arabia 13 3 UAE Warriors 48 TBDBalneário Camboriú, Brazil" ], [ "UAE Warriors 46", "'''''UAE Warriors 46''''' was a mixed martial arts event promoted by UAE Warriors and took place on January 20, 2024, at the Mubadala Arena in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.", "It aired on UFC Fight Pass.===Background===A Lightweight bout between UFC veteran Alex da Silva Coelho and the promotional newcomer Dinislam Kamavov headlined the event.===Results=== '''UAEW 46''' Weight Class Method Round Time NotesLightweight 70 kg Alex da Silva Coelhodef.", "Dinislam KamavovDecision (unanimous) 3 5:00Bantamweight 61 kg Trent Girdhamvs.", "Dimitri BolkvadzeNo Contest (illegal punches) 2 4:02Welterweight 77 kg Samandar Murodovdef.", "Bobur KurbonovTKO (shoulder injury) 1 5:00Featherweight 66 kg Mark Gregory Valeriodef.", "Jaures DeaKO (punch) 1 1:39Flyweight 57 kg Rashid Vagabovdef.", "Zhakshylyk KonurbaevTechnical Submission (arm-triangle choke) 1 2:09Featherweight 66 kg Maraoune Bellagouitdef.", "Vince BembeDecision (unanimous) 3 5:00Lightweight 70 kg Dylan Salvadordef.", "Carls John de TomasSubmission (rear-naked choke) 1 4:43Flyweight 57 kg Mark Climacodef.", "Tumelo ManyamalaDecision (split) 3 5:00Women's Strawweight 52 kg Valentina Escobardef.", "Viktoriya TskhovrebovaSubmission (rear-naked choke) 1 3:10Bantamweight 61 kg Ullubiy Amirzhanovdef.", "Thiraphong ChaikaewSubmission (rear-naked choke) 1 3:50" ], [ "UAE Warriors 47: Arabia 13", "'''''UAE Warriors 47: Arabia 13''''' was a mixed martial arts event promoted by UAE Warriors and took place on January 21, 2024, at the Mubadala Arena in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.", "It aired on UFC Fight Pass.===Background===An UAE Warriors Arabia Welterweight Championship bout between reigning champion (also UAE Warriors Africa Welterweight champion) Wisem Hammami and contender Omran Chaaban headlined the event.===Results=== '''UAEW 47''' Weight Class Method Round Time NotesWelterweight 77 kg Omran Chaabandef.", "Wisem Hammami (c)Submission (arm-triangle choke) 5 0:44For the UAE Warriors Arabia Welterweight ChampionshipWelterweight 77 kg Omar El Dafrawydef.", "Abdulla Al BousheiriKO (knee) 1 2:20Catchweight 72 kg Kim Tae-kyundef.", "Carls John de TomasTKO (punches) 1 2:22Catchweight 63.5 kg Mehdi Saadidef.", "Jalal Al DaajaKO (punches) 3 2:29Catchweight 88 kg Mohamad Osseilidef.", "Abdul Elwahab SaeedTKO (punches and elbow) 2 4:00Flyweight 57 kg Maysara Mohameddef.", "Alfredo MuaiadDecision (split) 3 5:00Lightweight 70 kg Yazan Jaberdef.", "Ali AbbasDecision (split) 3 5:00Lightweight 70 kg Souhil Tahiridef.", "Mo ElawilTKO (punches) 2 3:41Women's Featherweight 66 kg Eman Almudhafdef.", "Hager Rajab HammadTKO (punches) 1 1:02Lightweight 70 kg Abderrahman Errachidydef.", "Ahmed ShishaniTKO (punches) 1 4:03Welterweight 77 kg Eslam Mostafa def.", "Idriss M'roiviliDecision (unanimous) 3 5:00Bantamweight 61 kg Ali Yazbeckdef.", "Mohamed MamdoohSubmission (rear-naked choke) 3 1:58" ], [ "See also", "* 2024 in UFC* 2024 in Bellator MMA* 2024 in Professional Fighters League* 2024 in ONE Championship* 2024 in Absolute Championship Akhmat* 2024 in Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki* 2024 in Rizin Fighting Federation* 2024 in Brave Combat Federation* 2024 in Legacy Fighting Alliance* 2024 in Road FC" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Davydky, Narodychi settlement hromada, Korosten Raion" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Davydky''' is a village in Narodychi settlement hromada, Korosten Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast, northern Ukraine.During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Davydky was under Russian control between 24 February and 3 April 2022." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Lars B. Andersen" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Lars B. Andersen''' (born 1970), is a British of Norwegian descent businessman who founded My Nametags, a school uniform name label manufacturing company.", "He served also as the master of Company of Entrepreneurs from 2020 to 2021." ], [ "Career", "He worked in finance and insurance in London.Andersen set up My Nametags in 2004, a company that makes iron-on and sticker name labels.", "The company received a Queen's Award for International Trade in 2018.He is currently the chief executive of the company." ], [ "City of London", "Andersen was the Master of the Company of Entrepreneurs for the year 2020/21.He is Senior Warden of the Worshipful Company of World Traders and organised a Guinness World Record for the company in 2018 - 'most nationalities in a simultaneous popular music sing-along'.", "Andersen is on the committee of the Broad Street Ward Club.He has been the City of London shrieval election agent for Alderman Nicholas Lyons, Andrew Marsden, Alderwoman Dame Susan Langley DBE and David Chalk." ], [ "Family", "Andersen is a descendant of one of the signatories to the Norwegian Constitution in 1814, Peder Jørgen Cloumann.===Civic appointments===* Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of World Traders* Freeman of the Company of Entrepreneurs* Freeman of the Guild of Freemen of the City of London* Freeman of the City of London." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Company website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Clue: On Stage" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Clue: On Stage''''' is a murder-mystery farce adapted from the 1985 film ''Clue'', itself based on the popular board game.", "Sandy Rustin adapted Jonathan Lynn's screenplay for the stage, with additional material by Hunter Foster and Eric Price." ], [ "Development", "''Clue: On Stage'' premiered at Bucks County Playhouse in 2017, starring Sally Struthers adapted and directed by Hunter Foster with additional material by Eric Price.", "A national tour was slated to follow.The 2018 published version of the play credits screenwriter Johnathan Lynn, \"with additional material by Hunter Foster, Eric Price and Sandy Rustin.\"", "This revised version received its regional premiere at Cleveland Play House in early 2020, directed by Casey Hushion.", "The show had a west coast premiere at La Mirada Playhouse in 2021, followed by a production at the Paper Mill Playhouse in February 2022.The 2024 national tour, with direction by Casey Hushion, is based on the Paper Mill staging." ], [ "Critical Reception", "\"...a witty, lighthearted, retro romp filled with colorful characters in a creepy old manor house — during a terrible storm, of course,\" said Laura DeMarco of ''The Plain Dealer''.", "\"...a very fun, very silly 1950s-set whodunit that strikes some contemporary parallels on the way to its grand reveal,\" according to ''The New York Times''." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Birur Assembly constituency" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Birur''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct.", "It was part of Chikmagalur Lok Sabha seat." ], [ "Members of Assembly", "=== Mysore State ===YearMemberParty1967M.", "Mallappa1972=== Karnataka state ===YearMemberParty1978M.", "Mallappa1983 S R Lakshmaiah19851989K S Mallikarjunaprsanna1994S R Lakshmaiah1999K B Mallikarjuna2004S.", "L. Dharme Gowda2008 onwards: ''Seat does not exist.''" ], [ "See also", "* List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1923 Spanish coup d'état" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''coup d'état of Primo de Rivera''' took place in Spain between '''September 13 and 15, 1923''' and was led by the then Captain General of Catalonia '''Miguel Primo de Rivera'''.", "It resulted in the establishment of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, mainly because King Alfonso XIII did not oppose the coup and appointed the rebel general as head of the Government at the head of a Militar Directory.Historian Francisco Alía Miranda has pointed out that \"the coup d'état of General Miguel Primo de Rivera was atypical for its simplicity.", "To triumph he only needed the backing of a few prestigious military officers and to publish a manifesto in the press addressed ''To the country and the Army''.", "The Restoration regime collapsed in a few hours.", "...", "He did not need more backing from chiefs in command of the troops, for that the shadow of Alfonso XIII was already behind him\".Javier Moreno Luzón pointed out that Alfonso XIII \"knew that handing over power to the military entailed a crucial political turnaround.", "The most important in Spain since the end of 1874, when another coup had facilitated the return of the Bourbon dynasty and the opening of a different stage, the Restoration.", "To validate that act of force questioned the moderating functions assigned to the monarch by the constitutional texts of 1876...", "Moreover, now the Government was not taken over by a caudillo at the service of a specific party, but by the army as a corporation.", "All of which would bring unforeseeable consequences\".According to the Israeli historian Shlomo Ben-Ami, \"it is in Catalonia where the immediate origins of Primo de Rivera's coup must be sought.", "It was there that the bourgeoisie created the hysterical atmosphere that surrounded Primo de Rivera with the halo of \"savior\" and placed his rebellion, as a contemporary observer noted, in the general context of the anti-Bolshevik reaction that had also reached other European countries.", "Cambó, authentic representative of the Catalan high bourgeoisie, \"the theoretician of the Spanish dictatorship\", as Maurín called him, crudely exposed the yearning and responsibility of his class for the dictatorship: ... \"A society in which the demagogic syndicalist avalanche puts ideals and interests in grave danger will resign itself to everything as long as it feels protected...\" ...", "This does not mean, however, that there was a real danger of social revolution on the eve of Primo de Rivera's coup\"." ], [ "Background", "=== Growing intervention of the Army in political life ===Portrait of Alfonso XIII wearing the habit of the Order of Calatrava (1917).Since the \"disaster of 1898\", there was a growing intervention of the Army in Spanish political life, presenting itself as the interpreter of the \"popular will\" and the defender of the \"national interest, above partial interests and partisan politics\".", "Two key moments of this praetorianism were the Cu-Cut!", "events of 1905 —the assault by officers of the Barcelona garrison on the editorial office and workshops of this Catalan nationalist satirical publication, and also those of the newspaper ''La Veu de Catalunya'', in response to a satirical cartoon about the military— which led to the Law of Jurisdictions of 1906, and, above all, the Spanish crisis of 1917, in which the self-declared ''Juntas de Defensa'', made up exclusively of military personnel, took on a special role.As José Luis Gómez-Navarro has pointed out, \"among Spanish chiefs and officers, since the beginning of the 20th century, but increasingly after the First World War, an anti-parliamentarism and a rejection of politics had spread....", "The Spanish army consolidated the defense of values consubstantial to military professionalism but whose weight increased in the face of the crisis: order, hierarchy, discipline and authority; to which was added its growing role as defenders of the foundations of the social order and of the moderating institution that guaranteed the continuity of the social and political system: the monarchy\".=== \"Bolshevik triennium\" in Andalusia and \"social war\" in Catalonia (1918-1923) ===In the years following the crisis of 1917, a serious social crisis broke out in Catalonia and in the Andalusian countryside.", "\"An authentic \"social war\", with anarchist attacks and attacks by gunmen in the pay of employers, was declared in Catalonia and three years of mobilizations of day laborers in the countryside to whom the echoes of the Russian revolution in Andalusia had reached\".", "Although the two great Spanish workers' organizations, CNT and PSOE-UGT did not join the communist movement, the October Revolution \"acted in Spain as an unstoppable mobilizing myth that shocked for years the working class, dragged its leaders and dazzled the masses they tried to frame\".In Andalusia between 1918 and 1920 there was an intensification of mobilizations, known as the \"Bolshevik triennium\".", "There were constant strikes by day laborers that were responded to with extraordinary harshness by the bosses and the authorities.", "During the strikes the day laborers occupied the farms, being violently evicted from them by the civil guard and the army.", "There was also sabotage and attacks.Back of the car in which Eduardo Dato was assassinated, showing the bullet holes.In Catalonia the conflict began in February 1919 with the strike of the Canadiense, which was the name by which the company Barcelona ''Traction, Light and Power'', that supplied electricity to Barcelona, was known.", "As a result, the city was left without electricity, water and streetcars.", "The liberal government of the Count of Romanones opted for the path of negotiation accompanied by the approval of the \"eight-hour\" decree and a new social insurance system, but had to give in to pressure from the employers, who demanded an iron fist and found valuable support in the Captain General of Catalonia, Joaquín Milans del Bosch, and King Alfonso XIII.", "Thus it was that the Catalan workers' conflict degenerated into a \"social war\" whose main stage was Barcelona.", "The violence of the bosses' ''pistoleros'' was answered with terrorist attacks perpetrated by anarchist action groups.The new government of the conservative Eduardo Dato appointed General Severiano Martínez Anido as civil governor, who greatly increased the harsh repressive policy applied by Milans del Bosch against the CNT.", "\"He implemented a regime of terror that made use of ''free'' trade unionism, persecuted the leaders of the CNT and applied the law of escapes: some detainees were executed on the spot by the forces of order, under the pretext that they had tried to flee\".", "Terrorist acts and street violence between anarchists and members of the ''free'' and parapolice forces followed one after the other between 1920 and 1923.The spiral of violence reached Dato himself, who was riddled with bullets in Madrid by three anarchists on March 8, 1921.In 1923 Salvador Seguí, a leader of the CNT who had not supported the violent way and who defended the return to the trade union way, and the archbishop of Zaragoza Juan Soldevilla were also assassinated.=== Polemic speech of Alfonso XIII in the Casino of Cordoba (May 23, 1921) ===Casino de la Amistad of Cordoba.The first problem that the new government formed after the assassination of Eduardo Dato, which was presided over by the also conservative Manuel Allendesalazar, had to face was the controversy raised by Alfonso XIII's speech delivered on May 23, 1921 at the Casino de la Amistad in Cordoba before the large landowners of the province and the authorities of the capital.", "Alfonso XIII was convinced, and he was not the only one at that time in Europe, that the parliamentary system was in decadence and was not strong enough to face the revolutionary forces driven by the \"Soviet idea\", which led him to a generalized criticism of the liberal institutions in Spain —parties, government and Cortes—, as could be seen in the Cordoba speech.The king complained about the politicians whose \"machinations and pettiness\" prevented the approval in the Cortes of the projects that \"interest everyone\" and so he proposed that \"the provinces\" begin a \"movement of support for your King and the beneficial projects and then the Parliament will remember that it is the people's mandatary, since nothing else means the vote that you give it at the ballot box.", "Then the King's signature will be a guarantee that the beneficial projects will become a reality.\"", "He also said \"that he, inside or outside the Constitution, would have to impose himself and sacrifice himself for the good of the Motherland\".", "Alfonso XIII was aware of what he was saying because before launching the proposal he had said: \"Some will say that I am stepping out of my constitutional duties but I have been a constitutional King for nineteen years and I have risked my life many times to be caught now in a constitutional fault\".", "The minister who accompanied him, Juan de la Cierva, tried to get the journalists to publish only the \"soft summary\" he had prepared, but the complete text was broadcast with posters by a film newsreel (it was the first time, and the last time, that a speech by the king was made public in this way).", "José Luis Gómez-Navarro has pointed out that \"what is truly significant in this speech is not only the criticism of the functioning of the Restoration regime in those years but his call to the citizens to meet with their king, without mediation, outside the political parties, in order to be effective and solve the problems that Spain was facing.", "Alfonso XIII had made a qualitative leap in his thinking.", "The crown, represented in his person, became the interpreter of the popular will, at least in crisis situations\".The Congress of Deputies took up the matter four days later.", "The socialist Julián Besteiro affirmed that the king had had some words of \"contempt\" towards the Parliament and the also socialist Indalecio Prieto proclaimed shouting up to three times: \"The Parliament has more dignity than the King!\"", "(Prieto's phrase did not appear in the ''Diario de Sesiones'' but it circulated all over Madrid).", "On the other hand, the conservative Antonio Maura supported the monarch saying that his words had been applauded by \"sensible Spain\" and the Catholic newspaper ''El Debate'' published that they would be \"fervently applauded\" by the \"people detached from politics\".", "For his part, Alfonso XIII \"for the moment, was frightened by the impact of his statements and denied any anti-parliamentary intention\", although in private he confessed that he had said what he thought, with which \"Don Alfonso was in tune with the critics of parliamentarism, which abounded in Spain -as in all Europe, as well as in Latin America- during those years\".=== \"Annual Disaster\" of July 1921 ===Annual.The most serious problem that the Allendesalazar government had to face was the crisis caused by the disaster of Annual, which occurred two months later in the Spanish Protectorate of Morocco.", "\"The unexpected offensive of the Indians led by Abd el-Krim concluded in a general disbandment of the Spanish Army in the direction of Melilla.", "The Spanish troops were dispersed in a very extensive front with a very high number of positions and with serious supply problems.", "The units were poorly equipped....", "The collapse of the front resulted in the loss in just a few days of what had been achieved with great difficulty for years.", "Not only General Silvestre commander general of Melilla and head of the Spanish forces in the eastern half of the Protectorate died, but also 10,000 other soldiers\".The \"disaster of Annual\" shocked public opinion.", "There were demonstrations and protest strikes demanding responsibility.", "In the Cortes and in the press they were also demanded and King Alfonso XIII himself was accused of having encouraged Fernandez Silvestre to act as recklessly as he did.", "The people who stood out most in the accusations against the king were the writer Miguel de Unamuno and the socialist deputy Indalecio Prieto.", "The latter concluded one of his speeches in the Cortes with a phrase that caused a great scandal in the hemicycle and for which he was prosecuted: \"Those fields of dominion are today fields of death: eight thousand corpses seem to gather around the steps of the throne in demand of justice\".", "Prieto also referred to an expression attributed to Alfonso XIII that alluded to the large amount of money the Rifian rebels demanded to free the hundreds of Spanish prisoners still in their power (Prieto was again admonished by the president of the Congress of Deputies): \"There are those who attribute this attitude of the Government to a very lofty phrase, according to which goose bumps are expensive\".", "The historian Javier Moreno Luzón adds: \"Such real sarcasm, about the value of the prisoners, would not be easily forgotten\".", "For his part, Unamuno referred to an alleged telegram sent by the king to Fernandez Silvestre encouraging him to launch the offensive in which he said: \"''Olé los hombres''!\"", "(or \"''Olé tus cojones''!\"", "or \"''Olé los hombres, el 25 te espero''!", "\", in reference to the feast of Santiago Apostle, patron saint of Spain).", "The alleged telegram, if it had existed, was never found.To face the serious political consequences of the \"disaster of Annual\" —the government of Allendesalazar resigned four days after the fall of Al Aaroui— the king resorted to the conservative Antonio Maura who on August 3, 1921 formed, as in 1918, a \"government of concentration\", which included both conservatives and liberals, and also again the Catalanist Cambó.", "The first measure taken by the new government was to open a file —whose instructor would be General Juan Picasso— to settle the military responsibilities of the \"Annual disaster\".", "The government also dealt with the Juntas de Defensa and in January 1922 transformed them into \"informative commissions\" subject to the Ministry of War after overcoming the king's resistance to sign the decree.", "However, Maura's government, beset by the \"question of responsibilities\" lasted only eight months and in March 1922 it was replaced by an exclusively conservative government presided over by José Sánchez Guerra.The new government dissolved the \"informative commissions\" in November, this time counting on the support of the king who in June had said in a meeting with the military of the Barcelona garrison: \"At present it is shocking to note in our army groupings which, although motivated by a perhaps most noble desire, are frankly outside what the most elementary obedience and fundamental discipline advise.", "The officer cannot get involved in politics\".", "But at the same time in that speech he had made an appeal to the unity of the army around him: \"I beg you to always remember that you have no other commitment than the oath taken to your country and to your king\".", "Another civilian measure (of submission of the military to civilian power) was the removal of General Severiano Martínez Anido from his post as civil governor in Barcelona.", "Alfonso XIII resigned himself to the dismissal and told Sánchez Guerra: \"it is necessary to agree that you have some... like the cathedral of Toledo\".The Socialist deputy Indalecio Prieto was the one who launched the strongest accusations against King Alfonso XIII for his alleged responsibility in the Annual disaster.After the delivery to the Ministry of War in April 1922 by General Picasso of his report on the \"Annual disaster\", which was devastating since in it he denounced the fraud and corruption that had taken place in the administration of the protectorate, as well as the lack of preparation and improvisation of the commanders in the conduct of military operations, without sparing the governments that had not provided the Army with the necessary material means ―based on what was related in the ''Expediente Picasso'', the Supreme Council of War and Navy, presided over by General Francisco Aguilera, ordered the prosecution of twenty-six chiefs and officers, together with the high commissioner, General Berenguer, General Fernández Silvestre, if he was alive as his body had not been found, and General Navarro, prisoner of Abd el-Krim―, the government accepted that the Congress of Deputies should address the question of responsibilities, also the political ones, and sent it a copy of the ''Picasso File'' ―on July 21, 1922 the Commission of Responsibilities of the Congress was constituted―.", "Once again it was the socialist deputy Indalecio Prieto who made the strongest intervention, for which he would be prosecuted.", "He held responsible for what happened to \"the parties that have taken turns in this period of the monarchy\" for not \"having known how to frame everyone, even the king, within their constitutional duties\".