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[ [ "Sefali Debbarma" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Sefali Debbarma''' is an Indian poet and novelist from Tripura.", "Her poem Lamination has been included in the collection ''100 Great Indian Poems.''" ], [ "Biography" ], [ "Writings", "Sefali Debbarma works mostly reflect on the reality of the Tripuri (Tiprasa) people lifestyle.", "From the contemporary times of the 20th century to the present political reality of Tripura.Her writings was translated and published in the anthology The The Fragrant Jhum: a Translation of Kokborok Poetry in English by Prof. Ashes Gupta.===Poetry===LaminationHor Diporo Rwchapmung Imangni Yakharai NinangoTal Kwchang Yorkhlai Thango*Kothoma Sichai Tongo" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Cross the Line (Patterson novel)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Cross the Line''''' is the 24th installment in the popular Alex Cross series by James Patterson.", "The novel, set against the backdrop of Washington, D.C., dives into a series of intense events triggered by the death of a high-profile police official, prompting a citywide crisis.", "''Cross the Line'' is a crime thriller that combines elements of suspense and action, while also exploring themes related to justice, morality, and the psychological underpinnings of criminal behavior.", "Patterson structures the novel to maintain a pace that keeps the reader engaged, with the narrative unfolding from multiple perspectives, adding depth to the characters and the storyline." ], [ "Plot", "The story unfolds in Washington D.C., focusing on Alex Cross, a detective known for his dedication to his profession and family.", "The narrative begins with a series of unsettling events in the city, including the death of a local official following a high-speed chase and shootout, and the subsequent murders of several police officers.", "Alex Cross, along with his wife Bree Stone, who is the chief of detectives, becomes deeply involved in the investigation.", "The perpetrator, referred to as the \"Trigger Man,\" appears to target members of the police force specifically.", "The investigation reveals that the crimes are not only brutal but also bear signs of personal vendetta, indicating that the killer harbors a deep-seated grudge against law enforcement.As the story progresses, the narrative occasionally shifts to the perspective of the killer, providing a glimpse into the motivations and mindset behind the crimes.", "The background of the killer is gradually revealed, shedding light on a complex interplay of past trauma and distorted notions of justice.", "The plot intensifies as Cross and Stone delve deeper into the case, navigating through dangerous territory both in the physical sense and in terms of the psychological challenges posed by the cunning adversary.", "The culmination of the novel brings high-tension action and revelations, with Cross leveraging his expertise and instincts to confront the killer and prevent further tragedies.As Alex Cross pursues an adversary who has appointed himself as judge, jury, and executioner, he is forced to take the law into his own hands.", "The stakes are high as he works to prevent the city he's sworn to protect from descending into complete chaos." ], [ "Publication", "James Patterson's ''Cross the Line'' was released on November 21, 2016, by Little, Brown and Company, and available in hardcover, paperback, e-book, and audiobook formats." ], [ "Reception", "The book was well received by fans of the series, with readers praising its fast-paced action and the intricate case that challenges Alex Cross and his team.", "The inclusion of personal elements, particularly the dynamics within the Cross family, adds depth to the character of Alex Cross and enriches the narrative.", "The critic reviews for ''Cross the Line'' by James Patterson highlight the book's engaging nature and its contribution to keeping the series invigorated.", "\"Bookreporter\" notes that Patterson continues to refresh the long-standing Alex Cross series by subjecting the iconic protagonist to various challenges and introducing compelling antagonists.", "The review acknowledges Patterson's skill in maintaining the series' appeal over a considerable duration.", "\"Writers Write\" describes ''Cross the Line'' as a fast-paced thriller that is hard to put down, praising Patterson's proficiency in crafting an engaging narrative.", "The review appreciates the story's pacing and the intense plot revolving around Alex Cross's efforts to solve the Chief of Police's murder.", "These reviews suggest that ''Cross the Line'' is a prominent installment in the Alex Cross series, maintaining the high standards and captivating storytelling that readers expect from James Patterson's works." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* James Patterson Official Website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1990 Nichirei International Championships – Doubles" ], [ "Introduction", "In the inaugural edition of the tournament, Mary Joe Fernández and Robin White won the title by defeating Gigi Fernández and Martina Navratilova 4–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–4) in the final." ], [ "Seeds" ], [ "Draw", "===Draw===" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official results archive (ITF)* Official results archive (WTA)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sharon Chung" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Sharon Chung''' is an American politician serving as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the 91st district." ], [ "Career", "Chung was a member of the McLean County Board.", "She was elected to the State House in the 2022 Illinois House of Representatives election.", "She is running for re-election in 2024." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Campaign website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Grammy Global Impact Award" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Grammy Global Impact Award''' is a special Grammy Award that is awarded by The Recording Academy to \"Black music creators whose dedication to the art form has greatly influenced the industry\".", "The award was established by the Recording Academy's Black Music Collective, which was created with the goal of \"amplifying Black voices within the Academy and the wider music community\".The honor was established and awarded to its inaugural recipients in 2022." ], [ "Global Impact Award Recipients", "YearRecipientRef.2022John Legend2023Dr Dre, Lil Wayne, Missy Elliott, Sylvia Rhone2024Lenny Kravitz, Mariah Carey, Jay Z" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official site of the Grammy Awards" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1856 Victorian colonial election" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''1856 Victorian colonial election''' was held from 23 September to 24 October 1856 to elect the first Parliament of Victoria.", "All 60 seats in 37 electorates in the Legislative Assembly were up for election, though eight seats were uncontested.", "The eligibility to vote at the 1856 Victorian election was subject to a property qualification.", "The voting was carried out by secret ballot.There were 20 single-member, 14 two-member and one each of three-member, four-member and five-member electorates.The historian Henry Gyles Turner, writing in 1904, described the election in the following terms: \"The voting was largely controlled by personal feeling and private influences, for there was no stirring party cry in the ascendant, and the quieting effect of the voting by secret ballot made strongly for orderliness in the proceedings\".", "William Haines formed the first ministry after the election, a continuation of his previous role in the Legislative Council, even though his government was potentially in the minority in the lower house." ], [ "Results", "+ Legislative Assembly (FPTP) Party / Grouping Votes % Swing Seats Change Government 6,120 11.99 11 Opposition 17,940 35.13 25 Crossbench 6,808 13.33 20 Unspecified 20,193 39.55 4 Totals 51,061 60" ], [ "Background to the election", "After the colony of Victoria was separated from New South Wales in July 1851 the first Legislative Council was established.", "Two-thirds of its members were elected and one-third was appointed by Charles La Trobe, the colony's first lieutenant-governor.", "In December 1854 William Haines was appointed to the position of colonial secretary, the senior local official representing the government in the Legislative Council.", "At that time the colonial secretary acted under instructions from the lieutenant-governor who, in turn, followed orders from London.", "The British government had committed to self-government in local affairs for the colony of Victoria, under a constitution to be framed by the colonists themselves.", "Haines was a member of the committee that drafted the new constitution in 1853.The constitution was passed in the Legislative Council in 1854 and eventually endorsed by the British parliament after some amendments.", "News reached the colony in October 1855 that the Constitution Act had received the royal assent.", "The governor, Charles Hotham, declared a public holiday for 23 November 1855, the date of its proclamation.The responsibility for local affairs was effectively handed over to the colonists when the new constitution came into force.", "Governor Hotham appointed Legislative Council members in charge of government departments as ministers in the transition government prior to the establishment of a bicameral parliament.", "Haines, as the leading official, took on the post of chief secretary and soon afterwards the colonial newspapers began referring to him as the premier.", "Although there were no firm party loyalties at this stage it was essentially a conservative ministry, described by ''The Age'' newspaper as \"an oligarchical clique\".", "In order to carry out an election for a new Legislative Assembly, the existing Legislative Council needed to pass electoral laws, a process that commenced in December 1855.The ministry led by Haines faced an early setback during debate on the principle of a secret ballot.", "William Nicholson, previously mayor of Melbourne, put forward a motion that voting by secret ballot should be embodied in the electoral provisions, a proposal vehemently opposed by Haines and his ministry.", "Nicholson's motion was carried on 18 December 1855, prompting Haines and his ministry to resign.", "Nicholson was asked to form a government, for which he had no enthusiasm, and the Haines ministry resumed office on December 29.Haines then agreed that the question of a secret ballot \"should be an open, and not a ministerial, question\".", "The practical system of secret voting was devised by Henry Chapman and incorporated in the electoral laws.", "The Electoral Act, which included provisions facilitating the election of a Legislative Assembly, was eventually passed in March 1856." ], [ "Aftermath", "Twenty of the newly elected members of the Legislative Assembly, including William Haines, had previously served in the Legislative Council.", "Haines was a successful candidate for the South Grant electorate and led the first ministry, though from the outset there was uncertainty as to whether his government could consistently command a majority in parliament.", "During the first few months of sittings the Haines ministry faced an opposition dominated by John O'Shanassy and Charles Gavan Duffy.", "On several occasions the government lost votes in the house, but any response by Haines did not go beyond threatening to resign.", "On 3 March 1857, however, O'Shanassy and his supporters carried a resolution censuring the government for the alleged misappropriation of immigration funds which led to the resignation of the Haines ministry.O'Shanassy became premier on 11 March 1857 but he faced difficulties in commanding a stable majority, especially after three members of his cabinet were defeated in ministerial by-elections.", "After seven weeks of nominal power the ministry resigned in April 1857 after a no-confidence resolution was carried in parliament.", "After O'Shanassy resigned the leader of the parliamentary liberal faction, James McCulloch, was entrusted to form a new ministry.", "McCulloch made attempts to form a coalition to unite the competing factions, but O'Shanassy refused his overtures.", "Haines was more amenable and resumed office as chief secretary and premier, with McCulloch as minister for trade and customs.", "The principal reforms of the Legislative Assembly during 1857 were the abolition of the property qualification for members (passed in February, but not finalised until August) and the committal to universal manhood suffrage (passed in November 1857).In February 1858 the government proposed a bill to increase the number of members of the Assembly and to establish equal electorates based on the principle of one vote one value.", "After a resolution condemning one of the schedules of the bill was passed on 23 February 1858 by a majority of twenty-six to seventeen, Haines and his colleagues once again resigned.", "O'Shanassy formed a new ministry that took office on March 10.The new administration continued the task of amending the electoral bill, including the determination of electoral boundaries.", "The proposed number of members was eventually decided at seventy-eight, but the concept of equal electorates was dropped from the bill.", "In October 1858, after accepting amendments by the Legislative Council, the electoral bill became law, to come into force in May 1859.The first parliament of the colony of Victoria had its last sitting on 24 February 1859.Duffy resigned from O'Shanassy's ministry in March 1859 over differences in land policy.", "During the interregnum the alterations of the electoral machinery were carried out, including the compilation of new rolls for the election that commenced in August 1859." ], [ "See also", "* Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly, 1856–1859" ], [ "Notes", ":A." ], [ "References", "; Sources* Henry Gyles Turner (1904), '' A History of the Colony of Victoria (Volume II)'', London: Longmans, Green and Co.* John Waugh (2006), 'Haines, O'Shanassy, Nicholson and Heales: The Old Guard, 1855-1863', Chapter 2 (in) Paul Strangio & Brian Costar (eds.)", "(2006), ''The Victorian Premiers 1856-2006'', Leichhardt, NSW: The Federation Press.", "* John Waugh (Nov. 2006), 'The Brummagem Coup: The Start of Self-Government in Victoria', ''Victorian Historical Journal'', Vol.", "77 No.", "2, November 2006, pages 143–161." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Jo'Quavious Marks" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jo'Quavious Dequane Marks''' (born December 29, 2000) is an American football running back for the USC Trojans.", "He previously played for the Mississippi State Bulldogs." ], [ "Early years", "Marks attended Carver High School in Atlanta, Georgia.", "During his career, he rushed for 6,391 yards with 59 touchdowns.", "He committed to Mississippi State University to play college football." ], [ "College career", "Marks played at Mississippi State from 2020 to 2023.As a true freshman in 2020, he started eight of 11 games and had 312 rushing yards on 70 carries with three touchdowns and 60 receptions for 268 yards.", "The 60 receptions were a school record for most by a freshman and most by a running back in a season.", "As a sophomore in 2021, Marks started eight of 13 games, recording 416 rushing yards on 106 carries with six touchdowns and 83 receptions for 502 yards and three touchdowns.", "Marks started seven of 12 games his junior year in 2022, rushing 113 times for 582 yards with nine touchdowns and 48 receptions for 288 yards.", "As a senior in 2023, Marks set the school record for caeer receptions.", "For the season he had 573 rushing yards on 121 carries with four touchdowns and 23 receptions for 167 yards and two touchdowns.", "After the season, Marks entered the transfer portal and transferred to the University of Southern California (USC)." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Mississippi State Bulldogs bio" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Albert Kim" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Albert Kim''' is an American television writer and producer.", "He is the creator, showrunner, and executive producer of the live-action adaptation of ''Avatar: The Last Airbender'' on Netflix.", "Previously, he was the executive producer and co-showrunner of the 20th Century Fox Television drama ''Sleepy Hollow''.", "He has also written for and produced the shows ''Pantheon'', ''Nikita'', ''Leverage'', and ''Dirt''.Prior to his TV career, Kim worked as a writer and editor for Sports Illustrated, Entertainment Weekly, People, ''Details'', and Esquire.To promote diversity in the media, Kim has worked with CAPE (Coalition of Asian Pacifics in Entertainment), AAJA (Asian American Journalists Association), and AAWW (Asian American Writers' Workshop).", "In 2001, he created a sportswriting internship program in conjunction with the AP Sports Editors to encourage minority college students to pursue careers in sports journalism." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ilex promecophylla" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Ilex promecophylla''''' is a tree in the family Aquifoliaceae, native to Borneo.", "The specific epithet ''promecophylla'' means \"oblong leaves\"." ], [ "Description", "''Ilex promecophylla'' grows up to tall.", "The bark is smooth.", "The leathery leaves are obovate to oblong and measure up to long, occasionally to long.", "The inflorescences, in , feature greenish to white flowers.", "The roundish fruits are red." ], [ "Distribution and habitat", "''Ilex promecophylla'' is endemic to Borneo.", "It is present in some protected areas, including Lambir Hills National Park in Sarawak.", "Its habitat is forests on hills and ridges, at elevations to around ." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Class of 1977-1978 (China)" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Classes of 1977 and 1978''', '''Class of 1977-1978''', or simply '''Class 77-78''' () refers to the first two grades of Chinese college students after the return of the nation-wide college entrance examination following an 11-year suspension during the Cultural Revolution.These two groups of students who took the entrance examination in 1977 and 1978 respectively have a lot in common: they both had a very low admission rates, both entered colleges in 1978, both studied consciously and hard, and both had many older high school graduates of the previous years, etc.", "Therefore, they are often jointly called \"Class of 1977-1978\".", "Many of them have made amazing contributions in various walks of life after graduation, and have won the honor of \"Golden 77 and Silver 78\" from the public." ], [ "Background", "In August 1977, Deng Xiaoping, who had just come back to power for the third time, presided over a science and education symposium in Beijing.", "During the meeting, he pointed out that labor and talents must be respected.", "And it was decided to resume the college entrance examination, which had been suspended since 1965.On October 12, the State Council approved the \"Opinions of the Ministry of Education on Student Admission of Colleges and Universities in 1977\", which then became the government policy for the exam and admission.", "On October 22, the People's Daily published a report officially announcing to the whole country the resumption of the annual college entrance examination.", "The good news made many people burst into tears, especially the Educated youths who had been sent down to the countryside to receive re-education from the poor and lower-middle peasants for years." ], [ "Examinations and Admissions", "The candidates who took the exam include high school graduates from 1966 (when the college entrance examination was canceled due to the Cultural revolution) to 1977 (the year after the Cultural revolution), as well as outstanding high school students who (originally planned to graduate in 1978) took the college entrance examination in advance.", "So, there were 13 years of high school graduates.", "From November to December 1977, more than 5.7 million candidates aged 15 to 36 took the entrance examination.", "The Admissions Committees proposes a list of candidates for political review and physical examination based on student performances of the entrance exam.", "According to the new national policy, political review mainly depends on the student’s political performance (to reduce the impact of family political background.)", "The original plan for the 1977 College Entrance Examination was to admit 200,000 people to college.", "Later, as more than 5.7 million people took the exam and many candidates achieved excellent results, the number of admissions for the Class of 1977 was expanded to 273,000.This year's college entrance examination was designed and organized by each province, municipality and autonomous region.", "The examination was held in the winter, and students started school in early March of the following year.", "In 1978, the college entrance examination implemented \"unified nationwide test questionsa, unified examinations, and unified admissions\".", "The college entrance examination was from July 20 to July 22, and freshmen started school in September.", "Therefore, both the 1977 and 1978 students entered the school in the same year.", "In addition, there were also expansion of enrollment in 1978, with a total of 400,000 students admitted to the Class of 1978." ], [ "Unique features", "Compared with other college students, the Class of 1977-78 is unique in many ways, and there are some differences between the two grades.", "First of all, the college entrance examination were very competitive and the admission rates extremely low.", "A total of about 270,000 people were admitted to Class 77, with an admission rate of 4.8%, the lowest level in the history of China's college entrance examination; 400,000 people were admitted to Class 78, admission rate 6.6%, which is also very low.", "The classmates had a wide range of ages and social experiences.", "When entering university, the oldest students were over 35 years old and the youngest only 15.There were teachers and students taking the college entrance examination together, mothers and daughters going to college at the same time, some were teenagers, and some were parents of several children.", "In the college entrance examination in 1977 and 1978, due to the short preparation time, the candidates' original knowledge was particularly important.", "For those who were finally admitted, in addition to intellectual factors, non-intellectual factors also play a certain role.", "In an era when the theory that \"reading is useless\" is prevalent, they still insisted on reading.", "Moreover, after going to college, they cherished the hard-won learning opportunities even more.", "A higher proportion of students were from intellectual families.", "According to a study by Xiamen University, among the students in the grades of 1977 and 1978, the proportions of intellectual family background reached 25.38% and 23.46% respectively, a record high and much higher than the 6.2% in 1965 (the year before the Cultural Revolution), and 9.83% in 1976 (when worker-peasant-soldier students were admitted to colleges based on recommendations from their units rather than academic entrance exams).", "In 1977 and 1978, the proportions of students from peasant families were 11.93% and 11.27% respectively, the lowest in history, while in 1965 and 1976 they were 47.05% and 26.08% respectively.", "The \"political review\" was looser than in previous years.", "After the academic tests and the physical examination were passed, the candidate must pass a political review to check the personal political performance and family background, including whether any relatives had political and historical problems.", "The \"political review\" in 1977 was looser than in previous years, but still many students failed.", "Political review was further relaxed in 1978, and many candidates who re-took the exam in 1978 successfully entered university.", "In the Class of 1977 there still existed a small number of students recommended to enter colleges.", "By the time of the Class of 1978, there were no more recommended students.", "Candidates in 1977 did not know their college entrance examination scores, but candidates in 1978 could see their scores.", "There were fewer subjects available for students to select from in 1977, and many new subjects were added in 1978.There were also many majors with very limited enrollments in 1977 but greatly expanded in 1978.Compared with other college students, Class 77 and Class 78 also have some common disadvantages, such as poor basic knowledge learnt from primary and secondary