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[ [ "UNRWA October 7 controversy" ], [ "Introduction", " UNRWA offices in East Jerusalem, Israeli-occupied West Bank.On 26 January 2024, the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) announced it was investigating allegations, presented to it by Israel nearly two weeks before, of the involvement of some of its employees in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.According to Israel, between 4 to 12 UNRWA employees were involved in the attacks, and are accused of participating in various capacities, ranging from roles in logistics and weapons procurement to hostage taking and direct participation in the attacks.", "Israel alleges that around ten percent of the UNRWA's 13,000 employees in the Gaza Strip have connections to Islamist militant groups, primarily Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and that 190 UNRWA employees were militants.", "Philippe Lazzarini, the commissioner-general of UNRWA, said the organization had dismissed the employees concerned, and launched an investigation, adding that any staff found responsible would face consequences.", "UN Secretary-General António Guterres said that nine UNRWA employees had been dismissed, one was deceased, and the identities of two other individuals involved in the case were under clarification.", "Lazzarini clarified on 9 February that he had followed \"reverse due process\", firing the staff without looking into any evidence, deciding that swift action was the priority in the circumstances.The controversy led several major donor countries to suspend their funding of UNRWA, including the United States, Germany and Japan.", "The funds halt was criticized by several international organizations, considering the humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip due to the Israeli invasion, including, the World Health Organization, Doctors Without Borders, and Amnesty International, which stated that the world's richest countries had made a \"heartless decision ... to punish the most vulnerable population on earth because of the alleged crimes of 12 people\".", "However, some other western countriesSpain, Portugal and Irelandhave increased their funding of UNRWA." ], [ "Background", "===2023 Hamas attacks on Israel ===On 7 October 2023, Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israel from the Gaza Strip, that resulted in the deaths of 1,139 Israelis and foreign nationals, predominantly citizens.", "The militants attacked civilian communities, military bases, and public gatherings, massacring civilians and injuring them.", "The assault inflicted injuries upon thousands, with hundreds sustaining severe wounds.", "Hamas militants are also accused of committing acts of sexual violence and gender-based violence against numerous women, girls, and, in some instances, men.", "Additionally, approximately 250 Israeli civilians and soldiers were abducted and taken as hostages to the Gaza Strip, including 30 children.", "7 October 2023 has been labelled the bloodiest day in Israel's history.In response, Israel launched airstrikes and a subsequent full-scale offensive on Gaza, with the stated goal of destroying the organization and securing the release of the hostages.", "According to the Gaza Health Ministry, the conflict has resulted in the deaths of over 26,000 Palestinians, most of whom were women and children.=== UNRWA ===UNRWA is a UN agency responsible for supporting the relief and human development of Palestinian refugees.", "It was established to assist Palestinians displaced by the 1948 Arab–Israeli War (estimated at 700,000 individuals) and subsequent conflicts, along with their descendants, including legally adopted children.", "It now aids over 5.6 million registered Palestinian refugees (as of 2019).", "In 2023, UNRWA's largest donors were the US, the EU and Germany.With a workforce of over 30,000 employees, including approximately 13,000 in Gaza, UNRWA predominantly comprises Palestinian refugees alongside a smaller contingent of international staff.", "Operating in Gaza, the West Bank, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, the agency's mandate has shifted from providing employment and humanitarian aid to delivering healthcare, schooling, and social services to the population it serves.", "Prior to the Israel–Hamas war, UNRWA operated 700 schools and 140 health centers in the Gaza Strip.UNRWA is the only UN agency dedicated to aiding refugees from a specific region or conflict, distinguishing it from UNHCR, a UN agency established in 1950 to assist refugees globally.", "Unlike UNRWA, UNHCR's mandate includes supporting refugees in achieving local integration, resettlement in third countries, or repatriation when feasible, with the aim of eliminating their refugee status.Israel has been a longtime critic of UNRWA and considers it an obstacle to resolving the Israel-Palestine conflict, by preventing the descendants of refugees from settling in their present locations and keeping the question of return open.", "Israel has also expressed concern over what the agency teaches students and over the agency's relation to Hamas; according to Israel, schools operated by the agency have been used by Hamas for terrorist activities.", "Israeli officials have alleged that since the 7 October attacks, several UNRWA members have been observed celebrating the incidents on social media platforms.", "Prior to the release of the allegations, Israeli officials had discussed ways to shut down UNRWA funding.", "In 2021, UNRWA's major donors, Australia, Canada, UK and the European Union, began investigating hate and violence in UNRWA textbooks, UNRWA responded by blocking access to the textbooks in its website.", "In a hearing later the same year, UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini acknowledged that the content of the UNRWA school curriculum included antisemitism, glorification of acts of terror and incitement to violence.", "A few weeks after the 7 October attacks, IMPACT-SE reported that at least a hundred Hamas members had been educated within the UNRWA system, with two confirmed to have participated in the attacks.At the end of December 2023, the ''Times of Israel'' reported the contents of \"a high-level, classified Foreign Ministry report\" outlining a three-step plan to force UNRWA out of post-war Gaza, with step one involving a \"comprehensive report on alleged UNRWA cooperation with Hamas\".", "On 4 January 2024, ''Israel Hayom'' reported that a group of Knesset members were seeking to halt global funding for UNRWA, based on concerns that it is a tool of Hamas.", "MK Sharren Haskel stated they sought \"to stop funds which are being transferred from various countries to this organization, and remove UNRWA's mask\"." ], [ "Allegations", "A few days prior to 26 January Israel presented allegations to UNRWA saying that twelve employees had been involved with the 7 October attacks; reportedly some had been identified based on footage captured during the attacks, while others had admitted to working for UNRWA under interrogation after being captured.", "According to Israel, while they had held information on this for some time it was only in the two weeks prior to the allegations emerging that they had connected this information with a second cache of intelligence which \"solidified an assessment that the UNRWA employees had been involved in the attack\"; this intelligence included footage taken by Hamas militants during the attacks.According to Israel, there is a structural relation between UNRWA and Hamas, these twelve employees are just the \"tip of the iceberg\".", "Israel also alleges that UNRWA facilities and vehicles were used in the 7 October attacks.", "Israel said it has compiled a case \"incriminating several UNRWA employees for their alleged involvement in the massacre, along with evidence pointing to the use of UNRWA facilities for terrorist purposes\".On 28 January, ''Israel Hayom'' reported that Israel had been in possession of the information for an extended time, but had declined to release it publicly as they considered UNRWA to be the only functional entity in Gaza, and that \"without it the chaos would be even greater\".", "According to ''Israel Hayom'''s sources, Israel is uncertain why UNRWA and the United States decided to act on the information now; they speculated that the US action might be because of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs hearing on 30 January \"where even more embarrassing information about UNRWA will likely be exposed\".It was further reported by Reuters that the Israeli intelligence dossier accuses 190 UNRWA employees of being \"hardcore\" Hamas and Islamic Jihad militants, while overall 10% of UNRWA staff was considered to have some affiliation with those organizations.===Israeli dossier reviewed by ''New York Times''===According to the ''New York Times'', which reviewed a dossier provided to the United States by Israel: seven of the accused were teachers at UNRWA schools; two worked at schools in other capacities; and the rest, a clerk, a social worker, and a storeroom manager.In the dossier, Israel said that ten were members of Hamas, and an eleventh was a member of Palestinian Islamic Jihad.", "Specific accusations included that a school counselor from Khan Younis abducted a woman from Israel in collaboration with his son; that a social worker from Nuseirat distributed ammunition and coordinated vehicles during the attack, as well assisted in bringing the dead body of an Israeli soldier to Gaza; that an employee participated in a massacre that left 97 dead, possibly in reference to the Be'eri massacre.It also said that Israeli intelligence had traced the movement of six of the employees inside Israel through their cell phones.", "Others, according to Israel, had phone calls intercepted in which they discussed their participation in the attacks, while three others received text messages ordering them to report to muster points, including one who was ordered to bring rocket propelled grenades that they had stored in their home.===Keller-Lynn article in the ''Wall Street Journal''===The Wall Street Journal article \"Intelligence Reveals Details of U.N. Agency Staff’s Links to Oct. 7 Attack\" by Carrie Keller-Lynn asserted that the ''Journal'' too had reviewed a dossier intelligence reports claiming that at least 12 UNRWA employees had been involved in the October 7th attacks.", "The report details the dossier's allegations of involvement of various UNRWA employees, including primary and secondary school teachers, claiming that some had kidnapped victims, coordinated munitions, or provided logistics support.The dossier accused about 1,200 UNRWA employees, 10% of UNRWA's 12,000 in Gaza, had \"links\" Hamas and other militant groups, but the ''Journal'' article did not detail any definition or nature of what such \"links\" or \"connections\" were.", "The dossier asserted that a higher percentage of male UNRWA employees were \"connected to Hamas\" compared to the general male population in Gaza.", "The article reported that Israeli had gathered the intelligence information via signal intelligence, cellphone tracking data, interrogations of captured Hamas militants, and documents recovered from dead militants.The dossier additionally claimed that:* an UNRWA Arabic teacher, also identified as a Hamas commander, had allegedly participated in the Be'eri massacre, in which Palestinian fighters as well as Israeli forces attacking houses with hostages inside, together killed 97 civilians and military, while Palestinian fighters kidnapped 26 persons to Gaza.", "* in a separate incidient, an UNRWA social worker had allegedly been involved in taking the body of an Israeli soldier to Gaza and coordinated the distribution of trucks and munitions for Hamasa math teacher was allegedly affiliated with Hamas and had photographed a female hostage in Gaza, and had worked with another teacher who carried an anti-tank missile in the pre-attack preparations.", "an UNRWA employee had established an operations room for Palestinian Islamic Jihad following the attack.", "Hamas had allegedly instructed three other employees, including an Arabic teacher, to arm themselves near the border, although their compliance was unclearanother elementary school teacher had allegedly crossed into Israel and was present in Re'im, an area where militants stormed a kibbutz, a military base, and a music festival====Doubts about neutrality of article====The photo of Landes and Keller-Lynn widely circulated after the WSJ article that itrek then removedKeller-Lynn served in the IDF with a former Israeli government spokeswoman, Aliza Landes.", "Landes was responsible for IDF social media strategy, whom Keller-Lynn characterizes her as \"literally\" having \"created social media for the IDF\".", "The two maintain both a close friendship.", "Together they produced a podcast series ''Us among the Israelis'' which covers topics including media messaging by the Israeli government and military.", "Keller-Lynn has written for the ''Journal'' since December 2023.They also produced the podcast series \"Israel from Right to Left,\" which Keller-Lynn describes as about \"Baseline Israeli civics.", "\"ITrek, an organization that sends graduate students on trips to Israel, took down an article featuring an old interview with Keller-Lynn and Landes where Keller-Lynn discusses her time serving in the Israeli Defense Forces.=== UK news sources ===On 30 January 2024, ''Sky News'' published a report on the Israeli documents that had alleged staff involvement with Hamas.", "According to ''Sky'', the report alleged that six UNRWA employees had been involved with the 7 October attacks, but that \"the Israeli intelligence documents make several claims that Sky News has not seen proof of and many of the claims, even if true, do not directly implicate UNRWA.\"", "On 3 February, the ''Financial Times'' stated that Israel's intelligence assessment was based on smartphone intercepts and captured identity cards, yet \"provides no evidence for the claims\".====Lack of evidence backing the claims====PIJ operatives, but which did not detail any supporting evidence, if it exists.\|225x225pxOn 5 February 2024, Channel 4 said that the Israeli intelligence contains no evidence to support Israel's claim other than a statement that \"From intelligence information, documents, and identity cards seized during the course of the fighting, it is now possible to flag around 190 Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad terrorist operatives who serve as UNRWA employees.", "More than 10 UNRWA staffers took part in the events of October 7.", "\"The document that Channel 4 showed, contained the Hebrew original text, translated as follows:'''UNRWA personnel file on October 7 + UN schools'''Since the beginning of the \"Iron Swords\" war, the IDF has identified how the terrorist organization Hamas systematically establishes and directs its terrorist infrastructure in a wide variety of UN facilities and assets.", "These include tunnel shafts, self-propelled rocket launchers, and ammunition inside schools and other assets, using UNRWA resources to support terrorism, and even exploiting UNRWA employees as human shields and cover for Hamas infrastructure.", "Intelligence documents point to about 190 Hamas/Islamic Jihad (PIJ) operatives who are UNRWA employees.", "Over 10 took part in the events of October 7th and some were even involved in attempted kidnapping of Israelis to Gaza.", "Two additional UNRWA employees became involved when the abductees arrived in Gaza.", "Additional UNRWA employees were called to the meeting point the night before the raid, another supported the raids logistically, and another served on a Islamic Jihad email-hacking operative the day after.More than half (9) of the terrorists affiliated with UNRWA who took part in the infiltration of the Israeli settlements near Gaza, murdering and kidnapping the innocent residents, are teachers in UNRWA schools, some elementary schools.", "Gaza terrorists used the enemy schools in past months for military activities, putting Gaza residents in constant danger.", "Near schools, Hamas/PIJ firing positions were observed, firing mortars from areas adjacent to or even within schools, with some of the launches failing and falling inside Gaza - thus endangering and harming Gazans.", "The terrorist organizations cynically take advantage of Gazans and the international aid organizations, harming Gaza residents and endangering their security.===Footage===Israel released footage from October 7 showing a man identified as Faisal Ali Musalam Naami, an UNRWA worker, entering Kibbutz Beeri in a SUV shortly after 9:30 a.m. Naami alongside another person in the SUV is shown to lift and put a body of aמ Israeli into the trunk of his SUV before looting the belongings of dead Israelis.", "Washington Post investigated the claims and confirmed that facial recognition is a match and requested two vehicle forensic experts to analyze Naami's social media photos and managed to capture partial views of a white vehicle which they identified as a 1993-1995 Nissan Terrano II identical to the vehicle used on October 7 in color, make and model and was from the same generation.", "On 16 October Naami, five of his children and one of his two wives were killed in an airstrike in Nuseirat.", "Washington Post's attempts to reach out Naami's relatives were unsuccessful.", "An UNRWA coworker, who spoke on the condition of anonymity, claimed that he did not know if Naami was a member of Hamas or of his participation in October 7 attacks." ], [ "Response from UNRWA and the United Nations", "On 26 January 2024, UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini stated, \"The Israeli authorities have provided UNRWA with information about the alleged involvement of several UNRWA employees in the horrific attacks on Israel on October 7.\"", "He further emphasized, \"To protect the agency's ability to deliver humanitarian assistance, I have taken the decision to immediately terminate the contracts of these staff members and launch an investigation in order to establish the truth without delay\", adding that \"any UNRWA employee who was involved in acts of terror\" would be held accountable.Lazzarini refrained from disclosing the number of employees allegedly involved in the attacks or the nature of their alleged involvement.", "The US State Department reported the figure to be 12.António Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, said on 28 January that accusations had been made against 12 specific employees, and that of those 12 nine had been fired, one was dead, and the identities of the other two were still being confirmed.Guterres also said he was \"horrified by this news\", and called the alleged activities \"criminal\".", "His spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric further stated that the UN chief had directed Lazzarini to lead an investigation to ensure swift termination and potential criminal prosecution of any UNRWA employee implicated in or aiding the 7 October attacks.", "On 27 January, the deputy UN spokesperson stated, \"UNRWA overall had had a strong record, which we have repeatedly underscored.", "\"In a further statement issued on 27 January, Lazzarini described the decision by nine countries to suspend the agency's funding as \"shocking\" and stated that both people's lives in Gaza and regional stability depended on that support; he urged the nations to resume funding before UNRWA is \"forced to suspend its humanitarian response\".", "According to a 28 January statement by Francesca Albanese, the UN special rapporteur for the occupied Palestinian territories, the decision to suspend funding could be a violation of the Genocide Convention, and \"overtly defies\" the provisional rulings in ''South Africa v. Israel''.Chris Gunness, a former UNRWA chief spokesman, called on the Arab world, and in particular the oil-rich Gulf states, to fill the funding gap, saying that they are \"making billions each day on oil revenues\", and that a \"tiny fraction\" of that would resolve the funding shortfall.A UNRWA spokesperson said that the funding suspensions would result in it being unable to continue aiding Gazans by the end of February." ], [ "Reactions", "Countries that have halted funding+2022 pledges to UNRWA's programmes (in cash and in kind) – top 25 donor ranking as of 31 Dec 2022 Country amountpledged(USD) frozefunding2024 % oftotalpledges United States 343,937,718 yes 29% Germany 202,054,285 yes 17% EU 114,199,150 no 10% Sweden 60,969,987 yes 5% Norway 34,180,677 no 3% Japan 30,152,202 yes 3% France 28,909,838 yes 2% Saudi Arabia 27,000,000 no 2% Switzerland 25,534,028 yes 2% Turkey 25,199,080 no 2% Canada 23,713,560 yes 2% Netherlands 21,189,038 yes 2% UK 21,158,281 yes 2% Italy 18,033,970 yes 2% Denmark 15,885,563 no 1% Australia 13,797,995 yes 1% Spain 13,592,803 no 1% Belgium 12,558,653 no 1% Kuwait 12,000,000 no 1% Qatar 10,500,000 no 1% Ireland 8,509,726 no 1% Austria 8,091,406 yes 1% Finland 7,807,565 yes 1% Luxembourg 7,488,329 no 1% Palestine 5,760,830 no 0%Sum of top 251,092,224,684 93%Sum of froze 805,349,873 69%Sum of didn't freeze 286,874,811 24%Other countries 82,422,588 7%All 1,174,647,272 100%=== International community ===Matthew Miller, spokesperson of the US State Department, said that “The United States is extremely troubled by the allegations that twelve UNRWA employees may have been involved in the October 7 Hamas terrorist attack on Israel.” He further stated that the Department of State has temporarily halted additional funding for UNRWA as it conducts a review of the allegations and evaluates the actions being taken by the United Nations to address them.", "US Secretary of State Antony Blinken stated that the evidence implicating some UNRWA staff members in the October 7 attack against Israel are \"highly credible\".", "He emphasized the organization's \"indispensable\" role as a major humanitarian service provider in the region, adding that it is \"imperative that UNRWA immediately, as it said it would, investigate; that it hold people accountable as necessary; and that it review its procedures\".", "The United States later clarified that nearly all of the money that had been budgeted to the UNRWA had already been sent, with the suspension affecting $300,000 of the 121 million US dollars that the US had budgeted for the UNRWA.", "The State Department also said they hoped the issue would be resolved quickly.Following a U.N. Security Council meeting on 30 January, U.S. ambassador to the United Nations Linda Thomas-Greenfield, said “There has to be accountability for anyone who participated in this attack on October 7.\"", "US officials say that funding will depend on a credible investigation and acknowledge that there is no real alternative to UNRWA.", "White House National Security Council spokesman John Kirby said \"Let’s not impugn the good work of a whole agency because of the potential bad action here of a small number\".", "In February 2024, US president Joe Biden urged Congress to pass a bill which would ban the United States from funding UNRWA.Canada's Minister of International Development, Ahmed Hussen, announced that the Canadian government has temporarily halted additional funding to UNRWA pending investigation of the allegations.", "Hussen said he expressed Canada's deep concern directly to UNRWA Commissioner-General Lazzarini, adding that \"Canada is taking these reports extremely seriously and is engaging closely with UNRWA and other donors on this issue\".", "On 8 February, the Canadian government stated it had still not seen any evidence to support Israel's claims.Australia has declared a temporary suspension of its funding to UNRWA.", "Minister for Foreign Affairs Penny Wong stated that Australia will align itself with similar actions taken by the US and Canada in halting funding.", "She expressed Australia's deep concern regarding the allegations.", "Italy and Germany have also suspended funding to UNRWA.", "The UK Foreign Office released a statement, saying that the UK was “appalled” by the allegations.Finland's Minister for Foreign Trade and Development, Ville Tavio, has opted to suspend Finland's payments to UNRWA in light of the allegations.", "He stated: \"We must make sure that not a single euro of Finland's money goes to Hamas or other terrorists.", "The suspicion that employees of an organisation receiving humanitarian assistance are involved in a terrorist attack is the reason for suspending the payments.", "The case must be investigated thoroughly.", "\"The Netherlands announced it will stop financing UNRWA, saying \"We are extremely shocked.", "The accusation is that the attack was committed on October 7 with UN money, with our money.\"", "On 28 January 2024, France's Foreign Ministry declared the suspension of funding to UNRWA, describing the allegations as \"exceptionally serious\".On 29 January 2024, Austria announced it will also stop financing UNRWA, with the Austrian Foreign Ministry calling the UN agency \"to conduct a comprehensive, swift and complete investigation into the allegations\".On 29 January, New Zealand's foreign ministry announced it would review its annual NZ$1 million funding to UNRWA in response to the allegations.", "On 30 January, Prime Minister Christopher Luxon announced that New Zealand would be suspending funding to UNRWA pending the investigation into the allegations.On 29 January, Latvia's Foreign Ministry announced via X (formerly Twitter) that the country has also suspended its funding to UNRWA.The European Union announced that it was reviewing funding, and did not expect to provide additional funding before the end of February at the earliest.", "Josep Borrell, the European Union's High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, said the European Commission would “assess further steps and draw lessons based on the result of the full and comprehensive investigation”, urging UNRWA to \"provide full transparency on the allegations and to take immediate measures against staff involved\".Norway and Ireland announced that they would not suspend funding for UNRWA.", "Norwegian Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide said that \"UNRWA is a lifeline for millions of people in deep distress in Gaza as well as in the wider region.\"", "Swiss officials said no decision would be taken until the “serious accusations” were clarified.", "The Icelandic Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated it supported UNRWA's swift investigation and that its \"crucial work under the current dire circumstances must continue\".", "Lithuania's Foreign Minister Gabrielius Landsbergis said that Lithuania has not yet reached the financial period for making funding decisions and is awaiting the investigation's results before taking any action.On January 30, Sweden also announced it would suspend funding for UNRWA.", "According to TT, Johan Forssell, Minister for International Development Cooperation and Foreign Trade, said that “The money… will go instead to other humanitarian organizations\".===Criticism of cutting aid===Donor states have suspended funding at a time when the people of Gaza are facing a humanitarian disaster and famine due to airstrikes, limited aid and Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip.Agnès Callamard, the secretary general of Amnesty International, stated that the world's richest countries had made a \"heartless decision ... to punish the most vulnerable population on earth because of the alleged crimes of 12 people\".", "Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the director-general of the World Health Organization, appealed to donors not to suspend funding to UNRWA because \"cutting off funding will only hurt the people of Gaza who desperately need support\".", "Tedros warned suspending funding would have \"catastrophic consequences\".", "Jan Egeland, the Norwegian Refugee Council head, called on donors to \"not starve children for the sins of a few individual aid workers\".", "In a statement, Doctors Without Borders said, \"In the Gaza Strip, the humanitarian crisis has reached catastrophic levels, and any additional limitations on aid will result in more deaths and suffering.", "\"Spanish Foreign minister José Manuel Albares stated on 29 January 2024 that Spain \"will not change our relationship with UNRWA, although we are closely following the internal investigation and the outcome it may yield for the actions of a dozen people out of about 30,000\" because the UNRWA is an agency \"essential to alleviate the humanitarian situation\".", "The same day, Spanish Social Affairs minister Pablo Bustinduy called out the suspension of UNRWA funds by other western countries \"an unjustifiable collective punishment of the Palestinian people\".On 29 January 2024, Josep Borrell told UN Secretary-General António Guterres that funding has not been suspended and the EU will determine funding decisions after the investigation.", "Borrell stated, \"We shouldn’t let allegations cloud UNRWA’s indispensable and great work.", "\"A group of twenty NGOs — including the Norwegian Refugee Council, Oxfam, Save the Children and War Child Alliance — released a statement of \"concern and outrage\" about aid, stating: \"The countries suspending funds risk further depriving Palestinians in the region of essential food, water, medical assistance and supplies, education and protection.\"", "In a letter signed with humanitarian organisation leaders, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths stated that defunding UNRWA would lead to the collapse of Gaza's aid system, adding: \"The world cannot abandon the people of Gaza\".Jordanian foreign minister Ayman Safadi stated that the people of Gaza \"shouldn't be collectively punished upon allegations against 12 persons out of its 13,000 staff.", "UNRWA acted responsibly and began an investigation.", "We urge countries that suspended funds to reverse this decision.\"", "The Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement that \"Suspending aid to UNRWA due to some allegations against a small number of its members will primarily harm the Palestinian people.\"", "Former New Zealand PM and United Nations Development Programme administrator Helen Clark stated \"this isn’t the time to suspend funding\".", "The Pakistani Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that it was deeply concerned by the cuts, since the people of Gaza \"depend on critical aid from UNRWA for their daily survival\".", "Qatari prime minister Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani stated that the entire organization and its tens of thousands of employees should not be punished due to the acts of a small group.", "Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin stated: \"We call on the international community, especially major donors, to prioritize the lives of the people in Gaza, reconsider the decision to suspend funding, and continue to support the work of UNRWA.", "\"Michael Fakhri, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, said on X that a day after the International Court of Justice, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, \"concluded that Israel is plausibly committing genocide in Gaza, some states decided to defund UNRWA for the alleged actions of a small number of employees.", "This collectively punishes +2.2 million Palestinians.\"", "UNRWA Commissioner-General Philippe Lazzarini stated: \"Our humanitarian operation, on which 2 million people depend as a lifeline in Gaza, is collapsing.", "I am shocked such decisions are taken based on alleged behaviour of a few individuals and as the war continues, needs are deepening and famine looms.", "Palestinians in Gaza did not need this additional collective punishment.", "\"=== Israel ===Israel's Foreign Minister Israel Katz stated that \"UNRWA will not be a part of the day after\", referring to the future of Gaza following the Israel–Hamas war.", "He added that: \"We have been warning for years: UNRWA perpetuates the refugee issue, obstructs peace, and serves as a civilian arm of Hamas in Gaza.", "UNRWA is not the solution – many of its employees are Hamas affiliates with murderous ideologies, aiding in terror activities and preserving its authority.", "\"Israel's Ambassador to the UN, Gilad Erdan, called on all donor states to suspend their support to UNRWA.On 31 January 2024, during a meeting with UN ambassadors in Jerusalem, Prime Minister of Israel, Benjamin Netanyahu stated, \"UNRWA is totally infiltrated with Hamas\", and called for the replacement of UNRWA with other UN agencies and aid organizations.", "On 4 February 2024, at the start of the weekly cabinet meeting, Netanyahu stated: \"We exposed to the world that UNRWA is collaborating with Hamas, that some of its people even participated in the atrocities and abductions of October 7.This only strengthens what we have known for along time — UNRWA is not part of the solution, it is part of the problem.", "The time has come to begin the process of replacing UNRWA with other bodies that are not tainted by support for terrorism\".The New York Times reported 3 February that Israel did not expect the scandal to result in a international governmental reaction as Israel has long accused the UNRWA of bias and despite opposition to UNRWA some Israeli military officials did not want the UNRWA to be shuttered during a potential humanitarian crisis.=== Palestinian response ======= Palestinian Authority ====The Palestine Liberation Organization's Secretary-General Hussein al-Sheikh urged countries planning to withdraw funding from UNRWA to reconsider their decision due to significant political and humanitarian concerns.==== Hamas ====Hamas's press office stated via Telegram that the group implored the UN and international organizations \"to not cave in to the threats and blackmail\" from Israel, and accused what they called \"the Zionist entity\" of a \"campaign of incitement\" against UN agencies delivering aid to Gaza.=== Media Analysis ===In an article published on 30 January, ''The Economist'' concluded: \"It is hardly surprising that some members of an organisation that has been embedded in Gaza so deeply and for so long have links to Hamas.", "But that defence of UNRWA in turn raises difficult questions about whether it is sufficiently neutral, transparent and accountable.", "UNRWA is probably essential in the short term in order to avoid an even deeper humanitarian crisis in Gaza.", "Whether it should be an essential part of Gaza's long term future is far less clear\".The Intercept suggested that the timing of the resulting controversy was intended to distract media attention from the International Court of Justice ruling of provisional measures against Israel, issued on the same day.An analysis in Haaretz stated that the UNRWA is “riddled with Hamas”, but called the freezing of funds an empty gesture, as foreign governments already knew of the situation.", "They suggest that just as Israel continues to work with the UNRWA, foreign governments will restore funding out of necessity." ], [ "See also", "* Hamas–UNRWA Holocaust dispute* Israel and the United Nations* UNRWA#Criticism and controversies" ], [ "References" ], [ "Notes" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Creature Girls: A Field Journal in Another World" ], [ "Introduction", " is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kakeru.", "It began serialization on Akita Shoten's ''Champion Cross'' website in February 2017.It was later transferred to the ''Manga Cross'' website in 2018." ], [ "Publication", "Written and illustrated by Kakeru, ''Creature Girls: A Field Journal in Another World'' began serialization on Akita Shoten's ''Champion Cross'' website on February 7, 2017.On July 10, 2018, the series was transferred to Akita Shoten's newly formed ''Manga Cross'' website after the merger of both ''Champion Cross'' and ''Champion Tap!''", "services.", "Its chapters have been collected into thirteen ''tankōbon'' volumes as of November 2023.The series is licensed in English by Seven Seas Entertainment who publish it under their Ghost Ship imprint.===Volumes===" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2023–24 Hampton Lady Pirates basketball team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2023–24 Hampton Lady Pirates basketball team''' represents Hampton University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season.", "The Lady Pirates, led by 15th-year head coach David Six, play their home games at the Hampton Convocation Center in Hampton, Virginia as members of the Coastal Athletic Association." ], [ "Previous season", "The Lady Pirates finished the 2022–23 season 12–18, 8–10 in CAA play to finish in ninth place.", "As the #9 seed in the CAA tournament, they defeated #8 seed Delaware in the second round, before falling to top-seeded Towson in the quarterfinals." ], [ "Roster" ], [ "Schedule and results", " Non-conference regular season CAA regular seasonCAA tournamentSources:" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Cavelier Petit" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Cavelier Petit''' was an American politician who served as acting mayor of New Orleans from May 26, 1804 to June 5, 1804.Petit was described by writer Alcée Fortier as being \"prominent in the affairs of the colony about the time it passed into the hands of the United States\"." ], [ "Career", "Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the appointment of Étienne de Boré as the first Mayor of New Orleans, Petit became a member of the New Orleans City Council led by Boré.", "He also served as the \"adjoint\" or deputy mayor of New Orleans from December 20, 1803 to May 26, 1804, a position previous held by Pierre Sauvé under French colonial governor Pierre-Clément de Laussat.On May 26, 1804, Boré resigned stating his private affairs needed his full attention and was succeeded by Petit as acting mayor.", "The council responded to Boré's retirement with regret and adopted resolutions expressing that the position be filled by a man \"equally as able and patriotic\".", "The council endorsed one of its members James Pitot for the position and on June 6, 1804, Pitot was appointed as mayor by governor William C. C. Claiborne.Petit would remain as a member of the council and, in late 1804, he was on a committee with Evan Jones, Edward Livingston and James Pitot to draft a petition to the 8th United States Congress against the establishment of the Territory of Orleans.", "He attended his last council meeting on March 6, 1805, after which he retired to private life." ], [ "Personal life", "Petit was an inhabitant of Louisiana and a member of a Creole family." ], [ "Sources", "**" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Belgian local elections" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Belgian provincial, municipal and district elections of 2024''' will take place on Sunday 13 October 2024.They take place four months after the simultaneous European, federal and regional elections.The local elections are organised by the respective regions:* Brussels with 19 municipalities* Flanders with 5 provinces and 285 municipalities (down from 300)** In the city of Antwerp, elections will also be held for its 10 districts (up from 9)* Wallonia with 5 provinces and 261 municipalities (one fewer)** In the German-speaking Community, the elections are organised by that community rather than the Walloon RegionIn the municipalities with language facilities of Voeren, Comines-Warneton and the 6 of the Brussels Periphery, the aldermen and members of the OCMW/CPAS council are directly elected.As reflected in the number of municipalities above, some municipalities are merging.", "One of them, Borsbeek, merged with the city of Antwerp, becoming its tenth district.", "In Wallonia, only Bastogne and Bertogne are merging.", "The mergers take effect following the 2024 elections, when the councils of the newly formed entities are elected." ], [ "Flanders", "The Flemish decree of 16 July 2021 reformed the local electoral process, abolishing compulsory voting in Flemish local elections.", "Voting remains obligatory in Brussels and Walloon local elections.The decree also changed several election rules for Flemish municipal elections:* the list vote is abolished; only preference votes count.", "* The candidate with the highest number of preferences vote of the list wit the most votes has the exclusive right to form a coalition during two weeks.", "* The candidate with the highest number of preferences votes of the largest party within the formed coalition will be mayor by law.This incentivises forming larger, joint lists instead of smaller, separate ones.===Municipal elections===;AntwerpTwo-term mayor Bart De Wever (N-VA) is candidate to continue governing the most populous city, Antwerp.", ";GentOpen Vld (with mayor Mathias De Clercq) and Groen (with first alderman Filip Watteeuw) are the two main political parties since the 2018 elections.", "The current governing coalition is composed of Vooruit-Groen (a joint list in 2018), Open Vld and CD&V.", "Open Vld and Vooruit will now form a joint \"Voor Gent\" list, opposing a Groen list.", ";MechelenBart Somers, mayor of Mechelen since 2001, became Flemish minister in 2019 but returned as mayor in November 2023.He will head the \"Voor Mechelen\" list, composed of the Open Vld, Groen and M+ governing coalition." ], [ "External links", "* Local elections - Flemish Government website* Municipal elections - Brussels Government website* Local elections - Walloon Government website* Municipal elections - German-speaking Community website" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nineteen Ways of Looking at Wang Wei" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Nineteen Ways of Looking at Wang Wei: How a Chinese Poem Is Translated''''' is a 1987 study by the American author Eliot Weinberger, with an addendum written by the Mexican poet Octavio Paz.", "The work analyzes 19 renditions of the Chinese-language nature poem \"Deer Grove\", which was originally written by the Tang-era poet Wang Wei (699–759).", "Weinberger compares translations of the poem into English, French, and Spanish, and analyzes the difficulties that are encountered when translating Chinese poetry.", "Since its publication, the book has been referred to as an essential work on the subject of translation.", "An updated edition including additional \"ways\" was published in 2016." ], [ "Background", "=== Chinese poetry and \"Deer Grove\" ===When writing Chinese, each character is one syllable long, but corresponds to a unit of meaning called a ''morpheme'', not just the syllable's pronunciation.", "Until the 20th century, almost all formal Chinese writing was in Literary Chinese, a prestige form that is particularly terse in character.", "Characters may have several related meanings and even function as different parts of speech; translation often involves deciding between plausible interpretations of a character in a given context.", "The prosody of Chinese poetry generally revolves around strict numbers of syllables and rhythms established by the tones of each syllable.", "According to Weinberger these qualities cannot be translated into Western languages, presenting a challenge for translators trying to write natural-sounding verse.Wang Wei (699–759) is considered one of the most important Tang poets, representing what is considered a golden age for Chinese poetry.", "His poem \"Deer Grove\" (; ) is part of the ''Wangchuan ji'', a series of ''shanshui'' poems inspired by the natural beauty of locations around his estate on the Wang River (; no relation) in Shaanxi.", "While the original manuscripts of the work have been lost, Wang was also a painter, and the stanzas in the ''Wangchuan ji'' likely accompanied paintings on long scrolls.", "The poem is a form of quatrain called a ''wujue'', with each line being five characters long:=== History of translation ===In 1915, the American modernist poet Ezra Pound published ''Cathay'', a collection of English translations of Chinese poems.", "Pound spoke no Chinese whatsoever, and made use of dictionaries and the ideographic meaning he perceived in characters to write his interpretations.", "As such, ''Cathay'' does not reflect a fluent speaker's understanding of the source poems.", "In his exposition, Weinberger considers the value of Pound's interpretations to be aesthetic instead of academic—adapting their presentation to English, rather than adhering to either English or Chinese conventions.", "He quotes T. S. Eliot's remark that ''Cathay'' represents \"the invention of Chinese poetry in our time\"." ], [ "Analysis", "Weinberger begins the book by stating, \"Poetry is that which is worth translating.