=== Last constitutional government of the reign of Alfonso XIII ===The debate on responsibilities brought to light the division among the conservatives —Antonio Maura proposed that the ministers involved should be tried by the Senate— and when the government crisis finally occurred in December 1922 —pressured by the liberals who demanded to return to the power they had not held exclusively since 1919— the king offered the presidency to Manuel García Prieto who formed a new one of \"liberal concentration\", which was to be the last constitutional government of the reign of Alfonso XIII.", "This government announced its intention to advance in the process of responsibilities.", "In July 1923, the Senate granted the supplication to be able to prosecute General Berenguer since he enjoyed parliamentary immunity as a member of that Chamber.The government of García Prieto also considered a project of reform of the political regime which could lead to the birth of an authentic parliamentary monarchy, although in the elections held at the beginning of 1923 there was again widespread fraud and recourse to the cacique machinery to ensure a majority.", "However, the non-dynastic parties made progress, especially the PSOE, which obtained a resounding triumph in Madrid where it won seven seats.", "In the end, however, the government was unable to carry out its plans for reform and accountability because on September 13, 1923, General Miguel Primo de Rivera, Captain General of Catalonia, led a coup d'état in Barcelona that ended the liberal regime of the Restoration.", "King Alfonso XIII did not oppose the coup.", "The Cortes had planned to debate the report of the Commission of Responsibilities on the \"Disaster of Annual\" on October 2, but the coup prevented it." ], [ "Conspiracy", "=== Barcelona ===On March 14, 1922 General Primo de Rivera was appointed by the new government of the conservative José Sánchez Guerra captain general of Catalonia, a decision that was well received by the Catalan bourgeoisie due to the fame that preceded him as a defender of \"order\".", "As Primo de Rivera himself later explained, it was during his posting as captain general of Valencia in 1920 that he was \"terrified\" by the radicalism of the working class (\"of a revolutionary communist hue\") and became aware of \"the need to intervene in Spanish politics by procedures different from the usual ones\".", "At that time Valencia was the second most conflictive Spanish city after Barcelona.", "\"In the capital of the Turia, Primo applied a policy euphemistically called \"mano dura\" (iron fist).", "In practice, this meant having no qualms about faking the escape of detainees in order to murder them in cold blood\", explained Alejandro Quiroga.", "In a letter he sent to the president of the government, Eduardo Dato justified his actions outside the law to achieve the \"extirpation of terrorism and revolutionary syndicalism\", since \"ordinary justice and legislation\" were \"ineffective\": \"A raid, a transfer, an escape attempt and a few shots will begin to solve the problem\".One of the signs of his \"policy of order\" in Catalonia was the support he gave to the protests of the employers' organizations because of the decision of the government of José Sánchez Guerra to dismiss in October 1922 the civil governor of Barcelona, General Severiano Martínez Anido, and his deputy, General Arlegui (Superior Chief of Police), who had distinguished themselves for their benevolence towards the bosses' ''pistolerismo'' and for the application of brutal measures to try to put an end to the workers' conflicts and the anarcho-syndicalist violence that had been devastating Barcelona and its industrial area since the outbreak of the Canadian Strike of 1919.Primo de Rivera had met with Martínez Anido as soon as he arrived in Barcelona and together with him and Arlegui he had actively participated in the consolidation of \"the para-police networks dedicated to the murder of anarchists\" and in the promotion of the Free Unions, \"this peculiar ultra-right-wing workerism that was subsidized by the Catalan businessmen\", according to Alejandro Quiroga.", "Primo de Rivera declared that the dismissal of Martínez Anido had meant the loss of \"a great collaborator\".Manuel García Prieto, president of the government since December 1922.The perception of the Catalan employers' association ''Fomento del Trabajo Nacional'' that the dismissal of Martínez Anido and Arlegui had been a mistake was confirmed by the increase in anarchist ''pistolerismo'' which took place in the first months of 1923 —from a hundred attacks in 1922 to eight hundred from January to September 1923; and in Barcelona there were 34 dead and 76 wounded, most of them during the transport strike of May–June— and which was accompanied by a revitalization of workers' conflicts.", "Primo de Rivera was able to respond to these concerns with his defense of \"law and order\" in the face of the \"weakness\" of the new government of Manuel García Prieto, which had replaced that of Sánchez Guerra at the beginning of December 1922, which was \"denounced\" by the conservative press in Barcelona, including ''La Veu de Catalunya'', the organ of Francesc Cambó's Lliga Regionalista.Primo de Rivera's popularity among the Catalan upper and middle classes reached its zenith on the occasion of his intervention in defense of \"law and order\" during the general transport strike in Barcelona in May and June 1923, which Primo de Rivera described as \"clearly revolutionary\".", "There were murders of businessmen and ''esquiroles'', perpetrated by anarchists, and of ''cenetistas'', victims of the bosses' gunmen.", "The alignment of the Catalan bourgeoisie with Primo de Rivera against the civil governor Francisco Barber —they had previously achieved the dismissal of the previous civil governor Salvador Raventós— could be seen on June 6 during the funeral of the Somatén subcabo and member of the Libres José Franquesa, murdered a few hours earlier by the anarchists, when Primo was hailed as the savior of Catalonia while the civil governor was insulted and booed as \"representative of the Only One\".", "Later, recalling those events, Primo de Rivera wrote:What to say of the state of mind of all, who alone had placed their trust in me, and urged me to do something, to proceed in whatever way I could, but in such a way as to free Catalonia from the hecatomb that threatened it so evidently?That June, Primo de Rivera, together with the civil governor of Barcelona, was called to Madrid by the president of the government García Prieto to warn him to stop undermining his policy in Catalonia.", "Primo de Rivera responded by demanding full powers for the declaration of a state of war to put an end to the transport strike, terrorism and \"separatist\" demonstrations.", "\"In a gesture intended to be Solomonic, García Prieto thought of dismissing both representatives of state power the civil governor and Primo de Rivera, but the king refused to sign the decree of dismissal of the captain general but not that of Governor Barber.", "Primo was welcomed in triumph upon his return to Barcelona on June 23, and circumvented the Government's refusal to declare a state of war by ordering the closure of ''Solidaridad Obrera'' and the arrest of Ángel Pestaña and other moderate ''cenetista'' leaders\", says Eduardo González Calleja.", "And in that way he put an end to the transport strike.", "According to Shlomo Ben-Ami, \"the failure of Primo de Rivera's mission in Madrid meant that there was no way, except for its overthrow by force, to remove the constitutional government from its policy of class conciliation in Catalonia\".Together with the \"policy of order\" —which continued after his return from his trip to Madrid with a very harsh repression of the CNT trade unionists who, for their part, continued with the robberies and the planting of explosives— the other element which sealed Primo de Rivera's alliance with the Catalan bourgeoisie was the promise to protect their industry by raising tariffs on imports, precisely the opposite policy that was being applied by the government of García Prieto, which had negotiated with countries such as Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States to lower the tariffs that their products had to pay when they entered the Spanish market, with the aim of reducing domestic prices and favoring exports, especially agricultural exports.", "This policy had raised bitter protests from the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Catalonia.", "Shortly after the coup, Primo de Rivera declared that the tariff reductions agreed by the García Prieto government had constituted a \"criminal\" decision.=== Madrid ===Abd el-Krim, the leader of the Rifian rebels, together with the Spanish businessman Horacio Echevarrieta, sent by the Spanish government to negotiate the release of the Spanish military prisoners after the Annual disaster.At the beginning of 1923, the indignation of a large part of the Army towards the government of the liberal Manuel García Prieto was evident due to his \"claudicating\" policy in the Spanish Protectorate of Morocco.", "Criticism increased on January 27 when the Minister of State Santiago Alba announced that negotiations with Abd el-Krim for the release of the officers and soldiers who had been taken prisoner by the Rifian rebels in the Annual disaster had been successfully completed.", "326 soldiers —or 357, according to other sources—, who had been living in inhuman conditions for more than eighteen months, were to be released in exchange for the payment of four million pesetas, a significant amount of money for the time.", "From that moment on, Santiago Alba became the bête noire of a large part of the army.Spanish chiefs and officers were released after the negotiations between the government and Abd el-Krim, which a sector of the Spanish army described as \"unworthy\".According to Julio Gil Pecharromán, \"the release of the prisoners in exchange for money was received by many military men as a slap in the face, a proof of the liberal government's distrust of the operational capacity of the Armed Forces, especially when the left-wing press presented it as a sign of the failure of the \"militarism and bureaucracy\" that prevailed in the African Army\".", "A manifesto began to circulate in the flag rooms calling for sanctions for those who violated the honor of the Army.", "On February 6, the captain general of Madrid, after holding a meeting with the generals and chiefs of the garrison, went to the Minister of War, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, to tell him that the Army was \"depressed and humiliated by the tendentious campaigns that questioned its honor\", although he told him that in spite of everything it would remain faithful to \"the constituted Powers\".", "That same day the captain general of Catalonia, Miguel Primo de Rivera, gathered the generals of his demarcation and sent a long telegram to the minister in which he asked for punitive actions against the Rifians.", "For his part, the general commander of Melilla communicated to the minister that the chiefs and officers under his command, \"with their souls embittered by the unjust attacks they had suffered, were contemplating the most reckless and perhaps illegal undertakings\", if he did not take \"energetic and immediate action, silencing the anti-Spanish and anti-patriotic press\" and launching an operation against Al Hoceima.", "The government also received news that King Alfonso XIII sympathized with these protests.", "The response of Minister Alcala Zamora was to remind the military that the policy on Morocco was determined by the government, in a telegram sent to the captains general in which he ordered them to stop \"any collective tendency or external acts that would cause serious damage to the interests of the country and the Army, which are identical and nothing can put them in conflict\".In this atmosphere, a conspiratorial nucleus formed by four generals emerged in Madrid, for which it received the name of the ''Quadrilateral''.", "They were the generals José Cavalcanti, Federico Berenguer, Leopoldo Saro Marín and Antonio Dabán Vallejo.", "Their objective was to change government policy in Morocco by forming a civilian or military government which, with the support of the king, would appoint an \"energetic\" general to head the Protectorate.", "But they did not find much support among their comrades-in-arms who, although hostile to the government, were not willing to engage in a conspiracy to overthrow it.According to Javier Moreno Luzón, around the same time, King Alfonso XIII \"caressed the possibility of assuming all the power himself\".", "The plan, which the king explained to several politicians, including the head of Government García Prieto, \"consisted of waiting until May 11, when the Prince of Asturias would turn sixteen —the age for reigning as stipulated in the Constitution— and then calling a plebiscite that would give him special powers to govern without intermediaries.", "If that option was rejected by the Spaniards, he could abdicate to his son and preserve the throne\".", "But the \"plan\" would never be carried out, although in June he commented to one of the ministers that he envisioned a military Cabinet, \"free of the obstacles that for certain actions weigh on constitutional and parliamentary governments\", and two months later to a British diplomat that \"he knew how to stage a coup (''strike a blow'') that would not only surprise the socialists and revolutionaries, but also many other parties\".For their part, the generals of the ''Quadrilateral'', not finding the support they expected, thought then that the only solution left to them was to convince a general of prestige in the Army to head the movement and the king to appoint him president of the government.", "The oldest and highest ranking general at the time was Valeriano Weyler, eighty-five years old, but the conspirators did not dare to sound him out because of his age and his known independence.", "The next in line was General Francisco Aguilera y Egea, president of the Supreme Council of War and Navy and senator for life, whom the ''Quadrilateral'' contacted, despite the fact that he had shown himself in favor of investigating the responsibilities of the generals and military chiefs for the Annual disaster.", "On June 5, the Captain General of Catalonia Miguel Primo de Rivera wrote him a letter in which he put himself at his disposal in \"a saving and bloodless revolution\" in order to \"save Spain from anarchy, from the shamelessness of Africa and from separatism itself\".But Aguilera was ruled out after being slapped on July 5 in the Senate president's office by former Prime Minister José Sánchez Guerra, after he accused his party colleague, fellow conservative Joaquín Sánchez de Toca, of having lied about an alleged delay in the delivery of documentation about Dámaso Berenguer in order to request to the Senate to prosecute him —and having considered Sánchez de Toca's conduct of \"wickedness very much in harmony with his depraved morals\", typical of \"men of his ilk\"—.", "Because of this resounding slap in the face, Sánchez Guerra was \"transformed from then until the end of the Dictatorship into the symbol of the dignity of civilian power\", says González Calleja.", "\"Aguilera's discredit was immediate.", "The military, who trusted him to bring the politicians to heel, did not accept that he would allow himself to be slapped with impunity by them.", "Sanchez Guerra added the final blow, accusing Aguilera of being a coup leader, until the general, cornered, publicly disavowed any plan of military intervention in politics.", "The ''Quadrilateral'' was once again without a candidate...\", says historian Gabriel Cardona.", "Historian Javier Tusell writes: \"The event, almost like an operetta, left Aguilera in evidence and demonstrated his radical lack of ability, as he dedicated himself to verbally attacking politicians, without looking for supporters in the barracks, which was where he would have to forge a coup d'état\".", "Francisco Alía Miranda agrees with Tusell: \"Aguilera fell in disgrace as a result of his poor oratory skills, his political clumsiness and his rough and coarse character\".", "Historian Shlomo Ben-Ami adds another factor for Aguilera to be discarded: \"The cold relationship that was said to exist between the king and Aguilera did not exactly consolidate the general's position as a potential leader of the future coup\".", "Apparently the king went so far as to congratulate Sánchez Guerra on the incident.", "\"You have just rendered me the greatest service of your life,\" he told him.General Dámaso Berenguer, one of the military men indicted in the Picasso file for the Annual disaster, and whose brother, also General Federico Berenguer, was part of the ''Quadrilateral'' that led the conspiracy in Madrid.But the ''Quadrilateral'' soon found Aguilera's replacement: General Primo de Rivera, who at that time was in Madrid called by the Government to take him away from Catalonia where he was acquiring an \"intolerable tutelage\" over the civilians.", "In the capital Primo de Rivera wrote a text criticizing the government, but he did not use it because, according to historian Javier Tusell, \"this would have broken a tradition that had been maintained throughout the Restoration: the Army always put pressure on certain matters, but did not assume direct political control\".", "During his stay in Madrid, Primo de Rivera came into personal contact with General Aguilera —with whom he had maintained a \"tense epistolary relationship\" since the end of May— but their relationship did not progress because the latter reproached Primo de Rivera for his identification with the bosses in the Catalan labor conflicts.", "He also met with the king, to whom he expressed his concern about the political situation in the country (there was even speculation about his appointment as head of Alfonso XIII's Military Household).", "Of much greater importance was the interview he had with the generals of the ''Quadrilateral'', who saw in Primo de Rivera the substitute for the discredited General Aguilera to lead the \"coup de force\" they advocated, and of which they would give \"an account to His Majesty\".", "However, the prosecution in early July of General Cavalcanti for his actions in Morocco was a serious setback for the plans of the conspirators, as well as the appointment of Manuel Portela Valladares as the new civil governor of Barcelona, who reestablished the authority of the civil power in the Catalan capital.Military Casino of Madrid.The fact that the chosen one was Primo de Rivera is paradoxical, as Shlomo Ben-Ami has pointed out, because Primo de Rivera had repeatedly expressed an \"abandonista\" position with respect to Morocco.", "Primo de Rivera resolved the paradox, according to Ben-Ami, thanks to \"his ability to pour water on the wine of his abandonist position, once he decided to conspire, just as he did with his centralist spirit, when he sealed his alliance with Catalan autonomism... On the question of responsibilities, however, he did not need to pretend.", "He was as determined as the others to put an end to the vindictive campaign against his comrades-in-arms, the members of what he himself used to call ''the caste''\".The signs of the \"restlessness\" of the \"military family\" continued.", "At the beginning of August, a group of generals, including Primo de Rivera, met at the Casino Militar in Madrid, to protest against the inactivity of the government in the Protectorate of Morocco and to support the offensive plan of General Severiano Martínez Anido, then commander general of Melilla.", "Those gathered warned the government that \"the army would no longer tolerate being a toy in the hands of opportunistic politicians\".", "\"If some Africanists, among them the men of the ''Quadrilateral'', had harbored some reservations about Primo as leader of the uprising because of his past abandonment of the Moroccan Protectorate, the \"conversion\" of the Marquis of Estella to colonial interventionism in August 1923 finally dispelled the doubts,\" Alejandro Quiroga pointed out.=== Two weeks prior to the coup ===Santiago Alba Bonifaz, Minister of State in the government of Manuel García Prieto, in 1922.An event at the end of August rekindled the coup plot and convinced Primo de Rivera that the time had come to act.", "Serious incidents occurred in Malaga when the troops refused to embark for the protectorate of Morocco.", "The main responsible for the mutiny, Corporal Barroso, was prosecuted but the government pardoned him, which was interpreted by many military men as a proof of the doubts the government had about the future of Morocco, and for which it made the Minister of State Santiago Alba the most responsible.According to historian Shlomo Ben-Ami, \"Primo de Rivera would later say that his ''patriotic decision'' to take power was stimulated by the Malaga mutiny.", "\"Barroso's acquittal made me understand the dimensions of the horrible abyss into which Spain had been thrown\".", "The military did not see in the Malaga mutiny a simple act of insubordination, but a reflection of the collapse of the law as a deterrent and of a general atmosphere of \"defeatism\", cultivated by \"unpatriotic separatists, communists and unionists\".", "Thus, while the military courts were to punish the mutineers, \"military justice\" was also to act \"against the others\", i.e., the unpatriotic civilians.", "It was up to the army to educate the civilian community and imbue it with a \"Spanish\" system of values.", "... To further exasperate the military, fearful that the mutineers would \"infect\" other Army units, the newspaper ABC —whose hysterical campaign against the disintegration of the State helped to create the appropriate climate for the coup— published a photograph of Barroso fraternizing with two officers\".", "Primo de Rivera \"decided then to accelerate the conspiratorial activities\".Rafael Gasset, Minister of Public Works resigned at the beginning of September 1923 because he disagreed with the \"reactivation\" of the policy on the Spanish Protectorate of Morocco, being replaced by Manuel Portela Valladares.Between September 4 and 9 Primo de Rivera traveled to Madrid, where on the 7th he met again with the generals of the ''Quadrilateral'', who recognized him as the head of the conspiracy —according to González Calleja, \"General Saro informed the king that the Army was about to put an end to the existing state of affairs\", and Don Alfonso left Madrid \"cautiously on his way to his summer residence in San Sebastián\"—.", "According to Javier Moreno Luzón, General Cavalcanti had communicated to the King at the end of August or at the beginning of September that \"a military coup was necessary and a dictatorship was needed to prevent a catastrophe in Spain\".", "Alfonso XIII only asked him to keep him informed.During Primo de Rivera's stay in the capital, it became known that the Central General Staff of the Army, in accordance with the plan designed by Martínez Anido, had recommended to the government a landing in Al Hoceima, in the center of the Protectorate, to put an end to Abd-el-Krim's rebellion, which caused the resignation of three ministers who were opposed to the proposal.", "One of the politicians who replaced them was Manuel Portela Valladares, the civil governor of Barcelona, which would be a serious mistake, since Portela's transfer to Madrid facilitated the operations prior to the coup that was to have its epicenter in the Catalan capital.", "For their part, the military circles this time praised the government for \"removing the obstacles\" to the military plans and the newspaper ''El Ejército Español'', which until then had not ceased to harass the government, welcomed the resignation of the ministers Miguel Villanueva, Joaquín Chapaprieta and Rafael Gasset Chinchilla, as a victory for \"the higher interests of the country\".", "The conservative newspaper ''ABC'' assessed the government crisis as a \"depressing spectacle\" which reflected the \"political disorientation\" characteristic of the system.On his return from his trip to Madrid, which Shlomo Ben-Ami dates September 7, Primo de Rivera stopped in Zaragoza where he met with the military governor, General Sanjurjo, to finalize the details of the coup, to which Sanjurjo had already committed himself in a previous visit.", "As soon as he arrived in Barcelona he got the support of the generals with command in Catalonia, such as Barrera, López Ochoa and Mercader.", "However, outside his captaincy general, with the exception of Sanjurjo in Zaragoza and the generals of the ''Quadrilateral'' in Madrid, he did not get any other general to commit himself to the coup, although many agreed with the idea of establishing a military regime.", "On the other hand, Primo de Rivera informed the Spanish ambassadors in the main European capitals of his intentions.", "He also met with prominent members of the Catalan high bourgeoisie and with the president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia Josep Puig i Cadafalch to inform them of his insurrectionary plans.Statue of Rafael Casanova, located in the Ronda de San Pedro in Barcelona, around which the incidents of September 11, 1923 took place.=== September 11, 1923 ===Apparently the event that precipitated the coup, originally planned for September 15, were the incidents that took place in Barcelona during the commemoration of the Eleventh of September, provoked by radical Catalan nationalist youths who booed the Spanish flag and shouted \"Long live Spain!\"", "and \"Long live the Rif Republic!", "\", in support of the uprising of Abd el-Krim, in addition to uttering \"Death to the oppressor State!\"", "and \"Death to the army!\".", "Thirty people were injured and twenty-four Catalan nationalists were arrested.", "A member of parliament of the Lliga Regionalista went to the Police Delegation to inquire about the detainees but they did not let him in despite showing his credentials as a member of parliament.", "He telegraphed the President of the Government García Prieto to denounce the facts and the latter replied that the \"subversive shouts\" and the \"attacks on the public force\" were not \"rights of citizenship, but crimes\".Immediately, Primo communicated by letter to his fellow conspirators in Madrid the decision to revolt.", "\"Prim and O'Donnell, when they had a company, were already in the street,\" he wrote to them.", "He also sent a note to the rest of the captains general in which he implicitly informed them that he was going to carry out a coup d'état in the next few hours and he also contacted by letter General Martínez Anido, who was in San Sebastián with the king.", "In the letter he told him: \"I believe that never will a movement be more pure, gallant, national and organized.", "From all sides there will be civilian adherents and no military corps will fight us.", "There will be lukewarm and cuckoos, but for that we give our support as we always gave it to the bullets.", "A hug and LONG LIVE SPAIN!