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[ [ "So Sethaputra" ], [ "Introduction", "So Sethaputra'''So Sethaputra''' (, , ; 10 February 1904 – 8 September 1970) was a Thai writer, journalist and politician, best known as the compiler of the ''New Model English–Thai Dictionary'', one of the most popular English–Thai dictionaries of the 20th century.So graduated from England on a royal government scholarship, and worked in the government of King Prajadhipok in last years of absolute monarchy, writing for newspapers on the side.", "He was implicated in the Boworadet Rebellion in 1933 against the new constitutional government, and became a political prisoner at Bang Kwang, Tarutao and Ko Tao until 1944, during which he compiled his seminal work, manuscripts of which were smuggled out of prison and published serially from 1937 to 1940.Following his release, he briefly entered politics as a representative for Thonburi Province from 1946 to 1947 and as a government minister for three months between 1947 and 1948, after which he returned to writing and publishing.", "His dictionary continues to be used, and has received renewed interest for the political undertones present in his definitions and usage examples." ], [ "Biography", "===Early life and career===So was born in Thonburi to the Sreshthaputra family, descendants of wealthy Chinese tax farmers.", "His father Sawat, however, was more interested in machinery and forfeited the family fortune to marry So's mother Keson and work at the Smith Premier Thai typewriter business of George B. McFarland, who was also publisher of the first English–Thai dictionary.So excelled academically, and after graduating from Suankularb Wittayalai School, he received the King's Scholarship to study geology and mining in England.", "He graduated BSc from the University of Manchester in 1925, and returned to work in the Royal Department of Mines and Geology.So had developed an interest in journalism during his studies, and began submitting articles for the English-language newspapers ''The Bangkok Times'' and the ''Bangkok Daily Mail'' while in England.", "After returning to Siam (as Thailand was then known), he continued writing for ''Daily Mail'' under the pseudonym Nai Nakorn.", "His writings caught the attention and approval of King Prajadhipok (Rama VII), who requested that he transfer to the Royal Secretariat Department.", "So soon became head of the privy council secretariat.Following the coup that ended absolute monarchy on 24 June 1932, the new government dissolved the royal secretariat and had So transferred to the Comptroller General's Department, then back to the Mines Department.", "Unhappy with the new government's ideology, So resigned from office that November.", "Soon after, he joined his cousin Boonrawd's new business as one of the directors of Boonrawd Brewery.===Imprisonment===In October 1933, a royalist faction staged an attempted coup against the government, now known as the Boworadet Rebellion.", "The rebels were defeated, and in the ensuing purge of its supporters, the entire editorial board of the ''Daily Mail''—which was critical of the government and had prepared pamphlets supporting the rebellion—were implicated.", "So was arrested early in November, and sentenced by a tribunal to life imprisonment the following September.He was held along with the others at Bang Kwang Prison.", "As political prisoners, they were allowed certain to choose their cellmates and were exempted from manual labour.", "Most of the political prisoners thus dedicated their time to various personal pursuits; many shared their knowledge and learned new skills.So dedicated his time in prison to writing a dictionary, motivated in part by the need to financially support his widowed mother.", "His project eventually grew into a considerable operation, with the support of many of his fellow prisoners who helped write, arrange and edit the work.", "Materials and reference works were smuggled into prison by their visiting families, and manuscripts went out.", "For a while, So additionally wrote articles for the ''Bangkok Times'', which were hidden between the shells of the water flask his mother brought during visits.So's dictionary was picked up by Phraya Niphonphotchanat, the owner of The Bangkok Central Books Depot, whom So had worked with in the Royal Secretariat Department, and who officially explained that So had written it before being imprisoned.", "It was published weekly in three signatures (24 pages) and sold as a subscription, beginning in 1937.From 1939 to 1943, the prisoners were held on the penal colony of Ko Tarutao, seen here from Langkawi on the Malaysian side of the border.In 1939, when So's dictionary had reached the letter S, the government of the new fascist prime minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram (Phibun) began a crackdown on political prisoners.", "The discovery of a makeshift radio So had created prompted the government to relocate all political prisoners to the penal colony of Tarutao, a remote island in the far south of the country.", "There, the prisoners eventually enjoyed freer conditions and a significant informal economy developed.", "So finally completed his dictionary the following year, and the final issues, 139–140, were delivered to subscribers in June 1940.World War II reached Thailand in December 1941, and caused the disruption of supplies to the island.", "In April 1943, the government had the political prisoners relocated to Ko Tao on the nearer gulf coast.", "There, they met much harsher conditions and had to forage in the jungle to survive.", "This went on until August 1944, when Phibun was forced out of power and a royal pardon for all political prisoners was issued under the new Khuang Aphaiwong government.===Later career===So and the remaining political prisoners were freed in October 1944.So joined the ''Sri Krung'' newspaper, and co-founded and served as editor of its English-language arm, ''Liberty''.", "He briefly entered politics, running and getting elected as a representative of Thonburi Province in the 1946 general election.", "That parliament was dissolved following the November 1947 coup d'état.", "However, So was invited to join the resulting third Khuang government as a minister, assisting Prince Sithiporn Kridakara, who was Minister of Agricultural Administration.", "This was even more short-lived, lasting less than three months before another coup in 1948, after which So quit politics.So continued writing and established himself as a small publisher.", "He issued a bilingual weekly magazine called ''Leader'' and wrote several books, all aimed at teaching English.", "He also created a Thai–English dictionary, in addition to updating his English–Thai dictionary, the publishing rights to which he finally sold to Thai Watana Panich in 1969, after plagiarism of his work became too large a problem to handle by himself.===Personal life===So had three marriages.", "He was first briefly married to Ms Nit (), a distant cousin.", "From 1937 to 1938, when Chalo Sisarakon was in charge of Bangkwang, the political prisoners were allowed considerable liberty and could even go outside.", "It was during this time that he met Somphong Phorom () and fathered their first son; they had six children together.", "His third marriage was to Pimpawan Rochanavibhata (), whom he met when she joined the editorial board of ''Liberty''.", "They married in 1951, and had three children.Under the Phibun government's attempted spelling reform, So changed the spelling of his surname from (originally transliterated as Sreshthaputra) to (Sethaputra, although the pronunciation remained the same).", "The reform was later repealed, but So retained the simplified spelling for his surname.So was a car enthusiast.", "His oldest son Chaiya recalled a DKW, a Lanchester, a Citroen DS 19 and a NSU Ro 80 among the cars he owned, as well as him taking a driving trip up to Mae Sai in the far north at a time when the roads were still unpaved.So Sethaputra died of a haemorrhagic stroke on 8 or 9 September 1970, aged 66." ], [ "Dictionary", "Cover of Prima Publishing's 2009 Library EditionSo's '''''New Model English–Thai Dictionary''''' is one of the best known and established English–Thai dictionaries.", "David A. Smyth described it as \"the most authoritative English–Thai dictionary... for much of the twentieth century\".The original serialized publication by Bangkok Central Books Depot was titled ''The New Model English–Siamese Dictionary'', after the country's name at the time.", "The full version, with approximately 4,000 pages bound in two volumes, was termed the Library Edition.", "After its 1937–1940 release, So worked to create an abridged Desk Edition aimed at students, which was published by Prachachang—a printer of school textbooks—after the war.", "Both editions went out of print for several years before So and his third wife Pimpawan took it upon themselves to self-publish reissues.", "Various other formats and pocket-sized editions later followed under Thai Wattana Panich, who was the dictionary's publisher from 1969.A distinctive feature of So's dictionary is the extensive usage examples he wrote, which serve as a guide to learners but have also gained interest as a reflection of So's life and political leanings as well as the historical context of Thailand's period of political upheaval.", "His contempt for the military government shows through in many examples, which include \"Most oligarchies finally become dictatorships\" and \"Many crimes have been perpetrated under the guise of democracy.\"", "Others offer direct glimpses into his personal life, including the conditions of his imprisonment: \"Out of a few soap-boxes I knocked together a desk and a chair.", "\"In 2009, Prima Publishing acquired the publishing rights and released updated editions of the dictionary, significantly revising the Student Edition but retaining much of So's original contributions in the Library Edition." ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Eduard Gratacós" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Eduard Gratacós Solsona''' (Barcelona, Spain, December 25, 1965) is a scientist and physician specializing in obstetrics and gynecology and an expert in maternal-fetal medicine and fetal surgery.", "Gratacós was one of the pioneers of the concept of the fetus as a patient and has published monographic treatises on fetal medicine.", "He is currently the lead in the Spanish artificial placenta project." ], [ "Professional and academic background", "After training as a specialist at the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, between 1997 and 2000 he worked in Leuven (Belgium) as a post-doctorate researcher and subsequently took over the management of the Fetal Medicine Unit.", "At Leuven, he worked under Jan Deprest and joined the Eurofoetus group, which pioneered fetal surgery in Spain.", "He performed the first-ever fetal surgery in Spain in 1999 at the Vall d'Hebron University Hospital of Barcelona.The following year, in 2000, he created the first fetal surgery and medicine unit in Spain.", "In 2005, he joined the Hospital Clínic as Head of the Department of Maternal and Fetal Medicine.", "Several years later, in 2013, he spearheaded the creation of BCNatal, a Maternal and Fetal and Neonatal Medicine Center of the Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu of Barcelona, one of the leading clinical and research centers in fetal medicine and surgery in Europe, which he currently manages.He is also a Professor of the University of Barcelona.", "He is the director of the Fetal Medicine research groups at IDIBAPS, at the Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu and at CIBERER." ], [ "Research", "His main lines of research have been placental insufficiency (fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia), fetal programming and fetal surgery.", "He has authored more than 600 scientific articles.", "He has been principal investigator in more than 60 national and international projects and Director of the PhD Program in Perinatal Medicine (2012–2021) of the European Commission (Universities of Barcelona, Leuven and Lund).", "He has supervised more than 40 PhD theses.", "The main scientific contributions of his research group feature the description of a fetal growth restriction staging system, the description of a selective fetal growth restriction classification system in monochorionic pregnancy, and the demonstration that several fetal conditions lead to fetal programming at neurological and cardiovascular level, as well as the development and first application of new fetal surgery techniques in the world, tracheal occlusion for diaphragmatic hernia (together with Jan Deprest and Kypros Nicolaides) and the first fetal surgeries for fetal airway obstruction (CHAOS and laryngeal atresia).", "More recently, his research group has demonstrated that maternal lifestyle interventions reduce the complications of pregnancy and improve fetal neurodevelopment.", "He has also promoted the La Caixa Research Placenta Artificial Project (Barcelona), one of the few artificial placenta experimental projects in the world.He is a co-inventor of 5 patents.", "Now, in December 2023, he has an h-index of 105." ], [ "Teaching and Dissemination", "He is a regular guest speaker at international congresses and has directed more than 200 national and international courses for specialists.", "His center has provided training in fetal medicine and surgery to more than 400 physicians from different countries.", "He founded Medicina Fetal Barcelona, a platform that provides training jointly with different universities.", "He also spearheaded the creation of iNatal, one of the benchmark Spanish-language pregnancy-related websites.", "He is also a co-founder of beDona, an online woman's health initiative based on functional medicine and lifestyle promotion to prevent the major health problems in all stages of a woman's life." ], [ "Awards and Recognitions", "He was the editor of the ''Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy'' (2008–2021) scientific journal.", "He has also been a board member and/or scientific chair of international societies and congresses (ISUOG, WAMP, EAPM, DIP) and an adviser in clinical and research systems in Europe, Asia and America.", "He has also received several national and international awards, particularly the Gold Medal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.", "He also merited an award in the category of Best Specialist in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Monitor de Reputación Sanitaria (2015) and MERCO-Observatorio de Salud al Liderazgo Reputacional (2023) awards." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Britt Richardson" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Britt Richardson''' (born 25 May 2003) is a Canadian World Cup alpine skier who specializes in technical events." ], [ "Career", "She won the bronze medal with the Canadian team at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2023 and gold medal in giant slalom at the World Junior Alpine Skiing Championships 2024." ], [ "World Cup results", "In the 2024 Alpine Ski World Cup she finished a race in the top 20 four times.", ";Top 20DatePlaceDisciplineRank 10-02-2024 Soldeu Giant Slalom 14 30-01-2024 Kronplatz Giant Slalom 18 06-01-2024 Kranjska Gora Giant Slalom 19 02-12-2023 Tremblant Giant Slalom 15" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nothing Matters (Robert Lloyd and the New Four Seasons song)" ], [ "Introduction", "\"'''Nothing Matters'''\" is a song by English band Robert Lloyd and the New Four Seasons.", "Written by Lloyd, Mark Tibenham and Dave Lowe, and produced by Tibenham, the song was originally released as a single on 17 October 1988 on the In Tape label and peaked at number 13 in the UK Independent Singles Chart.", "The song was re-recorded for Lloyd's debut solo album ''Me and My Mouth'', released by Virgin in 1990, with Andy Richards as producer.", "The new version was released as the second and final single from the album on 23 April 1990." ], [ "1988 version", "===Background===Lloyd embarked on a solo career after the Nightingales disbanded in 1986 and formed a new backing band, the New Four Seasons.", "After performing a BBC Radio 1 session for John Peel in March 1987, Lloyd was approached by the independent label In Tape and subsequently released two singles on the label in 1988, \"Something Nice\" and \"Nothing Matters\".", "Released on 17 October 1988, \"Nothing Matters\" reached number 13 in the UK Independent Singles Chart.In a 1988 interview for Music Box's ''Rockin' in the UK'', Lloyd called \"Nothing Matters\" a \"fairly lusty sort of song\".", "He said, \"That's what I wanted write the lyric about: a love song that was verging on the rude side.", "It reminded me a lot of a 1930 surrealist film called ''L'Age d'Or'' by Luis Buñuel.", "It's a pretty obscure thing, but part of this film at least is this couple who are so madly in love with each other that they're blind to the rest of the world.", "It's very tame nowadays, but they keep attempting to make love and are constantly being interrupted.", "The idea of being so in love with someone that everything else is nothing, you've got to do with a bit of humour.\"", "The song's music video also spoofs ''L'Age d'Or''.===Critical reception===Upon its release, James Brown of ''NME'' stated, \"Robert and his musicians have clearly been listening to Bowie's ''Let's Dance'' LP.", "Now a lot of you might immediately confine Robert to the 'get well soon section' for this, but I can assure you that once you've got used to the not-too-apocalyptic sounds you find another wee treasure trove of a song.", "The man may well yet be knighted with a hit.\"", "Mick Mercer of ''Melody Maker'' wrote, \"Well, Roberto's certainly rather forward in his lifestyle!", "Rather subtle in his songwriting as well.", "He could well sneak into the charts as Lloyd Cole's intelligent brother.", "Or Roddy Frame's distressed au pair?", "A song to put the sparkle back into your earwax.\"", "Julian Baggini of the ''Reading Evening Post'' called it a \"refreshing treat\" with the \"rare combination of a commercial song played with finesse by a band who sound like they're actually playing their instruments, rather than leaving it to the computers\".===Track listing==='''7–inch single (UK)'''#\"Nothing Matters\" – 3:45#\"Toccata and Fatigue\" – 1:32'''12-inch single (UK)'''#\"Nothing Matters\" – 6:40#\"Toccata and Fatigue\" – 1:32#\"Mr. Superior\" – 3:25===Personnel==='''Robert Lloyd and the New Four Seasons'''* Robert Lloyd – vocals* Mark Tibenham – keyboards, backing vocals* Dave Lowe – guitar, backing vocals* Micky Harris – bass guitar* Mark Fletcher – drums'''Additional musicians'''* Leigh – backing vocals* Roger Morton – saxophone'''Production'''* Mark Tibenham – production (\"Nothing Matters\")* Dave Lowe – production (\"Toccata and Fatigue\")'''Other'''* Luis Buñuel – stills from ''L'Age d'Or'' (courtesy of Essential Cinema)===Charts===Chart (1988)PeakpositionUK Independent Singles Chart13" ], [ "1990 version", "The 1988 release of \"Nothing Matters\" generated interest from a number of major labels, including Virgin, Atlantic and London, and Lloyd chose to sign with Virgin as a solo artist in 1989.That year, he recorded his debut solo studio album, ''Me and My Mouth'', which was released in June 1990.A new version of \"Nothing Matters\", with Andy Richards as producer, was released as the album's second and final single on 23 April 1990, but it failed to reach the top 100 of the UK Singles Chart.===Critical reception===Upon its release, David Quantick of ''NME'' labelled \"Nothing Matters\" as \"shag of the week\" and wrote, \"'Spare me logic – gimme a kiss' orders Bob and, over-awed, the world tongue-wrestles him into a spittly clinch.", "Whole shopping centres fill with love juice as 'Nothing Matters' performs the act of love on a by now somewhat slithery nation and Rob's tongue snake-rides the land on a mission of pop love.\"", "Attila the Stockbroker, writing for ''The Guardian'', praised it as a \"welcome return\" from Lloyd and a \"marvellous single\" which is \"reminiscent of Dollar in their existentialist period\".", "He added, \"Now Lloyd in the charts would be something to see, and judging by the airplay there's every chance with this one.\"", "Simon Lloyd of the ''Reading Evening Post'' described it as \"a nice, pacey, tightly composed love song\" which is \"very conventional pop music, but otherwise savagely infectious\".David Owens of the ''South Wales Echo'' awarded the song three and three quarters stars and noted it is \"bubbling over with infectious, happy-go-lucky rhyming choruses and Lloyd's brisk vocals\".", "He added, \"It seems the ex-Nightingales frontman is finally learning the art of consumer pop styles and thankfully it's not at the expense of the song either.", "It could and should be a hit.\"", "Kevin Bryan of the ''Paisley Daily Express'' commented, \"'Nothing Matters' is arguably the most polished and commercial 45 that he's recorded to date.", "I hope that it's a great success, but I have my doubts.\"", "Jon Wilde of ''Melody Maker'' was negative in his review, writing, \"Seem to remember a beer and skittles version of this coming out two years back.", "It was frigging useless then and it's even more so now given the Billy Joel production.", "Those chancers at Virgin Records obviously fancy sneaking him into the charts as a thinking man's Roger Daltrey.", "\"===Track listing==='''7–inch and cassette single (UK)'''#\"Nothing Matters\" – 3:54#\"Mama Nature's Skin\" – 2:38'''12-inch single (UK)'''#\"Nothing Matters\" – 3:54#\"Mama Nature's Skin\" – 2:38#\"The Race Is On\" – 1:52'''CD single (UK)'''#\"Nothing Matters\" – 3:54#\"Mama Nature's Skin\" – 2:38#\"The Race Is On\" – 1:52#\"Something Nice\" (recorded for the John Peel Show) – 7:06===Personnel==='''\"Nothing Matters\"'''* Robert Lloyd – vocals* Andy Richards – keyboards, Fairlight programming* Neil Taylor – electric guitar* Chas Cronk – acoustic guitar* Luís Jardim – percussion* Mark Tibenham – backing vocals* Magda – backing vocals* Dave Lowe – additional vocals* Cara Tivey – additional vocals* Beverley Brown – additional vocals'''Production'''* Andy Richards – production (\"Nothing Matters\")* Benedict Fenner – engineering (\"Nothing Matters\")* Mark Tibenham – production (\"Mama Nature's Skin\")* Robert Lloyd – production (\"The Race Is On\")* Peter Byrchmore – production (\"The Race Is On\")* Dale Griffin – production (\"Something Nice\")* Mike Robinson – engineering (\"Something Nice\")* Mike Shilling – engineering (\"Something Nice\")'''Other'''* Christof Gstalder – photography* Stylorouge – design" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Craig Austin" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Craig Austin''' (born November 1, 1979) is an American former basketball player.", "He played college basketball for the Columbia Lions and was the Ivy League Player of the Year as a junior in 2001.Austin is a native of Buffalo, New York, and attended Saint Francis High School in Athol Springs, New York.", "He joined the Lions in 1998 and started several games as a freshman.", "Austin was selected to the All-Ivy League first-team for the 1999–2000 season.", "Austin averaged 18.4 points per game during the 2000–01 season; he was the only Lions player to average double figures and nearly doubled the point total of the second highest scorer on the team.", "He led the Ivy League in made free throws and ranked second in points scored that season.", "Austin was selected as the Ivy League Player of the Year and earned a second consecutive nomination to the All-Ivy League first-team in 2001.Austin was named to the All-Ivy League second-team during his senior season in 2001–02 after he averaged 16 points and 5.4 rebounds per game.Austin tried out for the Westchester Wildfire of the United States Basketball League (USBL) in 2002." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* College statistics" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Roby M. Beki" ], [ "Introduction", " '''Roby M. Beki''' (/ˈrɒbi ɛm ˈbɛki/; born 11 October 2000) is an German-Croatian singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, producer and artist.", "His music incorporates extended vocal harmonies with elements of other musical genres, most often pop, rock & soul, and often features extensive use of ''multiple key changes'' and ''funk induced rhythms''.", "His main focus being ''memorable meaningful lyrics'' and the use of his large vocal range.", "Publicly best known for already creating and releasing 5/10 albums he's planning to release until the end of 2024." ], [ "Ancestry and childhood", "Robert M. Beki was born on October 11, 2000, in Sindelfingen, Germany, to a Croatian mother and a German-born Croat father with Hungarian ancestry.", "While living in Betra, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, he got a lot of musical instruments for kids as birthday and Christmas presents, but he also loved to sing and make mouth sounds from a young age.", "In 2003, he became a brother to his new-born sister, Vanessa.", "Together, they went into an evangelical-Catholic kindergarten, both unbaptized.", "Robert took on a lot of roles in kindergarten plays and ''especially loved to take the lead ones''.", "After kindergarten, he enrolled in elementary school in Empfingen and also took martial arts karate lessons in Betra.", "Where he got his yellow belt.", "He recalls: \"I had a lot of good friends in Germany; some I stayed close with, others I miss dearly\".In 2009, his family, consisting of his parents and younger sister, decided to move back to Croatia.=== Teenage years ===His school transfer was tough.", "Throughout elementary school, he suffered from dyslexia and dyscalculia.", "Due to his native German language, in which two-digit numbers are spelled in reverse order, and general problems with Croatian grammar.", "He also has trouble saying the letter \"r\" in Croatian, but not in other languages (rhotacism), for which he was often bullied to great lengths.", "Which made public speaking a very nauseous experience.", "He took this very seriously and started reading huge amounts of books, and he was nominated as \"reader of the year in Hercegovac\" during the late 2010s, undocumented on the internet at the time.", "Robert still pursued playing music during this era, mainly the Croatian folk instrument called \"bisernica\" (pearl shell), which is a little tamburitza.", "He was joined into Croatian folk groups by his mother, as she danced there for a while.", "Robert and his sister went to the Croatian Karate Alliance training school as well.", "He won a few gold and silver medals in combat and kata performances.", "He earned a purple belt, but had to stop his training due to a foot injury in which he almost lost a toe.", "Soon after, in 2012, he started playing an classical nylon guitar and took a month's worth of private lessons, which he dropped as soon as he learned to play a few basic chord shapes.", "The same year he was involved in an accident where he was brutally attacked by a newly owned dog.", "The attack took place in his family yard.", "A few bites to the skull which caused vast amounts of neurological damage, that did not seem of any concern at that time, but scarred him for life.", "The following years he continued playing guitar at home and slowly became self taught in various areas of music theory via old comedy sketches of Otto Waalkes on YouTube, also listening to a lot of 60's, 70's and 80's artists he already liked since his life in Germany.", "Film score music plays a huge role in his thinking about theory as he watched a lot of movies with a guitar in his hands.In 2015, he enrolled in the School of Applied Arts in Rijeka, Croatia.", "Scoring third place during enrollment.", "He graduated in 2019 and therefore became an industrial designer by profession.", "During this time alone living in a dorm he wrote around a hundred and fifty plus songs, which he planed on performing and recording, but didn't know how or where.", "In 2018.he sung in his school's singing group and got noticed by his music teacher for having a four octave range from F2 to F5.She told him to bring his guitar to school after getting to know him better and Robert played and sung the bass parts of the songs they've performed.A few years earlier in 2016 he by accident met his soulmate girlfriend, lifelong partner and friend Martina Muhvić.", "Their relationship started of rough but soon started to bloom in creativeness, as they moved in together after a 3 years long period of their long-distance relationship.=== Early 20's ===In 2019, he enrolled in MPA, Music Production Academy in Zagreb to become a professional music producer.", "He graduated in 2021 and therefore became an audio Mixing and Mastering engineer, respectively.", "During this time he continued writing songs every week, coming to a total of 700 plus unreleased songs that contain lyrics and a lot of musical experimentation on his laptop in Cubase 10.5." ], [ "Musical career", "=== First recording and further ===In 2019, Robert started working on his first big project - making a tenfold album named '''''Old-New Album''''' consisting of 70 songs he planned out to record, produce, arrange, mix and master on his own.", "An album consisting of 10 smaller albums each consisting of 7 songs.", "Quite often featuring his partner Martina Muhvić (Instagram: @tinchydraws) on lead vocals to his songs as part of the duo '''TWEYES''' (read \"twice\").", "Group name explanation as quoted on the channel: \"TWEYES is a group combining not only the collaborative creative power of Martina Muhvić and Robert M. Beki, but also sharing the meaning of love with you through sound.", "It's a combination of the words 'twice' and 'eyes', pronounced the same way as \"twice\" The meaning behind it as of now is unknown, and kind of a mystery on own.\"", "They recorded an acoustic cover version of Neil Sedaka's song ''Laughter In The Rain'' for his Instagram (@the.nature.of.sound).", "That encouraged Robert even more to pursue a serious music career.", "Soon after in 2021.he restarted his already 8 year old YouTube channel, focusing on publishing his albums by releasing his first release ''Lioness''.", "=== The Old-New Albums Era ===His first small album called '''''Old-New Album: Simple Songs''''' was created spanning from 1/1/2021 to 4/15/2022 in his rented studio home in Zagreb, Croatia.", "It consists of the following songs: ''Lioness, Gray Lives, Next Holidays, V-Day, Simply Love, What Was Your Name?''", "and ''Tina.''", "According to Roby it is a colorful blend of indie pop, rock, jazz, soul and various influences he had while listening to 60's, 70's and 80's music during his childhood and teenage years.", "The album was made exclusively on two microphones, one of them being the famous Shure SM57 and the other one a Røde NT-1A.", "The average of days it took for each song to come together as a mix is approximately 12 working days, about 8 hours per day.", "A lot of the music videos were created in less than 5 days because of his part time day job and often complex life situations.His second small album called '''''Old-New Album: Mortal Morals''''' was created spanning from 5/2/2022 to 9/16/2022 and was made partly in Zagreb, and partly in his home residence and new studio near Bjelovar, Croatia.", "After quitting his day job, Roby took the extra time to focus as much energy as possible into creating the second album.", "It consists of the following songs: ''Me and Them, Little Sister, Kids, Polar Lights, The Last Tree, Tire Not'' and ''We All.''", "The album was made with more of a modern pop production vibe in mind, but still heavily influenced by Roby's past and musical influences.", "During May he also separately recorded a cover of a song called ''Can't Find You'' by his good friend Ivona Starčević and a cover of Belle and Sebastian's song ''I'll Be Your Pilot''.", "From September to November he had been inactive due to works on his attic roof and the interior of it.", "Shortly after this period he also released the single ''OMNIVERSAL'' on 11/30/2022 which is an instrumental track based on modernized 80's music.", "After the album he recorded the music video for ''Next Holidays'' (acoustic version) with his partner Martina on 1/27/2023.His third small album called '''''Old-New Album: The End Of The Universe''''' was created spanning from 2/10/2023 to 5/19/2023 completely made in his new studio.", "Giving the whole album a sonic signature characteristic the others didn't have in combination of the same motif on the album covers.", "A hand pointing towards a wall can be seen on all of the album arts including the songs separately and on the original album.", "This album art, like all the others before was made by @tinchydraws (Martina Muhvić).", "It consists of the following songs: ''Dancing On Mars, Honeybee, Charade, Satisfied, Sweet Dreams Passing By'' (his first written song)'', Am I Worth It?", "(extended version)'' and ''Let's Not Let The Moon.", "''His fourth small album called '''''Old-New Album: Hyper-minded''''' was created spanning from 9/21/2023 to 10/27/2023, although all of the albums include songs years in the making, most of them took up to 7 years to finish in his head until Roby was truly satisfied with the result.", "The album art of ''Hyper-minded'' was this time created by Roby alone, although Martina took the original pre-processed picture.", "This album contains songs in which Roby asked Martina for help with the lyrics, as some of the pieces were lyrically unfinished.", "It consists of the following songs: ''Get That Girl, Keen On You, Kitty, Rose In A Bottle, Kiss Of A Dead Girl, Tired'' and ''So Far.", "''His fifth small album called '''''Old-New Album: Ready, Set, GO!'''''", "was created spanning from 11/1/2023 to 12/29/2023 and was specially released on 1/1/2024, marking the half point of 35 finished songs out of 70.This album also contains songs in which Roby asked Martina for help with the lyrics, as some of the pieces were lyrically unfinished.", "The album consists of the following songs: ''Lips Explode'', ''Days Pass'', '''Oh, Girl', Summer, Lolly Lady, Your Wounds'' and ''I See My Love.''" ], [ "Personal life", "Robert is currently living in his family home together with Martina.", "He turned his old room into a brand new music recording home studio, with full acoustic treatment and a new coat of nice yellow-gold paint.", "Using Cubase 13 Pro as his main DAW.", "He readily accepts new clients for music productions, mixing and arrangements as a free-lancer.", "Looking forward to help people who are interested in music creation and most art in general.", "His main occupations include creating the collective work his 70-song tenfold album, an album of 10 little albums (each containing 7 songs), going for walks in nature, feeding his tortoise Nia (@nia_tortoise_official on Instagram), engaging with his growing audience and teaching them valuable musical lessons, mostly through the usage of humor and charm on TikTok.", "He's interested in investing into a better future and helping the planet by planting trees.", "Make your own contribution here: Search the web to plant trees." ], [ "Discography", "+TitleAlbum detailsOld-New Album: Simple Songs* Released: 23 April 2022* Label: The Nature Of Sound Productions* Formats: digital download, streamingOld-New Album: Mortal Morals* Released: 25 September 2022* Label: The Nature Of Sound Productions* Formats: digital download, streamingOld-New Album: The End Of The Universe* Released: 26 May 2023* Label: The Nature Of Sound Productions* Formats: digital download, streamingOld-New Album: Hyper-minded* Released: 4 November 2023* Label: The Nature Of Sound Productions* Formats: digital download, streamingOld-New Album: Ready, Set, GO!", "* Released: 1 January 2024* Label: The Nature Of Sound Productions* Formats: digital download, streaming" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of mayors of Fairfield" ], [ "Introduction", "This is a list of the '''mayors and lord mayors''' of the City of Fairfield, a local government area of New South Wales, Australia.The current mayor is Frank Carbone, who was elected in 2012 and most recently re-elected in 2021." ], [ "Mayors", "===1889–present===No.PortraitMayorPartyTerm startTerm end 1 70px Francis Atkin Kenyon Independent 22 February 1889 13 February 1891 2 70px John Lackey Independent 13 February 1891 15 February 1893 3 70px Thomas Downey Independent 15 February 1893 17 February 1894 4 70px William Stimson Independent 17 February 1894 14 February 1896 5 70px Adam Vallance Independent 14 February 1896 12 February 1898 6 70px Bruce Sofala Ephraim Hall Independent 12 February 1898 14 February 1899 7 70px George Paine Independent 14 February 1899 14 February 1900 8 70px Adam Craig Bell Independent 14 February 1900 14 February 1901 9 70px John Edwards Anthony Independent 14 February 1901 8 February 1902 10 70px James Robert Anderson Independent 8 February 1902 February 1903 11 70px Walter Stimson Independent February 1903 11 February 1904 12 70px Samuel Critchley Independent 11 February 1904 February 1905 13 70px John Downey Independent February 1905 15 February 1907 14 70px John Edwards Anthony Independent 15 February 1907 6 July 1917 (11) 70px Walter Stimson Independent 6 July 1917 11 February 1919 (14) 70px John Edwards Anthony Independent 11 February 1919 4 February 1920 15 70px Thomas Miles Independent 4 February 1920 6 December 1921 16 70px Amos Robert Coleman Independent 6 December 1921 12 December 1922 (11) 70px Walter Stimson Independent 12 December 1922 18 December 1923 17 70px Harold William Stein Independent 18 December 1923 8 December 1925 18 70px Augustus Morris Jentsch Independent 4 December 1928 8 December 1925 19 70px Henry Alfred Clancy Independent 4 December 1928 5 January 1932 20 70px Robert Towers Gillies Independent 5 January 1932 December 1932 (11) 70px Walter Stimson Independent December 1932 4 December 1934 21 70px Thomas Fishpool Independent 4 December 1934 14 December 1937 22 70px Samuel Foster Money Labor 14 December 1937 December 1938 23 70px John Burleigh, Snr.", "Labor December 1938 10 December 1941 (19) 70px Henry Alfred Clancy Independent 10 December 1941 15 December 1943 24 70px Clifford Green Independent 15 December 1943 December 1945 (19) 70px Henry Alfred Clancy Independent December 1945 December 1947 (24) 70px Clifford Green Independent December 1947 December 1948 25 70px Jack Henshaw Labor December 1948 6 December 1949 26 70px Jack McBurney Citizens' Representative Party 6 December 1949 December 1950 27 70px Samuel Austin Seaman Labor December 1950 3 December 1951 28 70px Philip Bartholomew Ryan Labor 3 December 1951 8 December 1952 29 70px William Leonard Wolfenden Labor 8 December 1952 10 December 1953 30 70px Leslie Charles Hale Progress Association 10 December 1953 12 December 1955 31 70px Les Powell Labor 12 December 1955 2 December 1957 32 70px Keith Makepeace Labor 2 December 1957 11 December 1958 33 70px Keith Howick Labor 11 December 1958 10 December 1959 34 70px Vic Wenban Labor 10 December 1959 December 1962 35 70px A. E. Harvey Labor December 1962 December 1963 36 70px Lawrence Fraser Labor December 1963 December 1964 (34) 70px Vic Wenban Independent December 1964 December 1965 37 70px Frank Calabro Independent December 1965 20 December 1966 (32) 70px Keith Makepeace Independent 20 December 1966 December 1967 38 70px Harold Schofield Independent December 1967 September 1968 (37) 70px Frank Calabro Independent September 1968 September 1969 (35) 70px A. E. Harvey Labor September 1969 September 1970 (38) 70px Harold Schofield Independent September 1970 – September 1971 39 70px Ian Thorley Labor September 1971 September 1973 40 70px Don Turtle Labor September 1972 September 1973 (31) 70px Les Powell Labor September 1973 September 1974 41 70px Janice Crosio Labor September 1974 September 1975 42 70px Ernest Loveday Independent September 1975 September 1976 43 70px Warren Colless Independent September 1976 September 1977 (41) 70px Janice Crosio Labor September 1977 September 1980 70px Maria Heggie Independent September 1987 September 1988 70px ''unknown'' September 1988 September 1989 70px Lawrence White Labor September 1989 September 1990 ''unknown'' September 1990 September 1991 70px Dennis Donovan Labor September 1991 September 1992 70px Toni Lord Independent September 1992 September 1993 70px Nick Lalich Labor September 1993 September 1994 70px ''unknown'' September 1994 September 1995 70px Maria Heggie Independent September 1995 September 1996 70px Ken Chapman Labor September 1996 September 1997 70px Anwar Khoshaba Labor September 1997 September 1998 70px Chris Bowen Labor September 1998 September 1999 70px Anwar Khoshaba Labor September 1999 September 2000 70px Robert Watkins Labor September 2000 September 2001 70px Anwar Khoshaba Labor September 2001 September 2002 70px Nick Lalich Labor September 2002 21 March 2012 70px Frank Carbone Labor 21 March 2012 29 August 2016 Independent 29 August 2016 2021 Frank Carbone 2021 9 May 2023 Dai Le & Frank Carbone 9 May 2023 ''incumbent''" ], [ "Deputy mayors", "No.PortraitDeputy Mayor (Ward) PartyTerm startTerm end Mayor 70px Dai Le (Fairfield/Cabravale) Women's Party 30 December 2021 27 September 2022Carbone (/DLFCN) 70px Reni Barkho (Fairfield/Cabravale) Dai Le & Frank Carbone 27 September 2022 28 September 2023 70px Charbel Saliba (Parks) Dai Le & Frank Carbone 28 September 2023 ''incumbent''" ], [ "Election results", "The most recent election for mayor was held in December 2021, with the next one scheduled for September 2024.