schools.", "During the Cultural Revolution, middle school study was shortened from 6 years to 4 years (2 years for junior high schools and 2 years for senior high schools), and primary school was shortened from 6 years to 5 years.", "The knowledge students learned was very limited.", "The famous Tang poetry, Song lyrics and Western literature were basically eliminated from Chinese language textbooks.", "Mathematics, physics and chemistry courses were replaced by \"Basic Industrial Knowledge\" and \"Basic Agricultural Knowledge\".", "History and geography were not taught at all.", "As for English, many places did not offer this course until high school.", "Students learned the 26 letters and a few words rarely used in modern English, such as \"poor and lower-middle peasants\" (貧下中農), \"worker-peasant-soldier students\" (工農兵學員) and \"comrade\" (同志)." ], [ "After graduation", "270,000 students of Class 1977 graduated from 1980 to 1984 (the duration of junior college education was generally 3 years, and some students graduated early due to urgent needs from the society; while undergraduate study in medical school normally took 5 to 6 years).", "The Class of 1978 was only half a year later than the Class of 1977, with 400,000 students graduating.", "At that time, China's Reform and opening up was in full swing.", "After graduation, except for a few belonging to the plan of \"Commune-come-commune-back\", the students were uniformly assigned by the government to different jobs according to national plans (taking into account the students' wishes).", "Even so, most of them got good jobs because the entire country, especially big cities and big companies, was in desperate need of talents.", "Later, due to the high success rate of the Classes of 77 and 78, the society gave them the nicknames \"Gold 77 and Silver 78\".", "These college students have gathered the elites among young people in the past 13 years, so it is not surprising that talents were relatively concentrated.", "A large number of leading figures have emerged from these two groups in various fields including politics, science, and business.", "People saw more and more members of the Classes of 1977 and 1978 in China's top leadership groups of the party and government, and called it the \"77 and 78 phenomenon\" in Chinese politics.", "Retirements began in the early 2000s for the Classes of 77 and 78, and due to the large range of ages and careers, their retirements will last for quite a few years." ], [ "Notable members", "* Li Keqiang (Class of 1977)Li Qiang（Class of 1978）Wang Huning (1978 postgraduate)Ding Xuexiang (1978） Wang Yi (1977)* Liu Xiaobo (1977)* Zhang Yimou (1977)* Xiong Xiaoge (1977)" ], [ "See also", "GaokaoHigher Education in ChinaClass of 1977 (China)" ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", " Relive history with 'Examination 1977' (a film in memory of the exam)* 77级 (Class of 1977) (from Wikipedia Chinese version)* 77-78级 (Class of 1977-1978) (from Wikipedia Chinese version)* China’s Pioneers: How Peking U’s Class of ’77 Changed China* 77级、78级大学生的异同 (Similarities and differences between Class 1977 and 1978)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sheriff Folarin" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Sheriff F. Folarin''' is a Nigerian professor of International Relations, who teaches at Texas State University and serves as a visiting professor at the University of Rwanda and Rwandan Defense Force Command and Staff College in Rwanda, and Nnamdi Azikiwe University in Awka, Nigeria." ], [ "Early life and education", "Sheriff Folarin was born on 15 August 1973 in Kaduna, Kaduna State with his origins been Ogun State.", "Folarin had his primary school education at LGA Primary School in Kaduna, Bosso Primary School and Oro Nursery and Primary School in Kwara State and his secondary school education at Tilley Gyado College Makurdi and Government College Makurdi before graduating from Abadina College in 1989 and a degree in history from University of Ibadan (UoI)." ], [ "Career", "Folarin began his teaching career at the University of Ibadan and moved to Covenant University where he became their first professor of International Relations.", "He has taught at universities such as University of South Carolina, Ithaca College and currently at Texas State University.In 2007, he was awarded the Study of United States Institute Fellowship and the Carnegie African Diaspora Fellowship Program in 2015.Folarin served as the deputy editor-in-chief of the ''Good Governance Worldwide'' journal and established the ''Journal of Politics and International Politics'' for Covenant University." ], [ "Personal life", "Folarin is married to Oluwafunke Folarin with whom he has three children; Femi, Fola, and Folademilade." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Laura Faver Dias" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Laura Faver Dias''' is an American politician serving as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the 62nd district.Faver Dias was a member of the village board in Grayslake." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Campaign website* Official website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mary Gill (Illinois politician)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mary Gill''' is an American politician serving as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the 35th district.Gill was executive director of the Mount Greenwood Community and Business Association." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Joe Gayton" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Joe Gayton''' (c. 1956/1957 - May 14, 2023) was an American writer, director and producer of film and television.", "He co-created the television series ''Hell on Wheels'' (2011-2016) and wrote the screenplays of the films ''Uncommon Valor'' (1983), ''Bulletproof'' (1996) and ''Faster'' (2010)." ], [ "Personal life and death", "Gayton was married to Jen Winter and had a stepdaughter.", "His brother is Tony Gayton.", "He graduated from Merritt Island High School in 1974.He died on May 14, 2023 after a four year battle of prostate cancer." ], [ "Filmography", "===As director===''Warm Summer Rain'' (1989)''Mind Ripper'' (1995)''Sweet Jane'' (1998)===As writer only===''Uncommon Valor'' (1983)''Shout'' (1991)''Bulletproof'' (1996)''The Shepherd: Border Patrol'' (2008)''Faster'' (2010)===Television===''Hell on Wheels'' (2011-2016; co-creator)" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "History of education in Dedham, Massachusetts" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''history of education in Dedham, Massachusetts''' covers schools and schooling from the establishment of the first public school in America to the present.", "It includes the history of the Dedham Public Schools, several Catholic schools, and other private schools.", "It also includes two institutions of higher education." ], [ "First public school", "The first taxpayer-funded public school in the United States was in Dedham.On January 1, 1644, by unanimous vote, Dedham authorized the first U.S. taxpayer-funded public school; \"the seed of American education.\"", "Its first teacher, Rev.", "Ralph Wheelock, was paid 20 pounds annually to instruct the youth of the community.", "John Thurston was commission by the town to build the first schoolhouse in 1648 for which he received a partial payment of £11.0.3 on December 2, 1650.The details in the contract require him to construct floorboards, doors, and \"fitting the interior with 'featheredged and rabbited' boarding\" similar to that found in the Fairbanks House.By the later part of the century, however, a sentiment of anti-intellectualism had pervaded the town.", "Residents were content to allow the minister to be the local intellectual and did not establish a grammar school as required by law.", "As a result, the town was called into court in 1675 and then again in 1691.Stone plaque marking the site of the first public school in America.", "Located on First Church Green in Dedham, MA.Other schools, including Boston Latin School and the Town of Rehoboth have claimed to be the first public school, but Dedham's was the first to be supported exclusively by tax dollars.", "Lt.", "Governor Roger Wolcott led a committee that heard the claims of several cities and towns, including the presentation made by Dedham's Don Gleason Hill and Rev.", "Carlos Slafter.", "Governor Frederic T. Greenhalge and the Governor's Council.", "confirmed that Dedham's was the first.", "On June 17, 1898, a monument was unveiled on the grounds of the First Church Green, near the site of the original schoolhouse.===First schoolhouse===The first classes were likely in the meetinghouse.", "The first schoolhouse was built in present-day Dedham Square near the First Church and Parish in Dedham by Thomas Thurston at a cost of £11 3 pence.", "Approved at a town meeting in January 1648–9, it measured 15' by 18' with two windows and a fireplace.", "Each boy was responsible for providing his share of firewood during the colder months.", "The building likely resembled contemporary schools in the English countryside with a raised platform, wooden wainscoting, and high windows.", "The teacher's desk would look like a pulpit and students would sit on plank seats.The schoolhouse also included a watchtower at one end to prevent Indian attack.", "Placing the school next to the church was deliberate and symbolized the need for both academic and moral instruction.", "It stood for nearly 50 years, although in 1661 school was kept in the house of the teacher, Francis Chickering.===Other early educational efforts===The early residents of Dedham were so committed to education that they donated £4.6.6 to Harvard College during its first eight years of existence, a sum greater than many other towns, including Cambridge itself.On March 16, 1695, Dedham and several other towns established a 300-acre School Farm in what is today Wellesley, Massachusetts, near Wellesley College.", "It did not prove to be profitable, and so it was sold on March 13, 1699, for 50 pounds." ], [ "Dedham Public Schools", "On January 2, 1643, the Town Meeting set aside land for three public purposes: a school, a church, and a training field.", "Two years later, on January 1, 1645, by unanimous vote, the Town of Dedham authorized the first taxpayer-funded public school in the United States.", "It is believed the success of Dedham's school helped convince the Great and General Court to enact a law mandating schools in every community.", "Dedham's delegates to that body also served on the local School Committee.School was held year round, with students attending from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. in the summer and 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. in the winter.", "Initially held in the village center, the school began travelling around town as families moved to outlying areas.", "From 1717 to 1756, school was held in different parts of town according to population and taxation.", "In 1762, for example, it was held in the village for 166 days, in South Dedham for 79 days, in Clapboard Trees, for 69 days, and in the West Precinct for 52 days.", "When in the outer precincts, classes were often held in private homes, but in some parts of Dedham residents privately built schoolhouses.", "One such school, in Springfield, was built by residents before that part of town had even organized as a parish.", "In addition, both boys and girls attended dame schools.Many schools were built in the years following 1897, and were adorned through purchase and donation with a number of works of art.", "In 1896, the Avery School began running a program to teach illiterate adults how to read.", "There was also in the 1840s a Lyceum that put on plays in addition to the usual public education programs.===Establishment of a high school===As early as 1827 the Commonwealth of Massachusetts required all towns with more than 500 families to establish a free public high school.", "Beginning in 1844 the School Committee repeatedly began recommending that the town establish a high school.", "It wasn't until 1850 when, under threat of a lawsuit, that the town meeting voted to \"instruct the Town's School Committee to hire a building and teacher, and establish a High School according to law.\"", "A sum of $3,000 was appropriated to support it.===Kindergartens===A kindergarten supported by private subscription was established at the Ames School in 1893 and ran until 1896.In that year the town appropriated money for kindergartens at the Ames, Avery, and Oakdale Schools, but they did not last long.===Teachers===The first teacher, Rev.", "Ralph Wheelock, was paid 20 pounds annually to instruct the youth of the community.", "Descendants of these students would become presidents of Dartmouth College, Yale University, and Harvard University.Michael Metcalf was hired as a teacher in 1656 at the age of 70 and John Swinerton was hired in 1663.Joshua Fisher and Thomas Battle also taught during the early years of the school.", "Battle, Metcalf, and Fisher were all farmers who stepped in to teach when a professional teacher could not be found.", "As they had their own farms to manage in addition, their pay was not docked unless they missed an entire week's worth of classes.", "Until he left to minister to the people of the new community of Wrentham in 1671, Rev.", "Samuel Man also served as teacher.Sir Joseph Belcher, the son of Rev.", "Joseph Belcher, was the first teacher to travel to the various precincts to hold classes.", "In 1766, Manasseh Cutler, a future congressman and \"father of Ohio University,\" began teaching.Charles J. Capen started a private school in 1849 and then became the first high school teacher when it was established the following year.===School Committee and administration===The school was originally controlled by the town meeting but, in 1652, it was put under the control of the Selectmen.", "In 1789, as the town was split into districts, a school committee was formed.", "Clergymen were elected to oversee the schools.", "In the mid-1800s, the school committee consisted of Rev.", "Alvan Lamson, Rev.", "Samuel Babcock, and Rev.", "Calvin Durfee.While living in Dedham, Horace Mann served on the School Committee.In 1880, the growth of the schools required that a professional superintendent of schools be hired to oversee them.", "I. Freeman Hall, who had previously taught in Quincy, was hired.", "His successors through 1936 include Abner J. Phipps, Henry E. Crocker, Guy Channel, Oscar S. Williams, Roderick W. Hine, and John C. Anthony.From 1956 to 2004, the administration's offices were housed in the \"White House\" originally built by Charles and Mary Shaw at the corner of East Street and Whiting Avenue.", "In 2004 they moved to the B-wing of Dedham High School as the house was razed to make room for the new Dedham Middle School.===Finances===The teacher's salary was paid by taxes.", "For every boy between the ages of four and 14, a tax of between three-and-a-half to five shillings was assessed, depending on how far from the school the family lived.", "Families who lived more than 2.5 miles from the meetinghouse were exempt from the tax until their children started attending.", "This covered between 25% and 50% of the total cost, with the rest made up by a tax on the estates of the entire population.", "In the years following the passage of the Old Deluder Satan Law, Dedham was occasionally fined for not spending enough money of its school but, for the most part, the appropriations to the school were generous.The schoolmaster's salary was initially set at £20 and was raised in 1695 to £25.As there was little specie in the colony at the time, salaries were instead paid in wheat and corn.", "Michael Metcalf, for example, received five pounds of each crop at every six months.", "Not until 1696 did teachers receive actual money for their labor.", "While the salary was not high, teachers earned a great deal of respect.", "Records show that teachers were given the honorary title of \"sir\" at a time when most men were not even referred to as \"mister.", "\"The first donation to the school was made by Dr. Henry Deengaine of Roxbury.", "His deathbed will, taken verbally by John Eliot and approved by Governor John Winthrop, left £3 to the school.", "In 1680, Dr. William Avery gave £60, and the Honorable Samuel Dexter left $170 in his will.", "Dexter requested that his bequest, along with several other sums previously donated for the school but were used to hire soldiers instead, be returned to the school.", "The town agreed to the terms but this fund, along with other school funds, subsequently disappeared.", "A fund established by Deacon Nathaniel Kingsbury in 1749 had a corpus of £100, the interest of which was to be used for the schools.On January 1, 1744–5, school trust funds had a balance of £236, 2s, 8d.", "By 1749–50, the account had £345, 8s, which was loaned out to 12 men in sums between £5 and £100.===Districts===With the town growing and multiple schoolhouses being built, the school was essentially split into districts in 1756.The districts were not established by law, however, until 1789.As early as 1848, Rev.", "Dr. Alvan Lamson of the First Church and Parish in Dedham was making the argument that the districts should be abolished and Horace Mann said that the law allowing districts was \"beyond comparison, the most pernicious law ever pass in the Commonwealth on the subject of schools.\"", "The districts were discontinued in 1866 when the Town purchased all 11 buildings for a total of $49,180 and returned their value to the taxpayers of the respective districts." ], [ "Catholic schools", "===St.", "Mary's School and Asylum===In 1866 the Sisters of Charity founded the St. Mary's School and Asylum at what was formerly the Norfolk House.", "The property was sold to them for $1 by Martin Bates who, out of a \"spirit of vindictiveness,\" gave it to the Sisters because the Town of Dedham would not purchase the run down building from him at his asking price.", "Bates, who was not Catholic, had previously tried selling the building at auction, but could find no buyer willing to pay a price equal to his mortgage.", "At news of the sale, the ''Dedham Gazette'' wrote in an editorial:Whatever prejudices may naturally exist against the establishment of a Roman Catholic School in so central a location, the community cannot but feel that the transformation of a building recently used only for the indiscriminate sale of liquors into an institution founded for 'promoting virtue, learning and piety in the town of Dedham' is an object worthy only of the most exalted motives, and in this view should be accepted as a public blessing.The school was situated far away from the homes of many parishioners of the local Catholic Church, St. Mary's, and thus they did not send their children to it.", "Since they did not send their children to it, they did not support it financially either.", "The school held a number of fundraisers, but with the heavy debt of the parish the school closed on June 27, 1879.It would have cost the parish $1,500 a year to keep it open.", "The closure was intended to be temporary, but it never reopened.", "The building was sold in 1905.===St.", "Mary's Parish School===Rev.", "Robert J. Johnson, pastor of St. Mary's Church, the parish purchased a large lot of land to one day be used as a school.", "Several decades later, a parochial school was started in 1932 by Father George P. O'Connor and run by the Sisters of St. Joseph.For the first few years the school was limited by the lack of space, and classes were held in the convent.", "On June 16, 1935, the cornerstone for a new school was laid using the same golden trowel with ivory handle that was used in 1880 for the church.", "A crowd of 500 attended the ceremony.In September 1936, the new building on High Street was open.", "On Sunday, January 24, 1954, it was announced that an increase in the school population required more space.", "The new school was constructed on the Greenhood Estate on High Street, which had been purchased several years before.", "The cost of the 16-room school was estimated to be $450,000.A new addition was constructed in 1958, and the student population grew to 650.In 1966 it had over 800 students.", "It was in the 1960s that the 8th grade was added.", "The school had two classes per grade, with both nuns and laity as teachers.", "The school had a debt of $250,000, but it was paid off by 1966.In December 1973, the pastor, Monsignor Charles Dewey, announced the school would close in 1975.At the time, 9 nuns taught 16 classes comprising 525 students.", "The graduating class had 85 students and two teachers.", "The building was razed in 2010.===Ursuline Academy===The first Ursuline Academy in the Boston area opened in Charlestown in 1819.In 1957, the growing school relocated to a 28-acre campus on Federal Hill in Dedham.", "It provides education in all areas and offers over 20 clubs and 15 varsity sports.", "The ''Boston Globe'' has praised Ursuline's athletes, the Bears, as winning the Singelais Award for maintaining a 3.0 GPA or higher and excelling in their chosen activity." ], [ "Other private schools", "===Dedham Country Day School===Frances L. Faulkner founded The Norfolk School in 1903 as a kindergarten and primary school near the Dedham-Westwood line.", "Students could attend the school through the 8th grade by 1922.It changed its name to the Dedham Country Day School in 1930 and the cornerstone of the present building was laid on Sandy Valley Road in 1949.===Noble and Greenough School===Noble and Greenough was founded in 1866 by George Washington Copp Noble, in Boston, Massachusetts, as an all-boys preparatory school for Harvard University.", "It became known as Noble & Greenough in 1892.In 1922, the school moved from Boston to its current location in Dedham.", "The property had previously been the estate of Albert W. Nickerson.", "The grounds were designed by Frederick Law Olmsted.", "The school discontinued its lower school at this time, which caused parents to start the Dexter School, to fill the gap created.", "In 1975, Nobles began admitting girls.===Rashi School===The Rashi School, an independent, Reform Jewish private school was founded in 1986.In 1998, they moved to the St. Mary's Parish School building.", "They moved to Newton in 2000, but opened a permanent campus in 2010.The school in on a wooded site on the banks of the Charles River, within Newbridge on the Charles Campus for Hebrew Senior Life.===British International School of Boston===In September 2000, the British International School of Boston opened in the St. Mary's Parish School building.", "Just 10 days after it opened, the headmistress was killed by a drunk driver.", "In 4 years the enrollment jumped from 25 to 250 students, and the school moved to a location in Jamaica Plain." ], [ "Higher education", "The Society of African Mission's American Province was established in 1941 amidst significant growth in vocations.", "In 1945, the society had acquired land in Dedham, Massachusetts to hold a new minor seminary, a location chosen because of its proximity to Boston, which had a large Catholic population.Queen of Apostles Seminary was incorporated on 26 December 1945 by the SMA's inaugural US provincial superior Ignatius Lissner and opened in 1946 to educate and train college-age SMA seminarians.", "Fr.", "James McConnell, SMA, was the seminary's first president, and Fr.", "Michael Moran, SMA, initially served as treasurer and clerk.The seminary closed in the early 1980s and was used to house an art collection owned by the Society, which still maintained a priest residence across the street.", "In the late 1980s, the building was purchased by Northeastern University and has served ever since as the university's Dedham satellite campus.", "The Northeastern Huskies field hockey and track and field teams compete at a sports complex on the site." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ], [ "Works cited", "*********" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Megan McCarthy King" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Megan McCarthy King''' (born December 8, 1969) is an American lawyer, professor, and jurist who currently serves as a judge of the Superior Court of Pennsylvania.", "A member of the Republican Party, King was elected to the Superior Court on November 5, 2019." ], [ "Early life and education", "Megan McCarthy King was born in 1969, and she grew up in Delaware County, Pennsylvania.King graduated cum laude from Vanderbilt University in 1992, earning her Bachelor of Arts.", "She then got accepted into the University of Pittsburgh School of Law, where she received her J.D.", "degree in 1995." ], [ "Legal career", "King began her career in 1995 in the Lancaster County District Attorney's Office, where she primarily prosecuted child abuse and elder abuse cases.", "King eventually became the Assistant District Attorney for Lancaster County.In 1999, King became a law clerk for Justice Thomas Saylor of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.", "She served as a law clerk until 2001.Not long after her tenure as a Law Clerk, King became a certified special education teacher to better understand and serve the children in her cases.King later became the Deputy District Attorney for Chester County, where she served in the Child Abuse Unit.", "She served in this position until she was elected to the Superior Court of Pennsylvania." ], [ "2019 Superior Court Election", "Megan won the Republican primary election for the Superior Court of Pennsylvania.", "With the election being held for 2 seats, the top two candidates in each party's primary proceeded to the general election.Megan then proceeded to the general election for the Pennsylvania Superior Court, where she received 25.41% (1,252,065) of votes, therefore winning alongside Daniel McCaffery." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Venice Tipton Spraggs" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Venice Tipton Spraggs''' (1905 – 1956) was an American journalist.", "She is known for being the Washington Bureau Chief for the ''The Chicago Defender''.Spraggs ''née'' Tipton was born in 1908 in Birmingham, Alabama.", "She attended Spelman College.", "Spraggs was the Washington Bureau Chief for the '' The Chicago Defender''.", "Her column in The Chicago Defender was titled “Women in the National Picture”.", "In 1947 Spraggs became the first Black to be elected to Theta Sigma Phi (now the Association for Women in Communications).Spraggs died in 1956 at the age of 51.The printing plate of a portrait of Spraggs that was used by The Chicago Defender is in the collection of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture." ], [ "References" ], [ "Further reading", "* \"To Speak When and Where I Can\": African American Women's Political Activism in South Carolina in the 1940s and 1950s, by Cherisse Jones-Branch, The South Carolina Historical Magazine Vol.", "107, No.", "3 (Jul., 2006), pp.", "204–224" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "G1517 Putian–Yanling Expressway" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''G1517 Putian–Yanling Expressway''' (), also referred to as the '''Puyan Expressway''' (), is an expressway in China that connects Putian, Fujian to Yanling County, Hunan." ], [ "Route", "The expressway starts in Xiuyu District, Putian, before passing through Fuzhou (Fujian), Sanming, Fuzhou (Jiangxi), Ganzhou and Ji'an, before terminating in Yanling County, Zhuzhou.The route travels through the provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi and Hunan." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "George Cromey" ], [ "Introduction", "'''George Ernest Cromey''' (8 May 1913 — 27 September 2006) was a rugby union international from Northern Ireland.Born in Bushmills, County Antrim, Cromey was one of nine siblings.", "He attended Methodist College Belfast and was a 1935 graduate of Queen's University Belfast, with an honours degree in classics.Cromey, a diminutive Queen's University fly-half, was capped nine times by Ireland in the late 1930s.", "He was also a member of the 1938 British Lions tour of South Africa, where he came into the team for the final Test in Cape Town, which was won 21–16.During the tour, Cromey was asked to be a roommate of Paddy Mayne, in an attempt to control the temperamental lock (later a founding member of the Special Air Service).A RAF chaplain in World War II, Cromey served as a minister at Ballyweaney Presbyterian Church for 39 years." ], [ "See also", "List of Ireland national rugby union players" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Trichocera maculipennis" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Trichocera maculipennis''''', commonly known as the '''winged winter cranefly''', is a species of winter crane fly, of the order Diptera.", "First described by German entomologist Johann Wilhelm Meigen in 1818." ], [ "Description", "The winged adults typically between 0.5–1 cm in length and appear between autumn and early spring.There are four larval instars that feed on decaying matter and sometimes faeces.", "Pupation usually lasts only a few hours.Similar to other species of ''Trichocera'', winged winter craneflies are adapted to cold environments, but unlike most congeneric species, they seems to be tolerant to both warm and cold climates.Furthermore, unlike most congeneric species, the larvae of '''Trichocera maculipennis'' seem to be adapted to survive in semi-liquid or even liquid environments.", "They likely achieve this by raising the anal end with spiracles above the surface of the substrate.", "This adaptation was likely a factor enabling them to establish in sewage in stations in Antarctica." ], [ "Distribution", "''Trichocera maculipennis'' naturally occurs across Europe, North America, Asia, and India, ranging from temperate regions to Arctic regions.", "It is an introduced species in Antarctica and was first recorded there in the austral summer of 2006/2007.Since then, there were several attempts at eradication from Antarctic stations." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Conglomerate (play)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Congolmerate''''' is a 1938 Australian radio play by Alexander Turner about a gold robbery in a small town.The play represented Western Australia in the ABC's 1938 Drama Festival, where the Commission broadcast a series of plays.The play was performed again in 1939.It was published in a 1946 collection of Australian radio plays." ], [ "Reception", "Leslie Rees said it \"might be termed a “dramatic descriptive of life on a hard, hot, dusty Western Australian goldfield.", "The commonplace and the picturesque are merged in an arresting pattern.", "Turner writes of what he knows”A critic from ''Wireless Weekly'' described the play as a \"chorus-commentary out of a girl’s voice reading a letter from her lover on the goldfields.", "A bit of reading, a bit of action, a bit of reading, a bit of action.", "I remember a conversation in whispers that nearly split my loud speaker about robbing a bank, also a train going on and on, and the woman’s husband being killed and she just going back.", "I remember feeling sad about this, and then waking up with a shock to choral excerpts from “Maritana”—the play seemed to have run away from me on the train.", "Maybe this was the effect Mr. Turner intended.", "\"A different critic from ''Wireless Weekly'' reviewing a 1939 production said \"I must congratulate Mr. Alexander Turner on his story.", "Its many facets were cleverly arranged, and I approved the way he based each scene on an extract from a letter written by a bank clerk in Murchison to his sweetheart at the coast.", "\"According to the ''Western Australian'' \"he human sympathy, close observation and the clear simplicity of Mr. Turner's writing are again the virtues of this play.", "There is enough dramhtic quality in the plotting of the robbery to provide the tension that is probably necessary to make radio drama hold the attention of a wide audience, but it is the discovery and delineation of the life of bank clerk, railway guard, mothec, nurse, barmaid and miner and, in part, of the very Goldfields town itself, that lifts this play far above scores of others which have stories as involved and surprising as the wiring of a home-made radio set.", "\"''The Bulletin'' called it \"a study of goldfields life, interesting in its minor details of bars, nurses, country trains, but depending too much on accident, and a crude “wow” type of ending.\"" ], [ "Premise", "According to ''Wireless Weekly'' is was \"a cross-section of the life of a Murchison goldfield, Western Australia.", "It is a hard, hot, dusty picture.", "Yet romance emerges, crime, humor, pathos, tragedy.", "Into a relatively short play the author of “Hester Siding” and “Coat of Arms” has packed a three-dimensional view of a goldfields community—“the empty skyline of the fields, broken only by poppet heads and dumps; the barren expanse of semi-desert glittering in the fierce sunshine; and drawn back on to its dusty hillock like a regiment hard-pressed.", "the huddle of iron huts which is Murchison —railhead and metropolis of the Murchison goldfield, with unchallenged dominion over a thousand miles of the hardest country on earth.", "Gold beer heat wool machinery corrugated iron stones mail trucks —there’s your background for Murchison.\"" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Conglomerate at AustLit" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nicole La Ha Zwiercan" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nicole La Ha Zwiercan''' is an American politician serving as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the 82nd district.In 2022, she won the Mrs. America beauty contest.", "She was a Homer Glen village trustee." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Campaign website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Qianliyan Island" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Qianliyan Island''' is an island in the Yellow Sea about east of Qingdao, Shandong, China.", "The area around the island is nationally protected by the Chinese government as an important spawning ground for local seafood." ], [ "Name", "Qianliyan is the pinyin romanization of the Chinese name, meaning \"thousands of miles of rocks\"." ], [ "Geography", "Qianliyan is an isolated island in the Yellow Sea about east of Qingdao.", "It is about in size with a maximum elevation below .", "It has few plants and little fresh water.", "The surrounding waters are protected by the Chinese government as an important spawning ground for local seafood." ], [ "Structures", "A scientific monitoring station was established in 1960.It is staffed by eight researchers working in rotation in teams of three, even through Chinese holidays.", "The sea's temperature, salinity, and wave activity is reported to China's State Oceanic Administration on an hourly basis.", "It is unable to be permanently manned, as after the initial excitement of the posting the researchers find \"the overwhelming monotonousness is just suffocating.", "\"Qianliyan Island is also the site of the '''Qianliyan Lighthouse''', constructed in 1979." ], [ "References", "===Citations======Bibliography===* .", "* ." ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mowlana Abd al-Rahman Nurow" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Al-Abgaaliyi''' (''Mowlana Abd al-Raḥman bin Mahmud al-Abgaalii'' ) ( 1756–1837) was a Somali scholar who played a crucial role in the spread of the Idrisiyya Sufi order in Somalia and East Africa.Born in the city of Mogadishu to the dominant Abgaal clan family, he studied elementary ilm under the supervision of the local Ulema, he later travelled to Mecca, Medina and Yemen, studying under the famous Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi.", "His contemparories include Abu'l 'Abbas Al Dandarawi and the founders of Salihiyya and Senusiyya.", "A Sufi doctrine that had spread across the Muslim World with many Haḍra traditions but based on a foundational Salafi creed.He was often called \"Shafi'i As-Sagheer\", a \"young Imam Shafi'i\", for his exemplary knowledge in areas of Fiqh and Tafseer.", "His tariqa following would later be known as the ''Raxmaaniya''.Mowlana Mahmud traveled to various Islamic centers in the Horn of Africa such as Harrar.", "Upon returning to Benadir, he established a community of pupils, setting out to spread the Idrisiyya order throughout the region.", "This enhanced his reputation and also helped the order gain considerable success amongst the region's pastoralists, the religious elite, and the villagers of the interior.", "Famous students include Haji Ali Maye and Sheikh Hassan Barsane." ], [ "See also", "Uways al-BarawiZeila" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of invocations of the Insurrection Act" ], [ "Introduction", "This is a list of invocations of the Insurrection Act of 1807.The Act has been invoked for various different reasons over time.", "It has been used to quell individual rebellions and riots, as well as many incidents of post-civil war violence.", "The latest use of the act was during the 1992 Los Angeles riots." ], [ "List", "Date invokedInvokerCauseResultsApril 19, 1808Thomas JeffersonViolations of the Embargo Act of 1807 around Lake Champlain.Violations continue, act repealed in 1809.February 10, 1831Andrew JacksonDispute around Arkansas-Mexico border.Resolved before troops sent.August 24, 1831Slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia.Rebellion suppressed.January 28, 1834Riot over labor dispute in Maryland.Resolved before troops sent.April 15, 1861Abraham LincolnSecession of southern states, American Civil War.Civil war ends after four years.", "Beginning of Reconstruction era.October 17, 1871Ulysses S. GrantWhite supremacist insurgency across former Confederacy.Insurgency suppressed.May 22, 1873Violence in Louisiana after contested election.Resolved before troops sent.December 21, 1874White supremacist insurrection and massacre in Vicksburg.Insurrection suppressed.May 15, 1874White supremacist attempted coup in Arkansas.Resolved before troops sent.September 15, 1874White supremacist insurgency and coup in Louisiana.New Orleans and state government liberated, insurgency continues in other areas until 1877.October 17, 1876White supremacist paramilitaries in South Carolina.Paramilitaries dispersed, troops stay until 1877.July 18, 1877Rutherford B. HayesRailroad strike in multiple states.Strike suppressed.", "Eventual reform.October 7, 1878War between rival business/gang factions in Lincoln County, New Mexico.Most fighting stops.May 3, 1882Chester A. ArthurGang violence in the Arizona Territory.Gangs suppressed.November 7, 1885; February 9, 1886Grover ClevelandRioting and expulsion against Chinese citizens in the Washington Territory.", "Occurred in 1885 and 1886.Riots suppressed.July 8, 1894Strike in multiple states.Strike suppressed.", "Eventual reform.April 28, 1914Woodrow WilsonStrike and uprising in Colorado.Strike and uprising suppressed.", "Eventual reform.August 30, 1921Warren G. HardingStrike and uprising in West Virginia.Strike and uprising suppressed.", "Eventual reform.July 28, 1932Douglas MacArthurArmy general illegally invokes act against WW1 veterans marching for military bonuses in Washington, D.C..Protest suppressed.June 21, 1943Franklin D. RooseveltRace riot in Detroit.Riot suppressed.September 23, 1957Dwight D. EisenhowerArkansas National Guard forbids Black students from a school in Little Rock.Arkansas National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down.", "Federal troops escort Black students to school.September 30, 1962John F. KennedySiege and riot of University of Mississippi due to racial integration.Riot suppressed.June 11, 1963Governor of Alabama forbids Black students from a school in Tuscaloosa.Alabama National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down.", "Federal troops escort Black students to school.September 10, 1963Alabama National Guard forbids Black students from all-white schools.Alabama National Guard federalized and ordered to stand down.March 20, 1965Lyndon B. JohnsonAlabama police suppress first Selma to Montgomery marches.Federalization of Alabama National Guard before the third march.July 24, 1967Protests and riots against systematic racism in Detroit.Riots suppressed.April 5, 1968Riots and civil unrest in multiple states after the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr..Riots suppressed.November 24, 1987Ronald ReaganPrison riot in Atlanta over announced deportations of Cuban detainees.Riot suppressed.September 20, 1989 George H. W. BushLooting in the United States Virgin Islands after Hurricane Hugo.Order restored.May 1, 1992Riots and uprising in Los Angeles over acquittal of officers who attacked Rodney King.Riot suppressed." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Dog Factory" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Dog Factory''''' is a 1904 silent short comedy film directed by Edwin S. Porter for the Edison Manufacturing Company.", "The four-and-a-half minute film offers a comic twist on a popular idea from film and vaudeville.", "The film concerns two inventors who run a \"Dog Factory\", in which strings of sausages can be fed into a machine, and turned into live dogs.", "The film has been described as an early example of science-fiction." ], [ "Plot", "Two men work in a \"Dog Factory\", with the advertising slogan \"Dogs Made While You Wait\".", "The room is hung with racks of sausages, each labeled with the breed of a dog: Pointer, Setter, Spaniel, Poodle.", "A couple have more whimsical labels: \"Plain Dog\" and \"Trained Dog\".", "In the center of the room is a bulky machine labeled \"PATENT DOG TRANSFORMATOR\", with a slot at the top and a flap on each side.", "A customer enters with three dogs on leashes.", "One by one, the dogs are inserted into the machine through the slot at the top.", "One man turns a crank on the machine, and the other man pulls a string of sausages out of the right side of the machine.", "The three strings of sausages are hung on hooks labeled \"Plain Dog\", \"Trained Dog\", and Boston Bull.", "The customer thanks them and leaves.The next customer enters and asks for a spaniel.", "The proprietors take a string of sausages from the \"Spaniel\" hook, insert it into the machine, turn the crank, and remove a spaniel on a leash from the left side of the machine.", "The customer thanks them, and leaves with his new dog.A woman enters and asks for a new dog.", "The men create a dachsund for her, but he barks too much and the woman says they should take it back.", "They patiently turn the dachsund into sausages again, and produce a terrier for her instead.", "The woman is delighted, and leaves with her dog.", "As the short continues, the proprietors create a trained dog, and a trio of bull pups.", "Then a rough-looking customer enters, and asks for a Boston bull — but when the men create a bull for him, the customer brusquely says that's not what he wants, and threatens to punch them.", "Concerned, the proprietors take a string of sausages from a hook marked \"Fighting Bull\", and a large dog emerges from the machine and attacks the customer.", "The tough customer runs away, and the proprietors are pleased to see him go." ], [ "Production", "The film is part of a string of \"sausage-making\" films, which began in 1895/96 with the Lumière Brothers' ''La Charcuterie mécanique'' (''The Mechanical Butcher'').", "In that film, a live pig is led into a machine, which turns them into sausages coming out the other end.", "This inspired other films, including George Albert Smith's ''Making Sausages'' (1897), Biograph Studios' ''The Sausage Machine'' (1897), and Porter's own ''Fun in a Butcher Shop'' (1901).", "The twist introduced by ''Dog Factory'' in 1904 is that the process is reversible, turning sausages back into dogs.According to Edison's catalog, the two inventors in the film are intended to be Germans." ], [ "Distribution", "The 240-foot film sold 42 prints during 1904." ], [ "See also", "* Edwin S. Porter filmography" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Tio's Tacos" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Tio's Tacos''' is a Mexican restaurant in Riverside, California.", "It is known for its many instances of folk art made from discarded items around its grounds." ], [ "History", "The restaurant was founded in 1990 by Martín Sanchez, who moved from Sahuayo in Michoacán to California in 1984, and his wife Conception.", "It is currently run by two of their daughters, Estefany and Kimberly.", "He originally sold oranges on the street and saw many people throw out still usable items.", "Sanchez saw this and thought he could repair them as he had come from a place with much poverty.", "He started creating his art in 1995.In 2000, the city approved Sanchez's purchase of a lot that was to be used for both commercial and residential use, functioning as a new location for the restaurant and the family's home.", "The first major project, two large figures near the front, was created in 2005, with the help of Sanchez's \"right-hand man\", Ignacio \"Nacho\" Martinez.", "During the COVID-19 pandemic the interior of the restaurant was closed, but it still served food, seating customers at the patio areas." ], [ "Menu", "The restaurant serves tacos, chile rellenos, mole enchiladas, burritos, sopes, flautas, carne asada, fajitas, tostadas, taco salad, chicken nuggets, quesadillas, french fries, rice and beans, nachos, and tortas.", "One of the most popular menu items is a fried tilapia, topped with a signature garlic and lemon sauce." ], [ "Artworks", "An example of an art piece at the restaurantMost of the space available was used to display the art.", "Many old items used by the Sanchez family in their daily lives were incorporated into the displays, such as a bicycle in cement.", "One of the larger works is a chapel that is composed almost only of empty beer bottles.", "Inside, there is a painted ceiling similar to the Sistine Chapel and multicolored pews.", "City officials originally considered the art to be trash and an eyesore, and had to spend three years in court against the city." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official website" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Upile Chisala" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Upile Chisala''' (born 1994) is a poet from Malawi.", "She prefers the term \"storyteller.\"", "She is considered an Instapoet.", "She is often considered to belong to Malawi's third generation of writers.", "She has won numerous awards, including Forbes Africa's 30 Under 30.Chisala was born in south-east Malawi in 1994, and grew up in Zomba.", "She began writing poetry at thirteen.At seventeen, Chisala moved to the United States, where she majored in sociology with minors in Women's Studies and Law & Society at New Mexico State University.", "She began writing poetry at college to process experiences with racism.", "She graduated in 2015, but struggled finding a steady job.", "Chisala contirnued to write poetry, and self-published her first book of poems, ''Soft Magic,'' which includes poems she wrote during college.", "These poems reflected on her feeling like \"an oddity.", "\"Chisala then attended the University of Oxford, where she enrolled for a Master's of Science in African studies.", "She later moved to Johannesburg, South Africa.In 2017, Chisala published her second collection, ''Nectar'', exploring her experience with depression and complicated relationship with her parents.", "Following the book's success, Chisala signed a book deal with Andrews McMeel Publishing.", "Andrews McMeel republished her first two books.", "Her third collection is titled ''A Fire Like You.", "''Chisala founded a mentorship program for writers in Johannesburg, Khala Series." ], [ "Awards", "* 2019: Forbes Africa 30 Under 30* 2018: OkayAfrica 100 Women" ], [ "Bibliography", "* soft magic (2015)* nectar (2017)* a fire like you (2020)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "The Southern Cross (play)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''The Southern Cross''''' is a 1930 Australian play by Louis Esson about the Eureka Rebellion.The play was published in a collection of plays by Esson in 1946.The ''Melbourne Argus'' said \"It catches very well the atmosphere of the Eureka Stockade, and the delineation of Peter Lalor makes one's heart warm towards that stalwart.", "\"''The Bulletin'' felt \"the people in 'The Southern Cross' are too sketchily drawn and seem imperfectly understood.", "\"Another critic felt the play was \"sincere and deeply felt, but it is so episodic with its thirteen scenes, some confused, some static, that it never really comes to grips with its subject.", "\"According to Leslie Rees \"Esson's play too literally follows established facts; it is a purely objective presentation of the main events leading into the stockade fight... one does not feel that the author has included anything of himself, except some technical skill.", "He has not created any people, only copied them from history and from Raffaello.", "Even apart from this, Esson's version takes a very narrow view of the whole episode, suggesting none of the political undertones and ramifications, the growth of the Reform League, with its list of Chartist demands, and so on.", "Esson seems to concentrate only on the physical facts of Eureka.