\".", "Thus, the movement \"was brought forward two days to take advantage of the wave of indignation raised among the officialdom by the street incidents that took place in Barcelona during the Diada of September 11\", states Gonzalez Calleja.=== September 12th ===On September 12, preparations accelerated.", "In Zaragoza, the arrival of Major José Cruz-Conde Fustegueras, liaison of the conspirators with the military governor, General Sanjurjo, led to the finalization of the insurrectionary plans, in the face of the passivity of the captain general.", "In Madrid, the generals of the ''Quadrilateral'' obtained the support of the military governor, General Juan O'Donnell, Duke of Tetuan, but not that of Captain General Diego Muñoz-Cobo, although he did not come out in defense of the government.", "These preparations were known by the government of García Prieto, who, instead of immediately dismissing the conspirators —the Minister of War, General Luis Aizpuru, opposed this decision because it would increase the \"excitement of the Army\" and \"precipitate events\"—, decided to send Minister Portela Valladares to Barcelona, with the excuse that he was going to represent the Executive at the International Furniture Exhibition, and that Aizpuru would send a telegram to \"Miguel\" to try to dissuade him from his insurrectionary plans.", "Primo de Rivera did not respond.", "According to Ben-Ami, \"Aizpuru, a close friend of the rebel general, made no energetic effort to prevent the general's activities.", "Moreover, he seemed to have deliberately provided the coup plotters with arguments against the government by recommending the amnesty of Corporal Barroso, who led the mutiny of soldiers in Malaga against the Moroccan campaign\".", "\"Knowing that the Government knew of the coup plans and that it was sending Portela Valladares to try to stop the insurrection..., Primo had no choice but to bring forward the ''pronunciamiento'' to that same night of the 12th\".Around four o'clock in the afternoon Primo de Rivera received the agreement of the ''Quadrilateral'' by means of a telegram in which reference was also made to the statement made by the Captain General of Madrid that he would not oppose the coup: \"Interview held, very well.", "Doctor knew all the details of the disease and had consulted Dr. Luis.", "It is convenient to advance the operation\".", "Primo de Rivera replied: \"After the birth I resolve to operate her this very night\".", "He also telegraphed to Martínez Anido in San Sebastián: \"Anticipated operation 24 hours will be done today, surely a very spirited patient\".", "He also telegraphed to all the captains general:Discover it, your Excellency, by yourself.", "In accordance with the manifest that will be in your possession at this hour and in that of the generals and first chiefs under your orders at 12 o'clock tonight, I am addressing the garrison of Madrid in agreement with that of Barcelona to dismiss the government that is exercising its functions with such notorious damage to the motherland and so much disrepute.", "At four o'clock in the morning I declare a state of war in the region.", "I hope your Excellency will resolutely second the action and will carry out the orders I receive from the Directory.", "I salute you for Spain, The King and the Army.At 9:30 p.m. Primo de Rivera summoned the generals and chiefs committed to the coup to his office in the Captaincy to give them the final instructions (there were six generals, among them the military governor César Aguado Guerra, his chief of staff Juan Gil y Gil, the commander of the Somatén, Plácido Foreira Morante, and General Eduardo López Ochoa; eleven colonels and a lieutenant colonel).", "They were to get in front of their troops at two o'clock in the morning.", "And he handed them a proclamation to be read by the officers to the NCOs and sergeants calling for discipline and justifying the uprising:... We want you to know where we are all going in this noble and patriotic adventure: we are going to save the Motherland and the King from corruption and political immorality and then to set Spain on a new course." ], [ "Coup d'état", "=== Thursday, September 13: Triumph of the coup in Catalonia (and in Zaragoza and Huesca) ===At midnight of September 12 to 13, 1923, the Captain General of Catalonia Miguel Primo de Rivera proclaimed a state of war in Barcelona and from two o'clock in the morning the troops occupied the key buildings of the city without encountering any opposition.", "The same happened in the rest of the Catalan capitals.", "At that time Primo called the Colonel of the Civil Guard and the Chief of Police of Barcelona to the Captaincy and handed them the proclamation declaring a state of war in the region.", "Also at two o'clock in the morning he gathered four journalists from Barcelona newspapers at the Captaincy and gave them his ''Manifesto to the Country and the Army'' (so that they would publish it without adding any commentary), in which he justified the rebellion he had just led and in which he announced the formation of a Militar Inspectorate Directory that would take power with the King's approval.According to Francisco Alía Miranda, the content of the ''Manifesto to the Country and the Army'' \"was very simple\".", "Primo de Rivera was aware of its illegality, but justified it in order to meet \"the clamorous demand of those who, loving the motherland, see no other salvation for it than to free it from the professionals of politics\".", "Most of the manifesto was dedicated to blaming the \"old regime\" for the wide \"picture of misfortunes and immoralities that began in 1998\".", "Primo de Rivera \"presented himself as the iron surgeon who was going to put an end to the evils and dangers of the country with an iron fist and regenerationist measures.", "But the manifesto hardly mentioned any of them\".", "The manifesto also referred to the \"tendentious passions surrounding the problem of responsibilities\" (for the \"disaster of Annual\").", "\"The last part, the dispositive part, did not announce government proposals.... Only immediate orders were given, to direct the military coup\".In the manifesto, which Javier Moreno Luzón describes as \"a regenerationist and patriotic diatribe, filled with barracks masculinity\", the classic rhetoric of the ''pronunciamientos'' was reflected but, according to Ben-Ami, Primo de Rivera's uprising was not exactly a pronunciamiento, since he intended to govern without the parties (he claimed that he was going to save the country from the hands of \"the professionals of politics\") and \"establish a new regime\" and a new type of parliament \"truly representative of the national will\".", "According to Roberto Villa García, \"Primo de Rivera cut his ties with the constitutional regime without having defined its course and destiny\".Meanwhile, the President of the Government Manuel García Prieto had telephoned twice to King Alfonso XIII, who was in San Sebastián where he had extended his usual summer stay, and the monarch told him that he was exaggerating and that he should contact Primo de Rivera so that he would withdraw his attitude, but that he should not cease.", "Following the king's instructions, General Luis Aizpuru, Minister of War, had a long telegraphic conversation with Primo de Rivera, but at a certain moment he cut off the communication, thus openly declaring himself in rebellion.", "Aizpuru tried to get Primo to back down but he claimed that he was determined to \"get Spain out of its abjection, ruin and anarchy\".", "He added that he was ready to put up any resistance to the measures approved by the government to put an end to the rebellion.", "To the journalists he had said: \"We have no intention of shooting, but if the courts sentence to this penalty it will be executed, do not doubt it, and if someone rebels against our regime he will pay for it soon and dearly, it is a natural consequence of our love for it, which will make us defend it by all means\".", "Shortly afterwards he sent a telegram to General Cavalcanti in Madrid announcing that the movement was underway, with the phrase: \"Maria is in labor\".Palace of the General Captaincy of Catalonia (Barcelona).Around 3:20 a.m. the interim civil governor of Barcelona sent a telegram to the Minister of the Interior informing him of the conversation he had had by telephone with Primo de Rivera in which the latter had informed him that \"the garrisons of the four Catalan provinces had declared a state of war, acting on their own, since the Junta of Authorities had not been held\".", "One or two hours later, General Lossada, military governor of Barcelona, communicated to the minister that he had occupied the civil government in the name of the captain general.", "The same happened in Zaragoza and Huesca, where strategic places such as banks, prisons, telephone and telegraph exchanges, etc., were also taken by the military, thanks to the fact that General José Sanjurjo managed to convince the Captain General of Aragón, Palanca, to \"abstain\" from intervening.At 5:00 a.m. soldiers began to post posters in the streets of Barcelona with the proclamation declaring the state of war.", "An hour later, a speech by Primo de Rivera was read to the troops of the Barcelona garrison in which he congratulated them for the patriotism and discipline they had shown in \"helping Mother Spain\".", "\"For my part, I prefer to bequeath to my children a warrior's jacket pierced by bullets like Don Diego de Leon, rather than a livery as a sign of servility to those who would annihilate my Motherland\", Primo de Rivera also said.", "During that early morning Primo de Rivera had been in contact by telegraph with the rest of the captains general.", "The telegram he sent to the captain general of Madrid, Diego Muñoz-Cobo, read:All the officer corps of this garrison with their generals present in my office greet you and the garrison of that region, inviting them to join in the request they make to the King for a radical change in the foreign government policy in a supreme attempt to avoid the dissolution and ruin of the Spanish nation.The only captain general who answered him in opposition to the coup was that of Valencia, General José Zabalza, although, according to Javier Tusell, \"he did not do so because he supported the Government, but because he pointed out the possible dangers for the Crown that could arise from a return to the pronunciamientos\".Portrait of King Alfonso XIII, dressed as a hussar (1927).Also in the early hours of the morning —at 3:30 a.m., according to Roberto Villa García— Primo de Rivera sent a telegram to Alfonso XIII informing him of his \"movement\", offering him his \"unconditional support\" and asking him to remove \"the corrupt politicians\" who were damaging the \"honor\" and the \"interest of Spain\" from his side.", "The king then ordered the head of his Military Household, General Joaquín Milans del Bosch, to test the mood of the country's garrisons.", "All of them replied that they would do as the king ordered but that they \"viewed the movement with sympathy\".", "This is what some historians have called the \"negative pronouncement\", which would eventually prove decisive.The king then went to rest, leaving orders not to be disturbed, so when Prime Minister García Prieto called back, he did not get on the phone.", "Hours before, the Minister of State, Santiago Alba, who was in San Sebastian accompanying Alfonso XIII in the role of Minister of the Day, had presented his resignation to the king —after failing in his attempt to have Primo de Rivera removed from office—.", "In the text in which he explained his decision, Alba affirmed that the conspirators were \"mistaken\" and assured that by resigning he was leaving the Government in better conditions \"to facilitate all the solutions\" —since his presence in the cabinet was one of the reasons alleged by the promoters of the coup—.Throughout the 13th, Primo de Rivera —nervous due to the lack of news from the king— gave the slogan to his subordinates to \"wait and resist\" and dedicated himself to making various reassuring statements to the press, avoiding all embarrassing questions and lashing out against \"the politicians\".", "He also behaved \"as if he were the incarnation of the legal government and not a mutinous military and inaugurated a furniture exhibition in Barcelona, amidst the acclamations of an euphoric public, before which he paid a demonstrative homage to the Catalan language\".", "The newspaper ''La Vanguardia'' published that the people of Barcelona had made \"spontaneous demonstrations to General Primo de Rivera that leave no doubt as to the cordial interest with which our city regards the attempt made\".", "He also gave an account of the \"parade\" of personalities and authorities through the Captaincy General to show their support.However, according to Ben-Ami, Primo de Rivera realized the military isolation in which he found himself, since outside of Catalonia and Aragon, no general had seconded him.", "In fact, throughout the day several military governors communicated to the Minister of the Interior their loyalty to the constitutional government, and some even went so far as to take measures so that all military units would be quartered.", "Nor was the attitude of the Civil Guard rebellious, and even in Catalonia it had not joined the coup (\"our contingents will remain on the sidelines\", declared the commander of the Civil Guard in Barcelona).", "A journalist later recounted the \"desolating impression\" he got when he visited the headquarters of the Captaincy General on September 13:General Primo de Rivera was practically alone, surrounded only by his aides and six or seven staff officers.", "... Our impression at that time was that if the government had had enough courage to send a company of the Civil Guard, the coup d'état would have been a failure....Captain General of Madrid Diego Muñoz-Cobos refused to carry out the order of the Government to arrest the generals of the ''Quadrilateral'' if it was not signed by King Alfonso XIII.At twelve o'clock in the morning —at half past five in the morning, according to Roberto Villa García— the government issued a note stating that \"gathered in permanent council, it fulfilled its duty to remain at its posts, which it would only abandon by force if the promoters of the sedition decided to face the consequences of their actions\".", "But the truth was that the government was divided.", "According to the historian Javier Tusell, only two ministers expressed their frontal opposition to the coup, Portela Valladares —who in Zaragoza, having been informed that the coup had been advanced and that it had also triumphed there, had been forced to suspend his trip to Barcelona and return to Madrid around four in the morning— and Admiral Aznar, while the rest hesitated.", "The news coming from the captaincies was not reassuring, since only the captains general of Valencia and Seville, General Zabalza and General Carlos de Borbón, cousin of the king, had clearly opposed Primo de Rivera, although they had not offered themselves to the government to defend the constitutional legality.", "Furthermore, in Valencia, the military governors of Castellón and Valencia and the colonel of the Tetuán Regiment had taken control, thus neutralizing the captain general.", "On the other hand, the press did not manifest itself against the coup, and some media openly supported it, including interviews with the generals involved in the conspiracy, \"without anyone preventing or denouncing it\", as Javier Tusell points out.The only strong support the government found was from the veteran general Valeriano Weyler, chief of the Central General Command, so it was proposed that he move to Barcelona from Mallorca, where he was on vacation.", "But his mission was doomed to failure from the moment that the Minister of the Navy, Admiral Aznar, did not send a warship to Mallorca, arguing that \"once the uprising had spread to the interior and, not wanting to provoke a civil war\", the role of the Navy should be \"passive\".Another of the decisions taken by the government was to order the captain general of Madrid, General Diego Muñoz-Cobo, to arrest the four generals of the ''Quadrilateral'', but he refused unless the order was signed by the king.", "As Ben-Ami has noted, \"in fact, for all practical purposes, Muñoz-Cobo acted as if he were a member of the conspiracy.", "He was reluctant, he said, to fight against the pronunciados for fear of dividing the army and provoking 'another Alcolea'\".", "Faced with the attitude of the Captain General of Madrid, the government sought the support of the General Director of the Civil Guard and the General Commander of the Security Guard, but both replied that, although they would not revolt, \"neither would they take up arms against their colleagues in the Army\".", "He also tried to get General Pío Suárez Inclán (brother of the Minister of Finance) to go to the headquarters of the Captaincy General and replace Muñoz-Cobo, but he replied that he lacked the strength to obey him and that \"any attempt at resistance would be in vain, because all the corps were in agreement with the movement, and if they left the barracks it would not be precisely to support the Government\".", "When Captain General Muñoz-Cobo received a telegram from the head of the King's Military Household, General Milans del Bosch, in which the latter asked him about his attitude towards the \"movement\", he replied that \"the troops were at his the King's disposal\", but that \"the Government would have to leave\".", "Thus, \"the government did not have military control of Madrid\" so \"it was then forced to wait for Alfonso XIII's decision\".", "\"Alfonso XIII took it calmly.", "After getting up at half past nine in the morning, he met with Minister Santiago Alba, who had resigned that same night, at about ten o'clock.", "Displaying his traditional lightness of speech, the king told Alba that, if he gave power to Primo, \"the greatest torture for him would be to have to deal daily with such a peacock\".", "The monarch then decided not to travel to Madrid immediately and to postpone his departure until the evening and in the meantime to check the situation in the barracks.", "Milans del Bosch was gathering information from various captaincies, which, for the most part, showed their subordination to the king and sympathy for the pronunciamiento\".", "By mid-morning Alfonso XIII had held an hour and a half interview with the head of the Conservative Party, Jose Sanchez Guerra, and there has been speculation as to whether he even offered him the presidency of the Government (which Sanchez Guerra would have rejected).At the end of the afternoon Alfonso XIII finally sent a telegram to Primo de Rivera in which he limited himself to telling him to maintain order in Barcelona —there was no mention of his \"movement\"—, as well as informing him that that very night he would leave for Madrid.", "\"It was not an open support for the coup d'état, but it did incite Primo to continue with the pronunciamiento.", "The Marquis of Estella acted quickly and immediately informed all the captains general, the military governors of Region IV and the journalists of the royal telegram.", "He wanted to give the impression that the coup already had the definitive support of the king\".", "At eight o'clock in the evening, Alfonso XIII took the train to Madrid.=== Friday, September 14: the king in Madrid and resignation of the government ===Palacio de Oriente in Madrid.As the Oviedo newspaper ''Región'' headlined: \"Everything now depends on the king\".", "\"The fate of Spain is in the hands of the King\", published the republican ''Heraldo de Madrid''.", "Alfonso XIII arrived in the capital at nine o'clock in the morning of September 14 —\"with the uniform of captain general and a smile from ear to ear\"—, being received by the Government at the ''Estación del Norte''.", "Captain General Muñoz-Cobo was also present and told the king: \"Sir, it is necessary that I speak with you as soon as possible\".", "Alfonso XIII summoned him to the Palace at eleven o'clock, and the President of the Government, García Prieto, was told to go to see him immediately.", "According to Ben-Ami, \"in his long and deliberately slow trip from San Sebastian to Madrid —a trip \"of inadequate slowness to the gravity of the situation\", as ''El Socialista'' wrote—, he compared the data and clarified his doubts, and when he arrived in the capital on the morning of the 14th, he was already convinced that the majority of the garrisons of Spain, although loyal to the government, were ready to abide by its decision, and that no active movement, civil or military, in favor of the government had arisen\".When the King met in the Palacio de Oriente with the President of the Government Manuel García Prieto, he rejected his proposal to convene the Cortes for Tuesday, September 18, with the purpose of examining \"the charges made against the Government\" —in reference to the ''Manifesto'' of Primo de Rivera— and to purge \"the responsibilities of the men who have governed and of those who have not allowed to govern\", in order to establish \"clearly the result of the actions of each one\".", "And when García Prieto proposed the dismissal of the rebellious military commanders, \"but indicating at the same time that he did not know if he would have the strength to carry it out, the King replied that he needed to think about it and consult with his military advisors, which in a regime such as that of the Restoration was equivalent to suggesting resignation\".", "During the interview, the king had asked the President of the Government how and with what means he intended to make \"the proposed dismissals effective and how to arrest, judge and punish the officers addicted to the military movement\".", "\"He did not get an answer, nor could he get one,\" commented Roberto Villa García.", "The Madrid garrison had already adhered to Primo de Rivera's coup.", "García Prieto resigned, feeling, according to Javier Tusell, a sense of \"relief at being freed from the responsibilities of power\".", "Apparently he told Captain General Muñoz-Cobo: \"I already have another saint to whom I can entrust myself, Saint Miguel Primo de Rivera, because he has taken the nightmare of the Government off my shoulders\".", "However, Niceto Alcalá-Zamora wrote in his ''Memoirs'' that when he visited García Prieto he found him resigned and depressed.The Minister of the Interior sent the following telegram to the civil governors of all the provinces explaining the circumstances and the reasons for the resignation of the government:The President has given an account to Your Majesty of all the news the Government had and proposing to you, in compliance with the agreement of the Council of Ministers of yesterday, the immediate relief of the Captains General of Catalonia and Saragossa and the separation from their posts of the others who have been significant in the movement, as well as the convocation of the Cortes for next Tuesday in order that the charges made against the Government may be examined in them and the responsibilities of the men who have governed may be purged, and His Majesty having served to manifest that, both because of the lack of sufficient elements of judgment and because of the importance of the measures proposed, he needed to reflect, the Sr. President hastened to respectfully return the Powers with which the King had honored him, presenting the resignation of the entire Government.That same morning Primo de Rivera sent a telegram to Captain General Muñoz-Cobo of Madrid, which was actually addressed to the King, in which he urged the monarch to take a decision, threatening that \"this resolution, today moderate, we would give it a bloody character\".I beg Your Excellency to respectfully present His Majesty the King with the urgency to resolve the question raised, in respect of which sic I receive continuous and valuable adhesions.", "We have reason and therefore we have strength, which we have used with moderation until now.", "If by an ability they want to lead us to compromises that would dishonor us before our own consciences, we would demand sic sanctions and impose them.", "But neither I nor my garrisons, nor those of Aragon from which I have just received communication to this effect, will compromise with anything other than what is requested.", "If the politicians, in class defense, form a united front, we will form it, but with the healthy people, who store up so many rebellions against them, and to this resolution, today moderate, we will give it a bloody character.To put even more pressure on the king, Primo de Rivera revealed the content of the telegram to the journalists and also announced that he had ordered a military judge to open a process against Santiago Alba, the resigned Minister of State, who, warned by two military friends, had already crossed the French border with his whole family.At eleven o'clock in the morning, Alfonso XIII met with the Captain General of Madrid, General Muñoz-Cobo.", "He informed him that the garrison of the capital supported Primo de Rivera and that he had only managed not to make it public and to delay the proclamation of the state of war until the arrival of the king, but on condition that the monarch would sanction the victory of the uprising.", "Then Muñoz-Cobo asked him for permission to declare a state of war in Madrid and in all of Spain, but Alfonso XIII resisted, so he contacted the generals of the ''Quadrilateral'' and the five of them went to the Palace to convince him.", "They told him that the \"whole Army\" was addicted to Primo de Rivera's movement and opposed to any government of \"weak\", \"corrupt\" and \"impotent\" politicians to re-establish the principle of authority and order.", "A harsh discussion with the King ensued, during which General Cavalcanti went so far as to say \"that they were the ones in charge for the good of Spain and for the good of the King himself\".", "Muñoz-Cobo intervened to calm things down and reassured the king that the legality would be complied with in the transfer of powers to Primo de Rivera and that a state of war would be declared with a \"very humanitarian\" proclamation.", "At the exit of the meeting, the five generals informed the journalists that Alfonso XIII \"had accepted the situation\" and that \"the captain general of Catalonia\" was going to be \"in charge of the Government\".At a quarter past one in the afternoon, the king telephoned Primo de Rivera to come to the capital and appointed an interim Directory presided over by General Muñoz-Cobo as Captain General of Madrid and composed of the generals of the Quadrilateral.", "Muñoz-Cobo then declared a state of war in the I Military Region.", "Following the instructions of the interim Directory, the rest of the general captains did the same.", "\"The coup had triumphed\".