\"", "He briefly lays out his view that poetry lives in a \"constant state of transformation\".", "For Weinberger this transformation takes place both in the experience of each reading, as well as in the concrete alterations made to a text over time—including that normally considered to be \"translation\".", "The first \"way\" is the received text of the original poem.", "As the earliest extant manuscript of \"Deer Grove\" dates to the 17th century, Weinberger characterizes it as \"Wang's landscape after 900 years of transformation\".", "He then provides a pinyin transliteration and a character-by-character gloss of the poem as \"ways\".", "The remaining 16 \"ways\" are translations of the poem into English, French, and Spanish, presented in the chronological order of their publication.", "Over time, translations rely less on traditional English-language form: So lone seem the hills; there is no one in sight there,But whence is the echo of voices I hear?The rays of the sunset pierce slanting the forest,And in their reflection green mosses appear.", "Empty mountains:no one to be seen.Yet—hear—human sounds and echoes.Returning sunlightenters the dark woods;Again shiningon the green moss, above.", "—W.", "J.", "B. Fletcher, \"The Form of the Deer\" (1919) —Gary Snyder (1978)Throughout, Weinberger points out recurring features that he feels poorly re-imagine Wang's poem.", "For example, several translations use personal pronouns such as ''I'' and ''we''.", "These establish a discrete narrator, something is not present in the source text.", "However, Weinberger rejects \"accuracy\" as an end in itself.", "He observes the different priorities expressed by translators who are primarily poets (such as Kenneth Rexroth) versus those who are primarily scholars (such as Burton Watson)—positively and negatively reviewing examples of both.", "Weinberger repeatedly criticizes what he sees as a need felt by some translators to \"explain\" and \"make improvements\" to the original, which he ascribes to an \"unspoken contempt for the foreign poet\".", "For example, regarding Chang Yin-nan and Lewis C. Walmsley's 1958 translation () Weinberger remarks that, \"It never occurs to Chang and Walmsley that Wang could have written the equivalent of ''casts motley patterns on the jade-green mosses'' had he wanted to.", "He didn't.", "\"+ Renditions analyzed (1987) Date Translator Title Language 1 8th century — Chinese 2 3 — Eliot Weinberger — English 4 1919 W. J.", "B. Fletcher \"The Form of the Deer\" 5 1929 \"Deer-Park Hermitage\" 6 1944 Soame Jenyns \"The Deer Park\" 7 1948 G. Margouliès French 8 1958 \"Deer Forest Hermitage\" English 9 1960 \"The Deer Enclosure\" 10 1962 James J. Y. Liu — 11 1970 Kenneth Rexroth \"Deep in the Mountain Wilderness\" 12 1971 Burton Watson \"Deer Fence\" 13 1972 Wai-lim Yip \"Deer Enclosure\" 14 1973 G. W. Robinson \"Deer Park\" 15 1974 Octavio Paz Spanish 16 1974 William McNaughton \"Li Ch'ai\" English 17 1977 François Cheng French 18 1977 H. C. Chang \"The Deer Park\" English 19 1978 Gary Snyder —" ], [ "Publication history", "An earlier version of Weinberger's survey was originally published in the 1979 anthology ''Zero: Contemporary Buddhist Thought''.", "A Spanish translation was subsequently published in the Mexican magazine '''', founded by Octavio Paz.", "Paz's own Spanish translation of \"Deer Grove\" was among those reviewed by Weinberger.", "The work was adapted into ''Nineteen Ways of Looking at Wang Wei'' by Moyer Bell, who published it as a paperback in 1987.The book also included an essay by Paz previously published in ''''.An updated edition featuring 10 additional \"ways\"—including translations into German—was published by New Directions in 2016:+ Renditions analyzed (2016) Date Translator Title Language 20 1988 German 1991 2009 Stephan Schuhmacher 21 1990 François Cheng French 1996 1989 22 1991 \"Deer Park\" English 23 1991 Vikram Seth \"Deer Park\" 24 1994 \"Deer Enclosure\" 25 1996 Stephen Owen \"Deer Fence\" 26 2000 Sam Hamill \"Deer Park\" 27 2001 Arthur Sze \"Deer Park\" 28 2002 David Hinton \"Deer Park\" 2006 \"Deer Park\" 29 2006 J. P. Seaton \"Deer Park\"" ], [ "Reception", "Since its release, ''Nineteen Ways of Looking at Wang Wei'' has been held up both as a helpful primer for those investigating Tang poetry, as well as a classic work on the subject of translation.", "Weinberger's appraisals have been characterized as \"celebrations\" when positive, and as \"withering\" when negative.", "His approach has been credited for its a balance of scholarship and intuition as pioneered by Pound.", "In a postface to the book itself, Weinberger relates a personal anecdote about a \"furious professor\" who wrote to him following the essay's previous publication in ''''.", "In the letter, the professor accused Weinberg of \"crimes against Chinese poetry\", and referred him to a translation of \"Deer Grove\" from the 1950s by the sinologist Peter A. Boodberg that had been \"curiously neglected\".", "Boodberg presented his translation as \"a still inadequate, yet philologically correct, rendition of the stanza (with due attention to grapho-syntactic overtones and enjambment)\".", "Weinberger himself characterizes it as \"sounding like Gerard Manley Hopkins on LSD\" and \"the strangest of all Weis\", and thanks the professor for making him aware of it.", "Weinberger relates further interactions following the original book's publication in a second postface to the 2016 edition." ], [ "See also", "* ''Le Ton beau de Marot'' – Book-length examination a single translation of a minor French poem* Translating ''Beowulf''** \"On Translating ''Beowulf''\" – Essay by J. R. R. Tolkien" ], [ "References", "=== Citations ====== Translations ====== Works cited ===* * * * * * * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rechtman (surname)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Rechtman''' is a surname commonly used by people of Jewish origin, dating back centuries.", "Documents show that it existed at least as early as 1750.When shown to exist prior to 1804, this surname predates the requirements that Jews maintain a Patronymic surname under the Napoleonic Code.", "Rechtman, Roitman, Rejtman are names found as people murdered in The Holocaust in about 1,500 records" ], [ "Patronym variants", "The surname Rechtman appears in various spelling, depending on the geography of the people using it:* English: Rechtman, Reijtman, Richman, Reitman* Hebrew: רייטמן, רקטמן, רוטמן, רכטמן, רעכטמאן, * Russian: Рехтман* Polish: Rechtmana, Rajchman" ], [ "Priestly (Cohen) connection", "Many descendants who have the surname Rechtman believe that they are descendants of a Jewish priestly family (Hebrew: כּוֹהֵן, Biblical Hebrew כהן, English: Kohen, or Cohen or כ\"ץ, the acronym for כהן צדק, translated \"''Righteous Priest''\").", "This belief is supported by Jews of Rechtman descendants to mark their documents with the postfix \"the Cohen\" (Hebrew: HaCohen), or mark their grave with the iconic symbol of the priestly benediction of the parsed or touching hands (see photos).", "Because in Judaism priestly descendancy and patronyms both follow through the father, it is reasonable to expect that over time surnames and priestly descendance are retained for Jewish men.The Root of the name Rightman is traced to the Priestly divisions (Hebrew:משמרות כהונה) whereby the 6th priestly division was Mijamin (Hebrew: מִיָּמִ֖ן translated: Lit.", "\"''of the Right''\" proverbial: \"''Of the Eastern''\") === Documentary Evidence for Connection ===Jews continued to document their priestly status through patronymic references, which were preserved on tombstones (or headstones), and other Jewish documents such as Ketuba:File:Morris Rechtman 1887-1974.jpg\|A grave market showing explicit connection to the Jewish priestly family and implicit iconography.", "Hebrew: \"Here lies Moshe son of Mordechai The Cohen\"File: Jerahmeel Rechtman d.2006.jpg\|A grave marker of a Rechtman with the priestly and references to Rechtman being a כּהֵן and parsed hands priestly iconographyFile:Martin Rechtman d 1989.jpg\|A grave marker of a Rechtman with the priestly כּהֵן iconographyFile:Rekhtman L.N.Gravestone with Russian spelling variant.jpg\|alt=Rekhtman L.N.Gravestone with Russian spelling variant\|Rekhtman L.N.Gravestone with Russian spelling variantFile:Rechtman Record Yad Vashem.jpg\|Yad Vashem testimony from the Holocaust, maiden name Rechtman (Russian spelling)File:Jerahmeel Ralph Rechtman & Frieda Greenberg’s Ketuba (May 9, 1948).png\|Ketuba (1948) showing the Rechtman bridegroom referred to as HaCohen" ], [ "Notable persons", "* Aleksander Rajchman (1890-1940), Polish mathematician* Ilan Rechtman (born 1963), Israeli pianist, composer and music director.", "* Jan A. Rajchman (1911-1989), Polish-American electrical engineer and computer pioneer* John Rajchman (born 1946), American philosopher of art history, architecture, and continental philosophy* Ludwik Rajchman (1881-1965), Polish bacteriologist and one of the founders of UNICEF* Karyn Rachtman (born 1964), American music supervisor and film producer* Mordechai Rechtman (1926-2023), Israeli bassoonist, conductor, academic teacher and arranger* Riki Rachtman, American television and radio personality* Shmuel Rechtman (1924-1988), Israeli politician who served as mayor of Rehovot from 1970 until 1979* יעקב צדקוני Yaakov Tzidkoni (Rechtman) (1902-1973), Israeli ethnographer" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Flores Sea sunbird" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Flores Sea sunbird''' ('''''Cinnyris teysmanni''''') is a species of bird in the sunbird family Nectariniidae that found on several small islands in the Flores Sea.", "It was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird, now renamed the garden sunbird (''Cinnyris jugularis'')." ], [ "Taxonomy", "The Flores Sea sunbird was formally described in 1893 by the Swiss zoologist Johann Büttikofer based on a specimen that had been collected by the Dutch botanist Johannes Elias Teijsmann.", "Büttikofer placed it with the sunbirds in the genus ''Cinnyris'' and coined the binomial name ''Cinnyris teysmanni'' where the specific epithet was chosen to honour the collector.", "Büttikofer believed that his specimen had been obtained near the port of Makassar in Sulawesi but this was an error as this species does not occur there and in 1896 the German orthithologist Ernst Hartert designated the island of Tanah Jampea in the Flores Sea as the type locality.", "It was formerly considered as a subspecies of the olive-backed sunbird (renamed as the garden sunbird) (''Cinnyris jugularis'') but is now treated as a separate species based on the difference in plumage.", "The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised." ], [ "Description", "The Flores Sea sunbird is in length.", "The male weighs , the female .", "The species is sexual dimorphic.", "The male is brownish above, the remiges are black with green edging and the black tail has a white tip.", "The throat, is dark purple of purple-green with green at the sides.", "Below the throat patch is a dark chestnut or maroon band.", "The underparts are black with a purple gloss.", "The iris is dark brown and the legs are black.", "The female is greenish-olive above, pale yellow below and has a yellow .", "The Flores Sea sunbird can be distinguished from the other members of the olive-backed sunbird complex by the male having brown rather than olive-green upperparts and black rather than yellow underparts." ], [ "Distribution and habitat", "The Flores Sea sunbird is found on the islands of Tanah Jampea, Pulau Kaloa, Pulau Bonerate, Kalaotoa and Palu Madu in the Flores Sea.", "It occupies various habitats including mangroves, forest edge, open scrub as well as parks and gardens." ], [ "Behaviour and ecology", "===Breeding===The elongated hanging nest is in length and has a hooded side entrance.", "It is usually placed between above the ground but can occasionally be as high as .", "It is constructed by the female using grass, bark, moss, lichens, leaf fragments, vegetable fibres and spider webs.", "The clutch of 1–3 eggs is incubated by the female.", "The eggs hatch after 11–16 days and the young are then fed by both parents.", "The chicks fledge after 13–16 days.", "Normally several broods are raised each year.===Feeding===It forages either singly or in small groups.", "The diet consists of small insects, spiders, nectar and small fruit." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Arabella (1917 film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Arabella''' is a Polish silent film melodrama from 1917, one of Pola Negri's last films in her Polish homeland before she moved to Germany at the beginning of the same year." ], [ "Plot", "At the center of the plot is the femme fatale Arabella Pataniecka, who has men lying at her feet.", "One of them is the rich Stanislaw Pobratymski, who becomes engaged to her.", "But he has a strong opponent in Olgier Podhorski, a relative who also loves Arabella and wants to get rid of his annoying rival as quickly as possible.", "Therefore, he gets Dr. East a poisonous plant for Stanislaw.", "When he can be saved at the last second, Olgier shoots himself." ], [ "Production notes", "The 70-minute film was made in the middle of World War I in Warsaw, which was under German military rule.", "''Arabella'' had its premiere there on May 1, 1917.Today it is considered lost, apart from a few meters of film.", "''Arabella'' arrived in Austria-Hungary on November 2, 1917.The film was four acts over 1,500 meters long and was banned from schools.", "It was shown in Germany the following year, during the war.", "Banned for young people her too, the film was five acts over a length of 1,427 meters.The melodrama can be seen as typical of Pola Negri's early silent films; she would later play the role type shown there, the \"man-murdering vamp\", again and again.Director Aleksander Hertz (1879–1928) is one of Poland's almost forgotten filmmakers today.", "He is of paramount importance when it comes to Poland's film history: Even during Tsarist rule, he owned the most important production company in Warsaw, the Sfinks, and directed or produced a number of films that were very successful at the time, including several with Pola Negri, such as Bestia." ], [ "Reviews", "“The four-act drama is characterized by a captivating plot, which is gaining interest because of the criminal element.” – New Kino-RundschauPaimann's film lists said: “The material, acting, photos and scenery are very good.”" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "GEDOK" ], [ "Introduction", "Official Logo Bundesverband GEDOKThe '''GEDOK''', founded in 1926 as the \"Gemeinschaft deutscher und oesterreichischer Künstlerinnen und Kunstfreundinnen\" (Community of German and Austrian Women Artists and Art Friends), is the oldest and largest European network for female artists of all artistic genres.“" ], [ "Organization and mission", "GEDOK currently has more than 2,750 members in 23 regional groups in Germany .The national association and the regional groups present fine arts, applied arts/art design, literature, music and interdisciplinary/performing arts by female artists to the public.", "The non-profit association is committed to gender equality and participates in interdisciplinary art projects, exhibitions, concerts, readings, symposia, publications and catalogs.", "It supports artists morally and financially.The work of female artists is promoted through the awarding of prizes and awards, distinctions, scholarships and competitions by the federal association and the regional groups.", "The following prizes are awarded for outstanding works: Ida-Dehmel Art Prize of the GEDOK and Gabriele Vossebein for Fine Arts, GEDOK FormART Elke and Klaus Oschmann Prize for Applied Arts, Ida-Dehmel Literature Prize and GEDOK Literature Promotion Prize.", "In the field of music, GEDOK e. V. promotes concerts and competitions.GEDOK e. V. participates in the awarding of the Gabriele Münter Prize for Women Visual Artists and publishes catalogs, documentaries, anthologies and editions.", "The Federal Association is involved in national and international cultural institutions, political bodies and associations and is represented in the following national and international organizations, for example: International Society of Fine Arts, German Cultural Council, German Arts Council, German Literature Conference, German Music Council, Art Fund Foundation, German Women's Council.GEDOK e. V. is represented in the Verwertungsgesellschaft Bild-Kunst and in the Federal Government's Art in Architecture selection committee.", "In the above-mentioned bodies, the federal association works on cultural policy in favor of the professional interests of women artists.", "Internally, GEDOK sees itself as a network and enables its female artists to engage in intensive exchange and collaboration - across disciplinary and regional boundaries." ], [ "Foundation", "Tribute to Ida Dehmel at the Hamburger Hof buildingThe association was founded in Hamburg in 1926 by Ida Dehmel (1870-1942) as the \"Gemeinschaft deutscher und oesterreichischer Künstlerinnen und Kunstfreundinnen\".", "Ida Dehmel was a member of the Werkbund and on the board of the first Zonta Club.", "Dehmel promoted women artists by setting up a network of committed female patrons to support them.", "In 1927, GEDOK Niedersachsen-Hannover was founded in Hanover, followed by the founding of the Cologne group in 1929 under the chairmanship of Alice Neven DuMont, GEDOK Heidelberg under the chairmanship of Stephanie Pellissier and GEDOK Karlsruhe, GEDOK Leipzig in 1930 by Edith Mendelssohn Bartholdy and GEDOK Berlin in 1932." ], [ "Nazi era", "Shortly after the National Socialists came to power in 1933, Ida Dehmel was forced to resign from the board because of her Jewish heritage and she was ultimately expelled from GEDOK.", "Other Jewish members, such as Anita Ree, suffered the same fate.", "The persecution by the National Socialist regime drove Ree to commit suicide in 1933 and Dehmel in 1942.Elsa Bruckmann (a member of the NSDAP) was appointed as the new chairwoman and the women artists' association was renamed \"ReichsGEDOK\"." ], [ "Postwar", "Shortly after the Second World War, the first GEDOK groups came together again: in Stuttgart in 1945, in Hanover, Mannheim and Hamburg in 1946, in Cologne in 1947 and in Heidelberg in 1948.In 1948, the federal association GEDOK was newly formed.", "The first constituent meeting took place in Anna Maria Darboven's house in Hamburg on the initiative of Marianne Gärtner, Ida Dehmel's niece.", "In 2010, the \"Austrian Section\" disbanded until further notice.", "In 1990, after reunification, further regional groups were founded in the new federal states, including GEDOK Brandenburg, GEDOK Central Germany in Leipzig and GEDOK Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, so that today the association with its 23 regional groups forms a functioning network." ], [ "Board of Directors", "The Federal Association GEDOK e.V.", "is based in Bonn (Haus der Kultur), where its office is also located.", "The narrower board within the overall board with representatives of the artists and art patrons consists of the president, the first deputy chairwoman, the second deputy chairwoman, the treasurer and the secretary.", "Ulrike Rosenbach served as President of GEDOK from 2012 to 2018.Her successor was Ursula Toyka-Fuong.", "Béatrice Porthoff was elected to this office in October 2022." ], [ "Non-profit status and admission requirements", "The association is recognized as a non-profit organization.", "The members work on a voluntary basis.", "The association obtains its financial resources from contributions and donations as well as project-related grants.", "A special feature is that not only artists from all sections, but also art-promoting members are accepted.", "Admission to the association is via the regional groups.", "For female artists, a university degree is desirable, but qualified self-taught artists can also apply.", "An expert jury in the regional groups decides on the admission of female artists." ], [ "See also", "* National Council of German Women's Organizations* Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine* League of Jewish Women (Germany)" ], [ "Literature", "* Elke Lauterbach-Phillip: ''Die GEDOK (Gemeinschaft der Künstlerinnen und Kunstförderer e.V.).", "Ihre Geschichte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Bildenden und Angewandten Kunst''.", "Utz, München 2005, ISBN 978-3-8316-0392-3." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2021 Pristina municipal election" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Municipal elections''' to elect the mayor and Municipal Assembly were held in Prishtina on 17 October 2021, with a second round of the mayoral election on 14 November.", "The elections came just nine months after parliamentary elections which saw Vetëvendosje win by a landslide.", "Përparim Rama of the Democratic League of Kosovo won the mayoral election, narrowly defeating Vetëvendosje's Arben Vitia, the Minister of Health.", "by around 1,600 votes." ], [ "Background", "Ever since the end of the war, Prishtina had been the largest voting base for the LDK party.", "However, in 2013 Shpend Ahmeti of Vetvendosje won the Mayoral election defeating the then-leader of LDK Isa Mustafa.", "In 2017 Ahmeti would win reelections.", "In 2018 12 out of 32 Vetvedosje's members of parliament defected to the protest party Social Democratic Party including the Mayor of Kamenica Qendron Kastrati and the Mayor of Prishtina Shpend Ahmeti.", "Ahmeti would also serve as leader of PSD from 2018 until 2019 when the party failed to win any seats in the legislative election." ], [ "Electoral System", "The Mayor and the members of the Assembly will be elected by open-list proportional representation.", "In the mayoral race if no candidate managed to gain more than 50% of the vote then a second round is held between the top two candidates." ], [ "Campaign", "Vetëvendosje proposed Arben Vitia, Minister of Health during both governments of Albin Kurti, as Mayor of Prishtina.", "Vitia had been head of the Department of Health and Social Welfare in Prishtina under the Mayorship of Shpend Ahmeti but later was fired when the latter joined PSD.", "Vitia was Minister of Healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kosovo and faced criticism due to the government's harsh measures against the virus.", "The harshest criticism came from the Islamic community and opposition parties as the Government forbade people from going to Mosques on Eid al-Fitr day, an Islamic holiday.", "Opposition parties also called for his resignation at the time for a controversial strategy the government had employed in a student center where a 26-year-old had died.", "Vitia later received praise as Japan and Albania had begun to donate vaccines against COVID-19.On October the 1st 2021, Vitia resigned as Minister of Health to fully focus on his campaign on the mayoral election in Prishtina.", "Despite the criticism for him, an opinion poll days after he resigned found out that roughly 50% thought that Vitia had been a good minister and he led in several polls for mayor of Prishtina.", "Vitia's campaign on Prishtina was largely centered on his record as Minister of Health and on his programs to ease traffic in the city.", "Vitia proposed improving public transportation by adding 160 buses to try to lower car usage, he promised to increase and fix pedestrian walkways and to extend the \"Rruga A\" in Prishtina.", "Vitia promised to invest in Prishtina's suburban areas and to improve its cosmetics to allow more capital movement and economic growth in those areas.The Democratic League of Kosovo had suffered its worst defeat ever in the 2021 legislative election and its leader Isa Mustafa had resigned.", "Lumir Abdixhiku, former Minister of Infrastructure and Environment, had become the leader of LDK with the vision of reforming the party away from its old administration.", "Abdixhiku chose Përparim Rama, an Albanian-British architect who had lived in London for 30 years, as its candidate for the mayorship in Prishtina.", "Rama was largely unknown to most of the public, apart from a controversial project to create a residential development close to Lake Badovc, which Pristhina relies on for freshwater.", "The plan was blocked by, intrestingly enough, Minister Abdixhiku.", "Rama centered his campaign on what he calls Pristhina's triple P's.", "Prishtina Praktike, Prishtina e Pastër and Prishtina e Përjetimeve, or, Practical Prishtina, Clean Prishtina and the Prishtina of Experiences.", "Practical Prishtina refers to changes to the city’s infrastructure from education and health to parking problems and road safety.", "But the main focus is his dream to redefine Mother Theresa Square, extend it to comprise much of central Prishtina, and increase pedestrian access to the site from surrounding neighborhoods.", "This redefinition of the city center is aimed at redefining the hierarchy of traffic, placing pedestrians first, then public transport, and cars last.", "Clean Prishtina focuses on green mobility infrastructure, aiming to increase walking paths and accessibility for people with disabilities.", "It also highlights public transport connections to nearby villages and towns and includes waste management and recycling projects.", "Prishtina of Experiences is focused on the cultural life of the city.", "Alongside other ideas about cultural transformation, Rama promises the city will have an orchestra, a new theater, an art gallery, and a multifunctional event hall.", "Rama also promised to build several schools in Prishtina and to increase the municipal child benefit law to 70€ a month for poorer families.The Democratic Party of Kosovo proposed Uran Ismaili, former Minister of Health and deputy leader of PDK, for mayor of Prishtina.", "Ismaili had a history of criticizing then Minister of Health Arben Vitia, one time even calling for his investigation.", "Ismaili ran under the slogan \"Pristhina na bashkon\" (Prishtina unites us).", "In his campaign, Ismaili was regularly seen around the streets of Prishtina meeting with his voters and his campaign on social media also received praise.", "In campaign videos, he intervenes throughout the city fixing benches, installing bins, and painting sports fields, giving a teaser of the bigger changes he envisions.", "He was even endorsed by the Mayor of Tirana Erijon Veliaj.", "Ismaili finished 3rd with roughly 21% of the vote, PDK's best performance since 2007.Media analysts say that Ismaili's battle wasn't against the other candidates, but a battle to win the voters of Prishtina, many of whom consider themselves against PDK due to its corrupt history." ], [ "Opinion Polls", "===First Round=== Pollster DateLVV Vitia LDK Rama PDK Ismaili AAK Haradinaj OtherLead UBO ConsultingExit Poll '''43.2''' 27.8 21.94.4–15.4 Albanian PostExit Poll '''44.5'''26.520.95.9–18 UBO Consulting16 October '''51.9'''2022.64.0–29.3 UBO Consulting10 October'''46.3''' 25.119.25.50.421.2 Pyper1 October'''46.11'''14.04 17.744.84–28.37===Second Round=== Pollster DateLVV Vitia LDK Rama Lead UBO ConsultingExit Poll '''50.9'''49.11.8 Albanian PostExit Poll49 '''51'''2}" ], [ "Results", "===Mayor======Municipal Assembly===" ], [ "Aftermath", "Përparim Rama won the Mayoral race, winning about 51% of the vote, bringing back the capital to LDK for the first time since 2013.Arben Vitia came second with 49% of the vote and a difference of 1,600 votes from Rama.", "Vitia's loss has been attributed to the overconfidence and arrogance of Vetëvendosje in the legislative election.Rama's green agenda also attributet to his win as many voters in Prishtina consider pollution as their top problem.", "Vetëvendosje remained the most-voted party in the municipal assembly winning roughly 33% of the vote.", "The biggest increase was made by the Democratic Party growing nearly 7% and gaining 3 additional seats.", "Rama created a coalition with the Democratic Party." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Order of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Order of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes''' is a decoration of the Republic of Cuba.", "It is named in honor of Cuban military commander and independence leader Carlos Manuel de Céspedes (1819–1874)." ], [ "1926-1978", "With the name of the Carlos Manuel de Céspedes National Order of Merit, it was created by Presidential Decree No.", "486 of Gerardo Machado, on April 18, 1926.It was awarded as a reward for services rendered to the country by nationals or foreigners in the exercise of diplomatic positions or other eminent services provided to Cuba and humanity.", "It was established as an order of which the Master, and therefore the person authorized to grant it, was the President of the Republic; the Secretary of State was the Chancellor and the Undersecretary of State was the Vice Chancellor.The ranks of the order were:* Grand Cross (only for the President and heads of foreign States); * Grand Cross of the second degree (for Secretary of State and foreign Ministers of Foreign Affairs); * Grand Officer (for Undersecretaries of States and Extraordinary Envoys or Plenipotentiary Ministers); * Commander (for Councilors, First Secretaries of embassy and legation with five years of service); * Official (for first secretaries of embassy or legation and commercial attachés); * Knight or Lady (for second secretaries of embassy or legation, third secretaries and diplomatic attachés).There was also a necklace of the order, for ceremonial use by the president in office from 1955 onwards, which was made by the Vilardebó y Riera goldsmithing house - which made many other national decorations - and which was later lost.", "The medal of the order consisted of the effigy of Céspedes in a circular gold medallion surrounded by a blue enamel band with the name of the hero and the year of the Demajagua uprising, 1868.Around it was a garland with four stars.", "which represent the four states into which the republic was divided in 1868: Oriente, Camagüey, Las Villas and Occidente and emerging from this ten rayed acanthus leaves that represent the tenth month of the year (October, month of the uprising).", "On the obverse the national coat of arms of Cuba appears on white enamel.", "The medal hangs from a navy blue moiré ribbon.", "Ten rays aligned with the acanthus are added to the Great Cross, five smooth and five diamond-shaped.At this time the government only handed out the diploma of the order, the medal had to be paid for by the winner.In 1959, after the communist Cuban Revolution, all awards to Cuban citizens and institutions made by ousted President Fulgencio Batista were annulled and all those decorated were examined to expel those considered unworthy.", "In 1960, the Venezuelan Ignacio Luis Arcaya, known as the \"Chancellor of Dignity\", was awarded." ], [ "Since 1978", "Between 1978 and 1979, the entire Cuban honors system was rebuilt with Law No.", "17 of June 28, 1978 on the System of Decorations and Honorary Titles; Decree-Law No.", "30 of December 10, 1979; and Annex No.", "4 to the First Agreement of the Council of State of December 12, 1979.The Carlos Manuel de Céspedes Order is intended to reward Cuban and foreign citizens, Heads of State or Government, leaders of other States, who stand out in the fight for the national liberation of the people, for the friendship demonstrated towards the Cuban Revolution or for the international prestige achieved in political, social or economic struggles in favor of the people or for valuable contributions to the consolidation of peace and peaceful coexistence.The physical form of the order is regulated as follows: \"on its obverse and in relief, it has a five-point convex star enamelled in white with a gold bezel 1 millimeter wide, fixed on a pentagon with convex sides constructed by bundles of rod; As a base it also has a red enamelled pentagonal star and a 1 millimeter wide gold bezel.", "The insignia is inscribed in an imaginary circle of 45 millimeters in diameter.—In the central and raised part, it has two concentric circles; the inner one is 18 millimeters in diameter, in whose circle the effigy of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes is represented in gold; The outer one, 26 millimeters in diameter, forms with the inner one a turquoise blue enamelled crown 4 millimeters wide; At the top of the crown and in the shape of a semicircle, the gold inscription CARLOS MANUEL DE CESPEDES appears between two stars of the same metal, 3 millimeters in diameter; At the bottom and in the shape of a semicircle, the gold inscription \"1868\".—On its reverse, in the center and in relief, it has the Coat of Arms of the Republic of Cuba; at the top and in the shape of a semicircle, the inscription REPUBLICA DE CUBA; At the bottom and also in the shape of a semicircle, the inscription STATE COUNCIL.—The insignia hangs by a ring from a pentagonal moiré ribbon, whose lower and upper sides measure 25 millimeters and the sides 30, with stripes of turquoise blue, red and white colors, subdivided from right to left in the following way: a turquoise blue stripe of 13 millimeters, a red stripe, a white stripe and a turquoise blue stripe of 4 millimeters wide each.—The ribbon in its The reverse has a safety pin.—The pin that represents it is of a convex rectangular shape and measures 25 millimeters long by 15 millimeters high, covered by a moiré ribbon with the same color stripes and measurements as those of the pentagon from which the insignia.—The pin on its reverse has a safety pin.Those decorated in the second stage of the order are:* 1981: Marshal Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev, President of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.", "* 1986: Ivan Vasilyevich Arkhipov, First Vice-president of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.", "* 1988: Jorge Leal Amado de Faria, writer from Brazil.", "* 1988: Dr. Arnaldo Orfila Reynal, editor from Argentina.", "* 1994: Dr. Hage Gottfried Geingob, Prime Minister of the Republic of Namibia.", "* 1995: Captain Kojo Tsikata, Member of the State Council of Ghana.", "* 1998: Commander Jesús Sergio Basilio Montané Oropesa, Assistant to the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba.", "* 2000: Juan Miguel González Quintana, father of Elián González, \"in recognition of the attitude maintained during the battle for the claim of his son and in defense of the dignity of the Homeland during the events caused by the kidnapping of the child Elián\".", "* 2004: Supreme Commander Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías, President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.", "* 2019: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Imagen de la Orden Nacional de Mérito Carlos Manuel de Céspedes (prerrevolucionaria).", "* Imagen de la Orden Carlos Manuel de Céspedes (revolucionaria)." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alvania peloritana" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania peloritana''''' is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 3.2 mm." ], [ "Distribution", "This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea (off the coast of Messina)" ], [ "References", "* Rolán E. (2005).", "Malacological Fauna From The Cape Verde Archipelago.", "Part 1, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda.", "ConchBooks.", "Hackenheim.", "ISBN 3-325319-73-2.455 pp* Amati, B.; Appolloni, M.; Quaggiotto, E.; Smriglio, C.; Oliverio, M. (2019).", "Notes on some taxa of the Alvania lineata-complex with the descriptions of three new species from the Mediterranean Sea (Gastropoda: Rissoidae).", "Iberus.", "37(1): 81–112." ], [ "External life", "* Aradas A.", "& Benoit L. (1872-1876 \"1870\").", "Conchigliologia vivente marina della Sicilia e delle isole che la circondano.", "Atti dell'Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali.", "ser.", "3, 6: 1-113, pls 1-2* Monterosato, T. A. di.", "(1884).", "Nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee.", "Virzi, printed for the author, Palermo, 152 pp* Villari A.", "& Scuderi D. (2017).", "Taxonomical notes on some poorly known mollusca species from the Strait of Messina (Italy).", "Biodiversity Journal.", "8 (1): 193–204" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Leviathan III" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Leviathan III''''' is the nineteenth studio album by Swedish symphonic metal band Therion.", "It was released on 15 December 2023 by Napalm Records and it's the final part of the ''Leviathan'' trilogy of the band.Band leader Christofer Johnsson stated that this closure of the Leviathan trilogy would compile the most \"experimental and adventurous\" songs from that songwriting period." ], [ "Lyrical themes", "The third part of the ''Leviathan'' Trilogy focuses on the apocalyptic themes, odes to the rulers of the underworld as well as on the mystical rituals of several mythologies and traditions from around the world.", "* ''Ninkigal'' refers to Sumerian goddess Ereshkigal and her title of \"Lady of the Great Earth\" as a force of destruction.", "* ''Ruler Of Tamag'' tells the legend of Erlik, ruler of hell in Turkish mythology.", "* ''An Unsung Lament'' talks about the resurrection of Greek deity Pan.", "* ''Maleficium'' is about the dark rituals of necromancy and witchcraft.", "* ''Ayahuasca'' talks about the rituals of consumption of said hallucinogenic substance and the mystical awakening of the inner cosmic serpent.", "* ''Baccanale'' centers on the Greek festival to the god Baccus, of the same name.", "* ''Midsommarblot'' is about the Pagan holiday of Summer solstice.", "* ''What Was Lost Shall Be Lost No More'' is about the struggle of demon Astaroth to make a return from the abyss and recover his treasures and glory.", "* ''Duende'' is about the spirit from Flamenco tradition, that possesses dancers and musicians as a mean of inspiration.", "* ''Nummo'' is about the fish-like spirits from Dogon cosmogony and their realm beyond the stars.", "* ''Twilight Of The Gods'' chronicles the prophecy of Ragnarok and its aftermath from Norse mythology." ], [ "Reception", "AllMusic commended the album for being \"ambitious\", and said that, while the album was somewhat hard to grasp, repeated listens to it were \"rewarding\", as ''Leviathan III'' was \"easily one of Therion's most diverse, dramatic, and dynamic recordings yet\"." ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Monuments of Verona" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''monuments of Verona''' are a vast number of architecturally, archaeologically, historically, and artistically significant cultural assets that characterize the city of Verona.", "Precisely because of the richness of its monuments and the urban evolution that has developed seamlessly over the centuries, UNESCO declared the city a World Heritage Site in 2000." ], [ "Religious architecture", "=== Churches ===Verona Cathedral; Verona Cathedral: The Verona Cathedral is a complex of buildings consisting of the main church, dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption, the church of St. John in Fonte, formerly a baptistery, the church of St. Helena, and the Chapter Library, one of the oldest libraries in the world and among the most important of its kind in Europe.", "Where the Cathedral stands today, public baths and a temple dedicated to Minerva probably stood in Roman times.", "The first basilica was built in the area now occupied by the church of St. Helen, though already around the middle of the fifth century, in view of its small size, a second, larger church building had to be built, while the undemolished parts of the older building were used for various functions.", "The latter, however, collapsed toward the end of the 8th century due to a fire, so that extensive remains of mosaic floors under the church of St. Helen and in the canonical cloister still survive of these first two early Christian churches.", "Thus, between the end of the 8th century and the beginning of the 9th, the new cathedral dedicated to St. Mary Matricular was built on the very area where it still stands today, work that was planned and begun by Bishop Annon and completed by one of his successors, Ratoldo.", "The disastrous earthquake of 1117, however, severely damaged it, and it was then enlarged and heavily restored over the next two decades, acquiring its final Romanesque appearance, although over the centuries it underwent several modernizations that partly modified its morphology, particularly in the early medieval and Renaissance periods.Basilica of San Zeno; Basilica of San Zeno:The basilica of San Zeno, overlooking the same square on which the abbey tower of San Zeno and the church of San Procolo stand, is one of the masterpieces of Romanesque architecture in Italy.", "The site where the basilica would later be built was originally a Roman and early Christian cemetery area near the Via Gallica, where Verona's bishop Zeno, the city's patron saint, was also buried, and on which a church and a ''coenobium'' were built.", "The building was rebuilt in the early 9th century at the behest of Bishop Ratoldo and the king of Italy Pepin, who judged it inconvenient for the body of the patron saint to rest in a poor church, so, with the help of Archdeacon Pacifico, a new basilica was built to which the saint's body could be transferred, which was completed and consecrated in 806.The building underwent several reconstructions due to the Hungarian invasions and the earthquake of 1117, so its final appearance in Lombard Romanesque style derives from major works carried out over the centuries, while still keeping the medieval layout substantially unchanged.", "The church houses several works of art, including a masterpiece by Andrea Mantegna, the San Zeno altarpiece, the famous portal with its bronze panels, and the large rose window on the facade, called the \"Wheel of Fortune,\" by the stone mason Brioloto de Balneo.Basilica of Santa Anastasia; Basilica of St. Anastasia: The basilica of Santa Anastasia, which retains the name of a pre-existing church from the Lombard era dedicated to the fourth-century martyr Anastasia of Sirmium, is a masterful example of Italian Gothic architecture.", "The building stands at the terminal section of the ancient ''decumanus maximus'', Verona's main Roman road continuation of the Via Postumia, next to the smaller, deconsecrated church of St. Peter Martyr.", "At the end of the 13th century, the Dominican order settled there, to whom is owed the construction of the Gothic basilica, also dedicated to St. Peter Martyr, a Dominican native of Verona and patron saint of the city along with St. Zeno.", "A great contribution to the construction of the church is owed to the Della Scala family, Lords of Verona, through generous donations and testamentary bequests that financed its lengthy construction.", "Work continued until the end of the 16th century, never reaching completion of the façade.", "In the right transept of the church is the Pellegrini Chapel, famous because it contains what is considered Pisanello's masterpiece, the ''St.", "George and the Princess'', frescoed on the outer wall above the entrance arch.Church of San Fermo Maggiore; Church of San Fermo: The church of San Fermo Maggiore is one of the most original religious buildings in Verona, consisting of two churches built in different periods, connected and overlapping each other.", "The lower part of the church building was built mainly between the 11th and 12th centuries in the Romanesque style, which was followed by major works in the 14th century, during which the upper church was built and the earlier style was harmoniously blended with the typical Gothic architecture.", "This Gothic episode constitutes a singular case in the city's panorama, both because of the presence of spires and pinnacles that are evidently intended to refer to French architecture, and because of the presence of an unusual roof, composed of two pitches on which clings a wooden structure that takes on the appearance of an upside-down ship's hull due to the presence of a series of corbels alternating with half-vaults, superimposed on each other.", "The complex, located in the vicinity of Ponte Navi, was built on the site of an earlier one, which in turn was built where tradition has it that Saints Firmus and Rusticus suffered martyrdom in 304.;Other churchesOther churches of special significance in Verona include:* Church of San Bernardino, a 15th-century building that was part of a Franciscan convent.", "In particular, the Pellegrini Chapel, designed by the famous Veronese architect Michele Sanmicheli in the 16th century, occupies a fundamental place in the history of Italian architecture;* Church of St. Euphemia, the foundation of which is due to the Scaligeri.", "The vast interiors contain valuable works by several painters of the Veronese school, including: Giovan Francesco Caroto, Francesco Torbido, il Moretto, Dionisio Battaglia, Battista del Moro, Paolo Farinati, Jacopo Ligozzi, Bernardino India, Domenico and Felice Brusasorzi;* Church of San Giorgio in Braida, a Renaissance building admired by Scipione Maffei and Goethe for the numerous works of art housed there, particularly Tintoretto's ''Baptism of Christ'' placed above the main door, the two huge canvases placed near the chancel, namely the ''Multiplication of the Loaves'' and ''The Manna in the Desert'' by Paolo Farinati and Domenico Brusasorzi respectively, and the ''Martyrdom of St. George'', a 1564 work by Paolo Veronese, hanging in the apse basin;* Church of San Giovanni in Foro is a church building that, as its name suggests, bordered directly on the Verona Forum, and for the same reason in the past it also had the title of basilica.", "On the exterior is a marble triptych with an inscription commemorating the fire that did serious damage to the town and destroyed the church in 1172, as well as a small Renaissance masterpiece, the entrance portal carved by Gerolamo Giolfino and with the niche frescoed by Nicola Giolfino;* Church of San Giovanni in Valle, which was built on the site of a pagan necropolis and a Roman temple, is one of the oldest churches in Verona and a masterpiece of Verona's mature Romanesque style.", "In the crypt, next to the high altar, are kept two sarcophagi of great value: one dating from the fourth century has a bas-relief sculpture on three sides in two overlapping orders with stories from the Old and New Testaments narrated, and the other, from the second or third century, is a strigilated sarcophagus from the pagan period with two spouses in a shell in the center, above a rural scene and with two figures of philosophers later transformed into Christian saints on either side;* Church of San Lorenzo, which was built in the 5th century between the Via Postumia and the Adige River, perfectly oriented according to the road layout of Roman Verona, despite undergoing major transformations in the 12th century following the disastrous earthquake that struck Verona.", "The façade is characterized by two large circular scalar towers placed on either side of a hanging prothyrum: these, a rare example of Norman architecture in northern Italy, allowed access to the large tribunes placed above the aisles;* Church of Santa Maria Antica, consecrated in 1185 by the patriarch of Aquileia, was the private chapel of the Scaligeri, Lords of Verona, who built the Scaliger Tombs, or the family cemetery, to the side.", "The entrance door is surmounted by the tomb and statue of Cangrande I della Scala, an enlightened and respected ruler, with whom the city rediscovered a new period of splendor and importance, so much so that Dante dedicated the entire cantica of Paradise in the Divine Comedy to him;* Church of Santa Maria in Organo, characterized by a majestic unfinished façade: the lower part in white marble is the work of the famous Renaissance architect Michele Sanmicheli, while the upper part in rows of terracotta and tuff still presents its ancient Romanesque-Gothic appearance.", "Particularly refined are the inlays in the wooden choir and on the sacristy cupboards, made in the late 15th and early 16th centuries by Fra Giovanni da Verona, where urban landscapes, allegories, still lifes and various objects are depicted;* Church of Saints Nazaro and Celso, a building made in a mixture of Gothic style and Renaissance architecture.", "In the church is the Chapel of St. Blaise, completed in 1508 to house the relics of the martyrs St. Blaise and St. Juliana, which houses the masterpieces of some of the most important Veronese painters of the 16th century, notably Giovanni Maria Falconetto, Bartolomeo Montagna and Girolamo dai Libri;* Church of Saints Siro and Libera, a small church founded in the 10th century among the ruins of Verona's ancient Roman theater.", "The building underwent some transformations during the 14th century, when side chapels were added and the choir was built, while the two-branched staircase for access to the building was built at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries;* Church of St. Stephen, a church building of very ancient origins; despite some remodeling over the centuries, part of the structure remains the one built around the fifth century, making it an almost unique example of early Christian architecture in Verona.", "Also inside is the Varalli Chapel, one of the most flourishing examples of Baroque architecture in the Verona area;* Church of Saints Teuteria and Tosca, partly incorporated into the Church of the Holy Apostles, is a Greek cross-shaped shrine dating back to the 5th century: this makes it the oldest church in the Veneto region.", "It was built on the side of the Via Postumia, probably near the Christian cemetery where the two saints had been buried;* Church of San Tomaso Cantuariense, which houses numerous works of art that were made by famous painters of the Veronese school, including canvases by Paolo Farinati, Girolamo dai Libri, Alessandro Turchi and Antonio Balestra.", "Also inside is a historic Baroque pipe organ that was played by the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart on January 7, 1770, during one of his trips to Italy, and he left his initials engraved on the case with a penknife, which are still visible today;* Church of San Zeno in Oratorio, a small Romanesque church also known as San Zeno Oratore, as tradition has it that it was a refuge where the patron saint Zeno would retire to pray.", "The stone used by Zeno to sit on while fishing nearby in the nearby Adige River is found there, a symbol of the sobriety of his life and his mandate as a fisher of souls.