\"" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Southern Cross at Ausstage" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2007 Nashville mayoral election" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2007 Nashville mayoral election''' took place on August 2, 2007, to elect the next mayor of Nashville, Tennessee.", "Incumbent Democratic Mayor Bill Purcell was term limited and could not run for re-election to a third term in office.", "Since there was no candidate that received a majority of votes in the initial round of the election, a runoff election was held.", "In the runoff election, Democratic candidate Karl Dean was elected with 52.1% of the vote, narrowly defeating Democrat Bob Clement.All Nashville municipal elections are required to be non-partisan, but each candidate was affiliated with a political party." ], [ "Candidates", "=== Advanced to the runoff ===Bob Clement, former congressman from Tennessee's 5th congressional district, and son of governor Frank G.", "Clement.", "Karl Dean, Nashville's Director of Law under Mayor Bill Purcell from 1999 to 2007.=== Eliminated in the first round ===Buck Dozier, at-large Metro Council member and former Metro fire chief.", "David Briley, grandson of the first mayor under Metro government, Beverly Briley.", "*Howard Gentry Jr., Nashville's first black vice mayor and the son of Howard C. Gentry, a popular Tennessee State University professor and athletics didirector." ], [ "First round" ], [ "Runoff" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 New Mexico State Aggies football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 New Mexico State Aggies football team''' will represent New Mexico State University in Conference USA (C-USA) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.", "The Aggies are led by Tony Sanchez in his first year as the head coach.", "The Aggies will play home games at Aggie Memorial Stadium, located in Las Cruces, New Mexico." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Jacksonville State Gamecocks football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Jacksonville State Gamecocks football team''' will represent Jacksonville State University in Conference USA (C-USA) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.", "The Gamecocks are led by Rich Rodriguez in his third year as the head coach.", "The Gamecocks will play home games at Burgess–Snow Field at JSU Stadium, located in Jacksonville, Alabama." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Peacemaker (Vera Sola album)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Peacemaker''''' is the second studio album by American-Canadian singer-songwriter Vera Sola, released on February 2, 2024, through Spectraphonic Records and City Slang.", "It was co-produced by Sola and Kenneth Pattengale, and received acclaim from critics." ], [ "Critical reception", "''Peacemaker'' received a score of 78 out of 100 on review aggregator Metacritic based on four critics' reviews, indicating \"generally favorable\" reception.", "''Mojo'' stated that \"there's a full band, a string section Swarmatron and brass.", "Reassuringly, the songs are strong enough to carry the new load\".", "''Uncut'' felt that \"Sola can be detached but is at her best when she leans into the songs\".''Exclaim!", "''s Jordan Currie opined that Sola and Pattengale's intention of \"introducing richer sounds and textures\" results in \"rock, blues, country and folk mingling with dramatic orchestral flares, always guided by Sola's powerful alto\", calling it \"clear that ''Peacemaker'' is a labour of love\".", "Craig Howieson of ''Clash'' wrote that \"the fuller orchestration matches the grandeur of her voice well\" and \"through an exploration of war, bloodspill, loss and confusion Vera Sola has continued to tell her story, and invite us into her arresting world\".", "John Amen of ''The Line of Best Fit'' gave the album a score of 8/10, noting that \"Sola concludes ''Peacemaker'' much as she launches it, striking a sublime balance between pop know-how and theatrical flair.\"" ], [ "Track listing" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, February 2024" ], [ "Introduction" ], [ "February 2024", " DateName (age) of deceasedRace Location Description2024-02-17''unidentified person''Unknown Chester, Pennsylvania2024-02-17Jose Flores (63)Unknown Tupelo, Mississippi2024-02-17Taiquell Woodson (33)Unknown Islip, New York2024-02-17''unidentified person''Unknown Linwood, North Carolina2024-02-17Jeremy Bradsher (45)Unknown Silver Springs, Florida2024-02-15''unidentified person''Unknown Philadelphia, Pennsylvania2024-02-15Dario Agudelo (29)HispanicBattle Creek, Michigan2024-02-13Marvin Martin III (50)UnknownChillicothe, Illinois2024-02-13Philip Austin Brant (26)UnknownManassas, Virginia2024-02-12Oscar Venegas (35)UnknownSpokane, Washington2024-02-12Erick Cid (50)UnknownSpokane, Washington2024-02-12Geoffrey Parirchet (26)BlackNew York City, New YorkNYPD officers received reports of a domestic dispute in Edgemere.", "When they arrived, Parirchet allegedly pointed a fake gun at officers, causing them to fatally shoot him.2024-02-12Mario Bonilla (55)WhiteWeston, Florida2024-02-11Genesse Ivonne Moreno (36)HispanicHouston, TexasA woman entered Lakewood Church with a child shortly before a service was set to begin and opened fire with a rifle.", "The child and a 57-year-old man were injured by gunfire.", "Two off-duty officers, one with the Houston Police Department and the other with the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission, shot and killed the woman.2024-02-11Pedro Armendariz (45)UnknownAmarillo, Texas2024-02-11Dominic Soto (23)WhiteBoise, Idaho2024-02-11Erick Radales Aguilera (28)UnknownJackson, Tennessee2024-02-10''unidentified male''UnknownMarana, Arizona2024-02-08Sean Daniel McKay (49)WhiteArlington, Texas2024-02-08''unidentified male''UnknownNorco, CaliforniaRiverside Sheriff deputies fatally shot a male who allegedly lunged at them with a knife.2024-02-07Jamie Devon Blanchard (36)BlackHarris County, Texas2024-02-07Javaria Taylor (19)UnknownShreveport, Louisiana2024-02-06Decarlos Cornelius Long (43)BlackOrlando, Florida2024-02-06Donald Friese (39)WhiteGranite City, Illinois2024-02-06Erick Seckington (65)WhiteAltamonte Springs, Florida2024-02-06Lee Derek Larson (46)WhiteLas Vegas, Nevada2024-02-06Jonathan Foster (38)UnknownLancaster, California2024-02-06Sterling Alavache (36)BlackFort Myers, FloridaA police sniper shot and killed Alavache during a hostage situation at a bank after he allegedly held a woman at knifepoint.2024-02-06Chase Ditter (17)WhiteColumbus, NebraskaPolice responded to a welfare check after receiving a potential self-harm report.", "Few details were immediately released, but police shot and killed Ditter during the call.2024-02-05Boyd Phillips (47)WhiteOzark, Alabama2024-02-05John Gabriel Rice (18)WhiteGraham, Texas2024-02-04Jonathan Bell (41)WhiteAnsonia, ConnecticutPolice shot and killed Bell following a chase from Bridgeport after he allegedly fired at officers.2024-02-04Thomas Michael Gregory Rivera (35)WhiteCherryville, North CarolinaPolice responded to an assault and found a man walking down the street while holding a metal pipe.", "The man allegedly attacked officers and was shot once, dying at hospital.2024-02-04Jeremie Coleman (37)BlackBeaumont, TexasPolice pursued Coleman following a domestic violence call.", "After he crashed into a ditch, police shot and killed Coleman after he allegedly exited and raised a gun at officers.2024-02-04David Clements (19)UnknownMassapequa, New York2024-02-03Isaac Goodlow III (30)BlackCarol Stream, Illinois2024-02-03Jason Lee Maccani (36)UnknownLos Angeles, CaliforniaLos Angeles Police officers shot and killed Maccani, who was holding a white plastic fork in Skid Row.2024-02-03Fernando Rodriguez-Juarez (26)LatinoOmaha, NebraskaRodriguez-Juarez and Hernandez-Rosales left a club after an argument with a group of people.", "As members of that group left the club, the two men drove up in a Jeep, and Rodriguez-Juarez fired a shot at them.", "Two officers working an off-duty job at the club returned fire, striking both men.Jonathan Hernandez-Rosales (28)2024-02-03Fabian Garcia (23)UnknownTucson, Arizona2024-02-02Richard Bolen (37)WhiteHanover, PennsylvaniaBolen, a wanted fugitive, allegedly brandished a handgun at officers and was shot to death.2024-02-02''unidentified person''UnknownWinnebago County, Wisconsin2024-02-02Roshod Graham (32)BlackLauderhill, Florida2024-02-02Lisa Haight (36)UnknownHamburg, New YorkHaight, who was suspected in a burglary, was tracked into a second home.", "An altercation ensued in which an officer shot and killed Haight.", "A knife was allegedly recovered at the scene.2024-02-02Edward Ahrens (38)WhiteEast Ridge, TennesseeAhrens allegedly abducted a 11-year-old girl.", "During a car chase, he refused to stop and reportedly attacked officers with his car, injuring three.", "Ahrens was shot by four officers and died.2024-02-01Matthias Wynkoop (40)WhiteAlbuquerque, New MexicoWynkoop was suffering a mental health crisis.", "He called 911 as he was unwell.", "He tried to get the officers to shoot him.", "When that failed, he took his own life.2024-02-01Melvin Jay (31)UnknownSuitland-Silver Hill, MarylandA Prince George's County police officer fatally shot a man at an apartment complex after responding reports of a breaking and entering." ], [ "See also" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Mount Qianliyan" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mount Qianliyan''', also known by its Chinese name as '''Qianliyan Shan''', is a mountain on Taiwan Island.", "It is located in Hualien County and is part of Taiwan's Central Range." ], [ "Etymology", "Qianliyan is the atonal pinyin romanization of the Mandarin pronunciation of the mountain's Chinese name It is named for Qianliyan, the \"thousand-mile eyed\" door god in Chinese mythology." ], [ "Geography", "Mount Qianliyan has a maximum elevation of above sea level, with a local prominence of .", "A trail leads to the peak from the nearest village, Sakadan." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Valentina Rubtsova" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Valentina Pavlovna Rubtsova''' (born 3 October 1977) is a Ukrainian-born Russian actress and singer.", "She is best known for her role as Tanya Sergeeva (Arkhipova) in the TV series ''Univer'', ''Univer.", "New Dorm'', and ''SashaTanya''." ], [ "Biography", "Rubtsova was born on 3 October 1977 in Makiivka.", "Since childhood, she dreamed of becoming an actress.", "In her youth, she participated in various theatrical productions and performances.", "From 1994 to 1996, she worked at the Donetsk Regional Theater for Young Spectators (Makiivka), performances: \"Masquerade\", \"Two Maples\".", "In 1996 she entered the Russian Institute of Theatre Arts for an acting course, which she graduated in 2001.It was here that she participated in the plays \"The Naked King\", \"The Flea\", \"Both Laughter and Sin\".", "While studying at GITIS from 1999 to 2003, Rubtsova was a soloist in the girl group ''Devochki''.", "Her stint in this group lasted 4 years.In 2003, Rubtsova began working in the musicals \"12 Chairs\" and “Cats”.", "Since 2004, she began appearing on television, first in the program \"Thank God, you came!\"", "on STS, also took part in the program \"Saturday Night\".", "After some time, she joined the cast of the TV series Univer.", "She found out about the casting for the series by chance, but showed herself successfully during the auditions, after which she was cast in the role of Tanya Arkhipova.", "This is Rubtsova's first work, which truly brought her fame.", "She would reprise her role as Tanya in the spinoff SashaTanya.", "She took part in the filming of the programs Big Difference on Channel One, and \"The Investigation Was Conducted...\" on NTV." ], [ "Personal life", "In 2009, after receiving Russian citizenship, Rubtsova married Arthur Martirosyan.", "On 1 December 2011, their daughter Sofia was born." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "31st Guangdong–Hong Kong Cup" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''31st Guangdong-Hong Kong Cup''' was held in January 2009.Defending champions Hong Kong played against Guangdong at Yuexiushan Stadium on 1 January in the first leg and the second leg was played at Mong Kok Stadium on 4 January.", "Hong Kong football representative team represented '''Hong Kong Team''' this year instead of Hong Kong League XI and 2008 Chinese third-tier league runners-up Guangdong Sunray Cave (Guangdong U19s) replaced Guangzhou FC as '''Guangdong Team''' to participate in this tournament.", "Hong Kong won 5–4 on aggregate and were crowned their 13th Guangdong-Hong Kong Cup champions." ], [ "Squads", "===Guangdong===* Manager: Cao Yang* Assistant managers: Guan Zhirui, He Weiwen, Zhong Weimin===Hong Kong===* Team Manager: Leung Hung Tak Brian, Pui Kwan Kay, Steven Lo* Admin Secretary: Lim Fong Kee* Coach: Goran Paulić, Dejan Antonić* Goalkeeper Coach: Chu Kwok Kuen * Physio: Lui Yat Hong* Team Assistant: Kwan Kon Sang" ], [ "Results", "----" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Toquinho (footballer)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Luiz Carlos Lombardi''' (born 24 August 1957), better known as '''Toquinho''', is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a forward and winger." ], [ "Career", "Pointed out by many as the main player of Portuguesa de Desportos in the 80s, Toquinho was the highlight of the state runner-up team in 1985.He made 276 appearances for the club and scored 42 goals.", "Born in the city of Rio Grande, he also has a strong relationship with the city's teams, the veteran SC Rio Grande and SC São Paulo, having been football director for Rio Grande and coach for the São Paulo in 2014." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Toquinho at ogol.com.br" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football team''' will represent Western Kentucky University in Conference USA (C-USA) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.", "The Hilltoppers are led by Tyson Helton in his sixth year as the head coach.", "The Hilltoppers will play home games at Houchens Industries–L.", "T. Smith Stadium, located in Bowling Green, Kentucky." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1989–90 Club Femení Barcelona season" ], [ "Introduction", "The 1989–90 season was the second for Club Femení Barcelona." ], [ "Events", "Barcelona played in the 1989–90 Liga Nacional de Fútbol Femenino, coming fifth.", "After some disappointing results during the season, the team changed head coach ahead of matchday 18, with Luis de la Pena replacing Ramón Carrión.As in the previous season, they chose not to play in the Copa de la Reina." ], [ "Players", "Among the players were , Àfrica Ocaña Fernández, Guadalupe Villar, Montse Vidal, Gemma Homar, Montse Sánchez, Olga Huertas, Sagrario Serrano, and Esther and Ariana." ], [ "Liga Nacional" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of assassinated Brazilian politicians" ], [ "Introduction", "This is a '''list of assassinated Brazilian politicians'''+DateVictimOfficeLocationAttackerNotes18975 NovemberMinister of WarRio de Janeiro, Federal District of Brazil, BrazilSee Attempted assassination of Prudente de Morais190811 AugustJosé Plácido de CastroFormer President of the Republic of AcreSão Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUnknown19158 SeptemberPinheiro MachadoSenator for Rio Grande do Sul and Vice President of the Federal SenateRio de Janeiro, Federal District of Brazil, Brazil19291 JulyMayor of Bauru, São PauloBauru, São Paulo, BrazilMoacir de Almeida192926 DecemberFederal Deputy for PernambucoRio de Janeiro, Federal District of Brazil, Brazil193026 JulyJoão Pessoa Cavalcânti de AlbuquerqueGovernor of ParaíbaRecife, Pernambuco, BrazilJoão Duarte Dantas197121 or 22 JanuaryRubens PaivaFormer Federal Deputy for São PauloRio de Janeiro, Guanabara, BrazilUnknown197325 DecemberMaurício GraboisFormer Federal Deputy for the Federal District of BrazilXambioá, Goiás, BrazilUnknown199217 MayGovernor of AcreSão Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUnknown200110 SeptemberAntonio da Costa SantosMayor of Campinas, São PauloCampinas, São Paulo, BrazilUnknown20018 NovemberAguinaldo Pereira da SilvaMayor of Caraúbas, Rio Grande do NorteGovernador Dix-Sept Rosado, Rio Grande do Norte, BrazilDisputed200218 JanuaryCelso DanielMayor of Santo André, São PauloJuquitiba, São Paulo, BrazilUnknown20022 JuneLídia MenezesVice Mayor of Magé, Rio de JaneiroMagé, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUnknown201010 DecemberMayor of Jandira, São PauloJandira, São Paulo, BrazilUnknown201628 SeptemberFormer Mayor of Itumbiara, São Paulo, and mayoral candidateItumbiara, São Paulo, BrazilGilberto Ferreira do Amaral201814 MarchMarielle FrancoCity Councillor of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilRonald Paulo Alves Pereira and Adriano Magalhães da Nóbrega26 DecemberGerson CamataFormer Governor of Espírito SantoVitória, Espírito SantoMarcos Vinícius Moreira Andrade" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Elijah Ziyambe" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Elijah Ziyambe''' (born 20 December 2000) is an Zimbabwean Australian Association footballer who plays as a centre-back/left-back who currently plays for Sydenham Park." ], [ "Career", "Born in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, Ziyambe moved with his family to Australia at six years old.Ziyambe commenced his football journey at South Melbourne FC as a junior, subsequently advancing to Hume City U20 team.", "There, under the leadership of Nick Hegarty, he successfully transitioned to the Firsts, earning recognition through the prestigious Coach's Award.", "Following a commendable season with Hume City FC, Ziyambe strategically redirected his career to Werribee City FC in the NPL2.His trajectory led him to Sydenham Park, where he contributed to a formidable team poised for promotion, narrowly missing the anticipated ascent." ], [ "References", "Elijah Ziyambe preparing to kick the ball while playing for Werribee City FC in 2022" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1953 All-Southern Conference football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''1953 All-Southern Conference football team''' consists of American football players chosen by the Associated Press (AP) for the All-Southern Conference football team for the 1953 college football season." ], [ "All-Southern Conference selections", "===Backs===* Fred Wyant, West Virginia (AP-1)* Tommy Allman, West Virginia (AP-1)* Johnny Mapp, VMI (AP-1)* Bill Bowman, William & Mary (AP-1)===Ends===* Bill Marker, West Virginia (AP-1)* Richie Gaskell, George Washington (AP-1)===Tackles===* Bruce Bosley, West Virginia (AP-1)* George Preas, Virginia Tech (AP-1)===Guards===* Gene Lamone, West Virginia (AP-1)* Harold Grizzard, Virginia Tech (AP-1)===Centers===* Steve Korcheck, George Washington (AP-1)" ], [ "Key", "AP = Associated Press" ], [ "See also", "*1953 College Football All-America Team" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "The Watch on the Headland" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''The Watch on the Headland''''' is a 1940 Australian radio play by M. Barnard Eldershaw, the name for Marjorie Barnard and Flora Eldershaw.", "It was their first radio play.The play is set on the South Head of Sydney Harbour two years after the foundation of the colony, in 1790.Characters include Captain Arthur Phillip, Watkin Tench, John Hunter and Midshipman Southwell.", "The play won second prize in a 1940 ABC Radio Play Competition, which was won by George Farwell's ''Portrait of a Gentleman''.The play was well received and was produced again in 1943, 1949 and 1956.It was published in a 1946 collection of scripts, ''Australian Radio Plays''." ], [ "Reception", "Leslie Rees called it \"a slight play, a single incident of the earliest days of Sydney...", "It is a picture of the near-defeat of a community, of the hysteria, nostalgia, individual rebellion, resignation and steely withering self-control all called forth by a desperate occasion.", "Not a comfortable play, one sculptured out of cold marble, not perhaps taking a radio audience as such sufficiently into confidence, and seeming on the radio to end too precipitately — but the work of literary artists.", "\"A biographer of the authors called the play \"extremely effective.", "The vigorous dialogue is highly individualized, by character and dialect.", "The writers succeeded in bringing together in little space and at a dramatic moment a variety of First Fleeters with an equal variety of reactions to the colony’s dire predicament— and in flashing an understanding portrait of Phillip himself, most lonely, most sorely tried, and ultimately most renowned of all Australia’s early leaders.\"", "Reviewing a 1940 radio production, \"Jonathan\" from ''Wireless Weekly'' said the writers \"have produced a work of distinction without having recourse to any strong plot.", "They achieve results by means of distilled and unusual dialogue.", "A few words in this play would have become a page of script in less skilful hands... Acting, timing and production throughout were without fault.\"" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Watch on the Headland at Ausstage" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ralph Kent (artist)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ralph Kent''' (born January 28, 1939) was an American artist and Imagineer.", "His most famous work was for designing the first limited-edition Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse watch for adults.", "The design was so popular amongst Disney's executive team that Kent advised Disney artists on character models for decades to follow.", "Kent is said to have designed marketing materials for many Disneyland attractions, including Jungle Cruise, Enchanted Tiki Room, and It's a Small World.", "He was named a Disney Legend in 2004." ], [ "Biography", "===Early life===Growing up in New York during the 1940s and 1950s, Kent became enamored with Disney animated motion pictures.", "By age 10, he adorned his family's basement walls into a massive mural of Disney characters.", "Focused on one day working for Disney, Kent went on to attend the University of Buffalo Albright Art School.", "In 1960, Kent enlisted in the U.S. Army, shortly taking on an artistic role by illustrating training aids and films for the military.", "===1960s===In 1963, following his discharge from the army, Kent was hired by Disney to be a marketing production for Disneyland Park.", "He was quickly put in charge of developing marketing materials for many park attractions including Enchanted Tiki Room, The Jungle Cruise and more.The following year saw Kent involved with the Disney team responsible for creating attractions for the 1964 New York World's Fair.", "He developed training materials for several attractions including It's a Small World.By 1965, Kent had become a trusted artist of Walt Disney, and was responsible for designing the first limited-edition Mickey Mouse watch for adults.", "Walt gifted 25 of these watches to his top executives and the Mickey Mouse adult watch designs became a constant in Disney merchandising with over 100 designs manufactured each year since.When Walt Disney became one of the original investors in the family-oriented entertainment business in Denver, Colorado known as Celebrity Fun Center, served as art director for the complex.===1970s and beyond===Following the Disney company's expansion to Florida in 1971, Kent transitioned to designing souvenirs for Walt Disney World including license plates and bumper stickers.", "In 1979, Kent was promoted to director of Walt Disney Imagineering East, in a role that would have him overseeing cast members in Florida that would provide support for soon to be opened Tokyo Disneyland park and EPCOT Center.The 1990s, saw another transition for Kent as joined the Disney Design Group as a corporate trainer.", "Known as \"The Keeper of the Mouse,\" Kent trained other Disney artists to draw the Mickey Mouse design uniformly, and also helped determine which merchandise would carry the Mickey image.", "Besides being a mentor for new aspiring artists, Kent taught park guests at the Disney Institute and created a thorough collection of Disney character reference model sheets.", "Kent officially retired from The Walt Disney Company in May 2004, yet continued to consult on special projects afterwards." ], [ "Awards and honors", "In a 2004 ceremony at the Disney Studios in Burbank, CA, Kent was inducted as a Disney Legend.", "Kent also was honored with a window bearing his name on Main Street, U.S.A. of the Magic Kingdom park at Walt Disney World." ], [ "See also", "Celebrity Sports Center" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", " Disney Legend Ralph Kent – D23.com*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "RAM (Rapid Action Mission)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''RAM (Rapid Action Mission)''''' is a 2024 Indian Telugu-language action film directed by Mihiraam Vynateya and starring Surya Ayyalasomayajula in the titular role and Dhanya Balakrishna." ], [ "Cast", "''Source'':Surya Ayyalasomayajula as Ram Dhanya BalakrishnaBhanu ChanderP. Sai KumarRohit as Surya PrakashSubhalekha SudhakarRavi VarmaMeena VasuAmit TiwariMahaboob Bhasha" ], [ "Soundtrack", "The soundtrack was composed by Aasrith Ayyangar." ], [ "Reception", "A critic from ''Deccan Chronicle'' rated the film 2 out of 5 and wrote that \"While the film adheres to certain action genre tropes, its strength lies in the emotional depth and character development, making RAM a noteworthy addition to the cinematic landscape\".", "A critic from ''Sakshi'' gave the film the same rating and praised the cast and crew\".", "A critic from ''The Hans India'' wrote that \"On a whole, RAM (Rapid Action Mission) stands as a commendable addition to the action genre, presenting a harmonious mix of adrenaline-fueled sequences and poignant moments.", "The film's strength lies in its robust lead performance, supported by a talented cast and skillful direction\"." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Joanne Carson (model)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Joanne Carson''' (née '''Copeland''') (October 20, 1931 - May 8, 2015) was an American model, stewardess, and television host who was the wife of Johnny Carson from 1963-1972.She was the co-host of the game show ''Video Village'' and later was the host of the talk show ''Joanne Carson's V.I.P.’s.", "''.She divorced Carson in 1972.In the years after the divorce, she became close friends with Truman Capote, who had a writing room at her house, where in 1984 he died.Carson was played by Molly Ringwald in the 2024series ''Feud: Capote vs.", "The Swans''." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Kennesaw State Owls football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Kennesaw State Owls football team''' will represent Kennesaw State University in Conference USA (C-USA) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.", "The Owls are led by Brian Bohannon in his tenth year as the head coach.", "The Owls will play home games at Fifth Third Bank Stadium, located in Kennesaw, Georgia.The 2024 season will be Kennesaw State's first year in Conference USA since transitioning from the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS)." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Kulle Raig" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Kulle Raig''' (née Kulle-Küllike Alasi; born December 2, 1940) is an Estonian journalist, writer, and cultural figure." ], [ "Early life and education", "Kulle Raig was born in Tallinn, the daughter of Aleksander Alasi (1907–1985) and Julia Alasi (née Küla, 1907–1996).", "She graduated from in 1959 and from the Finno-Ugric Department of Tartu University in 1964." ], [ "Career", "Raig worked as a guide and translator for Intourist from 1972 to 1975 and as an editor of Estonian Radio programs in Finnish from 1975 to 1989.She then worked as a cultural editor for the Finnish Broadcasting Company in Finland (1990) and as the head of the Estonian Cultural Center in Helsinki (1991).", "She was the Estonian consul in Helsinki from 1991 to 1992 and the cultural and press advisor of the Helsinki embassy from 1992 to 1998.She founder the Estonian Institute in Helsinki and headed it from 1995 to 1998, and she was the general secretary of the Union of Finnish–Estonian Associations from 1999 to 2006." ], [ "Works", "2003: ''Saaremaa valss'' (Saaremaa Waltz), Varrak2003: ''Vikerkaare värvid'' (Rainbow Colors), Varrak2006: ''Urho Kekkonen ja Eesti'' (Urho Kekkonen and Estonia), K&K (coauthor)2009: ''Esimene üle'' (First Up), K&K2012: ''Pikk teekond lähedale'' (A Long Journey to Nearby), K&KIn addition, she has translated books from Finnish to Estonian as well as from Estonian to Finnish." ], [ "Awards and recognitions", "2000: Order of the National Coat of Arms, fourth-class medal*2004: Aino Kallas Award" ], [ "Family", "Kulle Raig was married to the volleyball player (1938–1998)." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team''' will represent Middle Tennessee State University in Conference USA (C-USA) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.", "The Blue Raiders are led by Derek Mason in his first year as the head coach.", "The Blue Raiders will play home games at Johnny \"Red\" Floyd Stadium, located in Murfreesboro, Tennessee." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nagatan to Ao to: Ichika no Ryōrichō" ], [ "Introduction", " is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yuki Isoya.", "It began serialization in Kodansha's ''josei'' manga magazine ''Kiss'' in October 2017." ], [ "Media", "===Manga===Written and illustrated by Yuki Isoya, ''Nagatan to Ao to: Ichika no Ryōrichō'' began serialization in Kodansha's ''josei'' manga magazine ''Kiss'' on October 25, 2017.The series' chapters have been collected into eleven ''tankōbon'' volumes as of December 2023.===Drama===A live-action television drama adaptation was announced on October 5, 2022.The series was directed by Sōshi Matsumoto, with scripts written by Izumi Kawasaki and music composed by Gen Tanabe and Rachel Abstract.", "It starred Mugi Kadowaki and Ryuto Sakuma in lead roles.", "It aired from March 24 to May 26, 2023 on Wowow and aired for 10 episodes." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Pterostylis borealis" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Pterostylis borealis''''' is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to north Queensland.", "It is a glabrous, tuberous, terrestrial herb with spreading rosette leaves and smooth, green, white and light brown flowers." ], [ "Description", "''Pterostylis borealis'', is a glabrous, terrestrial herb that typically grows to a height of and has an underground tuber.", "It has 3 to 7 spreading rosette leaves long and wide, but are lost by the time flowering occurs.", "Up to 3 green and white flowers, flushed with light brown, are borne on pedicels long, each flower long and wide.", "The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or \"galea\" over the column, the dorsal sepal egg-shaped to lance-shaped, long and wide.", "The lateral sepals are held close to the galea and are deeply notched, wide and joined for long.", "The petals are oblong, long and wide and the labellum is long, wide with a raised, pale brown callus.", "The column is long with wings about long.", "Flowering occurs in late winter and autumn." ], [ "Taxonomy and naming", "This greenhood orchid was first formally described in 2016 by David Jones who gave it the name ''Speculantha borealis'' from specimens collected on St. Patricks Hills in Herberton in 1991 and description was published in ''Australian Orchid Review''.", "In 2017, Jones transferred the species to ''Pterostylis'' as ''P.", "borealis''.", "The specific epithet (''borealis'') means \"northern\", referring to the most northerly distribution of this orchid." ], [ "Distribution and habitat", "''Pterostylis borealis'' grows in gravelly soil of granite boulders in open forest and is only known form the Atherton and Evelyn Tablelands in north-eastern Queensland." ], [ "Conservation status", "''Pterostylis borealis'' is classified as \"special least vulnerable\" under the Queensland Government ''Nature Conservation Act 1992''." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Louisiana Tech Bulldogs football team''' will represent Louisiana Tech University in Conference USA (C-USA) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.", "The Bulldogs are led by Sonny Cumbie in his third year as the head coach.", "The Bulldogs will play home games at Joe Aillet Stadium, located in Ruston, Louisiana." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Julie G. Pilitsis" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Julie G. Pilitsis''' was an American neurosurgeon and academic administrator.", "She is the chair of the neurosurgery department at the University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson.", "Pilitsis served as the dean of the Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine at Florida Atlantic University from 2022 to 2023." ], [ "Life", "Pilitsis was born to Dorothy Wrazin and John Pilitsis.", "She earned a B.S.", "in biology, magna cum laude from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1996.She received a M.D.", "with distinction from the Albany Medical College (AMC) in 1998.She completed a Ph.D. in physiology from Wayne State University (WSU) in 2002.Her dissertation was titled, ''The Effect of Stroke and Other Cerebral Insults on the Release of Free Fatty Acids''.", "John W. Phillis was her doctoral advisor.", "Pilitsis conducted a residency and internship in the WSU department of neurosurgery from 1998 to 2006.From 2006 to 2007, she completed a functional neurosurgery fellowship at the Rush University Medical Center.", "Pilitsis earned a M.B.A. with a concentration in health informatics from Fayetteville State University in 2021.For five years, Pilitisis was a division chief of functional neurosurgery and chair and professor of the basic neuroscience department at AMC.", "Vincent Verdile was one of her mentors at AMC.", "From 2013 to 2014, she chaired the Women in Neurosurgery section of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons.", "From February 2022 to July 2023, Pilitisis was the dean of the Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine at Florida Atlantic University (FAU).", "She was succeeded by interim dean Curtis Whitehair.", "She was the first female neurosurgeon to serve as the dean of a medical school.", "From July to December 2023, Pilitsis was the FAU vice president for medical and strategic initiatives.", "On January 8, 2024, Pilitsis joined the University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson as the chair of the department of neurosurgery and physician executive for functional neurosurgery for the Banner Neurosciences service line.", "She is the president-elect of the American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Modie Cox" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Modie Cox''' (born December 29, 1972) is an American former basketball player.", "He played collegiately for the Buffalo Bulls, and professionally for the Pietermaritzburg Tuskers, Milton Keynes Lions, Buffalo Rapids and Buffalo Silverbacks.", "As a player, he has been New York State Class B champion, Empire State Games gold medalist, and All-MCC honoree.Cox is currently assistant coach for the Niagara Falls Wolverines.", "He previously was assistant coach for the Buffalo Bulls, Niagara Catholic Patriots, Buffalo Rapids, Buffalo Silverbacks and St. Mary's Lancers.", "As a coach, he has been CHSAA Class B champion.An acclaimed motivational speaker, Cox has toured his ''Winning Because I Tried'' outreach program for youths and vulnerable populations since 2007.He was awarded the inaugural ABA Community Service Award in honor of his work." ], [ "High school career", "Maurice \"Modie\" Cox was born in Niagara Falls, New York, and raised by his grandmother until her death.", "Cox never knew his biological father, and his mother was a drug addict.", "At the age of 15, he was adopted by the coach of his local Boys Club team.He took up the position of point guard after idolizing Kenny Anderson and Mark Macon, wearing the jersey number #12 in tribute to both players.Cox played for the varsity squad of La Salle Senior High School as a freshman, winning the 1988 New York State Class B championship.", "Following his junior year, he received honorable mention in the running for Nike High School All-American.", "He was honored as ''Buffalo News'' Player of the Year following his senior season, where he averaged 16.7 points per game and set school records for both steals and assists.He competed for the Western Region Open team in the 1991 Empire State Games, capturing a gold medal." ], [ "College career", "After being recruited by University at Buffalo as the centerpiece of their new Division I program, Cox was ruled academically ineligible under Proposition 48 and could not play his freshman season for the Buffalo Bulls.He was named team captain for his junior and senior seasons.", "Cox led the team in scoring during his junior season, averaging 12.6 points per game.", "In his senior season, Cox led the Mid-Continent Conference in assists and was named to the All-Conference Team.Cox attempted to have his fourth year of eligibility restored by the NCAA for the 1995–96 season, but his request was denied.", "He tried out for the school's football team as a wide receiver in August 1995, but was cut.He played for the Converse All-Stars in November 1995, an alumni team who defeated the 1995–96 St. Bonaventure Bonnies and 1995–96 Buffalo Bulls squads in exhibition play.In September 1996, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in sociology." ], [ "Professional career", "Cox shooting against the Newark Express, 2006The Connecticut Pride of the Continental Basketball Association signed Cox in 1996, although he never played for the team.He started his professional career with the Pietermaritzburg Tuskers of the Premier Basketball League, averaging 17.3 points per game during their 1998–99 season.Cox played for the Milton Keynes Lions of the British Basketball League, averaging 3.16 steals per game during their 1999–00 season.He attended off-season camps with the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association in 2000 and 2001, but was cut from the roster.Cox was signed to the Buffalo Rapids of the American Basketball Association in October 2005.He helped the team win its first playoff game in March 2006, contributing 12 assists in their 133–88 victory over the Boston Frenzy.", "When the franchise was forced to rebrand in May 2006 following an ownership change, Cox came up with the Buffalo Silverbacks moniker that they used going forward.", "After Tim Winn left the Buffalo Silverbacks in August 2006, Cox took over running the team's ''Do Your Best, Never Quit'' youth clinics.", "In recognition of his work, Cox was honored with the inaugural American Basketball Association Community Service Award in January 2007." ], [ "Coaching career", "While pursuing his master's degree in urban planning, Cox served as graduate assistant under Tim Cohane for the 1997–98 Buffalo Bulls season.Cox served as assistant coach for Niagara Catholic High School from 2000 to 2002 under Pat Monti.While still active as a player, Cox also served as assistant coach for the Buffalo Rapids under Richard Jacob, and later for the Buffalo Silverbacks under Trevor Ruffin.In 2008, Cox was hired as personal trainer and mentor for Byron Brown III, the teenage son of Mayor Byron Brown II.", "Brown III went on to play Division I basketball for Binghamton University.As assistant coach under Ryan Gallo, Cox helped lead St. Mary's High School to the 2022 CHSAA Class B championship.He has served as assistant coach for Niagara Falls High School under Carlos Bradberry since 2023." ], [ "Personal life", "Cox was arrested in November 1996 for cocaine possession, serving eight months in jail for two misdemeanor charges.He son Kaleb was born in 2002 and is a graduate of Canisius High School.After the Buffalo Silverbacks folded in 2007, Cox continued their youth outreach program and rebranded it as ''Winning Because I Tried''.", "He has given over 350 motivational speeches to children through the program.", "John Wallace became the program's vice president in 2010, and has joined Cox on select speaking engagements.From 2013 to 2016, Cox served as executive director of the Buffalo Police Athletic League.Cox serves on the board of directors for Junior Jerry Jam, a nonprofit organization dedicated to staging live musical performances that benefit charitable causes." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official website* Career statistics from Sports Reference" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 Sam Houston Bearkats football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 Sam Houston Bearkats football team''' will represent Sam Houston State University in Conference USA (C-USA) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.", "The Bearkats are led by K. C. Keeler in his eleventh year as the head coach.", "The Bearkats will play home games at Bowers Stadium, located in Huntsville, Texas." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Bob Graves (rugby union)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Charles Robert Arthur Graves''' (23 January 1909 — 14 October 1990) was an Irish rugby union international player.Hailing from Valentia, County Kerry, Graves was a tall and strong all-round forward who excelled at throw-ins.Graves captained Dublin club Wanderers and was capped 15 times for Ireland as a hooker from 1934 to 1938, in addition to two caps gained for the British Lions on the 1938 tour to South Africa.A bank manager, Graves became a rugby administrator and served as an Ireland selector." ], [ "See also", "List of Ireland national rugby union players" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Zhamantuz, May District" ], [ "Introduction", " '''Zhamantuz''' () is a salt lake in the May District, Pavlodar Region, Kazakhstan.The lake lies in the western part of May District, to the WSW of Maytubek village.", "The Bolshoy Togyzbay and Kainama winter resorts are located near the lake.", "The area surrounding Zhamantuz is used for livestock grazing." ], [ "Geography", "Zhamantuz is an endorheic lake of the northern end of the Kazakh Uplands, part of the Irtysh river basin.", "It lies at an elevation of .", "The Irtysh flows to the northeast of the lake.", "The lake freezes in mid November and stays under ice until the second half of April.", "There are a number of other lakes in its vicinity, such as Alkamergen to the west, Karasor to the east and Altybaysor to the NNW." ], [ "See also", "*List of lakes of Kazakhstan" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "2024 FIU Panthers football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''2024 FIU Panthers football team''' will represent Florida International University in Conference USA (C-USA) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season.", "The Panthers are led by Mike MacIntyre in his third year as the head coach.", "The Panthers will play home games at Riccardo Silva Stadium, located in Miami, Florida." ], [ "Schedule" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "National Folklore Cultural Heritage (South Korea)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''National Folklore Cultural Heritage''' () is a national-level designation within the heritage preservation system of South Korea.", "It is intended to preserve customs, objects, places, and buildings that are important to Korean folklore.The designation attempts to protect things considered important or important for understanding the daily life, business, transportation, communication, entertainment, socializing, religion, or events of Korea." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of mayors of Dandenong" ], [ "Introduction", "This is a list of '''mayors''' of the '''City of Greater Dandenong''', a local government area in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.", "Before amalgamation in 1994, the Dandenong area was covered by the City of Dandenong and the City of Springvale (formerly known as the Shire of Dandenong).The current mayor is Lana Formoso, who was voted into the position by councillors on 16 November 2023." ], [ "Mayors", "===Greater Dandenong (1997–present)===No.PortraitMayor (Ward) PartyTerm startTerm end 1 70px Greg Harris Independent March 1997 March 1998 2 70px Roz Blades Labor March 1998 March 1999 3 70px Naim Melhem Labor March 1999 March 2000 4 70px Angela Long Labor March 2000 March 2001 5 70px Youhorn Chea Labor March 2001 March 2002 6 70px Paul Donovan Labor March 2002 March 2003 7 70px Kevin Walsh Independent March 2003 March 2004 8 70px Clare O'Neil (Springvale South) Labor March 2004 November 2004 9 70px Maria Sampey Labor November 2004 November 2005 10 70px Peter Brown Labor November 2005 November 2006 (5) 70px Youhorn Chea Labor November 2006 November 2007 11 70px John Kelly Independent Liberal November 2007 November 2008 12 70px Pinar Yesil Labor November 2008 November 2009 13 70px Jim Memeti Labor November 2009 November 2010 (2) 70px Roz Blades Labor November 2010 November 2011 (5) 70px Youhorn Chea Labor November 2011 7 November 2012 (4) 70px Angela Long Labor 7 November 2012 November 2013 (13) 70px Jim Memeti Labor November 2013 November 2014 14 70px Sean O'Reilly Labor November 2014 November 2015 15 70px Meng Heang Tak (Paperback) Labor November 2015 November 2016 (13) 70px Jim Memeti Labor November 2016 November 2017 (5) 70px Youhorn Chea Labor November 2017 November 2018 (2) 70px Roz Blades Labor November 2018 14 October 2019 (5) 70px Youhorn Chea Labor 14 October 2019 November 2019 (13) 70px Jim Memeti Labor November 2019 November 2020 (4) 70px Angela Long (Cleeland) Labor November 2020 11 November 2021 (13) 70px Jim Memeti (Dandenong) Labor 11 November 2021 10 November 2022 16 70px Eden Foster (Yarraman) Labor 10 November 2022 16 November 2023 17 70px Lana Formoso (Noble Park North) Labor 16 November 2023 ''incumbent''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Yuhanna" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Yuhanna''' or '''Youhanna''' () is an Arabic masculine name used by Christians.", "It is derived from the Syriac masculine given name Yohannan (; \"John\").People named Yuhanna include:" ], [ "People", "Ibrahim ibn Yuhanna ( late 10th and early 11th centuries), Byzantine bureaucrat, translator, and author from AntiochSaliba ibn Yuhanna ( 14th century), Syriac Christian authorYuhanna al-Armani (1726–1786), Armenian authorYuhanna ibn Bukhtishu ( 9th century), Persian or Syriac physicianYuhanna Makhluf, Maronite Patriarch from 1608 to 1633Michael Yuhanna or Tariq Aziz (1936–2015), Iraqi politician under Saddam HusseinYousef Yuhanna Meletios Macarios III Zaim or Macarius III Ibn al-Za'im, Patriarch of Antioch from 1647 to 1672Yuḥannā Al Demashqi or John of Damascus (675–749), Arab Christian monk and saintYuhanna al-Asad or Leo Africanus (1494–1554), Andalusi diplomat and author Yuhanna al-Injili or John the Evangelist ( 1st century), author attributed to the Gospel of JohnYuhanna Habib, 19th-century founder of the Congregation of the Maronite Lebanese Missionaries or KreimistsYuhanna Ibn Masawaih or Masawaiyh (777–857), Persian or Assyrian Christian physicianYuhanna Ibn Sarabiyun or Yahya ibn Sarafyun ( 9th century), Christian physicianYuhanna Masawaih al-Mardini or Masawaih al-Mardini (died 1015), Assyrian Christian physician" ], [ "See also", "YuhanaYohannan*Johannes" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Every You Every Me (film)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Every You Every Me''''' () is a 2024 romantic drama film written and directed by Michael Fetter Nathansky.", "The film starring Aenne Schwarz and Carlo Ljubek, is set against the industrial backdrop of Europe's largest lignite mining area, about the initial magic of falling in love and the painful process of falling out of love.It was selected in the Panorama section at the 74th Berlin International Film Festival where it had its world premiere on 16 February 2024.It is scheduled for theatrical release in Germany on 4 April 2024." ], [ "Synopsis", "''Every You Every Me'' is a story of love and loss, of how it begins and how it ends.", "Nadine works hard at the factory, but her love life is falling apart.", "She wants to feel the same way she used to about her partner, but he seems like a different person now.", "What changed between them?", "How can she find the spark that ignited their romance?" ], [ "Cast", "* Aenne Schwarz as Nadine* Carlo Ljubek as Paul** Youness Aabbaz as young Paul * Sara Fazilat as Ajda* Naila Schuberth as Mica* Moritz Klaus as Marco* Dagmar Sachse as Mareike Schmitz* David Hurten as Jurgen* Frank Stüdgens as Dirk* Peter Brachschuss as Uwe" ], [ "Production", "The second feature film by German film director and screenwriter Michael Fetter Nathansky, working title ''Mannequins'' is produced by Studio Zentral/Network Movie and Contando Films with the participation of ZDF – Das kleine Fernsehenspiel.Filming bagan in Cologne in North Rhine-Westphalia and the surrounding area from 17 February 2023.After total of 25 days of filming schedule it ended on 29 March 2023." ], [ "Release", "''Every You Every Me'' had its world premiere on 16 February 2024, as part of the 74th Berlin International Film Festival, in Panorama.In January 2024, Brussels based independent company 'Be For Films' acquired the international sales rights of the film.It will be released in German theaters on 4 April 2024 by Port-au-Prince Pictures GmbH de." ], [ "Reception", "Serena Seghedoni reviewing at Berlinale in Loud And Clear Reviews awarded 3 stars and wrote, \"Perhaps the movie would have worked better as a short film, which would have enabled Nathansky to use Paul’s many personas to explore the main theme of the film in more depth before they outstayed their welcome.