=== Saturday, September 15: the king appoints Primo de Rivera as head of the Government and president of the Militar Directory ===Alfonso XIII with General Miguel Primo de Rivera after his appointment as Head of the Government and President of the Military Directory.In Barcelona an enthusiastic crowd accompanied Primo de Rivera to take the train that would take him to Madrid.", "As the newspaper ''La Vanguardia'' reported, a \"similar phenomenon\" had never been seen before.", "As a ''cenetista'' witness recalled, on the platforms gathered \"the highest level of the Barcelona reaction, all the monarchists, the bishop, the traditionalists and also a good representation of the Lliga Regionalista.", "A good representation of the employers' association was also present\".", "The last to say goodbye was the Mayor of Barcelona, the Marquis of Alella, who embraced the Captain General.", "The tributes were repeated at the stops made by the train: Sitges, Reus, Caspe —where General Sanjurjo joined the train—, Zaragoza —where he was received by Captain General Palanca— and Guadalajara.Around 9:40 a.m. on September 15, Primo de Rivera arrived in Madrid.", "\"He began his military dictatorship with a king.", "At the Atocha station he received a standing ovation from the hundreds of people who were waiting for him and who shouted \"Long live the redeemer of the Motherland, Spain, and the King, and down with the politicians!\".", "Before going to the Palacio de Oriente he met with the generals of the Quadrilateral and with the Captain General of Madrid Muñoz-Cobo, who had come to receive him at the station, to whom he informed that instead of forming a civil government under military tutelage he had decided to become the sole dictator at the head of a \"Militar Directory\".", "Muñoz-Cobo, opposed to the idea as were the generals of the ''Quadrilateral'', communicated to the king Primo de Rivera's intention to resort to this formula which was not included in the Constitution of 1876.When Primo de Rivera and the king met that same morning at the Palacio de Oriente, they agreed on a solution that would keep the appearance of constitutional legality.", "Primo de Rivera would be named \"Head of the Government\" and \"sole minister\", assisted by a Militar Directory, made up of eight generals and a rear admiral.", "It was also established that Primo de Rivera would take the oath of office according to the established protocol, before the Minister of Justice of the previous government.", "He did so that same afternoon, although changing the traditional formula: Primo de Rivera swore his loyalty to the motherland and to the king, and \"to the purpose of reestablishing the rule of the Constitution as soon as Your Majesty accepts the Government that I propose\", which meant that the Constitution had been suspended indefinitely.", "According to some sources, during the conversation they had, the king told Primo de Rivera: \"God grant you to succeed.", "I am going to give you power\".With journalists Primo de Rivera was intentionally vague as to the duration of his government.", "He intended to stay \"fifteen, twenty, thirty days; as long as necessary until the country gives us the men to govern\", but he left open the possibility of continuing once the Militar Directory had fulfilled its function and declared that he would have \"no difficulty in presiding\" over the future government.", "\"If the country designates me to preside over it, I will abide by its decision, whatever it may be\", he added.", "In the afternoon, after having taken possession of his new office in the Buenavista Palace, he again declared to journalists: \"We are here to make a radical transformation and to extirpate the roots of the old Spanish politics, in accordance with the longing of the Spanish people.", "There are things that are over in Spain forever\".", "Asked if he was going to dissolve the Parliament, he answered: \"Naturally\".", "He also took the opportunity to accuse Santiago Alba, the Minister of State, of being corrupt and a thief, and affirmed that Alba's conduct had been \"the drop of water, the circumstantial motive that has driven us to the movement\".", "In a telegram sent to the general captains he reiterated what he had stated to the journalists: \"this Directory intends that soon the country returns to the constitutional normality and is ruled by free citizens, who, broken the political organizations, will sprout in the number and with the capacity that the race treasures\".The ''Gaceta de Madrid'' of the following day published the Royal Decree, signed by the King and countersigned by the Minister of Grace and Justice Antonio López Muñoz, again to keep the appearance of legality, which read: \"I am appointing as Head of the Government Lieutenant General Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, Marquis of Estella\".", "In the same issue of the Gaceta de Madrid of September 16 appeared the first Royal Decree that Primo de Rivera had presented to the King for his signature, by which a Militar Directory was created, presided over by him and which would have \"all the faculties, initiatives and responsibilities inherent to a Government as a whole, but with a single signature\" and which was proposed \"to constitute a brief parenthesis in the constitutional march of Spain\".", "In its \"Exposition\", which was spread by the press under the headline \"A historic decree\", it was said:EXPOSITIONSir: Appointed by Your Majesty with the task of forming a Government in difficult times for the country, which I have contributed to provoke, inspired by the highest patriotic feelings, it would be cowardly desertion to hesitate in accepting the post that carries with it so many responsibilities and obliges me to such exhausting and incessant work.", "But Your Majesty knows well that neither I, nor the persons who with me have propagated and proclaimed the new regime, believe ourselves qualified for the concrete performance of the ministerial portfolios, and that it was and still is our purpose to constitute a brief parenthesis in the constitutional march of Spain, to establish it as soon as the country offers us men not infected with the vices that we impute to the political organizations, so that we can offer them to Your Majesty so that normality may be soon reestablished.", "For this reason I allow myself to offer to Your Majesty the formation of a militar Directory, presided over by myself, which, without the allocation of portfolios or categories of ministers, will have all the faculties, initiatives and responsibilities inherent to a Government as a whole, but with a single signature, which I will submit to Your Majesty; for which reason I must be the only one who, before Your Majesty and the notary major of the Kingdom, and with all the unction and patriotism that the solemn act requires, bows the knee to the ground before the Holy Gospels, swearing allegiance to the Motherland and the King and to the purpose of re-establishing the rule of the Constitution as soon as Your Majesty accepts the Government that I propose to you.", "In this aspect, Sir, the country has received us with a clamorous welcome and comfortable hope; and we believe it is an elementary duty to modify the essence of our actions, which can have no other justification before History and the Motherland than selflessness and patriotism.", "Madrid, September 15, 1923.Sir: A.L.R.P.", "of V.M.", "Miguel Primo de Rivera.In the 1st article of the Royal Decree, Primo de Rivera was conferred the position of \"President of the Militar Directory in charge of the Government of the State, with powers to propose to me as many decrees as may be convenient for public health, which will have the force of law\".", "Article 2 established that the Directory would be formed by its president and eight brigadier generals, one for each military region, plus a rear admiral of the Navy.", "In the 4th, the posts of President of the Council of Ministers, Ministers of the Crown and Undersecretaries were abolished, except for the Undersecretaries of State and War.On the 17th the ''Gaceta de Madrid'' published the dissolution of the Congress of Deputies and of the elective part of the Senate, in accordance with the power conferred on the King by Article 32 of the Constitution, although with the obligation to convene them again within three months.", "On November 12, the presidents of the Congress and the Senate, Melquiades Álvarez and the Count of Romanones, respectively, presented themselves before the king so that he would convene the Cortes, reminding him that this was his duty as constitutional monarch.", "The response they received was their immediate dismissal from the two positions they held.", "Primo de Rivera justified it with these words:The country is no longer impressed with movies of liberal and democratic essences; it wants order, work and economy.In an interview published on January 24, 1924 by the British newspaper ''Daily Mail'', King Alfonso XIII justified his decision:I accepted the military Dictatorship because Spain and the Army wanted it to put an end to anarchy, parliamentary debauchery and the claudicating weakness of political men.", "I accepted it as Italy had to accept fascism because communism was its immediate threat.", "And because it was necessary to employ an energetic therapy on the malignant tumors we were suffering from in the Peninsula and in Africa." ], [ "Reactions to the coup", "Militar Directory and in brackets the number of the military region they represent; in ''italics'', the four generals members of the ''Quadrilateral''): General Primo de Rivera, King Alfonso XIII, and General ''José Cavalcanti'' ''de Alburquerque'', in the front row; General '''Antonio Mayandía Gómez''' (5th), General ''Federico Berenguer Fusté'' and General ''Leopoldo Saro Marín'', in the second row; General ''Antonio Dabán Vallejo'', General '''Francisco Ruiz del Portal''' (7th) and General '''Luis Navarro y Alonso de Celada''' (3rd), in the third row; General '''Luis Hermosa y Kith''' (2nd), General '''Dalmio Rodríguez Pedré''' (4th), General '''Adolfo Vallespinosa Vior''' (1st), General '''Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa''' (6th), and General '''Mario Muslera y Planes''' (8th), in the last row.According to historian Shlomo Ben-Ami, \"the public reaction to the coup d'état was, on the whole, favorable\" —although other historians describe it as passive or indifferent benevolence or \"a mixture of prevention, satisfaction and impotence\"— which is largely explained \"by the fact that the system that Primo de Rivera came to replace did not enjoy great support among the masses\".", "Alejandro Quiroga agrees with Ben-Ami: the coup was \"well received by very diverse political and social groups.", "On the right, the social Catholics, the Carlists, the Catholic fundamentalists, the Maurists and the Catalanists of the Lliga Regionalista.", "Even some intellectuals and liberal newspapers, such as ''El Sol'', declared their sympathies for what they believed to be a temporary dictatorship.", "The chambers of commerce and industry, the Spanish Employers' Confederation, numerous professional organizations and the Church also made public their support for the insurrection of the Marquis of Estella\".", "Also Javier Moreno Luzón: \"there was a shortage of those who resisted the cuartelazo, supported or tolerated by very diverse political and social sectors\".", "\"Primo's manipulation of the regenerationist slogans made many think that at last \"justice would be done\" and caciquismo would be eradicated\", added Ben-Ami.", "Thus, for example, the liberal newspaper ''El Sol'' avoided that the new regime had been established by means of a coup d'état and in its editorial welcomed \"a nobler and more fertile Spain than the old and ruinous one in which we were born\", although adding that, \"once the work of uprooting the old regime and internally sanitizing the organism of the State was finished\", the Directory should cede power to a liberal civilian government —in fact, when the newspaper soon found out that Primo de Rivera's intention was to perpetuate himself in power, it withdrew its support—.", "\"The people saw in the indomitable generalship the salvation of the fatherland\", wrote later the socialist jurist Luis Jiménez de Asúa.Francisco Alía Miranda stressed that \"one of the most surprising facts\" was \"the uniformity with which the military behaved on September 13\".", "\"Something had to have changed in the Army so that the military, so divided in the previous years between ''Africanists'' and ''junteros'', all had the same criteria at that moment\".As for the workers' forces, the anarcho-syndicalists were caught by surprise by the coup and \"many ''cenetistas'' limited themselves to passively waiting for the authorities to close their offices.", "The CNT was exhausted from years of brutal repression and was already almost useless as an instrument of combat\".", "Even so, the CNT formed an \"Action Committee against the war and the dictatorship\" which called a strike in Madrid and Bilbao, supported by the Communists, which had little echo.", "The Socialists were invited to join the Committee but they opted to remain on the sidelines and the leaderships of the PSOE and the UGT warned their affiliates not to intervene in any revolutionary attempt, since they would only serve as \"a pretext for repressions that reaction craves for its advantage\", according to the newspaper ''El Socialista''.", "In the joint manifesto published on September 13, the PSOE and the UGT recommended maintaining a passive attitude towards the new regime, which they considered to be an extension of the \"old politics\".", "For its part, the CNT published on September 18 in its official newspaper ''Solidaridad Obrera'' that \"if the coup d'état does not have as its mission to go against the workers, against the liberties they have, against the improvements achieved and against the economic and moral demands which have gradually been obtained, our attitude will be very different than if all this, which is the product of many years of struggle, is vilified, not respected or attacked\".Among the intellectuals, those who opposed the coup were few, \"only Miguel de Unamuno, Manuel Azaña and Ramón Pérez de Ayala were unequivocally against the dictator,\" says historian Genoveva García Queipo de Llano.", "Also the Republican Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, \"perhaps the most popular Spanish writer in the world\", who from exile in Paris \"became the main scourge against the dictatorship and the monarchy\".", "For his part, the veteran Republican leader Alejandro Lerroux wrote three years after the coup that \"the dictatorship arose like the sun in the middle of a storm\".", "It was a reaction \"against the dominant oligarchy in the country, thus initiating a new period in our history, and with it the resurrection of the Motherland\".The upper classes received the coup with euphoria, especially in Catalonia.", "The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Catalonia greeted the dictator \"with the greatest enthusiasm\", hoping that he would put an end \"to a state of affairs that was considered intolerable\".", "So did the rest of the employers' organizations, such as the Catalan Agricultural Institute of San Isidro, which hoped that \"the demolishing currents of the right to property\" would be stopped.", "And also the conservative Catalan political parties such as the Lliga Regionalista or the ''Unión Monárquica Nacional''.", "The latter considered itself part of the \"regeneration movement\" based on the principles of \"motherland, monarchy and social order\".", "Outside Catalonia there were the same signs of enthusiasm among the upper classes and various employers' organizations offered to collaborate with the Dictatorship to \"destroy at a stroke the rottenness which, against all justice and morality, is leading the country, slowly but inexorably, to the most unfathomable precipice\", as the Spanish Confederation of Employers proclaimed.", "As the historian Ángeles Barrio has pointed out, \"the attitude of the Spanish bourgeoisies was no different from that of other European bourgeoisies of order which, faced with the danger of Bolshevism, did nothing to defend the validity of a liberal order ready to democratize with which they did not identify, and in which they sensed that their interests were not sufficiently guaranteed\".The Catholic Church in Spain also supported the coup.", "The Cardinal of Tarragona, Vidal y Barraquer praised the \"noble effort\" of the \"''pundonoroso''\" General Primo de Rivera.", "The National Catholic-Agrarian Confederation welcomed him and offered its support to \"strengthen authority, social discipline and the recovery of morale\".", "The Catholic newspaper El Debate hoped that the dictator would order a campaign \"of moral sanitation, persecuting gambling, pornography, alcoholism and other social scourges\".", "And a Catholic newspaper of Cordoba even predicted that if Primo de Rivera failed, the path would be opened to the \"overflowing torrent of Bolshevism\".", "The newly created Catholic party, the ''Partido Social Popular'', with the notable exception of Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo, enthusiastically welcomed what it called the new \"national movement\", as well as the Maurists who considered the Dictatorship, \"whatever the anomalies of its origin\", as the beginning of the \"resurgence of Spain\".", "Even the Carlists supported it, because, as the pretender Don Jaime said, it represented \"a rapprochement to our doctrines\" and \"the expression of the purely traditionalist spirit\".", "Within Carlism those who showed more enthusiasm were the ''Mellistas'', such as Víctor Pradera or Salvador Minguijón.", "Juan Vázquez de Mella himself invited the Directory to \"remain for an indefinite period of time\": The Muslim danger joins the red danger, and the two to the Jewish danger, true spiritual director of the Revolution, and they set out this dilemma, between whose extremes the peoples of Europe and America will soon have to choose: either the dictatorship of order, to save themselves and restore what has been overthrown, or the red dictatorship of Bolshevism.", "...", "If the Directory understands well this lesson of things that are taking place all over the world, and against which the claims of the fallen can do nothing, it will have to continue in power for a long time.As for the two parties of the turn, according to Ben-Ami, \"they seemed relieved by Primo de Rivera's decision to temporarily anesthetize Spanish politics\".", "\"Although some of them its members were certainly willing to democratize the system, none felt ready yet to challenge the king's undisputed position as creator and overthrower of governments.", "In the final analysis, some \"politicians\" mistakenly perceived the coup d'état, as it turned out, as a \"crisis\", expecting that they would be charged with solving it like gentlemen and within the established framework of the system's \"crisis management\", as they had done with so many others in the past\".", "The liberal ''Diario Universal'' wrote:We do not doubt that the triumphant movement is inspired by the purest patriotic ideals, and, just thinking about it, it is possible to expect from that movement the good of Spain." ], [ "Role of the king", "King Alfonso XIII, in the center and with his back to the camera, talks with General Antonio Dabán Vallejo, a member of the ''Quadrilateral''.", "On the right, looking at the camera and holding a helmet, General Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa, member of the Militar Directory, representing the IV Military Region.", "In the center, in the background, General Federico Berenguer Fusté, member of the ''Quadrilateral'' and brother of General Dámaso Berenguer, accused in the Picasso file.", "General Primo de Rivera appears on the right in the background talking with General José Cavalcanti de Alburquerque, founder of the ''Quadrilátero''.", "On the left, looking at the conversation between the King and General Dabán, General Leopoldo Saro Marín, member of the ''Quadrilátero''.The socialist Indalecio Prieto, in an article written shortly after Primo de Rivera's coup, pointed to the monarch Alfonso XIII himself as the instigator of the coup in order to prevent the Commission of Responsibilities for the Annual Disaster from being able to formulate any kind of accusation.", "The article ended as follows:What interest could the Crown have in facilitating the triumph of the military movement?", "The Cortes were going to be opened, the problem of responsibilities for the Melilla disaster, which had already brought the previous Parliament to a halt, and in the debate, perhaps with mutual accusations, the parties of the regime would be torn apart and high personal responsibilities would once again appear... Perhaps this devastating spectacle would cause the mutiny to arise in the streets.", "The military sedition, protected and tutored from above, could frustrate it.", "And the strange uprising arose, an uprising of Royal Order.Eight years later, in the early morning of November 20, 1931, the Constituent Courts of the Republic declared guilty of \"high treason\" \"the one who was king of Spain\":who, exercising the powers of his magistracy against the Constitution of the State, has committed the most criminal violation of the legal order of his country, and, consequently, the Sovereign Court of the Nation solemnly declares Mr. Alfonso de Borbón y Habsburgo-Lorena to be outside the Law.", "Deprived of legal peace, any Spanish citizen will be able to seize his person if he enters national territory.", "Don Alfonso de Borbón will be stripped of all his dignities, rights and titles, which he will not be able to legally hold either inside or outside Spain, of which the Spanish people, through their representatives elected to vote the new rules of the Spanish State, declares him to be deposed, without him ever being able to claim them either for himself or for his successors.", "All the goods, rights and shares of his property that are in the national territory will be seized, for the benefit of the State, which will arrange the convenient use that should be given to them.The president of the Provisional Government, Manuel Azaña, addressing the deputies, said: \"with this vote the second proclamation of the Republic in Spain takes place\".Years after the condemnation by the Republic, the role of the king in the 1923 coup d'état and his actions during the Dictatorship have been the subject of debate among historians.", "According to Shlomo Ben-Ami, \"Alfonso XIII had for years shown absolutist tendencies, a strong desire to rule without parliament, a rigid, undemocratic courtly etiquette, and manifested an unhealthy admiration for the army, in the promotion of whose officers he was the main arbiter\".", "Eduardo González Calleja indicates that \"the king's dislike for the practice of the parliamentary system increased after the military disaster of 1921\".", "This is what he stated on May 23, 1921 in a speech delivered in Cordoba, in which, after affirming that \"the parliament does not fulfill its duty\" (since debates take place in it whose purpose is to prevent projects from prospering, in the service of political