=== Cemeteries ===Scaliger Tombs; Scaliger tombs: The Scaliger tombs, located to the side of the church of Santa Maria Antica, just a few steps from the Piazza dei Signori, are a scenic and monumental funerary complex of the Scaliger family, intended to contain the remains of some of the illustrious representatives of the lineage, including that of the most famous Lord of Verona, Cangrande I della Scala, to whom Dante Alighieri dedicates Paradise.", "It is a masterpiece of Gothic art, an incredible fusion of sculpture and architecture, so much so that the French historian Georges Duby, in his ''Europe of the Middle Ages'', called the Scaliger tombs \"one of the most distinguished and significant monuments of Gothic art.\"", "The Scaliger sepulchre consists of three main canopied tombs, those of Mastino II and Cansignorio della Scala, as well as the aforementioned Cangrande I della Scala, but there are also the tombs of six members of the dynasty: Mastino I, Alberto I, Bartolomeo, Alboino, Giovanni and Cangrande II della Scala.Monumental cemetery; Monumental cemetery: Verona's Monumental Cemetery is the city's main cemetery, characterized by a sober neoclassical style and a main facade decorated with sculptures inspired by the Canovian style.", "Its construction became necessary as a result of Napoleonic laws that required cemetery areas to be built outside the city walls, so in 1828 the architect Giuseppe Barbieri was commissioned to build the new cemetery near Porta Vittoria.", "The complex, despite its generous size, was quickly completed, so new additions were made in the 1910s and 1930s.", "Inside are housed some two hundred monumental tombs, adorned with sculptures by artists including some by Giovanni Dupré, Ettore Ferrari, and Luigi Ferrari, as well as numerous local sculptors and architects, such as Ugo Zannoni and Ettore Fagiuoli.", "Famous burials include those of Futurist artist Umberto Boccioni, writer Emilio Salgari, and Renaissance architect Michele Sanmicheli.=== Synagogues ===; Synagogue of Verona: The Verona synagogue is located in the heart of what for many centuries was the Jewish ghetto of Verona, just a few steps from Via Mazzini.", "The construction of the building began in the second half of the 19th century and was finished with a modern compositional language chosen by Verona architect Ettore Fagiuoli in the first half of the following century.", "Having been built at a time of emancipation and social equalization of Jews, the place of worship is clearly identifiable from the outside due to its monumental facade, with the entrance portal set in a sort of large marble triumphal arch decorated with six bas-relief panels with Jewish symbols and surmounted by the Tablets of the Law.", "It is one of the largest synagogues in northern Italy, being able to accommodate approximately one thousand people." ], [ "Civil architecture", "=== Palaces ===Palazzo della Ragione; Palazzo della Ragione: The Palazzo della Ragione (Palace of Reason), so named because during the rule of the Serenissima it housed the court, is a large central courtyard complex located straddling Piazza delle Erbe and Piazza dei Signori, built in the late 12th century to house the new magistracies of the Comune.", "The heart of political power first, and judicial power later, over the centuries it underwent a number of transformations to house the College of Notaries, the Silk Duty, the Fiscal Chamber, the Savings Bank, the Magistrate's Court and the Court of Assizes.", "The most prestigious room is the Notaries' Chapel, built between 1408 and 1419 on the commission of the College of Notaries, who dedicated it to Saints Zeno and Daniel.", "The room consists of four communicating rooms covered with ribbed vaults and houses one of the most important decorative complexes made on public commission in Verona, executed in the 18th century by Veronese painters Alessandro Marchesini, Giambattista Bellotti, Sante Prunati, and Frenchman Louis Dorigny.", "Also part of the building complex are the Lamberti Tower, built in 1172 and elevated several times until it became the tallest tower in the city, and the Stairway of Reason, fine late Gothic architecture built of red Verona marble.", "Following the displacement of the courthouse, the building was restored to a design by Tobia Scarpa in the early 21st century, becoming the permanent home of the Achille Forti Gallery of Modern Art, which displays modern Italian works by artists such as Giacomo Balla, Umberto Boccioni, and Francesco Hayez.Palazzo del Capitanio; Palazzo del Capitanio: The Palazzo del Capitanio is a large building with a central courtyard facing Piazza dei Signori, so named because in Venetian times the ''Capitano'', or city rector, settled there.", "Originally the palace, built by Cansignorio della Scala in the 14th century, was a fortified building with an austere appearance, characterized by three imposing towers that made it look almost like a castle; of this medieval palace only one of the towers survives intact, while the rest of the building underwent some transformations during the 16th century, so that its present appearance looks partly Gothic and partly from the Renaissance.", "Of particular artistic interest are the entrance portal to the building's courtyard, probably the work of architect Michele Sanmicheli, and the Baroque portal known as the portal of the Bombardiers, as in the past it gave access from the courtyard of the palace to the headquarters of the city's artillery corps.", "The palace is home to the Scavi Scaligeri International Center for Photography, an underground exhibition space that was built within an archaeological site that came to light between 1981 and 1983: the museum thus allows visitors to see Roman, Lombard, and medieval artifacts while simultaneously visiting exhibitions by international photographers.Juliet's House; Juliet's House: Casa Capuleti, long owned by the noble Dal Cappello family, whose coat of arms is visible in the entrance arch facing the courtyard, is a medieval residential building built in the 12th century on Cappello Street.", "The Cappello-Capuleti juxtaposition led to the belief that this was the real house of Juliet, the protagonist of the well-known tragedy by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare, and in accordance with this it was restored in 1935 by the director of the Veronese Civic Museums Antonio Avena: the work led to the replacement of the previous balcony with a more striking marble one, as well as the modification of some doors and windows.", "The works inside the house respected the structure of the medieval spaces, such as the balustrade that allows communication between the different rooms of the house, and such as the main hall on the second floor, which in the past could be used indifferently for living and sleeping.", "The pictorial decorations, on the other hand, while reiterating recurring themes for the time when the building was constructed, were produced from scratch.", "In the courtyard is a bronze statue of Juliet by sculptor Nereo Costantini.Gran Guardia; Gran Guardia: The Palazzo della Gran Guardia is a monumental complex overlooking Piazza Bra, a short distance from Palazzo Barbieri and the Arena of Verona.", "Construction work began in the early 17th century on a design by architect Domenico Curtoni: initially it was intended to be used as a weapon facility, with a vast portico that could be used to review troops and a main floor that would house the military academy.", "Work was interrupted, however, and did not resume until 1820, when architect Giuseppe Barbieri took over Curtoni's design and completed the work previously begun.", "The design of the building was influenced both by the one from the overlooking Roman amphitheater, particularly by the succession of wide arcades on the ground floor, and by the architecture of the famous Renaissance architect Michele Sanmicheli, in particular the two-story subdivision is reminiscent of the nearby Honorij Palace while the gables of the upper windows are similar to those of Bevilacqua Palace, located on Corso Cavour.", "The building was restored and expanded in the late 20th century to accommodate a modern and accessible multi-level conference and exhibition center.", "; Other palacesOther palaces of special significance in Verona include:* Case Mazzanti, which are a series of terraced residential buildings facing Piazza Erbe.", "They are among the oldest buildings in the city as well as the best-preserved example of the widespread Renaissance custom of frescoing the walls of city dwellings, which earned Verona the nickname ''Urbs Picta''.", "In the picturesque alley behind there were in 1797 the first scuffles that started the revolt of the Veronese Easter against the French occupiers;* ''Domus Mercatorum'', which is a medieval building overlooking Piazza Erbe, commissioned by Alberto I della Scala, Lord of Verona, as the seat of the Guild of Arts and Crafts, so that people could trade and discuss various aspects of the city's economic life there;* Loggia del Consiglio, one of the most important examples of Renaissance architecture in Verona.", "It was commissioned by the city's mayors for the sessions of the ''Patrio Consiglio'', an expression of municipal autonomy in the Venetian period.", "The building, located in Piazza dei Signori next to other representative buildings (palazzo del Capitanio and palazzo del Podestà, which instead housed two Venetian governors) has long been attributed to Giovanni Giocondo, hence its second name of \"''loggia di Fra' Giocondo''\";* Palazzo Barbieri, which houses the municipal administration, is an imposing neoclassical building designed by Giuseppe Barbieri and built between 1836 and 1848, when Verona was part of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, under the direct dependencies of the Austrian Empire, and the complex served as the headquarters of the Civic Guard Corps.", "The Hall of the Tapestries houses two huge 16th-century canvases, one coming out of Paolo Veronese's workshop and attributed to the two brothers, and a second by Paolo Farinati depicting the victory of the Veronese over Frederick Barbarossa's troops;* Palazzo Bevilacqua, a Renaissance building designed by the famous architect Michele Sanmicheli but never completed, as evidenced by the asymmetrical position of the portal on the facade.", "The main floor of the palace is enclosed between a continuous balcony and a rich cornice;* Palazzo Canossa, which is one of Michele Sanmicheli's masterpieces, so important that it hosted European rulers such as Napoleon Bonaparte, Tsar Alexander I, and the emperors of Austria Francis I, Ferdinand I, and Franz Joseph I.", "During the 16th century it was decorated by Verona's most important painters, Bernardino India, Battista del Moro, and Paolo Veronese;* Palazzo Dalla Torre, the only work of Andrea Palladio in the city of Verona, whose design was only partially realized.", "The building was badly damaged during a World War II bombing, so only the majestic entrance portal and a courtyard with columns and entablature remain of the original building;* Palazzo dei Diamanti, or more correctly Palazzo Cappella Sansebastiani, is a building whose design is attributed to Bernardino Brugnoli in the 16th century and was inspired by the better-known Palazzo dei Diamanti in Ferrara.", "Like that one, it is characterized by a facade face made of diamond-pointed carved stones;* Palazzo Emilei Forti is a building that dates back to the 13th century but underwent major transformations in subsequent centuries, particularly in the 18th century when the main facade was renovated.", "Managed by the ''Fondazione Arena Di Verona'', its halls house AMO, an acronym for Arena Museo Opera, dedicated entirely to opera with photographs, sets, music, costumes, and original sketches and scores by Gaetano Donizetti, Giacomo Puccini, Gioachino Rossini, and Giuseppe Verdi, while it previously housed the Achille Forti Gallery of Modern Art;* Palazzo Giusti del Giardino, which houses an interesting 16th-century Italianate garden.", "The construction of the representative palace in the style of Sanmicheli and the arrangement of the garden according to the fashion of the time is due to the Tuscan Giusti family, which moved to Verona in the 15th century;* Palazzo Maffei is a Baroque building that borders one side of Piazza delle Erbe.", "Built in the 17th century on three levels, the ground floor is punctuated by five wide arcades, the main floor features five large and elegant balcony windows framed in Ionic half-columns, while smaller rooms open on the second floor.", "Above closes the elevation a final elegant balustrade surmounted by six statues of Greek gods, including one from the Roman period;* Palazzo del Podestà is a courtyard building built around the end of the 13th century.", "The monumental palace was the residence of many of the Scaligeri family and hosted Cangrande I della Scala and his court, including Dante Alighieri, an exile from Florence, and Giotto, who probably frescoed some rooms in the palace itself but whose work has been lost over the centuries.", "During the period of Serenissima rule, the palace housed the Podestà, or the official who exercised executive and judicial power for Venice.", "The Gothic facade facing Piazza dei Signori features a fine Renaissance portal by Michele Sanmicheli;* Palazzo Pompei, famous Renaissance building, was commissioned in the 16th century by the noble Lavezzola family from architect Michele Sanmicheli.", "In the 1830s the building was donated by its owners to the municipality of Verona, which restored it so that it could house a gallery, which now houses the Civic Museum of Natural History;* The administrative headquarters of Banco BPM is the work of the well-known Venetian architect Carlo Scarpa, who designed it in the 1970s, after he had already worked in Verona on the restoration of the Castelvecchio museum.", "The building, which fits perfectly into the urban context, is characterized, especially in its facades, by a constant reference to ancient architecture, although reinterpreted and presented in a modern style.=== Villas ===Villa Bernini Buri; Villa Bernini Buri: Villa Bernini Buri, located in the heart of the Adige Park, is one of the most important examples of a Venetian villa in the entire Veronese territory, both for the monumental character of its architecture and for its historical importance, as the structure of the complex has remained unaltered, still preserving, in addition to the manor house, two chapels, the rustic cottages, the stables and the farmer's house.", "The manor house was richly furnished and frescoed, had a library that also collected manuscripts and parchments, and there were works of art from the Italian tradition (including paintings by the painter and miniaturist Liberale da Verona) and Flemish painters.", "However, at the end of World War II, in just five days, the villa was ransacked and stripped of all its possessions by the townspeople, who were enraged against the nobility whom they held guilty of the war.", "The main building was built in the early 17th century to a design by Domenico Brugnoli, a nephew of Sanmicheli.", ";Other villasOther villas of special significance in Verona include:* Villa Malfatti Balladoro is a complex with Baroque features that was built in an isolated position on the slopes of a hill in Valpantena.", "In addition to the manor house and some rustic buildings there is an oratory built in the 18th century that housed a painting by Paolo Farinati and one by Antonio Balestra, now located in another place;* Villa Marioni Pullè, a 17th-century building nestled in a park at Chievo, a few steps from the Adige River, designed by architect Ignazio Pellegrini.", "The monumental complex, well known in Verona, was a place of meetings and gatherings of some of the most important figures in the political and cultural life of the 18th and 19th centuries, so much so that it hosted Joseph II of Habsburg-Lorraine, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and Umberto I, king of Italy;* Villa San Dionigi, or Villa Erbisti Rossi Chiampan, is one of the most important examples of neoclassical architecture in Verona.", "Its current layout dates back to the 19th century, when the owners decided to demolish the previous building to create the sumptuous new manor house.", "Inside the park is a 12th-century chapel that was once part of the property of the abbey of San Zeno.=== Towers ===Among the towers of special significance in Verona are:* San Zeno Abbey Tower, a solid, tall crenellated brick tower built in two phases in the 12th century that was part of the San Zeno Abbey.", "Inside are fine frescoes from the late 13th century, including a particularly famous one in which a procession pays homage to a seated figure on a throne;* Torre del Gardello is a tall brick building located a few steps from Piazza Erbe, next to Palazzo Maffei.", "It was built in the 12th century and in the following century was equipped with the city's oldest bell clock, a tribute from the Lord of Verona Cansignorio della Scala, whose chimes began to regulate the public and private affairs of the people of Verona.", "Today the bell is on display at the Castelvecchio Museum;* Torre dei Lamberti, built in the 12th century and rebuilt several times until it became the tallest tower in the city, is part of the Palazzo della Ragione complex.", "In 1295 two bells were installed there that still stand today, the Marangona, which rang the hour of the end of the craftsmen's work and sounded the alarm in case of fires, and the Rengo, which gathered the city council or called the citizens to arms in case of need.=== Theaters ===Verona Arena; Verona Arena: The Arena is a Roman amphitheater, now located in the center of the city, in the elegant Piazza Bra, although when it was built, in the 1st century, it was located just outside the city walls.", "It is the monument that more than any other recalls Verona's Roman origins, so much so that it has become a symbol of the Veneto town throughout the world, along with the figures of Romeo and Juliet.", "It is one of the great buildings that have characterized Roman architecture and one of the ancient amphitheaters that has come down to us with the best degree of preservation, owing to the systematic restorations carried out since the 16th century; for this very reason, despite the many transformations it has undergone, it allows the visitor to be able to easily understand the structure of this kind of building, strictly subject to the function for which it was intended but nonetheless endowed with an essential beauty.", "Due to its capacity of 22,000 spectators (which in Roman times even reached 30,000 seats, as it was not the stage, which occupies about a third of the seats, and due to the presence of the portico at the highest part of the cavea), in the summer season it hosts the famous Arenian opera festival, whose seasons have been held continuously since 1913, while in the spring and autumn seasons it is a stage for many international singers and musicians.", "In the past, however, it hosted not only gladiatorial fights and Roman-era shows, but also tournaments and jousts of chivalry, ballets, circuses, plays and even bullfights.Roman theater; Roman theater: The Roman theater is an open-air theater built in the first century B.C.", "at the foot of San Pietro Hill, on the left bank of the Adige River.", "It was part of a plan to monumentalize the entire hill, which became a large urban scene on several levels: along the river bank was the theater building, enclosed on both sides by the ''lapideus'' and ''marmoreus'' bridges; along the slope were several orders of terraces; and finally at the top of the hill was a Roman temple, the remains of which were discovered during some work at castel San Pietro.", "During the Middle Ages the building fell into disuse and thus into disrepair, so much so that on its remains a whole neighborhood arose that exploited the structure of the theater itself as a foundation, of which the church of Saints Siro and Libera still remains as evidence.", "The other buildings were demolished in the 19th century during archaeological excavations and the restitution of the complex that took place thanks to the work of Andrea Monga, a wealthy merchant who dabbled in archaeology.", "In 1904 the area was finally bought by the municipal administration, which continued the archaeological excavation work until 1914.Under the direction of Antonio Avena, the exhibition itinerary of the city's archaeological museum of the same name was transferred to the large monumental complex, which after restoration shows one of the best-preserved theaters in northern Italy.", "During the summer season, the building is still used as a theatrical space, and hosts the so-called Veronese theater summer, whose editions have been held continuously since 1948.Teatro Filarmonico; Philharmonic Theater: The Teatro Filarmonico is Verona's main opera house, owned since its inception by the Accademia Filarmonica di Verona; it is used by the Fondazione Arena di Verona as the home of the winter opera season.", "The building was built in the 18th century on the initiative of Marquis Scipione Maffei, as Verona needed a new and stable opera house: the decision was made to build an Italian-style structure, with vast stalls and overlapping tiers of boxes, and the most famous theatrical architect of the time, architect Bibbiena, was called in to design it.", "The theater was inaugurated on the evening of January 6, 1732, with Antonio Vivaldi's pastoral drama ''La fida ninfa''.", "The opera season became particularly famous but had to be interrupted in 1749, when a fire broke out in the theater, which had to be renovated.", "It suffered further serious damage toward the end of World War II, when it was hit by Anglo-American bombing; the building was rebuilt as similar as possible to its predecessor, however, the work was rather lengthy and lasted until 1975, when it was inaugurated with the opera ''Falstaff, or the three jokes'' by Antonio Salieri.", "The same complex houses the Maffeian Lapidary Museum, established in the 18th century, and is considered one of the oldest public museum institutions in Europe.", ";Other theatersOther theaters of special significance in Verona include:* Teatro Nuovo, inaugurated in 1846, is a well-kept and elegant theater but far from the eighteenth-century splendor of the Filarmonico, presenting itself on the outside as an austere neoclassical building and on the inside as an Italian-style theater with three tiers of boxes;* Teatro Ristori, built around the mid-19th century in place of an earlier wooden theater space.", "For a long time it was one of the city's main theaters and, after a period of closure, it was reopened in 2012, after restoration work that made it a multipurpose space, so that it could host a variety of types of events, while respecting the original structure.=== Bridges ===Ponte Pietra; Ponte Pietra: The Pietra bridge is the oldest bridge in Verona, located near the Roman theater, in an area that from prehistoric times must have featured a ford, a crucial meeting point between different communication routes to which the city's birth is due.", "A first wooden bridge was put in place during the construction of the Via Postumia in 148 B.C.", "at the same spot where the ford was, later replaced by the stone one, of which the two left arches, made of ''opus quadratum'', have come down to us intact.", "In the imperial age it underwent a major restoration during which the depiction of a river deity was placed on the keystone ashlar of the second left arch.", "Much more troubled was the life of the monument in the medieval centuries, when the three right arches suffered damage and partial collapse due to the flooding of the Adige River.", "In 1298 the Lord of Verona Alberto della Scala had the cityward tower restored and the adjacent archway rebuilt, while in 1508 the City Council commissioned Fra' Giocondo to oversee the reconstruction of the two arches that still needed repairing.", "However, the bridge suffered its most serious damage on April 24, 1945, when it was undermined and detonated by retreating German soldiers, a blast that left only the cityward archway intact.", "Superintendent of Monuments Piero Gazzola, supported by the entire public, chose to rebuild the bridge as it was and where it was, thanks to the technical collaboration of Veronese architect Libero Cecchini and the specialized contribution of historians, archaeologists, engineers, university professors, and various other experts and technicians.Castelvecchio Bridge; Castelvecchio Bridge: The Castelvecchio Bridge is a three-arched crenellated and fortified structure, an outstanding example of 14th-century military engineering, which was built by Cangrande II della Scala together with the castle of the same name, of which it is a part.", "With its bold structure it was placed in a strategic position in relation to the castle, on the side of the keep of the fortress and dividing the two main courts.", "The bridge's sturdiness enabled it to pass through five centuries of history unscathed until the French, following the Treaty of Lunéville, occupied the city in 1802 and decided to chop off the tower on the country side and remove the battlements.", "It suffered more serious impairment during World War II when, like all the other bridges in the city, it was blown up by the retreating Germans.", "At the end of the war public opinion pushed for the reconstruction of the bridge, as one of the main identity symbols of the city, so the superintendent a Piero Gazzola decided also in this case, as with Ponte Pietra, to restore it to its pre-blast condition rather than build a bridge from scratch.", "The reconstruction project was drawn up by engineer Alberto Minghetti and architect Libero Cecchini, supported by a team of specialists.", "; Other bridgesOther bridges of special significance in Verona include:* Chievo Dam Bridge is an eight-arch dam located upstream of the city, also serving as a pedestrian bridge.", "The structure was built in the 1920s for the purpose of raising the water level of the Adige River so that it could enter the Camuzzoni Canal, which begins its course there.", "The canal is then essential for supplying the hydroelectric power plants and factories that were built during the early industrialization of Verona;* Ponte del Risorgimento is a bridge built near the Catena tower to celebrate the centenary of the Unification of Italy.", "It was designed by the well-known engineer Pier Luigi Nervi, who designed a structure with a continuous beam of variable section and shape, which is why the side walls have a double-curved surface, called a hyperbolic paraboloid in geometry, a recurring feature in much of his architecture.", "The piers, clad in local stone, are shaped like rostrums so as to effectively counteract the action of floods;* Ponte della Vittoria is a structure designed by architect Ettore Fagiuoli and engineer Ferruccio Cipriani.", "It owes its name to the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, a victory that led to the defeat of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in World War I.", "The monumental three-arched bridge features at its ends four bronze equestrian sculptural groups, symbolizing victory, created by Mario Salazzari.=== Libraries ===Libraries of particular note in Verona include:Chapter Library, one of the oldest and best-known ecclesiastical institutions and libraries in the world, famous because illustrious figures have studied there and because it possesses manuscripts of great importance, including the Ursicinus Codex, which was produced in the library in 517 (making it the oldest library in the world still in operation), and the Veronese Riddle, which would represent a possible birth certificate of the vernacular in Italy;Arturo Frinzi Central Library, home since 1987 to the humanities-economics-legal branch of the University of Verona, is located in the church of San Francesco di Paola, built together with the adjacent monastery in 1596;Civic Library, established in 1792 and opened to the public ten years later.", "The larger building that housed it, the deconsecrated Church of St. Sebastian, was completely destroyed, except for the bell tower, by aerial bombing during World War II.", "The new, modern building was designed by Pier Luigi Nervi and opened on June 2, 1980." ], [ "Military architecture", "=== Castles ===Castelvecchio; Castelvecchio: Castelvecchio, erected in the 14th century by the Lord of Verona Cangrande II della Scala, is the most impressive monument in Verona after the Roman amphitheater Arena.", "Originally called the castle of San Martino in Aquaro because of the church included inside (it assumed its present name only after two new castles, San Pietro and San Felice, were built on top of San Pietro hill), it is a vast military fortification with high defensive towers, which also had a residential purpose.", "The complex is divided into two parts by the imposing city walls: to the west is the Scaligeri residence, protected by a narrow courtyard with a double order of walls, at the center of which stands the castle's tallest tower, the keep, from whose side the three-arched fortified bridge of the same name launches out to the other side of the Adige River; to the east, on the other hand, is the rectangular-plan major courtyard, originally intended as the Piazza d'Armi.", "The complex continued to serve its military function under the Venetian government, during the brief Napoleonic occupation, and finally under Austrian rule, when it was used as a barracks.", "After hosting the Verona trial of fascist leaders in January 1944 and being bombed during an Allied raid, Castelvecchio underwent a major restoration and museum set-up by renowned architect Carlo Scarpa.", "The Castelvecchio museum is described as one of the most important works of postwar Italian museography, with valuable arrangements imitated many years later, and houses important collections of medieval, Renaissance, and modern art.Castel San Pietro; Castel San Pietro: Castel San Pietro is located atop the hill of the same name, rising behind Verona's Roman theater and a short distance from the Adige River and the Pietra Bridge.", "This hill is strategically located, so much so that it was the place where the prehistoric settlement of Verona developed, moved within the bend of the river only in Roman times.", "Precisely the importance of the position, dominant over the plain opening to the south, is the cause of the construction of numerous structures over the centuries: a temple was built there in Roman times; a ''castrum'' and the church of San Pietro in Castello were built there in the early Middle Ages; an imposing castle was built there at the end of the 14th century, commissioned by the Visconti family, which was reinforced during Venetian rule, surviving until 1801, when Napoleon's troops had it demolished before handing the town over to the Austrians; finally, on the ruins of the earlier buildings, the Habsburg military barracks was built, currently being restored and fitted out to house a museum of the city.", "The nineteenth-century building recalls, with the presence of the stylized towers and battlements, the forms of medieval fortresses, integrating with the context through the use of building materials typical of historic Veronese construction and architectural elements that recall Romanesque architecture.", "The forecourt in front of castel San Pietro, which is very popular due to the presence of a large panoramic terrace overlooking the city, can be reached either by a staircase that unravels from the side of the Roman theater or by the Verona funicular, built in the early 20th century.", ";Other castlesOther castles in Verona include: Montorio Castle, a medieval fortress, stands on a hill near the hamlet of Montorio, east of Verona.", "The origins of the ''castrum'' date back to the 10th century, but major modifications were made in the 12th century and especially in the 14th century, under the rule of the Scaligeri, when it was strengthened and enlarged.", "In modern times it was abandoned and underwent some tampering in the 19th century, so it now appears incomplete;* Castel San Felice, an Austrian fort built in the 19th century, in place of which stood a castle commissioned by the Visconti family in an elevated position north of the city.", "The complex is a fortified urban citadel with two bastions, built in two successive extensions, connected to but at the same time autonomous from the magistral walls.=== City walls ===Roman walls; Roman Walls: The Roman walls of Verona were an important defensive curtain equipped with numerous monumental towers and gates, built in several successive construction phases starting from the late Republican age and continuing through the early Roman-Germanic kingdoms.", "The first phase of construction of the defenses started around the second half of the 1st century BC, following Verona's attainment of the rank of Roman ''municipium'', a second phase of renovation and enlargement of the city walls took place in the 3rd century at the urging of Emperor Gallienus, and finally in a final phase Theodoric the Great, on the beginnings of the 6th century, again strengthened the Roman city defenses, adding a second circle.", "Of the curtain walls that encircled the built-up area of Roman Verona few visible traces remain, although their layout is still very evident today as the historical fabric grew and developed by leaning against and reusing surviving portions of the walls.", "Of the late republican walls, in particular, only two sections of brick wall have been found, discovered between the Adige and Porta Borsari and in Via Leoncino, while more conspicuous remains of the imperial walls have been preserved, mainly in Piazza Mura di Gallieno.", "Of the curtain wall erected by Theodoric, on the other hand, conspicuous ruins remain visible in Via Diaz, in the alleys S. Matteo and del Guasto, in Via S. Cosimo, Leoncino and Amanti streets.", "Better preserved, however, are the two main gates, Porta Borsari and Porta Leoni.Municipal walls; Municipal walls: The municipal walls of Verona were defensive walls erected to the south of the historic center in the medieval age, near the Adigetto, of which ample traces remain visible along Via Pallone and inside Castelvecchio, while little evidence remains of the various gates that opened in the curtain wall due to the works that led to the enlargement of the fornixes.", "They were built starting in the 12th century and strengthened during the rule of Ezzelino III da Romano, when they attained a more accomplished arrangement consisting of a wall-antemural-ditch system, thus a type of fortification based on the concept of gradual defense.", "With the enlargement of the magistral curtain wall carried out by Cangrande I della Scala, it slowly came to lose its strategic importance, and this extraordinary historical relic of Veronese military architecture was transformed over the centuries into a logistical system of military buildings.", "The system of military buildings is similar to a large arsenal with linear development, in which the buildings took on different purposes: barracks, hospital, powder magazine, mill, granary, bakery, stable, and warehouse.", "The ideal center of the great military system became the palace of the Grand Guard, whose vast portico would be used to review troops while the main floor would house the military academy, although it was never finished.Scaliger walls; Scaliger walls: The Scaliger walls of Verona were a curtain wall, the hillside portion of which still survives, built during the rule of the Della Scala family, Lords of Verona in the 13th and 14th centuries.", "The walls were commissioned by Cangrande I della Scala to the architect Calzaro, as an inscription dated January 1325 informs, who thus had the city's fortifications expanded after the first interventions carried out by Alberto I della Scala between 1287 and 1289.Due to this radical intervention, all the ancient and populous suburban neighborhoods were able to dismantle their individual defenses, becoming definitively part of the city's fabric, defended by mighty walls that conferred great prestige on Verona.", "Two centuries later, during the rule of the Serenissima, the previous curtain wall was reinforced through the construction of thick scarp walls and the building of several bastions, circular and polygonal, making the fortifications more suitable for the introduction of gunpowder.", "In the 19th century there was a further restoration of the Scaliger hill wall by the Austrian ''Genie Direction'', with the removal of part of the battlements and the lowering of the towers, yet the medieval fortifications were not altered, and they survive in similar forms to the original ones and are in a good state of preservation.Venetian walls; Venetian walls: The Venetian walls of Verona were an important defensive curtain wall equipped with numerous bastions and monumental gates, commissioned by the Venetian Republic to adapt the previous Scaliger curtain wall to the introduction of gunpowder, given Verona's strategic importance.", "It was particularly the war of the League of Cambrai that demonstrated that the old walls were no longer sufficient and that a complete overhaul of the defensive system was necessary.", "This was carried out starting in 1530 on the plans of the well-known Veronese architect Michele Sanmicheli when he officially assumed the appointment of superintendent of the military factories of Verona, a position he held until his death, while at the same time carrying out a harmonious and functional renewal of the city's urban structure.", "Sanmicheli bequeathed to the city a vast and articulated bastioned wall as well as the monumental gates of San Zeno, Palio and Nuova, defined by Giorgio Vasari as among the most beautiful in Italy.", "At the beginning of the 19th century, during the Napoleonic wars, all the bastions of the right Adige wall were demolished by French troops, except for those of San Francesco and Spagna, located near the river, upstream and downstream of the city: those lost were then rebuilt with a different technique during Austrian rule, a few years after the end of the war.Austrian walls; Austrian walls: The Austrian walls of Verona, also known as the magistral walls, are the system of bastioned curtains and monumental gates surrounding the city of Verona in their present state, forming part of a complex city defense system that also consists of a series of fortifications, entrenched camps, storehouses and barracks, both outside and inside the city.", "The final shape of the magisterial wall derives from the enlargement and restructuring, carried out in the 19th century during the Austrian rule of the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, of the entire system of fortifications inherited from the medieval period, in the hilly area, and modern, in the plain area.", "The Scaliger and Venetian defensive walls had suffered major damage and demolitions during the Napoleonic wars and, in particular the Venetian bastions, therefore had to be restructured, also in accordance with the new military disciplines and tactics that had made obsolete the defensive criteria that had been previously pursued: the project and works were entrusted in 1831 by Field Marshal Radetzky to Franz von Scholl, the major representative of the new military architecture of the Austrian Empire.", "He applied, for the reconstruction of the magisterial wall, a conservative view of the ancient fortifications, which were reused to the greatest extent possible and minimized masonry work.", "The urban wall, in its final arrangement, has a development of more than 9 kilometers and occupies almost 100 hectares with its works, towers, washers, ramparts, moats, embankments, to which must be added the works of the external defense system, located in the flat countryside or on the hillside, that is, the 19 existing military forts (of the 31 that had been built), which formed the last and most modern system of city defense.