===2021======2016===" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rolando de Lamare" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Rolando de Lamare''' (10 November 1888 – 20 July 1963), was a Brazilian footballer who played as a midfielder." ], [ "Career", "Midfielder, Rolando played for Botafogo Football Club (incorporated by the current Botafogo FR) from the first edition of the Campeonato Carioca in 1906 until 1914, participating in the titles of 1907, 1910 and 1912." ], [ "International career", "Lamare played in just one match for the Brazil national team, the first in history, against Exeter City, 21 July 1914." ], [ "Personal life", "Rolando is brother of the also footballers Abelardo de Lamare and .", "In 1912, he began studying medicine at UFRJ, abandoning his football career in 1914.Lamare specialized in urology." ], [ "Honours", ";BotafogoCampeonato Carioca: 1907, 1910, 1912" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", " Rolando de Lamare at ogol.com.br" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Welfare of broiler chickens" ], [ "Introduction", "The breeding and raising of broiler chickens has created health and animal welfare issues, such as cardiovascular and skeletal dysfunction." ], [ "Meat birds", "One-day-old chicks arriving to be unpacked and placed in shedYoung birds being reared in a closed broiler houseArtificial selection has led to a great increase in the speed with which broilers develop and reach slaughter-weight.", "The time required to reach live-weight decreased from 120 days to 30 days between 1925 and 2005.Selection for fast early growth-rate, and feeding and management procedures to support such growth, have led to various welfare problems in modern broiler strains.", "Welfare of broilers is of particular concern given the large number of individuals that are produced; for example, the U.S. in 2011 produced approximately 9 billion broiler chickens.=== Cardiovascular dysfunction ===Selection and husbandry for very fast growth means there is a genetically induced mismatch between the energy-supplying organs of the broiler and its energy-consuming organs.", "Rapid growth can lead to metabolic disorders such as sudden death syndrome (SDS) and ascites.SDS is an acute heart failure disease that affects mainly male fast-growing broilers which appear to be in good condition.", "Affected birds suddenly start to flap their wings, lose their balance, sometimes cry out and then fall on their backs or sides and die, usually all within a minute.", "In 1993, U.K. broiler producers reported an incidence of 0.8%.", "In 2000, SDS has a death rate of 0.1% to 3% in Europe.Ascites is characterised by hypertrophy and dilatation of the heart, changes in liver function, pulmonary insufficiency, hypoxaemia and accumulation of large amounts of fluid in the abdominal cavity.", "Ascites develops gradually and the birds suffer for an extended period before they die.", "In the UK, up to 19 million broilers die in their sheds from heart failure each year.=== Skeletal dysfunction ===Breeding for increased breast muscle means that the broilers' centre of gravity has moved forward and their breasts are broader compared with their ancestors, which affects the way they walk and puts additional stresses on their hips and legs.", "There is a high frequency of skeletal problems in broilers, mainly in the locomotory system, including varus and valgus deformities, osteodystrophy, dyschondroplasia and femoral head necrosis.", "These leg abnormalities impair the locomotor abilities of the birds, and lame birds spend more time lying and sleeping.", "The behavioural activities of broilers decrease rapidly from 14 days of age onwards.", "Reduced locomotion also decreases ossification of the bones and results in skeletal abnormalities; these are reduced when broilers have been exercised under experimental conditions.Most broilers find walking painful, as indicated by studies using analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs.", "In one experiment, healthy birds took 11 seconds to negotiate an obstacle course, whereas lame birds took 34 seconds.", "After the birds had been treated with carprofen, there was no effect on the speed of the healthy birds, however, the lame birds now took only 18 seconds to negotiate the course, indicating that the pain of lameness is relieved by the drug.", "In self-selection experiments, lame birds select more drugged feed than non-lame birds leading to the suggestion that leg problems in broilers are painful.Several research groups have developed \"gait scores\" (GS) to objectively rank the walking ability and lameness of broilers.", "In one example of these scales, GS=0 indicates normal walking ability, GS=3 indicates an obvious gait abnormality which affects the bird's ability to move about and GS=5 indicates a bird that cannot walk at all.", "GS=5 birds tried to use their wings to help them walking, or crawled along on their shanks.", "In one study, almost 26% of the birds examined were rated as GS=3 or above and can therefore be considered to have suffered from painful lameness.The video recordings below are examples of broilers attempting to walk with increasing levels of gait abnormalities and therefore increasing gait scores.File:Leg-Disorders-in-Broiler-Chickens-Prevalence-Risk-Factors-and-Prevention-pone.0001545.s002.ogv\|Gait score = 0File:Leg-Disorders-in-Broiler-Chickens-Prevalence-Risk-Factors-and-Prevention-pone.0001545.s003.ogv\|Gait score = 1File:Leg-Disorders-in-Broiler-Chickens-Prevalence-Risk-Factors-and-Prevention-pone.0001545.s004.ogv\|Gait score = 2File:Leg-Disorders-in-Broiler-Chickens-Prevalence-Risk-Factors-and-Prevention-pone.0001545.s005.ogv\|Gait score = 3File:Leg-Disorders-in-Broiler-Chickens-Prevalence-Risk-Factors-and-Prevention-pone.0001545.s006.ogv\|Gait score = 4File:Leg-Disorders-in-Broiler-Chickens-Prevalence-Risk-Factors-and-Prevention-pone.0001545.s007.ogv\|Gait score = 5=== Integument lesions ===Sitting and lying behaviours in fast growing strains increase with age from 75% in the first seven days to 90% at 35 days of age.", "This increased inactivity is linked with an increase in dermatitis caused by a greater amount of time in contact with ammonia in the litter.", "This contact dermatitis is characterised by hyperkeratosis and necrosis of the epidermis at the affected sites; it can take forms such as hock burns, breast blisters and foot pad lesions.=== Stocking density ===Broilers in a rearing shed indicating the high stocking densities used.Broilers are usually kept at high stocking densities which vary considerably between countries.", "Typical stocking densities in Europe range between about or between about .", "There is a reduction of feed intake and reduced growth rate when stocking density exceeds approximately under deep litter conditions.", "The reduced growth rate is likely due to a reduced capacity to lose heat generated by metabolism.", "Higher stocking densities are associated with increased dermatitis including foot pad lesions, breast blisters and soiled plumage.", "In a large-scale experiment with commercial farms, it was shown that the management conditions (litter quality, temperature and humidity) were more important than stocking density.=== Ocular dysfunction ===In attempts to improve or maintain fast growth, broilers are kept under a range of lighting conditions.", "These include continuous light (fluorescent and incandescent), continuous darkness, or under dim light; chickens kept under these light conditions develop eye abnormalities such as macrophthalmos, avian glaucoma, ocular enlargement and shallow anterior chambers.=== Ammonia ===The litter in broiler pens can become highly polluted from the nitrogenous feces of the birds and produce ammonia.", "Ammonia has been shown to cause increased susceptibility to disease and other health-related problems such as Newcastle disease, airsaculitis and keratoconjunctivitis.", "The respiratory epithelium in birds is damaged by ammonia concentrations in the air exceeding 75 parts per million (ppm).", "Ammonia concentrations at 25 to 50 ppm induce eye lesions in broiler chicks after seven days of exposure.=== Catching and transport ===Once the broilers have reached the target live-weight, they are caught, usually by hand, and packed live into crates for transport to the slaughterhouse.", "They are usually deprived of food and water for several hours before catching until slaughter.", "The process of catching, loading, transport and unloading causes serious stress, injury and even death to a large number of broilers.The number of broilers that died in the EU in 2005 during the process of catching, packing and transport was estimated to be as high as 18 to 35 million.", "In the UK, of broilers that were found to be 'dead on arrival' at the slaughterhouse in 2005, it was estimated that up to 40% may have died from thermal stress or suffocation due to crowding on the transporter.Slaughter is done by hanging the birds fully conscious by their feet upside-down in shackles on a moving chain, stunning them by automatically immersing them in an electrified water bath and exsanguination by cutting their throats.Some research indicates that chickens might be more intelligent than previously supposed, which \"raises questions about how they are treated\".", "A possible 10 year life span has been shortened to six weeks for broilers.=== Mortality rates ===According to historical records, broiler mortality rates in the U.S. have decreased from 18% in 1925 to 3.7% in 2012, but have increased since 2013 to reach 5% in 2018.One indication of the effect of broilers' rapid growth rate on welfare is a comparison of the usual mortality rate for standard broiler chickens (1% per week) with that for slower-growing broiler chickens (0.25% per week) and with young laying hens (0.14% per week); the mortality rate of the fast-growing broilers is seven times the rate of laying hens (the same subspecies) of the same age." ], [ "Parent birds", "Meat broilers are usually slaughtered at approximately 35 to 49 days of age, well before they become sexually reproductive at 5 to 6 months of age.", "However, the bird's parents, often called \"broiler-breeders\", must live to maturity and beyond so they can be used for breeding.", "As a consequence, they have additional welfare concerns.Meat broilers have been artificially selected for an extremely high feeding motivation, but are not usually feed-restricted, as this would delay the time taken for them to reach slaughter-weight.", "Broiler-breeders have the same highly increased feeding motivation, but must be feed-restricted to prevent them becoming overweight with all its concomitant life-threatening problems.", "An experiment on broilers' food intake found that 20% of birds allowed to eat as much as they wanted either died or had to be killed because of severe illness between 11 and 20 weeks of age – either they became so lame they could not stand, or they developed cardiovascular problems.Broiler breeders fed on commercial rations eat only a quarter to a half as much as they would with free access to food.", "They are highly motivated to eat at all times, presumably leading to chronic frustration of feeding.Because broiler breeders live to adulthood, they might show feather pecking or other injurious pecking behaviour.", "To avoid this, they might be beak trimmed which can lead to acute or chronic pain." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Zourdine Thior" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Zourdine Mouhemed Thior''' (born 9 July 1997) is a Senegalese footballer who plays as a winger for Badalona." ], [ "Early life", "Thior moved from Senegal to Orio, Spain at a young age." ], [ "Career", "Thior started his career with Spanish La Liga side Real Sociedad." ], [ "Style of play", "Thior mainly operates as a winger and is known for his speed." ], [ "Personal life", "Thior is the son of a fisherman father." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Kavita Sahai" ], [ "Introduction", "Lieutenant General '''Kavita Sahai''', SM, VSM is a serving General Officer in the Indian Army.", "She is the eighth woman in the Indian Armed Forces to be promoted to a Three-star rank, and the fourth to hold the rank of Lieutenant General.", "She currently serves as the Commandant Army Medical Corps Centre and College, Lucknow." ], [ "Career", "Sahai was commissioned in the Army Medical Corps in December 1986 after graduating from Armed Forces Medical College.", "In 1994, she did her Doctor of Medicine in pathology and Diplomate of National Board in Pathology in 1997.Sahai is a fellow of Oncopathology from All India Institutes of Medical Sciences, Delhi and has a diploma in Health professionals education FAIMER Keele University, United Kingdom.", "She was Professor and Head Department of Pathology in Base Hospital Delhi, Armed Forces Medical College and Army Hospital Research and Referral." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Averroès & Rosa Parks" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Averroès & Rosa Parks''''', also known as '''''At Averroès & Rosa Parks''''', is a 2024 documentary film directed by Nicolas Philibert.", "The film is part of a triptych of feature documentaries devoted to patients and caregivers in Paris’ Central Psychiatric Group.It was selected in the Berlinale Special at the 74th Berlin International Film Festival , where it had its world premiere on 16 February 2024.The film was also nominated for the Berlinale Documentary Film Award.It is scheduled for theatrical release in France on 20 March 2024." ], [ "Content", "Averroès and Rosa Parks: two sections of the Esquirol Hospital Center that are part of the same psychiatric center as Adamant in Paris.", "Nicolas Philibert has tried to capture a kind of psychiatry that still aims to listen and heal the patients’ stories.", "Gradually, they reveal their inner worlds.", "In a health system that is running out of resources, how can they bring isolated people back to a common world?" ], [ "Production", "The film triptych of feature documentaries devoted to patients and caregivers in Paris’ Central Psychiatric Group is second in the series after 2023 film ''On the Adamant''.", "The first film was of a unique floating structure moored on the Seine River devoted to caring for people with mental disorders, whereas ''At Averroes & Rosa Parks'' tells of more classic facilities.", "The director said that “while the Adamant attracts attention, the other structures, more classical, are no less essential.” He further said that ''Averroès & Rosa Parks'' “is an extension of the first film.", "It’s a little as if, after having filmed the stage, this time I was showing the wings and basement.”TS Productions produced the film with Les Films du Losange.", "Nicolas Philibert, the director also acted as director of photography and the editor, whereas music was composed by Sarah Murcia with Magic Malik based on The Hymn of Joy by Henry van Dyke Jr. on Symphony No.", "9 by Ludwig van Beethoven." ], [ "Release", "''Averroès & Rosa Parks'' had its world premiere on 16 February 2024, as part of the 74th Berlin International Film Festival, in Berlinale Special.It will be released in French theaters on 20 March 2024 by Les Films du Losange." ], [ "Reception", "Fabien Lemercier reviewing the film at Berlinale for Cineuropa wrote, \"Nicolas Philibert sends a powerful message embedded within a very high-level documentary.\"", "Jonathan Romney wrote in ScreenDaily giving a positive review, \"A tougher watch than its predecessor, but an extremely accomplished and compelling work.\"", "Jordan Mintzer reviewing the film for ''The Hollywood Reporter'' termed it as \"Endearing and eye-opening,\" and opined, \"By giving the patients considerable time and space to bare themselves before the camera, Philibert grants us access to the darker sides of the human psyche, portraying mental illness with an innate sense of compassion and understanding.\"" ], [ "Accolades", " Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient Result Berlin International Film Festival25 February 2024 Berlinale Documentary Film Award ''Averroès & Rosa Parks''" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * * * * ''Averroès & Rosa Parks'' trailer at YouTube * ''Averroès & Rosa Parks'' at Berlinale* Esquirol Hospital Center in" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Lucas de Vega" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Lucas de Vega Lima''' (born 16 January 2000) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a midfielder." ], [ "Early life", "De Vega moved from Brazil to Spain at the age of two." ], [ "Career", "De Vega started his career with Spanish La Liga side Barcelona.", "At 17 February 2024 Panevėžys Club announced about agreement with Lucas de Vega." ], [ "Style of play", "De Vega mainly operates as a midfielder and is two-footed." ], [ "Personal life", "De Vega has a sister." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Archdiocesan Shrine of the Immaculate Heart of Mary" ], [ "Introduction", "The Archdiocesan Shrine of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, officially called the Archdiocesan Shrine and Parish of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and locally known as Minglanilla Church, is a Roman Catholic shrine dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.", "It is located in Minglanilla, Cebu, under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Cebu.", "It is the sole shrine in the Philippines dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary.", "Saint Roch is the secondary patron saint of the church." ], [ "History", "Bishop Romualdo Jimeno initiated the setting up of the parish on Oct. 30, 1857 under its patron, the Immaculate Heart of Mary.", "It's first parish priest was Fr.", "Fernando Sanchez, an Augustinian friar.", "The roads and bridges were built by the same Fr.", "Sanchez together with Fr.", "Magaz.", "The town’s first church was a temporary structure built in 1856 on orders of Gov.-Gen. Manuel Crespo.", "The first permanent structure was built by Augustinian Fr.", "Miguel del Burgo in 1878.The present structure was started in 1880 by Fr.", "Nicolas Lopez with ''harigues'' and mortar and completed in 1886 by Fr.", "Juan Alonso.=== Elevation of the Parish into a Shrine ===Former Cebu Archbishop Ricardo Cardinal Vidal declared the Immaculate Heart of Mary Parish into an Archdiocesan Shrine on August 22, 2007, coinciding with the town's 150th annual fiesta celebration.Bishops and clergies of the archdiocese were there to witness the elevation of the church into a shrine.The declaration of the church as a shrine holds significance because it celebrates the construction of one of Cebu’s oldest churches." ], [ "Architecture", "=== Facade ===The Shrine is situated in a hill-top area overlooking the town plaza.", "It is one of five structures built by the Augustinians in Cebu that have hints of Gothic architecture, is 18 m. long, 13 m. wide, 15 m. high and has a beautiful transept.. Its facade has Early Gothic and High Renaissance features.", "The pointed aisle roof and flame-like arches are typical of the Gothic style while the semicircular arched main entrance and windows are Baroque features.", "The facade of the Minglanilla Shrine illuminated at nightThe exterior of the current structure has been heavily renovated.", "The entrance porch, the top-story of the twin bell towers are added to the original structure, and the lower structures on the left and right side of the shrine are built to accommodate more parishioners.In 2019, the facade's beauty was enhanced even more with bright blue and white lights as a result of the illumination project initiated by the team of pastors of the same year." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ichthyostoma" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Ichthyostoma thulinii''''' is a species of flowering plant in the family Acanthaceae.", "It is a shrub native to southeastern Ethiopia and south-central Somalia, where it grows in desert and dry shrubland.", "It is the sole species in genus '''''Ichthyostoma'''''." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Tenala (village)" ], [ "Introduction", " '''Tenala''' () is a village located in the rural area of the Raseborg in Uusimaa, Finland.", "It was originally administrative centre of the former municipality by the same name.", "Almost 700 inhabitants live in the village.The , the 13th-century medieval stone church is located in the village.", "The services of the settlement include an elementary school called ''Höjdens skola'', a library, a pharmacy, and a Sale grocery store." ], [ "See also", "* Finnish national road 52" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Tenala's location at Fonecta" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sean Jackson (basketball)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''P.", "Sean Jackson''' (born ) is a former college basketball player for the Ohio Bobcats and Princeton Tigers.", "He was the 1992 Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year and earned first team All-Ivy League recognition for both the 1990–91 and 1991–92 Princeton Tigers teams.", "He earned three Ivy League basketball championships as a player.", "In high school, he led Vinson High School to the 1986 West Virginia Secondary School Activities Commission (WVSSAC) Class A state basketball championship as a junior and a one-point 1987 Class AA basketball championship game loss as a senior.", "He earned multiple All-state recognitions in both basketball and baseball.", "Vinson won the Class A state baseball championship in 1986 and was Class A baseball runner up in 1985.Jackson holds the Princeton records for single-season three-point shots (95), and consecutive games with a three-point shot (56).", "He has also set the Ivy League record for single-season three-point shots made in conference games (56).", "He is listed among the all-time career three-point field goal percentages in the NCAA annual record book.", "Jackson formerly held Princeton records for both career and single-game three-point shots made.", "The Ivy League record book is silent on a possible consecutive games with a three-point shot record.", "After basketball, he had a career as a highly rated internet analyst." ], [ "High School career", "As a sophomore, Jackson posted 35 points for Vinson in a 1985 WVSSAC Class A tournament game against Notre Dame, which ranked tied for 8th in State Class A history as of 2014.As a junior, Jackson led Vinson High School of Huntington, West Virginia to the 1986 WVSSAC Class A state championship game victory over Notre Dame.", "As a senior, he led the school to a 1987 Class AA championship game loss against Central High School of Wheeling, West Virginia.", "Both his 1986 and 1987 teams finished 26–1 with the 1986 team winning the championship game by a 96–80 margin and the 1987 team losing 59–58.As a senior, he averaged 25.6 points per game.", "Vinson's home arena was the storied Vinson Gymnatorium.", "During Jackson's 3 years as a varsity basketball starter the team went 72–4, while he was named first team All-State as both a junior and senior.", "He had athletic scholarship offers from Delaware, Charlotte and James Madison.", "In addition, had been twice named All-State in baseball by April 1987 (before his senior season).", "Vinson won the WVSSAC Class A state championship over Van in 1986 and was Class A runner up to Coalton in 1985." ], [ "College career", "Jackson played his freshman season for the 1987–88 Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team before sitting out a season and transferring to Princeton.", "That team included two future National Basketball Association players: Paul Graham and Dave Jamerson.", "Jackson became the first transfer student of the Pete Carril era at Princeton for the 1989–90 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team, which was Carril's 23rd season at Princeton.", "The team was coming off of an Ivy League championship season that was highlighted by a 1989 NCAA tournament with the memorable 1989 Georgetown vs. Princeton game.", "At the time of that game, Jackson had been on campus as a student sitting out of athletic competition for a year due to the transfer rules at the time.", "As a redshirt sophomore transfer, Jackson stepped into the role that had previously been played by Bob Scrabis and was one of the key players on the team.", "He and George Leftwich gave Princeton one of the quickest backcourt combinations in recent school history.", "Jackson earned Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Week on January 7, 1990.The Princeton record book omits Jackson's January 8, 1990 rivalry game 24-point 7–8 three-point field goal performance against , but ''The Harvard Crimson'' and ''Philadelphia Daily News'' noted it, giving him a share of the school single-game three-point shots made record until Matt Lapin made 8 against on February 24, 1990.He averaged 11.1 points per game that year.", "That year's Tigers included Ivy League Player of the Year Kit Mueller.", "The team won the Ivy League regular season and entered the 1990 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament with a 13-seed.", "They lost to 4-seed Arkansas 68–64.Jackson opened the game with a pair of three point shots as Princeton held early leads of 10–2 and 20–9.They still led 56–55 lead with 6:25 before surrendering the lead and the game.Jackson's February 8, 1991 5–5 three-point shot performance against stood as a shared school and shared Ivy League record for single-game three point shots without a miss until Sydney Johnson set the current school record (6) six seasons later.", "He earned Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Week on March 4, 1991.As of the 2015–16 season, his 56 three-point shots made during the 1990–91 Ivy League 14 conference game schedule stood as an Ivy League conference single-season record.", "Jackson's 95 three-point shots made led the Ivy League.", "Mueller repeated as Ivy Player of the Year.", "Jackson credits Mueller as the biggest reason for the team's continuing success.", "Jackson's three-point shooting efforts supported Mueller and resulted in an undefeated 14–0 conference record for the 1990–91 Tigers, which was the first undefeated Ivy League season by any school since the 1975–76 Princeton Tigers men's basketball team.", "Following the season, he was named First Team All-Ivy League honoree for the 1990–91 team.", "That year, the team repeated for a third consecutive season as Ivy League champions to earn a bid to the 1991 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament as 8-seeds where they lost to Villanova 50–48.As a redshirt senior for the 1991–92 Tigers, Jackson served as co-captain with Matthew C. Eastwick, and George H. Leftwich.", "On January 4, 1992, after Princeton fell behind 46-36 with 7:34 time remaining against , Jackson helped Princeton close out the game on an 11-point run (including 2 Jackson three-point shots) to finish with 20 points and a perfect 4-4 three-point second half.", "He earned his final Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Week recognition on January 7, 1992.His 84 three-point shots made led the Ivy League.", "Jackson was the leading scorer of the 4-time Ivy League champion Tigers.", "He was again named First Team All-Ivy League honoree and was named 1992 Ivy League Men's Basketball Player of the Year.", "The 1991–92 team earned a fourth consecutive Ivy League championship and went to the 1992 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament as a 11-seed against Syracuse.", "Jackson went into the tournament with the third best three point shooting percentage in the nation (48.1%).", "Jackson led the team in scoring with 13 points, but the team lost 51–43.Jackson's single-season totals of 95 (1990–91) and 84 (1991–92) three-point shots made are first and second in the 2023 Princeton record book.", "His streak of 56 consecutive games with a made three-point shot still stands as a school record, according to the same source.", "Jackson's 3-year total of 235 three-point shots made was a school record for career three-point shots made until Brian Earl set the current record in 4 years with 281 seven seasons later.", "His 243/528 (46.02%) career three-point shooting percentage was listed 10th in the annual update of the top 25 listing in the NCAA's 2022-23 Division I Men's Basketball Record book.", "When he established his three-point shot records, the three-point line was at , but for the 2008–09 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, the line was extended to .", "For the 2019–20 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, the line was further extended to ." ], [ "Post-collegiate", "After graduating from Princeton in 1992, Jackson attended Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University in the Chicago metropolitan area to attain an Master of Business Administration before moving to begin his career in Nashville.", "During his time in business school, he began playing in competitive 3x3 basketball with John W. Rogers Jr., Mueller and Craig Robinson.", "The team won many tournaments and qualified for the world championships.", "In a 2001 Best on the Street: 2001 Analysts Survey published in ''The Wall Street Journal'', Jackson, who held the title of director of stock research at SunTrust Equitable Securities Corp., the investment-banking sic subsidiary of SunTrust Banks Inc. was ranked as \"third in Internet stock-picking\" among analysts on Wall Street." ], [ "Personal life", "As of 2010, Sean and Suzanne Jackson lived in Tennessee with their 9-year-old competitive youth golfing son named Zach and 7-year-old basketball-loving son named Luke." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "External links", "* College statistics at Sports Reference" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mixed martial arts in Mexico" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mixed martial arts in Mexico''' has become very popular in the 2000s, being one of the fastest growing sports in that country." ], [ "History", "Traditional martial arts, from national ones such as ''lucha tarahumara'' (Tarahumara wrestling) to those from other places such as judo, have shaped MMA in Mexico, along with other combat sports such as boxing and taekwondo, in which the country has stood out considerably.In November 2014, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) would hold its first event on Mexican soil with UFC 180 at the Mexico City Arena.", "Tickets were sold out in just 8 hours, which is a record for the venue." ], [ "Organizations", "The major MMA organizations in Mexico are LUX Fight League, Ultimate Warrior Challenge and Budo Sento Championship.At the amateur level, The Federation of Mixed Martial Arts Equity and Fair Play, or ''Federación de Artes Marciales Mixtas Equidad y Juego Limpio'', is the main governing body for the sport of MMA and the promotion of the sport in Mexico, supported and recognized by the International Mixed Martial Arts Federation (IMMAF).", "Its current president is Ubaldo Marroquin." ], [ "Television", "The UFC is the most widely watched organization, and its events are broadcast live on Fox Sports at cable television; and also for the UFC Fight Pass streaming service." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Pedro Neves (footballer, born 2001)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Pedro Vinagre Pedrosa Neves''' (born 5 September 2001) is footballer who plays as a winger for Red Bull Bragantino.", "Born in Brazil, he was called up to represent Portugal at youth international level." ], [ "Early life", "Neves moved from Brazil to England at the age of twelve." ], [ "Career", "Neves was called up to represent Portugal internationally at youth international level." ], [ "Style of play", "Neves mainly operates as a winger and is known for his speed." ], [ "Personal life", "Neves is the son of Sergio Neves." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Department of Mineral Resources (Thailand)" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Department of Mineral Resources''' ('''DMR''', ) is a Thai government agency under the \tMinistry of Natural Resources and Environment.", "It is responsible for the management of the country's geological resources and geology-related matters.The department was established in 1892 as the '''Royal Department of Mines and Geology'''.", "It was originally responsible for mining management, though its scope later extended to cover petroleum and ground water management as well.", "It was placed under various ministries throughout the 20th century, coming under the Ministry of Industry from 1972 to 2002.As a result of government reorganization in 2002, the DMR was split into four departments: the current DMR and the Department of Ground Water Resources under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, the Department of Primary Industries and Mines under the Ministry of Industry, and the Department of Mineral Fuels under the Ministry of Energy.", "The DMR is now tasked with preservation, conservation, rehabilitation and management issues related to geology, mineral resources, fossils, environmental geology, and geohazards, according to the Ministerial Regulation on the Organization of the Department of Minieral Resources, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, B.E.", "2561 (2018 CE)." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Lake Tineretului" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Lake Tineretului''' is an anthropic lake located in Bucharest, Sector 4, situated in Tineretului Park, covering an area of 13 hectares.", "The park's designer, Valentin Donose, proposed the creation of a large lake, naturally fed by the groundwater, featuring three islands, two of which are connected to the shore by small bridges.", "The lake is monitored by birdwatchers from Bucharest due to the presence of rare bird species that use the area for feeding or resting during migrations and winter." ], [ "See also", "*List of lakes in Bucharest" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Zorinski" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Zorinski''''' is a 1795 historical tragedy by the British writer Thomas Morton.", "It first appeared at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket in London with a cast that included William Barrymore as Zorinski, James Aickin as Casimir, King of Poland, Robert Bensley as Rodomsko, Charles Kemble as Radanzo, John Bannister as Zarno, John Henry Johnstone as O'Curragh, Richard Suett as Amalekite, John Fawcett as Witski, Thomas Caulfield as Naclo, Elizabeth Kemble as Rosolia and Maria Bland as Winifred.", "It included music composed by Samuel Arnold.", "The Irish premiere was at the Crow Street Theatre in Dublin on 28 November 1795.It is also known by the alternative title '''''Casimir, King of Poland'''''" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Greene, John C. ''Theatre in Dublin, 1745-1820: A Calendar of Performances, Volume 6''.", "Lexington Books, 2011.", "* Kozar, Richard & Burling, William J.", "''Summer Theatre in London, 1661-1820, and the Rise of the Haymarket Theatre''.", "Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 2000.", "* Nicoll, Allardyce.", "''A History of English Drama 1660–1900: Volume III''.", "Cambridge University Press, 2009.", "* Hogan, C.B (ed.)", "''The London Stage, 1660–1800: Volume V''.", "Southern Illinois University Press, 1968." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Turkish Women's Cup" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Turkish Women's Cup''' will be the eighth edition of the Turkish Women's Cup, the annual women's football tournament held in Alanya, Turkey for the women's national association football teams.", "The tournament will take place from 21 to 27 February 2024." ], [ "Teams", "Four football associations from two confederations (namely UEFA and AFC) confirmed their participation in the tournament.", "Team FIFA rankingDecember 2023" ], [ "Squads" ], [ "Standings" ], [ "Matches", "''All times are local (UTC+3).''", "--------" ], [ "See also", "* 2024 Pinatar Cup* 2024 SheBelieves Cup" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Megamind vs. the Doom Syndicate" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Megamind vs. the Doom Syndicate''''' is an upcoming American animated superhero comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation Television.", "Directed by Eric Fogel from a screenplay by Alan Schoolcraft and Brent Simons, the film stars Keith Ferguson, Laura Post, Josh Brener, Maya Aoki Tuttle, Emily Tunon, Talon Warburton, Scott Adsit, Chris Sullivan, Tony Hale, Jeanine Mason and Adam Lambert.", "It is a sequel to ''Megamind'' (2010) and serves as a pilot for the television series ''Megamind Rules!''.", "''Megamind vs. the Doom Syndicate'' is scheduled to be released on Peacock on March 1, 2024." ], [ "Premise", "Megamind, now assuming the role of Metro City's defender, assembles a new team to stop his former evil teammates' villainous plans." ], [ "Cast", "* Keith Ferguson as Megamind, a blue-skinned, humanoid alien supervillain with a large cranium.", "Ferguson replaces Will Ferrell from the original film.", "* Laura Post as Roxanne Ritchi, a strong-willed news reporter who becomes Megamind's love interest.", "Post replaces Tina Fey from the original film.", "* Josh Brener as Ol' Chum/Minion, a talking fish who has been Megamind's sidekick and best friend since childhood.", "Brener replaces David Cross from the original film.", "* Maya Aoki Tuttle as Keiko Morita* Emily Tunon as Lady Doppler* Talon Warburton as Lord Nighty-Knight* Scott Adsit as Pierre Pressure* Chris Sullivan as Behemoth* Tony Hale as Mel/Mr.", "Donut* Jeanine Mason as Christino Christo* Adam Lambert as MachiavillainIn addition, Michael Beattie, Eric Fogel, Todd Haberkorn, Eric Murphy, Joey Rudman and Roger Craig Smith have been cast in undisclosed roles." ], [ "Production", "In April 2011, DreamWorks Animation's then-CEO, Jeffrey Katzenberg, commented that the studio did not have plans to produce future movie-genre parodies like ''Megamind'' (2010), ''Monsters Vs. Aliens'' (2009) and ''Shark Tale'' (2004) or sequels to these, saying that these films \"all shared an approach and tone and idea of parody, and did not travel well internationally.", "We don't have anything like that coming on our schedule now\".In February 2024, DreamWorks Animation Television announced a sequel to ''Megamind'', with Keith Ferguson, Laura Post, Josh Brener, Maya Aoki Tuttle, Emily Tunon, Patrick Warburton, Scott Adsit, Chris Sullivan, Tony Hale, Jeanine Mason and Adam Lambert as part of the main cast.", "Ferguson replaced Will Ferrell as the voice of Megamind, Post replaced Tina Fey as the voice of Roxanne and Brener replaced David Cross as the voice of Minion who was renamed Ol Chum.", "Alongside the film, Peacock also revealed that the previously announced television series, retitled from ''Megamind's Guide to Defending Your City'' to ''Megamind Rules!", "'', would serve as a follow-up to the film and be released the same day." ], [ "Release", "''Megamind vs. the Doom Syndicate'' is scheduled to be released on Peacock on March 1, 2024." ], [ "Reception", "The trailer for ''Megamind vs. the Doom Syndicate'' was widely panned.", "Many YouTubers and content creators made fun of the poor animation and bad writing, while others criticized Peacock for replacing Will Ferrell, Tina Fey, and David Cross in the film.", "This trailer overall disappointed many longtime Megamind fans." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Beecarbonize" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Beecarbonize''' is a free electronic strategy card game, developed by Prague-based studio Charles Games in association with People In Need, and being part of the 1PLANET4ALL project.", "In this game, the player is in charge of the sectors of industry, ecosystems, people, and science, and need to carefully manage emissions and avoid disasters in order to reach a sustainable future.", "The game is not turn-based: it runs on real time, but there are controls to pause or speed up.", "The objective of the game is to get a winning card, and this is done by upgrading the ones already \"bought\" using the tokens generated by the sectors.The player is free to decide how to build each sector, with each card most often speeding up the token production speed of its sector.", "Some cards increase emissions, others reduce it, and others are neutral, and most cards are means of getting other more advanced cards.", "The size of the sectors can be upgraded to allow more cards to be placed on it.Random disaster cards are generated and placed on the top row of the game board, and the player needs to mitigate the crisis before the card timer ends and the disaster happens.", "The disasters can have any effect, from increasing emissions, through loss of resources, up to losing the game entirely." ], [ "Winning cards", "Out of the total 120 cards, there are 5 winning cards in the game:# “Industry 22nd Century”# “A Global Oasis”# “Eco Symbiosis”# “Planet B Colonized”# “No Technological Civilization”" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Beecarbonize - Steam" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Paul Carrington (professor)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Paul DeWitt Carrington''' (June 12, 1931 – August 24, 2021) was an American lawyer and academic who served as dean of Duke University School of Law from 1978 to 1988, where he was also the Harry R. Chadwick Sr.", "Professor of Law.", "Before joining the faculty of Duke in 1978, Carrington served on the faculty of the University of Wyoming, Indiana University, Ohio State University, and the University of Michigan.", "From 1985 to 1992, he also served as Reporter for the Advisory Committee on Civil Rules of the Judicial Conference of the United States.", "He was elected to the American Law Institute in 1966 and to the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2000." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Paul Carrington Duke University School of Law Historical Faculty Page" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nina Khada" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nina Khada''' is a French born Franco-Algerian film director, screenwriter and film editor." ], [ "Biography", "Born in 1991 to Algerian parents in Nancy, France, Khada studied editing and broadcast journalism, and graduated with a Master's degree in documentary filmmaking from Aix-Marseille University in 2014." ], [ "Filmography", "Khada's films include: Year Film Genre Role Duration (min) 2015 ''Fatima'' Documentary short.Story of her grandmother's exile from Algeria to France, in color/black and white Screenwriter and director 18 m 2019 ''143, rue du Désert'' / ''143 Sahara Street''by Hassen Ferhani Documentary feature Film editor 100 m 2020 ''Les Divas du Taguerabt''by Karim Moussaoui Fiction short Film editor 16 m 2020 ''Je me suis mordue la langue'' / ''I Bit My Tongue'' Documentary short.A young Algerian woman who was raised in France returns making a detour to Tunis.", "Screenwriter and director 25 m 2023 ''Al Djanat, paradis originel'' / ''Al Djanat, the Original Paradise''by Aïcha Chloé Boro Fiction feature.Bambara and French spoken.", "Film editor 84 m 2023 ''À l'intérieur''by Claire Juge Documentary feature Film editor 56 m" ], [ "Awards", "Khada's films obtained one prize and one nomination: Film Festival Award ''Fatima'' Adana Film Festival 2016 Winner Golden Boll in Mediterranean Short Film, Best Short Documentary Film ''I Bit My Tongue'' Fribourg International Film Festival 2021 Nominee Best Short Film Award" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "===Videos===* .", "Video duration 1m 16s.", "Uploader festivaletudoverdade, 2016.", "* .", "Video duration 1m 59s.", "Uploader DOK.fest München, 2020.", "* .", "Video duration 1m 33s.", "Uploader Sudu Connexion, 2022.", "* .", "Video duration 17m 59s.", "Uploader Microciné Revue de cinéma et de télévision, 2022.Interview of Khada.", "French spoken." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "64th Kurentovanje (2024)" ], [ "Introduction", " Kurentovanje 2024 285px\"'''Kurent's House'''\" next to Town Theater(the light greenish building on the far right) Information '''Date:''' 3–13 February 2024 '''Location:''' Ptuj, Slovenia '''Organized by:''' Ptuj Tourism Public Institute '''Edition:''' 64th '''Main character:''' Kurent (Korant) '''19th carnival prince:''' Francesco Guffante, city judge Opening Ethnic Procession '''Current:''' (2024) 15,000 International Carnival Parade '''Current:''' (2024) '''Record:''' (2011) 65,000 visitors Awarded group masks '''1st award:''' '''2nd award:''' '''3rd award:''' '''Kurentovanje 2024''' is the upcoming 64th Ptuj carnival, organized by Ptuj Tourism Public Institute." ], [ "Schedule", "Every night between 4 and 12 February, Kurents (Korants) will perform at 6 pm local.=== Introduction ===SinceEventsAlways on the same dayVisit200123rd Kurent (Korant) JumpMidnight ritual by the fire at Zoki's homestead in Budina (Candlemas – 2 to 3 February) +1,000Kurents=== Main traditional events ===SinceEventsAlways on the same dayVisit'''↓ Ethnic and carnival parades ↓'''199827th Opening Ethnic ProcessionSaturday (3.2.)", "15,000 20178th Day of Kurent (Korant) Groups Wednesday (7.2.)", "201510th Night SpectacleShrove Friday (10.2.)", "12th City Carnival PromenadeShrove Saturday (11.2.)", "20131960'''64th International Carnival Parade'''Shrove Sunday (11.2.)", "''' ''' 64th Slovenian Kindergartens ParadeShrove Monday (12.2.)", "64th Burial ShroveShrove Tuesday (13.2.)", "=== Accompanying events ===SinceCharity cooking eventAlways on the same dayVisit200619th Obarjada pre-Shrove Saturday (3.2.)", "8,000 SinceArt eventsAlways on the same day200916th Ex-TemporeArt colonypre-Shrove Saturday (3.2.)", "Exhibition OpeningShrove Saturday (10.2.)", "=== Evening display of indigenous characters ===Kurent (Korant), the main figureDateIndigenous character(s)Day'''↓ In old town every night at 6:00 pm ↓'''(on Shrove Saturday exceptionally at 12:30 PM)4thThe Whip Crackers, Rusas, Kurents (Korants)pre-Shrove Sunday 5thPloughmen, Old Woman Carrying Her Man, Kurents pre-Shrove Monday 6thGypsies, Kurents (Korants)pre-Shrove Tuesday 8thSpearman, Fairies, Cockerels, Bears, Serfs, KurentsShrove Thursday 9thJürek and Rabolj, Log-Haulers, Kurents (Korants)Shrove Friday 10thKurents (Korants)Shrove Saturday 12thKurents (Korants)Shrove Monday === Music entertainment ===From 3–13 February 2024, various music acts will perform at Kampus Hall, a commercial part completely separated from the carnival." ], [ "Indigenous characters", "Indigenous characters (masks) from Ptuj wider area including Ptuj field, Drava field and from Haloze:* \"'''Kurent'''\" or \"'''Korant'''\" (the main character)* \"'''The Whip Crackers'''\" (for happines and well-being)* \"'''Carnival dancers'''\" (from Pobrežje, Videm)* \"'''the Spearman'''\" (marital character)* \"'''Ploughmen'''\" (draw a magic circle)* \"'''Log-Haulers'''\" (to enchant fertility)* \"'''The Devil'''\" (fear, fear, is coming)* \"'''The Trough'''\" (the straw bride)* \"'''Old Woman Carrying Her Man'''\" (spirits of heaven)* \"'''The Mischievous Bear'''\" (from Ptuj field)* \"'''Kurike and Piceki'''\" (for a good harvest)* \"'''Jürek and Rabolj'''\" (from Haloze)* \"'''Fairies'''\" (Zabovci)* \"'''Rusas'''\" (from Ptuj field)* \"'''Gypsis'''\" (from Dornava)" ], [ "Prince of the carnival", "'''Francesco Guffante, city judge''', will take over the keys of the city hall from the mayor at the carnival opening (3.2.)", "to \"rule\" the town for 11 days." ], [ "Routes", "=== Opening Ethnic Procession (3rd February) ===Muzejski trg – Prešernova – Slovenski trg – Slomškova – Miklošičeva – Mestni trg – Krempljeva – Minoritski trg – Mihelič gallery=== Day of Kurent Groups (7th February)===Prešernova – Slovenski trg – Slomškova – Miklošičeva – Mestni trg – Murkova (Kurent's House)=== International Carnival Parade (11th February) ===Potrčeva – Kivi junction – Trstenjakova – Vinarski trg – Lackova – Mestni trg – Krempljeva – Minoritski trg – Mihelič gallery" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", " Kurentovanje Official" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ukrainian-Polish conflict in Volhynia" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Ukrainian-Polish conflict in Volhynia''' was a series of confrontations that unfolded in Volhynia during World War II.", "Primarily marked by hostilities between the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) and the Polish population which was supported by the Home Army and Soviet partisan units in the Region." ], [ "Background", "At the beginning of the Second World War, organizational structures of the Polish resistance were formed in the western Ukrainian lands.", "Its main goal was to restore the independent Polish state in its pre-war borders.", "However, on the eve of the Eastern Front , the activities of the Polish military underground were practically paralyzed as a result of the opposition of the NKVD bodies.", "The Galician network was the most numerous Polish military organization, the Union of Armed Struggle was suppressed and its main functionaries were arrested.", "The Polish organized underground was re-established after the German occupation of Western Ukraine, but its armed formations, as a real force, emerged only in the first half of 1943.The organization and activities of the Polish underground with their armed formations was one of the reasons for the creation of the UPA.", "For their part, the leadership of the OUN(b) did not want Polish underground organizations to implement their plans on their land, and after the war they would take over the region again.", "The UPA was to serve as a counterbalance to the AK - to prevent the Poles from dominating the forests of Volhynia and the Carpathian mountains.In the report of the SD Chief of Police dated 9 October 1942, a few lines were devoted to the mood among the Polish minority in Volhynia and Polesia: \"The position of the Poles is also still characterised by two peculiarities: on the one hand, by the strong subservience shown by many employees of German institutions, and on the other, by the concentration on the idea of creating a great Polish state after the end of the war.", "The complicity of the Polish rural population with the Soviet gangs can be observed time and time again\".", "After a raid on the Rivne region in early 1943, Sidor Kovpak confirmed the German assessment: \"The mood of the Poles towards the Soviet power, the Red Army and the Red partisans is extraordinarily good.", "Many Poles have asked to join our detachment\".Thus, for the Ukrainian nationalists, the Polish minority, appeared as a harmful \"lackey of three evils\": the Nazi administration in 1941–1942, the Polish nationalists in the underground in 1942, and the Soviets, represented by the Red partisans in 1942.In turn, the Ukrainian population appeared to the Poles as the same: \"gloating accomplices of the communist authorities\" in 1939–1941, \"cruel servants of the Nazi rulers in 1941-1942\", and \"hidden supporters of the terrorist OUN\".", "The latter, due to the weakening of other Ukrainian parties and the radicalization of the mood of the population, systematically increased its influence.", "By the end of 1942, the hostility had reached such an intensity that the situation slowly began to slip away from the Germans' control.", "Heinrich Schöne, General Commissioner of Volhynia-Podolia, wrote about this in his review of the situation on 1 November 1942:\"The tense relations between certain national groups, especially the Belarusians and Ukrainians on the one hand, and the Poles on the other, have become particularly tense.", "There is a certain system in this.", "Attempts from some hostile side to disturb the people\"On 17–23 February 1943, the III Conference of the OUN-B took place near Olesk, at which it was decided to start an open partisan war in Volhynia, although it is not clear when the exact time of its start was determined.", "The conference, importantly, took place after the Red Army's victory at Stalingrad, but before its defeat in the battle of Kharkov in March 1943.It may have seemed to the Banderites that Germany's defeat was very near.", "They were convinced that the final battle for independence would have to be fought with the USSR or Poland, or perhaps both enemies at the same time.", "The keynote address at the conference was delivered by Mihail Stepaniak, who warned that the USSR could win the war.", "He proposed to immediately start an uprising against the Germans and liberate Ukraine from occupation before the Red Army arrived, his actions were supported by the Provod, but were not implemented under pressure from Dmytro Klyachkivsky and Roman Shukhevych (Klyachkivsky's future successor as commander-in-chief of the UPA) who believed that the armed struggle should be directed not primarily against the Germans, but against the Red partisans and Poles." ], [ "The Polish self-defense", "The first self-defence units were formed at the turn of 1942/43.They were organised spontaneously by local leaders of the Polish community.", "Initially, self-defence was limited to patrolling the area, posting guards, warning the local population of the appearance of unknown armed units.", "In the early spring of 1943, as the mass murders of Poles intensified, the number of observation posts and patrols was increased and outposts began to be supplied with firearms.", "The effectiveness of the self-defence units during this period was low; they were poorly armed and unable to defend themselves against the much more numerous units of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).=== Attempts to organize ===After the first attempts at self-defence from below, this process was supported and brought under conspiratorial control by the Home Army, as ordered in April 1943 by Home Army Volhynia District Commander, Colonel Kazimierz Bąbiński \"Luboń\":At the same time, \"Lubon\" forbade cooperation in self-defence with the Germans (including joining the German police) and Soviet partisans.Historical publicist Piotr Zychowicz argues that the structures of the Home Army (AK) failed to provide adequate assistance to the threatened Polish population in the Volhynia area.", "The possibility of redeploying some AK partisan units from Lubeszczyzna to the Volhynia area was not used.", "In his opinion, the AK did not take advantage of the possibility to supply village self-defences with weapons from the Home Army's warehouses, which were issued a few months later to the 27th Volhynian Division of the AK created as part of the Operation Tempest.The first major centre of Polish self-defence was organised at the beginning of May 1943 in Pańska Dolina in the Dubien district.", "It was not until 20 July (after the bloody Sunday of 11 July) that the \"Instruction on the formation of self-defence bases and the organisation of partisan detachments\" was issued by the Regional Government Delegation for Volhynia.", "The formation of larger self-defence bases, consisting of several villages (outposts) with larger Polish population concentrations, was begun.", "Such bases were to be defended by local troops, using shooting ditches, primitive wooden and earth bunkers and various types of entanglements.Among the more important self-defence bases in Volhynia were:* Dubno County, Pańska Dolina* Horochów County, Zaturce* Kostopol County, Stara Huta , Huta Stepańska* Kowel County: Zasmyki, Dąbrowa* Krzemieniec county: Dederkały, Rybcza, Kuty:* Lubomelski county: Jagodzin-Rymacze* Lutsk county: Przebraże, Antonówka Szepelska, Rożyszcze* Sarny county: Antonówka* Vladimir-Volynsky District: Bielin-Spaszczyzna, Andresovka* Zdolbunovskiy district: Witoldovka, Ostróg on the Horyn.=== Partisan units ===After the occupation of Volhynia by the Germans in 1941, it was not possible to create larger partisan units.", "In August 1942, the AK Headquarters separated the Volhynia district from Area No.", "3 (Lvov) and subordinated it directly to itself.", "In September 1942, Colonel Kazimierz Bąbiński, pseud.", "\"Luboń\", was appointed District Commander.", "The District Delegate of the Government was Kazimierz Banach, pseud.", "\"Jan Linowski\" (author of the proclamation To the People of Volhynia), who arrived in Volhynia on 21 November 1942.After the failure of talks with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), during which two representatives of the Home Army, Zygmunt Rumel and Krzysztof Markiewicz, were murdered, it was decided on 20 July 1943 to create partisan units in Volhynia.At that time, units were formed:* \"Luna\" - under the command of Lieutenant Jan Rerutko (\"Drzazga\"), and from 10 November 1943 the unit was commanded by Lieutenant Zygmunt Kulczycki (\"Olgierd\").", "The \"Łuna\" unit consisted of 107 partisans.", "* \"Jastrząb\" - under the command of Lieutenant Władysław Czerminski (\"Jastrząb\") numbering about 150 partisans.", "* \"Bomba\" - under the command of Capt Wladyslaw Kochanski (\"Bomba\", \"Wujek\").", "The unit numbered about 500 partisans.", "* \"Strzemię\" - under the command of Lt. Zenon Blachowski (\"Strzemię\").", "The unit numbered about 100 partisans.", "* \"Gzyms\" - under the command of Lt. Franciszek Pukacki (\"Gzyms\") numbering about 80 partisans.", "* \"Ryszard\" - commanded by Lieutenant Ryszard Walczak (\"Ryszard\").", "The unit numbered about 80 partisans.", "* \"Sokol\" - commanded by Lt. Michal Fijalka (\"Sokol\"), numbering about 120 partisans* \"Kord\" - commanded by Lieutenant Kazimierz Filipowicz (\"Kord\").", "The unit numbered about 80 partisans.", "* \"Piotruś\" - commanded by Lieutenant Wladyslaw Cieslinski (\"Piotruś\"), numbering about 80 partisans." ], [ "Soviet Partisans", "* Alexander Nevsky Unit* Vasily Begma detachment - 1,070 men (including several hundred Poles from the Frunze Brigade1)* Anton Brinsky Unit* Fyodorov unit - 2,200 men* Demyan Korotchenko's detachment* Sumy District's guerilla units - 2,000 men* Yevhen Melnyk's unit* Dmitry Medvedev's unit* Mikhail Naumov's unit - 860 men* Partisan detachment (Zhytomyr) - 3,000 men Partisan detachment \"Poland Is Not Yet Lost\" Polish-Ukrainian partisan detachment named after Felix Dzerzhinsky - and including 120 Poles* Vasily Chapayev partisan unit - with 29 Poles* Pyotr Vershigora's unit - at the beginning of February 1944, this grouping together with the units of the Home Army's 27th Volhynian Infantry Division defeated the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's (UPA) Sich unit." ], [ "The Conflict in 1943", "=== First Stage ===The first stage falls in the spring of 1943, when the UPA was just being created, but the insurgents had already undertaken their first anti-Polish actions.", "The reliable armed force on which the Poles could rely in this situation was, strangely enough, the warring parties: the Soviet partisans and the German administration.", "Some of them sought help from the Germans against the UPA and thus became enemies of the Soviet militias as well, while others benefited from the Soviet support: in 1943–1944, five thousand Poles passed through the Soviet partisan units in Volhynia and 500 in eastern Galicia.However, despite mutual distrust and bloody incidents, the assistance of the AK to the Reds in Western Ukraine and the Lublin region provided the partisans with an indispensable service.", "It was not only a question of joint operations, but also of the support of the Polish population under the influence of the AK - providing guides and intelligence information, in a number of cases - assistance with food, shelter for the wounded, warning of the threat from the Germans, the Banderites, and so on.", "At the same time, close allied relations led to a deep mutual agent penetration between AK units and Soviet partisans, which made it easier for the NKVD and NKGB to defeat Polish structures in Western Ukraine in 1944–1945.==== Battles ====* On the night of 18–19 March, the self-defence of the village of Lipniki drove away several attackers from the UPA, and one of them, a former policeman, was captured, handed over to the Germans and hanged in Berezne.", "* On the night of 2 to 3 May 1943, combined units of the Kremenets UPA kuren under the command of Ivan Klimyshyn-Kruk and the Melnikov kuren of Mykola Nedvedzsky-Khrena attacked Kuty.", "Polish self-defence defended themselves in stone buildings in the centre.", "Ukrainian partisans broke into houses along the defence line, killing the inhabitants, looting and burning the houses.", "At the same time there was intense shelling of the village centre.", "At around 3.30am the attackers retreated after a failed attack.", "At least fifty-three Poles were killed, UPA losses are unknown.", "* On 12 May 1943, the UPA attacked Stakhovka (a former colony in Vladimiretskyi district), where there was a self-defence base.", "The village was fortified with caches and other fortifications, the attack was repelled but this did not prevent heavy casualties.", "More than 40 Poles were killed in the attack.", "* On 13 June, a hundred from the Kruka kuren again attacked Stakhovka.", "The attack was supported by the fire of two machine guns.", "The village was engulfed in flames.", "Fortunately for the defenders, reinforcements arrived from Porada.", "The Poles eliminated the machine gun nests and forced the UPA to retreat.", "In the morning, the Germans arrived and shot five captured nationalist prisoners captured by the self-defence.", "However, during the skirmish, the colony was burned to the ground and twenty-two people were killed.=== Second Stage ===The second stage falls in the summer of 1943, when the Ukrainian terror against the Poles took on the widest scale, and the Polish underground responded with its own terror.", "The summer of 1943 saw the reduction of the territory controlled by the Home Army in Volhynia.==== Battles ====* On 5 July, at around 11 o'clock, the Ukrainian Insurgent Army launched its first attack on Przebraże, where the self-defence base was located.", "The village was shelled with mortar fire.", "The clashes continued until noon.", "Ten Polish civilians were killed, while on the Ukrainian side one UPA soldier died and 6 were wounded.", "* The UPA next attacked Przebraże on 31 August.", "The Ukrainian insurgents numbered about 6,000 people, including volunteer peasants from the surrounding villages, armed mostly with axes and scythes.", "Fortunately for the defenders, they were helped in time by an AK unit under the command of Henryk Cybulski \"Wołyniak\" and a group of Soviet partisans of Mykola Prokopyuk.", "Thanks to them, the Ukrainians were defeated.", "* On 22 June 1943 the UPA attacked Pańska Dolina for the first time, but the Poles managed to repel the attack.", "* On 5 August, the UPA made another attempt to capture Panska Dolina: it was surrounded by a UPA \"Max\" (Maksim Skorupski) kuren, supported by three 75 mm cannons.", "Fortunately for the defenders, after firing several times, the Ukrainian cannons fell silent: probably due to poor technical condition.", "Without artillery support, the UPA was unable to break through the Polish defences.", "After 4 hours of fighting, the UPA retreated at dawn, losing several men killed and wounded.", "On the Polish side, one member of the self-defence and several women and children were wounded.", "* On 12 July, the Polish self-defence attacked Trostyanets, defeating the UPA's underground school in the settlement.", "The village was partly burned down and its Ukrainian inhabitants were ordered to relocate elsewhere.", "* One of the most important Polish bases was Huta Stepanska, which co-operated with the self-defence village of Wyrka, located six kilometres north of it.", "Together they guarded the surrounding small Polish settlements, whose inhabitants had the option of fleeing to the main bases in a dangerous situation.", "The Poles also co-operated with the Soviet partisans, organising raids with them against the UPA.", "At the beginning of July 1943 the self-defence in Huta numbered 500 men, but had only 80 firearms, including six hand-held machine guns.", "The number of Wyrka defenders is unknown.", " To liquidate these two Polish self-defence bases, the commander of VO-1 \"Zagrava\" Ivan Litvinchuk allocated ten UPA and SKV units, from which two powerful fighting groups were created.", "The grouping also included the UPA's \"first hundred\" led by \"Yarema\".", "On 16 July, at about 23 hours, the Ukrainian units simultaneously went on the offensive.", "The first UPA fighting group destroyed alternately Perespy, Uzhany, Soshniki, Haly, Tur and other settlements.", "Polish houses were burnt and the captured inhabitants were killed.", "At 3.25 a.m. the Banderites attacked Wyrka from three sides.", "The Poles tried to defend themselves in the Latin church and the surrounding stone houses, but after two hours of fighting they were forced to retreat to Guta Stepanska.", "The rest of the surrounding Polish settlements were destroyed the next day.", "Meanwhile, the second UPA group destroyed Borok, Lyady and Kurorty and then launched a direct attack on Guta Stepanskaia.", "It is estimated that some 50-100 defenders and civilians were killed during the attack on 17 July.", " Huta felt the strongest blow at 1 a.m. on 18 July.", "One of the assault groups managed to break into the village, set fire to several houses and killed about a hundred Poles.", "After a day-long battle, the Polish command decided to evacuate Huta.", "The Poles created a multi-kilometre column of wagons, which was covered by self-defence.", "Taking advantage of the fog, most of the inhabitants of Huta retreated in the direction of Antonovka.", "However, some people panicked, broke away from the main group and fell victim to the Banderovites.", "On 19 July in the morning the Ukrainians entered Guta Stepanskaya and burned all the houses (the stone ones were blown up).", "From the Ukrainian point of view, the operation ended successfully.", "The UPA estimates their own losses were 18 killed and 17 wounded, the Poles estimate that the UPA lost 500 men.", "but a strong centre of self-defence was eliminated and more than 500 Poles were killed (according to Ukrainian data).", "Several Germans from the patrol that had been on the UPA's trail were also killed in the battle.", "* On August 5, 1943, the village of Rybcza was attacked by UPA forces, aided by local Ukrainians, leading to a fierce battle.", "Despite initial success in reaching the village's edge, a determined self-defense unit repelled the attack after a four-and-a-half-hour struggle, resulting in three casualties and the destruction of 42 buildings.", "* A strong self-defence was located in Rozhyshchy.", "There were about 130 people in it.", "The Poles, supported by the German-Hungarian garrison, managed to repel several UPA attacks on the town.", "On 29 August 1943, in retaliation, the Poles burned the Ukrainian villages of Swóż and Soltysy, killing several Ukrainian civilians.", "* There was a large unit of the Polish Schutzmanschaft in Gorokhov.", "It numbered 150 people.", "During the Volhynia massacre there were about 1,200 refugees in the town, mostly Polish refugees from neighbouring villages.", "In August 1943 the UPA attacked the town.", "After an hour and a half of fighting, the nationalists were forced to retreat.