ends) and that \"those who listen to me may think that I am violating the constitution\", he affirmed:I believe that the provinces should begin a work of support to their king and to the projects that are beneficial, and then the Parliament will remember that it is the mandatary of the people: inside and outside the Constitution it would have to impose itself and sacrifice itself for the good of the Motherland.He reiterated these criticisms during a fraternal meal with the officers of the Barcelona garrison held on June 7, 1922 in a restaurant in the town of Las Planas, in which he told them: \"always remember that you have no other commitment than the respect given to your country and your King\".", "A year later, in a speech delivered in Salamanca, he approved the possibility of the establishment of a provisional dictatorship whose task would be \"to make way for governments that respected the will of the people\".", "According to Eduardo Gonzalez Calleja, Alfonso XIII gave up his idea of heading it himself after consulting with several politicians, among them Antonio Maura, and \"left the way open to the military conspirators\".", "According to Ben-Ami, \"what induced King Alfonso to contemplate an extra-parliamentary \"solution\" was the resurrection of Spanish parliamentarism rather than its degeneration.", "The public debate on the responsibilities and the anti-Alfonso propaganda of the socialists... could not fail to become an unbearable nuisance for the monarch\".On the king's participation in the preparations for Primo de Rivera's coup, Javier Tusell states that there is no proof that Alfonso XIII \"was the promoter of the conspiracy against the Liberal Government\", although he recognizes that \"the king had a fundamental coincidence with the conspirators regarding the negative judgment on the political situation\".", "\"Indiscreet and not very prudent, —adds Tusell— Alfonso XIII spoke with more than one person about a possible military authoritarian Government\", ruling out a personal dictatorship because \"if I decided to exercise dictatorship on my own, on the spot I would have everyone in front of me\", as he told Gabriel Maura Gamazo, son of the conservative leader Antonio Maura.", "\"The king later admitted that some of the conspirators had approached him...", "The contact with the conspirators was late, it probably took place only with some of the generals involved in the conspiracy in Madrid and it could well not have been taken into consideration, since Alfonso XIII was accustomed to the military coming to him with more or less veiled threats to revolt\".", "For her part, the historian Genoveva García Queipo de Llano admits that \"during the summer of 1923 the King thought of the possibility of appointing a military government of the Army as a corporation and that it would also be accepted by the politicians; this would only be a parenthesis and then return to constitutional normality\", but later she quotes Primo Rivera to rule out the participation of Alfonso XIII in the coup: \"the King was the first to be surprised by the coup and who better than I can know this?", "\".However, Francisco Alía Miranda has indicated that in 1936 Alfonso XIII told Charles Petrie that a few days before the coup two generals went to see him and \"told him that such a state of affairs could not be allowed to continue and that the system had to be completely changed\".", "Alía Miranda also refers to British diplomatic sources who assured that in interviews held with the British ambassador and with the Foreign Minister, \"the king acknowledged having been informed of the coup preparations by two generals of the Madrid garrison and having informed García Prieto President of the Government of this contact\".", "According to these sources, the interview with these generals would have taken place in the early afternoon of September 4, although, for Alía Miranda, \"perhaps it would be more accurate to bring forward the contacts of the monarch with the conspirators to the spring of 1923, since they were his close collaborators.", "It is also clear that the Government knew months before the pronunciamiento the existence of the conspiracy, although it did nothing to avoid it, in an incomprehensible way\".Some historians consider significant the fact that one of the first decisions taken by the newly constituted Militar Directory was to seize the archives of the Commission of Responsibilities of the Congress of Deputies which was preparing the report to be presented to the Chamber on October 2, 1923 and which was based on the file written by General Picasso on the military responsibilities in the disaster of Annual, and which, as the socialist deputy Indalecio Prieto had denounced in a much commented speech pronounced on April 17, 1923, was to implicate the king.The king's definitive commitment to the Dictatorship occurred when he failed to comply with Article 32 of the Constitution which obliged him to summon and convene the Cortes within three months of its dissolution, as the presidents of the Senate, Count de Romanones, and of the Congress of Deputies, Melquiades Álvarez, who went to visit him at the Palacio de Oriente on November 12, reminded him.", "\"The interview was brief.", "As brief as it was not very cordial\", Romanones would write.", "Alfonso XIII attended them \"in the corner of a door\", and did not allow them to give \"any kind of explanation\".", "The king referred to Primo de Rivera the note they had given him, with the request to call elections for a new Cortes, and the dictator responded by proclaiming that the country was no longer impressed by \"films of liberal and democratic essence\", announcing that he did not intend to convene \"Cortes for a long time\" and promulgating a decree by which the two presidents, as well as the respective governing bodies of both chambers, ceased their functions.", "Few voices were raised in defense of the dismissed presidents.", "\"The king signed the decree and with this fact formally broke with the Constitution of 1876, to which he had sworn to comply\", said José Luis Gómez-Navarro.", "In a letter sent to the Count of Romanones, the king justified the breach of the constitutional oath alleging that he had complied with \"the tacit article of every Constitution: \"To save the Motherland\"\".", "Shortly afterwards, in a statement to the ''Daily Mail'' newspaper, he assured that the dictatorship had ended with \"the claudicating weakness of the politicians\" and in 1925 he reiterated to ''Paris-Midi'' that \"if he reopened the parliament the old parties would lead the country to ruin\", in which he coincided with Primo de Rivera who declared on several occasions that \"the parliamentary system\" had \"passed to history\".In spite of the warnings given to him by the former dynastic politicians —especially the conservative José Sánchez Guerra—, the king completely joined his fate to that of the Dictatorship, with no turning back, when, after resisting for more than a year, he signed in September 1927 the convocation of the National Constituent Assembly, which meant the definitive break with the Constitution of 1876 that he had sworn to —hence the nickname of \"the perjured king\" that began to spread—.According to Shlomo Ben-Ami (1983),Alfonso XIII sanctioned with his authority the victory of force.", "... By joining the rebellion against constitutional legality, the king helped to create the myth that he was \"responsible\" for the dictatorship.", "In any case, it is hard to imagine that the army would have submitted to a rebellion that had not been sanctioned by the monarch, supreme head of the armed forces and personification of the nation.", "A coup against the will of the king would have been \"completely impossible\".", "The sovereign's defenders claimed that he had sacrificed himself to avoid a dangerous division of the army into two antagonistic factions, a division which, they feared, would lead to civil war.", "Alfonso realized that he had violated the constitution, but rhetorically asked a French journalist from ''Le Temps: Which is better, to keep the constitution alive or to let the nation die?''", "Whatever the truth, the myth prevailed.", "The fate of the king and his throne were inextricably linked, from then on, with that of the dictatorship.According to Santos Juliá (1999), Primo de Rivera's coup closed any possibility of finding within the constitutional monarchy the solution to the constituent problem that the different movements -worker, republican, reformist, Catalanist, military, and very representative figures of the intellectual elites- had placed at the forefront of the debate and political action since 1917.According to Javier Tusell (2003),What happened meant a decisive change in Spanish politics.", "...", "The coup d'état was promised to be short-lived and achieved widespread support, but its medium-term consequences turned out to be very serious.The King hastened to explain to the French and British ambassadors that he had had nothing to do with what had happened.", "But he violated the Constitution by not convening Parliament and that cost him the throne.According to José Luis Gómez-Navarro (2003),It is not intended to reopen the controversy about the alleged or real direct and active participation of the king in the preparations, in the inspiration or in the organization of the coup of September 13.It is difficult to find hard evidence of this.", "However, the decisive role of Alfonso XIII in the triumph of the coup cannot be denied.", "In the first place, because during the last years of the Restoration regime (in a very evident way since 1917) it contributed in an important way to create the political and ideological conditions that favored the triumph of the coup...", "In all the important crises in which there were clashes between the governments —the civil power— and the army, it ended up supporting the latter, consequently weakening the civil power.", "... Secondly, there is irrefutable evidence that Alfonso XIII considered inevitable and desired a military regime of exception at least since June 1923; he knew about the preparations of the different coup groups...; during the summer of 1923, the king himself thought of leading it; when it took place, he short-circuited the government's action.", "... Thirdly, Don Alfonso, once the coup had taken place, could have resisted and not only did he not do so, but he sanctioned and regularized it....", "In doing so, he assumed absolute political responsibility for the nature of the military regime of exception that was implemented.According to Eduardo González Calleja (2005),The king had, in any case, a clear personal responsibility in the deterioration of the political situation.", "After interposing himself as a traditional obstacle in the various attempts to democratize the system through the abusive use of the royal prerogative and the encouragement of militarism to the detriment of civilian power, Don Alfonso instrumentalized the military threat that loomed over the parliamentary regime to enhance his own role, going from arbiter to fundamental actor in the political game.", "According to Javier Moreno Luzón (2023), Thus, Alfonso XIII was decisive in the triumph of the coup.", "He shared the ideas and attitudes that justified it —nationalist, counterrevolutionary, praetorian, anti-liberal— and to these he added his faith in his own mission, as a soldier and savior of Spain.", "He knew at least the general outlines of the plot, but that was not the most relevant thing.", "At the moment of truth, he abandoned his government: he deferred disciplinary measures and did not make use of his authority over the army, which almost no one disputed, to stop the rebellion.", "...", "He violated not only the spirit of the Constitution, but also its letter.", "Article 32 imposed on the king the obligation to convoke and convene the Cortes three months after dissolving it, which guaranteed co-sovereignty.", "As the dissolution was published on September 17, elections had to be held and the chambers opened before December 17, 1923.With this concern, the presidents of the Congress of Deputies, Melquiades Alvarez, and of the Senate, Count de Romanones, visited the sovereign in November.... Don Alfonso attended them in a discourteous manner —\"standing in the doorway\", resented Romanones—....", "Faced with the stigma of the perjurer, he made it clear later to Romanones that he was fulfilling \"the tacit article of every Constitution : \"to save the Fatherland\"\".According to Francisco Alía Miranda (2023),According to all indications, Alfonso XIII was the one who convinced the conspiring generals in the spring of 1923 to free him from the nightmare of responsibility for the disaster of Annual, in the Moroccan war.", "...", "The king's involvement is not clearly demonstrated in the documentation, perhaps as is logical in a matter of such transcendence and delicacy, but it is intuited by his behavior after Primo de Rivera's announcement to take power.", "There are several indications that seem to be decisive.", "The first, the ease of the coup.", "The conspiracy was very simple because very little support was sought, perhaps because it was not needed given who was behind it all.", "The second one, the coldness with which the monarch treated the Government, continually giving long delays to a President of the Council of Ministers who urged him to take energetic action against the military coup plotters.", "The third, the passivity of Alfonso XIII in such transcendental hours.", "Still on vacation in San Sebastian, in mid-September, he returned without haste to Madrid, which gave the coup plotters valuable time which was enough for Primo de Rivera to establish his plans.According to Roberto Villa García (2023),The army almost en bloc only expected its supreme leader to legalize the victory of the movement.", "The only thing that can be asked in those circumstances is why a constitutional king did not refuse to appoint a rebel general as \"head of the Government\".", "... Alfonso XIII could have refused, but in order to do so he would have had to assume the \"republicanization\" of the triumphant movement.", "Moreover, with the Crown as much out of the game as the Cortes, that meant taking responsibility for turning a dictatorship of indefinite duration —but which its authors promised to be temporary— into a permanent one, and from which it would only have been possible to get away by means of another revolutionary rupture...", "Furthermore, the correlation of forces since the dawn of September 13, 1923 —not as a result of the disaffection of the Army with the Crown as an institution, but rather of a deep and generalized distrust towards its owner— rules out any possibility that Alfonso XIII, by his own means, could have defeated the coup.", "It is not convenient to analyze the 1923 coup with the blinkers of 1981, since neither the general state of Spanish politics nor the particular state of the Armed Forces —not even the relationship they maintained with the monarch— were hardly assimilable." ], [ "See also", "* Turno* Fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* * * * * * * * * * * s* * * * * * * * * * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Such a Close Traitor" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Such a Close Traitor''''' is an upcoming South Korean television series written by Han Ah-young, directed by Song Yeon-hwa, and starring Han Suk-kyu.", "It depicts the dilemma faced by Korea's best profiler when he discovers his daughter's secret related to a murder crime.", "It is scheduled to premiere on MBC TV in the second half of 2024, and will air every Friday and Saturday." ], [ "Cast", "* Han Suk-kyu as Jang Tae-su: one of South Korea's top profilers and a single father raising his only daughter.", "He is a self-taught criminal behavior analyst who has earned unparalleled respect and trust within the police force since profiling was not even a word.", "However, when an incident shakes up his professional beliefs and his relationship with his beloved daughter, he struggles to uncover the truth in order to protect the one thing that means the world to him." ], [ "Production", "===Development===Writer Han Ah-young, who won the 2021 MBC Drama Scriptwriting Contest Excellence Award, and producer Song Yeon-hwa, who worked on MBC dramas such as ''The Red Sleeve'' (2022) and '''' (2022), team up for the series.", "In addition, this work, which is being pre-produced, is a masterpiece that even MBC is watching carefully due to the large production cost being invested." ], [ "Casting", "In 2023, Han Suk-kyu was reportedly cast for the lead role on November 16, and he was officially confirmed on December 5.This was also Han's return to MBC after 29 years.Chae Won-bin was cast for the daughter role." ], [ "Release", "It is scheduled to air in the second half of 2024 as part of MBC TV's Friday–Saturday lineup." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Fernando Eloy Guachalla" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Fernando Eloy Guachalla''' (1853 - July 24, 1908) was a Bolivian politician who was president-elect of Bolivia after winning the 1908 presidential election, but who died before taking office.", "He was foreign minister of Bolivia from 1899 to 1900.He was leader of the Liberal Party.Guachalla won the 1908 Bolivian presidential election, which was held in June 1908." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Catrìona NicGumaraid" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Catriona NicGumaraid''' (22 March 1947 – 5 January 2024) was a Scottish Gaelic-language poet." ], [ "Biography", "Catriona NicGumaraid (Montgomery) was born at Roag near Dunvegan.", "She was educated on Skye and at the University of Glasgow, where she studied Celtic and Scottish history.", "She then attended Jordanhill College to qualify as a secondary teacher.", "She began to write poetry both in Gaelic and English in the 1970s, and published her first collection of poems in 1974." ], [ "Career", "=== Teaching ===After graduating, NicGumaraid taught Gaelic and Modern Studies at Penilee High School in Glasgow.In 1973, she became the first scribe at Sabhal Mòr Ostaig in Sleat.=== Writing ===NicGumaraid first published her poetry in 1970, in the magazine ''Gairm''.Her poetry explored themes of love, family, religion, and land.", "She cited Somhairle McLean as one of her influences.", "In 2003, An Common Gàidhealach conferred on NicGumaraid the hundredth Bardic Crown.=== Acting ===In the late 1970s, she appeared in the TV series ''Can Seo''.", "Through the 1980s, she also appeared in other Scottish Gaelic programs." ], [ "Personal life and death", "NicGumaraid was married and had two children.", "She died on 5 January 2024, at the age of 75." ], [ "Selected poems", "* 'Cearcall mun Ghealaich'* 'Urnaigh na Ban-Tigrich'* 'A' Chraobh'* 'Gun Stiùir'" ], [ "Publications", "* ''A' Choille Chiar'' (1973) - còmhla ri a piuthar, Mòrag NicGumaraid* ''An Aghaidh na Sìorraidheachd: Ochdnar Bhàrd Gàidhlig'' (1991) - co-chruinneachadh nua-bhàrdachd Ghàidhlig* ''Rè na h-Oidhche'' (1994)" ], [ "Editoral work", "* NicGumaraid, Catrìona (deas.)", "1980.", "''Òrain Aonghais agus an Sgiobair: Òrain le Aonghas Fleidsear agus Iain MacNeacail'' (Dundéagh Dùn Dè: Catriona NicGumaraid)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Scottish Poetry Library: Catrìona NicGumaraid" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nvuma Clan" ], [ "Introduction", "The sculpture shows the Nvuma Clan totem located in Mengo, KampalaThe '''Nvuma clan''' is believed to be one of the clans that were formed under Kabaka Kato Kintu.", "It is among the clans in Buganda Kingdom.", "Nvuma is a name in Luganda which means Pearl.Everyone who belongs to the Buganda Kingdom belongs to a clan each having a totem." ], [ "History", "The clan started when the first Kyaddondo came to Buganda with the first Kabaka Kato Kintu.", "Kyaddondo was from Bubembe in the Ssese Islands and he joined forces with Kato Kintu in a major battle at Mangira in Kyaggwe against Bbemba of Buddo.", "For this he was rewarded by being made the Sabaddu of Buganda.Legend has it that one day Kyaddondo was traveling in a canoe between the island of Bubembe and Funve, he was holding the nvuma seed which slipped and fell in the water sinking to the bottom.", "Kyaddondo then ordered those in his entourage as well as his children to search for the Nvuma seed until it is recovered from the water but all was in vain.", "So he then declared that he and every descendant will take the Nvuma as a clan totem because it took so many years before the Nvuma was ever sighted again.", "As a result, this was the origin of the Baganda saying \"Ogutateganya teguzza Nvuma\" meaning \"Without hardwork, there is no reward.\"" ], [ "Clan organization information", "+Clan InformationClan (Ekika)NvumaTotem (Akabiro)KatinvumaClan Head(Omutaka)KyaddondoClan Seat(Obutaka)Kawempe, KyaddondoClan Envoy(Omubaka w'Omutaka) mu UK and IrelandStephen MuteekaanyaSlogan (Omubala)Mpaawo adduka, Mpaawo adduka, aliddayo e Kyaddondo." ], [ "See also", "* Buganda Kingdom* Kabaka of Buganda* Mpologoma Clan* Nvubu Clan* Mpindi Clan* Lugave Clan" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Elgin Road Races" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Elgin Road Races''' were a series of automobile races that took place on closed public roads in Elgin, Illinois between 1910 and 1920.The races were suspended during World War I and resumed in 1919 and 1920.The '''Elgin National Trophy''' became one of the most prestigious American automobile races of the early 20th Century and contributed significantly to the development of the modern automobile." ], [ "Event history", "Gus Monckmeier driving a Staver at the 1910 Elgin National Road Races, ''Automotive Industries'', Vol.", "23.In 1909, the Chicago Motor Club (CMC) organized the first automobile race in the American Midwest at the Crown Point Road Race Circuit in Crown Point, Indiana.", "However, financial problems and road conditions forced the club to find a new location for the race.", "Frank Berry Wood, an Elgin resident and a member of the CMC, was determined to move the races to Elgin, and scouted an circuit consisting of oil-soaked dirt and gravel roads with no crossroads, railroad tracks, high hills or towns to pass through.", "The CMC officials were impressed by Wood's street circuit and the Elgin Automobile Road Race Association was formed to raise the necessary funds.On August 23, 1910, the first Elgin Road Races were held and were an immediate success, drawing thousands of spectators due to its proximity to the Chicago metropolitan area.", "The top class races were sponsored by the Elgin National Watch Company who offered a $1,000 prize and a silver trophy to the winner.", "The races attracted the top national racing champions as well as many of the major automobile manufacturers.", "Ralph Mulford drove a Lozier to win the inaugural race with an average speed of 62.5 miles an hour.", "The most successful competitor at the Elgin races was Ralph DePalma, who won the Elgin Trophy four times (1912-1914, 1920).Gil Andersen and his Stutz during the 1913 racesAutomobile manufacturers were attracted to the Elgin races because the course provided few obstacles to reduce the car's speed.", "Some of the manufacturers that participated in the Elgin Road Races were Ford, Chevrolet, Stutz, Duesenberg, Mercer, Marmon, and Hudson.", "The races contributed significantly to the development of the modern automobile.", "The first competitions featured factory stock vehicles, however after 1911 specialized racing cars were allowed to compete.As automobile speeds continued to increase, the races became more dangerous and controversial.", "Five competitors lost their lives during the races, three in 1911 and two in 1914.Local farmers also began to object to road closures and the races were discontinued after the 1920 race.", "The races were revived in 1933 to coincide with the Chicago World's Fair.", "One of the 1933 competitions was among the first officially organized stock car races in the United States." ], [ "National Trophy race winners", " Date Winner Manufacturer 8/27/1910Ralph MulfordLozier 8/26/1911Len ZengelNational 8/31/1912Ralph DePalmaMercedes-Benz 8/30/1913Ralph DePalmaMercedes-Benz 8/22/1914Ralph DePalmaMercedes-Benz 8/21/1915Gil AndersenStutz 8/23/1919Tommy MiltonDuesenberg 8/21/1920Ralph DePalmaBallot 8/26/1933Phil ShaferBuickSource:" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Elizabeth Storie" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Elizabeth Storie''' (1818–1898) was Scottish writer, milliner and seamstress.", "She was a working-class woman from Glasgow who, through her 1859 autobiography, gave an account of the challenges she faced within medical, legal, and ecclesiastical systems as a disabled woman in early Victorian Scotland.", "Her work is noted for providing a rare disabled female working-class account of navigating these institutions and overcoming legal biase to get compensation for medical malpractice.", "Her hybrid autobiography is unusual in combining personal narrative with various documentation to showcases her efforts to get justice and while challenging societal norms of the time." ], [ "Publications", "* Elizabeth Storie, ''The Autobiography of Elizabeth Storie, A Native of Glasgow, Who Was Subjected to Much Injustice at the