=== Gates ===Arco dei Gavi; Arco dei Gavi: The arch of the Gavi, located along the ancient Via Postumia just outside the Roman city walls, is a very rare case of an honorary and monumental arch for private use in Roman architecture; it was built around the middle of the first century to celebrate the ''gens Gavia''.", "During the Renaissance this was one of the most highly prized of Verona's antiquities, partly due to the presence of the signature of a Vitruvius, evoking the well-known Roman architect and author of the treatise ''De architectura''.", "The monument was then described by humanists and antiquarians, reproduced in detail and studied in its proportional ratios and decorations, and finally taken up as a model by architects and painters, such as Palladio, Sangallo, Serlio, Falconetto, Sanmicheli, as well as Bellini and Mantegna.", "It had great influence on Veronese art in particular, being copied as an overall scheme for the realization of portals, altars, and chapels in the main churches of Verona.", "The arch no longer stands in its original position as it was demolished by the French Army Corps of Engineers in 1805, however, the numerous reliefs that had previously been produced made it possible for it to be reassembled by anastylosis and restored in 1932, when it was relocated to the small square at the side of Castelvecchio.Porta Borsari; Porta Borsari: Porta Borsari, in antiquity known by the name ''Porta Iovia'' due to the presence of the nearby temple dedicated to Jupiter Lustral, is one of the gates that opened along the Roman walls of Verona.", "It constituted the main entrance to the Roman city, entering the important Via Postumia on the ''decumanus maximus'', corresponding to today's Corso Porta Borsari and Corso Cavour.", "The construction of the structure dates back to the second half of the 1st century B.C., however, over the centuries the gate has undergone several alterations and to date only the agro facade of the imperial age, dating from the first half of the 1st century, has survived.", "The façade, made of white Valpantena stone, has on the lower floor two fornixes framed in aedicules and set on a high plinth, and above these are two more floors, each with six windows framed by fine decoration.Porta Nuova; Porta Nuova: Porta Nuova (New Gate) is a monumental gateway erected between 1532 and 1540 to a design by architect Michele Sanmicheli as part of a major renovation of the city's southern walls; it was highly praised by Giorgio Vasari, who asserted that ''there had never before been another work of greater magnitude or better design.''", "Situated between the bastion of the Holy Trinity and the bastion of the Reformed, it was in this area that Sanmicheli had the opportunity to enact a new urban planning conception of Verona, which had as its focal point precisely Porta Nuova, which gave access to a long straight street, the Via della Porta Nuova, which led directly, through the gates of the Bra, to the Arena and the heart of the city.", "The present form of the gate is similar to the original Sanmichelian one, although during the Austrian occupation it underwent considerable alterations, particularly in the facade towards the countryside, where the two lateral arches were added.", "The work recovers some elements from the architecture of ancient Rome, especially from Veronese antiquities: the Arena of Verona, for the use of the Doric order and rustication; the arch of Jupiter Ammon, evoked through the use in the keystone of the central arch of the main facade of the face of Jupiter Ammon, a symbol alluding to power, royalty, and strength; the older facade of Porta Leoni, for the use of the running dog frieze.Porta Palio; Porta Palio: Porta Palio is a monumental gateway erected between 1550 and 1561 to a design by architect Michele Sanmicheli.", "This Sanmichelian gate is the most notable monument born of Renaissance research on the theme of triumph in the city gate, as well as being the most extreme architectural manifestation of the policy of ''munire et ornare''.", "The gate, inserted in an almost central position in the curtain wall between the bastion of San Bernardino and the bastion of Santo Spirito, has two very different elevations: the elevation towards the countryside takes on a monumental scale and an almost sumptuous approach, despite the fact that the gate was meant to fulfill a military function, so much so that the architect took as a reference the elevation of one of the terraces of the Roman theater in Verona; conversely, the elevation toward the city, articulated as a portico with five arched openings terminated by large projecting keystones and divided between them by pairs of Doric half-columns, is stern, the wall surface not lightened by decoration as in the façade toward the countryside and completely covered, including the half-columns, with rough ashlar.", "Such a stern rear façade contrasted with such a sumptuous front façade can be explained by the theory of architect and theorist Sebastiano Serlio: the gate was meant to mark the boundary between the city and the countryside, so from within the city it was meant to appear as the work of nature, while from the countryside it was meant to appear as the work of man's hand.", "; Other gatesOther gates of special significance in Verona include:* Portoni della Bra are a two-arched gate built along Verona's municipal walls in order to connect Piazza Bra, where the Roman amphitheater stands, to what was then the suburban countryside.", "The double-quadrant clock installed between the two fornices was donated by Count Antonio Nogarola and inaugurated in 1872;* Porta Leoni is one of the gates that opened along Verona's Roman walls.", "Built in the first century B.C.", "and renovated in the following century, it connected the city's maximum hinge with the ''vicus Veronensium'', that is, with the branch of the Via Claudia Augusta that continued to ''Hostilia''.", "The inscription found above the median pylon during restoration work is considered the birth certificate of Roman Verona;* Porta San Giorgio, whose countryside-facing front was built between 1525 and 1526 to a design by Giovanni Maria Falconetto, configured according to the classical triumphal arch scheme, but with the unusual binary juxtaposition of architraved side portals.", "The part facing the city, however, remained unfinished and was completed in the 19th century under Austrian rule;* Porta San Zeno, inserted in the curtain wall between the bastion of San Procolo and the bastion of San Zeno, was built in 1542 to a design by Veronese architect Michele Sanmicheli.", "The elevations take up the classical composition scheme of the triumphal arch, with a central round-arched major archway and two square side portals;* Porta Vescovo, sandwiched between the Maddalene bastion and the Santa Toscana washer, was built in the Venetian era in Renaissance style and was heavily renovated during the years of Austrian rule with additions in neo-Romanesque style, with a vaguely medieval appearance, particularly in the elevation facing the city.=== Buildings ===Franz Josef I Arsenal; Austrian Arsenal: The Franz Josef I arsenal was built in neo-Romanesque style around the middle of the 19th century by the Austrians, during the years of imperial rule over the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, thus at a time when Verona assumed the role of a strategic military fortress.", "The complex, located in axis with the Castelvecchio bridge and consequently a short distance from the castle of the same name, fits coherently into the context of the Scaliger fortress, taking on almost the appearance of a medieval castle, with decorative details reminiscent of Romanesque architecture and materials typical of Verona's building style.", "The arsenal stands on a very large area and has a plan layout similar to that of the Arsenal in Vienna: the layout is organized along axes with large courtyards separating the nine buildings that contained warehouses, storerooms, and workshops surrounded by greenery, all included within a defensive enclosure.Provianda of Santa Marta; Provianda di Santa Marta: The Provianda of Santa Marta is a complex of industrial archaeology located in the Veronetta district, designed in the 19th century by the Austrian ''Genie Direction'' in neo-Romanesque style and built in the second half of the same century.", "The complex was originally intended for the production of bread and biscuits, storage and administration of other livelihoods for the imperial army stationed in northern Italy, while today it houses the departments and library of economics of the University of Verona.", "The location that was chosen was based on the wide availability of space at this location, the proximity to the Verona Porta Vescovo station and the possibility of a direct connection to it, and the protection provided by the magistral walls." ], [ "Archaeological sites", "Notable archaeological sites in Verona include:* Verona Forum, the center of the political and economic life of Roman Verona.", "Over the centuries this space was slowly transformed, the Roman buildings giving way to medieval and modern ones, thus taking on the connotation and current name of Piazza delle Erbe.", "The square was overlooked by the ''Capitolium'', the foundations of which can be visited located in the cellars of Maffei Palace, the ''Curia'', some structures of which remain inside a restaurant, and the ''Basilica'', evidence of which has been lost due to the heavy renovation of the ancient Jewish ghetto;* Domus of Castelvecchio, a ''domus'' from the Roman period, probably arranged on several levels of terraces between the Adige and the Via Postumia, which was found during the redevelopment of the garden at the center of which is the arch of the Gavi.", "The most interesting element, a mosaic floor, was removed during the archaeological excavations and is preserved inside the Castelvecchio Museum, while the rest of the building has been covered over;* Domus of Piazza Nogara, one of the best-preserved examples of private Roman buildings in Verona and northern Italy.", "It was built in the first century B.C.", "and renovated between the second and third centuries, when mosaics were added and are excellently preserved.", "The remains are located in the underground rooms of the headquarters of the Banca Popolare di Verona;* Roman villa of Valdonega, a Roman villa built in the 1st century in a suburban hillside area.", "Three rooms of the building have been preserved, overlooking a porticoed space, likely open to the garden;* Hypogeum of Santa Maria in Stelle, an underground structure built in the 3rd century that is difficult to interpret.", "It is unclear whether it served the function of a funerary complex, aqueduct, or nymphaeum, although from the next century it was adapted as an early Christian chapel for religious worship, remaining in use until the 12th century;* Lazzaretto of Verona, built in the 16th century and designed, according to Giorgio Vasari, by Veronese architect Michele Sanmicheli.", "It was placed in an isolated location accessible by river and completed in time for the terrible plague of 1630, which killed more than half of Verona's population.", "The complex is in a state of ruins and only the central temple remains intact, due to some explosions that occurred during World War II, when it was used as an explosives storehouse." ], [ "See also", "* Verona* Verona defensive system" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of Thai girl groups" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "1981 - 1990", "+ Name Label Active Sao Sao Sao Rod Fai Don Tri 1981-1990 Puifai RS 1983-1987 Pooying Polydor 1986-1989 Maya RS 1987reunited 2019" ], [ "1991 - 2000", " Name Label Active Carrot Nititad Promotion 1992-1996 T-skirt Kita Records 1995-1996 Angies Polygram 1997-1999 Vivico Crossezone 1998-2001Bubble GirlsGMM Grammy1998-2001ZAZAGMM Grammy1998–presentJAMPGMM Grammy1999-2001HDojo City1999-2001Bug BunjiGMM Grammy2000-2000" ], [ "2001 - 2010", " Name Label Active 2002 Ratree GMM Grammy 2001-2009 3G GMM Grammy 2002-2003 Girly Berry RS 2002-2014 The Sis RS 2002-2007Girl ForceSony Music Entertainment2002-2002BasketGMM Grammy2003-2004Zig-ZagRS2003-2004001RS2003-2004CinderellaRS2004-2008Power Pop GirlsTrue Fantasia2005-2006Dreams TwoRS2005-2006Q'tyGMM Grammy2006-2008Preppy GGMM Grammy2006-2009AlizeRS2009-2011FFKKamikaze2009renited 2019Chilli White ChocKamikaze2009-2011Seven DaysKamikaze2009-2010PopcornMusic Design2009-2010Candy MafiaMONO MUSIC2009-2014G-TWENTYMONO MUSIC2009-2014G2GTrue Fantasia2009-2010Beauty GRS2010-2010Kiss Me FiveKamikaze2010-2013SWEE:DKamikaze2010-2011Sugar EyesSony Music Entertainment2010-2015" ], [ "2011 - 2020", " Name Label Active Olives GMM Grammy 2011–present La Sista True Fantasia 2011-2013 Naka True Fantasia 2011-2014 Seven Days 2 Kamikaze 2012-2013The PoisonIconic Records2012-2013ShuuCHO Music2013-2015Tweenie 90'sEM Entertainment2013-2014Wii6MIB Agency2013-2014GaiaDo A Dot Art Maker2013-2006HcuteHEH Entertainment2014-2015Cup CMONO MUSIC2014-2015Siamese KittenzKelbaMusic2015-2018MilkShakeHalo Society2015-2016SamosornminiRsiam2016–presentSound CreamGrand Musik2017-2018So-MBrick House2017-2018BNK48iAM2017–presentMONO MUSESMONO MUSIC2017–presentSweat16LOVEiS and โยชิโมโต้2017-2022Seventh Sense7th Sense Group2018-2019Siam☆DreamSiamdol2018-2023Rose Quartz0316 Entertainment2018–presentDev Zero -2018-2018GelatoMONO MUSIC2018-2020FEVERRoamrun Entertainment2018-2011A-MuseDreamtime Entertainment2018–presentSomeiYoshino51Seoul Artist Studio2018-2021Secret12B-Stars Music2018–presentJNP -2018–presentAKIRA KURØ -2018–presentLemonadeKNW Entertainment2018-2019Bite MeB Stars Music2018–present9Qteens -2019-2020PraewaGG -2018-2019HAPPYTAIL -2018–presentDouble SUgly Duck Records2018-2019NightsugarstarsIdol -2019–presentTaste of Love -2019-2019Black DollsMADEK STUDIO2019–presentBlissfulTB Entertainment2019-2019FMA ParfaitCM CAFE x FMA Group2019-2020Honey ToastCM CAFE (CORE MUSIC)2019–presentTRIXXArtemis Talent Agency2019-2019Melt MallowSea Lestrail Entertainment2019-2020Shu Shu -2019-2020Black ForestAriya Entertainment2019BHXBH Brick House2019–presentHi-UMBO2019-2020CGM48iAM2019–presentViolet WinkViolet Wink Official2019-2020Shining StarsREN Entertainment2019–presentDaisy DaisyMerry Go Sound2019–presentPolarisMoon Child Project2019–presentLuv Season -2019-2020Mayday -2019–presentWhite Out -2019-2021TossaGirlsWhite Line2019–present1stkizzB Stars Music2019–presentFingers Cross -2019–presentMIMIGUMOiAM2019-2022SizzyGMMTV2019–presentThe Glass GirlsTGG Entertainment2019–presentZenretsukiri TokutenkaiZenkiri Official2019–presentASTERMerry Go Sound2019-2022WisdomWattanapanya Entertainment → ARTIFACT Entertainment2019–presentAMERYUmint Music Entertainment2019-2021SUMOMOUPDANCE ENTERTAINMENT2019–presentRedSpinBH BrickHouse → WYNN Entertainment2019Girls TwelveBR Buri Official2019-2020WISH23UP Music & Embrace Studio2019-preesntHaniChuuHaniChuu Team2019-2020CHARISMA -2020-2020PretzelleFive Four Records2020–presentMemoriz (formerly: FriendZone)Kanomthai Entertainment2020-2022SoulSistarBe Elegance2020–presentSaizenkanri SyndicateSaisyn Official2020-2020FloriztaFlorizta Official2020–presentLaBisLoveiS Entertainment2020-2021A'T-MissAi Entertainment2020-2020AlisztYN11 Entertainments2020–present4EveXOXO Entertainment2020–presentRainbowFlower -2020–presentQRRA (formerly: LYRA, VYRA)BNK48 x Universal Music → Independent Record (IR)2020–presentTERRA2ndR Entertainment2020-prseent" ], [ "2021 - 2030", " Name Label Active iWish MCA Entertainment 2021–present BB Khon NKS Station 2021-2022 Wisher ReSweet Music Label 2021–present PiXXiE LIT ENTERTAINMENT 2021–presentAR3NA411 ENTERTAINMENT2021–presentPEACH YOUGENCUTE OFFICIAL2021–presentINDY CAMPiAM2021–presentLAST IDOL (THAILAND)LAST IDOL (THAILAND) OFFICIAL2021-2023Sora!", "Sora!Catsolute2021–presentPOP UPKhaimoog CNY2021–presentTBR48Mippi Records2022–presentCeleste (formerly: Idol Paradise)VCM Corporation2022-2023DIDIxDADALIT ENTERTAINMENT2022–presentBEACHYWATCH ENTERAIN2022–presentMIRA MIR -2022–presentDEADKATBlackat Record2022–presentWISH MEESC Entertainment2022-2022STARDASH -2022–presenteRaIndependent Record (IR)2022–presentIndy Camp 2Independent Record (IR)2022–presentalalaWhite Fox2022–presentbXd4NOLOGUE2022–presentMXFRUITILY LAP2023–present" ], [ "See also", "* Music of Thailand" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Julius Genss" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Julius Genss''' (in Heb.", "יולי גענס) (born 17 O.S.", "1887 11 in Dorpat, Estonian Governorate of the Russian Empire; died February 3, 1957, in Tallinn as Julius Gens, Estonian SSR) was an Estonian bibliophile, art collector, art critic and patron." ], [ "Life", "Julius (Idel) Genss was born into a wealthy merchant family in Tartu (then Derpt).", "He discovered his passion for painting and graphic art at an early age.", "From 1906 to 1911 he studied at the Faculty of Law at the University of Tartu (then the Imperial University of Yuryev).", "While studying law, Genss began to take painting lessons.In 1911/12, he studied painting and architecture at the Technical University of Munich and visited art collections in Germany and Italy.=== Book and art collector ===He travelled to Moscow and made acquaintance with the Cubofuturists there such as Alexei Jelissejewitsch Krutschonych, Wladimir Majakowski and Dawid Burljuk, as well as with Russian avant-gardists Mikhail Larionov and Natalia Goncharova.After his return to Tartu in 1918, he began to build up a private art collection.", "From 1920, he lectured at the Tartu School of Art, campaigned for Jewish cultural autonomy in Estonia, which was realized in 1925, and was an active member of Pallas, the Estonian Society of Artists and Writers.", "As a delegate of the Academic Association for Jewish History and Literature, he represented the Estonian Jewish cultural community at the Second Congress of Anti-Fascist Writers in Madrid in 1937.In 1934, he became the manager of the Estonian branch of a Swedish timber trading company.", "He moved with his family from Tartu to the Estonian capital Tallinn.", "By 1939, he had amassed a large art library in the Baltic region as well as a large art collection, the largest sections of which were dedicated to Estonian, Russian and Jewish art.=== Evacuation, loss of the collection and political persecution ===In the summer of 1940, Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union.", "A year later, the German Wehrmacht conquered the Baltic states.", "In July 1941, the Genss family had to leave Tallinn to escape the persecution of Estonian Jews by the German occupying forces.", "They were evacuated to Tashkent.In 1941, the art collection and library were housed in the Tallinn Art Museum, which was destroyed in the Soviet bombing raid on Tallinn in 1944.However, the library and the graphic art collection had previously been confiscated by the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR).", "As Alfred Rosenberg was also from Tallinn, he was well acquainted with Julius Genss' collection.", "The library, consisting of over 10,000 art-historical volumes, was later sent to Ratibor.", "In November 1944, Rosenberg reported 61 boxes of the Genss collection in the barracks in Pless, which were named among the most important for removal to Minsk.", "6,000 volumes were eventually transported there and handed over to the local library of the Academy of Sciences.", "780 volumes bearing the stamp of the Tallinn Art Museum (Genss had loaned these books to the museum before the war) were handed over to the Estonian Academy of Sciences Library.Genss filed several claims for restitution, but these were unsuccessful.", "The collection has still not been returned to its owner.In 1951, Genss was arrested after being accused of cosmopolitanism, despite his unstable state of health following two heart attacks.", "He died in Tallinn in February 1957.Julius Genss is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Tallinn-Rahumäe." ], [ "Family", "Julius Genss was married to Bertha Genss.", "Their son Leo Gens (1922-2001) was an important Estonian art historian, but was temporarily banned from his profession during the Soviet era (in the early 1950s), a professor of art history at the Estonian Academy of Fine Arts and a prizewinner at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts.", "His daughter Inna Gens (1928-2014) was a famous art historian of Japanese cinema and writer.", "As a film critic, she received the \"Kawakita Award\" in 1991 for outstanding services to Japanese film.", "Her granddaughter Julia Gens emigrated to Germany in 1991.She lives as an art restorer in Munich." ], [ "Collections", "=== Book collection ===By 1941, Julius Genss had amassed one of the largest art libraries in the Baltic region as well as a considerable art collection with sections of Estonian, Jewish and Russian art, as well as a large collection of ex-libris and prints.Genss described his relationship with books as the greatest passion of his life.", "He had amassed over 10,000 volumes in his collection.", "These included art-historical volumes as well as magazines for bibliophiles such as Philobiblon, illustrated volumes and rarities.", "Every new book in the collection was cataloged.", "Judaica formed a focal point of the collection, which mainly consisted of items from France, Russia and Germany.=== Shir Hashirim (Song of Songs) ===Genss commissioned a version of the Song of Songs (Shir Hashirim), which was created according to his ideas in the artistic design of Ado Vabbe in 1932.The parchment scroll, measuring 527 cm × 52.5 cm, contains the Song of Songs in Hebrew and has eight illustrations in tempera by Vabbe.", "Genss himself designed the text in Hebrew script, the vignettes and the initials.=== Art collection ===Genss himself organized three exhibitions of his collection.", "He had several owner's stamps; he ordered four used bookplates, each in an edition of 2,000, so that the book's inclusion in the library could later be traced on the basis of these.", "He ordered some bookplates from the Estonian avant-garde artist, painter and graphic artist Ado Vabbe (1892-1961).", "In addition to the four commercial ex-libris, Genss also owned a luxury ex-libris.", "He received this as a gift from the Parisian artist Fiszel Zylberberg (1909-1942, murdered in Auschwitz) in an edition of 40.The luxury bookplate was used to decorate magnificent volumes of Judaica in the collection.The graphics collection consisted of almost 3,000 sheets, including works by Marc Chagall, Lyonel Feininger, Paul Klee, Léon Bakst, El Lissitzky and Konstantin Korovin.", "Many objects from the Genss collection are scattered in museums all over the world.=== Judaica collection ===His interest in Jewish art had grown in the meantime.", "On his travels, Genss visited synagogues and Jewish museums, acquired catalogs and specialist literature.", "His Judaica collection continued to grow, and in 1938/39 he organized a travelling exhibition that was presented in Tartu, Tallinn and Riga: \"I wanted to prove the existence of modern Jewish art,\" he later wrote in his memoirs.Artists from Paris, Warsaw, Vilnius, even Israel and the Soviet Union sent him prints and illustrations at his request.", "This resulted in 211 sheets.", "An exhibition catalog was published - in Estonian and in Yiddish, the common idiom among the Jews of Eastern Europe at the time.", "Marc Chagall and Lyonel Feininger contributed prints, artists who are world-famous today.", "But few people still know the names of the others involved.", "Some, such as Nathan Altman or Zygmunt Dobrzycki, survived the Holocaust.", "Data on others, such as Necha Gelbersanska, Julius Kroll and Isaak Schorr, could not be obtained.", "Fani Lewowna-Frydman was murdered in Krakow, Fiszel Zylberberg in Auschwitz.Granddaughter Julia Gens came to Berlin in 1991.She brought with her the fragments of her grandfather's destroyed collection.", "Among them was a particularly valuable piece: a scroll with the Song of Solomon, written in Hebrew by Genss himself in the early 1930s and illustrated by his friend, the Estonian artist Ado Vabbe.", "There was also a facsimile of the Darmstadt Haggadah from 1430.=== The exhibition \"Jewish graphics by Julius Genss\" ===Julius Genss' aim was to prove the existence of contemporary Jewish art and, as the transportation of oil paintings was too expensive and, above all, too risky in these times, he decided to show only graphic art.", "Among the artists were famous names such as Max Liebermann and Marc Chagall.In 1938/39, Julius Genss organized the travelling exhibition ''Jewish Graphic Art''.", "His aim was to prove the existence of contemporary Jewish graphic art.", "Of the 211 works of art exhibited in 1938/39, only 35 graphic works still exist today.", "Polish artists were the most fully represented, contributing eleven prints from Paris, Warsaw, Vilnius and the USA.", "The German graphic artist Hermann Struck sent him exhibits from Tel Aviv.", "Among the Soviet artists, Solomon Judowin was represented in the exhibition.", "The art school in Vilnius sent works by Jewish students.", "Among the renowned masters, Chagall, Israëls and Liebermann were exhibited, as well as ornaments by Natan Altman.", "The exhibition opened in Tartu in May 1938 and was subsequently shown in Tallinn and Riga.In 1941, the collection was confiscated by the \"Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg\", which systematically plundered Jewish cultural treasures in Eastern Europe.", "It was only thanks to the commitment of one individual that three dozen sheets from this collection were preserved and came to Munich with granddaughter Julia Gens.", "Julius Genss had a professor from his home town of Tartu to thank for the fact that some of it could be saved at all.", "His daughter Inna Gens recalls in an interview with Deutsche Welle: \"Paul Ariste had worked in the Rosenberg task force.", "He was always stealing things there and took a piece of my father's Jewish graphics collection home with him.", "When we came back, he was kind enough to give it back to us.", "\"The role of Paul Ariste (then Paul Arriste) was not always positive.", "According to ERR reports (#61432592 page: 208) quote: \"...mainly on the basis of the information provided by the university lecturer Dr. Arriste, the following apparently definitive statements were made about the current whereabouts of the library of the Jew Genss:...\"In 2012, fragments of the Julius Genss collection were shown as part of an exhibition \"Jews 45/90\" (July 2012 - January 2013) at the Jewish Museum Munich.", "It was a very special experience for Inna Gens: \"My father studied here in Munich.", "I could never have imagined that an exhibition like this could be organized in Germany.", "That makes me very happy, of course.", "\"An investigation suggested that the looted collection might be in Belarus." ], [ "Books and publications", "* ''Katalog der Bibliotheck von Julius Genss'', Th.", "1-4, 1928–1930* ''V.Timmi kirjad'', Tartu, Postimees, 1930.", "* ''Huvitav siluettide leid'', Tartu, 1930.", "* ''Briefe Wilhelm Timḿs an seinen Vater aus den Jahren 1841–1846'', Dorpat, 1931.", "* ''Eesti Rahva Muuseumi kunstiosakond: keraamika'', Tallinn, 1931.", "* ''Elevandiluu'', Tartu, Postimees, 1931.", "* ''Netsuke'', Tartu, Postimees, 1931.", "* ''Заметки библиофила'', Tallinn, Postimees, 1932.", "* Nõukogude Vene kunstinäitus.", "Postimees, 2.Mai 1934.", "* ''Биография У.Г.Иваск'' Еврейская периодическая печать в России, Таллинн, 1935.", "* ''Ed.", "Viiraldi ex-libriseid'', Tallinn, 1935.", "* ''Kunstipärase exlibrise näituse kataloog'', Tallinn, Tallinna Eesti Kirjastus-Ühisus, 1935.", "* ''Eesti kunstnike originaalgraafika albumid'' bibliograafiline kirjeldus, Tallinn, 1937.", "* ''Eduard Wiiralt loob gravüüri'', Tallinn, 1937.", "* ''Tlingiti ja haida kunsti Eesti muuseumides'', Tartu : s.n., 1937.", "* ''Juudi graafika'', Tallinn, 1938.", "* יידישע גראפיק ,יידישער קולטור־פארוואלטונג אין עסטי, Tallinn, 1938.", "* Ausstellungskatalog ''Juudi graafika: Tartu – Tallinn, aprill – mai 1938.a.", "'', Tallinn : Libris, 1938.", "* Mit Eduard Ahas u. a.: ''Kunstiühing Pallas: 1918–1938'', Noor-Eesti, 1938.", "* Mit Anne Krebsbach und Edit Käärik, Katalog zu Ausstellung ''Idamaa kunst ja vaibad'' : Kunstihoones 29.okt.", "- 4.nov.", "1938, Tallinna Eesti Kirjastus-Ühisus, Tallinn, 1938.", "* Julius Genssi Raamatukogu Kataloog: יולי גענס ביבליאטעק.", "I טייל ביכער וועגן ביכער יודאיקא, Bd.", "1, Tallinn, Libris, 1939.", "* ''Каталог библиотеки и собрания Юлия Генса'', Том 1 – 4, Tallinn, Libris, 1939.", "* ''Book about books'', Tallinn : s.n., 1939.", "* ''Eksliibriseid aastaist 1936–1939'' RaKü 6.rakenduskunsti näitus : Tallinn, Kunstihoones, 15.-27.IV 1939.", "* ''Üleliidulise põllumajandusnäituse arhitektuur''.", "Ajakiri Viisnurk N1 , 1940.", "* ''Karl Timoleon Neff'', Tallinn, 1940.", "* ''Ilja Repin'' (1844–1930).", "Ajakiri Viisnurk, Oktober 1940.", "* Katalog zu Ausstellung ''Leningradi ja Moskva kunstnike värvilise graafika'', Tallinn, Riigi Trükikoda, 1941.", "* ''Lermontovi teoste illustreeritud väljaandeist''.", "Ajakiri Viisnurk.", "Mai/Juni, 1941.", "* ''Udo Ivask ja tema tegevus raamatumärkide harrastajana'', Tallinn, 1941.", "* Album ''Eesti tööline'', Tallinn, Eesti NSV Kunstifond, 1945.", "* ''Eesti rahva elu-olu: 20 graafilist lehte'', Tallinn, Eesti NSV Kunstifond, 1945.", "* Mit L. Medvedeva: ''Nõukogude maal ja graafika näituse juht'', Tallinn, 1945.", "* ''Eesti kunsti materjale'' bibliograafilisi materjale, 16 Bände, Tallinn, 1935–1948* ''Vana Tallinn ajaloolistes mälestusmärkides'', Tallinn, Ilukirjandus ja Kunst, 1948.", "* Katalog zur Ausstellung ''Kunstnik Roman Nymani teoste'', Tallinn, Riiklik Kunstimuuseum, 1948.", "* ''Vene Realistik Maalikool – Peredviznikud'', NSVL Kunstifondi vabariiklik osakond, Tallinn, 1949.", "* ''Eesti kunsti materjale''.", "4.osa, 12.kd.", ": Eesti tegelaste portreid kujutavas kunstis / koostanud Julius Genss, Tallinn : s.n, 1950.", "* ''Заметки библиофила'' часть 2, Tallinn, лето 1953." ], [ "Literature", "* Осоргин М.", "''Библиофильская новинка'', ''Последние новости'' (Париж), 1939, 1 июня;* F. Puksoo ''Raamat ja tema sõbrad''.", "Tallinn, 1973.", "* ''Eesti kunsti sidemed XX saj.", "algupoolelt''.", "Tallinn, 1978.", "* Ласунский О.Г.", "(предисловие к публикации «Заметок библиофила»), Книга: Исследования и материалы.", "1990.Сб.60; его же «Второе «я» Ю.Генса»* Евреи в культуре Русского Зарубежья, Сост.", "М.Пархомовский.", "Иерусалим, 1993.Вып.", "2* Инна Генс-Катанян.", "Дома и миражи.", "Нижний Новгород, изд-во ДЕКОМ, 2005, ISBN 5-89533-147-5.", "* ''Kodud ja kujutelmad'', von Inna Gens, Tartu, Atlex, 2007, ISBN 978-9949-441-04-4.", "* Lepik Hanno: ''Julius Genss ja ekslibristika.''", "Tallinn, 2009.", "* Leo Gens: ''J.", "Genss – Investigator and Propagator of Jewish art.''", "Jerusalem, 1994.", "* Mikhail Parkhomovsky: ''Russian-Jewish Diaspora (Historical Essays).''", "Jerusalem, 2012, ISBN 978-965-90252-1-3.", "* Eerik Teder: ''\"Julius Genss and bibliophiilia.''", "''Raamat on…'' II, Tallinn 2002 (in Estnisch)* Jutta Fleckenstein: ''Von ganz weit weg – Einwanderer aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion,'' Hentrich und Hentrich Verlag Berlin, 2012, ISBN 978-3-942271-71-4." ], [ "Weblinks", "* Literatur von und über Julius Genss im Katalog der Estnischen Nationalbibliothek Tallinn* Cornelia Rabitz „Julius Genss, Sammler aus Leidenschaft“, Deutsche Welle, 2012* Eva-Elisabeth Fischer „Das Nichts in der Vitrine“, Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2012* Julius Gens – EJA – Art* Als „die Russen“ kamen* Twice Plundered but Not Yet “Home from the War” (PDF-Datei; 514 kB), Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, © Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute 2005* „Roads to Ratibor“ (PDF-Datei; 497 kB) Library and Archival Plunder by the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg (ERR), Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, © Oxford University Press 2005* Die Welt des Bibliophilen und Kunstsammlers" ], [ "See also", "* Nazi plunder* University of Tartu* The Holocaust in Estonia" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alvania perversa" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania perversa''''' is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Distribution", "This species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea (off the coast of Israel)" ], [ "References", "* Nordsieck, F. (1972).", "Die europäischen Meeresschnecken (Opisthobranchia mit Pyramidellidae; Rissoacea).", "Vom Eismeer bis Kapverden, Mittelmeer und Schwarzes Meer.", "Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.", "XIII + 327 pp* Amati, B.; Appolloni, M.; Quaggiotto, E.; Smriglio, C.; Oliverio, M. (2019).", "Notes on some taxa of the Alvania lineata-complex with the descriptions of three new species from the Mediterranean Sea (Gastropoda: Rissoidae).", "Iberus.", "37(1): 81–112." ], [ "External life", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bruno Beran" ], [ "Introduction", "Bruno Beran'''Bruno Beran''' (6 January 1888 – 27 June 1979) was a Czech academic painter." ], [ "Life", "Beran was born on 6 January 1888 in Brno in the Jewish family of Lazar vulgo Alois Beran and his wife Bruna née Schwarz.", "He grew up with two older brothers, Philipp and Rudolf.", "In addition to his artistic talent, he also had a talent for music and was an exceptional violinist.", "In 1903–1905 he studied painting at the School of Arts and Crafts in Vienna under Carl Otto Czeschka and then the Academy of Fine Arts, where he trained under Rudolf Bacher.", "Here he met his future wife Irena, a student at the conservatory and also a native of Brno.", "He continued his studies at the Academy of Painting in Munich from 1907 to 1911 under Professors Johann Caspar Herterich and Heinrich von Zügel.", "In 1911 he studied in Paris at the Académie de la Grande-Chaumiere under Lucien Simon.", "In 1913, he visited Claude Monet in Giverny, a visit which influenced him artistically.After the outbreak of the First World War he enlisted, but after a few months he was discharged from military service due to ill health and returned to his native Brno.", "From 1924 he was briefly a partner in the company \"Brněnské továrny na soaplo Mira, s r.", "o.", "\", but in June 1925 he left the company.", "Bruno Beran worked alternately in Paris, painting religious scenes in addition to portraits, and participated in exhibitions of the Brno \"Association of German Artists of Moravia and Silesia\".In 1929, when the economic crisis ruined the family business, he went to Spain for the first time, where he spent three years of intensive artistic work in Ibiza.", "Even then he was already profiled as a sought-after portraitist and landscape painter, likened by some critics to Degas.Beran married Irena Subaková in Brno in 1935." ], [ "Irene's art collection", "Irene modelled for her husband's painting, and, financially independent, collected art.", "She was an early supporter of the avant-garde and especially the expressionist painter, Oskar Kokoschka, before it become fashionable.", "Artists who art she collected included Klimt, Kokoschka, Von Stȕck, Habermann, Corinth, Heine, Mayrhofer and Lotte Pritzel.", "The Würthle gallery produced a catalog with some of her collection of drawings." ], [ "Nazi era", "In 1936, after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the Berans left for Great Britain and then returned to Paris.", "When Nazi Germany occupied Paris in 1940, the Berans fled across the Pyrenees to Portugal and from there to New York.", "The family home was conficated.", "It is not clear what happened to the Beran art collection." ], [ "Postwar", "In New York Beran worked as an artist, In 1950, and received some commissions for portraits from the Washington diplomatic corps.", "He became an American citizen.", "He died on 27 June 1979 in Palma de Mallorca." ], [ "Claims for restitution of Nazi-looted art", "In 2007, a portrait of Irene by Hugo von Habermann that the Nazis had taken from Beran's brother Philip was restituted.", "Philip was murdered in the HolocaustIn 2022, a painting by Thomas Theodor Heine that the Nazis had looted was returned to the family by the Prussian Palaces and Gardens Foundation Berlin-Brandenburg ( Preußische Schlösser und Gärten Berlin-Brandenburg, SPSG).Gustav Klimt, The Black Feather HatIn 2023 Ronald S. Lauder, the billionaire cosmetics heir and art collector, agreed to the restitution and repurchase of Gustav Klimt's , The Black Feather Hat, 1910 which had been in the collection of Irene Beran before the Nazis seized it.", "The painting resurfaced in an exhibit in Stuttgart organized in part by the Austrian Nazi Friedrich Welz." ], [ "Representation in collections", "* Regional Gallery Liberec** Dáma s psíkem, (1910–1928), olej plátno* National Gallery Prague** two unspecified works* Brno City Museum Podobizna starce (1947), olej plátno Oplakávání, olej plátno Žena v maškarním kostýmu, olej plátno Portrét malíře, olej plátno Žena v orientálním kostýmu, olej plátno Sedící ženský akt, olej plátno Ukřižování, olej plátno Na květinovém trhu, olej plátno Dechová kapela, olej plátno Žena v černém klobouku, olej plátno Muž v šedém obleku, olej plátno Žena v kožešinovém plášti, olej plátno Muž v bílém plášti, olej plátno Muž s rozcuchanými vlasy, (před 1930), olej plátno Starý muž, olej plátno Krajina se skálou a městem, (kol.", "1930), křída barevná, papír" ], [ "Exhibitions", "=== Collective ===1920 – Bruno Beran, Gustav Böhm, Robert Farsky, Karl Korschann, Leonhard Schuller, Julius Schustala, Brno House of Art, Brno1924 – Munchener Graphik / Bruno Beran, Brno House of Arts, Brno1928 – Czechoslovak Fine Art 1918–1928, Brno (Brno-město), Brno1930 – Weihnachtsausstellung / Bruno Beran, Brno House of Art, Brno2000 – 90 years of the Brno House of Art, Brno House of Art, Brno2011 – Moravian National Gallery: 194 years since its foundation, Vice-Governor's Palace, Brno2012/2013 – Kunstschätze des Mäzens Heinrich von Liebig / Art Treasures of the Patron Heinrich von Liebig, Museum Giersch, Frankfurt2013 – Young Lions in a Cage, Regional Gallery Liberec, Liberec2014 – Young Lions in a Cage.", "Artistic groups of German-speaking artists from Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia in the interwar period, Gallery of Fine Arts in Cheb, Cheb" ], [ "Literature", " 1993 – Nový slovník československých výtvarných umělců (I. díl; A – K), Výtvarné centrum Chagall, Ostrava* 2006 – Nová encyklopedie českého výtvarného umění (Dodatky), Academia, nakladatelství Akademie věd České republiky, Praha" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Židovská obec Brno, Židovské osobnosti Brna 20.století* ART+, Beran Bruno (1888–1979)* Galerie Petra Brandla, Bruno Beran 1888 Brno – 1979 Mallorca Archivováno 12.12.2019 na Wayback Machine.", "* Starožitnosti pod Kínskou, Bruno Beran* Židovská obec Brno, osobnosti, Bruno Beran* Bruno Beran on abART* Promus, Registr sbírek výtvarného umění, Bruno Beran" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alvania pinguoides" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Alvania pinguoides''''' is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae." ], [ "Description", "The length of the shell attains 2.3 mm, its diameter 1.3 mm." ], [ "Distribution", "This species occurs is endemic to New Zealand and occurs off Three Kings Islands to Northland." ], [ "References", "* Powell, A.W.B.", "1979 New Zealand Mollusca: Marine, Land and Freshwater Shells, Collins, Auckland* Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A.", "& Willan, R.C.", "(2009).", "Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca.", "Pp 196-219.in: Gordon, D.P.", "(ed.)", "New Zealand inventory of biodiversity.", "Volume one.", "Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia.", "Canterbury University Press, Christchurch" ], [ "External links", "* Powell, A. W. B.", "(1940).", "The marine Mollusca of the Aupourian Province, New Zealand.", "Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand.", "70: 205-248" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bibi Blocksberg (film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Bibi Blocksberg''' is a German children's film from 2002 directed by Hermine Huntgeburth.", "Like ''Bibi Blocksberg and the Secret of the Blue Owls,'' it is based on the characters from the children's radio play series ''Bibi Blocksberg''.", "Elfie Donnelly wrote the script." ], [ "Plot", "The 12-year-old young witch Bibi Blocksberg is to be awarded the Witch's Ball by the Witch Council because of her special achievements in saving two children from death in flames, which you actually only get at the age of 15.Of course, Bibi and her mother Barbara Blocksberg are extremely proud.", "Her father Bernhard Blocksberg, on the other hand, is rather critical of the whole thing because he is looked at askance at work because he has two witches in his family.Nevertheless, the two witches don't let their joy at the award ceremony be spoiled.", "But the evil witch Rabia is jealous of Bibi's success.", "In her opinion, a witch who grows up in the purely human, i.e.", "non-witch society, should not receive the honor of being awarded the witch's ball.", "She deliberately drops Bibi's ball and has to give her own witch's ball to Bibi instead.", "However, Rabia's witch ball contains the formula for a stolen magic potion that promises eternal youth, and without the formula Rabia cannot prepare the magic potion.Rabia then swears revenge on the Blocksberg family and tries to regain the crystal ball by any means she can." ], [ "Reviews", "“Eventful and turbulent film adaptation of the successful children's book and radio play classic that provides solid entertainment for its target group.", "Nevertheless, the familiar program is played out with too much routine, and the film, above all, fails to breathe life into the positive characters.” – Lexicon of international film" ], [ "Special features", "The film Bibi Blocksberg was the most successful German-language film in 2002.The sequel ''Bibi Blocksberg and the Secret of the Blue Owls'' followed in 2004.The aerial shots at the beginning and end of the film show the old town of Nördlingen.", "The exterior shots in the fictional “Neustadt”, however, were filmed in Freising.The video release was certified 11× Platinum for sales of 550,000 units.The 2nd prize at the Chicago International Children's Film Festival 2003 for Live-Action Feature Film went to ''Bibi Blocksberg.''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "England: Richmond Hill, on the Prince Regent's Birthday" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''England: Richmond Hill, on the Prince Regent's Birthday''''' is an 1819 painting by the English artist J. M. W. Turner.", "It was displayed at the 1819 Royal Academy Summer Exhibition at Somerset House, the largest work that Turner had yet presented.", "It depicts a real event on Richmond Hill hosted by Lady Cardigan at Cardigan House on 12 August 1817 to celebrate the birthday of the Prince Regent.", "Petersham Meadows by the bend in the River Thames is in the background.", "Just across the river in Twickenham was Turner's own house Sandycombe Lodge.", "Ham House is also visible in the distance.", "The work appears to show the Regent just off the canvas as several of the guests turn to look.", "Turner's biographer James Hamilton describes it as featuring \"flighty Watteauesque figures, ideal evanescent trees, and a horizon so extended as to be unreal\".", "It may have been an attempt to secure the Regent's patronage.", "He did subsequently receive his only royal commission for the naval painting ''The Battle of Trafalgar'' in 1822.After completing the work Turner embarked on a lengthy visit to Italy which significantly altered his style concerning the use of light.", "It is now in the Tate Britain, and was part of the Turner Bequest in 1856." ], [ "See also", "* List of paintings by J. M. W. Turner" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Finley, Gerald.", "''Angel in the Sun: Turner's Vision of History''.", "McGill–Queen's University Press, 1999.", "* Hamilton, James.", "''Turner - A Life''.", "Sceptre, 1998.", "* Neset, Arne.", "''Arcadian Waters and Wanton Seas: The Iconology of Waterscapes in Nineteenth-century Transatlantic Culture''.", "Peter Lang, 2009." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Perpetual Lady Altas volleyball" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Perpetual Lady Altas''' is the women's collegiate volleyball teams of University of Perpetual Help System Dalta.", "They compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)." ], [ "History", "Perpetual Lady Altas joined NCAA in 1984.They have 3 championship titles in the NCAA.", "Their last championship and marked as their first 3-peat championship title in NCAA was in 2014.The Perpetual Lady Altas also joined Shakey's Super League and V-League in 2022." ], [ "Current roster", ";NCAA Season 98 '''Perpetual lady Altas roster'''NumberPlayerPositionHeightBirth date High SchoolMary Rhose Dapol Outside Hitter Winnie Bedana Middle Blocker Shaila Omipon Sto.", "Niño de Praga Academy Janine Padua Opposite Hitter Charmaine Ocado Krisha Cordero Living Stones International School Charisse Enrico Razel Paula Aldea (C) Middle Blocker Jhasmine Sapin Joanne Lozano Libero Kaila Edilsam Reyes Kathrina Arcellana Marian Tracy Andal Libero" ], [ "Team honors", "===NCAA=== '''Perpetual Lady Altas awards (partial)'''YearNCAA Season TitleRef200984 '''3rd place'''201085 '''3rd place'''201287 '''Champions'''201388 '''Champions'''201489 '''Champions'''201893 '''3rd place'''201994 '''Runner-up'''202398 '''3rd place'''===SSL=== '''Perpetual Lady Altas awards'''SeasonConference TitleRef 2022 Pre-Season 8th place2023 Invitationals 4th place Pre-Season 9th place===V-League=== '''Perpetual Lady Altas awards'''SeasonConference TitleRef 2023 Collegiate4th place" ], [ "Individual honors", "===NCAA=== '''Perpetual Lady Altas Individual awards (partial)'''YearNCAA Season AwardPlayerRef 201085 Best Setter Keshia De Luna Best Server Norie Jane Diaz Best DiggerAngelique Dionela 201287 Most Valuable PlayerSandra delos Santos Best Attacker Best SetterArianne Argarin Best ReceiverAngelique Dionela 201388 Most Valuable Player (Season) Norie Jane Diaz Best Attacker Honey Royse Tubino 201489 Most Valuable Player (Season)Honey Royse Tubino Most Valuable Player (Finals) Best Attacker 201590 Best SetterShyrra Cabriana Best Server 201792 1st Best Middle Blocker Ma.", "Lourdes Clemente 2nd Best Middle Blocker Coleen Bravo 201893 1st Best Middle Blocker Ma.", "Lourdes Clemente 201994 1st Best Outside Hitter Cindy Imbo 202398 Most Valuable Player (Season) Mary Rhose Dapol 1st Best Outside Hitter Rookie of the Year Shaila Omipon Best Libero Marian Tracy Andal" ], [ "Season-by-season record", " Champion Runner-up Third placeSeasonFieldEliminationsPlayoffsHead coach Finish GP W L PCT Round Opponent Result 2008 5 Final Four Letran Lady Knights L 2009 6 Final Four Letran Lady Knights'''W''' 2010 10 Final Four Letran Lady Knights'''W''' 2011 '''Suspended''' 2012 10 Finals Letran Lady Knights '''W''' 2013 10 Finals San Sebastian Lady Stags '''W''' 2014 10 FinalsArellano Lady Chiefs '''W''' 2015 10 Final Four Benilde Lady Blazers L 2016 10 3rd 9721.065 Final Four Arellano Lady Chiefs L 2017 10 5th 9541.051 Did not qualify 2018 10 3rd 9721.050Final FourSan Beda Red Lionesses L 0–3 2019 10 2nd 9721.199FinalsArellano Lady ChiefsL 1–2 2020 Tournament cancelled 2021 Tournament cancelled 2022 10 7th9260.611 Did not qualify 2023 10 2nd 9811.100Stepladder SemifinalsLyceum Lady Pirates L 1–3" ], [ "Former players", "* Angelique Dionela ''(L)''* Honey Royse Tubino ''(OH/OP) Legend S Setter L Libero MB Middle Blocker OH Outside Hitter OP Opposite Hitter" ], [ "See also", "* Perpetual Altas" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Scott W. McPherson" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Scott W. McPherson''' (born September 7, 1955) is an American politician.", "He served as a Republican member for the 117th district of the Florida House of Representatives." ], [ "Life and career", "McPherson was born in Jacksonville, Florida.", "He attended Indian River Community College.In 1980, McPherson was elected to represent the 117th district of the Florida House of Representatives, succeeding Bill Flynn.", "He served until 1982, when he was succeeded by C. Thomas Gallagher III." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Katherine Cowley" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Katherine Cowley''' is an American author of historical mysteries, short stories, and essays.", "She is also a lecturer.Cowley lives in Michigan and has taught writing at Western Michigan University." ], [ "Writing Awards", "Cowley's debut novel, ''The Secret Life of Miss Mary Bennet'', was a finalist for the 2022 Mystery Writers of America Mary Higgins Clark Award of the Edgar Awards.The novel was the winner of 2022 Latter-day Saints in Publishing, Media, and the Arts (LDSPMA) Praiseworthy Award in the Suspense/Mystery category.It was also the finalist for the Whitney Awards for Best Mystery/Suspense and Best Debut Novel.Cowley's blog, Jane Austen Writing Lessons, was one of the “100 Best Websites for Writers in 2021” according to The Write Life." ], [ "Selected works", "=== Novels ===* ''The Secret Life of Miss Mary Bennet'', (Tule Publishing, 2021, )* ''The True Confessions of a London Spy'', (Tule Publishing, 2022, )* ''The Lady's Guide to Death and Deception'', (Tule Publishing, 2022, )=== Short Publications (selection) ===* “The Justified Fear of Snow in Jane Austen's Emma.” Jane Austen's World.", "Essay.", "2022.", "* “Revising for Tone During Difficult Times.” Women Writers, Women's Books.", "Essay.", "2022.", "* A Rising Generation: Women in Power in Young Adult novels (''Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought'', 53, Spring 2020, p 194–198.", ")=== Short Stories (selection) ===* \"Tatterhood and the Prince’s Hand.\"", "''Unspun: A Collection of Tattered Fairy Tales''.", "Novella.", "(CreateSpace Independent Publishing, 2018, )* “Confessions of a Mycologist.” ''Mad Scientist Journal'', Spring 2018, Volume CCI, Short story.", "(''Mad Scientist Journal'', 2018.", ")* “The Last Bathroom.” ''Defenestration''.", "Short story.", "(''Defenestration: A Literary Magazine Dedicated to Humor'', 2016.", ")* “The Clockwork Seer.” ''Steel and Bone: Nine Steampunk Adventures''.", "Novelette.", "(Xchyler Publishing, 2015, )* ''The Cultural Repository.''", "''Defenestration''.", "Short story.", "(''Defenestration: A Literary Magazine Dedicated to Humor'', 2022.", ")=== References ====== External links ===* Official website* Works in WorldCat" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Dad Beat Dad" ], [ "Introduction", "\"'''Dad Beat Dad'''\" is the fifth episode of the first season of the adult animated television series ''Hazbin Hotel''.", "It follows Princess Charlie Morningstar of Hell as she calls her absent father Lucifer to her hotel in an attempt to convince him to organize a meeting with Heaven to re-pitch the concept of using it to redeem sinners.", "It premiered on Amazon Prime Video on January 25, 2024 alongside the following episode \"Welcome to Heaven\", and was written by Rachel Kaplan and directed by series creator Vivienne Medrano.The episode received a universally positive critical reception, in particular for Jeremy Jordan's performance as Lucifer Morningstar." ], [ "Plot", "With the next Extermination only months away, Vaggie awakens to find that her girlfriend Charlie has been up all night trying to figure out a way to prove to Heaven that the Hazbin Hotel can redeem sinners.", "Left with no other options, Charlie calls her estranged father, the fallen angel Lucifer Morningstar, to ask him to arrange a new meeting with Heaven on her behalf.", "Severely depressed since his and Lilith's divorce, Lucifer initially refuses Charlie's request, only to be overjoyed by her \"inviting him over\" to see the hotel, informing her he will be there within the hour.", "After Niffty, Angel Dust, and Sir Pentious ensure the hotel is presentable enough for the King of Hell, Lucifer shows up to the hotel and is unimpressed, quickly clashing with Alastor, whom he sees as a rival for Charlie's attention (\"Hell's Greatest Dad\").", "However, their argument is interrupted by the sudden arrival of Mimzy, an old friend of Alastor's, which eventually allows Charlie and Alastor to give Lucifer a tour of the hotel.As the two show Lucifer around, Mimzy tells Angel Dust and Sir Pentious about the original arrival of Alastor (whom she had known in life) to Hell.", "He is said to have hunted down almost every previously reigning overlord of Hell upon his initial arrival before broadcasting their screams over his radio signal, coming into his own as \"the Radio Demon.\"", "Husk takes Alastor away from his tour to remind him to be mistrustful of Mimzy's intentions, and how due to Alastor's seven-year absence from the public eye of Hell, others may not believe him to be as much of a threat as he was in the past.", "Alastor brushes him off, but when Husk mentions offhand how Alastor's soul is \"on a leash\" to someone else, just as Husk's soul is bound to Alastor, Alastor momentarily loses his temper and threatens to tear Husk's soul apart.As Charlie attempts to convince her father of the hotel's merits, loan sharks looking for Mimzy attack the hotel, leading Alastor to take on his gigantic \"Radio Demon\" form to \"remind\" Hell of his power and annihilate the loan sharks.", "He then banishes Mimzy from the hotel in order to prevent her from endangering it any further.", "In observing how Charlie feels that Alastor stood up for her where he himself had not, Lucifer reconciles with Charlie upon realizing she is a \"dreamer\" like him (\"More Than Anything\").", "He agrees to organize a meeting with Heaven for her, before departing.", "A celebrating Charlie excitedly informs Vaggie that they will both be attending the meeting, unnerving Vaggie." ], [ "Production", "===Casting===The episode stars Erika Henningsen as Princess Charlotte \"Charlie\" Morningstar, Blake Roman as Angel Dust, Amir Talai as Alastor the \"Radio Demon\", Alex Brightman as Sir Pentious, Stephanie Beatriz as Vaggie, Keith David as Husk \"Husker\", and Kimiko Glenn as Niffty.", "Guest starring are Jeremy Jordan as Lucifer Morningstar and Sarah Stiles as Mimzy.On Lucifer's characterization in the episode, Jordan described it as:\"Lucifer's kind of a mysterious figure at the top.", "We don't really know much about him except that he doesn't have the best relationship with his daughter.", "When we meet him in \"Dad Beat Dad\" he's clearly been pent-up and alone for quite some time.", "What's really cool is because the show has kind of turned everything else on its head, we've definitely turned the character of Lucifer on his head, as well… He's very zany.", "He's not like the sort of evil overlord that you would imagine him to be.", "He's still very much all powerful, but what would someone be like if they were just stuck in a place forever and slowly went crazy?", "Also, his relationship with his daughter is a little bit strained because he just doesn't know how to be a good father.", "I think he wants to be, and Charlie and this hotel sort of offers him an opportunity to make up for not being there as much in the past.", "\"===Music===Sam Haft and Andrew Underberg wrote the songs \"Hell's Greatest Dad\" and \"More Than Anything.\"", "Jordan is stated to have taken influence from Robin Williams' performance as Genie from the 1992 film ''Aladdin''.===Animation===The animation was made by SpindleHorse Toons, and co-produced by A24 and Princess Bento.", "The storyboarding was done by Nicole Rodriguez." ], [ "Marketing", "A teaser for \"Dad Beat Dad\" was released on January 24, 2024, with the episode premiering the next day.", "Ahead of the episode's premiere, following the promotional reveal of Lucifer's design in November of 2022, the depiction went viral as \"the embodiment of a Tumblr sexyman,\" with the episode's marketing over the following months subsequently being centered around this concept." ], [ "Reception", "''MXDWN'' lauded the episode as \"the best one in the series thus far that perfectly encapsulates what makes this show entertaining,\" in particular complimenting its dialogue as \"witty and funny while the emotional scenes feel impactful and real within the story and the way each character acts,\" praising the \"incredible chemistry\" between Jeremy Jordan as Lucifer and Amir Talai as Alastor.", "They stated that its animation \"takes risks in the set pieces and musical numbers being more vibrant and more detailed than those in prior episodes,\" with ''The Review Geek'' similarly bringing attention to the episode's \"utilizing of its musical numbers well while still packing an emotional punch in Jeremy Jordan's beautiful voice.\"" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Josef Ospelt cabinet" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Josef Ospelt cabinet''' was the governing body of Liechtenstein from 23 March 1921 to 27 April 1922.It was appointed by Johann II and was chaired by Josef Ospelt." ], [ "History", "Once 6 months had passed since Josef Peer's appointment in March 1921 it was debated whether he should remain as the Governor of Liechtenstein.", "The Progressive Citizens' Party supported keeping him in office, whereas the Christian-Social People's Party insisted on upholding the previous agreement.", "It was decided that a referendum would be held to decide if Peer would be kept in office.", "While 62% voted to keep Peer as Governor, he instead chose to resign the position.", "As such, the Josef Peer cabinet was disbanded and He was succeeded by Josef Ospelt as Governor.The government's term was characterized by being responsible for the final stages of Liechtenstein's constitutional revision, which had begun three years earlier following the November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch.", "Ospelt was a member of the constitutional revision council and on 5 October 1921 he co-signed, along with Prince Karl Aloys the Constitution of Liechtenstein.", "As a result, the office of Governor was succeeded by Prime Minister of Liechtenstein and Ospelt became its first holder.Ospelt resigned the position on 27 April 1922 reportedly for health reasons, as such the cabinet was dissolved and was succeeded by his deputy Alfons Feger and then Felix Gubelmann as acting Prime Minister.", "The subsequent 1922 Liechtenstein general election resulted in a win for the Christian-Social People's Party, and Gustav Schädler was appointed Prime Minister with the cabinet succeeded by the Schädler cabinet." ], [ "Members", "'''Picture''''''Name''''''Term''''''Party'''Prime Minister80pxGustav Schädler23 March 1921 – 27 April 1922Christian-Social People's PartyDeputy Prime Minister80pxAlfons Feger2 March 1922 – 1 June 1922IndependentGovernment councillors80pxFelix Gubelmann 1922 – 27 April 1922 Christian-Social People's Party80pxGustav Schädler2 March 1922 – 27 April 1922Christian-Social People's Party80pxFranz Josef Marxer 23 March 1921 – 1922Progressive Citizens' PartyOskar Bargetze March 1921 – March 1922Progressive Citizens' Party" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "See also", "* Politics of Liechtenstein" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Jesse O. McCarthy" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jesse O. McCarthy''' (November 10, 1867 — 1937) was a Toronto insurance executive and politician and an early member of Canada's Baha'i community.McCarthy was born in Walpole, Haldimand County, Ontario to Charles Callahan McCarthy and Margaret Frances (Williams) McCarthy.", "He was a school teacher before becoming a life insurance agent in 1892.He worked for the Temperance and General Life Assurance Company of Toronto until 1905 and then was the provincial manager of first the Great West Life Assurance Company of Toronto from 1906 to 1909 and then manager of Aetna Life Assurance Company until 1912 when he became president of the Sterling Life Assurance Company and then president and general manager of its successor, the Security Life Insurance Company of Canada.McCarthy was first elected to Toronto City Council as alderman for Ward 6 in the 1910 Toronto municipal election and was re-elected in 1911 Toronto municipal election.", "In the 1912 Toronto municipal election he was elected to the Toronto Board of Control and was re-elected in 1913 and 1914 and is credited with establishing Toronto's juvenile court, the first in Canada, and advocated on improvements to sanitation, food safety, the water and milk supply, lighting, and education.", "McCarthy ran for Mayor of Toronto in the 1915 Toronto municipal election but was defeated by Thomas Langton Church who won 26,041 votes to McCarthy's 19,573.McCarthy had been endorsed by the ''Toronto Daily Star'' which praised his record as a social reformer crediting him with leading the playground movement in the city as well as using his position on council to improve water treatment and sanitation to reduce the spread of disease, and builf improved hospitals.", "Originally a Methodist, McCarthy and his wife became members of the small Baha'i community in Toronto.", "In 1924, McCarthy was sent to Britain to represent Toronto's Baha'i community at an international Baha'i conference.He married Mary Davis on August 10, 1892, and they had three children: Lilian Pearl, Vourneen, and Davis.", "McCarthy died in 1937." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Thomas Holmes (missionary)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Thomas Holmes''' (25 January 1846 - 26 March 1918) was a British police-court missionary, philanthropist, author and, upon retirement, secretary of the Howard Association (now the Howard League for Penal Reform).", "His career as a missionary made him \"a well-known figure, universally respected\", in particular his interventions and friendship with the notorious Jane Cakebread.", "He wrote several books on criminology and London's \"criminal underworld\".From the age of twelve until he was thirty-three, he was an iron-moulder like his father; a serious accident in 1877 forced him to find a less physical job.", "His friends advised him in 1885 to apply for the role of police-court missionary in Lambeth, and he was appointed.", "In 1889 he was transferred to North London police court." ], [ "Career as a police-court missionary", "Police-court missionaries were the fore-runner to probation officers, as their initial function was to \"reclaim drunkards\" and subsequently other offenders too.", "This developed into a system of releasing offenders on the condition that they would stay in touch with the missionary and accept their guidance.", "Police-court missionaries were managed by voluntary societies such as the Church of England Temperance Society, who would appoint missionaries to the London Police Courts, until the National Probation Service was set up in 1907.Holmes worked as a missionary for twenty years, and dealt with thieves, drunkards, prostitutes, and other criminals.", "He wrote extensively about his experiences in ''Pictures and Problems From London Police Courts'' (1900)'','' including his first day attending the police court and the extensive suffering on display: Even as I sit and write, it is all before me and around.", "I hear again the horrible speech and diverse tongues.", "I hear the accents of sorrow and the burst of angry sound.", "I hear the devil-may-care laugh and the contemptuous expression.", "I hear the sighs and groans and bitter plaints.", "I see men shorn of all glory.", "I see womanhood clothed in shame.", "I see Vice rampant.", "I see Misery crawling.", "He recalls that he went into Kennington Park, sat down and \"cried like a child\" at the end of his first day.", "He also discusses the instructions he was given by his employer, which he felt were inadequate in their focus on religious and moral deliverance: 'Rescue them,' said my employers, 'and the last day of every month a small cheque shall be your reward.'", "'How am I to do it?'", "'Here's a temperance pledge-book; take pledges.'", "'But there are others.'", "'Give them tracts.'", "'But there are the hungry and homeless to feed.'", "'Give them tracts.'", "'But there are the poor wantons.'", "'Take them to rescue homes, and let them work out their own salvation at the wash-tubs.", "'However, he eventually adjusted and found that, in the procession of offenders through the court, \"a field for the study of human nature is opened up, and nowhere in the wide world is there a field equal to it\".", "There was opportunity to study \"the drink question\", \"the social evil\", the \"causes of crime\"; \"every phase of every social problem has its place here\"." ], [ "Friendship with Jane Cakebread", "Jane Cakebread (1827/1828 – 17 December 1898) was a homeless woman notorious for her frequent arrests for public drunkenness; she appeared in court 277 times, and is credited for inspiring the Inebriates Act 1898.Holmes staged many interventions for her, providing her with clothes and money for accommodation, and she would frequently attempt to go see him whenever she was discharged from prison.", "Cakebread told Holmes he could inherit her (non-existent) fortune, and once proposed to him; her prized possessions were the clothes he gave her.", "Their relationship has been described as \"a kind of love story, a moving account of a professional relationship that became a strange friendship.\"", "Holmes described their relationship as such:Fifty years I stood by and stood up for Jane Cakebread, and we became inseparably connected.", "She abused me right royally and her power of invective was superb.", "When she was not in prison she haunted my house and annoyed my neighbours." ], [ "Later life", "Holmes retired from police court work in 1905 and became secretary of the Howard Association (now the Howard League for Penal Reform), a pressure group dedicated to reform of prisons and criminal law.", "He worked there for ten years and provided advice to successive Home Secretaries on prison reform.", "As secretary, he built up a relationship between the Howard Association and the Prisons Department at the Home Office by extensively quoting and interpreting the annual reports of the Prison Commissioners in the Association reports.", "Arthur Gardner praised his tenure as secretary, comparing him to his predecessor Edward Grubb: \"He had the same quiet faith as his predecessor, but the former's righteous anger was replaced by that understanding which converts anger into pity.", "A better secretary for the Howard Association could not have been found...\"In his studies ''London's Underworld'' (1912) and ''Psychology and Crime'' (1912), he pushed an environmental analysis of crime, arguing that criminals are not 'born' but created through wealth inequality, unemployment and bad housing.", "In 1910 he was sent to the United States as the British representative at the Penological Congress.In 1904 he founded the Home Workers' Aid Association, which aimed to improve the working conditions of unregulated labour such as costume-sewing and artificial flower-making, which were usually done by women working up to sixteen hours a day for less than two shillings.", "The association provided women with annual holidays and recreational facilities.In 1910 he set up Singholm, a guest house in Walton-on-the-Naze, where forty women at a time could relax during their fortnight's holiday.", "He spent much of his own time there.", "The house later became known as Singholm Auxiliary Hospital when it was taken over by the British Red Cross for use during World War I, then returned to the ownership of the Association, but improved social conditions and employment of women outside of the home meant there was less need for a worker's holiday house.", "He died of heart failure on 26 March 1918 in London, nearly a year after his wife of forty-five years passed." ], [ "Selected works", "* ''Pictures and Problems From London Police Courts'' (1900).", "* ''Known to the Police'' (1908).", "* ''London's Underworld'' (1912).", "* ''Psychology and Crime'' (1912)." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2023–24 UNC Wilmington Seahawks women's basketball team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2023–24 UNC Wilmington Seahawks women's basketball team''' represents the University of North Carolina Wilmington during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season.", "The Seahawks, led by first-year head coach Nicole Woods, play their home games at Trask Coliseum in Wilmington, North Carolina as members of the Coastal Athletic Association." ], [ "Previous season", "The Seahawks finished the 2022–23 season 5–25, 2–16 in CAA play to finish in last (13th) place.", "As the #13 seed in the CAA tournament, they were defeated by #12 seed Hofstra in the first round.After being led by interim head coach Tina Martin for the entirety of the 2022–23 season, on April 17, 2023, the school named Charlotte associate head coach Nicole Woods the team's new head coach." ], [ "Roster" ], [ "Schedule and results", " Exhibition Non-conference regular season CAA regular seasonCAA tournamentSources:" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Kale Group" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Kale Group''' (), is an industrial conglomerate with headquarters in Istanbul, Turkey.", "Established in 1956, the company's primary activities are in ceramics, building chemicals, logistics, defenseand aviation industry in 2015." ], [ "History", "The company was founded by İbrahim Bodur (1928–2016) in 1956 to produce ceramics.", "In later years, the company entered in metal tools industry in 1969, chemical products industry in 1975, equipment trading in 1978, hardware, machinery and power tools trading, and defense industry.", "It has many more smaller companies especially in service sector.The holding company's headquarters is located in a building located on the Büyükdere Avenue in Levent neighborhood of Beşiktaş district at Istanbul.", "The company has been chaired by CEO is Zeynep Bodur Okyay (born 1964) since 2007, the daughter of the founder İbrahim Bodur." ], [ "Operations", "=== Ceramics Industry===The first company of the Group was established as \"Çanakkale Seramik Fabrikaları A.Ş.\"", "(\"Çanakkale Ceramic Factories Inc.\", in 1956.The plant to produce ceramic floor tiles was built in Çanakkale in 1957.The company united in 2000 with \"Kalebodur Seramik Sanayi A.Ş.\"", "under the roof \"Kaleseramik Çanakkale Kalebodur Seramik Sanayi A.Ş\".", "Production is in progress in four different locations, in Çan and Sameteli at Çanakkale, Yerköy in Yozgat as well as Bandırma in Balıkesir.", "Kaleseramik, which leads the industry with over 4,500 product varieties in flexible porcelain plates, ceramic floor tiles, ceramic sanitary ware, faucets and bathroom furniture product groups.", "lt introduces approximately 200 new products to the market every year.", "The company also delivers its products to customers in the domestic market as well as in 86 countries abroad.", "In terms of ceramic floor tiles production, it ranks first in Turkey, fifth in Europe and 18th biggest in the world.=== Metalworking Industry ===5.56×45mm NATO Kale KCR556 Infantry rifleKale KMR762 – 7.62×51mm NATO / .308 DMR \"KaleKalıp\" was established in Istanbul in 1969 to design and produce precision moulds, machine parts and special purpose machines.", "It took part in the production of molds for the Heckler & Koch G3 rifle parts by using its precision mold production capabilities in the 1970s.", "In 1987, it participated in the Euro Stinger Project and improved its system production, testing and integration capabilities.", "The company has over 500 employees.In the 1990s, it took part in the design and manufacturing of multi-barreled rocket launchers platforms of various calibers.", "Later, it increased its international defense sector experience by taking part in the GMLRS and ATACMS projects with the industry leader Lockheed Martin company and the Rapier project for the MBDA company.", "In 2005, it designed, qualified and produced Turkey's first 40×46 mm low-velocity grenade launcher OBA-KAGL40, which entered the inventory of the Turkish Armed Forces.", "It was involved in the design process of Turkey's first national infantry rifle MPT-76 in 2009 as the main subcontractor, and successfully completed the critical design and analysis processes during the 2009–2014 period.The company introduced following weapons in 2019, and 2023, which are in use by the Turkish Armed Forces and the Turkish Security Forces:* KCR556, 5.56×45mm NATO Infantry rifle* KCR739, 7.62×39mm, Infantry rifle* KGL40, 40×46 mm low-velocity grenade launcher* KMG556, Semi-automatic machine gun* KMR762, Semi-automatic designated marksman rifle* KNG-C5, 5.56×45mm NATO Personal defense weapon* KSR338, .338 Lapua Magnum Sniper rifle=== Chemicals Industry ===The chemicals company \"Kale Kimya A.Ş.\"", "was founded in 1975 by chemical engineer Kazım Kaleağası as the MarmaraRegion distributor of the German chemical company Henkel.", "Following Turkey's entry into the Customs Union, distribution agreements were signed with the worldwide leading chemical companies in 1997.A laboratory facility was established in 2000.All companies gathered in 2004 in a facility covering an area of in Şekerpınar neighborhood of Çayırova, Kocaeli under the group company \"Kale Kimya Grubu\".", "In 2008, pre-commercial production started.", "The production was launched in 2015 in the new plant located at the industrial zone of Düzce.", "For the Middle East markets, an office and warehouse was founded under the name \"Dubai – Chemea\" in the Jebel Ali Free Zone in 2016.A research and development center was founded in 2017.A second plant was founded in the industrial zone of Gebze, Kocaeli Province.", "The company's activities are in the cosmetics,,detergent, textiles, adhesives, metal, pharmaceutical, food and Ppool sectors.The company offred its shares of stock to the public.", "The shares began to be traded in the Borsa Istanbul as BIST:KLKIM on 18 May 2021.=== Equipment Trading ===\"Kale Makina Pazarlama A.Ş.\"", "(Kale Equipment Marketing Inc.\") was founded in 1978 to trade with construction equipment and spare parts.", "It offers the products of American construction equipment of Gehl (2006), Japanese construction equipment of Kubota (2007), British dumpers of Thwaites (2013) and Finnish loaders of Avant Equipment (2016).", "In 2011, the company moved into a building of on area.", "In 2017, a customs space of and a open area were added.=== Hardware, Machinery and Power tools Trading ===\"Kale Hırdavat ve Makina A.Ş.", "(Kale Hardware and Machinery Inc.\") was established to supply hardware, machinery and power tools.=== Defense Industry ===\"Kale Savunma\" (\"Kale Defense\") was founded by Özgür Dönmez to serve the defense industry in the industrial zone of İvedikköy neighborhood at Yenimahalle, Ankara on 13 January 2015.due to high competition in the market, the company canged its sector, and started to produce injection molding machines.", "It features a great number od CNC machines like CNC Vertical (machining machines, CNC lathe machines, laser cutting machines, coordinate-measuring machines and welding machines." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2021 Taichung Futuro season" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2021 Taichung Futuro season''' was the club's 3rd season and their 3rd season in Taiwan Football Premier League." ], [ "Kits", "'''Supplier''': MIE Jersey'''Main Sponsor''': Lihpao Resort" ], [ "Players", "NPos.Nat.NameAge.SinceGoalkeepers1GK\|Tuan Hsuan24202111GK\|Lee Ming-wei24202021GK\|Tuan Yu27201977GK\|Kenshin Katata22202081GK\|Jun Kochi382020Defenders2DF\|Wang Ruei2820203DF\|Chen Ting-yang (captain)2920194DF\|Wu Meng-chi2220206DF\|Massamba Sambou3520217DF\|Keisuke Ogawa35201920DF\|Chiu Po-jui22202123DF\|Juang Ming-yan322020Midfielders5MF\|Naoyuki Yamazaki3020218MF\|Yoshitaka Komori3420199MF\|Chen Hung-wei24202113MF\|Su Hung-chi27202114MF\|Liao Yi-shih26201916MF\|Jiang Hao-ren24202017MF\|Hsu Heng-pin28201919MF\|Seiji Fujiwara45201922MF\|Shohei Yokoyama28202138MF\|Tu Shao-chieh22202143MF\|Liang Meng-hsin18202166MF\|Zeng Zi-hao24202188MF\|Lin Chien-liang272019Forwards10FW\|Joo Ik-seong29202015FW\|Huang Sheng-chieh22202118FW\|Li Mao29201924FW\|Jhih-jie Men-nuo28202126FW\|Li Chung-yun27201927FW\|Chen Hao-wei29202130FW\|Chen Chi-wei21202087FW\|Onur Dogan34202189FW\|Mun Te-su272020Source:" ], [ "Transfers", "===In===No.Pos.PlayerTransferred fromSourcePreseason1GKTuan HsuanTainan City TSG5MFNaoyuki Yamazaki–6DFMassamba SambouUlaanbaatar City9MFChen Hung-wei–13MFSu Hung-chi–15FWHuang Sheng-chiehMing Chuan University20DFChiu Po-juiMing Chuan University24FWJhih-jie Men-nuo–27FWChen Hao-weiEastern33DFFilip EngelmanOFK Beograd87FWOnur DoganTatungMidseason22MFShohei Yokoyama–38MFTu Shao-chiehAndy Chen Academy43MFLiang Meng-hsinHualien High School66MFZeng Zi-hao–===Out===No.Pos.PlayerTransferred toSourcePreseason4DFHung Tzu-kueiCPC Corporation5DFYugo Ichiyanagi–6DFChao Ming-hsiuTaipower10MFKeita YamauchiEsperanza18MFKuo Yao-hua–24DFKohei UedaYSCC Yokohama31DFLi Yi-ming–32MFCalum Togneri–34GKChen Jih-yang–36GKTsai Chih-hsinInter Taoyuan38MFTsai Hsien-chiehKaohsiungPreseason33DFFilip Engelman–" ], [ "Competitions", "===Overall record======Taiwan Football Premier League=======League table========Results by round========Matches====" ], [ "Statistics", "===Squad statistics===''Goalkeepers''''Defenders''''Midfielders''''Forwards'' Players who left during the season but made an appearance''Own goals (0)''===Goalscorers===PlayerTMFLTotal'''1'''22MFShohei Yokoyama 5'''5''''''2'''5MFNaoyuki Yamazaki 4'''4''''''3'''10FWJoo Ik-seong 2'''2'''87FWOnur Dogan 2'''5'''3DFChen Ting-yang 1'''1'''6DFMassamba Sambou 19MFChen Hung-wei 115FWHuang Sheng-chieh 118FWLi Mao 120DFChiu Po-jui 127FWChen Hao-wei 1'''Own goals ''(from the opponents)''''' 0'''0''''''Totals''''''20''''''20'''===Hat-tricks=== Player Against Result Date Competition Ref Shohei Yokoyama Land Home NTUS 4–1 Taiwan Football Premier League ===Cleansheets===PlayerTFPLTotal'''1'''1Tuan Hsuan 4'''4''''''2'''81Jun Kochi 2'''2''''''3'''21Tuan Yu 0'''0'''11Lee Ming-wei —77Kenshin Katata —'''Totals''''''6''''''6'''===Disciplinary record=== Name TFPL Total 6 DF Massamba Sambou2 '''2''' 8 MF Yoshitaka Komori2 '''2''' 18 FW Li Mao2 '''2''' 87 FW Onur Dogan2 '''2''' 7 DF Keisuke Ogawa11 '''1''''''1''' 1 GK Tuan Hsuan1 '''1''' 2 DF Wang Ruei1 '''1''' 4 DF Wu Meng-chi1 '''1''' 10 FW Joo Ik-seong1 '''1''' 22 MF Shohei Yokoyama1 '''1''' 33 DF Filip Engelman1 '''1''' 38 MF Tu Shao-chieh1 '''1''' 88 MF Lin Chien-liang1 '''1''' '''Totals''''''17''''''1''' '''17''''''1'''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "我们的故事" ], [ "Introduction", "'''我们的故事''' or '''我們的故事''', literally 'Our Story, The Story of Us', may refer to:* ''Long Long Time Ago'', 2016 Singaporean period film* ''Our Story'', 2006 Taiwanese album by Hsiao Huang-chi* ''Our Story: The Beijing Queer Film Festival's 10 Years of \"Guerrilla Warfare\"'' (我們的故事：北京酷兒影展十年游擊戰), 2011 documentary film made by Yang Yang, released in the Beijing Queer Film Festival* ''The Diam Diam Era'' (我们的故事之沉默的年代), 2020 Singaporean comedy film* ''Crescendo'' (TV series), 2015 Singaporean musical drama also known as ''Our Story'' (我們的故事)" ], [ "See also", "* Our Story (disambiguation)* The Story of Us (disambiguation)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Grenland Speedway Arena" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Grenland Speedway Arena''' also known as the '''Geiteryggen Speedwaybane''' is a motorcycle speedway track in Skien, Norway.", "It is located on the south west edge of the municipality, adjacent to Skien Airport, Geiteryggen, off the Voldsvegen road.", "The stadium is used by the Grenland Speedwayklub." ], [ "History", "The stadium has been selected as the venue for multiple qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Championship starting in 1965.It has also been the venue for rounds of the Speedway World Team Cup in 1974, 1977, 1985, 1986 and 1987 and the Speedway World Pairs Championship in 1978.The Norwegian Individual Speedway Championship is regularly held at the track, it has been held on 17 occasions from 1956 to the latest in 2022.The track also holds an annual family event." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Julius Mannaberg" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Gyula Mannaberg''', in German: Julius Mannaberg (Pest, 9 May 1860 – Vienna, 17 August 1941) was a Hungarian physician and researcher of Jewish heritage, and cousin of Rózsi Mannaberg (1895–1986), a pianist." ], [ "Life", "He was born the son of Mihály Mannaberg (1829–1903), a merchant, and Róza Gutman (1830–1904).", "Between 1870 and 1878, he studied at the Royal Hungarian Teacher Training Institute's Practical High School.", "He continued his studies at the University of Vienna, where he was awarded a doctorate in all medical sciences in 1884.His first job was in the dermatology department headed by Mór Kaposi.", "In 1891 he became assistant to the world famous internist Hermann Nothnagel.", "In 1890, he was awarded an Oppolzer Fellowship and was commissioned to detect the causative agent of malaria and to study the infection.", "He published a report on his research in 1893.He wrote the introduction and a chapter on bacteria for Nothangel's work on intestinal diseases, published in 1898.In March 1902, he was made an extraordinary professor by the University of Vienna, and in 1909 he became a member of the Supreme Medical Council.", "In the book Urologie by Frisch and Otto Zuckerkandl, he wrote the chapter on \"Diseases of the kidneys and renal pelvis\".", "In 1912 he was appointed deputy director of the Polyclinic, and after 1918 he was appointed director.", "In 1921 he presented a new clinical picture called 'Stenonephrie', in which he dealt with internal changes in the kidney.", "He was also concerned with the effects of hypertension on the internal secretory glands.", "He retired in 1930.His grave is in the Döbling cemetery.He wrote articles on medical bacteriology for the Prague ''Vierteljahrschrift für Dermatologie'' (1887.", "''Über die Mikroorganismen der normale Urethra sat.", "), the Zeitschrift für klinische Medicin (XVIII.", "Zur Aetiologie des Morbus Brightii'' sat.", "), and the ''Centralblatt für klinische Medicin'' (1891.", "''Beiträge zur Morphologie des Plasmodium malariae tertianae'') and other publications and was translated into English.In 1936, he married Leopoldine Mannaberg.", "They had a daughter born in 1933." ], [ "Art collection", "Mannanberg collected art." ], [ "Nazi era", "When Austria merged with Nazi Germany in the Anschluss of 1938, Mannanberg was persecuted due to his Jewish heritage even though he was personally a Catholic.", "In accordance with Nazi anti-Jewish laws he had to declare his assets so that they could be valued and confiscated.", "By 12 November 1938 he had sold much of his art collection.", "On 6 February 1939, he was ordered to pay a special tax that targeted Jews, the Jewish Asset Levy (Judenvermögensabgabe) of RM 22,000.Julius Mannaberg died in Vienna on 17 August 1941.His bank account was seized on the pretext that he still owed part of the Jewish asset tax.In 1944, his widow Leopoldine Mannaberg attempted raise cash by selling art from their collection.", "According to the restitution decision rendered by the Austrian authorities in 2014, \"Nebehay stated that Leopoldine Mannaberg 'lived in dire straits and was more or less reliant on the sale of her affairs'.", "One of the sales involved work by Cecil van Haanen which she sold through Antiquariat V. A. Heck to Hermann Voss’ art consultant Gottfried Reimer.", "After the war it was recovered by the Allies and then transferred in 1963 via depots of the Federal Monuments Office to the Albertina, where it was inventoried in 1965." ], [ "Restitution of looted art", "In 2014 the Austrian authorities recommended that the state restitute artwork that Mannaberg's widow had been obliged to sell." ], [ "Works", "His grave in the Döbling cemetery* ''Die Malaria-Parasiten'' (Wien, 1893)* ''Die Malaria-Krankheiten'' (Wien, 1899)" ], [ "See also", "* Aryanization* The Holocaust in Austria* History of the Jews in Austria" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References", "* * Dr. Emed Alexander: Emlékezés Mannaberg Gyulára.", "(1861-1941)* Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815-1950, Bd.", "6 (Lfg.", "26, 1973), S. 55* Wien Geschichte Wiki" ], [ "More information", "* Eisenberg, Ludwig, Das geistige Wien.", "Wien, 1893.325.old.", "* Győry Tibor, Magyarország orvosi Bibliographiája.", "Budapest, 1900.18., 93.old." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nate Thrasher" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nathanael Thrasher''' (born 9 December 2002) is an American professional Motocross and Supercross racer.", "Thrasher has competed professionally in the AMA Supercross Championship and AMA Motocross Championship since 2020.After picking up titles in the amateur ranks in America, Thrasher has ridden for his entire professional career to date for the Monster Energy Star Racing Yamaha team.He has had particular success in supercross, picking up several wins and podiums in the AMA Supercross Championship." ], [ "Career", "=== Amateur Career ===Thrasher worked his way through the ranks of the American amateur system, achieving his most notable results in 2018, where he took a clean sweep of race wins in Supermini 1 and Supermini 2, taking both class titles in the AMA Amateur National Motocross Championship.", "He missed the championship in 2019 due to injury and achieved two second placed class finishes at his final appearance in 2020.