=== Third Stage ===The third stage of Polish-Ukrainian partisan fighting in Volyn fell in the autumn-winter of 1943.It is characterised by the intensification of Polish terror and the strengthening of the UPA, which continued to increase its zone of activity.", "In addition, Polish self-defence units conducted raids on neighbouring Ukrainian villages to replenish food supplies, with frequent killings of local residents, and several Ukrainian villages were partially or completely burned.", "In total, from September 1943 to March 1944, self-defence units carried out 39 anti-Ukrainian actions, during which more than 550 people, including children, women and elderly people, were killed.==== Battles ====* On 6 September 1943, the biggest battle between Bulbovites and Polish partisans took place in the village of Wilia.", "The Polissian Sich encountered a Home Army unit under the command of Władysław Kochański and a detachment of Polish communist partisans named after.", "Felix Dzerzhinsky.", "The battle lasted for an entire day and resulted in the Polish partisans driving out the UNRA from the village killing it's commander Ivan Mitringa.", "* On 7 September 1943, the UPA decided to attack the Polish self-defence in the village of Zasmyki.", "Several UPA kurens of the VO-Turov group under the command of Oleksiy Shum were allocated for the operation.", "In the process of the attack, the Ukrainian units ran into the Germans, which led to the battle of Radovychi.", "Both Ukrainians and Germans suffered heavy losses.", "The UPA was forced to abandon the attack and retreat.", "* On 2 October 1943, two hundred Polish self-defence fighters from Przebraże together with Prokopiuk's Soviet partisans struck in the direction of the village of Omelno.", "They first shelled it with machine guns and mortars, causing numerous fires, and then went on the offensive.", "At least ten civilian Ukrainians were killed, and several cattle were taken from the village.", "* On the night of 15 October 1943, the UPA attacked Przebraże for the last time, but this attack was ineffective.", "On 25 November, the Polish self-defence launched a successful attack on the Ukrainian village of Zhuravichi to obtain flour, grain and cattle.", "The Poles held out in their garrison until the end of January 1944.Then the Red Army's offensive diametrically changed the situation in Volhynia.", "The long-time inhabitants of Przebraże, like the rescued fugitives, were not destined to enjoy relative peace for long.", "In 1945, they were forced to leave for Poland as part of the so-called population exchange.", "* On 16 November 1943, taking advantage of the absence in the village of the \"Bomba\" detachment, which had set out on an action against the Germans, UPA units of about 1,200 men attacked the self-defence centre in Huta Stara from the east.", "Heavy fighting continued throughout the day.", "The balance of power was altered by the return of the \"Bomba\" unit, which hit the Ukrainians in the vicinity of Moczulanka, and the attack on the UPA units by Soviet partisans under the command of Capt.", "Kotlarov.", "Smashed and dispersed, the UPA lost 54 killed and about 40 wounded.", "On the Polish side, some people were killed.", "* On 22 November 1943, the UPA attacked the village of Kupichev.", "It was inhabited by Czechs and openly supported the Polish side by sending a militia unit to support the AK garrison stationed in the village.", "The Banderites had a \"tank\" (a tractor clad in armour and equipped with a small calibre gun).", "Fortunately for the defenders, the \"tank\" broke down during the attack, and the appearance of the \"Jastrząb\" unit finally forced the Ukrainians to retreat.", "* In response to the murder of several civilians on December 18, 1943, Polish communists from the unit named after.", "T. Kosciuszko, with the support of Soviet partisans, attacked Lakhvichi.", "The local OUN militants retreated from the village due to the numerical superiority of the enemy.", "The settlement was half burned.", "25 civilians were killed, 15 wounded and 10 kidnapped.", "* On the night of 26–27 December, UPA Kuren under the command of Mykola Svistun of Zdolbuniv attacked the village of Vitoldievka.", "Although local self-defence units repulsed the assault, the banderites killed dozens of Poles." ], [ "1944", "=== Establishment of the 27th Volhynian Infantry Division ===At the beginning of January 1944, after the Red Army had crossed the pre-war Polish border, the Home Army command ordered the mobilisation of partisan units in Volhynia and decided to launch Operation Tempest.", "On 28 January 1944, the 27th Volhynian Infantry Division was formed.=== Battles ===* From the 8th - 20 February the \"Osnowo\" Grouping fought the UPA in victorious battles in the villages of Puzów, Worczyn, Zablocie and Stęzarzyce.", "* On February 20, a UPA unit tried to sneak into the village of Rybcza, pretending to be a Soviet partisan unit.", "However, thanks to the attitude of Jan Niewiński, who, despite his advisors, did not let the alleged Soviet partisans into the village, Rybcza survived.", ".", "The UPA marched towards Wiśniowiec, where they committed crimes against the defenseless Polish population.", "* On the 12th of March, two Companies from the 27th Infantry Division drove out a UPA Unit in Korytnica.", "* On the 18th of March, The 27th Infantry Division under the command of Michał Fijałka fought a victorious battle with the UPA in Zapol.", "* On the 20th of March, The 27th Infantry Division under the command of Zbigniew Twardy and Walery Krokay, after a battle with the UPA captured the Railway station in Turzysk.In addition to operations against the Germans, the division carried out 16 major combat actions against UPA units, partially removing the threat to the Polish civilian population in the west of Volhynia." ], [ "Summary", "The maximum number of self-defence outposts was about 128 (July 1943) against 3,400 villages in Volhynia where Poles lived.", "A maximum of 1,500 people served in all partisan units until January 1944, with at least 15,000 UPA members against them.", "The self-defence and partisan units were formed too late and were too small to prevent the crimes.", "According to Siemaszko's findings, at least 262 Poles and at least 311 members of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army were killed in the battles between the self-defence and the UPA.", "Losses among civilians amounted to: 60,000 victims of the Polish population and 2–3,000 victims of the Ukrainian population killed in an act of Polish retaliation.", "On the basis of these data, we cannot speak of the events in Volhynia in 1943-1944 as a Polish-Ukrainian war, but as a Volhynian Genocide." ], [ "Citations" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Shay Ayzen" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Shay Ayzen''' (; born August 27, 2000) is an Israeli professional footballer who plays for Hapoel Rishon LeZion." ], [ "Career", "Ayzen started play football in Hapoel Tel Aviv's youth team.", "On 4 November 2019 he made his senior debut in the 1–2 loss against Maccabi Haifa.", "On 24 February 2020 sent-off in the derby loss 0–3.On 2 June 2021 scored the equal goal against Maccabi Tel Aviv in the 116th minute in the Israel State Cup final but the VAR check cancelled the goal after Ayzen himself made a foul and sent-off follow it.On 30 June 2022 Ayzen signed for 4 years for 220k $ F.C.", "Ashdod, But the transfer didn't go through and after 3 months he signed for Beitar Jerusalem.On 8 January 2023 Ayzen signed for Bnei Yehuda.On 5 February 2024 signed for Hapoel Rishon LeZion." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "**" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2013 European Athletics Junior Championships – Men's 400 metres hurdles" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''men's 400 metres hurdles''' at the 2013 European Athletics Junior Championships was held in Rieti from 19 to 21 July.Russian athlete Timofey Chalyy won the gold medal in a championship record.", "His performance was described as \"remarkable\".", "His mark of 49.23 seconds was also the second fastest of any European U20 athlete ever, earning him the European Athletics Rising Star award.", "It was also a national U20 record for Russia." ], [ "Medalists", "'''Gold''' '''Silver''' '''Bronze'''" ], [ "Records", "Prior to the competition, the existing world junior and championship records were as follows.", "'''World Junior Record''''''48.02'''Los Angeles, United States17 June 1984'''European Junior Record''''''48.74''' Moscow, Soviet Union18 August 1984'''Championship Record''''''49.70'''Tallinn, Estonia24 July 2011" ], [ "Schedule", " Date Round19 July 2013 '''Heats'''20 July 2013 '''Semifinals'''21 July 2013 '''Final'''" ], [ "Results", "Qualification: First 3 in each heat (Q) and 4 best performers (q) advance to the semi-finals.", "In the semi-finals, first 3 in each heat (Q) and 2 best performers (q) advance to the final.+Men's 400mH Round 1 Place Athlete Country Time Heat 1 Jacob Paul 50.74 1 2 Timofey Chalyy 51.19 3 3 Patryk Adamczyk 51.83 1 4 51.94 2 5 Ben Kiely 52.10 2 6 52.42 1 7 Ludvy Vaillant 52.52 2 8 Rico Thränert 52.73 1 9 Timo Roth 52.73 3 10 Francesco Proietti 52.77 3 11 Marcel Matthäs 52.81 3 12 Markus Loftås 53.10 1 13 Pavel Agafonov 53.16 4 14 Enes Ünsal 53.20 1 15 Jonas HANßEN 53.31 4 16 Valtteri Toimela 53.49 2 17 Nicolai Hartling 53.54 2 18 Zoltán Rády 53.62 3 19 Danylo Danylenko 53.63 3 20 Marcin Jabłoński 53.84 4 21 54.25 4 22 54.65 4 23 Andrea Ercolani Volta 57.48 3 Piotr Szewczyk DNF 2 Roman Olejník DNF 4+Men's 400mH Semifinal Place Athlete Country Time Heat 1 50.12 1 2 Timofey Chalyy 50.66 1 3 Jacob Paul 51.13 2 4 Ben Kiely 51.65 1 5 Patryk Adamczyk 51.65 2 6 Ludvy Vaillant 51.81 2 7 Jonas HANßEN 51.87 2 8 Pavel Agafonov 51.88 2 9 Enes Ünsal 52.36 2 10 52.36 2 11 Rico Thränert 52.41 2 12 Marcel Matthäs 52.47 1 13 Markus Loftås 52.56 1 14 Francesco Proietti 53.39 1 15 Timo Roth 53.58 1 16 Marcin Jabłoński 53.69 1+Men's 400mH Place Athlete Country Time Timofey Chalyy 49.23 50.13 Jacob Paul 50.71 4 Patryk Adamczyk 50.89 5 Pavel Agafonov 50.98 6 Ben Kiely 51.98 7 Jonas HANßEN 51.99 8 Ludvy Vaillant 52.29" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Shomu-tepe" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Shomu-tepe''' (Şomutəpə) is an ancient settlement in the Agstafa District of Azerbaijan.", "The Neolithic Shulaveri-Shomu culture that formed in the Southern Caucasus is connected with the name of this monument.The settlement is located in the northern suburb of the modern city of Agstafa." ], [ "Research", "During the 1960s, I. G. Narimanov, was the first to recognize a new culture that he named 'Shomu', after he excavated this site on the outskirts of Agstafa.", "This is now known as Shulaveri-Shomu culture.", "In 1961–1964, he carried out research in the area of 400 square meters in the residential area of Agstafa." ], [ "Settlement", "The thickness of the cultural level at the settlement varies from 1 to 2.5 m.The inhabitants of Shomutape lived in small round houses built of unbaked plano-convex bricks.", "The ceiling of the house was supported by a pole buried in the floor.", "Houses had one and sometimes two entrances.", "The maximum diameter of these residential buildings was 3.7 m. Later, Narimanov identified two types of circular buildings here, small with a diameter around 2 m, and large with a diameter around 3.5 m.Ganja History-Ethnography MuseumThe fireplaces used to heat the houses were placed near the walls.", "Some stoves were also located outside.", "The farm buildings of Shomutape had a circular plan like the residential houses.Cereal grains, tools made of stone and bone, including grinding stones and bone sickles, were discovered in the Shomutape settlement.", "The lithic industry of the inhabitants was almost exclusively based on obsidian, consisting mainly of blades, but sometimes also using microliths.A female figure made of bone was also found.Ceramics were made of clay mixed with sand, and sometimes covered with red paint.", "They are mostly grit-tempered but sometimes also vegetal-tempered." ], [ "See also", "History of Azerbaijan" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "Bibliography", " * R. M. MUNCHAEV, Shomutepe - article in \"The Great Soviet Encyclopedia\" (1979)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Pierre Raffin" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Pierre René Ferdinand Raffin''' (13 February 1938 – 2 February 2024) was a French prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.Born in Nancy, Raffin was professed as a friar of the Dominican Order in 1957, becoming a deacon in 1963.He was ordained to the priesthood in 1964.He was appointed bishop of Metz in 1987, serving until his retirement in 2013.Raffin died in Metz on 2 February 2024, at the age of 85." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Anwar Al-Baba" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Anwar Al-Baba''' (Arabic: ) was a Syrian actor who became famous for being one of the first actors in Syria.", "He gained popularity for playing the character \"Umm Kamel.\"" ], [ "Early life", "Born in Damascus in 1915 to a Damascene family, his Uncle is the famous calligrapher who migrated to Egypt , Mohammad Hosni." ], [ "Career", "His journey in the world of art commenced with school plays, where his talent started to shine.", "In 1937, he took part in the play \"Ataturk,\" followed by \"The Crime of the Fathers\" in 1938.Collaborating with the Egyptian band Amin Atallah, he worked in the Presidency of the Council of Ministers in 1938.In 1939, he formed an amateur band with fifteen actors.", "In 1961, he relocated to Lebanon for work in radio and television, later returning to Damascus to join the Mahmoud Gabr band and the Qanoua Brothers Ensemble.Before venturing into cinema, he gained recognition through a radio play, playing Kamel's mother and creating a significant impact.", "This marked the beginning of his artistic journey in 1939, filled with successes and notable roles, especially in resurrecting the captivating character of Kamel's mother, which contributed to his widespread fame in Syria and across the Arab countries." ], [ "Personal life", "In 1955, he tied the knot with I'tidal Rafi', a Syrian writer and poet , and together they had two daughters" ], [ "Death", "In 1991, he stopped playing his role in \"Al Akhra ya Fakhra\" Play with Qanoua Brothers due to his brain tumor .", "He died at the age of 76 in Damascus 19-1-1992" ], [ "Filmography", "* Light and Darkness (1948)* The Daughter of Desert (1958)* Ismail Yassine for Sale (1958)* Couples and the Summer (1961)* You're My Life (1964)* The Adventures of Felfela (1966)* Mesharaty of Ramadan (1967)* The Pisces (1968)* The Chief of the Sabaa Bahrat Square (1969)* A Woman Who Lives Alone (1971)* Sayyah's Father The 12th (1972)* Apartment for Love (1973)* Memory of a Night of Love (1973)* The Beauty of the Desert (1974)* The Deceased Will (1975) * My Love Is Very Crazy (1975)* The Belle & the Space Conqueror (1975)* The Clown's Love (1976)* The Second Story from the Biography of Bani Hilal: The Green Princess (1978)* Ahmad The Jazzar Pasha (1979)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Lovers in a Past Life" ], [ "Introduction", "\"'''Lovers in a Past Life'''\" is a song by Scottish DJ Calvin Harris and English singer Rag'n'Bone Man, released as a single on 16 February 2024 through Sony Music.", "It was written by the pair with Andrew Watt, Cleo Tighe and Jon Green, with Harris and Watt producing the song." ], [ "Reception", "''Cultr'' called the song \"the perfect summer jam\" and Rag'n'Bone Man's vocals \"unique\"." ], [ "Charts", "+ Chart performance for \"Lovers in a Past Life\" Chart (2024) Peakposition Netherlands (Tipparade) 30" ], [ "Release history", "+ Release dates and formats for \"Lovers in a Past Life\" Region Date Format Label Various 16 February 2024 Sony Italy Radio airplay" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Crown and Kettle" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Crown and Kettle''' is a historic public house in Ancoats, Manchester, England.", "It is located on the corner of Oldham Road and Great Ancoats Street.", "The Campaign for Real Ale considers it a \"pub with outstanding conversion or restoration.\"" ], [ "History", "The pub was originally opened around 1800 in a Gothic style with traceried windows and was previously known as the 'Iron Dish & Cob of Coal'.", "There are records of a building being in this location since as early as 1734, with it at one time serving as a courthouse.The mahogany panelling originally installed within the small snug is claimed to have been sourced from one of a pair of British rigid airships, R100 or R101.On 2 October 1974, the Crown and Kettle became a Grade II listed building.In 1989, the pub was closed by Manchester City Council following a fire which damaged half of the interior.", "It reopened in 2005 following restoration work with Historic England, including to the plaster ceiling which was restored in one bar and left in an unrestored state in the other.", "The stone columns that are still present used to hold chandeliers hanging from ceiling roses.", "The interior was refurbished again in 2020.In 2023, the Crown and Kettle was recognised as one of the best pubs in the North West when it was named as a county winner in the National Pub & Bar Awards." ], [ "See also", "*Listed buildings in Manchester-M4" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "About Them Shoes" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''About Them Shoes''''' is an album by the American musician Hubert Sumlin, released in 2005.It was delayed for four years due to litigation.", "According to Sumlin, the album title was inspired by something Levon Helm said in the studio; on other occasions, he attributed the saying to his father.The album peaked at No.", "7 on ''Billboard''s Top Blues Albums chart.", "Sumlin supported it with a North American tour.", "''About Them Shoes'' was nominated for a Grammy Award for \"Best Traditional Blues Album\".", "It won a Blues Music Award for best \"Traditional Blues Album\"." ], [ "Production", "''About Them Shoes'' was produced by Rob Fraboni and Ben Elliott.", "Seven of the album's songs are associated with Muddy Waters, four with Howlin' Wolf; Sumlin was taught a few of the Waters songs by Otis Spann.", "Sumlin played lead guitar on all of the tracks.", "David Johansen sang on the cover of Willie Dixon's \"The Same Thing\".", "Blondie Chaplin sang on \"Look What You've Done\".", "Helm played drums on eight tracks.", "Keith Richards, who helped plan the album and chose to lean on the Waters songbook, sang on \"Still a Fool\".", "Eric Clapton sang and played guitar on \"I'm Ready\".", "Sumlin sang on the closing track, the acoustic \"This Is the End, Little Girl\"; Richards played bass.", "Michael \"Mudcat\" Ward played bass on most of the tracks.", "Paul Oscher played harmonica.", "Waters band alumni James Cotton and Bob Margolin also contributed." ], [ "Critical reception", "The ''Lincoln Journal Star'' praised \"Sumlin's spare but emotional guitar work,\" writing that he goes \"for a laid-back groove rather than overheated flash.\"", "The ''Detroit Free Press'' determined that, \"though an obvious labor of love for all involved, it remains Sumlin's show throughout.\"", "''The Washington Post'' said that, \"playing finger-style electric guitar, Sumlin laces these tracks with a peculiar assortment of rubbery note bends, skittish triplets, stinging slides and vibrato-ringing tones.\"", "The ''Chicago Tribune'' wrote that \"the result is surprisingly unflashy and elegantly simple, as everybody plays his role and defers to Sumlin.", "\"''The Christian Science Monitor'' noted that Sumlin \"seems to be having the rollicking good time of his long and prolific career on this disc.\"", "''The Independent'' concluded that ''About Them Shoes'' will \"put you in mind of Johnny Winter's last-gasp repointing of Muddy in the late '70s... No bad thing.\"", "''The Post and Courier'' stated that, \"even in his later years, Sumlin can still make his guitar scream and growl.\"", "''The Boston Globe'' opined that \"the overall results are more archival than incendiary, but if you like old-school electric blues, this will be a familiar tonic.", "\"AllMusic wrote: \"''About Them Shoes'' could have taken the marquee talent and gone for a glitzy platform to bring Hubert Sumlin into the mainstream.", "Instead, they dive headfirst into what this music is all about, and in doing so have come up with a mini-masterpiece.\"" ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Martyrs of Kantara" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''martyrs of Kantara''' are thirteen Orthodox monks from the Kantara monastery in Cyprus, persecuted and executed in May 1231 at the request of Pope Gregory IX and under the direction of his emissary, Andrew.", "After an inquisition trial for refusing the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist, they were imprisoned, tortured, and then burned alive.", "One of them died in prison before the execution.They are venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church and more specifically in the Church of Cyprus as martyrs on May 19.The story of their martyrdom is partially recounted in a hagiographic text dating from the 1270s called the ''Narratio of the Thirteen Martyrs''." ], [ "History", "=== Sources ===The event and the execution of the thirteen monks are known in part through a text written around 1270, called the \"''Narratio of the Thirteen Martyrs''\", as well as through letters exchanged between the Patriarch of Constantinople Germanus II and Pope Gregory IX, where they discussed the event.", "Later Dominican sources also mentioned the events, notably by criticizing the thirteen monks.Apart from these sources, there are other relatively numerous occurrences in the literature of the period.", "The event and the martyrdom are considered historical by historians, although hagiographic accounts may sometimes be questioned.=== Background ===After the conquest of Cyprus by Richard the Lionheart from the hands of the Byzantine usurper Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus, following a series of events, he sold the island to Guy of Lusignan.", "After the establishment of the Kingdom of Cyprus, a parallel Catholic religious hierarchy was established alongside the pre-existing Orthodox hierarchy.", "Assisted by royal power and supported by successive popes, they embarked on a campaign of conversions, religious pressures, and power struggles targeting the Orthodox communities on the island.They were aided by the forced exile of a large majority of Orthodox bishops from the island, usually leaving only the Orthodox monasteries in the forefront, among which the Machairas monastery and the Kantara monastery stood out, to resist against royal and papal authority.Gregory IX was known as a particularly uncompromising and violent pope; in 1231, the same year as the death of the monks, he issued the bull \"''Excommunicatus''\", confirming that the punishment for heretics was death.=== Persecution and executions ===Pope Gregory IX took measures to convert the island to Catholicism; he ordered that no position be given to anyone who did not recognize Latin practices.", "Subsequently, he sent a Dominican emissary to the island, Andrew, who engaged in a policy of persecutions targeting the Orthodox population.Between 1231 and 1233, a series of persecutions befell the Orthodox clergy of Cyprus.", "In particular, thirteen monks from the Kantara Monastery were persecuted for their refusal to use unleavened bread for the Eucharist.", "This element indicates that the main point of conflict was the liturgical question, primarily.", "They underwent an inquisition trial for heresy and were then imprisoned for three years by order of the high-court of the Kingdom, composed of Frankish barons and Catholic clergy.The monks were subsequently tortured, at least once in public.", "One of them died during imprisonment and was not executed.Since they weren't changing their minds,Gregory IX directly instructed the Catholic archbishop of the island, Eustorgus, to consider them as heretics, they were then killed by being burned alive.", "The execution took place in May 1231.Their bones were then mixed with those of animals to avoid producing relics.=== Consequences ===The Patriarch of Constantinople, Germanus II, sent a letter to Pope Gregory IX to highlight his and Henry of Cyprus's responsibility in the executions.", "The pope replied that they were \"schismatics\" but agreed to backtrack on the issue of the use of unleavened bread.The death of the martyrs served as a catalyst for popular resentment, which grew in magnitude and sought the rejection of the Latin authorities occupying the island and their Catholic religious hierarchy.", "In particular, the narrative in the ''Narratio'' compares the Catholic inquisitors to the high priests persecuting Jesus, Henry of Cyprus to Pontius Pilate, and the Dominican Andrew to Caiaphas.", "In reality, this strengthened the Orthodox position, with these martyrs as an example, thus becoming more steadfast in their beliefs.Monasteries became the centers of Orthodox resistance on the island, and tensions remained violent and strained between the two communities until 1260 when Pope Alexander IV issued the ''Bulla Cypria''.", "This sought a position of coexistence, although heavily favoring the Catholic Church, and helped alleviate tensions to some extent." ], [ "Legacy", "=== Scientific research ===The fact that certain Western Catholic researchers, such as Louis de Mas Latrie, avoided mentioning the event in their studies on the history of Cyprus, has been criticized in more recent studies, for example, by A. Nicolaou-Konnari.=== Religious veneration ===The thirteen monks are considered saints and martyrs in the Eastern Orthodox Church, particularly in the Church of Cyprus, where they are celebrated on May 19th." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Vonoma" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Bundibugyo road with the Rwenzori ranges.", "'''The Vonoma people (Tribe) are the smallest tribe in Uganda.", "Their existing population is approximately 2,613, they are one of Africa's smallest tribes.", "They are an indigenous tribe that is on the verge of extinction.", "They have their own language and tribal customs that they adhere to this day.", "The Vonoma people live in present-day Bundibugyo district in South-Western Uganda.", "Some Vonoma people migrated from Dr. Congo while fleeing from forced labor orchestrated by the Belgian rule in Congo.", "Today, the Vonoma people have settled and mixed with other tribes like Baamba, Babwisi, and Batwa in Bundibugyo district.", "They are led by Omudhingiya (King) called Omudhingiya Martin Kamya Ayongi." ], [ "See also", "* Gisu People* Buganda* Ugandan Traditions* Ugandan Folklore" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "The World in a Village" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''The World in a Village''''' is a 1793 comedy play by the Irish writer John O'Keeffe.", "It was staged at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London on 23 November 1793.The original cast included John Powell as Sir Henry Check, John Henry Johnstone as Captain Mullinahack, James Middleton as William Bellevue, Joseph George Holman as Charles, Thomas Hull as Willows, William Cubitt as Captain Vanslueisen, William Macready as Briers, John Fawcett as Master Jack, William Thomas Lewis as Grigsby, Joseph Shepherd Munden as Jollyboy, Harriet Pye Esten as Louisa, Isabella Mattocks as Mrs Allbut and Susan Fawcett as Mrs. Bellevue.", "It's Irish premiere took place at the Crow Street Theatre on 25 November 1794." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Greene, John C. ''Theatre in Dublin, 1745-1820: A Calendar of Performances, Volume 6''.", "Lexington Books, 2011.", "* Nicoll, Allardyce.", "''A History of English Drama 1660–1900: Volume III''.", "Cambridge University Press, 2009.", "* Hogan, C.B (ed.)", "''The London Stage, 1660–1800: Volume V''.", "Southern Illinois University Press, 1968." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Gangineni railway station" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Gangineni railway station''' (station code - GNN) is an Indian Railways station in Ganginenipalem, G. Konduru mandal of NTR district in Andhra Pradesh.", "It lies on Kazipet - Vijayawada section of New Delhi - Chennai main line.", "It is administered under Secunderabad railway division of the South Central Railway zone." ], [ "See also", "*List of railway stations in India" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Manu Munsi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Manu Munsi''', also spelt as '''Manu Munshi''' or '''Monu Munshi''' (Bengali: মনু মুন্সী), born as '''Manomohan Munshi''' (2 August 1924– 20 February 2009), was an Indian painter and sculptor.", "He played a key role in the upliftment of the Mother-of-pearl art movement in India during the mid-to-end of the 20th century.", "His most notable works on the Mother-of-pearl platform include ''Gandhiji's Noakhali Expedition'', ''Indira Gandhi'' and ''Nur Jahan''.", "Apart from the Mother-of-pearl artworks and sculptures, Munshi also holds credit to establish wire sculptures in Bengal.", "Some of his notable wire sculptures are ''Rabindranath Tagore'', ''Kazi Nazrul Islam'', ''Swami Vivekananda'', ''Mahatma Gandhi'', ''Bhagat Singh'' and so on.", "He was nominated for Padmashri, the fourth highest civilian award in India in 1986 for his contributions in fine and visual arts.", "Some of his works have been listed within the personal collections of notable personalities like Bidhan Chandra Roy, the former Chief Minister of West Bengal and Satyajit Ray, renowned director.", "He is also credited with portraying Tagore in various artistic poses beautifully engraved with metal plates." ], [ "Birth and family background", "Munshi was born in the Chaugachha zamindar family of Jessore on 2 August in 1924 to renowned Mother-of-pearl artist Anukul Charan Munshi who is often regarded as the ''Father of Indian Mother-of-Pearl artistry'' in India.", "His elder brother was notable artist Annada Munshi who is often called the ''Father of Commercial Art in India'' according to considerable number of art critics.", "Pratip Munshi, another acclaimed Mother-of-pearl artist was a cousin to him." ], [ "Initial days and education", "Munshi, after finishing his matriculation, started his journey as a novice in the studio of renowned painter Prahlad Karmakar in Calcutta.", "Elder brother Annada's wish led him to take admission in the then Government Art School (present day Government College of Art and Craft) in Calcutta." ], [ "Career as an artist", "Munshi ventured his career as a commercial artist in the J. Walter Thompson, India, driven by the joint inspiration from Annada Munshi and noted film-director Rajen Tarafdar.", "During the course of his career, he felt that the commercial art was not for him, hence decided to resign.", "Later he joined the Government Arts and Craft Board and ended up resigning from there too.", "But, his most successful career spanned for almost thirty years when he became a permanent part of the All India Handicrafts Board before he retired as a senior artist." ], [ "Notable achievements and accolades", "* Munshi's most accomplished work on Mother-of-pearl platform is ''Gandhiji's Noakhali Expedition'' which was hand-picked by the then Chief Minister of West Bengal Bharat Ratna Bidhan Chandra Roy as the ''Best representative of Charu and Karu Art of Bengal'' and was sent to the United States for public exhibition.", "* In 1972, Munshi was honoured with the certificate of merit from the Rabindra Bharati University.", "* In 1986, Munshi was nominated for Padmashri.", "But, he was not listed within the final recipients of the distinguished award by the then Government of India for the year.", "When asked about this, he used to say, \"That's when publicity hinders the creation of art.", "\"Padmashri recommendation letter to Munsi" ], [ "Notable works", "Some of his notable Mother-of-Pearl artworks are ''Gandhiji's Noakhali Expedition'', ''Indira Gandhi'' (1985) and ''Nur Jahan''.", "Furthermore, he is acknowledged for his portrayal of Tagore in a variety of creative stances exquisitely etched with metal plates.", "Among his ample wire sculptures and portraits, some are prominent, i.e., ''Rabindranath Tagore'', ''Kazi Nazrul Islam'', ''Swami Vivekananda''.", "''Mahatma Gandhi'' and ''Bhagat Singh''.Indira Gandhi (Mother of Pearl Artwork) by MunshiNur Jahan (Mother of Pearl Artwork) by Manu MunshiTagore's portrait (platform: metallic plates) by MunsiIn 1985, Satyajit Ray wrote about Manu Munshi's Mother-of-pearl piece titled ''Indira Gandhi'':\"I have seen the mother-of-pearl portrait of Smt.", "Gandhi done by Shri Manu Munshi.", "I find it of excellent quality.", "\"Certificate of appreciation from Ray to Munshi" ], [ "Patrons", "During his entire career as an art activist, Munshi was patronized by many renowned personalities of the same era including his own elder brother Annada Munshi, Satyajit Ray, Barrister Subodh Chandra Roy, Bidhan Chandra Roy, Subho Tagore, Hiranmay Bandopadhyay, Rajen Tarafdar, Humayun Kabir and Jahangir Kabir.", "His paternal name was 'Manomohan Munshi'.", "Later, the then Chief Minister of Bengal, Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy shortened his name to 'Manu'.", "Later he gained fame at the national and international level with this name.Munsi (left) with Satyajit Ray (right)" ], [ "Personal life", "Munshi was married to Maya Bose (later Maya Munshi) who belonged to a elite class family from Khannyan of Hooghly of West Bengal.", "The couple has three sons.Munshi with his wife Maya" ], [ "Demise", "On 20 February in the year 2009, Munshi died of overloaded old-age conditions in his own residence at Bediapara, Dum Dum in Kolkata." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Journal of Anime and Manga Studies" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''''Journal of Anime and Manga Studies''''' (JAMS) is an annual, peer-reviewed academic journal about anime and manga, cosplay, and their fandoms.", "It is published by the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign." ], [ "History", "JAMS was founded by Billy Tringali and launched in November 2020 as an open access journal.", "Tringali stated that goal of founding JAMS included an interest in increasing the accessibility of scholarship about anime and manga.In 2019, the journal was sourced by The Washington Post for a comment on Disney's appropriation of elements from the Japanese anime, ''Kimba the White Lion'', to make the film, ''The Lion King''." ], [ "Abstracting and indexing", "The journal is indexed by ROAD, Crossref, FATCAT, Wikidata, and the Directory of Open Access Journals.JAMS is published under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial license.", "The journal does not require article processing charges.", "Anonymous peer review is provide" ], [ "Symposium", "In 2023, JAMS partnered with ''Mechademia'' and Anime Expo to launch the MechaJAMS Symposium, held at the Los Angeles Convention Center during Anime Expo, which consisted of nine panels.", "Future symposiums will be a collaboration between JAMS and Anime Expo." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Abu Dhabi Open – Singles" ], [ "Introduction", "Elena Rybakina defeated Daria Kasatkina in the final, 6–1, 6–4 to win the singles tennis title at the 2024 Abu Dhabi Open.", "It was her seventh WTA Tour-level singles title.Belinda Bencic was the reigning champion, but did not defend her title due to pregnancy." ], [ "Seeds", "The top four seeds received a bye into the second round." ], [ "Draw", "===Finals======Top half======Bottom half===" ], [ "Qualifying", "===Seeds======Qualifiers====== Lucky losers ======Qualifying draw=======First qualifier========Second qualifier========Third qualifier========Fourth qualifier========Fifth qualifier========Sixth qualifier====" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Main draw* Qualifying draw" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Hilda González Klusmann" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Hilda Obeyda González Klusmann''' is a Guatemalan military who serves as commander of the Regional Peacekeeping Operations Training Command of the Armed Forces of Guatemala since 2024.She is the first female commander of the Armed Forces of Guatemala in its history." ], [ "Biography", "González was born into a military family, as her parents and her brother belonged to the Guatemalan Army.", "She was awarded a scholarship by the Ministry of National Defense to study at the Military Nursing School of Mexico, where she graduated in 1994.González admits that she would have preferred to enter the Polytechnic School of Guatemala to be a cadet, however, at that time they did not admit women yet." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nathaniel Hailemariam" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nathaniel Hailemariam''' (born 8 March 1994) is a New Zealand footballer who plays as a striker for Wellington Olympic." ], [ "Early life", "Hailemariam left school in 2012." ], [ "Career", "Hailemariam played for New Zealand side Auckland City at the FIFA Club World Cup." ], [ "Style of play", "Hailemariam mainly operates as a striker and is left-footed." ], [ "Personal life", "Hailemariam was born to a nurse mother and an engineer father." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "145 Piccadilly" ], [ "Introduction", "Duke and Duchess of York with Princess Elizabeth in 1926allotment by the Girls' Training Corps in 1942The ruins of 145 Piccadilly in 1942'''145 Piccadilly''' was a large terraced townhouse on Piccadilly in the London district of Mayfair.", "Built in the late 18th-century, it was the residence of Hamar Bass in the late 19th-century and home to the Duke and Duchess of York (subsequently King George VI and Queen Elizabeth) and two young daughters, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret from 1926 to 1936.It was badly damaged in an air raid in 1940 and demolished in 1959." ], [ "Location and description", "The house faced Green Park and was near the Hyde Park Corner end of Piccadilly.", "It was built c.1795 to designs by Samuel Pepys Cockerell for Sir Drummond Smith, 1st Baronet.", "It was set over five storeys with 25 rooms, a ballroom and a library.", "The house opened onto a large hallway with green columns.", "The house had an electric lift and a large glass dome was situated in the roof.", "A morning room overlooked a small garden which led to Hamilton Gardens, a communal garden shared with the other residents of adjoining houses.", "Hamilton Gardens directly joined Hyde Park." ], [ "History", "William Purey, the eldest son of William Cust, died at No.", "145 on 11 February 1845, aged 44.The German pianist and composer Jacques Blumenthal held his Annual Grande Matinee Musicale at the house in June 1859 when it was the residence of Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton.It was the residence of the brewer and politician Hamar Bass in the 1880s and 1890s.", "He left it in 1898 to his son Sir William Bass, 2nd Baronet.", "Albert Maximilian von Goldschmidt-Rothschild and his wife occupied No.", "145 from 1912.The Central Voluntary Work Rooms of the British Red Cross were based at the house during World War I to coordinate the efforts of making garments for troops in the war.An auction of contents from the house was held on 4 October 1921 by Dowsett, Knight & Taylor.", "The freehold of the house was held by the Crown Estate and the remaining 21 years of the lease were put up for tender in November 1921.A 60-year lease was put up for sale in May 1922.The Health and Empire Christmas Market was opened at the house by Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll in 1922.In 1924 the house was the headquarters of Lord Haig's British Legion Appeal Fund's \"Poppy Day\" (subsequently known as Remembrance Day).", "In November 1924 Edward, Prince of Wales visited the house after visiting the Poppy Factory in St James's Road in Bermondsey.===Duke and Duchess of York===The Duke and Duchess of York (subsequently King George VI and Queen Elizabeth) lived there with their two young daughters, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret from 1926 to 1936.The Yorks would stay at the Royal Lodge in Windsor when outside London.", "The house had day and night nurseries for the young princesses.", "The day nursery had a tall cabinet with curios and gifts from all over the British Empire given by the princess's grandmother, Queen Mary.", "Princess Elizabeth's rooms were on the fourth floor of the house.", "Elizabeth's sister, Margaret, was born in 1930.The Yorks moved into the house with their daughters following their return from a six-month tour of Australia and New Zealand.", "The family had previously lived at nearby 17 Bruton Street.", "The Yorks stood before crowds on the balcony of the house on 27 June 1927 with their baby daughter, Elizabeth, following their return from the trip.", "The Yorks moved from 145 Piccadilly in December 1936 to Buckingham Palace with the George's ascension to the British throne following the abdication of his brother Edward.", "Buckingham Palace had been neglected during Edward's brief reign, and George was said to have preferred to carry on living at No.", "145.Plans to build a secret tunnel between the two houses were discussed.In her book ''The Little Princesses'', the princesses' nanny, Marion Crawford described the house as \"a homelike and unpretentious household\" and that she \"never known a house with a nicer atmosphere\".", "Crawford taught the two girls in a schoolroom on the third floor.", "Princess Elizabeth's toys at the house included 30 toy horses and a farm set that had been collected in individual pieces from Woolworths.===Later history===An exhibition of 'Royal and Historic Treasures' was held at the house from late June until the end of September 1939, in aid of the Heritage Craft Schools for Crippled Children in the Sussex town of Chailey.", "The exhibition was the initiative of Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone.", "The exhibition featured objects on loan from the British royal family, London livery companies and other public collections.", "Among the curios on display were a waistcoat worn by Christopher Wren at the opening of St. Paul's Cathedral, a sleeping bag owned by Antarctic explorer Lawrence Oates, Elizabeth I's petticoat, a table belonging to Marie Antoinette, and an artist's palette which was used by J. M. W. Turner.", "Queen Mary visited the exhibition on 10 July, accompanied by Mary, Princess Royal, Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain, Alexander Cambridge, Earl of Athlone, Princess Helena Victoria, Princess Marie Louise, and Princess Alice.", "Sacha Votichenko performed on his tympanon royal for Queen Mary and her royal party.The house was badly damaged during the London Blitz of World War II during an air raid on 7 October 1940.In 1942 the ruins of the house became the site of an allotment run by the Girls' Training Corps under the leadership of Irene Astor, Baroness Astor of Hever in 1942.In 1939 it was put up for rent, with a rental period expiring in 1975.The 1939 annual rent was estimated at £2,500 ().", "The lease on No.", "145 was bought by Alexander Korda of London Films in March 1947.The adjoining house, No.", "144 was the headquarters of the publicity department of London Films.", "Korda also leased No.", "146 which he converted from a private house to offices.It was demolished in 1959 as part of the development of the roads at Hyde Park Corner.", "In September 1969 the London Street Commune was established at the adjoining house, No.", "144.In 1969 142, 143, 144, and 145 Piccadilly were owned on a leasehold tenure by Amalgamated West End Developments, a subsidiary of the Stock Conversion and Investment Trust.", "The InterContinental London Park Lane hotel was built in 1975 on the site of the house." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Flávio Ramos (footballer, born 1889)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Flávio Ramos''' (14 April 1889 – 14 September 1967), was a Brazilian footballer who played as a forward." ], [ "Career", "Flávio Ramos was a player, member #1, first president and first goal scorer of the history of Botafogo Football Club, against Petropolitano Football Club, on 21 May 1905.Scored 58 goals in 58 matches for the club, from 1904 to 1913.He conceived the creation of the team during a class at school, alongside fellow player and founder Emmanuel Sodré (Mimi Sodré's older brother).", "Ramos was also top scorer in the Campeonato Carioca twice, and scored 7 goals in the historic match 24–0 against Sport Club Mangueira, which took place on 30 May 1909." ], [ "Honours", ";BotafogoCampeonato Carioca: 1907, 1910;Individual1907 Campeonato Carioca top scorer: 6 goals1909 Campeonato Carioca top scorer: 18 goals" ], [ "See also", "History of Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Flávio Ramos at ogol.com.br" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Petita Palma" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Petita Palma Piñeiros''' (born 4 March 1927) is an Ecuadorian singer who is regarded as a national treasure.", "Marimba music and traditions from the Ecuadorian province of Esmeraldas are recognised by the UN as part of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity." ], [ "Life", "Palma was born in Esmeraldas on the north-west coast of Ecuador in 1927, but she was brought up in Borbon.", "She discovered the marimba music and the local poetry.", "She regards herself as an artist and folklorist, with a special interest in the marimba instrument that is known to the Chachi people.When she began to perform she was called the \"black marimbera\" which she thought was intended to be an insult.", "However she was proud of her ancestry and she decided that she liked the nickname.She formed a music group called ''Tierra Caliente'' that would be with her for some time.", "She and the group would later create the Marimba School in 1969.Two of her songs ''Andarele'' and ''Caderona vení meniate'' became well known.", "The ''Andarele'' has a back story from its origins in the Montalvo Canton.", "It is said to come from a particular area were the musicians would play the ''Andarele'' into the night.", "People would arrive and be entranced so that they stayed through the night.", "At dawm some would want to stay, while others would say \"lets go\".", "Anderele is said to mean \"lets go\".Ecuador's National Assembly praising Guillermo Ayoví Erazo and Palma.In 2007 she received the country's highest cultural award Premio Eugenio Espejo for her group's contribution to the Ecuadorian culture through the practice and teaching of the marimba.In July 2007, she and Guillermo Ayoví Erazo (known as Papá Roncón) were invited to Ecuador's National Assembly where a plenary session was conducted in honour of the two of them." ], [ "Intangible cultural heritage", "In 2015 Marimba music and traditions from the Ecuadorian province of Esmeraldas were recognised by the UN as part of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.", "Palma was given another honour in 2017 when the Nigerian Embassy in Ecuador renamed its press room in her honour.", "In 2020 at the age of 92 she was still giving lessons.", "She has been quoted as saying \"“When you hear the voice of the marimba, the bass drum, cununo and guasá, of the singers, this is and continues to be for me like something heavenly\"." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Flávio Ramos" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Flávio Ramos''' may refer to:Flávio Ramos (footballer, born 1889), Flávio da Silva Ramos, founder, president and player of Botafogo FCFlávio Ramos (footballer, born 1994), Flávio da Silva Ramos, Brazilian football central defender" ], [ "See also", "FlávioRamos" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2016 Kyoto mayoral election" ], [ "Introduction", "The 2016 Kyoto mayoral election was held on February 7, 2016.Incumbent mayor Daisaku Kadokawa ran for a third term, opposed by Independent and JCP politician Kumiko Honda and Independent Takashi Mikami.", "The total votes in the election were 398,988, a slight decrease in turnout compared to 2012.Kadokawa won by a wide margin compared to his 2012 election." ], [ "Overview", "The election was held upon the expiration of the term of incumbent Daisaku Kadokawa.", "Kadokawa ran for another term, and was backed by the LDP, DPJ, Komeito, and SDP.", "The Japanese Communist Party supported Kumiko Honda.", "There was thought briefly that Nippon Ishin no Kai and the Kyoto Party, a smaller regional conservative group, would run Kyoto City Councilor Yoshie Murayama on a joint-ticket, but the two parties split and the candidacy was aborted.", "Both parties chose to support neither candidate afterwards.", "Takashi Mikami also ran as an independent." ], [ "Candidates", "Three candidates ran, two of which were backed by national parties.NameAgePartyTitle'''Daisaku Kadokawa'''65IndependentIncumbent Mayor of KyotoFormer Superintendent of Education in Kyoto'''Takashi Mikami'''85IndependentFormer Kyoto Prefectural Assembly Member'''Kumiko Honda'''66IndependentKyoto Education Center Executive DirectorFormer City Teachers Union Executive Committee Chairman" ], [ "Results", "=== By ward ===+Ward Counting ResultsWardDaisaku KadokawaKumiko HondaTakashi MikamiVotes%Votes%Votes%Total'''254,545''''''63.80%'''129,11932.36%15,3343.84%Kita'''20,453''''''60.06%'''12,27636.05%1,3283.90%Kamigyō'''15,263''''''62.49%'''8,19033.53%9723.98%Sakyō'''26,715''''''55.65%'''19,16739.92%2,1264.43%Nakagyō'''20,009''''''63.66%'''10,01631.87%1,4064.47%Higashiyama'''6,558''''''61.19%'''3,62133.79%5385.02%Yamashina'''24,370''''''67.16%'''10,62529.28%1,2893.55%Shimogyō'''13,454''''''64.42%'''6,42930.78%1,0014.79%Minami'''16,007''''''64.53%'''7,85931.68%9413.79%Ukyō'''35,530''''''63.58%'''18,37332.88%1,9793.54%Nishikyō'''27,571''''''66.92%'''12,15329.50%1,4753.58%Fushimi'''48,615''''''68.18%'''20,41028.62%2,2793.20%" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "All India Rank" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''All India Rank''''' is a 2023 Indian Hindi-language coming of age comedy drama film directed and written by Varun Grover and produced by Matchbox Shots.", "The film stars Bodhisattva Sharma in a lead role alongside Shashi Bhushan, Samta Sudiksha, Geeta Agarwal, Sheeba Chaddha and Vicky Kaushal.", "It was the closing film at the 52nd IFFR.", "The film is scheduled for theatrical release on 23 February 2024." ], [ "Cast" ], [ "Production", "===Development===Director Varun Grover announced the film on 13 April 2022, revealing that it is produced by Sanjay Routray and Sarita Patil.", "Cinematography is done by Archana Ghangrekar, and editing is done by Sanyukta Kaza." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "The Eye of the Earth" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''The Eye of the Earth''''' is a collection of poems by Niyi Osundare, published in 1986 by Heinemann Educational Books.", "The work was awarded the Commonwealth Writers' Prize for the African poetry book category, and the Association of Nigerian Authors' Poetry Prize in its year of publication.", "The collection comprises nineteen poems that explore nature, culture, memory, and social justice.", "The anthology is divided into three sections, each reflecting a different aspect of the poet's relationship with his homeland." ], [ "Summary", "The anthology begins with an introduction, where Osundare discusses his connection with the environment, particularly the forest, the rocks, and the rain, which he experienced growing up in his hometown, Ikere, a town in southwestern Nigeria.", "He also expresses concern for the degradation of the earth's resources due to human activities and natural erosion, and his hope for a sustainable environment.The first section contains three poems.", "In these poems, the poet recalls his childhood memories of the forest, where he witnessed the beauty and diversity of nature, as well as the destruction and exploitation of the land and the trees.", "He also reflects on the rocks of Olosunta, which he regards as both a physical and a mystical element in Ikere cosmology.", "He emphasises the enduring forms of nature, which are monuments of time and place, and the economic value of the rocks.", "He also advocates for an egalitarian society and economic justice, and criticises the greed and oppression of those who exploit the earth and its resources.", "He also praises the earth as a source of growth and productivity.", "He celebrates the yam and other crops like cobs, cotton, and beans, and recalls the time before colonisation when Africa had its own identity and peace.", "He also presents Africa's past as a defence against today's alienation, and ends the section with a question about why we are still hungry in the midst of plenty.The second section includes seven poems.", "These poems explore the effects of rain, which the poet views as beneficial for the earth and its inhabitants.", "He notes the arrival of rain after a period of dryness, but comments that it is insufficient to restore the earth.", "He contrasts the past and the present, using the metaphor of the sky carrying a boil of distress, the dust in simmering kitchens, bedrooms, and factories, and the unnatural desert.", "He criticises those who exploit the forest and live at the expense of the earth.", "He depicts a world after the exploitation and desecration of the earth, its resources, and its ecological balance, and shows the anger and disorder in nature, and the danger to man and nature.", "He presents contrasting situations, and describes the positive aspects of nature when it rains, and the negative aspects when there is drought.", "He concludes the section with a vision of a regenerated earth and a restored harmony between man and nature.The third section contains nine poems.", "In these poems, the poet reflects on his identity and his connection with his homeland and its culture.", "He uses the term \"memory\" to describe his recollections of the forest of Ubo Abusoro, where he recalls the destruction of the land and the trees by timber merchants, and the celebration of the palm-wine tree, the birds, the beasts, the antelopes, the partridge, the weaver bird, the squirrel, the chameleon, the praying mantis, the termites, the snakes, and the monkeys.", "He also describes his encounter with the rocks of Olosunta, another aspect of physical nature, which he addresses as a wayfarer who has been long and far, and who is doing a homecoming of a kind, a journey back and forth into a receding past which still has a right to live.", "He also discusses the cosmic consciousness of the Ikere people, who worship and appease the rocks with rare gifts, thunderous drumming, and dancing.", "He also narrates his personal and poetic journey from his rural upbringing to his urban education, and his return to his roots as a farmer-born.The book addresses the challenges faced by Nigerians due to environmental degradation, pollution, industrial exploitation, and the societal changes that accompany every stage of the country's neocolonial development.", "The resilience and resistance of the people are highlighted, as well as their potential to create a new world.", "The book concludes with a call to return to the earth, the source of life and wisdom." ], [ "Reception", "The book received positive feedback from critics and scholars.", "Kemi Atanda Ilori, writing for ''The African Guardian'', described the book as \"an exuberant voyage of memories of a youth on earth pilgrimage, discovering anew – away from the encumbrances of his Western education – the soul of his own society\".", "Adebayo Adefemi Oguntuase, writing for ''Research Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies'', analysed the book from an ecocritical perspective, and argued that ''The Eye of the Earth'' \"is an exemplar of the literary works that scholars of Ecocriticism adjudge fit enough to address the problems of society in matters of the relationship of man to his environment and his efforts to continuously maintain it.\"", "Godwin Jeff Doki, writing for ''African Research Review'', examined the theme of nature in the book, and noted that the poet \"has a passionate and committed concern for earth\".In 1986, the book was awarded the Commonwealth Writers' Prize for the best book of poetry from Africa, and the Association of Nigerian Authors' Poetry Prize." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* * * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Alice Saunier-Seité" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Alice Louise Saunier-Seïté''' (26 April 1925 – 4 August 2003) was a French geographer, historian, university professor and politician of the Parti Républicain.", "She was a State Secretary and the first female minister for universities, serving from 1978 to 1981, when she also briefly served as Assistant Minister to the Prime Minister for family and women.", "She is remembered as the first female dean and first female rector of a university in France." ], [ "Life and work", "===Academia=== '''Alice Louise Saunier''' attended the Lycée de Tournon where she came into contact with the French Resistance movement.", "She then began studying oriental languages at a special school, and she completed her studies with a diploma.", "She went on to work at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) between 1958 and 1963 and at the same time studied for her doctorate in geography.", "She finished that work in 1963 for which she devoted one thesis to the Oetzal Alps and an additional thesis about the Alpine wind, called Suedfoehn, which blows over Innsbruck, Austria.", "Upon finishing her PhD, in 1963, she was appointed geography lecturer in Brest, France and soon thereafter she was appointed a lecturer in geography at the University of Rennes, soon taking on a professorship in geography there in 1965.In 1968 she returned to the University of Brest and when she was named dean of the Faculty of Human and Social Sciences she became the first woman to serve as a dean in France.The next year, Saunier took over a professorship at the University of Paris V (Université Paris-Descartes) where she worked from 1969 to 1970, before moving to the newly founded University of Paris XI (Université Paris-Sud).", "There she became the director of the Institut Universitaire Technology (IUT) in Sceaux, between 1970 and 1973.When she became rector of the Académie de Reims, she was the first woman to head a university in France.===State Secretary and Minister=== On 28 August 1976, Saunier-Seïté was appointed State Secretary for Universities in the first cabinet of prime minister Raymond Barre under the presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.", "She also held this position in the second Barre cabinet until January 1978 when she was appointed Minister for Universities.", "She held this ministerial office in the third Barre cabinet as well until the University Ministry was dissolved in March 1981.She was the first female minister for universities.", "In 1980, despite resistance from students and staff, the University of Paris VIII was moved from Vincennes to Saint-Denis.", "After the dissolution of the University Ministry, she took over the post of Assistant Minister to the Prime Minister for Family and Women on 4 March 1981 following the resignation of Monique Pelletier.", "She held that post until the end of Barre's term on 14 May 1981.After leaving government, Saunier-Seïté served as a professor at the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM) between 1981 and 1994 and was the first woman to take up a chair at this renowned school.", "In addition to her teaching work, she was a member of the Paris City Council from 1983 to 2002, where she initially dealt with traffic, police and security issues before later becoming chairwoman of the city planning committee.", "She was also involved in the National Movement of Local Politicians, of which she was chairwoman from 1990 to 1998.=== Personal life ===Saunier-Seïté was the daughter of Daniel Saunier and Marie-Louise Lascombe and was married twice.", "Her first marriage, to Élie-Jacques Picard (during which time she was published using the name Alice Picard), ended in divorce.", "Her second marriage was to Jérome Seïté, who predeceased her.", "In her leisure hours, she enjoyed fencing and open-water fishing." ], [ "Tributes", "Garden named for Alice Saunier-Seïté in Paris.", "* In 2017, the garden on rue Visconti in the 6th arrondissement of Paris was named in her honor.", "* In 1997, Grand Officer of the National Order of Merit.", "* In 1995, Commander of Arts and Letters* In 1994, Commander of the Legion of Honour* In 1973, Commander of the French Order of Academic Palms" ], [ "Selected works", "In addition to her teaching and political career, Alice Saunier-Seïté wrote books that dealt with geographical and historical topics.", "Her works, all in French, include:* Les Vallées septentrionales du massif Oetztal, using her married name, Alice Picard, 1963* Contribution à l'étude du Suedfoehn d'Innsbruck, using the name Alice Picard, 1965* Le comte Boissy d'Anglas.", "Conventionnel et pair de France, France Univers, 1980* En premier ligne.", "De la communale aux universities, Plon, 1982* Remettre l'État à sa place, Plon / Le club Figaro Magazine, 1984* Une Europe à la carte, Plon / Le club Figaro Magazine, 1985* Le Cardinal de Tournon, le Richelieu de François Premiere.", "La Voute, Les Deux Mondes, 1998* Les Courtenay.", "Destin d'une illustrious family bourguignonne, France Empire, 1998* Dictionnaire des monuments d'Île-de-France, 1999* Giscard à deux voix, Perrin, 2000" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Pinguicula hirtiflora" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Pinguicula hirtiflora''''', also known as the '''hairy-flowered butterwort''', is a perennial carnivorous plant in the family Lentibulariaceae." ], [ "Description", "''Pinguicula hirtiflora'' is a perennial plant with six leaves in an overwintering rosette.", "The leaves are oblong-ovate to elliptical, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, with margins slightly rolled inwards.", "There are one to three flowers on delicate long stems up to 15 cm long.", "The upper lip of the calyx is spatulate, and the lower one has very short, ovoid lobes.", "The corolla is 16 to 25mm long, pale pink to pale blue with a yellow throat and a funnel-shaped spur.", "The corolla lips are uneven.", "Upper lip is 2-lobed, with entirely, rarely slightly, emarginate lobes.", "Lower lip is longer, deeply 3-lobed, with obovate lobes two times longer than wide, emarginate at apex, rarely rounded.", "Spur is up to 13mm long, straight or slightly deflected.", "Capsule is globose.", "''Pinguicula hirtiflora'' flowers from April to October, bearing fruit from June to December." ], [ "Habitat", "Gregarious populations are found on shady steep rocks with seeping water, around springs, along streams and brooks running through wet meadows or peat bogs, on serpentine, limestone, dolomite, tufa or flysch.", "Plants can be found growing from 0 to 1900m a.s.l." ], [ "Distribution", "Populations are scattered through Italy, Balkan Peninsula, and southeastern parts of Turkey.", "There are four introduced populations, two near Bern and Interlaken in Switzerland, one near Tichá in Czech Republic and one in Roya Valley in France.", "In Italy it is restricted to Campania.", "In Serbia, it is known from two sites – one in Morina Pass and one on Mt.", "Koznik.", "In Montenegro, there are two small sites – one on Mt.", "Bijela gora, and another one on a small tufa rock in a forest near Ostrog Monastery.", "In Albania, it is widely distributed from Lake Skadar and Qafa e Markofçës to Gërmenj-Shelegur in the southeast.", "In Greece, it is known from Vardousia, Gramos, Olympus and Aroania.", "''Pinguicula hirtiflora'' is endangered due to drying of seepages, rock degradation and roadworks." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Corymine" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Corymine''', also known as '''NSC381080''', is a natural alkaloid found in ''Hunteria zeylanica''.This compound acts as a glycine antagonist and could therefore, be classed as a neurotoxin." ], [ "Occurrence", "Corymine and many other indole alkaloids can be isolated from parts of the ''Hunteria zeylanica'' plant.The plant also contains other similar alkaloids, such as* 3-''epi''-dihydrocorymine* 3-''epi''-dihydrocorymine 3-acetate* 3-''epi''-dihydrocorymine 17-acetate* norisocorymine" ], [ "Toxicity", "Corymine and related alkaloids can act as convulsants.Tests on ''Xenopus occyte'' species have shown that corymine can decrease glycine's action at the inhibitory glycine receptors.", "These same tests have revealed that Corymine can reduce the response of receptors to GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter.", "Other experiments have shown that corymine can potentiate convulsions induced by strychnine, a potent glycine antagonist.", "This was also observed in mice." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Salem Choheili" ], [ "Introduction", "Šganda '''Salem Choheili''' (; born 1935 in Ahvaz, Iran} is an Iranian Mandaean scribe, teacher, and author.", "He is also a shganda and ''yalufa'' (learned Mandaean layman) and is one of the leaders of the Mandaean Council of Ahvaz.", "Salem Choheili is one of the last remaining fully fluent speakers of Neo-Mandaic." ], [ "Biography", "Salem Choheili was born in Ahvaz, Iran in 1935 into the Kuhailia (Persian pronunciation: ''Choheili'') family.", "His Mandaean baptismal name is Bayan bar Šarat ().As a child, he learned to speak colloquial Mandaic from his parents.", "Salem Choheili later served as Slovak linguist Rudolf Macúch's primary Neo-Mandaic linguistic informant in 1989, as well as a guide for Norwegian-American scholar Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley during her 1996 field trip to Iran.After serving in the Iranian military, Salem Choheili focused on transcribing Mandaic manuscripts.", "On April 12, 1989, he finished copying a handwritten manuscript of the Mandaean Book of John.", "Dr. Sinan Abdullah, the son of physicist Abdul Jabbar Abdullah, brought a photocopy of the manuscript to Niskayuna, New York, United States, which was later transferred to Colonie, New York.In addition to publishing Mandaean scriptures printed in the original Mandaic alphabet, Salem Choheili has written various Persian-language books on Mandaean history, religion, and language.", "In 2021 (1400 A.H.), he completed a Persian translation of the Ginza Rabba.Although not a formally ordained Mandaean priest, Salem Choheili serves as a shganda (priestly assistant) in the Iranian Mandaean community and is currently a member of the Mandaean Council of Ahvaz.", "He has taught Mandaic to Iranian Mandaeans for decades and runs a Mandaic language school in Ahvaz." ], [ "Family", "As a member of the Choheili family, his relatives include Jabbar Choheili (1923–2014), Salah Choheili, and Najah Choheili." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ernst von Hammerstein-Loxten" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ernst Georg, Freiherr von Hammerstein-Loxten''' (October 2, 1827 – June 5, 1914) was a German lawyer and politician in the Kingdom of Hanover.", "After Hanover's annexation by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866, he was Prussian Minister of Agriculture from 1894 to 1901." ], [ "Early life", "Hammerstein was born on October 2, 1827, in Loxten im Artland into the older branch of the Loxten line of the von Hammerstein family.", "He was a son of Dorothea née von Rössing (1803–1847) and Hermann von Hammerstein-Loxten (1801–1876), of Loxten and Dieck among others, including the Burgmannshof Loxter Hof in Quakenbrück.", "His brother, Ludwig von Hammerstein-Loxten (1839–1927), became a Prussian Infantry General.", "He was distantly related to the Prussian Interior Minister Hans von Hammerstein-Loxten.Hammerstein-Loxten studied law at the Georg-August University of Göttingen and became active in the Bremensia Corps in 1849." ], [ "Career", "After completing his legal exams in 1862, Hammerstein-Loxten worked for the courts in Bersenbrück and Diepholz before becoming a consultant in the Ministry of the Interior of the Kingdom of Hanover.", "As a Lord of the manor, he was also a member of the Assembly of the Kingdom of Hanover ().===Province of Hanover===Following Hanover's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, and although King George V released the country's officials from their oath after the annexation of Hanover (when it became the Prussian Province of Hanover), Hammerstein-Loxten found himself in a conflict of loyalties.", "The fact that he took part in the protests of the nobility meant that he was put under questioning by the Prussian government.", "Nevertheless, from February to August 1867 he sat in the constituent Reichstag of the North German Confederation, where he was a member of the Federal Constitutional Association (which later became the Centre Party).", "He did not agree to the constitution of the North German Confederation.Eventually, Hammerstein-Loxten began to come to terms with the annexation.", "He was a member of the Provincial Parliament () of the Province and at times chairman of the provincial committee.", "Hammerstein-Loxten managed his estates full-time.", "He also participated in agricultural advocacy groups.", "As an agricultural expert, he was a member of the Prussian State Council and the Economic Council.", "He was also a member of the Central Moor Commission and chairman of the German Agricultural Council.", "In 1880, Hammerstein \"decried the Poor Law's contribution to 'homelessness\" (''Heimatlosigkeit''), a menace that bore 'great moral dangers' and was inimical to the 'German soul.", "'\".In 1884 Hammerstein-Loxten became district administrator of the Bersenbrück district and, in 1889, regional director of the Province of Hanover.", "In 1891 he was involved in Emperor Wilhelm II's attempts at reconciliation with the Guelphs.===Minister of Agriculture ===A proven agricultural expert, Hammerstein replaced DKP-affiliated Wilhelm von Heyden-Cadow on November 9, 1894, as the Prussian Minister of Agriculture in the cabinet of Prime Minister and Imperial Chancellor Prince Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.", "While in office, he was considered one of the leading protagonists of agrarian protectionism and his term saw the introduction of compulsory meat inspection.", "He remained in his role when Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst was replaced as Prime Minister of Prussia by Bernhard von Bülow and his cabinet.He opposed the Social Democratic Party and supported the construction of the Mittelland Canal.", "After construction failed in 1901 due to the State Parliament majority, Hammerstein-Loxten resigned on May 5, 1901, and was replaced by the DKP-affiliated Victor von Podbielski.", "Construction on the canal eventually began in 1906." ], [ "Personal life", "Baron von Hammerstein-Loxten and his childrenIn 1868, Hammerstein married Agnes von Lorch (1842–1938) in Ariendorf on the Rhine.", "Together, they were the parents of two sons and four daughters, including:* ''Gertrud'' Agnes Bertha Dorothea Charlotte von Hammerstein-Loxten (b.", "1869), who married Baron , district administrator of the Ekhartsberga district, in 1899.", "* ''Dorothea'' Elise Henriette Bertha Antonie Erna von Hammerstein-Loxten (b.", "1871), canoness in Börstel.", "* Irmgard Lewine Hedwig Auguste Alma Bertha Anna von Hammerstein-Loxten (b.", "1875), who married Friedrich von Bülow, district president in the Bromberg administrative district and son of Albert von Bülow, in 1898.", "* Ludwig Paul Ernst Hermann von Hammerstein-Loxten (b.", "1880), a Lieutenant.Hammerstein died on June 5, 1914, at Loxten.===Descendants===Through his daughter Gertrud, he was a grandfather of Baron (1906–2002), who married Marie Luise von Hammerstein (the eldest child of Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord) in .===Legacy===The 1882 apple variety was named after him." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Flavien Joubert" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Flavien P. Joubert''' (born 1972) is a Seychellois environmentalist and politician currently serving as Minister of Agriculture, Climate Change and Energy since 2020." ], [ "Education and career", "Flavien Joubert had his early education up to secondary school level in Seychelles before enrolling in Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom where he received a higher national diploma (HND) and a master's degree in environmental studies from York University on Canadian Commonwealth Scholarship in 2003.He began his career in 1996 at the Ministry of Environment of Seychelles where he held several executive positions including serving as director general, Wildlife Enforcement and Permit, chief executive officer of Seychelles National Parks Authority, and Landscape and Waste Management Authority.", "He was director of Seychelles petroleum and served on the boards of Pesticide Control and Licensing Authority and Seychelles islands Foundation.", "He was appointed Minister of Agriculture, Climate Change and Energy on 4 November 2020 by President Wavel Ramkalawan." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ghada El-Shamaa" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ghada El-Shamaa''' (Arabic: ) is a Syrian actress who commenced her career in the late 1970s, she has actively pursued roles in both Syrian and Egyptian productions." ], [ "Early life", "Hailing from the city of Damascus, El-Shamaa was born into a Sunni family." ], [ "Career", "Her career started in 1979 with a role in the television series \"What's Wrong,\" she experienced a significant turning point when Duraid Lahham started selecting her for his series.", "Following her rise to fame in Syria, she caught the eye of Egyptian director Hossam El Din Mostafa, marking her entry into the Egyptian film industry.", "She successfully secured roles in several Egyptian films, including noteworthy performances in \"The Rowdies and the Coach\" and \"Clash of Beauties.\"" ], [ "Personal life", "She is a dual citizen, holding both Syrian and Egyptian nationalities." ], [ "Filmography", "* What's Wrong (1979)* Fake Love (1980)* Scheherazade's Beautiful Nights (1982)* Reluctant Girls (1982)* Tragedy of a Middle Eastern Girl (1983)* The Game of Love and Murder (1983)* Love's Revenge (1983)* Summer Rain (1984)* The Sun on a Cloudy Day (1985)* Eastern Girl (1986)* Scheherazade's Nights (1987)* The Path of Remorse (1987)* The Three Troublemakers (1987)* The Officer and the Criminal (1987)* The Doctor (1988)* The Female Taxi Driver (1989)* Bitter Words (1990)* The Rowdies and the Captain (1991)* Maroof the Shoemaker (1992)* A Friend (1992)* The Job Is Still in My Pocket (1992)* In Wonderland (1993)* The Devil's Path (1993) * Clash of Beauties (1993)* The Beauty and the Genie (1993)* What the Heart Wants (1996)* The Turtles (1996)* Daoud in Hollywood (1998) * The Poor Girl Gets Married (2000)* Bomb Action (2011)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mackenzie Heaney" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mackenzie Heaney''' (born 2 January 1999) is an English footballer who plays as a midfielder for South Shields." ], [ "Early life", "Heaney joined the youth academy of English Premier League side Newcastle at the age of twelve." ], [ "Club career", "Heaney played for English side Buxton, helping the club win the league.After that, he played for English side South Shields, where he was regarded as one of the club's most important players." ], [ "International career", "Heaney represented Scotland and England internationally at youth level." ], [ "Style of play", "Heaney mainly operates as a midfielder and is left-footed." ], [ "Personal life", "Heaney is a native of Walker, England." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "The Surrender of Calais" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''The Surrender of Calais''''' is a 1791 historical play by the British playwright George Colman the Younger with elements of tragedy and comedy.", "It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket in London on 30 July 1791.The original cast included James Brown Williamson as King Edward, George Bland as Harcourt, Howard Usher as Sir William Manny, John Bannister as La Gloire, John Powell as Arundel, James Aickin as John de Vienne, William Farren as Ribaumont, Robert Bensley as St. Pierre, John Henry Johnstone as O'Carroll, Henry Erskine Johnston as Old Man, Elizabeth Kemble as Julia, Maria Bland as Madelon and Charlotte Goodall as the Queen.", "It is set against the backdrop of the Siege of Calais (1346-47) by Edward III during the Hundred Years War.", "The music was composed by Samuel Arnold.", "It was the most popular work of the season at the Haymarket.", "It premiered in Ireland at Dublin's Crow Street Theatre on 23 November 1791.It was revived at various theatres on a number of occasions." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Greene, John C. ''Theatre in Dublin, 1745-1820: A Calendar of Performances, Volume 6''.", "Lexington Books, 2011.", "* Kozar, Richard & Burling, William J.", "''Summer Theatre in London, 1661-1820, and the Rise of the Haymarket Theatre''.", "Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 2000.", "* Nicoll, Allardyce.", "''A History of English Drama 1660–1900: Volume III''.", "Cambridge University Press, 2009.", "* Rice, Paul F. ''British Music and the French Revolution''.", "Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Lagan Special" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Lagan Special''''' is a 2024 Gujarati family comedy drama, directed by Rahul Bhole and Vinit Kanojia written by Suraj Baraliya.", "It stars Malhar Thakar Puja Joshi, Mitra Gadhavi and others.", "Film is produced by Jeegar Chauhan, Malhar Thakar, Jigar Parmar and Digijaysingh Rajput under the banner of Jeegar Chauhan Productions and Ticket Window Entertainment.", "The film is going to be distributed by Panorama Studios" ], [ "Cast", "* Malhar Thakar* Puja Joshi * Mitra Gadhavi* Firoz Irani * Nijal Modi * Ragi Jani * Kalpana Gagdekar* Archan Trivedi * Vaibhavi Bhatt* Rupa Mehta * Ujjval Dave* Vaibhav Biniwale * Paurav Shah* RJ Hiren Barot* Vishwa Joshi* RJ Kunal * RJ Mayank" ], [ "Production", "The movie has been shoot various part of Gujarat.", "The music of the film has been given by Rahul Munjariya.", "Lyrics has been written by Milind Gadhvi & Nandan Purohit" ], [ "Release", "The first look of the film announced on November 28, 2023, with motion poster having the release date mentioned in it.", "The poster of the film announced on January 9, 2024.Trailer of the film released on January 25, 2024" ], [ "See also", "* List of Gujarati films of 2024" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Antony Derjacques" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Antony Derjacques''' is a Seychellois constitutional lawyer and politician currently serving as Minister of Transport of Seychelles since 2020." ], [ "Education and career", "Antony Derjacques was born in Victoria Hospital, Seychelles.", "At three months old, his parents moved him to Uganda where they worked at the time.", "He attended Kilembe School where he was classmate with Danny Faure, Seychelles president.", "Derjacques returned to Seychelles at the age of eight following the expulsion of all Asian and Seychelles nationals in Uganda by Idi Amin Dada.", "In Seychelles, Derjacques enrolled in Seychelles College where he earned his A Levels.", "He earned his law degree from East London University where he met Shelton Jolicoeur with whom he got involved in politics in London.", "They both became interested in anti-imperialism activism and freeing Nelson Mandela from Robben Island Prison.", "After graduation, Derjacques practiced law focusing on constitutional issues.", "He was appointed Minister of Transport of Seychelles by President Wavel Ramkalawan in 2020." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ewoya Dance" ], [ "Introduction", "Ewoya dance of The jie People.", "'''Ewoya Dance''' is a traditional Folk Dance of the Jie people found in North-Eastern Uganda in the Karamoja Sub-region Kotido District.", "It involves continuous vertical high jumping.", "This dance is significantly used to search for partners where both women and men jump and whoever jumps highest gets the most handsome or beautiful partner.", "'''Ewoya Dance''' of the Jie people are similar to that of the Maasai, and Karamojong.", "The Jie speak a language dialect of the Karamojong people." ], [ "See also", "* Ugandan Folklore* Ugandan Traditions* Gisu People* Samia Tribe" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Hero of the Nation (order)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Hero of the Nation''' () is the highest honorary title of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, which is awarded by the decree of the President of the Republic to people who \"got exceptional courage and heroism during combat operations\"." ], [ "Recipients", "* Akhmed Akayev* Isa Astamirov* Vakha Saeed Askhan* Akhmad Badrudi* Isa Bazurkayev* Aslan Byutukayev* Linas Valavichus* Movli Vuts* Salawat Gayev* Vakhit Darshayev* Ibrahim Jami* Zheten Zhiyenaliyeva* Khadzhi-Muradh Zumso* Shad Keloyev* Alexander Litvinenko* Musa Madayev* Mansur Mumin * Onlu Medet* Rashid Molayev* Hasaan Mohammad Abdula* Oleksandr Muzychko* Muslim Sadayev* Aslan Isa Saeed-Selim * Samir bin Salekh as-Suveilim* Shamkhan Saraliyev* Khavazhi Amayev" ], [ "See also", "=== Simimar awards in other countries === Hero of Ukraine" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Carla Akotirene" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Carla Adriana da Silva Santos''', better known as '''Carla Akotirene''' (born 1980), is an activist, researcher, author and columnist on the topic of black feminism in Brazil.", "She is an assistant professor at the Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), and is frequently cited for her research on intersectionality." ], [ "Education", "Akotirene was born in Salvador, Bahia on 30 April 1980.She studied clinical pathology at the between 1998 and 1999.At that time, she was involved in many activities related to racial and social equality, such as the Black Community Development Council, the Campaign Against the Genocide of Black Youth; conferences on racial equality, women's and youth policies; and research on deaths of young people in inpatient units.", "She created ''Opará Saberes'', to contribute to the entry of black people into postgraduate studies at Brazilian public universities.Between 2004 and 2008 Akotirene obtained a bachelor's degree in social work from the Catholic University of Salvador and between 2010 and 2012 she worked on a master's degree in feminist studies from the Federal University of Bahia, where she researched intersectionality in the women's penal complex of Salvador, while addressing the issue of women in the prison system.", "In her doctorate on gender studies, women and feminism at the same university between 2016 and 2022, Akotirene carried out a comparative study of racism and institutional sexism in male and female prisons, based on the intersectionality approach.", "Akotirene teaches at the Federal University of Bahia as an assistant professor." ], [ "Awards and honours", "In 2016, she was mentioned by the feminist collective ''Think Olga'' as one of the Inspiring Women of 2016.The list brings together the names of more than 200 women, groups and collectives whose contributions in 2016 \"deserved to be recognized, valued and encouraged\".", "In 2017, she was nominated by the philosopher Djamila Ribeiro to ''Trip Transformadores'' as one of the \"seven women of action who help us rethink society\".In September 2018, Akotirene published her first book, \"What is Intersectionality?\".", "The publication was part of the Plural Feminisms collection, edited by Djamila Ribeiro.", "In the same year, she presented a conversation on plural feminisms at the '''' together with Joice Berth, Juliana Borges and Silvio Almeida.", "This literary fair brought together more than 80 authors from around the world.", "Also in 2018, she was one of the experts invited by UN Women to share her vision as a black expert on topics such as violence against black women; racism in cities; decent work and economic growth; and ways for Brazil to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).In 2020, ''Vogue Brasil'' magazine published a list of ten fundamental works written by black women, which included her book \"What is Intersectionality?\".", "This was also included in the Brazilian edition of ''Glamour'' magazine, which recommended five theoretical books to understand the anti-racist struggle in Brazil.", "Since June 2020, Akotirene has been a columnist for ''Vogue Brasil''.", "Also in 2020, the Salvador carnival block (group), ''Ilê Aiyê'', which works to raise the consciousness of the Bahian black community, organised a special event in her honour, celebrating her fight for the rights of black women.", "In 2021, Carla Akotirene was one of the personalities named on the ''Bantumen Powerlist 100'', which contains the \"100 Most Influential Black Personalities in Lusofonia\"." ], [ "Main ideas", "According to Akotirene, intersectionality is a methodological way of thinking about how women suffer from overlapping or intersecting social identities.", "When it comes to black women, intersectionality reveals problems in addition to racism, such as the effects of gender, sexism, and class." ], [ "Publications", "2018 - ''O que é interseccionalidade?''", "(What is intersectionality?", ")2020 - ''Ó pa í, prezada!", "Racismo e sexismo institucionais tomando bonde nas penitenciárias femininas'' (Hey dad, dear!", "Institutional racism and sexism taking hold in women's penitentiaries)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Hudelmoos" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Hudelmoos''' is a raised bog and nature reserve in the municipalities of Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf and Amriswil (Thurgau), and Muolen (St. Gallen), in Switzerland.", "The bog encompasses and consists mostly of sparse birch forest, with a soft forest floor and multiple streams and ponds.", "The nature reserve is accessable by multiple trails." ], [ "Creation", "The Hudelmoos area is a moraine landscape, formed by the Rhine Glacier.", "Following the retreat of the ice masses, small lakes started forming in lower-lying areas, from which the raised bog developed after thousands of years.", "The name \"Hudelmoos\" originated as a name in the local dialect for a low-yielding bog.", "Historically, it was used as common land by the surrounding settlements." ], [ "Peat harvesting", "Hudelmoos in MarchReed Belt in HudelmoosFrom around 1750 until the mid-20th century, inhabitants of the surrounding villages (e.g., Räuchlisberg) harvested peat to meat increased energy demands.", "The peat was typically used as heating for houses, especially during times of war.", "Although Hudelmoos was considered to be low-yielding, it was intensively used by the local population.", "Before the peat harvesting, the peat layer was Today, it is at most , with some places reduced to the water-retaining subsoil.", "Peat formation takes a long time – each meter of solid peat takes approximately 1000 years to form.", "Following World War II, the area was left to nature to regenerate." ], [ "Nature reserve", "Hudelmoos has been designated as a nature reserve since 1979, and was included in the Bundesinventar für Hoch- und Übergangsmoore (Federal Inventory of Raised Bogs and Transition Mires) in 1991.Parts of the reserve have been designated as fens of national importance since 1994.Due to the severe threat to amphibians in Switzerland, Hudelmoos has been recognized in the federal inventory since 2001 due to its status as an important amphibian breeding ground.", "Multiple necessary protection measures are implemented to ensure that the areas do not become overgrown and silted up.", "In particular, water quality is consistently monitored and if necessary, improved for the betterment of the bog and its amphibian inhabitants.", "Today, Hudelmoos is a unique example of remarkable biodiversity when it comes to birds, butterflies, dragonflies, vascular plants, mosses und fungi.", "Particularly noteworthy are bog cranberries, bog-rosemary, sundew, and crested wood fern.", "The bog is accessible via hiking trails and has become a popular local recreation area." ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading", "* Raimund Hipp: ''Geologie und Landschaftsgeschichte des Hudelmooses und seiner näheren Umgebung.''", "''Mitteilungen der Thurgauischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft,'' Band 51.1992.", "* Hans Eggenberger: ''Zur neueren Geschichte des Hudelmooses.''", "''Mitteilungen der Thurgauischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft'', Band 51.1992." ], [ "External links", "* ''Torfstecherei und Moorregeneration im Hudelmoos.''", "Website der Verwaltung des Kantons Thurgau* ''Naturschutzgebiet Hudelmoos.''", "Auf der Website von Pro Natura* Wertschätzung für die Landschaft steigern, Filmdokumentation eines Forschungsprojekts der ETH Zürich und Lausanne zum Hudelmoos* Das Hudelmoos mit Hochmoorumfeld im Kartenausschnitt von Swisstopo" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Southern Mistbelt Forest" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Southern Mistbelt Forest''' is a vegetation type in South Africa.Southern Mistbelt Forest, Karkloof, KwaZulu-Natal" ], [ "Distribution", "KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Provinces." ], [ "Landscape", "Forest patches in high-rainfall, ﬁre-protected habitats on steep south-facing slopes.", "Altitudes range from 850 to 1 600 m, and mean annual rainfall generally exceeds 900 mm." ], [ "Vegetation", "In the Amathole Mountains and the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, and on the Transkei Escarpment, these forests are characterized by their tall stature, reaching heights of 15–20 meters.", "They have a complex structure, with two layers of trees, a dense shrubby understorey, and a well-developed herb layer.", "On the low-altitude scarps, the forests are shorter and resemble scrub forests in some areas, but they are still home to a diverse range of species.", "While the tall forests exhibit a mix of coarse-grained dynamics driven by canopy gaps and disturbances, as well as fine-grained regeneration characteristics, the mistbelt forests in the Amathole region are primarily dominated by emergent trees such as ''Afrocarpus falcatus'', along with various deciduous and semi-deciduous species including ''Celtis africana'', ''Calodendrum capense'', ''Vepris lanceolata'', and ''Zanthoxylum davyi''.", "In Transkei and the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, ''Podocarpus henkelii'' becomes more prominent in the canopy layer.", "Deciduous species play a significant role in these forests.==Geology and Soils== Some of the soils are deep loams and clays, developed on weathered dolerite intrusions or mudstones, shales and sandstones of the Karoo Supergroup; Their topsoils often have high concentrations of organic matter, which release sufficient nutrients for high productivity.", "The soils underlying lower-altitude forests that developed on more quartzitic rocks are shallower and less fertile." ], [ "Conservation", "About 8% of these forests are protected.", "In the Eastern Cape this includes parts of the Bosberg Nature Reserve, Greater Addo Elephant National Park, and Hogsback, Kologha, Isidenge, Kubusi, Katberg and Nabakyu State Forests.", "In KwaZulu-Natal they are protected in Impendle, Igxalingenwa, Karkloof and Qudeni Nature Reserves.", "Smaller forest patches are protected on private land.", "About 5% has been transformed for plantations.", "Invasive aliens include .", "Major threats include invasive alien plants (including ''Solanum mauritianum'', and ''Rubus'', ''Acacia'', and ''Eucalyptus'' species), overexploitation of timber (for building and ﬁrewood) and non-timber forest products (for herbal medicines and livestock feed) together with mismanagement of ﬁre and burning regimes in surrounding grasslands." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Southeast, Saint Paul" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Southeast, Saint Paul''' is a neighborhood and city planning district in Saint Paul, Minnesota, in the United States.", "It is Planning District 1.The area is bounded by Minnehaha Avenue on the north, McKnight Road on the east, city limits to the south, and Birmingham/Etna/Hwy 61 to Warner Road to the MississippiRiver on the west.", "The District consists of four distinct, smaller neighborhoods: Eastview, Conway, Battle Creek, and Highwood.", "It also includes the industrial areas and wetlands around Pigs Eye Lake." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Southeast Community Organization" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "British rule in the Lushai Hills" ], [ "Introduction", "'''British rule in the Lushai Hills''', spanning from the late 1889 to the 1947, commenced with the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90 leading to the formal establishment of the two administrative districts (North Lushai Hills, South Lushai Hills) in 1889 and continued through the integration of the regions into the province of Assam with both districts being merged as the '''Lushai Hills''' until India gained independence in 1947.After the Chin-Lushai Expedition of 1889-90, South Lushai Hills was occupied in 1889, and the following year, it was formally annexed, becoming part of Bengal Presidency.", "North Lushai Hills was also occupied in 1889, and became part of British Assam.", "On 1889, the two districts merged and continued to be part of British Assam.", "On 1912, it was put into British India's Assam Province." ], [ "British discovery of the Lushai Hills", "The Lushai people and the British colonial area started to engage in war in September 1826.About ten miles south of Tlawng river, traveled a Mizo village leader named Buangtheuva (known to the British as \"Bungteya\") and his troops, who then invaded the Sylhet forest's timber.", "In addition to taking some slaves home, they slaughtered an unknown number of people.", "Thus, the British came to perceive the Lushais (then known as ''Looshais'') as a vicious and barbaric tribe as a result of this event." ], [ "Invasion of the Lushai Hills", "It was thought that the British invaded the Lushai Hills not because of any commercial desire but due to series of Mizo invasions to the plains.The Lushai chiefs relentlessly and viciously invaded Chittagong, Cachar, Tripura, Sylhet, and Manipur between the end of 1870 and the beginning of 1871.Up to 20 invasions were said to have occurred during this time.", "===Mary Winchester incident===The raid of Katlichhera and Alexandrapur by Sailam chief Bengkhuaia appeared to be the most important of all Lushai chief invasions, having a tremendous influence on the lives and destiny of the Lushai people.", "James Winchester, the tea owner of Alexandrapur, was killed, and the Mizos kidnapped his daughter Mary Winchester (Mizo: )." ], [ "Administration" ], [ "Demographics" ], [ "Notelist" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rose-Marie Hoareau" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Rose-Marie Hoareau''' is a Seychellois insurance underwriter currently serving as Minister of Local Government and Community Affairs since 2020." ], [ "Background and career", "Rose-Marie Hoareau was born in Victoria Hospital, Seychelles and spent her early years in Cascade.", "She had her early education at the Regina Mundi Convent before moving to Edinburgh, Scotland with her mother at the age of ten.", "She completed her courses in education in the United Kingdom in 1977 and returned to Seychelles where she worked as a teacher until 1980 when she left to join Sacos insurance firm as a founding member.", "Hoareau was appointed Minister of Local Government and Community affairs by President Wavel Ramkalawan in 2020." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Jean-François Cordet" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jean-François Cordet''' (4 May 1950 – 1 February 2024) was a French government official.Cordet served as prefect of multiple French departments and directed OFPRA from 2007 to 2012." ], [ "Biography", "Born in Hanoi on 4 May 1950, Cordet's father was a military officer.", "He graduated from the Sciences Po and the École nationale d'administration and subsequently led the economic affairs and planning office for the overseas territories and New Caledonia.", "He was technical advisor for the cabinet of Henri Emmanuelli from 1981 to 1982 and deputy chief of staff for from 1983 to 1984.He was deputy cabinet director for before his appointment as in 1992, serving until 1994.Next, he was from 1994 to 1998 and from 1998 to 2000.He then served as from 2000 to 2004 and from 2004 to 2007.Cordet was appointed Director of OFPRA in 2007, serving until 2012.After serving as from 2012 to 2014, he was from 2014 to 2016.That year, he joined the Cour des Comptes as a master advisor of extraordinary service.", "In March 2017, he was appointed president of the ''Observatoire national de la politique de la ville'', succeeding .", "He also led an interministerial mission to French Guiana.Cordet died on 1 February 2024, at the age of 73." ], [ "Decorations", "Commander of the Legion of Honour (2015)Knight (1997)Officer (2008)Commander of the Ordre national du Mérite (2013)*Officer (2001)Officer of the Ordre des Palmes académiquesKnight of the Ordre du Mérite agricoleKnight of the Ordre des Arts et des LettresGold Gold" ], [ "Awards", "*Orwell Award (2013)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Norwalk-Huron County Airport" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Norwalk-Huron County Airport''' is a publicly owned, public use airport located 3 miles east of Norwalk, Ohio.The airport is home to a flying club.", "The airport also hosts regular events such as food truck fly-ins, Young Eagles flights, and flight training scholarships." ], [ "History", "Throughout the 2010s, the airport struggled with degrading facilities.", "Officials worried about poor pavement maintenance and substandard hazard removal.", "Low airport revenue was largely to blame for the issues.A new 10-year master plan for the Huron County Airport was approved in 2023.The plan will cost $6 million over the 10 years and includes funds to rehabilitate airport lighting; add an automatic weather reporting system; rehabilitate the runway, taxiways, and parking aprons; build new hangars; and install wildlife perimeter fencing." ], [ "Facilities and aircraft", "The airport has one runway, designated as Runway 10/28.The runway measures 4208 x 75 ft (1283 x 23 m) and is paved with asphalt.The airport has a fixed-base operator that sells fuel and offers limited services and amenities.", "Airport leadership went to great lengths to make its fuel competitive with other nearby airports and attract new pilots and aircraft.In 2023, the airport received a federal grant to upgrade its runway.", "The renovation project involved sealing cracks and redoing striping.For the 12-month period ending July 14, 2021, the airport had 10,220 aircraft operations, an average of 28 per day.", "It included 99% general aviation and 1% military.", "For the same time period, 22 aircraft were based at the airport: 20 single-engine and 2 multi-engine airplanes." ], [ "Accidents and incidents", "* On July 11, 1999, a homebuilt Pitts S-1S was destroyed when it collided with trees while maneuvering at Norwalk-Huron County Airport.", "A witness saw the airplane taxi out and depart, after which it began performing aerobatic maneuvers such as flying inverted.", "The witness did not hear any strange engine noises or notice anything \"visibly wrong\" with the airplane prior to its impact with trees.", "The probable cause of the accident was found to be the pilot's improper decision to conduct a low level aerobatic maneuver, and his subsequent loss of awareness regarding the location of trees at that level." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Juan Manuel Basurco" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Juan Manuel Basurco Ulacia''' (22 January 1944 – 20 March 2014) was a Spanish footballer." ], [ "Early life", "Basurco trained to become a priest." ], [ "Career", "Basurco played for Ecuadorian side Barcelona SC in the Copa Libertadores." ], [ "Style of play", "Basurco mainly operated as a striker." ], [ "Personal life", "After retiring from professional football, Basurco worked as a teacher." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2023 American Athletic Conference men's soccer tournament" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2023 American Athletic Conference men's soccer tournament''' was the postseason men's soccer tournament for the American Athletic Conference held November 5 through November 12, 2023.The five-match tournament took place at campus sites, with the higher seed hosting while the Semifinals and Finals were hosted at Westcott Field in Dallas, Texas.", "The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play.The defending champions were the FIU Panthers.", "The Panthers were unable to defend their title, falling to in the First Round.", "would go on to win the tournament title over in the final 2–1.This was Charlotte's first American Athletic Conference tournament title as they joined the league in 2022.It was their third conference title overall.", "This was also the first American tournament title for head coach Kevin Langan and his second conference tournament title overall.", "As tournament champions Charlotte earned the American Athletic Conference's automatic berth into the 2023 NCAA Division I men's soccer tournament." ], [ "Seeding", "The top six teams in the regular season earned a spot in the tournament, with the top two seeds receiving byes into the Semifinals.", "No tiebreakers were required as all teams finished with a unique number of conference regular season points.SeedSchoolConference RecordPoints 1 7–0–1 22 2 6–2–0 18 3 5–1–2 17 4 4–4–0 12 5 3–4–1 10 6 3–5–0 9" ], [ "Bracket", "Source:" ], [ "Schedule", "=== First Round ====== Semifinals ====== Final ===" ], [ "Statistics", "=== Goalscorers ===" ], [ "All-Tournament team", "Source: Player Team Bringham Larsen Brandon Morales ''Ian Pilcher'' Jonathan Nyandjo Leo Stritter Arthur Widiez Alberto Cruz Niv Berkovitz Kyran Chambron Pinho '''Jelldrik Dallmann''' Mads WestergrenOffensive MVP in '''bold'''Defensive MVP in ''italics''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Marie-Celine Zialor" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Marie-Celine Zialor''' is a Seychellois biological scientist currently serving as the Minister of Youth, Sports and Family since 2020." ], [ "Background and career", "Marie-Celine Zialor was raised in Belvedere, Plaisance where she had her primary education.", "She completed her A Levels in science at NYS before moving to Australia to study biological science sponsored by the Australian government.", "After her first degree, she furthered her studies in molecular genetics and earned a master's degree in leadership in 2005.Following her return to Seychelles in 1999, she was appointed by the ministry of education to teach chemistry and biology in secondary schools.", "Later she became head of Anse Boileau and Mont Fleuri secondary schools before being moved to the ministry of education headquarters as head of curriculum development.", "Zialor left this position for Seychelles Institute of Management (SIM) now TGMI teaching leadership and management.", "She was appointed Minister of Youths, Sports and Family 2020 by President Wavel Ramkalawan." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Otto Schmidt (ship)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Otto Schmidt''''' () was a Soviet and later Russian icebreaking research ship in service from 1979 until 1991." ], [ "Description", "In the mid-1950s, the Soviet Union began developing a new diesel-electric icebreaker design based on the 1942-built steam-powered icebreaker ''Eisbär'' to meet the needs of both civilian and naval operators.", "Built in various configurations until the early 1980s, the Project 97 icebreakers and their derivatives became the largest and longest-running class of icebreakers and icebreaking vessels built in the world.", "The single-vessel subclass Project 97N () was a research vessel commissioned by the Main Directorate of the Hydrometeorological Service under the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union to conduct scientific research in the poorly-studied transition zone between open water and the polar ice pack.Slightly larger than the port icebreakers on which it was based, Project 97N was long overall and had a beam of .", "Fully laden, the ship drew of water and had a displacement of .", "Special attention was paid to improving the seaworthiness of the vessel which was studied with model tests prior to construction.", "The problematic rolling behavior of the rounded icebreaking hull form was addressed by increasing the rolling period from 7 to 9–10 seconds with design modifications and introducing a passive roll damping tank.", "In addition, the bow was given more pronounced sheer and flare to reduce the likelihood of waves breaking over it in heavy seas.Like all Project 97 variants, ''Otto Schmidt'' had a diesel-electric power plant consisting of three 10-cylinder 13D100 two-stroke opposed-piston main diesel engines coupled to double-armature direct current (DC) generators.", "They provided power to electric propulsion motors driving two four-bladed fixed pitch propellers.", "This gave the ship ability to break ice at a speed of about .", "In addition, the ship had five ship service diesel generators, two auxiliary steam boilers, and an emergency diesel generator.", "''Otto Schmidt'' had extensive scientific outfit: multiple laboratories, oceanographic winches, and a moon pool for deploying scientific equipment into the sea when the vessel was surrounded by ice.", "The vessel could accommodate up to 30 scientists for up to 55 days in addition to a crew of 54." ], [ "History", "''Otto Schmidt'' with personnel on ice on 7 November 1988.", "''Otto Schmidt'' was laid down at Admiralty Shipyard in Leningrad on 27 December 1977, launched exactly one year later on 27 December 1978, and delivered on 30 August 1979.The vessel was named after the Soviet scientist and Arctic explorer Otto Yulyevich Shmidt (1891–1956).During its 12-year career, ''Otto Schmidt'' completed 40 scientific expeditions in the Arctic seas.", "These included a 40-day drifting expedition within the polar ice pack in the Greenland Sea to continue the work of the drifting ice station ''North Pole-28'' that had been evacuated by the nuclear-powered icebreaker ''Rossiya''.After completing its final voyage on 11 November 1991, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, ''Otto Schmidt'' was laid up in Murmansk due to lack of funding for required maintenance and repairs.", "The ship was later sold to a private company, left Murmansk on 8 August 1996 under its own power, and was beached for scrapping in Alang, India, in September of the same year." ], [ "Notes", "== References ==" ], [ "Further reading", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Karim Moussaoui" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Karim Moussaoui''' is an Algerian film director, screenwriter, cinematographer and actor born in Jijel, Algeria, in 1976." ], [ "Filmography", "Moussaoui's films include: Year Film Genre Role Duration (min) 2006 ''Délice Paloma''by Nadir Moknèche (fr) Drama feature Actor 134 m 2006 ''Ce qu’on doit faire (مايجب علينا فعله)'' Drama fiction short Director and screenwriter 24 m 2008 ''Inland (Gabbla, Dans les terres)''by Tariq Teguia Comedy drama feature Assistant director 140 m 2013 ''Les jours d'avant'' / ''The Days Before'' Drama fiction feature Director 40 m 2017 ''En attendant les hirondelles'' / ''Until the Birds Return'' Drama fiction feature Director and co-screenwriter 113 m 2020 ''Les divas du Taguerabt'' Documentary short.", "To promote economical cooperation, China proposes to donate an expensive opera building to the city of Algiers.", "Director and screenwriter 16 m 2020 ''Celles qui chantent'' Documentary feature Co-director with Julie Deliquet,Sergey Loznitsa and Jafar Panahi 75 m 2020 ''L'Algérie de Kamel Daoud''by Jean-Marc Giri Documentary feature Cinematographer 52 m 2023 ''Ain El Djenna'' (fr) Drama TV miniseries ENTV, Canal Algérie Director 15 x 20-26 m" ], [ "Awards", "Moussaoui's films obtained 6 prizes and 10 nominations, including: Film Festival Award ''The Days Before'' Festival International du Film Francophone de Namur 2013 Winner Jury Special Prize ''The Days Before'' Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival 2014 Winner Special Mention of the Jury International Competition ''The Days Before'' Brive Mid-Length Film Meeting (Festival du cinéma de Brive, fr) 2014 Winner Special Mention Grand Prix France ''Until the Birds Return'' Gijón International Film Festival 2017 Winner Special Jury Award ''Until the Birds Return'' Lumières Award 2018 Winner Heike Hurst Award, Best First Film" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "===Videos===* .", "Video duration 1m 25s.", "Uploader The Upcoming, 2017.", "* .", "Video duration 4m 52s.", "Uploader Arte Cinema, 2017.Olivier Père interviews Karim Moussaoui, author of the film \"En attendant les hirondelles\", co-produced by par ARTE and selected in the category \"Un Certain Regard\" of the 2017 Cannes Film Festival.", "French spoken.", "* .", "Video duration 29m 42s.", "Uploader Film at Lincoln Center, 2018.Director Karim Moussaoui discusses Until the Birds Return at New Directors/New Films 2018.", "* .", "Video duration 15m 30s.", "Uploader Opéra national de Paris, 2020." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ilaria Renggli" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ilaria Renggli''' (born 6 February 2000) is a Swiss para-badminton player who competes in international badminton competitions.", "She is a double World bronze medalist and a European champion in the doubles with Cynthia Mathez.", "Renggli was a former artistic gymnast until she had a haemorrhage in her back which caused her to become paraplegic." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Unispace" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Unispace''' is a company that specialises in office interiors.", "They were awarded a total of £680m of PPE contracts in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "According to ''The Guardian'', a founder of the company contacted Michael Gove directly prior to the award of the contract.", "''The Times'' and ''The Guardian'' have both reported that the company has links to the Plymouth Brethren, and that companies associated with the Brethren were allocated in total over £2bn of government PPE contracts." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mark Gustafson" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mark Gustafson''' (October 16, 1960 – February 1, 2024) was an American animator and film director, best known for co-directing ''Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio'' (2022), which won Best Animated Feature at the 95th Academy Awards." ], [ "Life and career", "Gustafson began his stop motion animation career at Will Vinton Studios in the 1980s, working on projects including ''A Claymation Christmas Celebration'', ''Meet the Raisins!", "'', and ''The PJs''.He was the animation director of ''Fantastic Mr. Fox''.Gustafson died of a heart attack on February 1, 2024, at the age of 63." ], [ "Accolades", "He won Best Animated Feature at the 95th Academy Awards for co-directing ''Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio'', sharing the award with Guillermo del Toro, Gary Ungar, and Alex Bulkley." ], [ "Filmography", "''The Adventures of Mark Twain'' (1985)''Claymation Easter'' (1992)''The PJs'' (1999–2000)''Fantastic Mr. Fox'' (2009)''Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio'' (2022)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Anthony Guest" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Anthony Gordon Guest''', CBE, KC, FBA (born 1930), often published as '''A.", "G. Guest''', is a British barrister and legal scholar.", "He was professor of English law at the King's College London from 1966 to 1997, having previously been a fellow of University College, Oxford, from 1955 to 1965.He specialises in the law of contracts, especially relating to sale of goods, negotiable instruments and consumer credit.", "Guest was made a Queen's Counsel (QC; now King's Counsel, KC) in 1987.He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1989 New Year Honours for services to the UN Commission on International Trade Law, and elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1993." ], [ "Publications", "* (editor) ''Anson's Principles of the Law of Contract'' (edns 21 to 26, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959–1984)* (general editor) ''Chitty on Contracts'' (edns 23 to 27, London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1968–1994)* (editor) ''Oxford Essays on Jurisprudence'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961)* ''The Law of Hire-Purchase'' (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1966)* (editor) ''Benjamin's Sale of Goods'' (edns 1 to 6, London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1974–2002)* (editor, with Michael G. Lloyd and Eva Z. Lomnicka) ''Encyclopedia of Consumer Credit Law'' (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1975)* (with Eva Z. Lomnicka) ''Introduction to the Law of Credit and Security'' (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1978)* (editor) ''Chalmers and Guest on Bills of Exchange'' (edns 14 to 15, London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1991–1998)* ''Guest on the Law of Assignment'' (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 2012)* (with Paul Matthews) ''The Law of Treasure'' (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2018)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "West Side, Saint Paul" ], [ "Introduction", "'''West Side, Saint Paul''' is a neighborhood and city planning district in Saint Paul, Minnesota, in the United States.", "It is Planning District 3.The neighborhood is bounded by the Mississippi River to the north and the city limits to the south.", "It gets its name because it is on the west side of the river, not because it is on the west side of Saint Paul.", "It is the only part of Saint Paul that is west of the Mississippi." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* History of the West Side* West Side Community Organization" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "State Council of Prussia (1817–1918)" ], [ "Introduction", "View of the Berlin Palace from the Long Bridge (1874).", "The ''State Council'' rooms were behind the windows that can be seen under the horse.The '''Prussian State Council''' was an advisory body to the King in the Prussian State from 1817 to 1848 and reactivated in 1854, 1884, and 1895.Its members did not have the title of State Councilor, but were allowed to call themselves a Member of the State Council." ], [ "History", "After Prussia's defeat by Napoleon in the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, the Prussian Reform Movement began with many areas based on the changes in France.", "A much-noticed innovation was the founding of the Conseil d'État by Napoleon in 1798.In the Rhine Confederation states, state councils were partly set up as advisory bodies based on this model, including the Constitution of the Kingdom of Westphalia.", "There were also Privy Councils in many territories in the Holy Roman Empire.", "In Prussia this was the Privy Council until 1808.Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein proposed the establishment of a State Council with an advisory and legislative function in the Nassau Memorandum ( and his draft ordinance of 24 November 1808 (which never came into effect).", "The ordinance of 27 October 1810 by Karl August von Hardenberg \"on the amended constitution of all the highest state authorities in the Prussian monarchy\" contains the establishment of a State Council as well as regulations regarding its composition, however, the committee was initially not actually introduced.", "The King's announcement in the Supreme Cabinet Order of 3 June 1814 \"for the appointment of the Minister\" that he wanted to put the Council of State into action after his return from Paris, but brings his order into connection with the question of the corporate constitution and representation, likely explains the delay in introduction until 1817.===1817 introduction===Upon the introduction of the State Council of 20 March 1817, the State Council was formed and consisted of:* The Prince of the Royal House (once they reach the age of eighteen);* Certain officeholders: State Chancellor and President of the State Council; Field marshals; Real Ministers of State in charge of the administration; Minister-State Secretary, who keeps the minutes and reports of the State Council and is responsible for the formalities of business transactions; Postmaster General; Head of the Higher Tribunal; First President of the Chamber of Accounts; Privy Cabinet Councilor; Officer who has the authority to present military matters to the King; Commanding generals in the provinces (but only if they are specially appointed);** Senior president in the provinces (but only if they are specially appointed);* Public servants who, through the King's special trust, receive a seat and vote in the state council and are appointed by it.The State Council formed seven committees (called departments) each consisting of five members:* Foreign Affairs* War* Justice* Finance* Trade and Commerce* Interior and the Police* Culture and Public Education" ], [ "Responsibilities", "The State Council was tasked with advising on legislative proposals including regulations, decrees, etc., but had no right of initiative, only dealing with proposals that were assigned to it.", "The State Council had no decision-making authority, but voted for, or against, proposals and could make suggestions for changes.", "The monarch usually followed this vote.", "If the monarch attended the meetings of the Council of State, he left the meeting when voting so as not to influence the result.The proportion of laws submitted to the State Council decreased rapidly.", "In 1818, all 16 of 16 suitable laws were discussed, in 1821, 10 out of 31 and, in 1826, there were 4 out of 30.===March Revolution and Reaction Era===As a result of the German revolutions of 1848–1849, Prussia changed from an absolute to a constitutional monarchy in 1848.Legislation now rested exclusively with the King and Parliament.", "The Prussian Constitution, which came into force in 1850, did not provide for a State Council.", "The Secretariat of the State Council was dissolved; State Secretary Bode had already been placed on hold on 1 October 1848.In the Reaction Era, King Frederick William IV reactivated the State Council in 1854 as a personal body to assess the most important state affairs.", "When the State Council was re-established, its role in the legislative process changed.", "Because laws were now only dealt with in the Landtag of Prussia, the matter was dealt with by the State Council prior to deliberation in Parliament.New members were appointed (former members remained members) and the State Council was invited to deliberate.", "Some of the members of the State Council formed the \"Central Assembly\".", "On July 4, 1854, the full assembly of the State Council met in the Berlin Palace and the King inaugurated the members into office.", "From 1854 onwards, he only called meetings of the Central Assembly; for the other members, membership in the State Council was purely an honor.", "The King only referred a few matters to the Council of State for consideration.", "In October 1856, he had the Central Assembly meet for the last time, after which it went dormant.===Reactivation by Bismarck ===At the instigation of Otto von Bismarck, the State Council was reactivated again in 1884.King Wilhelm I appointed 70 new members on June 11, 1884.Undersecretary Theodor von Möller was appointed State Secretary of the State Council.", "The basis of the work of the State Council was the regulation concerning the negotiations of the State Council.", "The regulations adapted the departments of the State Council to the structure of the ministries.", "Above all, the State Council was subordinate to the State Ministry.", "The ceremonial reopening took place on 25 October 1884 in the Berlin Palace.", "The Ministries provided little support for the work of the State Council and once again submitted only a few submissions to it.", "The State Council last met under Bismarck in 1890.===1895 reactivation===After Hans von Kanitz introduced a bill in the Reichstag to monopolize grain imports and introduce minimum prices for grain, Kaiser Wilhelm II announced at the meeting of the State Ministry on 4 January 1895 that he would convene the State Council to discuss the bill.", "This led to intensive discussions.", "Bismarck's participation was a constitutional problem because a legal question existed whether his membership expired when he left office or whether he was a member for life due to his appointment in 1854.The political question was Kaiser Wilhelm II's policy of reconciliation towards Bismarck.", "The then Imperial Chancellor and Prime Minister Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst visited Bismarck at Kaiser Wilhelm II's request and declared that he would become Vice President of the State Council if he appeared (Wilhelm II himself wanted to chair the meetings).", "Nevertheless, Bismarck decided not to attend the meeting and Hohenlohe became vice president.", "The second question was how to secure a majority for the government position.", "The government considered a peer boost and presented lists of names to Kaiser Wilhelm II.", "Instead, a \"Central Assembly\" of the State Council was called.", "The 16 members of the State Council selected in this way, advised by 26 large agrarians and financial magnates, met from March 12 to 21 under the chairmanship of the Emperor.This was the last meeting of the State Council.", "It was never convened again, new members were no longer appointed, but the State Council was not abolished either.", "With the German Revolution of 1918–1919, its existence ''de jure'' ended.", "At that point, it only consisted of 8 members, apart from the members by office.", "The law on the provisional order of state power in Prussia of 20 March 1919 no longer provided for the State Council.", "The constitution of the Free State of Prussia of 30 November 1920 again provided for a State Council.", "However, this was not in the tradition of the old State Council, but was the representation of the Prussian provinces and was more oriented towards the Reichsrat." ], [ "Presidents of the State Council", "* Karl August von Hardenberg (1817–1822)* Duke Charles of Mecklenburg (1825–1837)* Karl Freiherr von Müffling (1837–1847)* Friedrich Carl von Savigny (1847–1848)* Otto Theodor von Manteuffel (1852–1856)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "8th WBFJA Award" ], [ "Introduction", "'''8th Edition of The WBFJA Award''', also known as '''''Cinemar Samabartan''''' (Convocation of Cinema or Carnival of Films) took place on 14 January 2024 honoring the best films of 2023." ], [ "Superlatives", "+Multiple wins Awards Film7''Shesh Pata''3 ''Dawshom Awbotaar''2Aaro Ek Prithibi, Pradhan" ], [ "Winners and Nominees", "===Jury Awards=== Best Film Best Director '''''Shesh Pata'''''''Ardhangini''''Maayakumari''''Mayar Jonjal'''''''Atanu Ghosh''''' – '''''Shesh Pata'''''''Arindam Sil'' – ''Maayakumari''''Indranil Roychowdhury'' – ''Mayar Jonjal''*''Kaushik Ganguly'' – ''Palan'' Best Actor Best Actress'''''Prosenjit Chatterjee''''' – '''''Shesh Pata'''''''Abir Chatterjee'' – ''Maayakumari''''Anjan Dutt'' – ''Palan''*''Parambrata Chatterjee'' – ''Shibpur'''''''Churni Ganguly''''' – '''''Ardhangini''''''''''Swastika Mukherjee''''' – '''''Shibpur'''''''Arunima Ghosh'' – ''Maayakumari''''Gargi Roychowdhury'' – ''Shesh Pata''''Rituparna Sengupta'' – ''Maayakumari'' Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress'''''Kaushik Ganguly''''' – '''''Aaro Ek Prithibi'''''''Ambarish Bhattacharya'' – ''Kaberi Antardhan''''Indrasish Roy'' – ''Maayakumari''''Kaushik Sen'' – ''Kaberi Antardhan''''Vikram Chatterjee'' – ''Shesh Pata'''''''Mamata Shankar''''' – '''''Palan'''''''Ananya Sen'' – ''Dilkhush''''Anindita Bose'' – ''Aaro Ek Prithibi''''Jaya Ahsan'' – ''Ardhangini'' Best Actor in a Negative Role Best Actor in a Comic Role'''''Jisshu Sengupta''''' – '''''Dawshom Awbotaar'''''''Anirban Chakrabarti'' – ''Pradhan''''Kharaj Mukherjee'' – ''Shibpur''*''Prosenjit Chatterjee'' – ''Kaberi Antardhan'''''''Sohag Sen''''' – '''''Love Marriage'''''''Ashim Roychowdhury'' – ''Daal Baati Churma Chacchori''''Rajatava Dutta'' – ''Bogla Mama Jug Jug Jiyo''*''Ranjit Mullick'' – ''Love Marriage''Debut AwardsMost Promising ActorMost Promising Actress'''''Biswajit Sarkar''''' – '''''Shibpur'''''''Soumya Mukherjee'' – ''Mitthye Premer Gaan'' ''Ujan Chatterjee'' – ''Bogla Mama Jug Jug Jiyo'''''''Tasnia Farin''''' – '''''Aaro Ek Prithibi''''' ''Aishwarya Sen'' – ''Dilkhush''Most Promising Director'''''Aritra Sen''''' – '''''Shohorer Ushnotomo Din E'''''*''Paroma Neotia'' – '''''Mitthye Premer Gaan''''' ===Popular Choice Awards=== Most Popular Film Most Popular Actor'''''Pradhan''''''''''The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan'''''''Bagha Jatin''''Dawshom Awbotaar''''Raktabeej'''''''Dev''''' – '''''Pradhan'''''''Anirban Chakrabarti'' – ''The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan''''Mimi Chakraborty'' – ''Raktabeej''''Mithun Chakraborty'' – ''Kabuliwala''''Prosenjit Chatterjee'' – ''Dawshom Awbotaar''===Music Awards=== Best Music Best Background Score'''''Bickram Ghosh''''' – '''''Maayakumari'''''''Anupam Roy'' – ''Ardhangini''''Anupam Roy'' –''Dawshom Awbotaar''''Kuntal De, Ranajoy Bhattacharjee and Soumya Rit'' – ''Mitthye Premer Gaan'''''''Debojyoti Mishra''''' – '''''Shesh Pata'''''''Amit Chatterjee'' – ''Shibpur''''Joy Sarkar'' – ''Niharika''''Neel Dutt'' – ''Palan''''Prabuddha Banerjee'' – ''Kaberi Antardhan'' Best Male Playback Singer Best Female Playback Singer'''''Anupam Roy''''' – \"'''Ami Sei Manushta Aar Nei'''\" – '''''Dawshom Awbotaar'''''''Anirban Bhattacharya'' – \"'''Bibagi Phone'''\" – ''Dilkhush''''Arijit Singh'' – \"'''Jiya Tui Chhara'''\" – ''Biye Bibhrat''''Manomoy Bhattacharya'' – \"'''Chokher Jole'''\" – ''Maayakumari'''''''Iman Chakraborty''''' – \"'''Alada Alada'''\" – '''''Ardhangini'''''''Antara Mitra'' – \"'''Jani Okaron'''\" – ''Fatafati''''Madhubantii Bagchi'' – \"'''Modhu Mashe'''\" – ''Maayakumari''**''Shreya Ghoshal'' – \"'''Toka Dile Bhenge Jabe'''\" – ''Manobjomin''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bulgarian Front of First Balkan War" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Bulgarian Front of First Balkan War''' was one of the heaviest fronts of the First Balkan War fought between 21 October, 1912 and 3 April, 1913" ], [ "Background", "Tensions among the Balkan states over their rival aspirations to the provinces of Ottoman-controlled Rumelia (Eastern Rumelia, Thrace and Macedonia) subsided somewhat after the mid-19th-century intervention by the Great Powers, which aimed to secure both more complete protection for the provinces' Christian majority as well as to maintain the status quo.", "By 1867, Serbia and Montenegro had both secured their independence, which was confirmed by the Treaty of Berlin (1878).", "The question of the viability of Ottoman rule was revived after the Young Turk Revolution in July 1908, which compelled the Ottoman Sultan to restore the suspended constitution of the empire.Serbia's aspirations to take over Bosnia and Herzegovina were thwarted by the Bosnian crisis, which led to the Austrian annexation of the province in October 1908.The Serbs then directed their war efforts to the south.", "After the annexation, the Young Turks tried to induce the Muslim population of Bosnia to emigrate to the Ottoman Empire.", "The Ottoman authorities resettled those who took up the offer in districts of northern Macedonia with few Muslims.", "The experiment proved to be a catastrophe since the immigrants readily united with the existing population of Albanian Muslims and participated in the series of 1911 Albanian uprisings and the Albanian revolt of 1912.Some Albanian government troops switched sides.In May 1912, Albanian rebels seeking national autonomy and the re-installment of Sultan Abdul Hamid II to power drove the Young Turkish forces out of Skopje and pressed south towards Manastir (now Bitola), forcing the Young Turks to grant effective autonomy over large regions in June 1912.Serbia, which had helped the arming of Catholic Albanians in the Mirditë region and Hamidian rebels and sent secret agents to some of the prominent leaders, took the revolt as a pretext for war.", "Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria had all been in talks about possible offensives against the Ottoman Empire before the 1912 Albanian revolt had broken out, and a formal agreement between Serbia and Montenegro had been signed on 7 March.", "On 18 October 1912, King Peter I of Serbia issued a declaration, 'To the Serbian People,' which appeared to support Albanians as well as Serbs:In a search for allies, Serbia was ready to negotiate a treaty with Bulgaria.", "The agreement provided that in the event of victory against the Ottomans, Bulgaria would receive all of Macedonia south of the Kriva Palanka–Ohrid line.", "Bulgaria accepted Serbia's expansion as being to the north of the Shar Mountains (Kosovo).", "The intervening area was agreed to be \"disputed\" and would be arbitrated by the Tsar of Russia in the event of a successful war against the Ottoman Empire.", "During the war, it became apparent that the Albanians did not consider Serbia as a liberator, as had been suggested by King Peter I, and the Serbian forces failed to observe his declaration of amity toward Albanians.After the successful coup d'état for unification with Eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria began to dream that its national unification would be realized.", "For that purpose, it developed a large army and was identified as the \"Prussia of the Balkans.\"", "However, Bulgaria could not win a war alone against the Ottomans.In Greece, Hellenic Army officers had rebelled in the Goudi coup of August 1909 and secured the appointment of a progressive government under Eleftherios Venizelos, which they hoped would resolve the Crete question in Greece's favour.", "They also wanted to reverse their defeat in the Greco-Turkish War (1897) by the Ottomans.", "An emergency military reorganization, led by a French military mission, had been started for that purpose, but its work was interrupted by the outbreak of war in the Balkans.", "In the discussions that led to Greece joining the Balkan League, Bulgaria refused to commit to any agreement on distributing territorial gains, unlike its deal with Serbia over Macedonia.", "Bulgaria's diplomatic policy was to push Serbia into one that limited its access to Macedonia while simultaneously refusing any such agreement with Greece.", "Bulgaria believed that its army could occupy the big part of Aegean Macedonia and the port city of Salonica (Thessaloniki) before the Greeks could do so.In 1911, Italy had launched an invasion of Tripolitania, now in Libya, which was quickly followed by the occupation of the Dodecanese Islands in the Aegean Sea.", "The Italians' decisive military victories over the Ottoman Empire and the successful 1912 Albanian revolt encouraged the Balkan states to imagine that they might win a war against the Ottomans.", "By the spring and summer of 1912, the various Christian Balkan nations had created a network of military alliances, becoming known as the Balkan League.The Great Powers, most notably France and Austria-Hungary, reacted to the formation of the alliances by trying unsuccessfully to dissuade the Balkan League from going to war.", "In late September, the League and the Ottoman Empire mobilized their armies.", "Montenegro was the first to declare war on 25 September (O.S.", ")/8 October.", "After issuing an impossible ultimatum to the Ottoman Porte on 13 October, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece declared war on the Ottomans on 17 October (1912).", "The declarations of war attracted a large number of war correspondents.", "An estimated 200 to 300 journalists from around the world covered the war in the Balkans in November 1912." ], [ "Order of battle and plans", "===Bulgaria===Bulgaria was militarily the most powerful of the four Balkan states, with a large, well-trained, well-equipped army.", "Bulgaria mobilized a total of 599,878 men out of a population of 4.3 million.", "The Bulgarian field army counted for nine infantry divisions, one cavalry division and 1,116 artillery units.", "The commander-in-chief was Tsar Ferdinand, and the operating command was in the hands of his deputy, General Mihail Savov.", "The Bulgarians also had a small navy of six torpedo boats restricted to operations along the country's Black Sea coast.Bulgaria was focused on actions in Thrace and Macedonia.", "It deployed its main force in Thrace by forming three armies.", "The First Army (79,370 men), under General Vasil Kutinchev, had three infantry divisions and was deployed to the south of Yambol and assigned operations along the Tundzha River.", "The Second Army (122,748 men), under General Nikola Ivanov, with two infantry divisions and one infantry brigade, was deployed west of the First Army and was assigned to capture the strong fortress of Adrianople (Edirne).", "Plans had the Third Army (94,884 men), under General Radko Dimitriev, to be deployed east of and behind the First Army and to be covered by the cavalry division that hid it from the Ottomans' sight.", "The Third Army had three infantry divisions and was assigned to cross Mount Stranja and to take the fortress of Kirk Kilisse (Kırklareli).", "The 2nd (49,180) and 7th (48,523 men) Divisions were assigned independent roles, operating in Western Thrace and Eastern Macedonia, respectively.===Ottoman Empire===In 1912, the Ottomans were in a difficult position.", "They had a large population, 26 million, but just over 6.1 million of them lived in its European part, only 2.3 million being Muslims.", "The rest were Christians, who were considered unfit for conscription.", "The poor transport network, especially in the Asian section, dictated that the only reliable way to mass transfer troops to the European theatre was by sea, but that faced the risk of the Greek fleet in the Aegean Sea.", "In addition, the Ottomans were still engaged in a protracted war against Italy in Libya (and by now in the Dodecanese islands of the Aegean), which had dominated the Ottoman military effort for over a year.", "The conflict lasted until 15 October, a few days after the outbreak of hostilities in the Balkans.", "The Ottomans couldn't reinforce their positions in the Balkans meaningfully as their relations with the Balkan states deteriorated over the year" ], [ "The Battles", "===Battle of Kardzhali===The '''Battle of Kircaali''' or '''Battle of Kardzhali''' was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.", "It took place on 21 October 1912, when the Bulgarian Haskovo Detachment defeated the Ottoman Kırcaali Detachment of Yaver Pasha and permanently joined Kardzhali and the Eastern Rhodopes to Bulgaria.", "The anniversary of that event is celebrated annually on 21 October as a holiday of the city.", "Shortly before the war between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire, the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Thracian Infantry Division (28th and 40th Infantry Regiments, reinforced by the 3rd Artillery Regiments was deployed in the area around Haskovo and had orders to cover the routes to Plovdiv and Stara Zagora.", "After the correction of the Bulgarian-Ottoman border in 1886 following the Unification of Bulgaria, the Ottomans controlled Kardzhali and the surrounding mountain ridges.", "Their army in the region was dangerously close to the railway between Plovdiv and Harmanli and the base of the Bulgarian armies which were to advance into Eastern Thrace.", "The commander of the 2nd Army General Nikola Ivanov ordered Delov to push the Ottomans to the south of the Arda river.The Bulgarian Haskovo Detachment numbered 8,700 soldiers with 42 guns.", "and opposed the Ottoman Kırcaali Reserve Division (''Kırcaali Redif Fırkası'') and in the west the left group of the Bulgarian Rodopo Detachment opposed the Ottoman Kırcaali Home Guard Division (''Kırcaali Müstahfız Fırkası'') that were the parts of the Ottoman Kırcaali Detachment under Yaver Pasha, which was much larger (24,000) but was dispersed and with fewer artillery pieces.", "On the first day of the war, 18 October 1912, Delov's detachment advanced south across the border in four columns.", "The next day, they defeated the Ottoman troops at the villages of Kovancılar (present day: Pchelarovo) and Göklemezler (present day: Stremtsi) and then headed for Kardzhali.", "The detachment of Yaver Pasha left the town in disorder.", "With its advance towards Gumuljina, the Haskovo detachment threatened communications between the Ottoman armies in Thrace and Macedonia.", "For this reason, the Ottomans ordered Yaver Pasha to counter-attack before the Bulgarians could reach Kardzhali but did not send him reinforcements.", "To follow this order he had in command 9 tabors and 8 guns.However, the Bulgarians were not aware of the strength of the enemy and on 19 October the Bulgarian High Command (the Headquarters of the Active Army under General Ivan Fichev) ordered General Ivanov to stop the advance of the Haskovo Detachment because it was considered risky.", "The commander of the 2nd Army, however, did not withdraw his orders and gave Delov freedom of action.", "The detachment continued with the advance on 20 October.", "The march was slowed by the torrential rains and the slow movement of the artillery but the Bulgarians reached the heights to the north of Kardzhali before the Ottomans could reorganize.In the early morning of 21 October Yaver Pasha engaged the Bulgarians in the outskirts of the town.", "Due to their superior artillery and attacks ''on bayonet'' the soldiers of the Haskovo Detachment overran the Ottoman defenses and prevented their attempts to outflank them from the west.", "The Ottomans were in turn vulnerable to outflanking from the same direction and had to retreat for a second time to the south of the Arda River, leaving behind large quantities of munitions and equipment.", "At 16:00 the Bulgarians entered Kardzhali.As a result of the battle most of the population left the town.", "The Turkish inhabitants of the area fled during the Bulgarian advance.The defeated Ottomans retreated to Mestanlı (present day: Momchilgrad), while the Haskovo Detachment prepared defenses along the Arda.", "Thus the flank and the rear of the Bulgarian armies advancing towards Adrianople and Constantinople were secured.", "Concerned that after the fall of Kardzhali the Bulgarians would cut off the railway between Salonika and Dedeagach, the Ottoman High Command decided to distract the Bulgarians.", "Its haste orders for counter-attack of the Eastern Army led to the crushing defeat of the Ottomans in the Battle of Kirk Kilisse.", "The Bulgarian command did not proceed with the advance after the fall of Kardzhali.", "Instead of taking Gumuljina, on 23 October the main forces of the Haskovo Datachment were ordered to go east and participate in the siege of Adrianople.", "Only a small squad was left in Kardzhali.===Battle of Kirk Kilisse===The '''Battle of Kirk Kilisse''' or '''Battle of Kirklareli''' or '''Battle of Lozengrad''' was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.", "It took place on 24 October 1912, when the Bulgarian army defeated an Ottoman army in Eastern Thrace and occupied Kırklareli.Map of the battleThe initial clashes were around several villages to the north of the town.", "The Bulgarian attacks were irresistible and the Ottoman forces were forced to retreat.", "On 10 October the Ottoman army threatened to split 1st and 3rd Bulgarian armies but it was quickly stopped by a charge by 1st Sofian and 2nd Preslav brigades.", "After bloody fighting along the whole town front the Ottomans began to pull back and on the next morning Kırk Kilise (Lozengrad) was in Bulgarian hands.", "The Muslim Turkish population of the town was expelled and fled eastwards towards Constantinople.After the victory, the French minister of war Alexandre Millerand stated that the Bulgarian Army was the best in Europe and that he would prefer 100,000 Bulgarians for allies than any other European army.===Battle of Lule Burgas===The '''Battle of Lule Burgas''' () or '''Battle of Luleburgas – Bunarhisar''' (, ) was a battle between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire and was the bloodiest battle of the First Balkan War.", "The battle took place from 28 October to 2 November 1912.The outnumbered Bulgarian forces made the Ottomans retreat to Çatalca line, 30 km from the Ottoman capital Constantinople.", "In terms of forces engaged it was the largest battle fought in Europe between the end of the Franco-Prussian War and the beginning of the First World War.Following the quick Bulgarian victory on the Petra – Seliolu – Geckenli line and the capture of Kirk Kilisse (Kırklareli), the Ottoman forces retreated in disorder to the east and south.", "The Bulgarian Second Army under the command of gen. Nikola Ivanov besieged Adrianople (Edirne) but the First and Third armies failed to chase the retreating Ottoman forces.", "Thus the Ottomans were allowed to re-group and took new defensive positions along the Lule Burgas – Bunar Hisar line.", "The Bulgarian Third Army under gen. Radko Dimitriev reached the Ottoman lines on 28 October.", "The attack began the same day by the army's three divisions – 5th Danubian Infantry Division (commander major-gen. Pavel Hristov) on the left flank, 4th Preslav Infantry Division (major-gen. Kliment Boyadzhiev) in the centre and 6th Bdin Infantry Division (major-gen. Pravoslav Tenev) on the right flank.", "By the end of the day the 6th Division captured the town of Lule Burgas.", "With the arrival of the First Army on the battlefield the following day, attacks continued along the entire front line but were met with fierce resistance and even limited counter-attacks by the Ottomans.", "Heavy and bloody battles occurred on the next two days and the casualties were high on both sides.", "At the cost of heavy losses, the Bulgarian Fourth and 5th Division managed to push the Ottomans back and gained 5 km of land in their respective sectors of the frontline on 30 October.The Bulgarians continued to push the Ottomans on the entire front.", "The 6th division managed to breach the Ottoman lines on the right flank.", "After another two days of fierce combat, the Ottoman defence collapsed and on the night of 2 November the Ottoman forces began a full retreat along the entire frontline.", "The Bulgarians again didn't immediately follow the retreating Ottoman forces and lost contact with them, which allowed the Ottoman army to take up positions on the Çatalca defence line just 30 km west of Constantinople.There were a large number of journalists who reported on the Battle of Lule Burgas, whose accounts provide rich details about this event.