Hands of Some Members of the Medical, Legal, and Clerical Professions'' (Glasgow: Richard Stobbs, 1859)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "UAAP Season 68 women's volleyball tournament" ], [ "Introduction", "The women's volleyball tournament of '''UAAP Season 68''' ran from July 17, 2006, to September 17, 2007, at various locations within Metro Manila which include Adamson University Gym in San Marcelino St., Ermita, Manila." ], [ "Elimination round", "===Team standings======Match-up results====== Game results ===Results on top and to the right of the solid cells are for first-round games; those to the bottom and left are for second-round games." ], [ "Bracket" ], [ "Final round", "===First seed playoffs====== Semifinals ====== Championship ===" ], [ "Awards", "* '''Most Valuable Player:''' * '''Rookie of the Year''': * '''Best Server:''' * '''Best Setter:''' * '''Best Libero:'''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Kuettlingeria neotaurica" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Kuettlingeria neotaurica''''' is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Teloschistaceae." ], [ "Taxonomy", "The lichen was first formally described as a new species in 2012 by the lichenologists Jan Vondrák, Alexander Khodosovtsev, Ulf Arup, and Ulrik Søchting; it was initially classified as a member of the genus ''Caloplaca''.", "The type specimen was collected by the first author from Mount Svyataya (Kara Dag Mountain, Sudak, Ukraine) at an elevation of , where it was found growing on volcanic rock.", "The species epithet alludes to the geographical region where it is commonly found, the Crimean Peninsula.", "Historically, this area was referred to as \"Taurica\" by the ancient Greeks and Romans.", "The name \"Caloplaca taurica\" had been previously attributed by Mereschkowsky in an informal manner (a ''nomen nudum''), to a species later recognised as ''Caloplaca inconnexa'' .", "Although this earlier naming was not validly published and thus did not formally restrict the use of the name for the new species, the authors decided not to adopt it for ''Caloplaca neotaurica'', to prevent any potential confusion between the two species, leading to the distinct naming of ''Caloplaca neotaurica''.", "Sergey Kondratyuk proposed that the species should be in the genus ''Pyrenodesmia'' in 2020.It was transferred to the genus ''Kuettlingeria'' in 2020." ], [ "Description", "''Kuettlingeria neotaurica'' is characterised by a thallus (the main lichen body) that typically appears dark grey to brown-black, although it can occasionally have a white, powdery coating ().", "The thallus is relatively thin, generally not exceeding 150 μm in thickness, and lacks both marginal (small, scale-like structures) and vegetative propagules (reproductive parts that help in dispersal).The apothecia (reproductive structures where spores are produced) of ''Kuettlingeria neotaurica'' are small, with a maximum diameter of about 0.7 mm, and are in form, meaning they have a flat and a clearly distinguishable margin.", "These apothecia have an orange-red colour, which turns purple when treated with the C spot test (C+ purple).", "In grey variants of the apothecia, this reaction may not be observed.The (spores produced in the asci) of ''Kuettlingeria neotaurica'' are approximately 14 to 17 μm wide and 75 to 105 μm long.", "They typically possess septa (dividing walls within the spore) around 4.0 to 7.5 μm wide.", "Additionally, the species forms pycnidia, which are small, grey reproductive structures that produce conidia (asexual, non-motile spores).", "These conidia are ellipsoid in shape and measure about 2.5–3.5 to 1.0 by 1.5 μm." ], [ "Habitat and distribution", "''Kuettlingeria neotaurica'' predominantly inhabits siliceous rock cliffs, outcrops, and stones located in the proximity of sea coasts.", "While this species is primarily coastal, it has been occasionally observed inland, specifically in regions like the Peloponnese in Greece and the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria.", "Its geographical distribution encompasses the Mediterranean and the Black Sea coastal areas, with a presence in the Crimean Peninsula.", "Furthermore, this lichen extends along the Atlantic coast of Europe, including confirmed sightings in Great Britain.A distinct variation of ''Kuettlingeria neotaurica'', characterised by grey apothecia, has been identified exclusively in limited areas.", "These unique phenotypes have been recorded only in the Crimean Peninsula, Cyprus, and Greece, indicating a more localised distribution for this particular variant within the species' overall range." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mary W. M. Falconer" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mary W. M. Falconer''' (1867-1944) was a Scottish writer, poet, governess and teacher.", "She grew up with her sister Agnes S. Falconer, also Scottish writer and poet, in Duns, Berwickshire, Scotland.", "Along with her sister, Mary contributed a range of poetry and short fictional pieces to Scottish and English periodicals and newspapers.", "She used a combination of her initials to sign her poems.", "The Falconer sisters' scrapbooks are housed by the Scottish Borders Archive and Local History Centre in Hawick." ], [ "Early life and education", "Mary W. M. Falconer was born in 1867 to Allan Falconer, ironmonger and merchant, and grew up with her younger sister Agnes.", "Her uncle, James Swan, was a stationer, bookseller and printer in Duns.", "The two sisters had a comfortable middle-class upbringing, and the family kept a servant and sometimes a lodger in the house.", "Mary attended Duns Public School, before enrolling at Miss Lithgow's Academy in Duns, and then at Miss Crawford's Young Ladies College, Edinburgh, where she studied Latin, Arithmetic, English, History and Geography.", "In 1883 she gained a senior certificate with honours in English, History and Geography from the University of Edinburgh.", "She went on to earn the Government teacher's certificate in 1890 and in 1892, the L.L.A Diploma from the University of St Andrews in English, Comparative Philology, History and French.", "In 1893 she passed the L.L.A examination in Education and received a first class in German." ], [ "Adulthood", "Mary worked as a governess at Cumledge House in Duns from 1887, and was the governess to the sons of the minister of Edrom in 1889.From 1889 to 1892, she became assistant teacher at Swinton Public School, before going on to teach at Kinghorn Public School in Fife, and Bellevue House School in Yorkshire.", "She published poetry and short fictional pieces in the Scottish and English periodical press with her sister between 1880 and the early 1910s.", "Mary was a member of the Berwickshire Women's Liberal Association.", "In the early 1900s, it seems that Mary decided to split from the Women's Liberal Association, as she co-founded the Berwickshire branch of the Anti-Suffarage League in 1909, and served as their first secretary.", "An unfinished manuscript novel has been found, authored by Mary, under the title ''Cousins''." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Agnes S. Falconer" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Agnes S. Falconer''' (1868-1951) was a Scottish writer and poet who grew up with her sister Mary W. M. Falconer (1868-1951), also Scottish writer and poet, in Duns, Berwickshire, Scotland.", "Agnes authored two volumes of poetry: ''Whinblossom'' (1904) and ''Wishing Wood, and Other Verses'' (1911), in addition to contributing poetry and short fiction to a range of Scottish and English newspapers and periodicals with her sister between 1880 and the early 1910s.", "Agnes is known to have written under the pseudonym A. S. F. as well as Allan F. Percy.", "Scrapbooks belonging to the Falconer sisters are housed by the Scottish Borders Archive and Local History Centre in Hawick." ], [ "Early life", "Agnes S. Falconer was born in 1868 to Allan Falconer, an ironmonger and merchant, and was the younger sister of Mary Falconer.", "Her uncle, James Swan, was a stationer, bookseller and printer in Duns.", "The two sisters had a comfortable middle-class upbringing, and the family kept a servant and sometimes a lodger in the house.", "Agnes followed her sister in attending Duns Public School." ], [ "Adulthood", "Agnes S. Falconer was involved in the Berwickshire Women's Liberal Association, and she served as secretary between 1892 and 1897.She was also a member of the Executive of the Scottish Women's Liberal Federation, the British Women's Temperance Association and Women's Rural Institute.", "Whilst World War I was taking place, Agnes published two war poems, ''Scottish Nurses in Serbia'' (c.1915) and ''Territorials'' (1917).", "As well as writing various pieces for the press, she published two volumes of poetry, ''Whinblossom'' (1904) and ''Wishing Wood'' (1911)." ], [ "References", "category:1868 births" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "源信" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''' may refer to:* Genshin (942–1017), Japanese scholar-monk* Minamoto no Makoto (810–868), son of the Japanese emperor Saga" ], [ "See also", "* Genshin (disambiguation)* Makoto (disambiguation)* Minamoto (surname)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Warenhaus Rothberger" ], [ "Introduction", "Warenhaus Rothberger on Stephansplatz in Vienna, around 1900The two parts of the department store were separated by the narrow building at Stephansplatz 10Emperor Franz Joseph I on foot during the Corpus Christi procession.", "Onlookers rented the best seats in the Rothberger department store to get a closer look at the EmperorJacob Rothberger's grave in the old Israelite section of the Vienna Central CemeteryThe '''Rothberger department store''', formerly at Stephansplatz 9 and 11, was a large textile department store in Vienna's city center before 1938." ], [ "History", "The company founder Jacob Rothberger was born on December 9, 1825 in Albertirsa in Pest County (Hungary) and worked for several years as a tailor in Paris.", "In 1855, he applied for a trade license as a tailor for the inner city of Vienna, which he received in 1856.Rothberger also kept a stock of finished clothes from the very beginning.", "In 1861, he opened a small store on the third floor of the house at Stephansplatz 9.Part of the business concept was also a clothes bank, where customers could hand in their old clothes and receive reductions on the purchase price of new textiles.The developing ready-to-wear business was supported by an imperial patent dated December 20, 1859, which replaced the old guild regulations with new, more liberal trade regulations.", "Rothberger's company expanded and the building on Stephansplatz was acquired.", "In 1886, the new \"Kleiderpalast\", the work of architects Fellner & Helmer, was opened.", "With its electric lighting, hydraulic elevator and steam central heating, the new building met the latest technical standards.", "The Victor Schmidt & Söhne confectionery store and a lingerie store were the new tenants.In 1893, Rothberger, whose company now employed hundreds of piece masters in Vienna, also acquired the house at Stephansplatz 11 and had it remodeled by the proven team of architects.", "The two houses were connected behind the narrow building at Stephansplatz 10, which was situated between them.In the course of the new building, a conflict arose between the patriarchal Rothberger and the Vienna City Council, and the conflict escalated, not least because of the prominent location opposite St. Stephen's Cathedral and the increasing anti-Semitism of small businesses.", "The municipal council meeting on May 8, 1894, therefore witnessed furious scenes.The Christian Social municipal councillor Josef Gregorig, for example, regretted the fact that \"a Judenburg will rise on an old German site, a mausoleum of old pants\".", "However, this did not initially hinder the prosperous progress of the company.", "When Jakob Rothberger died on March 30, 1899, his sons Heinrich (born September 13, 1868 in Vienna; died January 20, 1953 in Montreal), Alfred (born October 24, 1873 in Vienna; died May 23, 1932 in Vienna) and Moriz (born December 24, 1865 in Vienna; died September 20, 1944 in Vienna) took over the management of the company - together.", "On May 20, 1905, every buyer received an American watch in good condition to mark the 50th anniversary of the company, which had already been established as a purveyor to the imperial and royal court in 1867.Nothing is known about further celebrations.The company remained successful in the first third of the 20th century and was run as a family business." ], [ "Art collection", "Heinrich Rothberger collected art, and had an outstanding porcelaine collection, much of which was confiscated by the Nazi-controlled Vienna city council in 1938." ], [ "Nazi era", "In 1938, after Austria's merged with Nazi Germany in the \"Anschluss\", the company was \"Aryanized\", that is forcibly transferred to a non-Jewish owner as part of anti-Jewish persecution campaign.", "In the early summer of 1938, the elder son of Ella and Heinrich Rothberger, Johann Jacob, known as Hans, was arrested and sent to the Dachau concentration camp to pressure Heinrich and Ella Rothberger and the other family members into selling.The buyer was Wilhelm Bührer, a businessman from Berlin.", "Albert and Karl, the two sons of Alfred and Hilda Rothberger left Austria before June 30, 1938.2 Albert fled to Haiti, but died on August 30, 1938 in Port-Aau in Port-au-Prince at the age of just 21.Karl finally made it to the USA, but also died very young, at the age of 24, on December 31, 1939 in New York.", "Fritz Rothberger, the younger son of Heinrich and Ella Rothberger emigrated to England in 1939 and to Canada in 1940." ], [ "Postwar", "At the end of the war in 1945, both Rothberger houses burned down.", "Renovation and reconstruction work then began, which was pre-financed by a bank.", "However, the Rothberger heirs eventually sold the property to an insurance company and the reconstruction was in line with the aesthetic expectations of the post-war period." ], [ "Literature", "* Franz Planer (Hrsg.", "): ''Das Jahrbuch der Wiener Gesellschaft 1928.''", "Wien 1928, S.", "286.", "* Edith Hann: ''Herrenkleider-Magazin Jacob Rothberger.", "Eine Fallstudie zur Entwicklung der Wiener Herrenkonfektion.''", "In: Andreas Lehne (Hrsg.", "), Gerhard Meißl, Edith Hann: ''Wiener Warenhäuser.", "1865–1914.''", "Deuticke, Wien 1990, ISBN 3-7005-4488-X, S. 85 ff.", "* Dieter Klein, Martin Kupf, Robert Schediwy: ''Stadtbildverluste Wien.", "Ein Rückblick auf fünf Jahrzehnte''.", "Dritte Auflage.", "LIT-Verlag, Wien 2005, ISBN 3-8258-7754-X, S.", "100.", "* Joseph Schwaighofer: ''Zur Geschichte des Wiener Warenhauses''.", "Wettbewerbe Architekturjournal, Nr.", "267/268, Februar/März 2008, S. 36 f.* Gabriele Anderl (Hrsg.", "): ''… wesentlich mehr Fälle als angenommen.", "Zehn Jahre Kommission für Provenienzforschung''.", "Schriftenreihe der Kommission für Provenienzforschung, Band 1, .", "Böhlau, Wien (u. a.)", "2009, ISBN 978-3-205-78183-7.", "* Christina Gschiel, Ulrike Nimeth, Leonhard Weidinger: ''schneidern und sammeln: Die Wiener Familie Rothberger''.", "Wien/Köln/Weimar 2010, ISBN 3-20578-414-6." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Baku City Master Plan" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Baku City Master Plan''' () is the latest urban development master plan for Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan.", "It is managed by Azerbaijani State Committee on Urban Planning and Architecture (SCUPA).", "The plan envisages sweeping urban changes between 2020 and 2040, particularly zoning, new engineering and communication systems and renewal of transport infrastructure.", "About 122,000 residential buildings in Baku are planned to be demolished under this plan.Preparations for the plan were announced in July 2018 according to the order of Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev.", "However, some large-scale renovations and demolitions were conducted in the city earlier, in the 2010s." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Stanley Wright (politician)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Stanley A. Wright''' (born ca.", "1986) is an American politician from Alaska serving as a member of the Alaska House of Representatives since 2023 representing District 22 which covers East Anchorage.", "He is a United States Navy veteran and has worked as a community systems manager in Anchorage's Community Safety and Development office." ], [ "Legislative assignments", "Wright has the following duties in the Alaska House:* Vice Chair, House State Affairs* Chair, House Military & Veterans’ Affairs* Member, House Natural Resources (Fin Sub)* Member, House Labor & Workforce Development (Fin Sub)* Member, House Revenue (Fin Sub)* Member, House Environmental Conservation (Fin Sub)* Member, House Resources* Member, House Energy* Member, House Labor & Commerce* Member, House Administration (Fin Sub)* Member, House Joint Armed Services Committee* Member, House Military & Veterans’ Affairs (Fin Sub)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Election website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Balak Ram" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Balak Ram''' (, ) is a form of Rama, an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu, and is the presiding deity of the Ram Mandir, the third largest Hindu temple in the world.Rama is one of the principal deities of Hinduism and is traditionally considered by Hindus as the seventh incarnation of Vishnu.", "This temple is located in Ram Janmabhoomi at Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, India, and has been re-built to commemorate the birth of Rama at Ayodhya in the Nagara style.", "The exact location of Rama's birthplace in the modern city of Ayodhya is subject to many controversies due to some historical events and is an important subject of political debate in India.", "Before the temple's inauguration, the deity was referred to by the previous name of ''''''.", "As Hindu devotees all over the world throng to have a ''darshan'' (auspicious viewing) of this deity, the subsequent economic impact has been estimated to enrich the state of Uttar Pradesh by the end of the year 2024 by four trillion Indian rupees (equivalent to 48 billion US dollars).", "Giving its religious significance among Hindus, it is estimated that with 50 million annual visitors the Balak Ram's temple may soon emerge as one of the most visited pilgrimage sites in the world and even surpass that of Mecca and the Vatican." ], [ "History", "According to the ''Ramayana'', Rama was born in Ayodhya.", "Many Hindu temples and monuments suffered from iconoclasm and the destruction during Islamic rule during Medieval India.", "The previous temple that was built to commemorate Rama's birth located at a place named '''' (Rama's fort) seems to have been destroyed during Mughal rule and a mosque known as ''Masjid-i-Janmasthan'' (mosque of birthplace) was built on top of it.", "Historical accounts by some European travelers who visited Ayodhya during the medieval ages suggest that the Hindus believed the mosque and its immediate surroundings to be the exact birthplace of Rama.", "The mosque was destroyed by a right-wing Hindu mob in 1992.Nevertheless, the site of the mosque being the exact site of Rama's birthplace has been a contentious issue to date which was one of the main issues in the Ayodhya dispute that was settled by the Supreme Court of India in 2019.The aftermath of the Ayodhya Verdict, the construction of the Ram Mandir temple and the choice of the deity of Rama was supervised by Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra, a trust that was set up by the Indian government in 2020." ], [ "Name", "The deity was originally referred to as until the construction of the Ram mandir.", "In the '''', Tulsidas uses the word .", "is a Hindi word in Braj dialect that is used in affectionately calling a child.The trust says the deity of the newly constructed Ram Mandir shall be called as the name was used by Tulsidas in the ''Rāmacaritamānasa''." ], [ "Description", "The ''murti'' (idol) represents Rama in the form of a small child.", "Three Indian sculptors, namely, Ganesh Bhatt, Satyanarayan Pandey, and Arun Yogiraj, were assigned the task of making the idol of the deity by the trust.", "As per the trust, the characteristics of the deity were supposed to be a 5-year-old '''''' (i.e.", "child) with '''''' (i.e.", "a cheerful face) possessing both '''''' (i.e.", "divine) and '''''' (i.e.", "princely) looks.The ''murti'' sculpted by Yogiraj was chosen as the presiding deity.", "The other two are mooted to be placed within the temple as minor deities.", "Yogiraj used a three billion-year-old stone that was found at Gujjegowdanapura village in Mysore, Karnataka.", "He sculpted the idol of the deity based on the guidelines of the ''Shilpa Shastras''.", "In the idol, the deity of Balak Ram is in the (i.e.", "standing pose) on (i.e.", "a double row lotus seat).", "During the coronation ceremony, the eyes of Ram lalla idol had a captivated look and the Sculptor Arun was praised for his mastery.", "Arun took extreme care to adhere to the ''Shilpa Shastras'' while carving eyes of the idol with a silver hammer and a gold chisel on an auspicious muhurta fixed by the head priest.", "He informed that before carving the eyes, he took a holy dip in the chilling Sarayu river and had ''darshan'' of Hanuman at Hanuman Garhi Temple.After consecration, the Hindus refer to the idol in the sanctum sanctorum as ''mūlavirāt mūrti'' or '''', while any replica of it used in festivals is called as ''utsava mūrti'' (lit.", "idol for festivals).", "The trust has clarified that the 9-inch high ''Ramlalla Virajman idol'' which was placed in the mosque in 1949 will be henceforth used as the ''utsava mūrti''." ], [ "Consecration", "The ''prana pratishtha'' (i.e.", "consecration ceremony) of the deity in the ''garbhagriha'' (sanctum sanctorum) of the Ram Mandir occurred on 22 January 2024.This ceremony was watched by millions of Hindus worldwide and the images related to it became viral." ], [ "Adornments", "Since antiquity, it has been a custom to offer and adorn Hindu deities with precious metals and valuable stones.", "Famous Hindu temples of Vishnu such as Tirupati, Bhadrachalam, Srirangam, and Thiruvananthapuram have ornaments that worth crores of rupees.", "On the day of consecration, it was reported in the media that the deity was adorned with 15 kg of gold and no less than 18000 precious stones such as diamonds, Zambian emeralds, and rubies.", "The Lucknow-based Harsahaymal Shyamlal Jewelers took up the task of crafting the jeweled ornaments.", "India Today reported that various artisans have referred to Hindu scriptures about Rama while crafting the ornaments which shows their reverence for the deity.", "Some of the texts referred for that purpose were the Valmiki Ramayana, the Adhyatma Ramayana, the Alavandar Stotra, and the Ramacharitamanasa.", "The trust detailed the ornaments that adorned the deity on the day of consecration, consisting of the (i.e.", "a Vaishnava forehead mark), a (i.e.", "a Hindu royal crown), two (i.e.", "earrings), a (i.e.", "a gem-studded girdle), a to adorn the neck, a necklace, a (i.e.", "a five stranded necklace), a (i.e.", "a garland necklace worn by Vishnu), two (i.e.", "two royal armlets), two jewel-studded (i.e.", "bangles) for hands, a pair of Painjaniya (i.e.", "anklets), and (rings).", "The deity was equipped with (i.e.", "a bow and arrow); both made of gold." ], [ "Service to deity", "Hindu deities are offered services to deity such as and .", "The trust has informed that there will be six offered to the Balak Ram.", "They are * () is offered to awaken the deity in the morning* () is offered after fully decorating the deity * () is offered as mid-day royal meals and prepared for a siesta* () is offered to awaken deity from siesta* () is offered performed during twilight* () is offered to put the deity to sleepEvery day, the deity is venerated with an (A service for every ; three hours).", "To offer services, the temple has five halls, namely , (), (), (), and ().A view of the Ram Mandir on the day of consecration in January 2024." ], [ "Dressing", "In Hindu temples, dressing the holy deity is considered as a form of devotional service known as ().", "The deity of Balak Ram is dressed on Sunday with pink coloured clothes, on Monday with white, on Tuesday with red, on Wednesday with green, on Thursday with yellow, on Friday with cream, and on Saturday with blue.", "On the day of consecration, the deity was dressed in a yellow ''dhoti'' and a red ''angavastra''.", "The deity will be dressed in yellow on special occasions." ], [ "Temple", "Ram Mandir was built in the Maru-Gurjara school (also known as Solanki) which is a sub-style of Nagara architecture of Indian temples that exist in Northern, Eastern, and Western India.", "It is still under construction and will be the third largest upon completion.", "The Angkor Wat in Cambodia and BAPS Swaminarayan Akshardham(New Jersey)are the largest Hindu temples in the world.", "As per the modified design, it shall have three floors with five domes, and the whole complex spans around 120 acres.", "The (trans.", "main dome) shall be 161 feet high.", "The architect of the Ram Mandir is Chandrakant Sompura, whose father was Prabhakar Sompura, the Somnath temple's architect." ], [ "See also", "VenkateswaraVitthala*Ram Janmabhoomi" ], [ "References" ], [ "Notes" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Fresno State Bulldogs football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Fresno State Bulldogs football team''' will represent California State University, Fresno as a member of the Mountain West Conference during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.", "The Bulldogs are led by head coach Jeff Tedford in his sixth overall season with the program.", "The Bulldogs play home games at Valley Children's Stadium on the university's Fresno, California campus." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Moylena" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Moylena''' may refer to:* Mag Lena, anglicised Moylena or Moylen, a heath near Dunmore Abbey in Ireland, the site of medieval battles and a synod* Moylena Ground, home of Muckamore Cricket Club, Antrim, Northern Ireland" ], [ "Similar spellings", "* Molena, Georgia, city in Pike County, Georgia, United States* Mollena Williams-Haas, American actress and BDSM educator" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Iraj Jamshidi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Rahmatullah Jamshidi Larijani''' (; 1949 – 25 January 2024), also known as '''Iraj Jamshidi''' (), was an Iranian journalist and the founder of the Iranian economic newspaper ''Asia''.", "Jamshidi died after a period of illness in a hospital in Tehran, on 25 January 2024.He was 74." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Vaca (surname)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Vaca ''' is a Spanish language surname, literally meaning \"cow\".", "The surname originated in Valderas, León in Spain.", "It may refer to:" ], [ "People", "Claudia Vaca (born 1984), Bolivian poet and essayistCristóbal Vaca de Castro (1492–1566), Spanish colonial administratorDaniel Vaca (born 1978), Bolivian footballerDanny Vaca (born 1990), Ecuadorian footballerDoyle Vaca (born 1979), Bolivian footballerEdder Vaca (born 1985), Ecuadorian footballerEduardo Vaca (1944–1998), Argentine politician Emmanuel García Vaca (born 1989), Mexican footballerErvin Vaca (born 2004), Bolivian footballerFarides Vaca (born 1969), Bolivian politicianFrancisco Vaca (born 1951), Bolivian politician Henry Vaca (born 1998), Bolivian footballerHormando Vaca Díez (1949–2010), Bolivian politician Getulio Vaca (born 1984), Bolivian footballerJoaquín Botero Vaca (born 1977), Bolivian footballerJorge Vaca (born 1959), Mexican boxerJosé María Vaca de Guzmán (1744–1816), Spanish statesman and poetJoselito Vaca (born 1984), Bolivian footballerJusepa Vaca (1589-1653), Spanish actressLaura Vaca (born 1953), Bolivian swimmerLeonardo Vaca (born 1995), Bolivian footballerNina Vaca, Ecuadorian–American entrepreneur Pedro Vaca, (born 1961), Bolivian cyclistRamiro Vaca (born 1999), Bolivian footballerRafael Vaca (born 1934), Mexican cyclistSabino Vaca Narvaja (born 1975), Argentine politician *Václav Vaca (born 1948), Czech artist" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ángel Báez" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ángel Custodio Báez Rivera''' (8 August 1894 – 21 September 1920) was a Chilean footballer who played as a forward." ], [ "Club career", "Born in Guayacán town, Coquimbo, Báez stood out as a player of Club Thunder, becoming the team captain in 1915.He represented the Coquimbo city team in intercity matches against La Serena, the adjacent city, winning the silver medal, equivalent to the first place, eleven times in 1913.In 1917, he was selected Director of club Thunder and awarded as the best player of then .In 1915 and 1919, he also represented the Ovalle city team, a near city to Coquimbo.", "In the football league of that city, he played for Club Arco Iris in 1919." ], [ "International career", "Báez made two appearances for the Chile national team in the 1916 South American Championship and scored the goal in the 6–1 loss against Argentina, the first goal for Chile in the history of the South American Championship/Copa América.", "He made a second appearance in the 1–1 draw against Brazil.In the same year, he also played in the friendlies against Argentina on 12 July (1–0 loss in Buenos Aires), Uruguay on 14 July (4–1 loss in Montevideo) and the Argentine on 16 July (0–3 win in La Plata).===Controversy about Telésforo Báez===Despite Ángel Báez played at the 1916 South American Championship and scored the goal against Argentina, Telésforo Báez is frequently and wrongly listed in the squad.", "In fact, Telésforo, a player of Santiago Wanderers from Valparaíso, was a member of the Chile national team in the 1919 South American Championship, but he was probably confused with Ángel in the 1916 squad by the journals of Valparaíso at the time, according to the research of ASIFUCH, the association of Chilean football researchers.", "In addition, Telésforo was suspended during 1916 due to an indiscipline act in Octubre 1915." ], [ "Personal life", "His parents were Carmen Rivera Díaz and Jorge Báez Briones.", "Ángel worked as a foundry worker for EFE, the state railway company, like his father.In 1920, Báez returned to Coquimbo from Ovalle due to the fact that he got sick.", "He died on 20 September of the same year of tuberculosis." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Colorado State Rams football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Colorado State Rams football team''' will represent Colorado State University as a member of the Mountain West Conference (MW) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.", "They are led by third-year head coach Jay Norvell, the Rams play home games at Canvas Stadium located in Fort Collins, Colorado." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Jamie Allard" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jamie del Fierro Allard''' (born 1971) is an American politician from Alaska serving as a member of the Alaska House of Representatives since 2023 representing District 23 which covers an area East of Anchorage.", "Allard is a United States Army veteran and was a member of the Anchorage Assembly." ], [ "Personal life", "Allard has Chilean ancestry.", "Her father, Jose del Fierro, was a resident of Santiago who emigrated to the United States in 1958." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Campaign website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Georgian Cup" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Georgian Cup''' is a single elimination association football tournament in Georgia.", "The winner of the cup will earn a spot in the first qualifying round of the UEFA Europa Conference League.", "The tournament is set to begin in May 2024.FC Saburtalo Tbilisi are the defending cup champions after winning the final in the previous season against Dinamo Batumi by a score of 1–0." ], [ "See also", "* 2024 Erovnuli Liga" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official site" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Lindelwe Lesley Ndlovu" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Lindelwe Lesley Ndlovu''' (born 23 February 1983), is a Zimbabwean financier and leader.Since March 2020, Ndlovu is serving as chief executive officer at African Risk Capacity \"ARC\" Limited, a specialized risk agency of the African Union, that provides parametric insurance solutions for climate change and outbreaks and epidemics.", "Prior to his appointment, he was chief executive officer at AXA Africa Specialty Risks, a Lloyd’s of London Syndicate, based in London, England since May 2018.Prior to joining African Risk Capacity \"ARC\" Limited in 2020, Ndlovu served continuously for 7 years in different positions at AXA Group between 2013 and 2020.Where from 2016 to 2018, he was head of corporate development at AXA Global Asset Management, based in Paris, France.", "Ndlovu appeared on both Powerlist 2020 and Powerlist 2021, Choiseul African 100 and in 2022 was selected by the World Economic Forum among young global leaders.He is currently a board member of Mercy Corps in US since 2021." ], [ "Career", "In December 2006, after receiving his degree in Taxation from University of Oxford, Ndlovu began working at the Deloitte headquarters in Bermuda as a manager in charge of alternative investments at the company situated in Bermuda, until August 2008.In September of the same year, he joined AXIS Capital also in Bermuda and served as vice president responsible for investments until April 2013.In May 2013, Ndlovu joined AXA Group where he started serving as chief investment officer at AXA Group in Singapore.", "He served in this position until August 2014 when he was promoted to AXA Group's headquarters in Paris, France and became the chief of staff and executive assistant to the Chairman of the AXA Group.", "In this role Ndlovu worked directly with the Chairman, Denis Duverne, he served until June 2016.Subsequently, in July of the same year he was appointed to head of corporate development at AXA Global Asset Management, an AXA Group holding company responsible for company's global asset management activities based in Paris, France.", "He served until April 2018 when he relocated to London, England to serve as chief executive officer of AXA Africa Specialty Risks, a Lloyds of London syndicate providing (re)insurance for corporate and specialty clients across all major lines of business such as marine, aviation, construction and political risks.", "He served until February 2020 when he was appointed as chief executive officer at African Risk Capacity Limited as a successor to Dolika Banda." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Pedro Pablo de Vinatea" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Pedro Pablo de Vinatea Estrada''' (born 14 July 1987) is a Peruvian para-badminton player who competes in international badminton competitions.", "He is a World bronze medalist, two-time Parapan American Games champion and a five-time Pan American champion.", "He is also an Ottobock ambassador for para-badminton in Peru by encouraging children and people with disabilities to play the sport as well as getting para-badminton to be recognised as an official sport at the 2019 Parapan American Games where he won the gold medal.De Vinatea started playing badminton aged 10, he was diagnosed with osteosarcoma aged fourteen and had his right leg amputated." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ademola Ola-Adebomi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ademola Oladipupo Ola-Adebomi''' (born 3 September 2003) is an English footballer who plays as an attacker for Burton Albion on loan from Crystal Palace." ], [ "Career", "Described as a centre-forward, he joined Crystal Palace as a youngster and progressed through their youth academy before signing his first professional contract with the club in April 2022.He was promoted to the Under-21s for the 2022-23 season.", "He made his first appearance in a senior Crystal Palace matchday squad in September 2023, for a Premier League match against Manchester United which Palace won 1-0, but remained an unused substitute.", "He did play for the club in the EFL Trophy that season and scored 12 goals in 21 games for the Crystal Palace U21 side prior to joining Burton Albion on a six-month loan deal in January 2024.He made his professional debut on 27 January 2024, as Burton played away in EFL League One against Cambridge United.", "The folllwing weekend, he made his first league start as Burton played Lincoln City." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Fritz Stichtenoth" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Fritz Stichtenoth''' (17 November 1895 – 29 July 1935) was a German economist and Nazi Party politician who served as the Minister of State of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.", "He headed its last administration before it was merged into the neighboring Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin on 1 January 1934." ], [ "Early life", "Stichtenoth was born in Großtöpfer, a section of the municipality of Geismar in 1895.After attending ''Volksschule'' in Eschwege and the ''Oberrealschule'' in Kassel, he obtained his ''Abitur'' in 1914.Shortly after Germany entered the First World War in August 1914, Stichtenoth joined the 11th (1st Kurhessian) Field Artillery of the Imperial German Army, headquartered in Kassel, on 1 September.", "He was transferred to Reserve Field Artillery Regiment 57 on 1 February 1915 and fought on the eastern front but was captured as a prisoner of war by the Russians on 1 October 1915.He was awarded the Iron Cross, 2nd class, returned to Germany in July 1918 and was discharged from the army on 15 December.", "He studied economics at the Humboldt University of Berlin and the University of Göttingen, receiving a doctorate there in 1925.From 1927, Stichtenoth worked for the Agricultural League in Pomerania and Mecklenburg." ], [ "Nazi Party career", "At the 1932 Mecklenburg-Strelitz state election, Stichtenoth was elected as a Nazi Party deputy to the ''Landtag'' of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.", "On 8 April 1932, he joined the State Council as a ''Staatsrat'' (State Councilor) in the coalition government headed by Minister of State of the conservative German National People's Party (DNVP).After the Nazis came to power at the national level, they passed the Provisional Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich, under which the state ''Landtage'' were dissolved and reconstituted based on the recent ''Reichstag'' election of 5 March 1933, which resulted in a working majority for the Nazi Party in most states.", "On 11 May 1933, the newly elected Nazi president of the Mecklenburg-Strelitz ''Landtag'' attempted to displace Minister of State Michael, who resisted and protested that only a ''Reichsstatthalter'' (Reich Governor) was empowered to dismiss him.", "Since none had yet been appointed, he still regarded himself as the legitimate head of government and matters stood at an impasse.", "On 26 May, Friedrich Hildebrandt was appointed as ''Reichsstatthalter'' and, on 29 May, he appointed Stichtenoth as Minister of State.", "However, Stichtenoth's triumph was to prove short-lived.", "Hildebrandt, who held the governorships of both Mecklenburg-Strelitz and the much larger and more populous Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, sought to consolidate his jurisdictions.", "Accordingly, on 1 January 1934, Mecklenburg-Strelitz was incorporated into its larger neighbor, and Stichtenoth's government was abolished.", "He then worked as a Ministerial Director in the government of the united Mecklenburg, and he died in Schwerin in July 1935." ], [ "Written works", "* ''Die Entwicklung der Lehre vom Kapitalzins seit Böhm-Bawerk.''", "(1923) Göttingen, Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftliche Dissertation." ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* Gonschior, Andreas: Der Freistaat Mecklenburg-Strelitz Die Staatsministerien 1918–1933 in Der Freistaat Mecklenburg-Strelitz Überblick" ], [ "Further reading", "* Buddrus, Michael, Fritzlar, Sigrid: (2012) ''Landesregierungen und Minister in Mecklenburg 1871-1952: Ein biographisches Lexikon'', Vol.", "1, Edition Temmen, Bremen, pp.", "299–300, ISBN 978-3-8378-4044-5." ], [ "External links", "* * Promulgation of the law uniting Mecklenburg-Strelitz with Mecklenburg-Schwerin, effective 1 January 1934" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Royal Jade cong" ], [ "Introduction", "Semi-human animal image repeated twice on each side of the ''cong''Drawing of a semi-human animal image'''Royal Jade ''cong''''' () is a jade ''cong'' found in the tomb at Fanshan cemetery, archaeological site of the Liangzhu culture.Royal jade ''cong'' was found next to the head of the male buried in Tomb 12 at Fanshan cemetery (today Yuhang, Zhejiang), \"the richest of all Liangzhu cemeteries in terms of the quantity and quality of burial objects\".", "Five smaller ''cong'' were found near the arms of this male, and his grave contained 641 jades of other types, with addition to numerous beads and flakes.", "It is the richest of nine shaft burials in the Fanshan cemetery.Royal jade ''cong'' is exceptionally massive, with 8.9 centimeters high and 6.5 kilograms in weight.", "According to museum site it is \"the most impressive of all the jade cong of Liangzhu culture\".", "It was made by first sawing a rectangular block out of a pebble and then drilling a hole from top to bottom, then grinding parts of the block away \"to leave what looks like a cylinder with four corners projecting from it\".", "The corners are not quite right angled, so a block that was originally square now has gently bulging sides; this effect cost the crafstsman much labor.", "The corners have paired-eye designs that resemble faces, which are standard to ''cong''.", "Uniquely, however, royal jade ''cong'' have a more complicated design on the sides, midway between corners (this design has only been found in Tomb 12 and Tomb 22 of Fanshan, which are commonly interpreted as the burials of a ruler of the city and his wife).", "Repeated twice on each side, this semi-human animal image consists of a trapezoidal human face with a feathered headdress, wide flat nose and circular eyes whose arms turn inward to touch a pair of spectacled eyes belonging to a beast.", "The beast, with wide nose and mouth with four tusks, seems to be resting its head on its clawed forelegs.", "Moreover, on each corner of the ''cong'', beginning at the top, we see a pair of small circular eyes with horizontal prongs, then big spectacled eyes, then the circular eyes again, then the spectacled eyes.", "According to Wang \"this link with the full form of design tempts us to interpret other features: the striated bands just above the circular eyes might for instance stand for the feathered headdress\".Lu Jianfang maintained that ''cong'' identify power, generation and status among members of Lianghzu elite and its clans.", "He also believed that the levels of imagery up and down a ''cong'' signified the clan's age, and semi-human animal images identified the deceased and his generational staus.", "Since the royal ''cong'' had two layers each of semi-human and animal image, if we accept his theory this means that deceased died with one generation of offspring.", "Childs-Johnson interprets design of humanoid riding the beast as:a symbol of metamorphic ascension and transformation.", "Pairs of large cosmic eyes, symbolizing the natural power of sun and moon, whose cosmic rays define the breath of life, are equally comfortable defining the power of avian flight.", "Although we do not know the name of this demonic image, its significance is spelled by the relationship of animal to human - the dominance of one over the other - and by the deity's attributes.Wang is much more cautious in his understanding of ''cong'' imagery.", "According to him \"many interpretations have been offered for these faces, but we have no evidence by which to choose one over another.", "In the absence of written evidence from the Liangzhu culture, speculation about symbolic meaning seems fruitless\".", "Similarly, at the official museum site we can read that: \"There is no consensus on the function of the cong, although most scholars believe that it was used as a religious instrument for communication with Heaven\".In 2002 royal jade ''cong'' was listed by State Administration of Cultural Heritage as one of sixty-four first-grade cultural relics that are forbidden to be taken out of mainland China for exhibition." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Will Stapp" ], [ "Introduction", "'''William B. Stapp''' (born 1987) is an American politician from Alaska serving as a member of the Alaska House of Representatives since 2023 representing District 32, which covers east Fairbanks." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Campaign website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Turkish-Japanese Science and Technology University" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Turkish-Japanese Science and Technology University''' (; ), is a state university founded on June 18, 2017." ], [ "History", "The university, established by the decision published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey on October 3, 2016, will be exempt from Higher Education Laws.On November 20, 2021, Bekir Sami Yılbaş was appointed as the founding rector of the university." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "XNR" ], [ "Introduction", "'''XNR''' may refer to:* Plymouth ''XNR'', a concept car* Kangri language (ISO 639-3 language code xnr), an Indo-Aryan language of north India* Taxi Aero Del Norte (ICAO airline code XNR), a Mexican airline; see List of airline codes (T)* Xenopus nodal related protein or gene (Xnr) found in the nodal signaling pathway" ], [ "See also", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mogalmardini Chhatrapati Tararani" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Mogalmardini Chhatrapati Tararani''''' is an upcoming Indian Marathi-language war drama film directed by Rahul Jadhav in his directorial debut and produced by Akshay Bardapurkar and Deepa Tracy under Planet Marathi and Mantra Vision.", "The film stars Sonalee Kulkarni in the title role, alongside Aashay Kulkarni and Surabhi Hande.", "The story of the Maratha queen Maharani Tarabai Bhosale is based on the book Mogalmardini Maharani Tarabai written by author and historian Dr. Jaysingrao Pawar.The film is scheduled for release theatrically on 22 March 2024." ], [ "Cast", "* Sonalee Kulkarni as Maharani Tarabai Bhosale* Aashay Kulkarni * Surabhi Hande" ], [ "Production", "The principal photography was started in mid-August 2022." ], [ "Soundtrack", "The music is composed by Avadhoot Gupte, and the background music is given by Dr. Ashish More." ], [ "Release and marketing", "The makers released the teaser for the film in early March 2023.The new poster of the film was unveiled at Ram Mandir in Wadala, Mumbai, during the consecration ceremony of Pran Pratishtha of Ram Mandir in Ayodhya." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ayman Arguigue" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ayman Arguigue Safsafi''' (born 11 May 2005) is a footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club SD Huesca.", "Born in Spain, he is a youth international for Morocco." ], [ "Club career", "Born in Carcaixent, Valencian Community to Moroccan parents, Arguigue began his career with hometown side UD Carcaixent at the age of seven.", "In August 2021, he went on a trial at Getafe CF, but signed a two-year contract with SD Huesca in June 2022, after being recommended by David Timor.Arguigue made his senior debut with the B-team on 25 September 2022, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 4–3 Tercera Federación away win over CD La Almunia.", "He scored his first senior goal the following 5 March, netting the B's opener in a 3–0 home win over CD Cariñena.Arguigue made his first team debut on 21 January 2024, replacing Óscar Sielva in a 3–2 Segunda División home loss to SD Huesca." ], [ "International career", "Eligible to play for Spain and Morocco, Arguigue was called up to the latter's under-20 squad in March 2023.He scored a brace on his debut for the Morocco U20s in a friendly 4–0 win over the Mauritania U20s on 24 January 2024." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "***" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Angelo Mazza" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Angelo Mazza''' (16 November 1741 – 11 May 1817) was an Italian neoclassical poet, and classical scholar." ], [ "Biography", "Angelo Mazza was born at Parma on 16 November 1741.He became Professor of Greek in the University of his native town.", "As a poet he belonged to the group of Italian men of letters who fell under the spell of the English eighteenth-century classical school of poetry.", "He derived themes such as the power of music from English literature, to which he was introduced by his teacher and friend Cesarotti.", "He subsequently translated and imitated English poets, notably Akenside, Dryden, Mason, Pope, Gray, and Thomson.", "His example left its mark on Foscolo and other poets of the next generation.", "Mazza was a prominent member of the Academy of Arcadians, with the pseudonym Armonide Elideo." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "Sources", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2018 federal intervention in Rio de Janeiro" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2018 federal intervention in Rio de Janeiro''' was the first since the 1988 Federal Constitution.", "It was decreed by the Federal Government of Brazil in order to ease the internal security situation of the state of Rio de Janeiro.", "The measure was implemented by Decree No.", "9,288 of February 16, 2018, granted by Michel Termer and published in the ''Diário Oficial da União'' on the same day.Before the intervention bill was issued, emergency meetings were held at the Alvorada Palace with ministers, Rodrigo Maia, the president of the Chamber of Deputies, Eunício Oliveira, the president of the Federal Senate, and Luiz Fernando Pezão, the governor of Rio de Janeiro.Army General Walter Souza Braga Netto, commander of the Eastern Military Command, based in the city of Rio de Janeiro, was appointed as intervenor.", "He was responsible for security at the 2016 Summer Olympics, held in the same city.", "He assumed command of Rio de Janeiro's Military Police, Civil Police and Firefighters, and answered directly to the President of the Republic." ], [ "Historical context", "In 2016, the state of Rio de Janeiro was experiencing an economic crisis, suffering from a lack of funds to pay civil servants' salaries.", "The shortage of resources also affected investments in public security, which forced the government to declare a state of public calamity; the number of murders and incidents has increased significantly.", "In 2017, 134 military police officers were killed because of criminality.", "In the same year, Operation Hurricane (or Operation Rio) was decreed by President Temer with the aim of establishing a Guarantee of Law and Order (GLO).", "The Brazilian Intelligence Agency, the Federal Highway Police, the National Public Security Force and the Federal Police have joined forces to form a General Staff." ], [ "Opposing reactions", "The Eastern Military Commander, General Braga Netto, at a press conference on the intervention decree in Rio de Janeiro.The intervention decree was questioned in the Supreme Federal Court (STF), which claimed that the Council of the Republic and the National Defense Council were not consulted before the decision.", "The case was assigned to Minister Rosa Weber, who denied the petition filed by lawyer Carlos Alexandre Klomfahs under the argument that he could not have initiated the action before the STF.", "Some analysts compared the federal intervention to the Cruzado Plan, considering it to be a palliative measure with a temporary effect that does not involve structural measures capable of fighting crime in the long term.", "A month after the intervention, the federal government had still not defined the amount required to finance the interventionists' actions and how the resources would be obtained, which reinforced the improvised image of the measure.On March 14, 2018, the Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL) filed the Direct Action of Unconstitutionality, assigned to Minister Ricardo Lewandowski, initially arguing that the measure adopted by Temer, besides being disproportionate and costly, has electoral character, violating the provisions of the Federal Constitution.", "In addition, it mentions flaws in basic procedures, as, given the constitutional principle of non-intervention by the Federal Government in the states, the interventional decree was issued without sufficient justification, prior consultation with the Councils of the Republic and National Defense and without specifying the interventional measures.", "It also claimed that the measure was unconstitutional due to its character as a military intervention with the attribution of the civil powers of a governor to an army general.", "Minister Ricardo Lewandowski requested information from President Temer and a hearing from the Federal Attorney General's Office and the Prosecutor General of the Republic.", "The action was dismissed on February 28, 2019, and became final on March 29, 2019, as the intervention was terminated on December 31, 2018." ], [ "Strategic Plan of the Intervention Office", "On May 29, 2018, the Federal Intervention Office released a Strategic Plan with the purpose of \"establishing the basis for strategic planning and management of the activities carried out within the scope of the Federal Intervention Office for Public Security in the State of Rio de Janeiro.\"", "The document includes broad management, restructuring and integration strategies, and sets out emergency actions, which seek short-term results, and structuring actions, intended to achieve medium and long-term results.", "It also points out that planning, public security and defense actions require knowledge produced by intelligence under coordination and integrated planning based on information technology resources.=== Objectives ===* Lower crime rates;* Recovering the operational capacity of the state's public security bodies;* Coordinating the institutions of the federal entities;* Strengthening the institutional character of public security and the prison system;* Improving the quality and management of Rio de Janeiro's prison system.=== Main emergency actions ===* Community security actions;* Action based on the \"criminal spot\";* Training for Rio de Janeiro Military Police troops;* Incorporation of new recruits;=== Main structuring actions ===* Fighting corruption within the agencies;* Protocols for integrating intelligence actions for all Public Security Agencies, Prison Administration Secretariats and National Secretariats for Civil Protection and Defense;* Protocols for institutional support between Public Security Agencies;* Acquisition of vehicles, weapons, personal protective equipment and special materials;* Reorganizing the structure of public security in Rio de Janeiro." ], [ "Criticism", "The actions of the Federal Intervention Office caused controversy.", "Groups linked to left-wing ideological organizations and against militarism, such as the Intervention Observatory and Amnesty International, criticized the cabinet's actions, emphasizing the increase in deaths due to police intervention.", "The Rio de Janeiro Public Prosecutor's Office stated that it was the result of the larger police presence, combined with the violent reaction of criminals.", "The Intervention Office pointed the structural actions, whose results were not achieved in the short term, and reported a reduction in street robberies, vehicle and cargo thefts.Critics argue that, just as the dismantling of the Medellín and Cali cartels has not solved the problem of drug trafficking in Colombia, military action without investment in removing the circumstances that cause such activity will only result in the strengthening of drug traffickers.", "In addition, the army only spent 4.2% of its budget on intelligence." ], [ "Criminal investigation", "In 2023, Brazil's Federal Police opened an inquiry to investigate the existence and subsequent extent of financial fraud committed during the federal intervention, which received a total of R$1.2 billion in federal funds.", "On September 12, several search and seizure warrants were executed in three states and the Federal District to investigate crimes of sponsoring improper contracting, illegal waiver of bidding, active and passive corruption and criminal organization, which were allegedly practiced by federal civil servants in the acquisition of 9,360 bulletproof vests.The fraud allegedly consisted of increasing the prices of vests in tenders and paying the money to the US company CTU Security LLC in exchange for bribes to Brazilian officials.", "The US government detected the company's financial transactions with Brazilian funds during an investigation into the murder of Jovenel Moïse and sent the evidence of the crimes to Brazil.", "The Federal Court of Accounts also identified R$4.6 million in losses resulting from the embezzlement.Walter Souza Braga Netto, interventor appointed by Michel Temer, had his phone records breached by judicial authorization.", "Márcio Moufarrege, the drug dealer accused of international drug trafficking for using a Brazilian Air Force plane to transport cocaine to Spain during a stopover by Jair Bolsonaro's presidential entourage in 2019, has been investigated for clandestinely transferring money between the US and Brazil to the military involved in the purchase of ballistic vests during the federal intervention." ], [ "See also", "* Social issues in Brazil* 2017 Brazil prison riots* Law enforcement in Brazil* Crime in Brazil" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Oswald Hesse" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Julius Oswald Hesse''' (17 May 1835–10 February 1917) was a German chemist.", "He is known for his research into the secondary metabolites of lichens." ], [ "Life and career", "Julius Oswald Hesse, born in 1835 in Obereula, Saxony, pursued his studies in chemistry at the Leipzig University.", "He studied under Heinrich Limpricht with an investigation into quinones.", "After obtaining his doctorate from the University of Göttingen in 1860, he initially chose a career in the chemical industry rather than academia.", "However, Hesse's interest soon shifted towards the study of chemical compounds found in plants, with a particular focus on lichens.", "His extensive research in this field was summarized in his work ''Flechtenstoffe in Biochemisches Handlexicon'', published in 1912.Over the course of his career, Hesse identified 102 secondary metabolites (lichen products) in lichens, documented across nearly 30 scholarly papers.", "His contributions to the field were later recognized with an honorary professorship.", "In 1888, Hesse was elected a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.", "Hesse died in Stuttgart in 1917." ], [ "Selected publications", "* * *" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Johan Caicedo" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Johan Caicedo Caicedo''' (born 13 March 2004) is a Colombian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Brazilian club Red Bull Bragantino II, on loan from Deportivo Pasto." ], [ "Career", "Caicedo was born in Iscuandé, Santa Bárbara, Nariño Department, and started his career with Deportivo Pasto.", "In February 2022, he was promoted to the first team.Caicedo made his senior debut on 12 April 2022, coming on as a late substitute in a 2–2 Categoría Primera A home draw against Deportivo Pereira.", "On 26 June 2023, after becoming a regular starter, he renewed his contract with Pasto.On 11 January 2024, Caicedo moved abroad for the first time in his career, after agreeing to a one-year loan deal with Red Bull Bragantino and being assigned to the reserves." ], [ "Career statistics", "ClubSeasonLeagueCupContinentalState LeagueOtherTotalDivisionAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsDeportivo Pasto2022Categoría Primera A2010———30202229000———290Total31010———320Red Bull Bragantino II (loan)2024Paulista A3———00—00Career total31010000000310" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "FIS Ski Flying World Championships 2024 – Individual" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''28th edition''' of the individual competition at the FIS Ski Flying World Championships 2024 was held between 26 and 27 January 2024 in Bad Mitterndorf/Tauplitz, Austria.Stefan Kraft from Austria won the title of ski flying world champion ahead of Andreas Wellinger and Timi Zajc in three rounds only." ], [ "Qualification", "The qualifiers, scheduled for 25 January, were cancelled due to strong winds.", "Nevertheless, they managed to complete two official training sessions the next day, after which 47 jumpers selected by the national teams took part in the first round of the competition.", "The top 30 contestants advanced to the second round." ], [ "Results", "The first two rounds were held on 26 January.", "The third round was held on 27 January, while the fourth round was cancelled due to pre-competition delays due to wind.Stefan Kraft, the 2024 world championRankBibNameCountryDistance (meters)Points1st round2nd round3rd round 47 Stefan Kraft 225.5 219.0 228.0 '''647.4''' 46 Andreas Wellinger 222.0 218.5 229.0 '''645.2''' 32 Timi Zajc 228.5 227.0 209.5 '''642.7''' 4 33 Johann André Forfang 219.5 220.0 217.0 '''629.3''' 5 37 Lovro Kos 222.0 210.0 221.0 '''628.6''' 6 30 Piotr Żyła 218.0 220.5 225.0 '''626.4''' 7 16 Niko Kytösaho 232.5 218.5 215.0 '''613.9''' 8 41 Michael Hayböck 217.0 210.5 215.5 '''610.1''' 9 45 Ryōyū Kobayashi 214.0 196.5 231.5 '''603.5''' 10 35 Stephan Leyhe 207.5 216.5 218.5 '''588.8''' 11 2 Robin Pedersen 219.5 205.5 217.5 '''588.7''' 12 26 Aleksander Zniszczoł 223.0 215.5 198.0 '''588.2''' 13 40 Marius Lindvik 201.5 206.0 210.5 '''585.2''' 14 28 Domen Prevc 208.0 213.5 203.5 '''580.8''' 15 24 Giovanni Bresadola 213.5 204.5 197.5 '''569.6''' 16 44 Jan Hörl 201.5 214.5 183.5 '''566.0''' 17 36 Gregor Deschwanden 192.5 200.5 235.5 '''560.4''' 18 21 Alex Insam 209.0 193.0 224.0 '''557.1''' 19 42 Karl Geiger 213.0 180.0 211.5 '''555.6''' 20 15 Tate Frantz 218.5 184.0 209.5 '''549.6''' 21 22 Junshirō Kobayashi 217.0 187.0 200.0 '''544.4''' 22 27 Daniel-André Tande 203.0 190.0 205.5 '''541.8''' 23 43 Pius Paschke 198.5 195.0 182.0 '''539.7''' 24 29 Dawid Kubacki 205.5 203.0 183.5 '''529.7''' 25 18 Artti Aigro 216.5 193.5 179.5 '''527.8''' 26 38 Peter Prevc 200.5 209.5 132.0 '''481.0''' 27 1 Yevhen Marusiak 195.0 176.5 185.0 '''474.5''' 28 19 Simon Ammann 197.0 175.0 144.0 '''430.9''' 29 20 Paweł Wąsek 204.0 174.5 161.0 '''404.6''' 30 31 Ren Nikaidō 194.0 NPS 178.5 '''342.1''' 31 17 Remo Inhof 195.5 Did not advance '''165.2''' 32 8 Sandro Hauswirth 190.0 '''155.5''' 33 14 Kasperi Valto 185.5 '''147.1''' 34 5 Naoki Nakamura 179.0 '''145.5''' 35 39 Manuel Fettner 158.0 '''129.5''' 36 12 Erik Belshaw 191.5 '''127.0''' 37 7 Kevin Bickner 165.0 '''124.7''' 38 13 Eetu Nousiainen 168.0 '''124.0''' 39 6 Fatih Arda İpcioğlu 162.0 '''120.1''' 40 23 Vladimir Zografski 159.0 '''117.4''' 41 25 Antti Aalto 150.0 '''112.4''' 42 11 Andrew Urlaub 154.5 '''102.1''' 43 9 Nikita Devyatkin 137.5 '''91.2''' 44 3 Vitaliy Kalinichenko 127.5 '''78.7''' DSQ 34 Halvor Egner Granerud NPS '''0.0''' DSQ 10 Andrea Campregher NPS '''0.0''' DSQ 4 Sabirzhan Muminov NPS '''0.0''''''Key'''DSQ = DisqualifiedNPS = Not permitted to start" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "FIS Ski Flying World Championships 2024 – Team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''10th edition''' of the team competition at the FIS Ski Flying World Championships 2024 was held on 28 January 2024 in Bad Mitterndorf/Tauplitz, Austria.Team Slovenia defended their world championships title ahead of Austria and Germany." ], [ "Results", "The final was started at 14:00.Rank Bib Country 1stround Finalround TotalpointsDistance (m) 7 231.0226.0232.0226.5 208.0213.5194.0202.0 '''1615.5''' 9 228.0218.5212.0218.5 224.5210.0177.0221.5 '''1588.9''' 8 229.5224.5198.5219.5 211.5207.0164.5229.5 '''1549.9''' 4 6 209.0194.0230.0232.0 206.0183.5182.0225.0 '''1502.9''' 5 5 214.0 189.5200.5233.5 206.5187.0198.5224.5 '''1493.0''' 6 3 204.0198.5197.0215.0 190.0200.5186.0200.0 '''1389.3''' 7 2 191.0193.5 185.0215.5 191.0175.5175.5198.5 '''1300.4''' 8 4 221.5211.0206.5212.5 DSQ210.0195.0177.5 '''1279.1''' 9 1 207.5189.0167.5197.0 '''1073.2'''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Karl Heinrich von der Goltz" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Karl Friedrich Heinrich, Graf von der Goltz''' (8 June 1775 – 13 October 1822) was a Prussian Generalleutnant (Lieutenant general) and diplomat." ], [ "Early life", "Goltz was born on 8 June 1775 in Berlin into the Prussian noble von der Goltz family.", "He was a son of Eleonore Juliane von Maltzahn and Leopold Heinrich von der Goltz, the Prussian ambassador to Russia from 1789 to 1794 who had been raised to the rank of Prussian count on 19 September 1786." ], [ "Career", "Goltz was employed in April 1787 as an Cavalry Ensign () in the Hussar regiment of his uncle Johann Wilhelm von der Goltz.", "During the Rhine campaign in the War of the First Coalition, he took part in the Battle of Kaiserslautern and the battles near Schwalm, Hasnon, Edesheim and Morsheim.", "Goltz became a Second lieutenant in September 1793 and was awarded the ''Pour le Mérite'' on 19 January 1794 for his efforts.", "In May 1803 Goltz became Staff Captain and Adjutant to Lt.-Gen. Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.", "As such, he fought in the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in the War of the Fourth Coalition and was taken prisoner by the French near Lübeck.", "At the end of the year, Goltz was released.", "After the Peace of Tilsit, he served briefly as adjutant to Field Marshal Kalckreuth before Goltz returned to Blücher in August 1807.The following year, Goltz became adjutant to Prince Wilhelm, whom he accompanied to Paris to try to reduce the war burdens imposed on Prussia by Napoléon.", "In November 1809, Goltz went into the diplomatic service and was appointed Prussian envoy to Bavaria in Munich while remaining an active officer.At the beginning of the German campaign of 1813, Goltz returned to the field at Blücher's request as his Adjutant, taking over management of his headquarters office.", "During the 1813/14 campaign, Goltz took an active part in the Battles of Lützen, the Katzbach, Leipzig, La Rothière and Laon.", "He was promoted to Major general and received the Pour le Mérite with Oak Leaves, one of the highest orders of merit in the Kingdom of Prussia, for his efforts in addition to both classes of the Iron Cross in April 1814.After the Fall of Paris, Goltz was appointed commander of the city, remaining there after the Prussian troops withdrew and, after the Treaty of Paris, he was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the French court of King Louis XVIII.", "As Envoy, he was given the task of looking after the sick members of the Prussian army who remained behind and ensuring the repatriation of prisoners of war.", "King Louis XVIII recognized his achievements in July 1817 by awarding him the Order of Military Merit.", "On the occasion of his visit to Paris, King Frederick William III presented him the Order of the Red Eagle, 1st Class on 19 August 1817.He also promoted Goltz to Lieutenant general on 30 March 1818." ], [ "Personal life", "KarlIn 1807, Goltz married Baroness Julie von Seckendorff, a daughter of Baron Friedrich Carl von Seckendorff-Aberdar, and Countess Eleonore Elisabeth von Brockdorff-Schney.", "Julie had been a lady-in-waiting to Princess Maria Anna of Hesse-Homburg.", "Before his death, they were the parents of:* Leopoldine von der Goltz (1810–1845), who married Prussian Lt.-Gen. Ferdinand von Kleist, in 1831.", "* Karl Friedrich von der Goltz (1815–1901), adjutant general to Kaiser Wilhelm I who married Countess Mathilde von Lynar in 1860.", "* Robert Heinrich Ludwig von der Goltz (1817–1869), a diplomat and member of the Prussian House of Representatives.Goltz died on 13 October 1822 in Paris and was buried at the Père-Lachaise Cemetery.", "After his death in 1822, his widow married Generalleutnant Karl Heinrich Stephan von Block, the interim Commanding General of the II Army Corps, in 1828." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Robert Heinrich Ludwig,Graf von der Goltz.", "at the New York Public Library" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1996 Adjaran legislative election" ], [ "Introduction", " Legislative elections were held in Adjara, an autonomous republic within Georgia, on 22 September 1996.Voters elected the 80-member Supreme Council in the region's second legislative elections since Georgia declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.The elections saw the Revival–Citizens bloc win 95% of the seats amid numerous violations of democratic procedures." ], [ "Background", "The 1991 Adjaran elections saw the Round Table—Free Georgia party of President Zviad Gamsakhurdia win a majority of seats in the Supreme Council, with Aslan Abashidze being appointed as its chairman.", "Following the coup which removed Gamsakhurdia and his Round Table party from power, Round Table politicians retained their positions in Adjara.", "However, they soon defected to the All-Georgian Union for Revival founded by Abashidze.", "As the conflict in Georgia escalated into civil war, Abashidze closed the administrative border and prevented belligerents from entering Adjarian territory.", "This established an authoritarian semi-separatist regime in the region and created long-term problems with relations between the regional government and the central government of Georgia.", "Despite this, Abashidze never questioned Adjara's position in Georgia and asserted that Adjara was not a separatist territory.", "Abashidze's All-Georgian Union for Revival participated in the 1996 elections in a coalition with Georgia's new ruling party, the Union of Citizens of Eduard Shevardnadze." ], [ "Electoral system", "Out of 80 members of the Supreme Council, 40 were elected by proportional representation and 40 from single-member electoral districts.", "The elections were held based on the January 1991 electoral law, although amendments introduced on 16 May 1996 increased the electoral threshold for the proportional system from 4% to 5%." ], [ "Results" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Móra la Nova railway station" ], [ "Introduction", "''''''Móra la Nova station''' is a railway station owned by Adif located north of the town of Móra la Nova in the Catalan region of Ribera d'Ebre.", "The station serves regional trains on the R15 of Rodalies de Catalunya and the Ca6 line, both operated by Renfe Operadora.This station, originally planned by the ''Companyia dels Ferrocarrils Directes'', came into service in 1891 when the section built by the Companyia dels Ferrocarrils de Tarragona a Barcelona i França (TBF) between Marçà-Falset (1890) and Móra la Nova was opened.", "Although the building was initially conceived as provisional, structurally differing from others on the line, it has endured and is still preserved.The Diputació de Tarragona and the Foundation for the Preservation of Railway Heritage Industrial (FPPFI) of Móra la Nova promoted improvement works at the station in 2008, including the installation of a turntable for track changing.", "In 2010, the Railway Interpretation Center (later Museum of the Railway in Móra la Nova) was established, exhibiting restored railway material.The Territorial Plan of the Terres de l'Ebre proposes a land reserve of about 90 hectares near the station for logistics activities associated with freight transport on the line.", "Following the liberalization of the railway in Spain, a company descended from Tallers Rocafort expressed its intention in 2011 to create a vehicle workshop at the station to serve new private enterprises." ], [ "History", "The fact that the station is equidistant between Barcelona and Zaragoza led to the installation of a locomotive depot, an intervention workshop, a classification yard, and an electric turntable.The fuel oil storage and supply facilities in 1956 were the most modern of that time when the transition from steam to electric locomotives took place.", "Thanks to this, there were about a thousand railroad workers in the region.Specifically, in the town of Móra la Nova, immigration grew steadily due to the railway.", "Between 1848 and 1890 (during the creation of the station), the population increased from 698 inhabitants to 1,865 inhabitants." ], [ "Railway services", " '''20x20pxServeis regionals de Rodalies de Catalunya'''Origin/DestinationPreceding stationRodalies de CatalunyaFollowing stationOrigin/DestinationTerminal¹FlixRiba-roja d'EbreAscó20x20pxEls GuiametsCapçanes¹Sant Vicenç de Calders Barcelona-Estació de França Barcelona-Sant Andreu ComtalCaspZaragoza-Delicias20x20px''terminal''Barcelona-Estació de FrançaBarcelona-Sant Andreu Comtal1- Some regional trains do not stop at Els Guiamets, with Capçanes being the next or previous stop.Until December 13, 2008, in addition to regional trains, the ''Costa Brava'' Express also stopped, but it ceased to operate on the line." ], [ "Station building", "The station in 1890The station building is an eclectic architectural work from 1891 that is protected as a Cultural Heritage of Local Interest.", "It is a large isolated rectangular building, consisting of three attached bodies.", "The central body has a four-sloped tile roof and is distributed over the ground floor, upper floor, and attic, while the two lateral bodies have three-sloped tile roofs and consist of a ground floor and upper floor.", "In general, all openings are rectangular with molded and whitewashed frames.", "Those of the lateral bodies have an upper sill and sills supported by small brackets.", "Those of the central body, on the other hand, have lintels decorated with triangular or rhomboidal shapes.", "In general, large molded cornices mark the division between the different floors, including the cornices, which also have small decorated triangular panels, resembling pinnacles.", "It is worth noting the iron porch attached to the facade facing the station platforms and a smaller annex building, also consisting of three attached bodies, with flat and two-sloped tile roofs and organized on a single floor.", "Currently, the entire complex has been renovated." ], [ "Image gallery", "File:006 Estació de Móra la Nova.JPG\|Entrance to the stationFile:002 Estació de Móra la Nova.JPG\|Passenger buildingFile:Estación de Mora la Nova-vías.jpg\|Platforms and tracks at the stationFile:Enclavament.jpg\|Since 2010, the Railway Museum has been located in Móra la Nova" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Tim Feeley" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Tim Feeley''' is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.Feeley was first elected in 1998 after incumbent representative James Zimmerman retired.", "He resigned from the house in 2005 after being appointed to be a family court judge by governor Ernie Fletcher.", "He left the court in 2016 in order to join the administration of governor Matt Bevin." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia

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