=== Professional Career ===Thrasher was initially scheduled to make his professional debut for the Troy Lee Designs Red Bull KTM team in late 2020, however, due to complications he was instead picked up by the Monster Energy Star Racing Yamaha team.", "As part of this setup, he made his professional debut at the penultimate round of the 2020 AMA National Motocross Championship in the 250 class.", "At the final round, Thrasher finished tenth in the second race.", "Thrasher made his professional supercross debut during the 2021 AMA Supercross Championship in the 250SX West class.", "He quickly found his footing in the class, showing this by winning the sixth round in difficult conditions.", "He returned to the top step of the podium two rounds later, ending an impressive debut supercross season with two wins.", "His motocross season in 2021 was curtailed by a dislocated shoulder sustained before the seventh round of the series.", "Thrasher was able to finish fifth in the final standings of the 250SX West class during the 2022 AMA Supercross Championship, which included a win at the final west coast-east coast showdown round.", "In addition to this, Thrasher completed the full 2022 AMA National Motocross Championship in the 250 class, finishing eighth in the final standings and picking up a fifth overall as his best round result.For the 2023 AMA Supercross Championship season, Thrasher swapped to ride in the 250SX East class.", "He became a frequent feature in the battle for event wins and podiums, picking up three second places and his fourth professional supercross win in the Arlington 'triple crown' round.", "However, a crash at the Atlanta round ruled him out for the rest of the supercross season and the entire 2023 AMA National Motocross Championship.", "Thrasher moved back to the 250SX West class for the 2024 AMA Supercross Championship and after two difficult opening rounds, recorded his fifth professional supercross win in San Diego." ], [ "Honours", "'''AMA Amateur National Motocross Championship'''* 250B: 2020 * Schoolboy 2 (12-17) B/C: 2020 * Super Mini 1 (12-15): 2018 * Super Mini 2 (13-16): 2018 * Mini Sr 2 (12-14): 2017" ], [ "Career Statistics", "===AMA Supercross Championship=======By season====SeasonClassNumberMotorcycleTeamOverall WinsOverall PodiumPtsPlcd 2021 250SX West 91 Yamaha Monster Energy Star Racing Yamaha 2 2 127 7th 2022 250SX West 49 Yamaha Monster Energy Star Racing Yamaha 1 1 152 5th 2023 250SX East 29 Yamaha Monster Energy Star Racing Yamaha 1 4 120 7th Total '''4''' '''7''' '''399''' ===AMA National Motocross Championship=======By season====SeasonClassNumberMotorcycleTeamRacesRace WinsOverall WinsRace Top-3Overall PodiumPtsPlcd 2020 250 488 Yamaha Monster Energy Star Racing Yamaha 4 0 0 0 0 35 24th 2021 250 91 Yamaha Monster Energy Star Racing Yamaha 9 0 0 0 0 52 22nd 2022 250 49 Yamaha Monster Energy Star Racing Yamaha 24 0 0 0 0 251 8th Total '''37''' '''0''' '''0''' '''0''' '''0''' '''338'''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rachid Muratake" ], [ "Introduction", " is a Japanese track and field athlete specializing in the high hurdles.His personal best in the 110 metres hurdles is 13.04 (-0.9 m/s) set in Kumagaya in 2023, which equaled the Japanese record and met the 2024 Olympic standard of 13.27.In March 2023, he also set the meet record for the event at the Sydney Track Classic in 13.25 (+0.3 m/s)." ], [ "International competitions", "Representing 2022World ChampionshipsEugene, United States30th (h)110 m hurdles13.73" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Aranka Munk" ], [ "Introduction", "Gedenkstein für Aranka Munk'''Aranka Munk''' (née Pulitzer, born November 28, 1862, died November 26, 1941) was a Viennese art collector murdered in the Holocaust." ], [ "Life", "Born in Mako, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1862, into a Jewish family, Munk was the daughter of Simon Siegmund Pulitzer and Charlotte Pulitzer and the sister of Klimt's chief patron Serena Lederer.", "She had three daughters, Lili Munk; Ria Munk and Lola Christine Sachsel-Kraus." ], [ "The suicide of Ria Munk", "In 1911, her daughter Ria committed suicide.", "An art collector and patron of the arts, Munk asked Klimt to paint a death-bed portrait of her daughter.", "Klimt painted three versions which had different fates.", "The first portrait Klimt painted for Aranka Munk was \"''Ria Munk on Her Deathbed'',\" which Munk found so usetting that she gave it to a sculptor friend, whose heirs sold it after the war, passing through the collection of the singer Barbra Streisand.", "The second version was later reworked to show a dancer, and the third, which Munk kept, was the unfinished \"''Portrait of Ria Munk III''\", also known ''Frauenbildnis'', which ended up in the Lentos Museum's collection.", "Klimt died before completing it." ], [ "Nazi era and death in the Holocaust", "Aranka Munch was murdered in the Holocaust because of her Jewish heritage.", "The Nazis seized the Klimt from Munk after she was deported to a concentration camp where she died in 1941.In 1942, her daughter Lola Munk died at the Chełmno Extermination Camp." ], [ "Claim for restitution", "Vienna lawyer Alfred Noll submitted a claim for restitution on behalf of the Munk heirs in 2007." ], [ "The provenance of Portrait of Ria Munk III", "After Klimt's death Aranka Munk hung the unfinished portrait of her deceased daughter in her lake house.", "In 1941, the Nazis seized her property and possessions and deported her to a concentration camp in Poland.", "On November 26, 1941, Aranka died in the Holocaust.", "The portrait passed through Wolfgang Gurlitt on its way to the Lentos Museum.", "In June 2009, the portrait was restituted to the heirs of Aranka Munk." ], [ "See also", "* The Holocaust in Austria* List of claims for restitution for Nazi-looted art* The Woman in Gold" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Jagannath Mandir, Badahra Mahant" ], [ "Introduction", "''' The Temple of ancient Lord Jagannath (Shri Krishna)''' which is the center of faith in this region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh.", "This temple is located on the right bank of the canal Narayani at 12 km from the Shikarpur situated on the Gorakhpur-Maharajganj Road, in the village of Badahra Mahant." ], [ "About Of Jagannath Mandir", "Bhagwan Jagannath also known is '''Thakur Ji'''." ], [ "History", "The Temple of ancient Lord Jagannath (Shri Krishna) in Badahra Mahant of Maharajganj District holds significance as Vaishnava Ramanujdas, guided by a dream, established the deity's vigilance there in 1786.The temple, initially in a forested area under Nepalese governance, gained prominence after Ramanujdas' penance.", "Following the king's request to restore Jagannath's vigilance, a grand temple was built, and regular worship ceremonies are conducted, including festivals." ], [ "The Spiritual Legacy Of Jagannath Mandir", "It's fascinating to learn about the rich history and significance of the temple in Badahra Mahant.", "The dream of Vaishnava Ramanujdas and the subsequent establishment of Lord Jagannath's vigilance adds a spiritual depth to the temple's heritage.", "The regular celebrations and events contribute to the vibrant religious life in the region." ], [ "See also", "Jagannath Temple,PuriGorakhnath" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Konstantina M. Stankovic" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Konstantina Marka Stanković''' is an otolaryngologist and physician-scientist working as the Bertarelli Foundation Professor and Chair of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery at Stanford University School of Medicine since 2022." ], [ "Life", "Stanković was born to Marko and Danica Trboić.", "She has two brothers.", "She first moved to the United States as a high school exchange student.", "She earned a B.S.", "in biology and physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1992.Earle L. Lomon and Felix Villars were her undergraduate physics advisors.", "She completed a Ph.D. (1998) in speech and hearing bioscience and technology and M.D.", "(1999) from the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology.", "Her dissertation was titled, ''Efferent Effects on Auditory-nerve Responses to Tones: Substantial Inhibition Even at High Sound Levels and Tail Frequencies''.", "John J. Guinan was her dissertation supervisor.", "She completed a otorhinolaryngological residency at Harvard Medical School.", "She conducted a research fellowship in molecular neuroscience at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Boston Children's Hospital.", "She was a neurotological clinical fellow at the Harvard Medical School.Stankovic was an associate professor of otolaryngology at Harvard Medical School and director of the division otology and neurotology at Massachusetts Eye and Ear.", "She was president of the American Auditory Society in 2014.In 2015, he was elected a member American Otological Society.", "In 2018 she was elected a member of the Collegium Oto-Rhino-Laryngologicum Amicitiae Sacrum.", "She became an honorary corresponding member of the Germany Society of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery in 2021.She is a fellow of the American Neurotology Society and the American College of Surgeons.", "In 2022, Stankovic joined Stanford Health Care in as the chair of the department of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery.", "She succeeded Robert K. Jackler.", "Stankovic is the Bertarelli Foundation Professor and Chair of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Douglas McNish" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Joseph Douglas McNish''',, known as '''J.", "Douglas McNish''' (1895-1983) was a Toronto lawyer and politician who served on Toronto City Council and the Toronto Board of Control in the 1930s and early 1940s and ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of Toronto in 1941.He later served as chairman of the Toronto Harbour Commission in the 1960s.McNish was born in Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, Scotland in 1895 where his father was a headmaster.", "He emigrated to Canada in 1912, settling in Toronto.", "He joined the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I where he served with the Canadian Military Engineers for four years in Europe and was awarded the Military Medal for bravery.", "After the war, he studied law at Osgoode Hall Law School.In the 1935 Toronto municipal election he was elected to Toronto city council as an aldeman for Ward 9 in North Toronto and was re-elected in the January 1936 Toronto municipal election.", "He first stood for the Board of Control in the December 1936 Toronto municipal election but was defeated.", "He won a seat on the Board of Control in the 1937 Toronto municipal election and was re-elected in 1939 and 1940.in the 1941 Toronto municipal election he and fellow Controller Frederick J. Conboy both ran for mayor with Conboy winning 55,677 votes to McNish's 33,024.He retired from politics, serving as a magistrate before returning to his law practice until 1979 when he suffered a stroke.", "McNish was an organizer for the Liberal Party of Canada in the 1940s and 1950s.", "He was appointed to the Toronto Harbour Commission and served as its chairman from 1967 until 1969.He continued to serve as a commissioner until retiring in 1971." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Kii-Tanabe Domain" ], [ "Introduction", " The Kii-Tanabe Domain (紀伊田辺藩) was ruled by the Ando clan, who was the chief retainer of the Kii-Tokugawa clan.", "The founder of the domain is Ando Natsugu.", "Although the domain was given 38,000 koku in Tanabe, Kii Province, it was not treated as an independent domain throughout the Edo period, and the lord of the Kii-Tanabe Domain had no seat in Edo Castle.", "domain.Ando Naotsugu, founder of Kii-Tanabe DomainAndo Naohiro, the 16th next to last daimyo of Kii-Tanabe DomainAndo Naoyuki, final daimyo of Kii-Tanabe Domain" ], [ "History", "When the Asano clan ruled Kii Province, the territory was ruled by a member of the Asano clan, Asano Tomochika .In July 1619, when Tokugawa Yorinobu , the tenth son of Tokugawa Ieyasu , was confined to the lord of Wakayama, Ando Naotsugu , lord of Kakegawa Castle in Totomi Province, was appointed as his chief retainer.", "Naotsugu was given a fief of 38,000 koku in Kii-Tanabe Domain (present-day Tanabe City, Wakayama Prefecture) and Tanabe Castle.The successive heads of the Ando clan often participated in the administration of the Wakayama Domain as stewards of the domain, so many of them lived in Wakayama Castle.", "Descendants of Ando Naotaka , Naotsugu's cousin, served as a castle lord at Tanabe Castle, but successive feudal lords often joined Tanabe.", "Within the domain, there was a rice riot in June 1777, and a riot in December 1786 due to soaring rice prices.", "Also, at the end of the Edo period, emphasis was placed on coastal defense, and 28 cannons and forts were built within the domain.", "On the other hand, the Tanabe Yoriki Riot also occurred.In January 1868, it was recognized as an independent domain by the Meiji government and became independent from the Wakayama Domain.", "Several years before that, the Tanabe Yoriki Riot occurred.", "In 1871, the domain was abolished and the domain was abolished, and it was incorporated into Wakayama Prefecture via Tanabe Prefecture." ], [ "Holdings at the end of the Edo period", "Kii ProvinceNagusa County - 2 villagesArita County - 1 villageHidaka County - 34 villagesMuro-gun - 67 villages" ], [ "List of daimyo", ": #Name Tenure Courtesy title Court Rank ''kokudaka'' 25px '''Ando clan,''' 1619 - 1871 (''Fudai daimyo'')1 (安藤直次)1619 - 1635 ''Tateba'' (タテバ)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''2 (安藤直治)1635 - 1636 ''Hida no kami'' (髪のひだ)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''3 (安藤義門)1636 - 1654 ''None'' (全然)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''4 (安藤直清)1654 - 1692 ''Jugoinoge tachi'' (従五位下太刀)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''5 (安藤直名)1692 - 1699 ''None'' (全然)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''6 (安藤陳武)1699 - 1717 ''Jugoinoge tachi'' (従五位下太刀)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''7 (安藤陳定)1717 - 1724 ''None'' (全然)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''8 (安藤雄能)1724 - 1730''None'' (全然)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''9 (安藤次由)1730 - 1765''Jugoinoge Tatebachi-toneri'' (ジュゴイノゲテバチトネリ)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''10 (安藤寛長)1765 - 1771 ''Tatetaki Toneri'' (舎人達滝)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''11 (安藤次猷)1771 - 1801 ''Tatetsuma'' (タテツマ)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''12 (安藤道紀)1801 - 1808 ''Tatetsuma'' (タテツマ)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''13 (安藤直與)1808 - 1809 ''None'' (全然)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''14 (安藤直則)1809 - 1823 ''Tatema, Iga no kami'' (タテマ、イガノカミ)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''15 (安藤直馨)1823 - 1826 ''Jugoinoge tachi'' (従五位下太刀)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''16 (安藤直裕)1826 - 1863 ''Hida no kami'' (髪のひだ)Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 38,000 ''koku''17 (安藤直行)1863 - 1871 ''Shoshii'' (ショシイ)Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (正四位下) 38,000 ''koku''}" ], [ "See also", "List of han*Abolition of the han system" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Broncho Billy's Christmas Spirit" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Broncho Billy's Christmas Spirit''''' is a lost 1914 American silent western and Christmas film directed by Gilbert M. Anderson.", "Anderson also stars as Broncho Billy." ], [ "Plot", "It's bad enough that a struggling prospector has no money to buy Christmas presents for his children.", "But when he sees a wish-list from the children, hoping for a doll and a rocking horse, he just has to find a way to get them what they wish for.", "So he goes out and steals Broncho Billy's horse.", "With the money from selling the horse, his children's Christmas wishes come true.", "But the father's crime gets found out.", "Broncho Billy shows up at his door with a search party to hang him.", "But when he learns how the poor prospector has used the money, his heart melts.", "Billy and all members of the search party give a bit of money and leave them to continue with a happy Christmas." ], [ "Background", "''Broncho Billy's Christmas Spirit'' was recorded in Niles (now Fremont, California).", "The film is a production of the Essanay Film Manufacturing Company and was initially announced under the title ''Broncho Billy and Christmas Day.''", "It was released in theaters on December 19, 1914." ], [ "Review", "Film scholars Lane Roth and Tom W. Hoffer cite ''Broncho Billy's Christmas Spirit as an example of how'' Broncho Billy's transformation from violent bandit or otherwise negatively connoted character to benefactor and the recurring motif of self-sacrifice take up Christian ideals: bravery, celibacy, remorse and willingness to sacrifice.", "In addition, the role of Broncho Billy reflects the constant battle between good and evil for people's souls.According to the reviewer at ''Moving Picture World, Broncho Billy's Christmas Spirit'', with its Western cast, shows how Christmas steals its way into the hearts of tough guys and softens them.", "Anderson incorporated more human nature and emotion into his short film than could be seen in some ambitious feature films.", "All of this is presented beautifully and in a way that makes the audience sigh deeply." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Soul Mates (2023 film)" ], [ "Introduction", "''' Soul Mates''' () is 2023 French drama film directed by André Téchiné from a screenplay written by Téchiné and Cédric Anger.", "Starring Benjamin Voisin and Noémie Merlant, it is about a soldier who returns home after the war in Mali and suffers from PTSD." ], [ "Plot", "A soldier of the French forces engaged in Mali is seriously burned during an explosion.", "Repatriated to intensive care in France, he suffers from amnesia and begins a long convalescence with his sister in their family home in the Pyrenees." ], [ "Production", "Filming began in June 2021 in the Ariège department, including Orgeix, Ax-les-Thermes and Orlu.", "Filming also took place in the Aude department and in Paris.", "The film was also partly shot in Pyrénées-Orientales.", "Filming resumed at the start of 2022 for scenes at the Bédeilhac cave in Bédeilhac-et-Aynat and at the Prehistoric Park in Tarascon-sur-Ariège." ], [ "Cast", "* Benjamin Voisin as David Faber* Noémie Merlant as Jeanne* Audrey Dana as Rachel* André Marcon as Marcel* Alexis Loret as Dr. Fanch-Tanguy* Sya Rachedi as Nadja* Mama Prassinos as the military wife* Jean Fornerod as Bruno Vogel* Stéphane Bak as Franck Dawaga" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * ''Soul Mates'' at Unifrance" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Iain Begg" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Iain Begg''' is an economist.", "He is a Professorial Research Fellow at London School of Economics and Political Science.Begg has written about European economics.He was previously co-editor of the ''Journal of Common Market Studies''." ], [ "Selected publications", "=== Books ===**=== Papers === * " ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", " *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Friends Till Death" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Friends Till Death''''' (Spanish: '''''Amigos hasta la muerte''''') is a 2023 Spanish-Mexican comedy-drama film written and directed by Javier Veiga in his directorial debut.", "It stars Veiga, Marta Hazas and Mauricio Ochmann accompanied by Luna Gallego, Nacho Nugo, Óscar Allo, Xosé A. Touriñán, David Amor, Ledicia Sola, Xoel López, Fele Martínez and Mela Casal.", "It is based on the play of the same name by Javier Veiga." ], [ "Synopsis", "María, Nacho and Suso are three lifelong friends.", "Together they have shared many things, perhaps even too many... And suddenly, two of them will have to share the secret that the other is going to die.", "However, first they have a lot to do: plans, promises, reproaches, laughter, reconciliations, memories, more laughter, some tears... and something pending that perhaps the time has come to uncover..." ], [ "Cast", "The actors participating in this film are:* Mauricio Ochmann as Nacho** Nacho Nugo as Nacho university student* Marta Hazas as María** Luna Gallego as Maria university student* Javier Veiga as Suso** Óscar Allo as Suso university student* Xosé A. Touriñán as José* David Amor as David* Ledicia Sola as Ledicia* Xoel López as Xoel* Mela Casal as Doctor Escrigas* Fele Martínez as Paolo* Patricia Castrillón as Patri" ], [ "Production", "Principal photography began in July 2022 and ended on September 16 of the same year in Ourense, Galicia." ], [ "Release", "=== Festivals ===''Friends Till Death'' had its world premiere on March 11, 2023, at the 26th Málaga Film Festival, then was screened on June 9, 2023, at the 20th Alicante International Film Festival and on August 18 of the same year at the 20th Tarazona Comedy Film Festival.=== Theatrical ===It was scheduled to be released commercially on September 15, 2023, in Spanish theaters, but it was delayed until September 22, 2023.=== International ===It was released on August 15, 2023, on Amazon Prime Video in Latin American territory." ], [ "Reception", "=== Box-office ===The film grossed 27,000 euros on its opening day.", "Throughout its run in theaters, it attracted 10,195 spectators, accumulating 57,099 euros.=== Accolades ===YearAward / FestivalCategoryRecipientResultRef.202320th Alicante International Film FestivalBest DirectorJavier VeigaBest ActorAlmería International Film FestivalBest First Film''Friends Till Death''Ibiza International Film FestivalBest FilmBest ActorJavier VeigaBest ActressMarta HazasBest CinematographyMiguel P. Gilaberte202438th Goya AwardsBest Original Song\"Eco\" – Xoel López" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bruno Segre" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Bruno Segre''' (4 September 1918 – 27 January 2024) was an Italian lawyer, journalist, politician, and partisan." ], [ "Early life", "Segre was born in Turin on 4 September 1918.He was a student of Luigi Einaudi, graduating in law with a thesis dedicated to Benjamin Constant, founder of liberalism.", "Due to laws at the time, his Jewish ancestry prevented him from practicing law.On 21 December 1942, he was arrested for political defeatism and spent over three months in prison, while his father was interned in Abruzzo.", "In 1943 he began a clandestine existence with his family in a small village in the Cuneo area between Busca, Caraglio and Dronero.In September 1944, in Turin, Segre attempted to escape arrest by the National Republican Guard.", "A shootout ensued from which he saved himself thanks to the metal cigarette case he carried in his jacket, which stopped the travel of a bullet.", "However, he was captured and sent to the barracks in Via Asti and then transferred to the Le Nuove judicial prison, from where he fortunately managed to escape some time later, by bribing a U.P.I.", "official.", "In the summer of 1946 he wrote a memoir dedicated to the events of this prison experience, Those of Via Asti, which he published only in 2013.Segre joined the armed resistance by enlisting in the 1st Alpine division \"Giustizia e Libertà\" in Pradleves (Val Grana) and took part in the liberation of Caraglio.He was a Freemason of the Grand Orient of Italy and was highly influenced by Benjamin Constant, founded of the liberalism." ], [ "Career", "Segre then worked as a reporter at the liberal newspaper \"L'Opinione\", which replaced \"La Stampa\".", "It is in this position that he met Alcide De Gasperi, Ferruccio Parri, Gaetano Salvemini, Piero Calamandrei, Leo Valiani, Giuliano Vassalli and numerous other figures.After the closure of \"L'Opinione\", in 1947 he was editor of the social democratic newspaper \"Mondo Nuovo\".", "After the publication of this newspaper ceased in 1948, he resumed his legal practice.", "He passed the prosecutor's exam, while continuing to collaborate with \"Paese Sera\", \"Il Corriere di Trieste\", \"Corriere di Sicilia\" and other newspapers.In the 1970s, during his press campaign in favor of divorce, he rented a small tourist plane from which 50,000 leaflets were dropped over Turin with this text: \"Divorce does not come from heaven, but from the law of the Hon.", "Fortune\".From 1958 to 1968 he was councilor of the Psychiatric Hospitals of Turin, Collegno, Grugliasco, then councilor of the Piedmont-Valle d'Aosta regional order of journalists and national councilor of the Italian National Press Federation.From 1975 to 1980 he was group leader of the Italian Socialist Party in the Turin City Council, but left the party at the time of Bettino Craxi; from 1980 to 1990 he was effective president of the San Paolo Banking Institute of Turin and director of various companies owned by the institute.Segre was president of the Turin provincial Federation of the National Association of Italian Anti-Fascist Political Persecuted People (ANPPIA), honorary president of the National Association of Free Thought \"Giordano Bruno\" (of whose official body, Libero Pensiero, he was director for years) and honorary president of Turin council for the secularity of institutions.", "He was also vice-president of the Turin Cremation Society (SOCREM), after having been president of the Italian Federation of SOCREM for 40 years, founder and director of the magazine \"L'ara\".Segre was awarded honorary citizenship by the municipalities of Bollengo, Sarzana and Giaveno.Segre inaugurated a plaque in Dronero in memory of the partisan commander and illustrious journalist Giorgio Bocca and on the staircase of the University of Turin a plaque in memory of Prof. Gioele Solari, professor of philosophy of law.Segre died in Turin on 27 January 2024, at the age of 105." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mary E. Ashe Lee" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mary Elizabeth Ashe Lee''' (12 January 1851 – 22 January 1932) was an African-American writer, educator, and churchwoman." ], [ "Personal life", "Mary Elizabeth Ashe was born in Mobile, Alabama on 12 January 1851, the daughter of Simon S. and Adelia M. Ashe.", "Her parents were comfortably off, and her father was prominent in business.", "In 1860 he purchased a farm in Ohio, near to Wilberforce University, where the family settled.Mary graduated in science in 1873, alongside classmates including Hallie Quinn Brown.", "Recognised for her skill in writing, Ashe was appointed to write a \"class ode\", the first in the history of Wilberforce.", "Following graduation, she taught in public schools in Galveston, Texas, having previously taught two years in Mobile.On 30 December 1872, Mary married Benjamin F. Lee, Professor of Pastoral Theology at Wilberforce, and later its president.", "He became Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.", "The couple had six children.", "Mary E. Ashe Lee was involved with the Ladies' Christian Union Association, the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and the Women's Mite Missionary Society.Lee died on 22 January 1932, and was buried in Stevenson Cemetery, Wilberforce, Ohio." ], [ "Writing", "Mary E. Ashe Lee contributed several articles to the ''Christian Recorder'' and to the ''A.M.E.", "Quarterly Review.''", "She also edited a column in ''Ringwood's Journal,'' a fashion paper, called the \"King's Daughters' Column\".", "In 1892, she was elected Vice President of the journal.Lee's best known poem was \"Afmerica\", originally published in 1886 in Hampton Institute's ''Southern Workman.''", "In 1998, an extract was part of ''Nineteenth-century American Women Poets: An Anthology'', which called it \"remarkable and powerful\".", "In 2017, the poem was republished in ''The Portable Nineteenth-Century African American Women Writers.''", "Co-editor and academic Hollis Robbins said of \"Afmerica\":It's a remarkable poem, insisting upon the central role of black women in the making of America, as if she's talking to Tocqueville directly.Paula Bennett has written that the publication of \"Afmerica\" in ''Southern Workman'' represented \"a rare departure from its usually conservative approach to racial and social questions\", as the poem \"confronts one of the nineteenth century’s most controversial social issues, “amalgamation,” or the sexual mixing of whites with peoples of color.\"" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* \"Afmerica\" at AllPoetry* Mary E. Ashe Lee at Find a Grave" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Charles Turner III" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Charles Turner III''' is an American football center for the LSU Tigers." ], [ "Early life and high school", "Turner attended high school at IMG Academy.", "Coming out of high school, Turner was rated as a three-star recruit where he held offers from schools such as LSU, Florida, Auburn, Michigan, Nebraska, Pitt, Missouri, Kentucky, Minnesota, Rutgers, and North Carolina.", "Turner ultimately decided to commit to play college football for the LSU Tigers." ], [ "College career", "In Turner's first season in 2019, he would play in three games as he would redshirt, as he helped the Tigers win the National Championship that season.", "During the 2020 season, Turner played in eight games with no starts.", "In 2021, Turner played in four games with one start.", "During the 2022 season, Turner would play in and start all twelve games for the Tigers.", "In week seven of the 2023 season, Turner was named the Outland Trophy National Player of the Week for his performance against the Auburn Tigers.", "In week eleven, Turner was named the SEC offensive lineman of the week after he helped LSU to 701 total yards of offense and a 52-35 win over Florida.", "During the 2023 season, Turner played in and started all 13 games for the Tigers.", "After the conclusion of the 2023 season, Turner declared for the 2024 NFL Draft.In Turner's career with the Tigers, he played in 40 games making 25 starts across five seasons." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* LSU Tigers bio" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ricardo Armando Novoa Arciniegas" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ricardo Armando Novoa Arciniegas''' (1 September 1931 – 12 May 2017) was a Salvadoran attorney at law, notary, writer and politician." ], [ "Early life", "Born the 1st of September of 1931.His parents were Fidel Novoa Fuentes and Mercedes Antonia Arciniegas Villatoro.", "He attended the Salvadoran Lyceum in San Salvador, obtaining a bachelor's degree in science and art in 1948.Doctor of jurisprudence and notary, degree obtained at the University of El Salvador in 1959, His doctoral thesis was published in January 1959 and is entitled: ''General Considerations for Reforming Jury Institution in El Salvador.", "''Founder of Corporate Law Offices: Novoa-Rivera-Colorado.", "He was a writer for a weely column \"Judicial Viewpoint\" (Mirador Judicial) at La Prensa Gráfica where he provided political analysis, and later \"Spiritual Viewpoint\" (Mirador Espiritual) where he explained The Bible in layman's terms." ], [ "Political career", "The Golden order's star on a necklet and membership to Spain's Order of Civil Merit, 1972.Ricardo Armando Novoa Arciniegas was appointed for 10 years as Deputy Director General of the Salvadorean Social Security Institute (cabinet roll, 31 July 1967 and 4 July 1972) during the administrations of Fidel Sánchez Hernández and Arturo Armando Molina, from 1967 to 1977.Novoa Arciniegas was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of El Salvador in 1989 during the administrations of Alfredo Cristiani.", "His international notoriety was recognized by decree through Generalisimo Francisco Franco of Spain and the government of Spain, when Novoa Arciniegas was awarded Golden order's star on a necklet and membership to the Order of Civil Merit, with the title of Commander, on October 2nd, 1972.His paternal great grandfather Constantino Fuentes Parra was president of the Legislative Assembly in 1881, his maternal great grandfather Juan María Villatoro Medrano was a congressman in 1868 and Judge of the Supreme Court of Justice in Dec. 1883, Jan. 1886 and in 1905, his grandfather Fidel Novoa Meléndez was President of the Legislative Assembly in 1903 and 1912, his father Fidel Novoa Fuentes was a Governor of Cuscatlán Department in 1924 and congressman in 1929, and his brother Fidel Antonio Novoa Arciniegas was the Mayor of San Salvador in 1964." ], [ "Death", "Novoa Family mausoleum, partially destroyed after 1985 earthquake in San Salvador General Cemetery \"Los Ilustres\".", "He died in San Salvador, at the Salvadorean Social Security Institute Hospital; a hospital built during his administration as Deputy Director General during the Fidel Sánchez Hernández Presidency.", "He was buried in the \"Los Ilustres\" general cemetery of the city of San Salvador, in the Novoa Family mausoleum." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Palladium (Cologne)" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Palladium''' is a concert hall in Cologne, located in the immediate vicinity of the E-Werk.", "The building was built in 1899 as a mechanical engineering hall for the company Trefil Europe Engineering and has served as a venue for cultural events, mainly concerts, since December 1998.The Palladium is operated by Köln Event Veranstaltungsgesellschaft mbH, which also runs the neighbouring E-Werk." ], [ "Notable concerts", "Erasure, Bullet for My Valentine, Ellie Goulding, Kylie Minogue, Within Temptation, OneRepublic, Fall Out Boy, Simple Minds, Kollegah, Lindsey Stirling, Jennifer Rostock, Slash and Olivia Rodrigo, among others, have performed at the Palladium." ], [ "See also", "*List of indoor arenas in Germany" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mundargi Assembly constituency" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mundargi''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct.", "It was part of Koppal Lok Sabha seat." ], [ "Members of Assembly", "=== Mysore State ===YearMemberParty1957Chanabasappa Sadashivappa Hulkoti19621967S.", "S. Shankarappa1972Kurudagi Kuberappa Hanumantappa=== Karnataka state ===YearMemberParty1978Bhavi Vasantappa Basappa1983Kurudagi Kuberappa Hanumantappa1985Humbarawadi Nagappa Shivalingappa1989Kurudagi Kuberappa Hanumantappa1994Patil Shidlinganagouda Shiddanagouda199920042008 onwards: ''Seat does not exist.''" ], [ "See also", "* List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Quincy Riley" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Quincy Cory DaShawn Riley''' (born May 26, 2001) is an American football cornerback for the Louisville Cardinals.", "He previously played for the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders." ], [ "Early life and high school", "Riley grew up in Columbia, South Carolina and attended A.C. Flora High School where he lettered in football, basketball and track.", "Coming out of high school, Riley decided to commit to play college football for the Middle Tennessee State Blue Raiders." ], [ "College career", "=== Middle Tennessee ===In the 2019 season, Riley notched three tackles.", "In the 2020 regular-season finale, Riley notched his first career interceptions, as he picked off two pass against North Texas.", "During the 2021 season, Riley totaled 33 tackles with four and a half being for a loss, a sack and a half, nine pass deflections, five interceptions, and a touchdown.", "For his performance on the season, Riley was named first team all Conference-USA.", "After the conclusion of the 2021 season, Riley decided to enter the NCAA transfer portal.=== Louisville ===Riley decided to transfer to play for the Louisville Cardinals.", "In the 2022 season, Riley tallied 27 tackles with one going for a loss, a sack, two pass deflections, three interceptions, and a touchdown.", "In the 2023 season, Riley had 49 tackles, 12 pass deflections, and three interceptions.", "For his performance on the 2023 season, Riley was named an ACC honorable mention.", "Riley decided to return to Louisville for his final season of eligibility in 2024." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders bio* Louisville Cardinals bio" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mayoral elections in Clarksville, Tennessee" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mayoral elections in Clarksville''' are held every four years to elect the mayor of Clarksville, Tennessee.All Clarksville municipal elections are required to be non-partisan, but most candidates can be affiliated with political parties.", "Clarksville uses a plurality voting system, with no possibility of runoffs." ], [ "2010", "The '''2010 Clarksville mayoral election''' took place on November 2, 2010.All Clarksville municipal elections are required to be non-partisan, but most candidates were affiliated with political parties.", "Incumbent mayor Johnny Piper decided not to run for a third term.", "Democratic candidate Kim McMillan won the election with 48.2% of the vote.", "The mayoral election used the plurality vote system, with no possibility of a runoff.", "The mayoral election coincided with other elections, including races for Clarksville City Council.=== Results ===+Clarksville Mayor Election, 2010CandidateVotes%'''Kim McMillan''''''10,271''''''48.16%'''Jeff Burkhart (I)8,04237.71%Gabriel Segovia 1,1125.21%Keith Fain 7723.62%Shirley J. Braxton 5162.42%Cesar Gabriel Barraza2431.14%Jon Lockwood 1670.78%Mike Flood 1480.68%Write-ins560.26%Total21,327100%" ], [ "2014", "The '''2014 Clarksville mayoral election''' took place on November 4, 2014.All Clarksville municipal elections are required to be non-partisan, but most candidates were affiliated with political parties.", "Incumbent Democratic mayor Kim McMillan ran for re-election and won a second term in office in a 3-way race.", "The election used the plurality vote system, with no possibility of a runoff.", "The mayoral election coincided with other elections, including races for Clarksville City Council.Both of McMillan's opponents were affiliated with the Republican Party.=== Candidates ===* Bill Summers, Ward 10 Clarksville City Councilman.", "* Jeff Burkhart, Ward 12 Clarksville City Councilman.", "* Kim McMillan, Incumbent mayor.===Results===+ Clarksville Mayor Election, 2014 Candidate Votes % '''Kim McMillan''' (I) '''9,577''' '''46.88%''' Bill Summers 5,544 27.14% Jeff Burkhart 5,267 25.78% Write-ins 42 0.21% Total 20,430 100%" ], [ "2018", "The '''2018 Clarksville mayoral election''' took place on November 6, 2018.All Clarksville municipal elections are required to be non-partisan, but most candidates were affiliated with political parties.", "Incumbent Democratic mayor Kim McMillan ran for re-election, but lost her bid to a third term, losing by 213 votes to Democrat Joe Pitts in a 4-way race.", "The election used the plurality vote system, with no possibility of a runoff.", "The mayoral election coincided with other elections, including races for Clarksville City Council.Bill Summers was the Republican candidate in this election.", "DaJuan Little was endorsed by the Libertarian Party.Clarksville has been competitive for both major political parties, in the 2016 presidential election, Clarksville voted for Donald Trump by 7.6%, voted for Phil Bredesen by 10.0% in the 2018 senate election, and voted for Karl Dean by 2.2% in the 2018 gubernatorial election.=== Candidates ===* Bill Summers, Former Ward 10 Clarksville City Councilman.", "* DaJuan Little, Deputy with the Montgomery County Sheriff's Office.", "* Kim McMillan, Incumbent mayor.", "* Joe Pitts, Democratic congressman from Tennessee's 67th congressional district.=== Results ===+Clarksville Mayor Election, 2018CandidateVotes%'''Joe Pitts''''''11,445''''''33.85%'''Kim McMillan (I)11,23233.22%Bill Summers 6,36018.81%DaJuan Little4,68613.86%Write-ins890.26%Total33,812100%" ], [ "2022", "The '''2022 Clarksville mayoral election''' took place on November 8, 2022.All Clarksville municipal elections are required to be non-partisan, but most candidates were affiliated with political parties.", "Incumbent Democratic mayor Joe Pitts ran for re-election and won a second term in office in a 3-way race.", "Pitts vastly improved on his margin of victory from 2018.The mayoral election coincided with other elections, including races for Clarksville City Council.David Allen was a conservative candidate, and A.C. \"Big Sarge\" Lopez was affiliated with the Republican Party.Clarksville has been competitive for both major political parties, in the 2020 presidential election, Clarksville voted for Donald Trump by 0.4%, voted for Bill Hagerty by 5.2% in the 2020 senate election, and overwhelmingly voted for Bill Lee in the 2022 gubernatorial election.=== Candidates ===* A.C. \"Big Sarge\" Lopez, 100% Combat disabled USMC/Army veteran.", "* David Allen, Former Ward 8 Clarksville City Councilman, veteran and local pastor.", "* Joe Pitts, Incumbent mayor.=== Results ===+ Clarksville Mayor Election, 2022 Candidate Votes % '''Joe Pitts''' (I) '''14,095''' '''54.54%''' David Allen 8,715 33.72% A.C. \"Big Sarge\" Lopez 2,846 11.01% Write-ins 189 0.73% Total 25,845 100%" ], [ "See also", "* Elections in Tennessee* Political party strength in Tennessee* Government of Tennessee* Timeline of Clarksville, Tennessee* Mayoral elections in Chattanooga, Tennessee* Mayoral elections in Knoxville, Tennessee* Mayoral elections in Murfreesboro, Tennessee" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Paris–Nice" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Paris–Nice''' is a road cycling stage race that will take place between 3 and 10 March 2024 in France.", "It will be the 82nd edition of Paris–Nice and the sixth race of the 2024 UCI World Tour." ], [ "Teams", "All 18 UCI WorldTeams and four UCI ProTeams made up the 22 teams that participated in the race.", "'''UCI WorldTeams'''* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '''UCI ProTeams'''* * * " ], [ "Route", "+ Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Course Distance Type Stage winner 1 3 March Les Mureaux to Les Mureaux alt= Hilly stage 2 4 March Thoiry to Montargis alt= Flat stage 3 5 March Auxerre to Auxerre alt= Team time trial 4 6 March Chalon-sur-Saône to Mont Brouilly alt= Mountain stage 5 7 March Saint-Sauveur-de-Montagut to Sisteron alt= Hilly stage 6 8 March Sisteron to La Colle-sur-Loup alt= Hilly stage 7 9 March Nice to Auron alt= Mountain stage 8 10 March Nice to Nice alt= Intermediate stage Total" ], [ "Stages", "=== Stage 1 ===;3 March 2024 — Les Mureaux to Les Mureaux, === Stage 2 ===;4 March 2024 – Thoiry to Montargis, === Stage 3 ===;5 March 2024 – Auxerre to Auxerre, (TTT)=== Stage 4 ===;6 March 2024 – Chalon-sur-Saône to Mont Brouilly, === Stage 5 ===;7 March 2024 – Saint-Sauveur-de-Montagut to Sisteron, === Stage 6 ===;8 March 2024 – Sisteron to La Colle-sur-Loup, === Stage 7 ===;9 March 2024 – Nice to Auron, === Stage 8 ===;10 March 2024 – Nice to Nice," ], [ "Classification leadership table", "+ Classification leadership by stage Stage Winner General classification Points classification Mountains classification Young rider classification Team classification Combativity award 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Final" ], [ "Classification standings", " Legend Denotes the leader of the general classification Denotes the leader of the mountains classification Denotes the leader of the points classification Denotes the leader of the young rider classification Denotes the leader of the team classification 20px Denotes the winner of the combativity award=== General classification ====== Points classification ====== Mountains classification ====== Young rider classification ======Teams classification===" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Andru Phillips" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Andru \"Dru\" Phillips''' is an American football cornerback for the Kentucky Wildcats." ], [ "Early life and high school", "Phillips attended high school at Mauldin.", "In Phillips senior season, he notched 38 tackles, eight pass deflections, and two interceptions.", "Coming out of high school, Phillips held offers from schools such as Louisville, Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina State and Virginia Tech.", "Phillips decided to commit to play college football for the Kentucky Wildcats." ], [ "College career", "In the 2020 season, Phillips decided to use the season to redshirt.", "In 2021, Phillips played in nine games making three tackles.", "Phillips entered the 2022 season, as a week one starter versus Miami (OH).", "In the 2022 season, Phillips made 31 tackles with one and half going for a loss, and five pass deflections.", "In the 2023 regular season, Phillips totaled 44 tackles, and four pass deflections.", "After the conclusion of the 2023 season, Phillips declared for the 2024 NFL Draft.Phillips finished his career at Kentucky with 80 tackles, with two and a half being for a loss, and nine pass deflections." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Kentucky Wildcats bio" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Porcelain War" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Porcelain War''''' is a 2024 documentary film directed by Brendan Bellomo and Slava Leontyev following the experience of Ukrainian artists as they face the Russian invasion of Ukraine.", "It won the 2024 Sundance Festival Documentary Grand Jury Prize." ], [ "Premise", "Amidst the chaos and destruction of the brutal Russian invasion of Ukraine, three artists defiantly find inspiration and beauty as they defend their culture and their country.", "In a war waged by professional soldiers against ordinary civilians, Slava Leontyev, Anya Stasenko, and Andrey Stefanov choose to stay behind, armed with their art, their cameras, and, for the first time in their lives, their guns.", "Despite daily shelling, Anya finds resistance and purpose in her art, Andrey takes the dangerous journey to get his young family to safety abroad, and Slava becomes a weapons instructor for ordinary people who have become unlikely soldiers.", "As the war intensifies, Andrey picks up his camera to film their story, and on tiny porcelain figurines, Anya and Slava capture their idyllic past, uncertain present, and hope for the future." ], [ "Production", "Filming began in early 2022 after Russia invaded Ukraine.", "The subjects filmed themselves, capturing over 500 hours of footage.", "''Porcelain War'' was captured on the Blackmagic Pocket Cinema Camera, Sony FX30, DJI Mavic aerial drones and GoPro Hero 11 Black action cameras mounted to the bodies of Special Forces soldiers.", "The film was photographed using natural light.", "Editing took place in Los Angeles, CA and Sydney, Australia.", "Animated sequences were designed by BluBlu Studios in Warsaw, Poland.", "The team worked for over one year to create the animated scenes." ], [ "Release", "The film won the Grand Jury Prize in the U.S. documentary category at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival.", "Bellomo, who co-directed the film along with Leontyev, explained “This award is because of the bravery of the people of Ukraine.", "And this award is for the beauty of the people of Ukraine.” The film was also sponsored by the Utah Film Center." ], [ "Reception", "''Porcelain War'' premiered at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah to an eight-minute standing ovation.", "The Wrap's William Bibbiani remarked,The depth comes from the rejection of violence, and the determination to overcome its consequences and create powerful art, regardless of the circumstances surrounding its genesis.“Porcelain War” does what it sets out to do, immersing us in a nightmare ordeal but surrounding us with wonderful figures: most of them human, some of them porcelain, and one a very cute dog.", "It captures moments of decency, moments of wickedness, and a larger political conflict from a perspective anyone can wrap their heads around, no matter where they are or how much they know about it.", "It doesn’t seem nearly as fragile as Leontyev and Stasenko’s porcelain figures.", "It’s the audience that’s likely to shatter.Writing for Canada's '' POV Magazine'', Courtney Small said the war footage in ''Porcelain War,'' \"walks a fine line between praising the resilience of Leontyev's people and serving as a propaganda tool for the Ukrainian army.