\"" ], [ "Accolades", "''Every You Every Me'' won two work-in-progress Awards, under its previous title ''Mannequins'', at the 71st San Sebastián International Film Festival.", "Award Date Category Recipient Result San Sebastián International Film Festival 27 September 2023 WIP Europa Industry Award + WIP Europa Award ''Mannequins'' Berlin International Film Festival 25 February 2024 Panorama Audience Award for Best Feature Film ''Every You Every Me''" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * * ''Every You Every Me'' at Be For Films * ''Every You Every Me'' at Berlinale" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Horseshoe Lake (King County, Washington)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Horseshoe Lake''' is a small lake in unincorporated King County, Washington, near the city of Black Diamond.", "Due its location and hydrology, it frequently floods." ], [ "Description", "Horseshoe Lake is very shallow, and has unstable thermal stratification.", "The lake was monitored for water quality in 2000 and from 2002 to 2008, and measurements indicated that it is a eutrophic lake.The lake has no natural outflows, and no significant inflows.", "The lake is a closed depression, fed and drained by groundwater.", "Due to this, it experiences rapid, drastic fluctuations in water level that have frequently threatened nearby homes.", "King County has routinely pumped water out of the lake since the 1990s to reduce flood risk." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Jenny Wagner (author)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jenny Wagner''' (born 1939) is an Australian author, known for children's literature.Wagner was born in England and arrived in Australia around 1948.She studied languages at Melbourne University, and was a scriptwriter for the Australian Broadcasting Commission TV series ''Bellbird''.She later lived with her husband in Queensland, in 1991 identified as the town of Eumundi.Before becoming a full-time writer, Wagner ran a coffee-lounge where, inspired by her Austrian-born mother-in-law, everything was made in the traditional way." ], [ "Recognition", "''The Bunyip of Berkeley's Creek''She was awarded Children's Book of the Year awards in 1974 and 1978.In 1991 she was awarded a two-year fellowship from the Australia Council's Literature Board.A bronze statue ''The Bunyip of Berkeley's Creek'' by Ron Brooks is mounted by the forecourt of the State Library of Victoria." ], [ "Publications", "* ''The Werewolf Knight'' (1972) illustrated by Karl Holmes* ''Aranea'' (1974) with illustrations by Ron Brooks, was \"highly commended\" in the 1976 Picture Book of the Year awards.", "but called \"drab and uninteresting to children\" by a reviewer.", "* ''Hannibal'' (1974) * ''The Bunyip of Berkeley's Creek'' (1974)* ''John Brown, Rose, and the Midnight Cat'' (1976, new edition illustrated by Ron Brooks 1978) Winner, Picture Book of the Year, 1978.and co-winner, Children's Book Award at the (New South Wales) Premier's Literary Awards.", "It was produced as a puppet play in 1983.A German-language edition ''Oskar und die Mitternachtskatze'' was published in Munich in 1991.", "* ''The Nimbin'' (1978) Adapted for puppet theatre in 1993.", "* ''Jo-Jo and Mike'', Thomas Nelson 1982; illustrations by Anne James* ''Goanna'' (1989) illustrated by Noela Hills* ''Message from Avalon'' 1990 Jam Roll Press, Brisbane.", "* ''Amy's Monster'' (1991)* ''The Sourdough Cookbook'' 1992* ''On Writing Books for Children'' Allen & Unwin.", "* ''Motor Bill and the Lovely Caroline'' (1994)* ''Cassidy's Magic'' (2001)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Jeot" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Jeot''' can refer to:" ], [ "Biology", "* Jeotgalibaca** * Jeotgalicoccus Jeotgalicoccus huakuii Jeotgalicoccus marinus Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus Jeotgalicoccus pinnipedialis Jeotgalicoccus halotolerans Jeotgalicoccus nanhaiensis Jeotgalicoccus halophilus Jeotgalicoccus schoeneichii** Jeotgalicoccus aerolatus* Jeotgalibacillus Jeotgalibacillus alimentarius Jeotgalibacillus campisalis" ], [ "Other uses", "* Jeotgal, type of Korean seafood* Jeotex" ], [ "See also", "* Jeet (disambiguation)* Jieț (disambiguation)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Vesey Boyle" ], [ "Introduction", "Squadron leader '''Charles Vesey Boyle''' DFC (2 July 1915 — 3 March 2007), known as '''Vesey Boyle''', was an Irish rugby union international, bomber pilot, prosecutor and judge.Born in Dublin, Boyle was the son of a solicitor and attended The High School, Dublin, before studying law at Trinity College.", "He captained the Dublin University XV, from where he gained the first of his nine Ireland caps in 1935, against the touring All Blacks.", "A winger, Boyle was also capped twice for the British Lions, on the 1938 tour to South Africa.Boyle, enlisting as a Royal Artillery gunner, was fortunate to survive a bombardment in Dunkirk when the building his group was sheltering in was the only one left standing in a row of houses, before he was successfully evacuated.", "After transferring to the Royal Air Force in 1941, he flew in 101 operations as a bomber pilot, which included the Battle of El Alamein.", "He was subsequently rewarded with the Distinguished Flying Cross for gallantry.Post war, Boyle moved into the Colonial Legal Service, serving as a prosecuting counsel during rebellions in Malaya and Kenya.", "He later served as a judge for the Special Court that tried EOKA guerillas in pre-independence Cyprus." ], [ "See also", "List of Ireland national rugby union players" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Chris Harris (Kentucky politician)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Chris Harris''' is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 2015 to 2021.Before his time in the house he was a Pike County magistrate.", "Harris was first elected to the house in 2014 after defeating incumbent representative Keith Hall in the May primary election.", "In 2020 he unsuccessfully ran for the Kentucky Supreme Court, losing to Robert B. Conley.", "He was succeeded by Republican Norma Kirk-McCormick in the house." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Pitra Romadoni Nasution" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Pitra Romadoni Nasution''' (born 27 October 1990) is an Indonesian lawyer, political activist, and politician from the Crescent Star Party (PBB)." ], [ "Early life", "Pitra was born on 27 October 1990 in Medan, North Sumatra.", "He is the second son of Siti Naimah Rafiah Nasution and Ali Gusnar Nasution.", "He earned his law degree at Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra and pursued his master's degree at Bandung Law School (Sekolah Tinggi Hukum Bandung).", "He initially started his career as a contractor in a private company while studying at university until he graduated." ], [ "Career", "Pitra's career in the legal field became widely known when he became the law advisor for the victims of the First Travel case in 2018.Together with the victims, he filed a judicial review lawsuit to the Constitutional Court of Indonesia to return the assets confiscated by the state.", "Based on the decree, Pitra succeeded in prevailing the lawsuit and the assets were then returned to the victims.In 2019, Pitra handled the case of fellow lawyer and activist Eggi Sudjana and Kivlan Zen who were reported to Polda Metro Jaya on charges of treason.In 2020, Pitra resolved the case of victims of fraudulent investments E Dinar Coin Cash (EDCCASH).", "Pitra succeeded in winning the case with the judgment of the Tangerang District Court.In 2021, Pitra was appointed by former Minister of Youth and Sports Affairs of Indonesia Roy Suryo as his law advisor for the case against Indonesian actor Lucky Alamsyah, which resulted reconciliation between Roy and Lucky.In 2022, Pitra was appointed by fellow lawyer Elza Syarief to resolve the case of Fadel Muhammad, where he was removed from the deputy chair of People's Consultative Assembly as a result of a motion of no confidence filed by the Regional Representative Council which resulted in a police report at the Indonesian National Police and a lawsuit at the State Administrative Court Jakarta.", "In the same year, Pitra handled the case against Nikita Mirzani where public figure Isa Zega was detained for four months based on Nikita's report at the South Jakarta Metro Police." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Korobeinik" ], [ "Introduction", "''Ofenya-korobeinik'', Nikolay Koshelev, 1865'''Korobeinik''' () was an occupation in Russian empire, a petty peddler.", "The name comes from the word ''korob'', a box, in which he carried the goods, usually haberdashery and small manufactured items around the countryside." ], [ "See also", "*\"Korobeiniki\"" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Norma Kirk-McCormick" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Norma Kirk-McCormick''' is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 2021 to 2023.Kirk-McCormick was first elected in 2020 after incumbent representative Chris Harris retired to run for the Kentucky Supreme Court.", "Following the 2022 redistricting of the house, the 93rd district was moved from eastern Kentucky to Lexington.", "Kirk-McCormick instead ran in the 97th district, losing the Republican nomination to incumbent Bobby McCool." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Astragalus accidens" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Astragalus accidens''''', more commonly known as the '''Rogue River milkvetch''', is a species of herbaceous perennial plant in the family Fabaceae." ], [ "Description", "''Astragalus accidens'' usually has a stem that is less than a meter tall with white flowers." ], [ "Distribution and habitat", "This species is native to western USA, specifically California and small section of southern Oregon." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Sofia Coll" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Sofia Coll i Benito''' (, ; born 1 January 1999) is a Spanish singer, dancer and actress.", "She rose to prominence with her participation in the second season of the TV3 program ''Eufòria'', where she came in fourth place." ], [ "Early life", "Coll was born in Barcelona on 1 January 1999 and grew up between the El Raval and El Poble-Sec neighbourhoods of the city." ], [ "Career", "Coll became known for participating in the first Spanish edition of the La Voz Kids, where she was chosen in the singer Malú's team.", "She started her musical project in March 2019 with the release of the single ''Before I Forget What's Love''.", "In February of the following year, Coll appeared on Betevé's Feeel program, in which she performed and presented several of her own songs.", "Later, in September 2020, she released her debut album ''Génesis''.", "She was also one of the protagonists of the RTVE Catalunya series ''Bany Compartit'' (2019), in which she played Alicia, and once made it to the final casting of the program Operación Triunfo.", "Later, she collaborated with artists such as Rakky Ripper, Quaiko and CVMILLE.9.In 2023, she entered the second season of the TV3 musical program ''Eufòria'', where she sang songs by artists such as Miley Cyrus, Pink, Katy Perry and Jennifer Lopez.Coll competed in Benidorm Fest 2024, the Spanish selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2024, with the song \"Here to Stay\".", "She came third in her semi-final on 30 January 2024, qualifying for the final, where she finished seventh." ], [ "Musical style", "Coll cites Beyoncé, Masego, Jorja Smith, Mahalia, Teyana Taylor, Christina Aguilera, Etta James and James Brown as influences." ], [ "Discography", "* ''Génesis'' (2020)" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1877 St Kilda Football Club season" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''1877 St Kilda Football Club season''' was the inaugural season in the club's history competing in the 1877 VFA season." ], [ "Background", "The 1877 Victorian Football Association season was the first in which the Australian rules football competition in Victoria was run under a properly constituted administrative body; which was formed with the view to governing the sport via a collective body, made up of delegates representing the clubs.The association was made up of five inaugural metropolitan senior clubs (St Kilda being one of them), and a number of provincial senior teams from across the state." ], [ "VFA season", "=== League table ===The VFA did not officially endorse a system of ranking the clubs until the 1888 season.", "'''1877 VFA Results''' TEAM P W L D GF GA 1 (P) 21 14 3 4 56 11 2 23 16 3 4 47 21 3 Hotham 14 7 5 2 27 16 4 Albert Park 12 5 4 3 17 10 '''5''' '''''' '''17''' '''5''' '''7''' '''5''' '''25''' '''35''' '''Key:''' P = Played, W = Won, L = Lost, D = Drawn, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, (P) = Premiers Source:=== Matches ===Only matches not played at odds between the affiliated senior metropolitan and provincial clubs are listed.", "Matches were also played in halves, not quarters." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* * VFA Season 1877" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "1987 All-East football team" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''1987 All-East football team''' consists of American football players chosen by the Associated Press as the best players at each position among the Eastern colleges and universities during the 1987 NCAA Division I-A football season." ], [ "Offense", "===Quarterback===* Don McPherson, Syracuse (AP-1)* Matt Knizner, Penn State (AP-2)===Running backs===* Craig Heyward, Pitt (AP-1)* Blair Thomas, Penn State (AP-1)* Jim Bell, Boston College (AP-2)* Todd McNair, Temple (AP-2)===Tight end===* Mike Hinnant, Temple (AP-1)* Pat Kelly, Syracuse (AP-2)===Wide receivers===* Darren Flutie, Boston College (AP-1)* Tommy Kane, Syracuse (AP-1)* Brian Cobb, Rutgers (AP-2)* John Talley, West Virginia (AP-2)===Tackles===* Rick Phillips, West Virginia (AP-1)* Dave Widell, Boston College (AP-1)* Kevin Jones, Temple (AP-2)* Craig Stoeppel, Syracuse (AP-2)===Guards===* Dean Caliguire, Pitt (AP-1)* Steve Wisniewski, Penn State (AP-1)* Bob Kovach, West Virginia (AP-2)* Mark Stepnoski, Pitt (AP-2)===Center===* Ed Miller, Pitt (AP-1)* Matt Felt, Navy (AP-2)===Placekicker===* Tim Vesling, Syracuse (AP-1)* Brian Lowe, Boston College (AP-2)" ], [ "Defense", "===Ends===* Ezekial Gadson, Pitt (AP-1)* Alec Hoke, Rutgers (AP-1)* Burt Grossman, Pitt (AP-2)* Dale Jackson, West Virginia (AP-2)===Tackles===* Pete Curkendall, Penn State (AP-1)* Brad Hunt, West Virginia (AP-1)* Rob Burnett, Syracuse (AP-2)* Paul Frase, Syracuse (AP-2)===Nose guard===* Ted Gregory, Syracuse (AP-1)* David Grant, West Virginia (AP-2)===Linebackers===* Trey Bauer, Penn State (AP-1)* Bill Romanowski, Boston College (AP-1)* Jerry Olsavsky, Pitt (AP-2)* Joe Possenti, Temple (AP-2)===Defensive backs=== * Dave Berdan, Army (AP-1)* Markus Paul, Syracuse (AP-1)* Gary Richard, Pitt (AP-1)* Chris Ingram, Syracuse (AP-2)* Quintin Jones, Pitt (AP-2)* Billy Owens, Pitt (AP-2)* Terry White, West Virginia (AP-2)===Punter=== * Bill Rambusch, Army (AP-1)* John Rasp, Pitt (AP-2)" ], [ "Key", "* AP = Associated Press" ], [ "See also", "* 1987 College Football All-America Team" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Michael Henry Yusingco" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Michael Henry Yusingco''' is a Filipino lawyer and academic professional.", "His constitutional reform analyses and political insights are frequently heard in broadcast media interviews.", "He writes papers and policy briefs on issues related to charter change, decentralization, and federalism as a research fellow in various institutions, including the Institute for Autonomy and Governance and the Ateneo Policy Center.He has served as a consultant to the Office of Senator Koko Pimentel for a year and has written op-ed articles for various newspapers and news sites." ], [ "Education", "Yusingco graduated from the Ateneo de Manila University with a bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1995 and from the Arellano University School of Law in 2002, passing the bar examinations the following year.He earned his Master of Law and Development degree from the University of Melbourne Law School in 2014." ], [ "Major publications", "=== Books ===* ''Rethinking the Bangsamoro Perspective'' Ateneo de Davao University and Al Qalam Research Institute for Islamic Identity and Dialogue in Southeast Asia, November 2013.", "* ''Engaging the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region: A Handbook for Civil Society Organizations'' Institute for Autonomy and Governance, July 2020.=== Book chapters ===* \"Imperial Manila\" and local autonomy.", "In ''Building Inclusive Democracies in ASEAN'', 2018, pp.", "346–355.=== Journal articles ===* A Philippine Strongman's Legislative and Constitutional Reforms Legacy.", "Yusingco, M.H.L., Mendoza, R.U., Mendoza, G.A.S., Yap, J.", "In ''Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs'', 2023, 42(1), pp. 63–89.", "* Term limits and political dynasties in the Philippines: Unpacking the links.", "Mendoza, R.U., Banaag, M.S., Hiwatig, J.D., Yusingco, M.H.L., Yap, J.K.", "In ''Asia-Pacific Social Science Review'', 2020, 20(4), pp.", "88–99." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Novy Dvor" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Novy Dvor''' (Новый Двор) is the name of several rural localities in Russia and Belarus." ], [ "Belarus", ":ru:Новый Двор (Пинский район), agrotrown in Pinsk District, Brest Oblast, Belarus:ru:Новый Двор (Свислочский район), Belarus*Novy Dvor, Novy Dor Selsoviet, Minsk District, an agrotown in Minsk District, Minsk Region:ru:Новый Двор (Слуцкий район)" ], [ "Russia", ":ru:Новый Двор (Смоленская область):ru:Новый Двор (Тверская область):ru:Новый Двор (Тульская область)" ], [ "See also", "Nowy Dwór, Poland*Novi Dvor" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Henry M. Bosworth" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Henry M. Bosworth''' (March 12, 1860 – August 25, 1942) was an American politician who served as Kentucky Auditor of Public Accounts from 1912 to 1916, Kentucky State Treasurer from 1904 to 1908, and Sheriff of Fayette County, Kentucky from 1900 to 1904.He was also a horse breeder, and bred purebred horses for many years.", "He was a member of the Democratic Party." ], [ "Biography", "Henry M. Bosworth was born on March 12, 1860, to Benjamin Bosworth and Mary Cloud.", "He was educated in the private schools of Lexington, Kentucky, and afterward attended the University of Kentucky.", "He married Olive Fant on June 3, 1909, they had no children.After university, Bosworth began a career in agriculture, breeding purebred horses, and raising trotting horses.", "In 1899, he was elected sheriff of Fayette County, Kentucky.", "On January 30, 1900, governor William Goebel was shot in Frankfort.", "Goebel's assassins, John W. Davis and Caleb Powers, were arrested by Bosworth on a train as they were being transported from Frankfort under the protection of soldiers.", "Bosworth served as sheriff until 1904.In 1903, Bosworth was the Democratic Party's nominee for Kentucky State Treasurer.", "His opponent was John A.", "Black, a Republican.", "Bosworth won the election taking 222,790 votes to Blacks 198,178 votes.", "He served until 1908.In 1907, Bosworth ran for Kentucky Auditor of Public Accounts, but lost to Frank P. Jones in the general election.", "In 1911, Bosworth ran for Kentucky Auditor of Public Accounts.", "He won the Democratic primary over challenger Ruby Laffoon, taking 1,727 votes to Laffoon's 1,292 votes.", "Bosworth advanced to the general election and defeated his Republican challenger Leonard W. Bethurum.", "Bosworth served as auditor during a time where it was nearly equal to the governor.", "He served as auditor until 1916.In 1915, Bosworth ran for governor of Kentucky, but withdrew before the primary was held.Bosworth died on the night of August 25, 1942, at the Good Samaritan Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky.", "He was 82 years old.", "He was buried in the Lexington Cemetery." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Chuck Meade" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Chuck Meade''' is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 2004 to 2007.Meade was first elected in a February 2004 special election following the resignation of incumbent representative Greg Stumbo to become attorney general.", "He was defeated for renomination in 2006 by Brandon Spencer." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Joseph Tusiani" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Joseph Tusiani''' (January 14, 1924 – April 11, 2020) was an Italian-American poet, translator, and novelist.", "He served as a professor emeritus of languages and literature at Lehman College and was named New York State Poet Laureate Emeritus in 2016 by Governor Andrew Cuomo.", "Tusiani published works in four languages: Italian, Latin, English, and Gargano, the dialect of his birthplace in the Apulia region of Italy." ], [ "Early life and education", "Born in the Apulia region of Italy, Tusiani earned his Ph.D. in Letters from the University of Naples in 1947.He emigrated to the United States the following year, settling in the Arthur Avenue neighborhood of the Bronx.", "He began his teaching career at the College of Mount Saint Vincent before joining Lehman College." ], [ "Career", "In addition to teaching, Tusiani was a prolific writer and translator.", "His works include poetry, translations, a novel, and a three-volume autobiography.", "His contributions to literature and education were recognized internationally, earning him several prestigious awards." ], [ "Achievements and recognition", "In 1954, he was the first American to receive the Greenwood Prize of the Poetry Society of England.", "He received the AATI Distinguished Service Award in 1986, and the Keys to the City of Florence in 2007 for his contributions to literature.", "A scholarship was established in his name at Lehman College to support students interested in Italian-American culture." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Andre K Isaacs" ], [ "Introduction", "'''André K. Isaacs''' is a professor of chemistry researching organic and synthetic chemistry at the College of the Holy Cross.", "Isaacs uses TikTok, Twitter and posts dancing and choreography to teach viral chemistry lessons as science outreach and advocacy." ], [ "Early life", "Isaacs was born in Kingston, Jamaica.", "Isaacs regularly speaks of his uncle, who had taught chemistry and math but died young, as his inspiration in pursuing science education.", "Isaacs chose science tracks during his childhood education but had always been interested in culture and fashion.", "After finishing schooling in Jamaica, Isaacs went to college in America.", "Isaacs was encouraged by his professors and research advisors during his undergraduate education to continue graduate studies due to his excellent skills in organic chemistry.Isaacs identifies as a queer Black immigrant in science and has used his experience to motivate his advocacy.", "After having come out to his unsupportive family, Isaacs found comfort within a supportive lab environment.", "Consequently, Isaacs has focused on community building when building his lessons and online presence." ], [ "Research", "Isaacs works on copper-catalyzed reactions using click chemistry.", "His lab is currently staffed by undergraduate researchers.", "He has also researched antibiotic resistance and novel antibiotic drug development." ], [ "Science outreach", "Isaacs has claimed his viral success in science outreach is due to accessibility and approachability within his videos.", "His videos include dances from popular media franchises such as Black Panther, pop culture moments such as Rihanna's 2023 Super Bowl Ceremony, and other trends.", "In many of his videos, he wears a signature rainbow lab coat to promote diversity and inclusivity within chemistry.", "In addition, his work covers topics on queer culture and social justice, such as chemistry videos explaining poppers or his thoughts around Black Lives Matter.", "His videos also help explain chemistry, including the 2022 Nobel Prize in Chemistry involving click and bioorthagonal chemistry.As a professor at the College of the Holy Cross, Isaacs founded an organization named \"Outfront\" for LGBT staff and students." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ratamka" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ratamka''' (; ) is an agrotown in Minsk District, Minsk Region, Belarus.", "It is administratively part of Zhdanovichy selsoviet.", "It is located west of the capital Minsk.", "In 2010, it had a population of 4,830." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Franconiasaurus" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Franconiasaurus''''' (meaning \"Franconia reptile\") is an extinct genus of basal plesiosauroid plesiosaurs from the Early Jurassic of Germany.", "The genus contains a single species, '''''F.", "brevispinus''''', known from two well-preserved three-dimensional skeletons." ], [ "Discovery and naming", "The ''Franconiasaurus'' fossil material was discovered in sediments of the Mistelgau fossil pit of the lower Jurensismergel Formation (''Grammoceras thouarsense'' Zone) in Bayreuth District, Bavaria, Germany.", "The holotype specimen, BT 011224.00, was discovered between 2014 and 2018 and consists of a nearly complete, partially articulated skeleton.", "BT 011241.00, an incomplete disarticulated specimen discovered in 2005, was also referred to ''Franconiasaurus''.In 2024, Sachs, Eggmaier & Madzia described ''Franconiasaurus brevispinus'' as a new genus and species of plesiosauroid based on these fossil remains.", "The generic name, \"'''Franconiasaurus''\", combines Franconia, after the Bavarian region of the type locality, with the Greek \"σαῦρος\" (\"sauros\"), meaning \"reptile\".", "The specific name, \"''brevispinus''\", references the short neural spines of some of the cervical and dorsal vertebrae.Life restoration" ], [ "Classification", "In their phylogenetic analyses, Sachs, Eggmaier & Madzia (2024) recovered ''Franconiasaurus'' as a plesiosauroid member of the Plesiosauria, as the sister taxon to the Cryptoclidia.", "This suggests that ''Franconiasaurus'' fills an evolutionary gap between more basal taxa (like early plesiosauroids including ''Plesiosaurus''-like forms and microcleidids) and later-diverging taxa (including cryptoclidids, leptocleidians, and elasmosaurids).", "Their results are displayed in the cladogram below:" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Monarch Grove Sanctuary" ], [ "Introduction", "The '''Monarch Grove Sanctuary''' is an urban nature preserve in Pacific Grove, California.", "It protects the monarch butterflies that winter in Pacific Grove arriving in October.", "It is maintained by a volunteer crew.", "About 12–16,000 butterflies stayed at the sanctuary during the 2022-23 winter, making it the fourth largest of its type in California." ], [ "History", "The land on which the sanctuary exists was first owned by Del Monte Hotel Management.", "It was then purchased by a local woman named Edna Dively to operate the Butterfly Grove Inn, which is still in operation.", "When plans for land development were made, local nature group leaders, led by Ro Vaccaro, stepped up to stop it from happening.", "Pacific Grove's citizens voted to create a tax to establish the sanctuary, in 1990, as a part of Measure G, City of Pacific Grove Butterfly Habitat and Bond Measure.", "The city was able to collaborate with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife to go through with the purchase of the land, finalizing the acquisition in 1992.In 2004, a branch above the parking lot fell on Anne Dickinson Thomas, killing her.", "Her family sued for wrongful death against the city in 2006." ], [ "Description", "Monarchs that winter at Monarch Grove Sanctuary live up to six months after reaching adulthood, in opposition to most other monarchs, which only live for four to five weeks.", "Touching the butterflies will result in a $1000 fine.", "The sanctuary contains pine, cypress, oaks, coast redwood, and eucalyptus trees.", "Planet species include Monterey pine and Monterey cypress.", "Most of the monarchs are clustered around a \"very dense\" group of blue gum eucalyptus trees planted in 1917." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ukrainian national clothing" ], [ "Introduction", "Ukrainian man and woman wearing traditional clothing'''Ukrainian national clothing''' is the clothing worn by people living in Ukraine, mainly ethnic Ukrainians.", "The most famous Ukrainian clothing items are the embroidered shirt (vyshyvanka), a cloth sash and a ''vinok'' flower crown.", "The clothing styles differed between the four macroregions of Ukraine: Polissia, Lisostep, Step and Carpathians.", "Traditional clothing differentiated people by gender and social status, by place of residence and wealth." ], [ "Shirts", "The embroidered ''sorochka'' shirt (), also known as vyshyvanka, is the most important element of the Ukrainian costume.", "Vyshyvankas were typically made from hemp of linen and differed significantly between regions, in both cut and decor.The earliest ''vyshyvankas'' appeared in Ukrainian villages in the middle of the 18th century despite the fact that Ukrainian embroidery is known from 10 to 11 centuries, but it is limited to goldwork for the feudal nobility.", "After villagers started making vyshyvankas, they acquired a new symbolic meaning as magic talismans and even started being seen as wearer's substitution: for example, selling one's own vyshyvanka would result in selling one's happiness.", "Wedding shirts were especially prominent: they had a lot of symbolic adornments and had to be made from a single piece of fabric; one of the wedding traditions was the exchange of the groom's wedding shirt made by the bride for the bride's footwear, another one included newlyweds wiping their hands with their spouse's shirt after the marriage's consummation.", "Wedding shirts were kept for the rest of the person's life as amulets and put into the woman's grave after her death.The typical silhouette of a Ukrainian shirt included a long straight sleeve that ends with a wristband cuff; the typical adornment was located at the cuff, the sleeve above the elbow and the shoulder, which is a custom adopted from Byzantium along with Christianity.", "The cut, colours, sewing and decorating techniques, the shape of the collar, the sleeve's shape and manner of attachment to the body are varied between regions.File:Sorochyns'ky fair1.JPG\|Sorochyntsi FairFile:An amateur model taking part in the ethno-fashion-show.jpg\|A reconstruction of the early 20th century costumeFile:Максим Черкашин - 11056842.jpg\|Ukrainian politician in a vyshyvankaFile:Випускний-2021 Чортківського медичного фахового коледжу - 1142.jpg\|Graduation day in the Chortkiv Medical College" ], [ "Sashes and head coverings", "\"Cossack fairy tales and folk-tales\", the unsashed character OhSashes were also used as symbols: of fertility, libido and child-bearing, as well as a representation of protection, unity and connectedness.", "Folklore characters who wore no belt were considered dangerous, such as witches and chthonic monsters like berehynias, mermaids and mavkas.", "People believed that stepping over a red wedding cloth sash would ease childbirth.", "Other than red cloth, a wedding sash could be made of an embroidered rushnyk cloth, especially with the Tree of life pattern.", "''Vinok'', or the wreath, is the third national symbol of Ukraine.", "Flower crowns were worn by unmarried women and brides during the wedding, but the symbolic meaning of the wreath is wider: ''vinok'' is an ancient pagan talisman, it is used in the and other rituals.", "In winter time, wreaths were made from hay, wool, feathers and dried plants and leaves.", "Regional ''vinok'' variants include the feathered ''karabulya'' () from Carpathian Bukovina, silk ribbon wreaths of Kyiv and Poltava oblasts and others.The married women's head covering, ochipok, was mainly an indicator of the wearer's marital status: she had to cover her hair after the wedding ceremony.", "The ochipok was in turn often covered by a piece of cloth (a ''namitka'' wimple or a ''khustka'' kerchief).File:Гуцулка.Стахевич.jpg\|Hutzul.", "Piotr StachiewiczFile:Bukovyna peremitky.jpg\|Namitky wimples and male haircuts from BukovynaFile:Slavic girl.jpg\|Ukrainian girl by Nikolay Rachkov wearing a wreath and a ''vyshyvanka''" ], [ "Shoes", "Polissya Ukrainians wore bast shoes (''lychaky'') while Carpathians had their ''postoly'' shoes made from leather; ''choboty'' boots with a seamed or seamless shaft were popular throughout Ukraine.", "The groom gifted ''choboty'' to the bride and her mother; this custom is centered at the Christmas Eve story by Nikolai Gogol.", "They were also featured in many winter divination rituals.The ''cherevyky'' () dress boots made from leather and colourful Saffian became popular among villagers in the 19 century.", "The colour of the materials would inform the name of the whole garment: green (''zelenі'') ''cherevyky'' were called ''zelenytsi'' () while the Poltava yellow-and-black ones were known as ''chornobryvtsi'' (marigolds).File:Молодиця.jpg\|Young woman by Mykola Pymonenko wearing an ''ochipok'' and ''cherevyky''File:Українці02.jpg\|Ukrainians wearing different boots" ], [ "Outer garments", "Kozhukh fur coats are prominent in Ukrainian culture as fertility-related symbols: the kozhukh turned inside out covered the bench from which the parents blessed their children's wedding; it also covered the seat of the bride during the unbraiding and the marital bed.", "A kozhukh worn wrong side out was worn by the bride's mother before the marriage.", "Kozhukhs could be decorated with black and grey wool, appliqué, embroidery and sewn-up colourful stings.File:Women from Chernigiv region Ukraine.jpg\|Women from Chernihiv region Ukraine wearing ''kozhukhs''File:Kozhukh 1889.jpg\|Embroidered ''kozhukh'', 19 century" ], [ "Colour and motifs", "A Hutsul wearing a vyshyvanka under a vestThe most prominent colour of Ukrainian clothing is red.", "It can be found in every region, especially on festive clothing where it dominates.", "Polesian daily clothing is also decorated with red and white ornaments while Podoliyan costume was mainly using black and white; Hutsuls used a lot of orange and yellow while the clothing of Carpathian Ruthenia and Lemko Region employed blue even on festive wear.Ukrainian embroidery decorated various items of clothing; historically, the most popular techniques were types of counted-thread embroidery such as pattern darning (both linework ''nyz'' and brickwork ''zanyzuvannya'') and satin stitch, but later they lost their popularity due to the rise of cross-stitch embroidery.", "The typical motifs for clothing are geometric (lines, squares and diamonds; it is the most ancient type) and floral (mostly employed in the Western parts of Ukraine).", "Starting from the 1880s, Ukrainians added popular motifs printed in fashion magazines to their embroidery repertoire." ], [ "Regional clothing", "=== Lisostep ===The includes Volhyn, Galicia, Opillia, Podolia, the Middle Dnieper region, Poltavshchyna and Slobozhanshchyna.", "The typical Lisostep clothing ensemble includes a variety of sleeveless garments worn with wide or fitted skirts for women and trousers for men.", "The clothes are colourful and have both geometric and floral ornaments.=== Polissia ===The Polesia region includes Volhynian Polissya, Zhytomyr Polissya, Kyiv Polissia, Chernihiv Polissya and Novhorod-Siversky Polissya.", "The clothing of this region has Polish, Belarusian and Russian influences.=== Steppe ===The comprises Budjak, the Odesa Region, the Lower Dnieper, Tauria, the Sea of Azov region and Crimea.", "It includes many influences from Moldovan, Bulgarian, Greek, Crimean Tatar and Russian traditional clothing, but the information about the dress of the early steppe Ukrainians is very limited.=== Carpathians ===The Carpathian macroregion includes the Lemko Region, Boyko Region, Transcarpathia, Pokuttia, Hutsulshchina and Bukovina.", "Local clothing traditions carry influences from Polish, Slovak, Hungarian and Romanian clothing.", "The Carpathian embroidery is colourful and includes many floral motifs." ], [ "Notes" ], [ "References", "* *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Ingrid Jasmin" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Ingrid Jasmin Vogt Evensen''' (born 1987), known professionally as '''Ingrid Jasmin''', is a Norwegian singer." ], [ "Biography", "Vogt comes from the town of Kragerø and has ancestors from Costa Rica.", "She studied in Cuba and Spain.", "In 2021, Jasmin released her debut single Pilgrim.", "In October 2022, she released her debut album Luna.", "She won the \"Open Class\" category at the Norwegian music award Spellemannprisen 2022.In January 2024, Jasmin was introduced with the song \"Eya\" as a participant in the Melodi Grand Prix 2024, the Norwegian preliminary round for the Eurovision Song Contest.", "She qualified for the final." ], [ "Musical style", "In her songs, Jasmin sings in Norwegian, English and Spanish.", "Billboard magazine described her music as inspired by Nordic folk, Latin and R&B.", "A review of her debut album in Aftenposten said that she merged flamenco and Norwegian folk music into \"unmistakable pop music\"." ], [ "Awards and honors", "* 2022: Spellemannprisen, \"Open Class\" (for ''Luna'')" ], [ "Discography", "=== Album ===* 2023: ''Luna''=== Singles ===* 2021: ''Pilgrim''* 2022: ''Rumor''* 2023: ''M.U.E.R.T.O''* 2023: ''Sorry''* 2024: ''Eya''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Horses in Breton culture" ], [ "Introduction", "pardon in Clohars-Fouesnant in the chapel of Le Drennec, July 2013.The presence of '''horses in Breton culture''' is reflected in the strong historical attachment of the Bretons to this animal, and in religious and secular traditions, sometimes seen from the outside as part of local folklore.", "Probably revered since ancient times, the horse is the subject of rites, witchcraft, proverbs and numerous superstitions, sometimes involving other animals.", "Pardons are reserved for horses.", "These specifically Breton ceremonies, derived from ancient fertility rites, involve the symbolism of water.", "St. Eloi's Day attracts pilgrims from all over France.", "Symbolically linked to the sea via legends such as Morvarc'h, and to death with the Ankou or the Mallet horse, the horse is also present in tales, songs, many traditional stories and in the Brittany roll of arms.", "These traditions were clearly folklorized in the 20th century.", "Pierre-Jakez Hélias popularized the equestrian traditions of the Bigoudend region in his novel ''The Horse of Pride'', which was adapted for the cinema." ], [ "General information", "The special cultural status accorded to the horse in Brittany stems from the fact that farmers have always been very attached to this animal.", "Until the beginning of the 20th century, the horse was part of the family.", "Used as a means of locomotion, it was associated with all of life's events.", "Its presence in large numbers at popular gatherings, such as pardons, fairs or even weddings, was also an opportunity to organize cavalcades and races.", "It's both a work tool and a source of pride.", "Farm size is even measured in terms of the number of horses.", "According to Éphrem Houël, this pride is so great \"that it is not uncommon to see, on market days, very lightly loaded carts coming to the towns, pulled by five or six strong horses\".", "This custom is especially common in the Léon region.", "Paul Sébillot relates a proverb: \"Bon dieu d'en haut, prends ma femme, laisse les chevaux\" (Take my wife, leave the horses).", "For Breton people, Landivisiau is also a symbol of the horse trade.", "The link with the legends of Brittany is permanent.", "Éphrem Houël links the regions where chivalry is celebrated with the quality of horse breeding:Today, the European tourist market is leading to a \"folklorization\" of these equestrian traditions, particularly those of the farming world.", "In 1986, the filmed the video documentary ''Gwad Keseg'' (Breton for \"horse's blood\"), about horse-breeding in Lower Brittany.", "It was produced and commented by Kristen Noguès, Breiz multimedia and the audio-visual creation workshop in Saint-Cadou, Finistère.", "Breeders from Lower Brittany evoke their ''gwad keseg'' to talk about the passion for horses that's \"in their blood\"." ], [ "Worship and religious traditions", "=== In ancient times ===The horse was certainly worshipped by various Armorican tribes, with the cult of the warrior's steed gradually replacing that of a probable Neolithic mother goddess.", "The very popular Gallic goddess Epona, protector of horses, is worshipped by both Gauls and Roman cavalry units.", "There is no evidence of her worship in present-day Brittany.", "White clay statuettes discovered in the 19th century, and a bronze statuette found at Baye, suggest the veneration of an equestrian goddess among the people of Armorique, perhaps a local variant of Epona.", "The goddess worshipped in Ménez Hom is strongly reminiscent of Athena, the Greek goddess associated with the horse.", "The arrival of Christianity transformed the cult of the horse, introducing saints in particular.=== Pardon for horses ===Bretons know many saints associated with horses: Éloi (against illness), Gildas (fertility and protection rite at the Penvenan pardon), Hervé, Nicodème, Herbot, Cornély, Vincent.", "Salomon de Bretagne (857-874) is considered a patron saint of cavalrymen, a status he certainly achieved thanks to his military role in Brittany's cavalry.", "Saint Teilo is invoked to achieve military victory with cavalry.The loss of a horse is often a tragedy for a farming family.", "Before the advent of veterinary medicine, there were few ways to prevent it.", "That's why the Bretons call on many of these saints during horse pardons.", "These pardons combine sacred and secular traditions.", "Pilgrims travel a short distance on the animal to be blessed.", "There is competition between pardons.", "It's a popular festival dedicated to horses, which are forbidden to work on this day.", "It brings the whole village together, and has an important identity function.", "It has ancient roots.", "The bathing of horses is attested to as a fertility rite in many parts of the world, notably in Celtic countries.", "Most horse pardons are held on June 24 or July, the day of the relics of Saint Eloi or the feast of Saint John.", "They correspond to important moments in the Celtic calendar.", "On these occasions, the horses are well fed and groomed.+Prayer to Saint Éloi, in BretonEnglish translationAnatole Le Braz reports that the horse is led around the shrine three times, before being forced to bow to the image of the saint.", "The animal's owner makes an offering: money, horseshoes or, more frequently, a handful of horsehair.", "In Gourin, he gives his horse's tail.", "After the service, the priest blesses the animal, sometimes offering a piece of blessed bread.", "A procession sets off towards the saint's statue, or carrying it.", "Water remains omnipresent during the rite itself.", "Ears, genitals, rump or hooves may be sprinkled in a fountain to invoke healing, protection or the birth of a foal.", "Bathing or jumping in a river is a fertility rite, sometimes accompanied by on-the-spot breeding.", "Races and cavalcades may accompany the ritual, as may the lighting of a bonfire.", "These races are an opportunity for young men to measure themselves, and for villages to gain in reputation: it's not uncommon for them to end in meetings and marriages.", "On the sidelines, discussions focus on the merits of each horse.", "Young children can learn to ride for the first time.So popular was this rite that in Quistinic, the number of people who attended the pardon in July led to the construction of a new fountain in the 19th century.", "The pardon aux chevaux subsequently underwent a gradual process of folklorization.", "By the 1950s, it had become a show for tourists.", "In the 1960s and 1970s, tractors and other machines replaced the horses.", "In Saint-Éloy, the pardon on Ascension Thursday still attracts devotees from all over France.", "The same goes for Saint-Péver, where horses have been bathing in a pond since 1888.Salomon de Bretagne still has its own pardon at the chapel in Plouyé.", "Many chapels hold ex-votos from horse owners." ], [ "Magic and secular beliefs", "Alongside religious rites and appeals to holy healers, there is a long tradition of caring for horses through magic, secular beliefs and the use of witchcraft or bewitchment on animals, right up to the 1950s.", "Many of these beliefs are detailed, specifically for horses, in an anonymous work published in Vannes in 1694: , avec leurs remèdes faciles et expérimentez.", "It recommends purging with toad venom, supposed to induce beneficial diarrhea.", "To prick a worm with a hawthorn thorn would instantly kill all other worms infecting the horse.", "A belief persisted into the 20th century that a horse that ate a spider would \"swell up all over\" due to the venom and risk death.", "In the 19th century, white hawthorn was reputed to cure lameness.", "The animal was brought in before sunrise.", "The Bretons invoke Saint Éloi (Sant Alar) at the birth of each foal to protect themselves and attract good luck to their animals.=== Superstitions and beliefs ===According to Breton belief, horses are sensitive to religious buildings.", "Here, the Saint-Gobrien fountain in Saint-Servant.Bretons are reputed to be superstitious.", "Generally speaking, the presence of a toad has a negative influence on horses, as do small animals such as shrews, field mice, weasels and hedgehogs.", "In the Loire-Atlantique region, there is a belief dating back to the early 20th century that one should never clean stables in May, as snakes may colonize the premises.", "Similarly, to work with your horse or in the stable on Sunday or Friday (especially Good Friday), or to put your bread on your back, is to risk divine punishment that will result in the death of the horses.", "Other beliefs are linked to their color.", "An animal with four markings is said to be bad for butchery.", "The presence of hooves with white horns is highly frowned upon, and associated with weakness.If trampled by the horse, stray grass could lead the animal to lose its way: a case has been recorded in Spézet.", "Horses are also said to be sensitive to the movement of sacred objects: in Elven, a man moved a cross and the horses passing by showed signs of irritation.", "He put it back in its place, and the animals' behavior returned to normal.", "Disrespect for the dead can also fall on the horse: Anatole Le Braz cites a man who preferred to collect hay rather than attend a wake, and whose horses all died without the vet finding any explanation.", "It would seem to be a revenge of the dead.", "On the contrary, as in many other parts of the world, horseshoes are reputed to be protective, especially when placed with the points upwards.", "It then captures the good fortune of the sky and transfers it to the place to be protected, where it is fixed.", "The custom of burying an animal dead from bewitchment with its legs in the air to protect the rest of the herd from bad luck is known from the end of the 17th century.", "The use of scapegoats was also common.=== Witchcraft and horse healing ===Witchcraft was clearly linked to the Devil as early as the 17th century: Father Maunoir blamed the Devil for his horse running off a bridge and falling into a river.", "Sorcerers who voluntarily pact with the Evil One are reputed to have powers over animals.", "A sorcerer could make a sick horse fall, but also weaken it by transferring the beast's forces onto himself.", "This sorcery is performed through the eyes.", "Certain creatures, such as the salamander (19th century), are reputed to kill oxen and horses with a glance.", "The sorcerer's magic also involves the spoken word.", "By praising a horse's plumpness, for example, he leaves open the threat that it won't last.", "Nailing, which consists in piercing the animal's heart or an effigy with nails, is mentioned as early as 1697 as a technique \"that makes horses go crazy\".", "Other techniques for returning the spell to the sender are also mentioned, such as placing (or burning) parts of the bewitched horse's corpse in the chimney.", "According to testimonies collected in the mid-20th century, it's possible to spot who has been a sorcerer in his or her life by observing the horses pulling the dead man's hearse on the day of his funeral: they either can't move the coffin, or start running around.A herbal ointment called louzou is commonly used to heal wounds.", "The ritual and composition may vary.", "The healer can also use his breath.", "A testimonial from Saint-Congard tells of a wart healing that included blowing and drawing a cross with the other hand.", "The act of healing can prove trying for the healer, and become more difficult if the horse owner has strong emotional ties with his animal.", "The use of magic formulas is highly probable as early as the High Middle Ages.", "In the 17th century, the Bishop of Saint-Malo denounced them as diabolical.", "This is no doubt why the treatise on horse care published in Vannes in 1694 recommends a religious formula to cure colic, and why Abbé Thiers mentions the use of the sign of the cross to heal sprains.", "The formula for curing colic using Saint Éloi appears to be extremely common in the Breton countryside, as it is widely disseminated in grimoires and through oral tradition.", "Secular and religious formulas are different.", "The former set forces in motion through words, while the latter take the form of supplications to God and the saints, entrusting themselves to them.", "The use of various forms of magic has diminished considerably in Brittany, but it still exists.", "Magnetizers can use horsehair to heal from a distance, or soak hooves in magnetized water.