===Battle of Merhamli===The '''Battle of Merhamli''' was part of the First Balkan War between the armies of Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire which took place on 14/27 November 1912.After a long chase throughout Western Thrace the Bulgarian troops led by General Nikola Genev and Colonel Aleksandar Tanev surrounded the 10,000-strong Kırcaali Detachment under the command of Mehmed Yaver Pasha.", "Attacked in the surrounding of the village Merhamli (Now Peplos in modern Greece), only a few of the Ottomans managed to cross the Maritsa River.", "The rest surrendered in the following day on 28 November.", "In the beginning of 1912 when the Ottoman-Montenegrin conflict from the previous month grew into Balkan-wide war the main forces of the adversaries were concentrated in Eastern Thrace and Macedonia.", "In the battle of Lule Burgas (28 October-2 November) the Ottoman Eastern Army was crushed by the Bulgarians and pushed to Constantinople and Gallipoli.", "On 9 November the Greeks captured Salonica.The actions in the Rhodope Mountains during the first month of the war were limited.", "After the Bulgarians captured Kardzhali (21 October) and Smolyan (26 October) the Bulgarian troops took defensive positions.", "The Ottoman attempts for counter-attacks against Kardzhali and Smolyan Battle of Alamidere failed and the front line stabilized along the Arda River.The main task of the Ottoman Kardzhali corps which was stationed in the Eastern Rhodopes was to prevent the Bulgarians from cutting the land communications between the Ottoman armies in Thrace and Macedonia.", "However, after the successes of the Balkan allies to the east and to the west, that task became pointless and after the Bulgarian High Command issued advance towards the important port of Dedeagach the situation of the corps became critical.", "Its commander Mehmed Yaver Pasha ordered a retreat to Galipoli with fighting in the rearguard.", "After the fall of Salonica to the Balkan allies the Rodopi Detachment changed the direction of its advance.", "From Serres and Drama the detachment of General Stiliyan Kovachev headed eastwards and on 20 November captured Xanthi.", "Six days later his troops entered Dedeagach which was already taken by Macedonian volunteers.In the Battle of Balkan Toresi on 20 November the Kardzhali Detachment (3rd Brigade of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps, two mixed regiment and other squads) defeated the Ottoman rearguard and entered Gyumyurdzhina in the next day.", "After several day march through the Eastern Rhodopes General Genev gave his troops a rest.", "On 25 November the detachment continued eastwards and after two days captured Feres in close proximity to the camp of Mehmed Yaver Pasha on the right banks of the Maritsa.", "On 15 November the Mixed Cavalry Brigade of Colonel Tanev captured Soflu.", "Reinforced with the 2nd Brigade of the Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps he marched south along the Maritsa and on 18 November took Feres and on 19 November captured Dedeagach.", "However, concerned about the news for advancing Ottoman reinforcement, Tanev retreated back to Soflu leaving 150 volunteers in Dedeagach.On 26 November the corps of Mehmed Yaver Pasha reached Merhamli and began to cross the Maritsa but due to the torrential rains only 1,500-2,000 men with two guns managed to reach the left bank until noon in the next day.", "In the meantime the troops of Tanev attacked the Ottoman forces from the north and the detachment of Genev was closing in from the west.", "In the evening of 27 November Tanev forced the Ottoman commander to sign a document for capitulation.", "The Ottomans surrendered in the next day after the Kardzhali Detachment arrived at Merhamli.", "Around 9,600 Ottoman soldiers and officers were captured along with 8 artillery guns.The survived Ottoman forces which managed to cross the Maritsa joined the Ottoman defenders in Galipoli.", "With the capitulation at Merhamli the Ottoman Empire lost Western Thrace while the Bulgarian positions in the lower current of the Maritsa and around Istanbul stabilized.", "With their success the Mixed Cavalry Brigade and the Kardzhali Detachment secured the rear of the 2nd Army which was besieging Adrianople and eased the supplies for 1st and 3rd Armies at Chatalja.===Battle of Kaliakra===The '''Battle of Kaliakra''', usually known as the '''Attack of the ''Drazki''''' () in Bulgaria, was a maritime action between four Bulgarian torpedo boats and the Ottoman cruiser ''Hamidiye'' in the Black Sea.", "It took place on 21 November 1912 at 32 miles off Bulgaria's primary port of Varna.During the course of the First Balkan War, the Ottoman Empire's supplies were dangerously limited after the battles in Kirk Kilisse and Lule Burgas and the sea route from the Romanian port of Constanța to Istanbul became vital for the Ottomans.", "The Ottoman navy also imposed a blockade on the Bulgarian coast and on 15 October, the commander of the cruiser ''Hamidiye'' threatened to destroy Varna and Balchik, unless the two towns surrendered.", "On 21 November an Ottoman convoy was attacked by the four Bulgarian torpedo boats ''Drazki'' (Bold), ''Letyashti'' (Flying), ''Smeli'' (Brave) and ''Strogi'' (Strict).", "The attack was led by ''Letyashti'', whose torpedoes missed, as did those of ''Smeli'' and ''Strogi'', ''Smeli'' being damaged by a 150 mm round with one of her crewmen wounded.", "''Drazki'' however got within 100 meters from the Ottoman cruiser and her torpedoes struck the cruiser's starboard side, causing a 10 square meter hole.However, ''Hamidiye'' was not sunk, due to her well-trained crew, strong forward bulkheads, the functionality of all her water pumps and a very calm sea.", "She did however have 8 crewmen killed and 30 wounded, and was repaired within months.", "After this encounter, the Ottoman blockade of the Bulgarian coast was significantly loosened.===Battle of Çatalca===The '''First Battle of Çatalca''' was one of the heaviest battles of the First Balkan War fought between .", "It was initiated as an attempt of the combined Bulgarian First and Third armies, under the overall command of lieutenant general Radko Dimitriev, to defeat the Ottoman Çatalca Army and break through the last Turkish defensive line before the capital Constantinople.", "The high casualties however forced the Bulgarians to call off the attack.===Battle of Bulair==='''The battle of Bulair''' (, ) took place on 8 February 1913 (O.S.", "26 January 1913) between the Bulgarian Seventh Rila Infantry Division under General Georgi Todorov and the Ottoman 27th Infantry Division.", "The result was a Bulgarian victory.", "The advance began in the morning of 8 February (O.S.", "26 January) when the Myuretebi Division headed under the cover of fog from the Saor Bay toward the road to Bulair.", "The attack was uncovered at only 100 steps from the Bulgarian positions.", "At 7 o'clock the Ottoman artillery opened fire.", "The Bulgarian auxiliary artillery also opened fire, as did the soldiers of the 13th Infantry Regiment, and the enemy advance was slowed.From 8 o'clock advanced the Ottoman 27th Infantry Division which concentrated on the shore-line of the Sea of Marmara.", "Due to their superiority the Ottomans seized the position at the Doganarslan Chiflik and began to surround the left wing of the 22nd Infantry Regiment.", "The command of the Seventh Rila Infantry Division reacted immediately and ordered a counter-attack of the 13th Rila Infantry Regiment, which forced the Myuretebi Division to pull back.The Ottoman forces were surprised by the decisive actions of the Bulgarians and when they saw the advancing 22nd Thracian Infantry Regiment they panicked.", "The Bulgarian artillery now concentrated its fire on Doganarslan Chiflik.", "Around 15 o'clock 22nd Regiment counter-attacked the right wing of the Ottoman forces and after a short but fierce fight the enemy began to retreat.", "Many of the fleeing Ottoman troops were killed by the accurate fire of the Bulgarian artillery.", "After that the whole Bulgarian army attacked and defeated the Ottoman left wing.Around 17 o'clock the Ottoman forces renewed the attack and headed towards the Bulgarian center but were repulsed and suffered heavy casualties.The position was cleared of Ottoman forces and the defensive line was reorganized.", "In the battle of Bulair the Ottoman forces lost almost half of their manpower and left all their equipment on the battlefield.===Battle of Şarköy===The '''Battle of Şarköy''' or '''Sarkoy operation''' (, ) took place between 9 and 11 February 1913 during the First Balkan War between Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.", "The Ottomans attempted a counter-attack, but were defeated by the Bulgarians at the Battles of Bulair and Şarköy.===Siege of Adrianople===The '''siege of Adrianople''' (, , ), was fought during the First Balkan War.", "The siege began on 3 November 1912 and ended on 26 March 1913 with the capture of Edirne (Adrianople) by the Bulgarian 2nd Army and the Serbian 2nd Army.The loss of Edirne delivered the final decisive blow to the Ottoman army and brought the First Balkan War to an end.", "A treaty was signed in London on 30 May.", "The city was reoccupied and retained by the Ottomans during the Second Balkan War.The victorious end of the siege was considered to be an enormous military success because the city's defenses had been carefully developed by leading German siege experts and called 'undefeatable'.", "The Bulgarian army, after five months of siege and two bold night attacks, took the Ottoman stronghold.The victors were under the overall command of Bulgarian General Nikola Ivanov while the commander of the Bulgarian forces on the eastern sector of the fortress was General Georgi Vazov, the brother of the famous Bulgarian writer Ivan Vazov and of General Vladimir Vazov.The early use of an airplane for bombing took place during the siege; the Bulgarians dropped special hand grenades from one or more airplanes in an effort to cause panic among the Ottoman soldiers.", "Many young Bulgarian officers and professionals who took part in this decisive battle would later play important roles in Bulgarian politics, culture, commerce and industry.", "The final battle consisted of two night attacks.", "Preparations for the battle included covering all metal parts of the uniforms and weapons with tissue to avoid any shine or noise.", "The armies that took part in the siege were put under joint command, creating a prototype of a front.", "Some light artillery pieces towed by horses followed the advancing units, which played the role of infantry support guns.", "Attempts were made to perturb all Ottoman radio communications to isolate and demoralize the besieged troops.", "On 24 March 1913, the external fortifications began to be captured and the next night, the fortress itself fell into Bulgarian hands.", "Early in the morning on 26 March 1913, the commander of the fortress, Mehmed Şükrü Pasha, surrendered to the Bulgarian Army, which ended the siege.After the surrender, large parts of the city, especially the houses of Muslims and Jews, were subjected to looting for three days.", "The perpetrators of the looting, however, are disputed, in that some accounts accuse the Bulgarian army of looting while other sources accuse the local Greek population.The Bulgarian achievements in the war were summarized by a British war correspondent as follows: \"A nation with a population of less than five million and a military budget of less than two million pounds per annum placed in the field within fourteen days of mobilization an army of 400,000 men, and in the course of four weeks moved that army over 160 miles in hostile territory, captured one fortress and invested another, fought and won two great battles against the available armed strength of a nation of twenty million inhabitants, and stopped only at the gates of the hostile capital.", "With the exception of the Japanese and Gurkhas, the Bulgarians alone of all troops go into battle with the fixed intention of killing at least one enemy.\"", "There were many journalists who reported on the siege of Adrianople; their accounts provide rich details about the siege.Serbian units involved were the 2nd Army, under the command of General (later Vojvoda, equivalent to Field Marshal) Stepa Stepanović (two divisions and some support units) and heavy artillery (38 siege cannons and howitzers of 120 and 150 mm purchased from French Schneider-Canet factory in 1908); they had been dispatched because the Bulgarians lacked heavy artillery (though they were well supplied with Krupp-designed 75 mm field artillery).", "Serbian forces, commanded by General Stepa Stepanović, arrived on 6 November 1912.In Mustafa Pasha Place, a railway station outside Odrin, Stepanović immediately reported to the supreme commander, General Nikola Ivanov.", "The Serbian Second Army was formed from the Timok Division without the 14th Regiment, the Second Danube Division reinforced with the 4th Reserve Regiment, and the Second Drina Artillery Division.", "There was a total of 47,275 Serbian troops with 72 artillery guns, 4,142 horses and oxen and 3,046 cars.Both Serbian divisions were immediately sent to the front.", "The Timok Division, strengthened by a Bulgarian regiment, occupied the north-western sector between Maritsa and Tundzha Rivers, its sector being 15 km long.", "The Danube Division occupied a 5 km stretch of the western sector between the Maritsa and Arda Rivers.", "A combined brigade was formed from the Timok Cavalry Regiment and the Bulgarian guard Cavalry Regiment to scout the Maritsa Valley.", "===Second Battle of Çatalca===The Bulgarian advance at the beginning of the First Balkan War stalled at the Ottoman fortifications at Çatalca in November 1912 at the First Battle of Çatalca.", "A two-month ceasefire (armistice) was agreed to on 3 December O.S.", "20 November 1912 to allow for peace talks to proceed in London.", "The talks there stalled when on 23 January O.S.", "10 January 1913 an Ottoman coup d'état returned Unionists to power, with their non-negotiable stance on retaining Edirne.", "Hostilities resumed upon expiration of the armistice, on 3 February O.S.", "21 January 1913, and the Second Battle of Çatalca began.", "The battle consisted of a series of thrusts and counter-thrusts by both the Ottomans and the Bulgarians.", "On 20 February the Ottomans, in coordination with a separate attack from Gallipoli, charged the Bulgarian positions.", "Although the Bulgarians repulsed the initial attack, they were weakened enough that they withdrew over fifteen kilometers to the south and twenty kilometers to the west to secondary defensive positions; but eventually the lines returned to essentially the originals.", "The Bulgarians then moved a section of their army south threatening Çanakkale.", "The separate siege of Edirne resulted in its loss to the Bulgarians on 26 March, sapping Ottoman morale; and with heavy Bulgarian losses to both fighting and cholera, the battle dwindled down and ceased by 3 April 1913.On 16 April a second ceasefire (armistice) was agreed to, ending the last fighting in the war.", "The Ottomans held the \"Çatalca Line\", but failed to advance.", "The loss of Edirne ended the major Ottoman objection to peace and the Treaty of London on 10 June 1913 codified the Ottoman loss of territory." ], [ "Aftermath", "Danish cartoon shows Balkan states attacking the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War, October 1912The Treaty of London ended the First Balkan War on 30 May 1913.All Ottoman territory west of the Enez-Kıyıköy line was ceded to the Balkan League, according to the ''status quo'' at the time of the armistice.", "The treaty also declared Albania an independent state.", "Most of the territory designated to form the new Albanian state was occupied by Serbia and Greece, who only reluctantly withdrew their troops.", "Having unresolved disputes with Serbia over the division of northern Macedonia and with Greece over southern Macedonia, Bulgaria was prepared, if the need arose, to solve the problems by force, and began transferring its military from Eastern Thrace to the disputed regions.", "Unwilling to yield to any pressure, Greece and Serbia settled their mutual differences and signed a military alliance directed against Bulgaria on 1 May 1913, even before the Treaty of London had been concluded.", "This was soon followed by a treaty of \"mutual friendship and protection\" on 19 May/1 June 1913.This set the stage for the Second Balkan War." ], [ "References" ], [ "Sources", "* ''Балканската война 1912–1913''.", "Държавно военно издателство, София 1961* ''Войната между България и Турция'', Том V: Операциите около Одринската крепост, Книга I, Министерство на войната, София 1930* Иванов, Н.", "''Балканската война'' 1912–1913 год.", "Действията на II армия.", "Обсада и атака на Одринската крепост.", "София 1924* * * * Марков, Г.", "''България в Балканския съюз срещу Османската империя 1912-1913 г.", "'', \"Наука и изкуство\", София 1989 (електронно издание „Книги за Македония“, 19.08.2009)* Erickson, E. ''Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, * * *****Murray, Nicholas (2013).", "''The Rocky Road to the Great War: the Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914.''", "Dulles, Virginia, Potomac Books Pettifer, James.", "''War in the Balkans: Conflict and Diplomacy Before World War I'' (IB Tauris, 2015).", "**Trix, Frances.", "\"Peace-mongering in 1913: the Carnegie International Commission of Inquiry and its Report on the Balkan Wars.\"", "''First World War Studies'' 5.2 (2014): 147–162.", "*'''Further reading'''" ], [ "External links", "Hall, Richard C.: Balkan Wars 1912–1913 , in: 1914–1918-online.", "International Encyclopedia of the First World War.", " Map of Europe during First Balkan War at omniatlas.com * Films about the Balkan War at europeanfilmgateway.eu* Clemmesen, M. H. ''Not Just a Prelude: The First Balkan War Crisis as the Catalyst of Final European War Preparations'' (2012) * Anderson, D. S. ''The Apple of Discord: The Balkan League and the Military Topography of the First Balkan War'' (1993) * Major 1914 primary sources from BYU" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Payne-Phalen, Saint Paul" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Payne-Phalen''' is a neighborhood and city planning district in Saint Paul, Minnesota in the United States.", "It is Planning District 5.The area includes several smaller neighborhoods, namely Railroad Island, Phalen Park, Rivoli Bluff, Vento, Wheelock Park, and Williams Hill.", "It ranges from a blue-collar area to the south to a middle-class area north of Maryland Avenue, including upscale real estate around Lake Phalen.", "The neighborhood is part of the larger area known as the East Side of Saint Paul." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Payne-Phalen Community Council" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 IHF Men's Olympic Qualification Tournaments" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 IHF Men's Olympic Qualification Tournaments''' will be held from 14 to 17 March 2024.Four teams will take part in each tournament, with the two best-ranked teams qualifying for the 2024 Summer Olympics." ], [ "Format", "There will be three qualifying tournaments.", "Only twelve eligible teams through the five events mentioned above could qualify for these tournaments:The top six teams from the World championship that did not already qualify through their continental championships are eligible to participate in the tournament.", "The highest-ranked teams of each continent in the World championship represented the continent in order to determine the continental ranking.", "The first-ranked continent (Europe) received two more places for the tournament.", "The second (Africa), third (Asia), and fourth (Americas)-ranked continents received one place each.", "The last place belongs to a team from Oceania, if one was ranked between 8th–12th at the World Championship.", "As no team from Oceania met this condition, the second-ranked continent received an extra place instead.", "The teams that already earned their places through their World championship ranking were not considered for receiving places through the continental criterion.", "In such cases, the access list was rebalanced accordingly.", "The twelve teams were allocated in three pools of four teams according to the table below.", "The top two teams from each pool will qualify for the 2024 Olympic Games.", "2024 Olympic Qualification Tournament #1 2024 Olympic Qualification Tournament #2 2024 Olympic Qualification Tournament #3 3rd from World: * 10th from World: * 2nd from Asia: * 2nd from Americas: * 5th from World: * 9th from World: * 2nd from Africa: * 8th from Europe: * 6th from World: * 8th from World: * 7th from Europe: * 3rd from Africa: The host countries were announced on 2 February 2024." ], [ "Tournament 1", "The tournament will be held in Granollers, Spain.===Standings===" ], [ "Tournament 2", "The tournament will be held in Hanover, Germany.===Standings===" ], [ "Tournament 3", "The tournament will be held in Tatabánya, Hungary.===Standings===" ], [ "See also", "*2024 IHF Women's Olympic Qualification Tournaments" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Canadian Association of Professional Employees" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Canadian Association of Professional Employees''' is a federal public service labour union in Canada.", "It represents more than 25,000 members.", "CAPE is a national affiliate of the Canadian Labour Congress (CLC).", "Its president since January 2024 is Nathan Prier of British Columbia." ], [ "External links", "* Official site" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Como Park, Saint Paul" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Como Park''' is a neighborhood and city planning district in Saint Paul, Minnesota, in the United States.", "It is Planning District 10.The main features of the neighborhood are Como Lake and Como Park Zoo and Conservatory.", "The approximate boundaries of the neighborhood are Snelling Avenue to the west, Larpenteur Avenue to the north, Dale Street to the east, and the Pierce Butler Route to the south." ], [ "History", "The area around Como Lake was originally swamp and oak savannas.", "It was inhabited seasonally by the Dakota people, who called the lake ''Medawaka'', which roughly translates to \"Lake Mysterious.\"", "One of the earliest European settlers was Charles Perry.", "He farmed a 160-acre claim of land that later would become the regional park.", "Perry named the lake after Lake Como near his birthplace in the Swiss-Italian Alps." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Como Park Community Council" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Christina Aguilera at Voltaire" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Christina Aguilera at Voltaire''' is the ongoing second concert residency by American singer-songwriter Christina Aguilera.", "It is produced by Live Nation, and will run at Voltaire at The Venetian Las Vegas from December 30, 2023, to August 31, 2024." ], [ "Background", "In January 2019, Aguilera appeared on ''The Ellen DeGeneres Show'' to announce her first residency concert, describing it as \"a multisensory escape to a world of magic and total freedom\".", "She headlined Christina Aguilera: The Xperience at the Zappos Theater at Planet Hollywood Las Vegas, which ran from May 2019 to March 2020 in four legs; its fifth leg was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in September 2020.It earned over $10.2 million according to ''Pollstar''.", "She later embarked on The X Tour (2019) and EU / UK Summer Series (2023), with the latter promoting her second Spanish record, ''Aguilera''.On October 10, 2023, Aguilera announced her second residency concert in a statement to ''Billboard''.", "Described as \"a seductively intimate show\", it was also reported to take place at Voltaire at The Venetian Las Vegas.", "Later that month, she appeared on ''Jimmy Kimmel Live!''", "talk show to promote the dates of the new residency; during the interview, she also stated, \"It's such a creative experience for me, unlike anything I've ever done because it's such a very special, exclusive show, like only 1000 seats per night and I'm not on until midnight\"." ], [ "Concept", "According to Aguilera, the concept of the residency was \"bringing a show that fuses music, sophistication and art in ways she never performed before\".", "In an interview with ''Vogue'', she stated that she was \"drawn to doing the show from the ground up ... building it around this moody, intricate, intimate space\", while she revealed inspirations from the belle de nuit flower and diamonds to produce the show themes.", "Aguilera also cited Marilyn Monroe's classic musical number \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" from the film ''Gentlemen Prefer Blondes'' (1953) as an alter ego, defining the message as \"living out the fantasies on stage and deserving nothing but the best\".", "Aguilera's outfits in the show were designed by fashion house Mugler, as well custom pieces designed by Yogie Pratama and Asher Levine." ], [ "Critical response", "Tomás Mier from ''Rolling Stone'' described the concert residency show as \"sexier, Burlesqueier, and more intimate\", while pointing out \"Aguilera's ever-so-stunning vocals and Vegas show(wo)manship\".", "Mier also highlighted dancers, live sax and trumpet players, as well as her transition from a shimmering silver minidress into a dominatrix-style outfit to perform \"You Don't Own Me\" from atop a bed.", "''Las Vegas Review-Journal'' author John Katsilometes said that \"Aguilera's superb voice alone sets her apart\", citing her \"soaring performance\" during \"Beautiful\" as one of the night's highlights alongside the dance troupe and full backing band." ], [ "Commercial performance", "Aguilera's residency has been met with an overwhelming demand for tickets.", "In an interview with ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'', Voltaire's creator Michael Gruber stated, \"Her shows were oversold ... With the amount of interest and reviews, demand has increased substantially\"." ], [ "Set list", "The set list is from the December 30, 2023 concert:# \"Not Myself Tonight\"# \"Your Body\"# \"Diamonds Are Forever\"# \"Glam\"# \"Vanity\"# \"Genie in a Bottle\"# \"You Don't Own Me\"# \"Dirrty\"# \"Guy What Takes His Time\"# \"Ain't No Other Man\"# \"Welcome to Burlesque\"# \"Lady Marmalade\"# \"Fighter\"# \"Beautiful\"# \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\"" ], [ "Shows", "+List of concerts Date Attendance Revenue December 30, 2023 — — December 31, 2023 February 2, 2024 February 3, 2024 February 9, 2024 February 10, 2024 March 1, 2024 March 2, 2024 April 12, 2024 April 13, 2024 April 19, 2024 April 20, 2024 May 31, 2024 June 1, 2024 June 7, 2024 June 8, 2024 August 2, 2024 August 3, 2024 August 30, 2024 August 31, 2024" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ion (Talfourd play)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Ion, a Tragedy''''' is a tragedy by the British writer Thomas Talfourd.", "Published in 1835, it was first performed at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London on 26 May 1836.The Covent Garden cast included William Macready as Ion, Ellen Tree (and subsequently Helena Faucit) as Clemanthe, John Vandenhoff as Adrastus, King of Argos, Charles Thompson as Medon, George John Bennett as Phocion, Henry John Wallack as Ctesiphon, John Langford Pritchard as Agenor, Harriette Deborah Lacy as Abra." ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* Nicoll, Allardyce.", "''A History of Early Nineteenth Century Drama 1800-1850''.", "Cambridge University Press, 1930.", "* Woolford, John & Karlin, Daniel (ed.)", "''The Poems of Browning: Volume Two: 1841-1846''.", "Routledge, 2014." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Fawlty Towers: The Play" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Fawlty Towers: The Play''''' is a comedy play by John Cleese based on his TV sitcom of the same name (co-written by Connie Booth).The play brings together three episodes of the TV series into one storyline: Hotel Inspectors, The Germans, and Communication Problems." ], [ "Production history", "The play made its world premiere (as ''Fawlty Towers Live'') at the Roslyn Packer Theatre in Sydney on August 19, 2016, before embarking on a tour of Australia and New Zealand.", "The production was directed by Caroline J. Ranger and designed by Liz Ascroft and featured a cast including Stephen Hall as Basil Fawlty, Blazey Best as Sybil Fawlty, Aimee Horne as Polly and Syd Brisbane as Manuel.The play will make its UK premiere (as ''Fawlty Towers: The Play'') at the Apollo Theatre in London's West End from 4 May to 28 September 2024.The cast will feature Adam Jackson-Smith as Basil, Anna-Jane Casey as Sybil, Victoria Fox as Polly, Hemi Yeroham as Manuel and Paul Nicholas as the Major." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Liechtensteinischen Landeszeitung" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Liechtensteinischen Landeszeitung''' () was a bi-monthly newspaper in Liechtenstein from 1863 to 1868.It was the first newspaper in the country." ], [ "History", "The newspaper was founded on 12 April 1863 under the initiative Landtag of Liechtenstein member Gregor Fischer and President of the Landtag of Liechtenstein Karl Schädler six months following the ratification of the 1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein, and they both were the sole editors.It was intended to increase political education within Liechtenstein and was regarded a figure piece of the democratic reforms in the country, yet was loyal to reigning prince Johann II.", "The newspaper was published bi-monthly until 1865 when it was made tri-monthly, then from 1868 it was bi-monthly once again.Fischer stopped editing the newspaper in 1868 and returned to his home-country of Bavaria, shortly after which the newspaper ceased publication on 17 October 1868." ], [ "See also", "* List of newspapers in Liechtenstein" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters''' (German: ''Komitee der Antifaschistischen Widerstandskämpfer'') (KdAW) was an anti-fascist organization in the German Democratic Republic.", "It was composed of both victims of the Nazi regime and resistance fighters against Nazism." ], [ "History", "The Committee of Antifascist Resistance Fighters (KdAW) was formed in 1953.Practically speaking, it functioned as the East German counterpart of the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime (''Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes'').", "The KdAW enjoyed a close relationship with the Socialist Unity Party, although it was not a member of the National Front.", "The organization played an important role in the commemoration of German resistance to Nazism and The Holocaust in East Germany.", "East Germany utilized such commemorative functions to emphasize the anti-fascist orientation of the state.", "As such, members of the KdAW often played a role in educating students about the history of the Nazi era, and participated in oral history projects.", "The KdAW was organized at the national, ''Bezirk'' (district) and ''Kreis'' (county) level.", "It also contained a number of working groups, which brought people with similar backgrounds together.", "The most prominent of these were groups for survivors of various concentration camps and prisons; for example one existed for former prisoners of Brandenburg-Görden Prison.", "Another working group was formed for veterans of the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War.", "The KdAW was a member organization of the International Federation of Resistance Fighters – Association of Anti-Fascists.", "After the Peaceful Revolution in 1990, the KdAW was reorganized into the ''Interessenverband ehemaliger Teilnehmer am antifaschistischen Widerstand, Verfolgter des Naziregimes und Hinterbliebener'' (IVVdN).", "The assets of the KdAW were acquired by the Treuhandanstalt, an agency charged with overseeing the economic components of German reunification.", "In 2002, the IVVdN became affiliated with the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime." ], [ "Membership", "Membership in the KdAW served as a means of accessing benefits.", "For instance, membership made one eligible to receive the Medal for Fighters Against Fascism.", "Furthermore, the KdAW played a role in classifying individuals as \"Persecuted by the Nazi regime\" (Verfolgter des Naziregimes (VdN)).", "Designation of a person as VdN came with special benefits, including prioritized access to healthcare and housing.", "Individuals designated as VdN also received an honorary pension.", "This pension was set at:* 1976: 1,000 marks* 1985: 1,300 marks* 1988: 1,400 marksThis honorary pension was increased for recipients of the Medal for Fighter Against Fascism.", "Such individuals were eligible to receive:* 1976: 1,200 marks* 1985: 1,500 marks* 1988: 1,700 marksFollowing German reunification, these pensions continued to be paid by the state.", "This is notable since East German pensions were not always honored by the reunited Germany, as was often the case for National People's Army veterans." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Loshendrix" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Loshendrix''' is a music producer from NYC and multi-instrumentalist based in LA, USA." ], [ "Music career", "Loshendrix started his music career in LA when he met Nascent the producer, Cardiak, Buda The Future and Grandz Musik.", "He got placed with “Contraband” consisting of Mike Spits and Mike Mulah and with the band “The LOX“ for a song called “Footage”.He produced “Walk Em Down” by NLE Choppa ft. Roddy Rich that was on Billboard's Hot 100 charts.", "He produced the recently released single “Everybody Business” by Kehlani and produced “Good Days” by SZA.Loshendrix co-developed and produced records with Brent Faiyaz on every one of his albums including the most recent album “Fuck The World”." ], [ "Discography", "Some of Loshendrix songs areGood DaysSZAEdenBrent FaiyazWalk Em Down (feat.", "Roddy Ricch)NLE Choppa, Roddy RicchFarSZACompany PT 3Don Toliver Six ShotsSam SmithLove Sickness Don ToliverLeather CoatDon ToliverBad LuckBrent FaiyazJumpin (Feat Polo G)NLE ChoppaDrugs and Hella MelodiesDon ToliverGangsta's ParadiseTinkNirvana Tanna Leone Heart Breaker Tanna Leone Make Me Stay SonderLike I Want YouGiveonTrustBrent FaiyazFuck the WorldBrent FaiyazWalk Em DownNLE ChoppaShe Loves ControlCamila CabelloRolls Roys Bitch2 Chainz Catch & ReleaseJadakissToo FastSonderCasual Doja CatEverybody BusinessKehlani" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Harold W. Howard" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Dr.", "Harold Wakefield Howard''' OBE (25 March 1913 - 1 January 1985) was a botanist, best known for breeding the Maris Piper potato variety, which was the first potato variety to be resistant to potato cyst nematodes.Dr.", "Howard’s research at the Plant Breeding Institute, Cambridge to develop a variety of potatoes resistant to the potato cyst nematodes was a significant scientific achievement, as this pest caused losses estimated at £30M annually, for this work he was awarded an OBE in 1976.The Maris Piper potato variety is still the most popular potato variety in the UK.", "Howard also wrote a book on potato genetics \"Genetics of the Potato: Solanum Tuberosum\"" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ana Afonso" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ana Carla Coelho Afonso''' (24 April 1976 – 3 January 2024) was a Portuguese model and actress." ], [ "Biography", "Afonso was part of the cast of the telenovela ''O Teu Olhar'', shown between 2003 and 2004 on TVI, and participated in the reality TV show ''Quinta das Celebridades'', where she had a romance with Brazilian actor and politician Alexandre Frota.", "She also participated in the series Maré Alta, shown between 2004 and 2005 on SIC.", "Afonso also participated in numerous national and international advertising shots, as well as appearing in a national film, entitled \"Lulu\", released in 2022." ], [ "Personal life and death", "Afonso had three children: Beatriz, Diogo and Alice.", "In an interview, in 2023, with Júlia Pinheiro, on SIC, Afonso confessed that she had been an alcoholic in the past and revealed that she had a son with autism.Afonso committed suicide in Lisbon on 3 January 2024 when she jumped off the 25 de Abril Bridge.", "She was 47 and had been depressed." ], [ "Filmography", "+YearWorkRoleBroadcaster1997AbstractoFilm1998–1999Os LobosTildeRTP1998Terra MãeFriend of Fernanda1999Cromos de Portugal–2000–2001Ajuste de ContasProstitute2000–2003Super PaiRosaTVI2003AmanhecerSara2003–2004O Teu OlharPalmira Lapa2004Quinta das CelebridadesParticipant2004–2005Maré Alta–SIC2006Eu não quero morrer hoje–Short film2007Dias EscurosVictória20081ª Vez, 16mmBárbaraFilm2017Sim, Chef!ClientRTP2022LuluVanessa" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Hamline-Midway, Saint Paul" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Hamline-Midway''', or just '''Midway''', is a neighborhood and city planning district in Saint Paul, Minnesota, in the United States.", "It is Planning District 11.The neighborhood is bounded by Transfer Road on the west, University Avenue on the south, Lexington Parkway on the east, and by the railroad tracks just north of the Pierce Butler Route, on the north.", "The unofficial boundaries are more loosely defined, however, and the term \"Midway\" is applied throughout this part of Saint Paul, often well beyond the actual location of the district.Hamline-Midway includes many landmarks, such as Hamline University, Allianz Field, Ax-Man Surplus, and the Turf Club.", "Snelling Avenue provides a major transportation route and commercial corridor in the center of the neighborhood.", "The Twin Cities Green Line light rail runs along the southern edge." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Hamline Midway Coalition" ] ]	wikipedia

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