\"", "He further writes that the film is more interesting when it focuses not on the war itself but on its everyday impact on the people.", "And finally, A visually vibrant work, one that strategically incorporates animations to convey the horrors of the past, Bellomo and Leontyev capture both the horrors of war and the beauty of nature with equal measure.", "Similar to the material itself, ''Porcelain War'' shows the fragility and strength of the human spirit.Fionnuala Halligan of Screen Daily said, Cinematic essays take many forms: few are as fragile and contemplative as Porcelain War; all the more remarkable for the fact that Brendan Bellomo and Slava Leontyev’s documentary observes the outbreak of war in Ukraine and its immediate aftermath during which Slava, an artisan porcelain maker, is seconded to train young recruits on how to use assault weaponry.", "Yet as his partner Anya Stasenko paints – and animates – their beautiful, ethereal, translucent objets, there is a sense of enduring beauty to fight for.Ryan Painter from KFOX14 stated,I don’t know the right words to describe Andrey, Slava and Anya’s determination to survive.", "\"Resiliency” isn’t strong enough, but it will have to do.", "Like “20 Days in Mariupol,” “Porcelain War” needs to be seen.", "It is far too easy to dehumanize strangers.", "After watching the film, Andrey, Slava and Anya will be strangers no more." ], [ "Gallery", "File:Sundance Film Festival 2024 - Porcelain War - Andrey Stefanov, Sonya Stefanova, Anya Stefanova, and Olena Herasymenko-104A2058.jpg\|Anya Stefanova, Andrey Stefanov, Olena Herasymenko, and Sonya StefanovaFile:Sundance Film Festival 2024 - Porcelain War - Anya Stasenko-104A2036.jpg\|Anya StasenkoFile:Sundance Film Festival 2024 - Porcelain War - Slava Leontyev-104A2026.jpg\|Director Slava LeontyevFile:Sundance Film Festival 2024 - Porcelain War - Brendan Bellomo-104A2016.jpg\|Director Brendan Bellomo" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "'' Porcelain War'' at IMDb Official website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sujo" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Sujo''''' is a 2024 drama film written and directed by Astrid Rondero and Fernanda Valadez starring Juan Jesús Varela.", "It premiered at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival where it won the World Cinema Dramatic Grand Jury Prize.", "It is a co-production between Mexico, the United States and France." ], [ "Premise", "The film follows a young boy, Sujo, after his father, a member of a Mexican cartel, is assassinated, and the struggles of growing up without a father, and disassociating from the blood-soaked legacy that he inherits." ], [ "Plot", "Josué, a sicario for the cartel, is assassinated, leaving his 4-year-old son, Sujo behind.", "Sujo's aunts, Nemesia and Rosalia, take him to be raised in a remote mountain shack.", "Sujo spends his childhood in isolation, with only his aunts and Rosalia's sons, Jai and Jeremy.As the boys grow older, Sujo and his peers rebel and become involved with the drug violence around them.", "During a turf war, Jeremy is killed, and Sujo's aunt Nemesia sends him off to live in Mexico City." ], [ "Release", "The film debuted at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival on January 19, 2024." ], [ "Reception", "Film critic Carlos Aguilar graded the film an 'A', citing the film as \"intricate in meaning and scope.\"" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ibelin (film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Ibelin''''' is a 2024 Norwegian documentary by Benjamin Ree." ], [ "Content", "The film documents the life of \"Mats Steen, a Norwegian gamer who died of a degenerative muscular disease at the age of 25.\"", "The title comes from the name of a character in World of Warcraft." ], [ "Release", "The film premiered on January 19, 2024 in the World Documentary Competition at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival where it won the Audience Award: World Cinema Documentary.", "Shortly after, Netflix acquired distribution rights to the film." ], [ "Reception", "''Variety'' praised the film, stating \"It’s a world unto itself, and a glowing example of how moviemaking — like a person’s digital footprint — can be a form of immortality that soothes even the most devastating loss.\"", "Other reviews were also extremely positive.", "Cineeuropa found that Ree \"ends up with a film that’s not about death; rather, it’s about friendship, love and life.\"" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ian Begg (architect)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ian Begg''' (23 June 192526 November 2017) was a Scottish architect, known for his work with Scottish castles and their restoration." ], [ "Biography", "Begg was born on 23 June 1925.He went to Kirkcaldy High School and then Edinburgh College of Art.", "He served in the Second World War, having spent one year at Glasgow University Naval Division, before training with the United States Navy to become a pilot in the Fleet Air Arm.", "Afterwards, when he was 22, he completed a trek around Scotland.Begg apprenticed with Harry Hubbard in Kirkcaldy before joining Neil and Hurd Architects in Edinburgh in 1951.He became sole partner in 1963 when Robert Hurd died, merged with another company in 1965, and stayed until 1983.In the early 1970s, Begg also presented programmes on BBC Television on \"The Scottish House\".In 1984, he set up the Ian Begg Architect company with Raymond Muszynski as a partner, as he felt his previous company had become too large.", "He left the company in 2000, which was then renamed Né Begg and became Morris and Steedman Associates in 2002.Begg was interim director of the Edinburgh New Town Conservation Committee when it was formed in 1971, interim director of the Edinburgh Old Town Committee for Conservation and Renewal in 1984–85, and an Adviser on Architecture for the Edinburgh Old Town Charitable Trust.", "He also taught architectural design, was an adviser for National Trust for Scotland, and vice president of the Architectural Heritage Society for Scotland.", "More recently, he has written on the topic of Scottish neolithic carved stone balls.Begg retired in December 2009.He died on 26 November 2017 and is buried in Balmacara Cemetery.=== Awards and honours ===Begg was a Fellow of the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland (FRIAS), member of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (FSAScot), Honorary Member of the Saltire Society, Fellow of the Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland, and resigned from the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) in 1984.He retired in December 2009.He won the Nigel Tranter Memorial Award in 2013." ], [ "Castles and other buildings", "thumbthumbBegg led the restoration of Muckrach Castle in 1978–85.He said, \"it was one of the high points in my life, as an architect\".He has worked on the restoration of numerous other Scottish castles, such as Tillycairn Castle, Lauriston Castle, Aboyne Castle, and Dairsie Castle.", "He also designed and built other buildings, such as the St Mungo Museum of Comparative Religion at Glasgow Cathedral.Begg designed the Scandic Crown Hotel, Edinburgh in 1988–89.He later designed a faux-Scottish castle luxury hotel in China, complete with winery and a great hall to sit 100 people.===Ravens' Craig===Ravens' Craig tower house castle in Plockton, Lochalsh was designed by Begg and built from scratch.It was so named in part because Begg was in Ravenscraig House when he was at school.", "It took 6 years to build and its layout is based on his past experience working with other castles, but with some modern features like underfloor heating and a lift shaft to aid bringing logs to main hall.", "The main hall is 5 m by 7.27 m, with the size dictated by a triangular pattern on the ceiling.", "The ground floor, where the dining room is located, is vaulted.", "It has living space on four storeys, with a circular staircase leading to bedrooms on the upper levels, said to be based on a Francesco Borromini church in Rome (San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane).The Architectural Heritage Society of Scotland organised a tour of the tower house for about 50 people in 2010.The tower house was eventually listed for sale at over £750,000 and it was said to be one of his finest works." ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading", "*" ], [ "External links", " Official site: * * Dictionary of Scottish Architects entry* Ian Begg and The Scottish Vernacular* on YouTube" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Tonight, I Love You" ], [ "Introduction", "\"'''Tonight, I Love You'''\" is a song by Canadian pop rock band The Latency.", "It was released in December 2008 as the lead single from their debut self-titled studio album.", "The song peaked at number 93 on the Canadian Hot 100." ], [ "Background", "In 2008, The Latency released their debut single, \"Tonight, I Love You\".", "Without any label support, the single received nation-wide radio airplay, charting on the Canada Hot AC chart.", "The success of the song garnered the attention of labels, leading to the group signing with Maple Music Recordings.", "The song appeared on the band's debut EP, ''Chomp'', before it was released as the lead single from their debut self-titled studio album.", "\"Tonight, I Love You\" was written by Brandon Lehti, Ryan Stead, Mathew Gendron and Jonny Wiebe.", "It was also co-written by Hedley's Jacob Hoggard and Tommy Mac.", "The song was also featured on the Canadian teen drama television show, ''Degrassi''.The single was nominated for Hot Adult Contemporary Song of the Year at the 2010 Canadian Radio Music Awards, but lost to Karl Wolf's \"Africa\"." ], [ "Accolades", "In 2010, \"Tonight I Love You\" was nominated for a Canadian Radio Music Award in the Hot Adult Contemporary category." ], [ "Music video", "The music video for \"Tonight, I Love You\" was shot in Whistler, British Columbia in February 2009.The video premiered on MuchMusic on April 2, 2009.The video reached number one on the ''MuchMusic Countdown''." ], [ "Personnel", "* Brandon Lehti – lead vocals, rhythm guitar* Ryan Stead – lead guitar, backing vocals * Mathew Gendron – bass guitar, backing vocals * Jonny Wiebe – drums" ], [ "Charts", "+Chart performance for \"Tonight, I Love You\" Chart (2009) Peakposition Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 93 Canada Hot AC (''Billboard'') 28" ], [ "Release history", "+ Release history and formats for \"Tonight, I Love You\" Region Date Format Label Canada December 2008 Contemporary hit radio MapleMusic Recordings" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Estadio Belgrano Athletic" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Estadio Belgrano Athletic''', popularly known as '''Virrey del Pino''' (as the name of the street where it is located on) is a stadium located in the Belgrano neighborhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina.", "It is owned and operated by Belgrano Athletic Club, and has a capacity of 500 spectators.The stadium serves as BAC's home venue for its rugby union and cricket matches.", "In the past, Virrey del Pino also hosted football matches until 1916 when the club disaffiliated from AFA and abandoned the practise of the sport.Having been acquired by the club in 1902, the stadium is one of the oldest sports venues in existence in the city of Buenos Aires." ], [ "History", "Soon after being established, Belgrano A.C. set its headquarters in the land located on Virrey del Pino and Superí streets, which was rented to the heirs of F. Chas.", "Nevertheless, the club would move after the owner forced it to buy the land.", "As Belgrano A.C. did not have the funds, they were evicted from it.Between 1899 and 1902 Belgrano A.C. played their home matches in a field located on La Pampa and Melián streets close to Buenos Aires English High School, until the club acquired a land on Superí street to H. W. Roberts and Charles E. Dickinson (who were also members of the club and, in the case of Dickinson, a notable footballer for Belgrano and also the Argentina national team, having been the scorer of the Argentina's first goal ever.", "Roberts and Dickinson had bought the lands years ago and they offered it to the club at the same price of the purchase.The official stand in 1910.It has kept its original style since it was inaugurated in early 1900sThe stadium has a unique roof stand, with capacity for 500 spectators.", "The original wooden stand had been destroyed by fire, but the club built an exact replica of it, keeping the architectural style of the 1900s.In early 1900s, the Belgrano A.C. field was venue of some domestic cups finals such as Copa de Competencia Jockey Club (hosted the 1907 and 1908 finals, both won by Alumni, which did not have an own field), and Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires in 1906, when Alumni beat Estudiantes de Buenos Aires 3–1 on 9 September.On 3 May 1908 Boca Juniors played their first official game (in tournaments organised by AFA) at Virrey del Pino stadium.", "It was the first round of the 1908 Segunda División season, with the visitor defeating Belgrano A.C. II 3–1." ], [ "Cricket matches", "The first recorded cricket match held at BAC's cricket ground came in 1912 when the Northern Suburbs played vs Marylebone Cricket Club, which was touring on South America.", "First-class cricket was first played there in 1927 when Argentina played the Marylebone Cricket Club.", "Five further first-class matches were played there, the last of which saw Argentina play Sir TEW Brinckman's XI in 1938.Still in use to the present day, the ground held matches in the South American Championships and the Americas Championships in recent times, as well as hosting matches in the 2009 ICC World Cricket League Division Three.", "In February–March 2023, the ground played host to three Twenty20 International matches in the 2023 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Americas Qualifier Sub-regional Qualifier.===Records======= Twenty20 International ====* '''Highest team total:''' 226 for 4 (20 overs) by Bermuda v Argentina, 2022/23* '''Lowest team total:''' 110 for 9 (20 overs) by Argentina v Bermuda, as above* '''Highest individual innings:''' 103 by Kamau Leverock for Bermuda v Argentina, as above* '''Best bowling in an innings:''' 4-11 by Delray Rawlins, as above==== First-class ====* '''Highest team total:''' 426 all out by Sir J. Cahn's XI v Argentina, 1929/30* '''Lowest team total:''' 101 all out by Argentina v Marylebone Cricket Club, 1926/27* '''Highest individual innings:''' 162 by Bob Wyatt for Sir T. E. W. Brinckman's XI v Argentina, 1937/38* '''Best bowling in an innings:''' 7-108 by Jim Sims, as above* '''Best bowling in a match:''' 12-174 by Jim Sims, as above" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "William Brock (historian)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''William Ranulf Brock''', FBA (16 May 1916 – 12 November 2014) was a British historian of the United States.", "Brock was educated at Christ's Hospital and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he won the Thirlwall Prize.", "He was Professor of Modern History at the University of Glasgow from 1967 to 1981, and life fellow of Selwyn College, Cambridge, from 1947 to 2014.He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1990." ], [ "Publications", "* ''Lord Liverpool and Liberal Toryism 1820 to 1827'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941; 2nd edn, Hamden, CT: Archon, 1967)* ''Britain and the Dominions'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951)* ''The Effect of the Loss of the* ''American Colonies upon British Policy'' (London: Historical Association, 1957; 2nd edn, 1966)* ''The Character of American History'', Aids for Teachers, vol.", "3 (London: Macmillan, 1960; 2nd edn, 1965)* ''An American Crisis: Congress and Reconstruction, 1865–1867'' (New York: St Martin's Press, 1963)* ''The Evolution of American Democracy'' (New York: Dial Press, 1970)* ''Conflict and Transformation in the U.S., 1844-1877'' (Baltimore, MD: Penguin, 1973)* ''The United States, 1789-1890: Sources of History'' (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1975)* ''Parties and Political Conscience'' (Millwood, NY: KTO Press, 1979)* ''Scotus Americanus: A Survey of the Sources for Links Between Scotland and America in the Eighteenth Century'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981)* ''Investigation and Responsibility: Public Responsibility in the United States, 1865–1900'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984)* ''Welfare, Democracy, and the New Deal'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)* (with P. M. H. Cooper) ''Selwyn College: A History'' (Durham: Pentland Press, 1994)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Frida (2024 film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Frida''''' is a 2024 documentary film directed by Carla Gutierrez about the life of Mexican painter Frida Kahlo.", "As Gutierrez's directorial debut, it was first shown at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival where it won the U.S.", "Documentary Jonathan Oppenheim Editing Award." ], [ "Premise", "Through her own writings and interviews, as well as brand-new animation, Kahlo chronicles and addresses her entire life and career from a first-person perspective.", "Many of the most pivotal and formative moments of her life are mentioned and/or detailed, such as her devastating accident as a passenger of a trolley car, her complicated relationship with the fellow Mexican painter Diego Rivera, her time spent in cities like New York and Detroit, and her affair with the Russian revolutionary Leon Trotsky.", "Both animation and sound design are leveraged in order to further depict the complexity of Kahlo's psyche, making for a visceral and intimate look at her vast and changing senses of human desire, the state of the world in the twentieth century, and her own artistry.", "With a rich body of archival material with primary relevance and association with Kahlo, such as her own works as well as correspondences from her loved ones, a multifaceted and dynamic look at Kahlo's life and legacy appears." ], [ "Production", "Long before ''Frida'' was conceived, Gutierrez noticed the abundance of existing writing from the Mexican painter yet not a narrative told from her own words.", "She then approached Julie Cohen and Betsy West, the directors of ''RBG'' and ''Julia'', for insight on how to make a larger-than-life documentary about a female icon.", "While some studios found the prospect of a Spanish-only film to be daunting, especially with its experimental elements in visuals and sounds, a few distributors eventually took on Gutierrez's vision for a directorial debut: a documentary sourced from Kahlo's own words.The film draws upon many multimedia elements, including but not limited to voice acting, animation, and restoration of materials in old and antiquated formats.", "The words of Kahlo herself, taken from her own writing, are narrated by Fernanda Echevarría, and Gutierrez worked with several animators based in Mexico to add a visual counterpart to her film's sound.", "In order to shape and inform the timeline of Kahlo's life and career, Gutierrez drew upon American historian Hayden Herrara's 1983 book ''Frida: A Biography of Frida Kahlo'' and directors Karen and David Crommie's 1976 ''The Life and Death of Frida Kahlo''.", "With permission, Gutierrez was given access to Herrera's research which she had used for his book.", "In Herrera's attic, Gutierrez found a diversity of transcripts, writing, and other primary sources.Outside of Herrera's own research, among the archival materials used for ''Frida'' were collections of the Hoover Institution Library and Archives.", "Much of the footage used, specifically at Kahlo's Blue House, was taken by American photographer Ivan Heisler, who also managed to capture footage of Kahlo's hospitable encounters with Trotsky.", "Just in time for showing at the Sundance Film Festival, the Hoover Institution remastered their footage to 4K in order to provide the best possible quality for Gutierrez.", "Additionally used were the papers of Bertram D. Wolfe, an American communist and friend of Rivera who personally held many photos of Kahlo and Rivera, several of which are seen in the film." ], [ "Release", "Film crew at the premiere of ''Frida'' at the 40th Sundance Film Festival on January 18, 2024The film won the Jonathan Oppenheim Editing Award in the U.S. documentary category at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival.", "Gutierrez explained that not only did she direct ''Frida'', but she also significantly edited it herself using a wide variety of Adobe tools.", "Her own editing was joined by a diverse production team of sound designers, musicians, and animators who further added new dimensions to ''Frida'''s composition." ], [ "Reception", "Many critics who watched ''Frida'' at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah found the documentary to be an ambitious attempt to depict Kahlo's life and career with both accuracy and novelty, though some were divided on whether Gutierrez's idiosyncratic techniques of production, as well as the points of Kahlo's life which she chose to highlight, were effective.", "Specifically, the choice to animate some of Kahlo's self-portraits appeared divisive.", "For some critics, however, the film excelled in its faithfulness to Kahlo's story, its ingenuity of craft, and its wondrous contribution to the body of work dedicated to capturing the enormity of the Mexican painter's life.Sheri Linden, for ''The Hollywood Reporter'', said,Such razor-sharp perceptions and unapologetic pronouncements fuel Frida no less than the unsettling and beautiful images she conjured.", "Beyond the artistic pretensions she disdained, Kahlo noted that her canvases depicted her life, not the dreamscapes that were central to Surrealism.", "It was an exceptional life, and here at last is a film that not only honors her without resorting to sensationalism but that also lets her speak.", "At the end of Gutiérrez's fine film, you likely will feel the spell of a remarkable person's company.Writing for ''ARTnews,'' Maximilíano Durón said that \"the film unfortunately tells the same story that has already been told about Kahlo, without providing much new material along the way, other than some kitschy animations of her paintings.\"", "However, Durón found the emphasis on Kahlo's words, which have historically been underrepresented in exhibits and other tributes, to be refreshing and a certain positive.", "Furthermore, Durón argued that Gutierrez's film needed to have a different orientation to Kahlo's politics, citing the film's lack of commentary on her belief in communism as well as a sparse account of her relationship to Trotsky.", "Regarding the Mexican Revolution, Durón said,In order to understand Kahlo and her art, it's crucial to view it against the backdrop of post-Revolution Mexico.", "She was born in 1907, three years before the Revolution began, but at a certain point in her life, she redated her birth to 1910 so that she arrived in the world along with the Revolution.", "At a time when the new Mexican government was fixated on constructing a national identity through the arts—look no further than the work of Los Tres Grandes, the painters David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, and her future husband, Diego Rivera—that is a significant detail, if not an essential one.", "Even if Kahlo was often dismissed as Rivera's wife or a second-tier Surrealist painter during her lifetime, she was just as committed to the cause of a new Mexico.", "That goes unmentioned in the film.Though he complimented the film's feats, Christian Zilko from ''IndieWire'' additionally remarked,While Kahlo's eloquence provides an excellent foundation for the film, it can be disappointing that her art isn't highlighted with the same prominence as her writing.", "Rather than show her actual paintings, the film relies on animated versions of them that bring her portraits to life.", "The execution is impressive, but it deprives viewers of the chance to see her work unvarnished while listening to her words.", "Perhaps the choice was made to add some motion into what otherwise could have been a static film that resembled a PowerPoint presentation.", "But there is something incomplete about a painting documentary that manipulates the actual work — especially when so much of the film's thesis rests on the idea that Kahlo deserves to be remembered on her own terms.In comparison to past works depicting Kahlo, ''The Austin Chronicle''s Austin Whitaker said,But while ''Frida'' is intriguing, and undoubtedly a good primer to the life, mind and work of the artist, it's still a little overshadowed by Julie Taymor's visually enthralling and Oscar-nominated ''Frida'', and not as structurally daring as Ken Mandel's hybrid docudrama ''Frida Kahlo: A Ribbon Around a Bomb''.", "Keeping the words of Kahlo and Rivera in the original Spanish adds a certain immediacy, but that narration is not always quite so effectively applied.", "American newspaper reports are recited in a ridiculous fake '30s radio voice (you know the one), and why exactly are the words of French poet André Breton and Belgain surrealist René Magritte presented in thickly-accented English?" ], [ "Gallery", "File:Sundance Film Festival 2024 - Frida - Carla Gutierrez-104A1692.jpg\|Director Carla GutierrezFile:Sundance Film Festival 2024 - Frida - Sara Bernstein-104A1736.jpg\|Sara BernsteinFile:Sundance Film Festival 2024 - Frida - Loren Hammonds-104A1685.jpg\|Loren HammondsFile:Sundance Film Festival 2024 - Frida - Betsy West and Julie Cohen-104A1640.jpg\|Betsy West and Julie CohenFile:Sundance Film Festival 2024 - Frida - Katia Maguire-104A1671.jpg\|Katia Maguire" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* '' Frida'' at IMDb* Official website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "María Dolores Miró" ], [ "Introduction", "'''María Dolores Miró Juncosa''' (17 July 1930, in Palma de Mallorca – 26 December 2004) was a Spanish painter and art historian, best remembered for her landscape paintings and the cataloguing and management of her father Joan Miró's work and estate." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Barbara Blaha" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Barbara Blaha''' (September 23, 1983) is an Austrian author, founder of the political congress Momentum and the think tank Momentum Institute and editor of the Moment magazine.", "Blaha is the former chairwoman of the Austrian Student Union." ], [ "Life", "Blaha was born into a working-class family, the second of seven children.", "She attended elementary school and high school in Simmering.", "Blaha studied German at the University of Vienna and graduated in 2009.In 2008, Blaha founded the Momentum Kongress in Hallstatt.", "After her time with the Austrian Student Union, Blaha became commercial manager at the Vienna-based Czernin Verlag.", "She managed non-fiction for Brandstätter Verlag from 2014, and became responsible for the digital strategy.", "In 2018 she also took over the ''Art & Life'' Division.Blaha started the think tank “Project360” in 2019, which became the Momentum Institute and Moment Magazine.", "The Momentum Institute is financed by donation and carries out social research." ], [ "Political career", "Blaha started her social efforts in 1997 when she and her school friend revived the dormant school newspaper project ''Der Gottschalk''.", "She became involved with her school student council and the Vienna State Student Council.", "During this time she also became involved in the Action for Critical Students Vienna, of which she was Secretary and chairwoman.During her studies she began to get involved with the Socialist Students of Austria (VSStÖ).", "She was in the education policy department of the Austrian Student Union, responsible for questions regarding the Bologna Process.", "She was elected to the Austrian Student Union Leadership Team, and served as chair for two years.", "She was elected to the University Council of the University of Salzburg in 2013." ], [ "Science Ball", "Blaha is one of the co-founders of the Vienna Ball of Sciences." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Cardigan House" ], [ "Introduction", "icehouse now in the Terrace GardensTurner's 1819 painting ''England: Richmond Hill, on the Prince Regent's Birthday'' depicts the grounds of Cardigan House.", "'''Cardigan House''' was a country house located on Richmond Hill in London.", "It was constructed between 1791 for 1793 by architect Robert Mylne for the wealthy publisher Robert Sayer, but in 1794 it was rented by the Duke of Clarence, later to become William IV, who lived there until 1797 with his mistress the Irish actress Dorothea Jordan and their children.", "It then passed into the hands of the Earls of Cardigan as a country retreat in what was still rural Surrey.", "Another large property, Lansdowne House, was located nearby.", "It should not be confused with Cardigan House in Lincoln's Inn Fields, the London townhouse of the Earls.In 1817 Lady Cardigan, wife of the sixth Earl, hosted a birthday celebration for the Prince Regent (later George IV) at Cardigan House.", "The scene was depicted in an 1819 painting ''England: Richmond Hill, on the Prince Regent's Birthday'' by the artist J. M. W. Turner.", "When the 6th Earl died, the house was purchased by Mrs Sarah Roberts (1777-1866), daughter of Thomas Roberts, Master of the Merchant Taylors Company.", "She had been the house's tenant since the 1820s, and lived there until her death.In 1925 the house was purchased by the British Legion for expansion of the Poppy Factory on Petersham Road.", "It was demolished in 1970.Its grounds now form part of the Terrace Gardens." ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* Brigden, Tom.", "''The Protected Vista: An Intellectual and Cultural History''.", "Routledge, 2019.", "* Govett, John.", "\"Cardigan House and the Roberts family\", ''Richmond History'' '''40''', 2019.Richmond Local History Society.", "* Hamilton, James.", "''Turner''.", "Random House, 2003." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Leningrad (2028 icebreaker)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Leningrad''''' () is a Russian Project 22220 nuclear-powered icebreaker currently under construction at Baltic Shipyard in Saint Petersburg." ], [ "Development and construction", "=== Background ===In the late 1980s, the Russian research institutes and design bureaus developed a successor for the 1970s ''Arktika''-class nuclear-powered icebreakers as part of a wider icebreaker fleet renewal program initiated shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.", "The new 60-megawatt icebreaker, referred to using a type size series designation LK-60Ya, would feature a so-called dual-draft functionality which would allow the vessel to operate in shallow coastal areas after de-ballasting.", "Although the preliminary designs had been developed almost two decades earlier, the LK-60Ya design was finalized in 2009 as Project 22220 by Central Design Bureau \"Iceberg\" and the construction of the first vessel was awarded to Saint Petersburg-based Baltic Shipyard in August 2012.Three additional contracts in May 2014, August 2019 and February 2023 have increased the number of Project 22220 icebreakers under construction or on order to seven.=== Construction ===On 2 February 2023, FSUE Atomflot signed a contract for the construction of two additional Project 22220 icebreakers with Baltic Shipyard.The keel of the sixth Project 22220 icebreaker was laid on 26 January 2024.The vessel was initially to be named ''Kamchatka'' () after the Kamchatka Peninsula, but in November 2023 it was announced that instead it would be named ''Leningrad'' () to commemorate the Siege of Leningrad.", "It is the second Russian icebreaker to bear the name; the previous ''Leningrad'' was a Moskva-class diesel-electric polar icebreaker built in 1961 and decommissioned in 1993.Unlike the new nuclear-powered icebreaker, the Soviet-era vessel was named after the city itself.Whereas the preceding Project 22220 icebreakers have featured Atomflot's standard livery of dark blue hull and generally light blue superstructure with three decks painted after the flag of Russia, the artist's impression for the sixth vessel featured a new painting scheme: red hull with blue and white stripes at the upper deck edge, and a generally white superstructure with front bulkhead adorned with a blue-white silhouette of Leningrad under siege.", "''Leningrad''s delivery is scheduled for December 2028." ], [ "Design", "''Leningrad'' is long overall and has a maximum beam of .", "Designed to operate efficiently both in shallow Arctic river estuaries as well as along the Northern Sea Route, the draught of the vessel can be varied between about by taking in and discharging ballast water, corresponding to a displacement between .", "''Leningrad'' has a nuclear-turbo-electric powertrain.", "The onboard nuclear power plant consists of two 175 RITM-200 pressurized water reactors fueled by up to 20% enriched Uranium-235 and two 36 turbogenerators.", "The propulsion system follows the classic polar icebreaker pattern with three four-bladed propellers driven by electric motors.", "With a total propulsion power of , ''Leningrad'' is designed to be capable of breaking thick level ice at a continuous speed of at full power when operating in deep water at design draught." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Hedayatollah Khademi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Hedayatollah Khademi''' (, born September 23, 1958 in Izeh) is an Iranian politician and executive manager, who was the representative of Izeh and Baghmalek, from Khuzestan province in the tenth Islamic Consultative Assembly and was a member of the Energy Commission of the Assembly.Khademi has a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Bangalore University and started his professional activity in 1985 in the National Iranian Steel Group.", "He joined the National Iranian Drilling Company in 1988 and was the CEO of North Drilling Company from 2008 to 2015.He is currently the chairman of the board of directors of the National Iranian Oil Exploration Operations Company." ], [ "Biography", "Hedayatollah Khademi was born on September 23, 1958 in Izeh, Khuzestan province.", "He spent his childhood and adolescence in this city until receiving his high school diploma, then moved to India to continue his education at Bangalore University.He has a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Bangalore University.", "He started working in the National Iranian Steel Group in 1985 and also continued his activity in the National Iranian Drilling Company (a subsidiary of the National Iranian Oil Company) from 1988.He worked in this company until 2009 and his last position was deputy CEO in engineering affairs.", "In 2009, he was appointed as the CEO of North Drilling Company and was in charge of this position for more than 6 years until 2015." ], [ "Executive records", "* National Iranian Drilling Company: Head of General Repairs Department Head of Engineering and Planning Department Director of ** Engineering Affairs Deputy * CEO Board member CEO of North Drilling Company" ], [ "Islamic Consultative Assembly (10th term)", "Khademi won the tenth parliamentary elections with 72,738 votes out of a total of 131,419 votes, equivalent to 55% of the votes, and made it to the parliament in the second round." ], [ "Islamic Consultative Assembly (11th term)", "Khademi also ran for the eleventh term of the Islamic Consultative Assembly from the Izeh and Baghmalek constituency in Khuzestan province, but came in fourth with a few votes in this constituency.", "He protested the result to the Guardian Council by presenting several clips of fraud in the elections." ], [ "Astronomical salary", "According to the public relations disclosure of the Ministry of Oil, Hedayatollah Khadem receives 27 million tomans monthly salary from the National Iranian Oil Company." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "J. B. Rodgers Jr." ], [ "Introduction", "'''J.", "B. Rodgers Jr.''' (1912 – September 20, 2003) was an American politician.", "He served as a Democratic member for the 19th district of the Florida Senate." ], [ "Life and career", "Rodgers was born in Milton, Florida.", "He served in the United States Navy during World War II.Rodgers served in the Florida Senate from 1949 to 1957, representing the 19th district.Rodgers died in September 2003, at the age of 91." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mister Grand International 2022" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mister Grand International 2022''' is the fifth edition of Mister Grand International.", "Trinidad and Tobago will be the proud host country of the 5th Mister Grand International, taking place from 17 to 25 of November 2022 in Trinidad and Tobago.", "With the criteria of finding a worthy face, possessing healthy physical beauty and knowledge and understanding of culture and media of other countries.", "Candidates from more than 24 countries and autonomous territories vying for the coveted title.At the end of the event Fernando Ezequiel Padin, Mister Grand International 2021, from Puerto Rico will crown his successor, '''Michael Pelletier''' from Switzerland." ], [ "Results", "The '''Mister Grand International 2022''' Final Competition will be broadcast LIVE at Mister Grand International's official YouTube & Facebook page from the host country, Trinidad and Tobago, held on November 25, 2022.===Placements===Fifth Edition Placement Contestant '''Mister Grand International 2022'''* ''' – Michael Pelletier''' 1st Runner-up* – Kristzan Delos Santos 2nd Runner-up* – Aaron Tan 3rd Runner-up* – Aquil Ramsahai 4th Runner-up* – Vu Linh 5th Runner-up* – Teaniva Dinard Top 12* – Freddy Cordero * – Pepijn Van Lishout* – Enid Franca * – Yu Thoanvannak* – Harry Cruz Top 18* – Eduardo Rivero * – Andres Fernando Orta* – Denys Poljanskyj * – Lorenzo Bottero* – Nehal Patil * – Nathan Soria===Special Awards=== Award Contestant'''Best in National Costume'''* '''''' – Vu Linh'''Mister Photogenic'''* '''''' – Lorenzo Bottero'''Mister Congeniality'''* '''''' – Eduardo Rivero'''Social Media Ambassador'''* '''''' – Pepijn Van Lishout '''∆''''''Top Model'''* '''''' – Vu Linh '''∆''''''Best in Fashion Wear'''* '''''' – Michael Pelletier'''Best in Swimwear'''* '''''' – Michael Pelletier'''Mister Personality'''* '''''' – Aaron Tan'''Best in Formal Wear'''* '''''' – Kristzan Delos Santos'''Mister Sports Ambassador'''* '''''' – You Thoanvannak'''Mister Popular'''* '''''' – Teaniva Dinard '''§'''====Note====* '''§''' – Automatic in Top 6* '''∆''' – Automatic in Top 18===Mister Grand International 2022 (Brazil-based) Results=======Placements====Fifth Edition Placement Contestant '''Mister Grand International 2022'''* ''' – Gill Haupp''' 1st Runner-up* – Felix GamarraFifth Edition Placement Contestant '''Mister Teen Grand International 2022'''* ''' – Gustavo Agustín Leguizamón''' 1st Runner-up* – ====Special Awards==== Award Contestant'''Best Top Model'''* '''''' – Felix Gamarra" ], [ "Contestants", "24 candidates have been confirmed to compete for the title of '''Mister Grand International 2022'''.", "'''Country/Territory''' Candidates Continent''''''Enid FrancaNorthwestern Europe''''''Eduardo RiveroSouth America''''''Yu ThoanvannakAsia'''''' North America''''''Andres Fernando OrtaSouth America''''''Denys PoljanskyjCentral Europe''''''Freddy CorderoNorth America''''''Lorenzo BotteroWestern Europe''''''North America''''''South America''''''Central America''''''Nehal Patil Asia''''''North America''''''Western Europe''''''Kristzan Delos SantosAsia''''''Pepijn Van LishoutContinental Europe''''''Aaron TanAsia''''''South America''''''Harry CruzEurope''''''Michael PelletierCentral Europe''''''Teaniva DinardOceania''''''Aquil RamsahaiSouth America''''''Nathan SoriaNorth America''''''Vu LinhAsia" ], [ "See also", "* List of beauty pageants" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alessandra Lacorazza" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Alessandra Lacorazza Samudio''' is a Colombian-American film director.", "She won the Grand Jury Prize Dramatic and U.S.", "Dramatic Directing Award at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival.== Early life and education == She was a 2020 Writers Guild of America, East, FilmNation fellow and a 2020 National Association of Latino Independent Producers fellow.", "She was supported by New York Film Academy and The Future of Film Is Female.", "''In the Summers'' was Lacorazza's debut film, and is loosely based on her childhood – visiting her father in Colombia during the summers.", "Production took place in La Cruces, New Mexico and wrapped in June 2023." ], [ "Filmography", "* ''Mami,'' 2019* ''In Generation Impact: The Guardians'', 2022* ''In the Summers,'' 2024 ." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Chak 90/12L" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Chak 90/12L''' is a chak (village) located in Chichawatni Tehsil, Sahiwal District, Punjab, Pakistan.", "It is also an archaeological site covering 7.5 hectares.", "The site has undergone significant alterations due to agricultural and residential development.", "As per the 2017 census, it has a population of 4,277." ], [ "Archaeological site", "Initially identified by the Punjab Archaeological Survey and subsequently examined by the Beas research team, it has been affected by activities such as construction and land leveling, primarily facilitated by tractors.", "Land leveling for a soccer field led to the destruction of part of the site's mounded area.Observations include the leveling of land for a soccer field, which led to the destruction of part of the site's mounded area.", "Additionally, local agricultural expansion, authorized by government permits, resulted in the peripheral encroachment of the site to enlarge agricultural fields.", "Further changes were documented in a subsequent visit, noting residential construction on the site's eastern boundary and the creation of a non-utilized irrigation trench through its western portion.Chak 90/12L is of archaeological interest due to its similarities with other sites in the Beas region, such as Lohoma Lal Tibba, although it differs from Vainiwal by lacking Late Harappan occupation evidence.", "The site is located along the Beas River's fertile floodplain, and its stratigraphy and artifact distribution suggest an origin during the Early Harappan period, aligning with the expansion of Harappa.", "The site features evidence of Harappan period occupation, including mudbrick structures and artifacts indicative of craft and pyrotechnical activities, such as kiln remnants and manufacturing debris.", "One such kiln was damaged during the irrigation trench excavation.The stratigraphic analysis of Chak 90/12L shows a sequence similar to other Beas mound sites, with a foundational layer of undisturbed alluvial silts, followed by a mixed layer of cultural debris and silts indicative of human activity.", "This layer is capped by colluvium, suggesting sediment movement following site abandonment.", "These stratigraphic layers provide insights into the natural and anthropogenic processes that have shaped the site, contributing to the understanding of Early Harappan settlement patterns and cultural practices." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Yelo" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Yelo''' may refer to:Yelo, Russia, rural locality in Ongudaysky District, the Altai Republic, RussiaYelo, Spain, municipality located in the province of Soria, Castile and León, Spain2021–22 Saudi First Division League, known as the Yelo League for sponsorship reasons" ], [ "See also", "Yello, Swiss electronic music bandYalo (disambiguation)Yellow (disambiguation)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mayoral elections in Murfreesboro, Tennessee" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mayoral elections in Murfreesboro''' are held every four years to elect the mayor of Murfreesboro, Tennessee.All Murfreesboro municipal elections are required to be non-partisan, but most candidates can be affiliated with political parties." ], [ "2014", "The '''2014 Murfreesboro mayoral election''' took place on April 15, 2014.Incumbent Democratic mayor Tommy Bragg decided not to run for re-election to a third term.", "Republican candidate Shane McFarland defeated Vice Mayor Ron Washington, becoming the youngest person elected as mayor in Murfreesboro history.", "The mayoral election coincided with other elections, including races for Murfreesboro City Council.=== Candidates ===* Ron Washington, City Vice Mayor.", "* Shane McFarland, City Councilman.=== Results ===+Murfreesboro Mayor Election, 2014CandidateVotes%'''Shane McFarland''' '''5,315''''''68.09%'''Ron Washington 2,47431.69%Write-ins170.22%Total7,806100%" ], [ "2018", "The '''2018 Murfreesboro mayoral election''' took place on August 2, 2018.Incumbent Republican mayor Shane McFarland ran for re-election and won a second term in office with an uncontested race.", "The mayoral election coincided with other elections, including races for Murfreesboro City Council.Murfreesboro has been a Republican stronghold.", "In the 2016 presidential election, Murfreesboro voted for Donald Trump by 19.0% and voted for Bill Lee by 9.6% in the 2018 gubernatorial election.", "During this time, Phil Bredesen was the most recent Democrat to win Murfreesboro by 0.4% in the 2018 senate election.=== Candidates ===* Shane McFarland, Incumbent mayor.=== Results ===+Murfreesboro Mayor Election, 2018CandidateVotes%'''Shane McFarland''' (I)'''15,671''''''98.75%'''Write-ins1981.25%Total15,869100%" ], [ "2022", "The '''2022 Murfreesboro mayoral election''' took place on August 4, 2022.Incumbent Republican mayor Shane McFarland ran for re-election and won a third term in office in a 3-way race.", "The mayoral election coincided with other elections, including races for Murfreesboro City Council.Murfreesboro has been a Republican stronghold.", "In the 2020 presidential election, Murfreesboro voted for Donald Trump by 8.4%, voted for Bill Hagerty by 12.8% in the 2020 senate election, and overwhelmingly voted for Bill Lee in the 2022 gubernatorial election.=== Candidates ===Nathan Bennett, Blackman High School math teacher.", "Shane McFarland, Incumbent mayor.", "Tony Lehew, Retired Murfreesboro Fire Rescue Department captain.=== Results ===+Murfreesboro Mayor Election, 2022CandidateVotes%'''Shane McFarland''' (I)'''8,446''''''66.45%'''Tony Lehew 2,10316.55%Nathan Bennett2,10016.52%Write-ins610.48%Total12,710100%" ], [ "See also", " Elections in Tennessee* Political party strength in Tennessee* Government of Tennessee* Timeline of Murfreesboro, Tennessee* Mayoral elections in Chattanooga, Tennessee* Mayoral elections in Clarksville, Tennessee* Mayoral elections in Knoxville" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Maria Rosaria Manieri" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Maria Rosaria Manieri''' (born 30 May 1943) is an Italian academic and socialist politician.", "She served at the Italian Senate from 1987 to 2006." ], [ "Early life and education", "Manieri was born in Nardò on 30 May 1943.During her university studies she was the deputy secretary of the Catholic Action student movement." ], [ "Career", "Manieri was working as a faculty member when she joined politics becoming the municipal councilor and then councilor of the Municipality of Nardò.", "She was first elected to the Senate for the Italian Socialist Party in 1987.She served there for five consecutive legislatures until 2006.She joined the newly founded Italian Socialist Party in 2007.Manieri is an associate professor of moral philosophy at the University of Lecce." ], [ "Awards", "Manieri is the recipient of the Mediterranean Woman award and the Salento award." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Al Nelson (sound engineer)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Al Nelson''' is an American sound engineer.", "He won an Academy Award in the category Best Sound for the film ''Top Gun: Maverick''." ], [ "Selected filmography", "''Top Gun: Maverick'' (2022; co-won with Mark Weingarten, James Mather, Chris Burdon and Mark Taylor)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Arthur Lewis Hall" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Arthur Lewis Hall''' FRS (10 January 1872 – 13 August 1955) was a British geologist, who worked in South Africa for most of his career.", "He was awarded the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1930 for his work on the Bushveld Igneous Complex, and elected to the Royal Society in 1935." ], [ "Early life and education", "Hall was born in Birmingham, to William Hall and Mary Ann (née Smith).", "At an early age he moved to Germany.", "He went to school in Freiburg, Bonn, Schwehn, Westphalia and finally to the Real Gymnasium, Kassel.", "At the age of 19 he won a scholarship to study at University College, Bristol.", "In 1896, Hall went to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, and graduated with first class honours in geology in 1899.That summer he went to Wales to learn geological surveying with Philip Lake, a physical geographer who was later a lecturer in Cambridge.", "Hall then spent two terms in Cambridge as assistant demonstrator in mineralogy, working for the professor of mineralogy W J Lewis." ], [ "Career", "In 1900, Hall joined Dulwich College as a science teacher; a post he held for two years.", "After the end of the Boer war in 1902, Hall joined the Geological Survey of the Transvaal as a geologist.", "He arrived in Pretoria in January 1903, and spent the next 29 years of his career working as a geologist in South Africa.", "At the time of his retirement in 1932, Hall was assistant director of the Geological Survey of South Africa.Hall's geological work included mapping of the rocks outcropping across the vast Bushveld complex - an area that is now recognised as a classic example of a layered intrusion, and which represents the solidified remains of an ancient magma system.", "Hall's work also extended to studies of the mineralisation and mineral potential of the Bushveld complex, and mapping of the gold mining district of Barberton.", "Hall's annual reports to the geological survey of the Transvaal documented the ground he covered in his work each year.", "Between 1904 and 1911, he mapped 10,622 miles of geological boundaries across 16,388 square miles of countryside and covered 17,479 miles, mostly on foot.", "In 1922, Hall and Gustaaf Molengraaff helped to guide the Shaler Memorial Expedition team of Reginald Daly, Charles Palache and F E Wright to the Bushveld complex.", "This expedition drew attention to extraordinary nature of the Bushveld complex, and to the work that had already been done there by Molengraaf and Hall over the previous two decades.", "In 1932, Hall published his memoir on the Bushveld, which stretched to more than 550 pages.Hall was nominated for fellowship of the Royal Society in December 1932, in recognition of his work mapping the igneous complex of the Bushveld, and its metamorphic effects; and for his work on gold-fields and the metal ores of South Africa.", "Hall was proposed by Arthur Rogers, director of the geological survey of South Africa, supported by geologists including OT Jones, Alfred Harker, Albert Seward and John Flett.", "He was elected as a fellow in 1935.After retirement from the geological survey at the age of 60, Hall continued to work as a consulting geologist.", "He also published a vast compendium of analyses of rocks, minerals, ores, coal, soils and waters from southern Africa, and updates to his series of monographs on the bibliography of South African geology, until his failing eyesight meant that he had to stop.==Awards== Hall's work was widely recognised during his career.", "He was awarded the ScD degree from Cambridge University in 1925.He was the first recipient of the Draper Memorial Medal of the Geological Society of South Africa in 1932.Hall was awarded the Murchison Medal in 1930, and was elected to the Royal Society in 1935." ], [ "Personal life", "Outside his work, Hall was a proficient violinist, who regularly performed both chamber music and in orchestras.", "He was also a regular supporter of classical music concerts in Pretoria.", "According to his biographer Sidney H. Haughton, Hall ‘wasted no time with the helpless amateur or the pretentious professional’ in either geology, or music.", "Hall married Rosalie Powell, from Clifton, Bristol, in August 1900.They had a daughter and three sons.", "Hall was pre-deceased by two of his sons." ], [ "Selected publications", "* Hall, A.L.", "(1918) The Geology of the Barberton Gold Mining District, including adjoining portion of Northern Swaziland.", "Memoirs of the geological survey of South Africa, 9.", "* Hall, A.L.", "(1924) A Subject Index to the Literature on the Geology and Mineral Resources of South Africa.", "Memoirs of the geological survey of South Africa, 22.", "* Hall, A.L.", "(1932) The Bushveld Igneous Complex of the Central Transvaal.", "Memoirs of the geological survey of South Africa, 28, 554 pp.", "* Hall, A.L.", "(1937) A bibliography of South African geology for the years 1931-1935 (inclusive).", "Memoirs of the geological survey of South Africa, 30, 160 pp.", "Continuation of memoirs 18, 22, 25 and 27.", "* Hall, A.L.", "(1938) Analyses of rocks, minerals, ores, coal, soils and waters from Southern Africa.", "Memoirs of the geological survey of South Africa, 32, 868 pp." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Finnish Antiquarian Society" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Finnish Antiquarian Society''' () is a scholarly society for the purpose of promoting archaeological, ethnological, art-historical and cultural-historical research concerning Finland and other Finno-Ugrian regions and peoples.The society publishes four peer-reviewed book series; ''Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja'', ''Suomen Museo-Finskt Museum'', ''Kansatieteellinen Arkisto'' and ''Iskos''." ], [ "List of chairmen" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ravage (EP)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Ravage''''' is the fourth EP by Nigerian rapper, singer and songwriter Rema.", "It was released on October 27, 2023, through Virgin Music, Mavin Records and Jonzing World.", "Similar to his previous project ''Rave & Roses'' in 2022, the EP features a mix of different genres such as Nigerien hip hop, afrobeats and Afropop and lyrically addresses the subject of hardwork, pride and diligence." ], [ "Background and release", "Following the release of his debut studio album ''Rave and Roses'' in 2022, with featured hit songs \"Calm Down\" and \"Charm\", of which Calm Down received global recognition and spawned a remix with American singer Selena Gomez, peaking at number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.On October 24, 2023, Rema announced the release of the EP.", "He also teased two new songs, \"DND\" and \"Smooth Criminal\", from the EP that same day.", "After the announcement, he released the five track Ep through Jonzing World on 27 October 2023.On 11 November 2023, Jonzing World and Mavin Records released the music video of the lead single \"Trouble Maker\" which was directed by Meji Alabi." ], [ "Music and lyrics", "''Ravage'' is a five-track set containing rage lyrics, exploring themes of anger, pride, heartbreaks and empowerment.", "It primarily features elements of Afrobeats with Nigerien hip hop, and incorporates Afropop percussive rhythms.The EP begins with \"Trouble Maker,\" an Afropop song in which Rema sends a message to his fans by telling them he his not a trouble maker, that he don't disturb anyone.", "The second track, \"DND\" meaning \"Do Not Disturb,\" is an Afrobeats song describing how he sees other people's perspectives about him and talking about how people hate him.", "Showing fake love and trying to bully him.", "The third track, \"Smooth Criminal\", is an Afrobeats song which discusses the modern-day teenagers peer pressure, and all the experiences that teenagers face.\"", "The fourth song on the EP \"Don't Leave,\" is an Afrobeats song which contains lyrics that express romantic love and sex.", "The last track, \"Red Portion\", is an Afrobeats song about love and iniquity." ], [ "Critical reception", "A review from Album Talks said the EP excels on humbleness, good production, aforementioned unmissable flaws\" but also criticized the initial meaning of the lyrics." ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "Release history", "RegionDate Format VersionLabelVarious27 October 2023Streaming, digital download, CDStandardJonzing World, Mavin, Virgin Music" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Edith Hoffmann" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Edith Hoffmann''' (7 December 1888, in Brașov – 6 April 1945, in Budapest) was a Hungarian art historian and silhouette painter, best remembered for her publications of the works of Miklós Barabás and her silhouettes of Mihály Babits, Dezső Kosztolányi, and Sándor Sík.", "A graduate of the University of Vienna and the University of Budapest, she worked as a curator at the Hungarian National Museum and the Museum of Fine Arts." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sodankylä Old Church" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Sodankylä Old Church''' (also known as '''Lapp Church'''; ; ) is a 17th-century wooden church located near the Kitinen River in the Sodankylä municipality in Lapland, Finland.The church is one of the oldest preserved wooden churches in Finland.", "Both church and its yard area are classified by the Finnish Heritage Agency to the most nationally significant built cultural environments.The church has a capacity of about 200 and holds devotional services in the summer.", "It is also a popular wedding church." ], [ "History", "In 1687, before the start of church construction, the Lapps had granted a place called Skaitma, opposite the then village settlement of Sodankylä, as the location of the church.", "Construction work was started in the fall of 1688 at the earliest, with King Charles XI of Sweden paying for the construction work.", "In the same year, Sodankylä was founded as a chapel community as part of the Lapland's Diocese of Kemi.", "The building was finally completed in 1689.When Sodankylä officially became independent parish in 1747, the former chapel church become the mother church of an exceptionally large area.Condition classification of the old church before restoration in the 1920sThe old church fell out of use in 1859 after the new church was completed.", "The church slowly began to fall into disrepair, until in the late 19th century the historical value of the church was understood.", "The first restoration of the church was carried out in 1926.The church was renovated between 1979 and 1980 and again between 1992 and 1995 by the Finnish Heritage Agency.Dignitaries, such as vicars, were buried under the floor of the church according to the custom prevailing in the 18th century.", "The dead are still resting under the floorboards.", "A two-week-old baby boy of vicar Abraham Cajaner is preserved to this day mummified, resting next to his parents." ], [ "Structure", "Interior of the old churchStylistically, the church represents the form tradition of Ostrobothnian wooden churches.", "The church has a gabled roof and no tower.", "The sacristy is connected to the north wall of the church as a cantilever, as is the vestibule to the west end.", "The interior is unlined and unpainted.", "The walls are reinforced with Ostrobothnian type support chests.", "Interesting details are the ridge comb and pennants of the water roof, which represent a layering of styles going back to the Middle Ages.", "The barrel vault in the interior dates from 1703, and the choir is separated from the rest of the church by a modest eaves.The church does not have roof chairs at all, but a hipped roof.", "This is the case in the main room itself, as well as in the vestibule and sacristy.", "In addition to the main shaft, there are eight intermediate shafts in the frame room, four on each side.", "In the vestibule and the sacristy there is only a crested one.", "All water roofs have planking on the rafters.", "The planking is done transversely in the direction of the roof ridge.", "The current planking is from the 1992 repair, and it was made using the same working methods as the original, i.e.", "the boards were not sawn, but were split by hand." ], [ "Sources", "===Further reading===* * * * * * ===References===" ], [ "External links", "* Sodankylä Old Church at Sodankylän seurakunta (in Finnish)* Sodankylä Old Church at Visit Sodankylä (in English)* Sodankylä Old Church at SpottingHistory (in English)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Open Sud de France – Singles" ], [ "Introduction", "Alexander Bublik defeated Borna Ćorić in the final, 5–7, 6–2, 6–3 to win the singles tennis title at the 2024 Open Sud de France.", "He saved three match points en route to his fourth career ATP Tour singles title (in the second round against Denis Shapovalov).", "Bublik became the first player to win an ATP Tour title after losing the first set in each of his matches.Jannik Sinner was the reigning champion, but chose not to participate this year." ], [ "Seeds", "The top four seeds received a bye into the second round." ], [ "Draw", "===Finals======Top half======Bottom half===" ], [ "Qualifying", "===Seeds======Qualifiers======Qualifying draw=======First qualifier========Second qualifier========Third qualifier========Fourth qualifier====" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Main draw* Qualifying draw" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Hire Bagewadi Assembly constituency" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Hire Bagewadi''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct.", "It was part of Belgaum Lok Sabha seat." ], [ "Members of Assembly", "===Bombay State===1952: ''Seat does not exist.", "See Belgaum Rural''=== Mysore State ===YearMemberParty1957 - 1967: ''Seat does not exist.", "See Belgaum II''1967P.", "C. Lingappa1972B S Patil=== Karnataka state ===YearMemberParty1978 Ashtekar Govind Laxman19831985Malagi Shivaputrappa Chanab Asappa1989Desai Krishnarao Chudamani @ Modagekar1994Malagi Shivaputrappa Chanab Asappa19992004Abhay Patil2008 onwards: ''Seat does not exist.", "See Belgaum Rural''" ], [ "See also", "* List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Raha Amirfazli" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Raha Amirfazli''' is an Iranian film director.", "She won the World Cinema Dramatic Directing Award, at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival.== Early life and education == She is studying at the New York University Tisch school of the Arts.== Work == She was editor-in-chief of “24 Frames”." ], [ "Filmography", "* ''Solar Eclipse'' 2021 * ''In the Land of Brothers'', 2024." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* https://www.rahaamirfazli.com/biography/" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sean Wang" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Sean Wang''' is a Los Angeles-based film director whose first feature-length film, ''Dìdi'', premiered at the 2024 Sundance Film Festival, where it received the U.S.", "Dramatic audience award.", "His documentary short, '' Nǎi Nai & Wài Pó'', originally premiered at the 2023 SXSW Film Festival, where it won both the audience and grand jury award and then went on to be nominated for the 96th Academy Awards.Wang attended film school at the University of Southern California and worked for Google Creative Labs.", "He participated in a number of Sundance Institute programs, including the director and screenwriter labs." ], [ "Filmography", "* ''Dìdi'', Director, 2024* '' Nǎi Nai & Wài Pó'', 2023* Dumbfoundead: Secret Menu, 2022* Sunday, 2021H.A.G.S.", "2021.", "Still Here 2020" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * Sean Wang's personal website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Espionage (1929 film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Espionage''''' (French: '''''Espionnage''''') is a 1929 French silent war spy film directed by Jean Choux and starring Lilian Constantini, Véra Sherbane and Thérèse Reignier.", "It was inspired by the story of the First World War spy Louise de Bettignies active in German-occupied Belgium.", "The film's sets were designed by the art director Gaston David.", "It is also known by the longer title '''''Espionnage ou la guerre sans armes'''''." ], [ "Cast", "* Lilian Constantini as Geneviève de Vendeville* Véra Sherbane as Maria Vandamme* Thérèse Reignier as \tMadame Estienne* Jean Choux as \tL'officier allemand* Jean Dalbe as \tCharles* Edmée Colson as \tLa contre-espionne* Fritz Karr as \tPrince Galitzine" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "Krawc, Alfred.", "''International Directory of Cinematographers, Set- and Costume Designers in Film: France (from the beginnings to 1980)''.", "Saur, 1983.", " Rège, Philippe.", "''Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1''.", "Scarecrow Press, 2009." ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Jonathan Redmond" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jonathan Redmond''' is an Irish film editor.", "He was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Best Film Editing for the film ''Elvis''." ], [ "Selected filmography", "''The Great Gatsby'' (2013)''ERDEM x H&M: The Secret Life of Flowers'' (2017)''Elvis'' (2022; co-nominated with Matt Villa)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Tom Donaghy (footballer)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Tom Donaghy''' (born 18 April 2003) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club Fleetwood Town." ], [ "Career", "Donaghy signed with Fleetwood Town from Bradford City on 16 May 2021, initially signing a one-year contract with the option of a further year.", "He kept five consecutive clean sheets in eleven league games at Farsley Celtic, before being recalled from his loan spell on 23 December 2021.On 29 September 2022, he joined Northern Premier League Premier Division side Lancaster City on a 28-day youth loan.", "He played two league games for the club.", "On 22 December 2022, he joined Colne on loan.", "On 16 February 2023, he joined Fleetwood's sister club Waterford on loan in the League of Ireland First Division.", "He returned to Fleetwood on 17 June, having played only in the Munster Senior Cup.", "He made his first-team debut for Fleetwood on 10 October 2023, in a 3–3 draw at Wigan Athletic in the EFL Trophy; he saved two penalty kicks in the resulting shoot-out." ], [ "Career statistics", "+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competitionClubSeasonLeagueFA CupEFL CupOtherTotalDivisionAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsFleetwood Town2021–22EFL League One00000000002022–23EFL League One00000000002023–24EFL League One0000001010Total0000001010Farsley Celtic (loan)2021–22National League North110000020130Lancaster City (loan)2022–23Northern Premier LeaguePremier Division2000000020Colne (loan)2022–23Northern Premier LeaguePremier Division5000000050Waterford (loan)2023League of Ireland First Division0000000000Career total180000030210" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "The Price Was High: Fifty Uncollected Stories by F. Scott Fitzgerald" ], [ "Introduction", "'''The Price Was High: Fifty Uncollected Stories by F. Scott Fitzgerald''' is a volume of short fiction by F. Scott Fitzgerald published by Harcourt Brace & Company in 1979.The volume comprises stories originally appearing in popular literary journals, but never authorized for collection by Fitzgerald during his lifetime." ], [ "Stories", "The stories in the collection are presented here chronologically by the date they were first published." ], [ "Background", "During Fitzgerald’s professional career he sold 164 of his stories to popular literary journals of the 1920s and 30s, the so-called \"slicks.\"", "Forty-six of these stories were collected in four volumes: ''Flappers and Philosophers'' (1920), ''Tales of the Jazz Age'' (1922), All the Sad Young Men (1926), and Taps at Reveille (1935).After Fitzgerald’s death in 1940, six more volumes of as yet uncollected short fiction appeared: The Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald (1951), Afternoon of an Author (1957), ''The Pat Hobby Stories'' (1962), The Apprenticeship Fiction of F. Scott Fitzgerald (1965), ''The Basil and Josephine Stories'' (1973), and ''Bits of Paradise'' (1974).", "''The Price Was High'' represents a selection of 49 of the remaining 57 previously uncollected works first published in magazines.", "Eight stories remain uncollected at the behest of Fitzgerald’s daughter Scottie Fitzgerald Smith, deemed too undistinguished for inclusion.", "The volume adds a single piece, \"On Your Own,\" one of nine stories never published so as to make ''The Price Was High'' an even fifty stories.", "Biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli, editor of ''The Price Was High'', acknowledges that these stories lack the \"facility\" that characterize Fitzgerald's most outstanding short fiction: \"The Stories in this volume are not Fitzgerald’s best.\"" ], [ "Reception", "''Kirkus Reviews'' questions the judgment of editor Matthew J. Bruccoli in publishing works that Fitzgerald declined to collect in his own lifetime: \"Not a single one of these stories takes the time to stand back and really achieve the pause, gravity, and sweetness of Fitzgerald's best work.\"", "Literary critic Aaron Latham of the ''Washington Post'' terms the stories in The Price Was High as \"bootleg\" magazine fiction: \"The best of Fitzgerald’s magazine work, of course, had been published from long ago.\"", "Latham argues that Fitzgerald would have benefited from writing less short fiction and finishing The Last Tycoon (1941), uncompleted when he died in 1940.Literary critic Malcolm Cowley in ''The New York Times'', after reading all 50 stories, found merit in a number of them, and \"almost all of them contain something to surprise us, if only a sentence or a passing observation…\" Cowley, 1979 Cowley adds this caveat:" ], [ "Critical appraisal", "Fitzgerald approached his short stories as a means of financing his primary creative endeavor: to write novels.", "As his short fiction was \"written for money,\" he often despaired at his commercial relationship with ''The Saturday Evening Post'' and other \"slick\" journals.", "Writing to editor H. L. Menken in 1925, he complained that \"my trash for the Post grows worse and worse as there is less and less heart in it...People don’t seem to realize that to an intelligent man writing down is about the hardest thing in the world.\"", "Writing to editor H. L. Menken in 1925, he complained that \"my trash for the Post grows worse and worse as there is less and less heart in it...People don’t seem to realize that to an intelligent man writing down is about the hardest thing in the world.", "\"In a 1929 note to fellow fiction writer Ernest Hemingway, Fitzgerald identified himself with a sexual prostitute: \"The ''Post'' now pays the old whore $4000 a screw.", "But now it’s because she’s mastered the 40 positions—in her youth, one was enough.", "\"Bruccoli notes that, despite Fitzgerald’s doubts as to the value of much of his short fiction \"he expended a major part of his talent on them.", "\"Critic Matthew L. Bruccoli reminds readers that Fitzgerald was fastidious about the work that was included in his collections.", "That the material in ''The Price Was High'' only appeared posthumously is a measure of his discrimination.", "Bruccoli writes: \"Fitzgerald maintained a distinction between magazine and book publication, insisting that inclusion of a story in one of his collections gave it permanence and literary standing.", "}Broccoli reminds readers that, during the Roaring Twenties, Fitzgerald was widely regarded as \"a radical writer who announced the existence of new social values and new sexual roles.\"", "With respect to women during the era of the Flapper, Bruccoli writes:That Fitzgerald was fully aware of the cultural prohibitions concerning popular literature in the United States, and as a social conservation, was not unduly thwarted by these strictures.", "As to whether he \"compromised or diluted his stories\" to make them suitable for publication, this \"remains an open question\" according to Bruccoli." ], [ "Footnotes" ], [ "Sources", "Bruccoli, Matthew J.. 1979.Introductions to the stories in ''The Price Was High: Fifty Uncollected Stories by F. Scott Fitzgerald.''", "MJF Books, New York.", "Bruccoli, Matthew J.. 1998.Preface to ''The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald.''", "Simon & Schuster, Scribner Classics Edition.", "Matthew J. Bruccoli, editor.", "Cowley, Malcom.", "1979.", "\"A Book of Last Things\" ''The New York Times'', March 4, 1979.https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/24/specials/fitzgerald-price.html Retrieved 19 January 2024.", "Fitzgerald, F. Scott.", "1979.", "''The Price Was High: Fifty Uncollected Stories by F. Scott Fitzgerald.''", "Matthew J. Bruccoli, editor.", "Harcourt Brace & Company, MJF Books, New York.", "''Kirkus Reviews''.", "1978.THE PRICE WAS HIGH: The Last Uncollected Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald.", "Kirkus Reviews.", "https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/f-scott-fitzgerald-2/the-price-was-high-the-last-uncollected-stories/ Retrieved 19 January 2024.", "Latham, Aaron.", "1979.", "\"Slick Fiction From F. Scott Fitzgerald\" ''The Washington Post,'' February 11, 1979.https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1979/02/11/slick-fiction-from-f-scott-fitzgerald/32a291b1-c066-40c6-a629-e94019416a47/ Retrieved 19 January 2024." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "George Ramsay (historian)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''George Daniel Ramsay''', FBA (25 May 1909 – 11 June 1992) was an Irish historian.", "He was a tutor (from 1937) and fellow (from 1938) of St Edmund Hall, Oxford, until he retired in 1974.He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1990." ], [ "Publications", "* ''The Wiltshire Woollen Industry in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries'', Oxford Hitorical Monographs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1943)* (Editor) ''Two Wiltshire Tax Lists, 1545 and 1576'', Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Records Series, vol.", "10 (Devizes: Wiltshire Record Society, 1954)* ''English Overseas Trade during the Centuries of Emergence: Studies in Some Modern Origins of the English-speaking World'' (London: Macmillan, 1957)* (Editor) ''John Isham, Mercer and Merchant Adventurer: Two Account Books of a London Merchant in the Reign of Elizabeth I'', Publications of Northamptonshire Record Society, vol.", "21 (Gateshead: Northumberland Press, 1962)* ''The City of London in International Politics at the Accession of Elizabeth Tudor'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1975)* ''The Queen's Merchants and the Revolt of the Netherlands'' (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Open Sud de France – Doubles" ], [ "Introduction", "Sadio Doumbia and Fabien Reboul defeated Albano Olivetti and Sam Weissborn in the final, 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 10–6 to win the doubles tennis title at the 2024 Open Sud de France.Robin Haase and Matwé Middelkoop were the reigning champions, but Middelkoop chose not to participate this year.", "Haase partnered Petr Nouza, but lost in the semifinals to Olivetti and Weissborn." ], [ "Seeds" ], [ "Draw", "===Draw===" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Main draw" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sankeshwar Assembly constituency" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Sankeshwar''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the seats in Karnataka state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct.", "It was part of Chikkodi Lok Sabha seat." ], [ "Members of Assembly", "=== Mysore State ===YearMemberParty1962Champabai Piraji Bhogale1967S.", "D. Kothawale1972Lalagouda Balagouda Patil=== Karnataka state ===YearMemberParty1978 Patil Malhargouda Shankargouda198319851989Desai Krishnarao Chudamani @ Modagekar1994Appayyagouda Basagouda Patil199920042008 onwards: ''Seat does not exist''" ], [ "See also", "* List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Psalidodon fasciatus" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Psalidodon fasciatus''''', commonly known as the '''banded astyanax''', is a species of fish widespread in the Americas from Mexico to Argentina.", "It grows up to in length.", "Formerly thought to be closely related to the Mexican tetra, it is now in the same genus as the Buenos Aires tetra.Preserved specimenIt is the target species of the scale-eating ''Deuterodon heterostomus'' which is a close mimic." ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Evynnis tumifrons" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Evynnis tumifrons''''', the '''yellowback seabream''', '''crimson seabream''', '''goldentail''' or '''red seabream''', is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sparidae, which includes the seabreams and porgies.", "This fish is found in the Western Pacific Ocean off the coasts of East Asia.", "This species is an important food fish in the East China Sea and Japan." ], [ "Taxonomy", "''Evynnis tumifrons'' was first formally described as ''Chrysophrys tumifrons'' in 1843 by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck and the German zoologist Hermann Schlegel with its type locality given as Japan.", "In 1931 the Japanese ichthyologist Shigeho Tanaka renamed ''Chrysophrys cardinalis'', also described by Temminck and Schegel, as ''Evyniis japonica'' because ''Sparus cardinalis'' had been named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1802.Temminck and Schlegel had used two types in their description of ''C.", "tumifrons'' and the larger of the two was shown to be an example of ''E.", "japonica'' while the smaller is a specimen of ''Dentex hypselosomus'', so Tanaka's ''E.", "japonica'' is a junior synonym of ''Chrysophrys tumifrons''.", "The genus ''Evynnis'' is placed in the family Sparidae within the order Spariformes by the 5th edition of ''Fishes of the World''.", "Some authorities classify this genus in the subfamily Sparinae, but the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise subfamilies within the Sparidae." ], [ "Etymology", "''Evynnis tumifrons'' has the specific name ''tumifrons'' which combines ''tumis'', meaning a \"swelling\", with ''frons'' meaning \"front\" or \"forehead\", an allusion to the bulge close to the eyes, especially prominent in larger specimens." ], [ "Description", "''Evynnis tumifrons'' has a robust, compressed and deep body, with the depth of its head being markedly greater than its length.", "The body has a depth which fits into its standard length 2.1 times.", "The head has an oblique upper profile which bulges near to the eye.", "The front of the upper jaw has 4 canine-like teeth with 4 or 6 of these in the lower jaw.", "Behind those are two rows of small molar-like teeth and there are conical teeth on the vomer.", "The dorsal fin is supported by 12 spines and 10 soft rays, the first 2 spines are short but robust and the third and fourth are extended into thin filaments, occasionally the fifth spine is similar.", "The soft rayed part of the dorsal fin is higher than the rear of the spiny part of that fin.", "The anal fin contains 3 spines and 9 soft rays with the first spine being short and the second and third spines being subequal to each other, although thesecondspine is typically just the shorter of the two.", "The caudal fin has a slight fork and pointed fin lobes.", "The pectoral fin typically has 15 fin rays and the flange of the gill cover is naked.", "The overall colour is pale, silvery pink, redder on the head and upper flanks, the fins and reddest on filaments extending out of the dorsal fin.", "There are lines of light blue spots running along the scale rows.", "This species has a maximum published total length of although is more typical." ], [ "Distribution and habitat", "''Evynnis tumifrons'' is found in the Western Pacific Ocean off the coasts of East Asia and occurs from the four main islands of Japan, although it is absent from the Ogasawara and Ryukyu Islands, South Korea, Taiwan and China where it may occur as far south as Hong Kong.", "A record from Bali, Indonesia may be a misidentification of ''Dentex spariformis''.", "This species is a demersal fish found at depths between over mud and sand substrates." ], [ "Biology", "''Evynnis tumifrons'' is a predatory species, a study in the East China Sea found that it fed mainly on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods.", "The most common species preyed on were the krill species ''Euphausia pacifica'', the toothfish ''Champsodon snyderi'', the Japanese jack mackerel (''Trachurus japonicus'') and prawns in the genus ''Solenocera''.", "The juveniles live as either solitary fish or in schools and these differ in food preferences, the solitary fish preferred to feed on gammarids and caprelloids and copepods, while the schooling juveniles fish fed mainly on copepods, annelids and marine water fleas.The yellowback seabream is a protogynous hermaphrodite the change of sex occurs at around four years old in the East China Sea.", "In the East China Sea there are two spawning seasons, one in the spring and another in the autumn.", "In the Sea of Japan this species is thought to spawn in April and May and again in August and September." ], [ "Fisheries", "''Evynnis tumifrons'' is an important food fish, particularly in the East China Sea where it is caught using trawling.", "In Wakasa Bay, Japan, this species is caught using Danish seine nets and long lines and is an important part of the fishery." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nick Johnson (American football)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nick Johnson''' (born ) is an American college athletic director and former college football coach.", "He is the assistant athletic director for Earlham College, a position he has held since 2021.He was the head football coach for Earlham College from 2015 until the program was disbanded in 2018.He was also the head track and field coach for Earlham College from 2004 to 2015.He played college football for Earlham as a defensive lineman.Despite going 0–10 in 2015, Johnson was named Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference (HCAC) Coach of the Year.Johnson had two children with his wife, Melissa, who served as the head women's basketball coach at Earlham College." ], [ "Head coaching record", "===Football===" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Earlham profile" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Gloria! (film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Gloria!'''''", "is a 2024 Italian-Swiss historical drama film co–written and directed by Margherita Vicario in her directorial debut.", "The film starring Galatea Bellugi, Carlotta Gamba, Veronica Lucchesi, Maria Vittoria Dallasta and Sara Mafodda tells the story of a group of young musicians who invent pop music in 18th century Italy.It was selected in the Competition at the 74th Berlin International Film Festival, where it will compete for the Golden Bear with its first screening on 21 February at Berlinale Palast.", "Margherita Vicario, the first feature director was nominated for GWFF Best First Feature Award in the festival." ], [ "Synopsis", "It is late 18th century in Venice, and in a convent school for girls Teresa, a girl with prophetic gifts, joins forces with some amazing music-makers.", "They create a new kind of music that is pop, bright and bold, and challenge the ancient and rigid system." ], [ "Cast", "Galatea Bellugi in 2017Galatea Bellugi as TeresaCarlotta Gamba as LuciaMaria Vittoria Dallastra as MariettaSara Mafodda as PrudenzaVeronica Lucchesi as BettinaPaolo Rossi as PerlinaNatalino Balasso as GovernorAnita Kravos as Donna LidiaJasmin Mattei as Fidelia Gioele Pagura as Giacomo* Vincenzo Crea as Cristiano" ], [ "Release", "''Gloria!''", "will have its world premiere on 21 February 2024, as part of the 74th Berlin International Film Festival, in Competition." ], [ "Accolades", "The film was selected in Competition at the 74th Berlin International Film Festival, thus it was nominated to compete for Golden Bear award.", "Award Date Category Recipient Result Berlin International Film Festival25 February 2024 Golden Bear ''Gloria!''", "GWFF Best First Feature Award Margherita Vicario" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * * * ''Gloria!''", "at Swiss Films* ''Gloria!''", "at Berlinale" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Josep Alegre i Vilas" ], [ "Introduction", "Alegre i Vilas in 2008'''Josep Alegre i Vilas''' (8 November 1940 – 26 January 2024) was a Spanish Roman Catholic monk.Born on 8 November 1940, he was the abbot of the Royal Abbey of Santa Maria de Poblet from 1998 to 2015.Alegre i Vilas died on 26 January 2024, at the age of 83." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Calligraphy Museum of Iran" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Calligraphy Museum of Iran''' is an art museum in Tehran Province.", "It opened on August 19, 2017.The museum has about 200 works on public display, which include calligraphy pieces, manuscripts, calligraphy tools and other objects related to the art of calligraphy.", "The historical period of the artworks covers from the third hijri century to the beginning of the Pahlavi period." ], [ "History", "The museum is located in the former mansion of politician Gholamreza Fuladvand." ], [ "Collections", "A number of items in the collection came from the personal collection of Iranian calligrapher Abdollah Foradi." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official website * Part of online collections" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Brigada Central" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''''''' () is a Spanish prime-time police procedural television series based on the novel series of the same name by Juan Madrid.", "The series focuses on the day-to-day work of Manuel Flores (Imanol Arias), a Romani police inspector in an elite squad against organized crime.Produced by Pedro Masó Producciones for Televisión Española (TVE), it was directed and written by Pedro Masó himself.", "The fourteen episodes of its first season were broadcast on La Primera of Televisión Española in 1989–1990.It was followed by a second season of twelve episodes titled ''Brigada Central II: La guerra blanca'', co-produced with Beta Film from Germany and R.C.S.", "Produzione from Italy, that was first broadcast on TVE in 1992." ], [ "Premise", "The series shows the daily work of the elite police officers selected to join the special group of the Central Brigade, attached to the General Directorate of State Security, for high-level investigations, such as organized crime, international crime, or drug trafficking.", "Along with the professional work of its members, their psychological and personal aspect is also shown, focusing on the head of the group, Manuel Flores, a Romani police inspector.In season two, Flores works as a representative of the Spanish police in the CETIS group, an elite group created at European level to fight against drug trafficking." ], [ "Production", "''Brigada Central'' season one was produced by Pedro Masó Producciones for Televisión Española (TVE) with a budget of 756 million pesetas (€4.54 million).", "It was directed and written by Pedro Masó himself, who adapted the novels from the police novel series of the same name by Juan Madrid.", "Its fourteen episodes were first broadcast in prime-time on La Primera of Televisión Española between 3 November 1989 and 2 February 1990.", "''Brigada Central'' season two, titled ''Brigada Central II: La guerra blanca'', was produced by Pedro Masó Producciones for TVE, in co-production with Beta Film from Germany and R.C.S.", "Produzione from Italy, with a budget of 1.505 billion pesetas (€9 million).", "It was also directed and written by Masó himself, who was supported in the writing by Jacques Labib and Simon Michael.", "It was filmed between April 1990 and June 1991 in more than twelve different international locations, including: Paris (France); Brussels and Antwerp (Belgium); Stuttgart, Baden-Baden and Frankfurt (Germany); Bogotá and Medellín (Colombia); Caracas (Venezuela); and Martinique.", "Its twelve episodes were first broadcast in prime-time on La Primera of Televisión Española between 4 October and 7 December 1992." ], [ "Cast", "=== Season one ===* Imanol Arias as Chief Inspector Manuel Flores* José Manuel Cervino as Commissioner Poveda* Assumpta Serna as Julia* Patxi Andión as Marchena* as Carmela* José Coronado as Lucas* as Solana* Ana Duato as Virginia* Arturo Querejeta as Pacheco* * Juan Calot as Muriel* as Loren* as Ventura* María José Goyanes* as Joaquín* Fernando Delgado* as Prada* Rosario Flores as Irene* as Zacarías Jorowisch* José Vivó* Féodor Atkine as Sousa* José María Rodero as Rogelio Flores* Fernando Guillén as Garrigues* Nancho Novo* María Luisa Ponte* Silvia Clares Valiente as Manuel Flores' daughter=== Season two ===* Imanol Arias as Commissioner Manuel Flores* Roland Giraud as Stan* Margarita Rosa de Francisco as Marina Valdés* José Manuel Cervino as Commissioner Poveda* Ruddy Rodríguez as Claudia* Jan Niklas* Ray Lovelock* as Hipólito Valdés* Féodor Atkine as Souza* Paul Guers as Schneider* Sophie Carle as Marina* Jacques Dacqmine* as Laurence* Olivier Marchal as Bebert* Serge Ubrette as Martial" ], [ "Episodes", "=== Season one: ''Brigada Central'' ====== Season two: ''Brigada Central II: La guerra blanca'' ===" ], [ "Accolades", "===TP de Oro===YearCategoryRecipientResultRef.", "1989 Best Spanish Series Best Actor Imanol Arias 1990 Best Spanish Series Best Actor Imanol Arias José Coronado Best Actress Assumpta Serna" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading", "" ], [ "External links", " ''Brigada Central'' at RTVE Play * *" ] ]	wikipedia

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