=== Relationships with lutins ===Numerous relationships have been recorded between lutins and horses.", "At the end of the 19th century, Paul Sébillot provided evidence of the belief that lutins groom and feed horses, which in Upper Brittany causes horses to neigh with joy when Maît' Jean brings them their food.Lutins are reputed to visit stables at night, leaving traces of their passage in the form of twisted manes, which they use to make stirrups (the famous \"fairy knots\").", "Proof of the lutins' forfeit, the owner finds his animal covered in sweat in the morning.", "Horses with \"fairy knots\" are prized at Breton markets, and the mares are reputed to be good broodmares.", "Testimonies of tangled manes were collected by farmers in Upper Brittany right up to the beginning of the 20th century.", "Exorcism sessions were carried out, but were poorly accepted by the local population, according to this testimony collected by Paul Sébillot: \"if you burn the manes with a blessed candle, the goblin never returns, but the animals are, as a result of his departure, exposed to withering away\".Paul Sébillot also relates popular beliefs about several horse lutins that lead travellers astray or drown them, including the Mourioche from Upper Brittany, the maître Jean, the Bugul-noz and the white mare from Bruz.", "In Spézet, lutins appear near a cross and send harnessed horses into a frenzy." ], [ "Oral folk traditions and written collections", "Gwennolaïk and Nola, Illustration by W. Otway Cannell for ''Legends & Romances of Brittany''.Oral traditions and songs often evoke the horse.", "While most are linked to the element of water, there are also several attestations of \"Devil's horses\" and symbolic associations between the animal and death (notably in Anatole Le Braz's collections) or the stars.", "On the island of Molène, where paganism has long been very present, the moon was nicknamed the \"white mare\" until the early 20th century.The cart of Ankou, the personification of death in Lower Brittany, is pulled by one or more pale-white, silent, arrow-tied horses.", "They are sometimes described as skinny and gaunt, and sometimes the carriage includes one skinny and one fat horse.", "The description of the whole has its origins in peasant traditions, with the symbolic association of the color white with animals from the Celtic Other World.", "The last vision that the peasant has (especially in Trégor and Léon) is that which relates to his own existence.", "There is an analogy between the different gaits of the horse in reality and in Breton tradition.", "The Ankou horse walks at a walk, like the one that pulls the hearses.", "The traveling horse trots, and the Devil's horse gallops.Horse racing is also present in the golden legend of Saint Guénolé, where Fracan and Riwalon measure their mounts.", "The popular song ''Marzhin barzh'' (bard Merlin) also celebrates horse racing:+''Marzhin barzh''''', in Breton'''English translationE ebeul ruz en deus sternetGant direnn-flamm 'neus hen houarnetUr c'habestr 'neus lakaet 'n e bennHag un dorchenn skañv war e geinE kerc'henn e c'houg ur walennHag en-dro d'e lost ur seizennHa war e c'horre 'mañ pignetHag er fest nevez degouezhetE park ar fest pa oa degoue'etOa ar gern-bual o vonetHag an holl dud en ur bagadHag an holl virc'hed o lampat« An hini en devo treuzetKleun bras park ar fest en ur redEn ul lamm klok, distak, ha naet,Merc'h ar Rou' en do da bried »E ebeulig ruz, pa glevas,War-bouez e benn a c'hristilhasLammat a reas, ha kounnariñ,Ha teurel c'hwezh tan gant e friHa luc'hed gant e zaoulagadHa darc'h en douar gant e droadKen a oa ar re all trec'hetHag ar c'hleun treuzet en ur red« Aotroù Roue, 'vel peus touet,Ho merc'h Linor renkan kaouet »He outfitted his red coltHe shod him in polished steelHe bridled him,And threw a light cover over his back.He tied a ring to his collar,And a ribbon on his tail.And mounted him,And arrived at the new feast;As he came to the feast field,The horns blew.The crowd was in a hurry,And every horse leaped.", "\"He who shall gallopThe great barrier of the festival field at full gallop,In one swift, frank and perfect leap,Shall have for wife the king's daughter\".At these words,His young bay colt whinnied wildly,Leaped and raged,And breathed fire from his nostrils,And flashed lightning from his eyes,And struck the earth with his foot;All the others were overtakenAnd the barrier cleared with a leap.", "\"Sire, you have sworn,Your daughter Linor must be mine.", "\"=== Animal of the water ===Cléden-Poher war memorial, associating the horse and the element of water.As storyteller and writer Pierre Dubois reminds us, the fabulous horses of Breton tradition \"reign over the sea\".", "The name Morvarc'h, an animal from Cornish legends, means \"sea horse\".", "An equivalent, a white horse crossing the ocean to escape the waves, can be found in British Cornwall, which shares the same foundation of beliefs: the association between the horse and the sea is common to all Celtic countries.", "In the vita of Saint Malo (a Breton bishop), seeing his servant tied up and ready to be swallowed by the sea, the saint straddles his horse, frees him and leaves the animal in its place.Émile Souvestre collects the tale of Jean Rouge-Gorge, where the cow Mor-Vyoc'h (sea cow) changes into a horse and is named Marc'h-Mor (sea horse).", "Three mares, aspects of the waves (Ar Gazek Wenn (the white mare), Ar Gazek Klañv (the sick mare, which designates the stormy sea like the previous one) and Ar Gazek Ch'laz, regulate the tides and calm the swell according to the beliefs of Trégor at the end of the 19th century.", "\"The blue horse\" (Ar Marc'h Glas) is a common Breton nickname for the calm sea.", "A blue mare is said to lead the fish near Batz Island.", "Breton speakers also use kezeg-mor (sea horses, equivalent to Gaelic capall na mara) to refer to waves, or Ar marc'h hep kavalier (riderless horse) and Ar mar'c hep e vestr (horse without its master), for a succession of rolling waves.", "In the Bay of Saint-Brieuc, a local legend has it that a horse that sees the sea rushes in and disappears into the open sea, never to return.The theme of water is sometimes mixed with fantasy.", "In Boqueho, legend has it that in the moonlight, horses come to drink from the stream near the Kergoff menhir, making a lot of noise, but without anyone being able to see them.", "In one tale, the horses turn into a fountain just as a magician's daughter flees with her lover.", "In Plouguenast, a \"drowning horse\" stretches out his back to take four or five children and throw them into a pond.", "There are also tales of drowned horses, notably in the legend of Saint Rou, who fell into a fountain in the forest of Rennes.", "The horse's neighs of distress can still be heard.In the Barzaz Breiz, recounted by Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué, the horse is both a symbol of war and a symbol of water, as witnessed by the bard Gwenc'hlan in his prophecy comparing the king to the sea horse (a creature quite similar to the unicorn, with silver horns):+''Diougan Gwenc'hlan''The prophecy of Gwenc'hlan, English translationMe wel ar morvarc'h énep tont,Ken a gren ann aot gand ar spont.Dalc'h mat ta, dalc'h mat ta, morvarc'h;Darc'b gand hé benn, darc'h mat ta, darc'hI see the sea horse come to meet himAnd shake the shore with terrorHold tight!", "Hold on tight, sea horseHit him on the head, hit him hard, hit him!", "\"=== Fairy tales ===Illustration of the tale \"La Houle du Châtelet\" in Paul Sébillot's ''Contes de Terre et de Mer'', 1883.In fairy tales, the horse generally plays the role of a hero's magical protector.", "This is the case in ''Trégont-à-Baris'', collected by Luzel.", "In ''Domestique chez le Diable'', the horse is a guest in the realm of the dead.", "In ''Les Quatorze Juments'', also entitled Le cheval du Monde, Riwall seeks to obtain the largest and most powerful horse in the world.", "The closely related ''L'Homme-cheval'' (collected by Paul-Yves Sébillot) and ''L'homme-poulain'' (Luzel) recount the trials and tribulations of a young man (changed into a horse by a fairy, and born with the head of a foal, respectively) seeking to marry.The animal also features prominently in a number of other tales, such as ''Louizik''.", "In Upper Brittany, Albert Poulain recounts the story of a marvellous horse who appears in the evening: \"We put a coin in his ear, we rode him, and he went to the stream\"; that of the little red horse; and that of the \"horse who knelt\".", "In ''La Gwrac'h de l'île du loch'' (Luzel's version) or ''La Groac'h de l'île du loch'' (Souvestre's version), the heroine Bellah Postic saves Houarn Pogann by crossing the sea on the back of a mystical horse that turns into a bird.", "Souvestre's tale involves a magic stick that becomes a \"red bidet of Saint Trégonnec\", and flies thanks to an incantation: === Morvarc'h and King Marc'h ===Évariste-Vital Luminais, circa 1884, ''Musée des beaux-arts de Quimper''.", "The horse on the right is supposed to be Morvarc'h.Morvarc'h is a fantastic horse capable of galloping across the waves.", "He is described as wearing a black coat, and Charles Guyot's book reports that he exhales flames from his nostrils when galloping.", "He appears in two tales written at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the next: that of the town of Ys with King Gradlon, and an oral tale about King Marc'h of Cornouaille, collected by Yann ar Floc'h in the Aulne valley.", "According to Pierre-Jakez Hélias, Pouldreuzic's toponym comes from the foot of Morvarc'h, who is said to have washed ashore after the submergence of Ys.King Marc'h is present in both medieval texts and recent oral traditions.", "He is a king of Armorique, whose unique feature is that he has horse ears.", "Marc'h kills his mount by mistake, aiming his bow at a white doe.", "The beast is protected by Dahud and the arrow turns back, killing Morvarc'h.", "In retaliation, the fairy-siren grows Morvarc'h's ears and mane on Marc'h's head.", "The king tries to hide this deformity.", "He calls in barbers to shave off his abundant mane, and then kills them, until one is left, who finally divulges the secret by digging a hole in the ground, where reed later grows and the first biniou is made.", "According to Bernard Sergent, the story of King Marc'h presents an important parallel with that of Eochaid in Ireland, another horse-eared king who makes all the barbers who shave him disappear, and finds himself at the origin of a musical instrument.", "The horse-eared king is certainly a common Celtic motif.", "According to Gaël Milin, the horse ears with which he is adorned in the Breton story featuring Morvarc'h are not a mark of shame, but proof of his sovereign legitimacy, a symbolism shared in all Celtic countries.=== Mallet horse ===Although this legend is mostly to be found in Poitou, there are attestations of the Mallet horse in historic Brittany, around the Lac de Grand-Lieu and throughout the Pays de Retz.", "This horse is said to ride at night.", "White, he looks ordinary when peasants and travelers come across him along the way.", "But he tempts them by offering to saddle up, or forces them to do so.", "When they're on his back, the Mallet horse sets off on a wild ride.", "The ride always ends with the death of the rider.", "The \"Mallet horse game\", a medieval festival with a horse-skirt, was organized in the parish of Saint-Lumine-de-Coutais.", "It was abolished in 1791." ], [ "Vocabulary", "Brittany's two regional languages, Breton and Gallo, include equestrian vocabulary.", "Due to the existence of numerous dialects within the Breton language itself in Lower Brittany, differences in vocabulary can be observed.", "For example, words used to command a horse, such as \"forward\", can be pronounced ''heih, hilh, hai, hue, hefu'' or ''dya''.", "This is not without its problems, as the same word can have several different meanings in ''Lower Brittany''.", "''Diha'' or ''dia'' signifies \"to the right\" in Léon, while it means \"to the left\" in Trégor and the south of the Pays Vannetais, and \"forward\" in the Bay of Audierne.", "Voice-trained horses sometimes had difficulty adapting when sold in another region, such as French or Occitan.", "Some Breton surnames derive from the horse and its importance in Celtic society: ''Gwivarc'h'' (\"warrior worthy of a good horse\"), ''Gwionvarc'h'' and its variants (Guyonvarc'h, etc.", "), or ''Glevarc'heg'' (\"valiant knight\").+English nameBreton or Gallo name Stallion''Marc'h''Uncastrated''Kalloc'h''Mare''Kazeg''Foal''Ebeul''Bay''Gell''''Yell''Chestnut''Rouan''Roan''Rouan'' (gl)''Sklaer'' (br)Strawberry roan''Pechar''''Pinchar''Buckskin''Rous''Chestnut with flaxen genes''Brun'' (gl) ''Dewet'' (br)" ], [ "Toponyms and coats of arms", "Roll of arms of Crac'h, Morbihan.Toponyms based on the words marc'h (Breton for \"horse\") and cabal (Latin for \"horse\") are numerous in south-western Finistère, corresponding to Cornouaille, particularly in Ménez Hom.", "The presence of the horse here is not only toponymic, but also manifest in art and traces of veneration of saints or equestrian divinities.A number of toponyms between Douarnenez and the island of Ouessant are named after the mare.", "The Bigouden region bore the Latin name of ''Cap Caval''.", "For Léon Fleuriot, these toponyms don't necessarily derive from the animal, as there is confusion with King Marc'h, whose stories and traditions come from the same geographical area.", "Thus, ''Plomarc'h'' (the port of Marc'h), ''Lostmarc'h'' (\"horse island\" according to Fleuriot, or \"the horse's tail\" according to Kervella) and ''Penmarch'' (literally \"horse's head\" in Breton, which can be understood as \"King Marc'h's head\" or \"King Marc'h's promontory\") owe their name to this horse-eared king, by assimilation between the first name Marc and the common name ''marc'h''.", "Throughout Brittany, white stones bear the name gazek-vaen, \"stone mares\", the most famous of which is in Locronan.", "They were reputed to cure sterility.Among the Breton nobility, the Gouvello family has adopted equestrian figures on its roll of arms: Argent, an iron of mule Gules between three spur rols of the same.", "Among the armorial bearings of the various communes, the horse and equestrian elements are especially present in Lower Brittany, corresponding to the department of Finistère: Brasparts (a horse's head Argent), Guissény, Plounéventer, Penmarc'h (a horse's head erased Gules, among other elements), Argol (King Gradlon on his mount), Plougonvelin (a sea-horse), Gouesnou (a white horse as support), or Saint-Renan (D'or au cheval gai de sable), Saint-Ségal (a horse Argent) and Tréméoc.", "In Morbihan, there's Crac'h (a golden horse's head), Merlevenez (Templiers on horseback) and Saint-Martin-sur-Oust (Saint Martin on horseback).", "In Ille-et-Vilaine, Plerguer (azure, a prancing horse argent), Lécousse (Saint Martin on horseback) and Saint-Georges-de-Reintembault (Saint Georges on horseback).", "In the Côtes-d'Armor region, the communes of Trémeur, and Hénanbihen (a mare and her foal, among other elements) feature the animal on their coats of arms.", "Of the Loire-Atlantique communes, none has a horse on its roll of arms." ], [ "Arts", "=== Illustrations, paintings and sculptures ===Breton painter Olivier Perrin was the first to depict the traditional cavalcade that accompanied Breton weddings in the 19th century.", "His paintings provide a valuable insight into what preceded Breton weddings.", "==== Gallo-Roman ====The Gallo-Roman sculptural group known as \"du cavalier à l'anguipède\" (representing a Jupiterian cavalier god overcoming a snake-tailed giant) is very common in western Armorique, with three works recorded near Quimper and one in Plouaret.", "The theme is known throughout the Roman Empire.", "These sculptures were probably intended to protect rich agricultural estates, and bear witness to Roman influence.A small Cornish building from the Roman period, featuring a bridled horse's head and the god Pan, hints at an important symbolism of fertility and fecundity for the animal, attested elsewhere in the Roman Empire and in Ireland.", "This symbolism has endured in the region, as today the Gazek Vaen (stone mare) is still associated with female fertility.", "The ''Musée des Beaux-Arts'' in Quimper preserves a male head with horse ears, certainly influenced by the legend of King Marc'h.==== Christians ====evangelists, including St. Mark with a horse's head (top right) - Landévennec Evangeliary, Bodleian Library.The confusion between the first name Marc and the name of the horse in Breton (marc'h) may have prompted Breton monk illuminators to depict Mark the Evangelist with a horse's head (instead of the usual lion's head) in several miniatures from the Gospel of the Saint, produced at Landévennec Abbey.", "However, this theory is not universally accepted.=== Numismatics ===Celtic coins often feature horses, and the Venetes, Namnetes, Coriosolites and Riedones created coins with chariots, as well as naked riding goddesses.", "A Venetes coin from the late 1st century B.C.", "features an charioteer on a chariot, pulled by an anthropomorphic horse with a human head, flying over a winged monster.", "It could be a kind of logo, originating in an important memorial date for the Venetians, probably that of an equinox, and linked to the sculptural group of the rider with the anguiped.", "The figure of the horse with a human head is unique in Armorica, suggesting a possible error by the engraver.=== Literature and cinema ===In 1975, Pierre-Jakez Hélias published ''The Horse of Pride'', a largely autobiographical book.", "It describes the life of a poor family of Bigouden farmers in Pouldreuzic, shortly after the First World War.", "Pierre-Alain meets Anne-Marie; he works as a farm hand, looking after the horses.", "Pierre-Jacques, known as \"Petit Pierre\", is raised by his grandfather Alain, who teaches him that \"it's pride you ride when you don't have a horse\".", "The book was a great success, and led to a controversy with Xavier Grall, who accused Hélias of presenting a backward-looking image of Brittany.", "Grall replied in Le Cheval couché.", "The book was made into a film in 1980, by director Claude Chabrol.André Le Ruyet's ''Morvarc'h, cheval de mer'', published in 1999, recounts the discovery of Celtic legends by Philippe, a Parisian.", "He meets a shepherd near the roc'h Trezenel and embarks on a journey of initiation in the company of the sea horse Morvarc'h." ], [ "See also", "* Horses in Brittany" ], [ "References" ], [ "Bibliography", "* * * * * * * * * * * * * *" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Noosheen Hashemi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Noosheen Hashemi''' is an Iranian-American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and the founder and CEO of January.ai, a health company based in Menlo Park, California.", "She was previously Vice President of Finance and Administration at Oracle Corporation." ], [ "Early life and education", "Hashemi immigrated to the United States from Iran as a teenager in 1977.She earned a Bachelor of Science in economics from San Jose State University in 1984 and a Master of Science in management from Stanford University in 1993." ], [ "Career", "Early in her career, Hashemi joined Oracle, ascending to the position of Vice President of Finance and Administration.", "Subsequently, Hashemi ventured into entrepreneurship and philanthropy, founding January.ai, a company using machine learning to advance preventive healthcare, particularly for individuals on the diabetes spectrum.Hashemi is also president and co-founder of the HAND Foundation, focusing on philanthropic efforts that address the needs of the vulnerable and disenfranchised.In 2010, she was recognized with the Carnegie Corporation Great Immigrants Award.", "In 2011, she was the recipient of the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Human Rights Award for Philanthropy" ], [ "Personal life", "She is married to Farzad Nazem, former chief technology officer of Yahoo!." ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* January.ai" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Air Force One Down" ], [ "Introduction", "'''''Air Force One Down''''' is a 2024 American action thriller film directed by James Bamford, written and produced by Steven Paul, and starring Katherine McNamara, Ian Bohen, Dascha Polanco, Rade Šerbedžija, Paul S. Tracey, and Anthony Michael Hall.", "''Air Force One Down'' was released on February 9, 2024." ], [ "Premise", "Allison Miles, a secret service agent, is forced to save the President of the United States after terrorists attempt to hijack Air Force One." ], [ "Cast" ], [ "Production", "Production for the film wrapped in March 2023." ], [ "Release", "''Air Force One Down'' was distributed by Republic Pictures on February 9, 2024." ], [ "Reception" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "*" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Thomas Klein" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Thomas Klein''' (born April 14, 1948) is a German civil rights activist, historian, and politician." ], [ "Life", "Klein was born in Berlin on April 14, 1948.He trained as an electrical mechanic before enrolling at Humboldt University to study mathematics, where he received his doctorate in 1976.Meanwhile, Klein had begun working at the Central Institute for Economic Sciences, part of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR, in 1973.During the 1970s, Klein began to associate with opposition groups in the German Democratic Republic.", "As a result, he was arrested by the Stasi in September 1979, and taken to Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Prison.", "Klein was convicted of \"unlawful contact\" (\"ungesetzlicher Verbindungsaufnahme\") under section 219 of the East German criminal code.", "During his trial, Gregor Gysi served as his lawyer.", "He was held in the Bautzen II prison until his release in December 1980.Following his release, Klein was banned from working in the sciences, and was assigned to work at a state-owned furniture company.In 1987, Klein was a founding member of the opposition Gegenstimmen Group.", "The group brought together leftist opponents of the ruling Socialist Unity Party, and included Marxists, Titoists, Trotskyites, and members of the Christian left.", "In a report from 1989, the Stasi counted Klein among the most ardent members of the opposition.In 1989, Klein was one of the founding members of the United Left, and a co-author of the party's \"Böhlener Platform\".", "In the 1990 East German election, he was the United Left's lead candidate, and was the only member of the party elected to the Volkskammer.", "When Germany reunited, Klein then became a member of the Bundestag until a new federal election was held on December 2, 1990.The United Left began to disintegrate following German reunification, and during the 2000s Klein joined Die Linke.A ballot from the 1990 East German general election showing Thomas Klein as the lead candidate of the United Left (List 1)Following his time as a member of the Bundestag, Klein then spent two years as an employee of the Bundestag.", "From 1996 to 2009 he worked at the Centre for Contemporary History in Potsdam as a historian specializing in the history of the German Democratic Republic and its opposition movements.", "In the course of this work, he has authored five books on East German political history." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Rangpur railway station" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Rangpur Railway Station''' () is a railway station located in Rangpur district of Rangpur division of Bangladesh.", "Rangpur station was established on 2 July 1878 as the first district headquarters of Rangpur district in Bangladesh.", "A total of 6 lines with a single platform, a small island platform, a main line, two loop lines and 3 yard lines.", "In 1944, major renovations were done at Rangpur station.", "After that, no major renovations were seen at Rangpur station." ], [ "History", "In order to connect British trade and commerce with Kolkata, initiatives were taken to expand railways in various thanas of Rangpur.", "In view of that, in the first phase, in 1878, the railway was started simultaneously from Poradah in the then Nadia district to Rangpur city and Jalpaiguri, which was newly separated from Rangpur.The British were so interested in doing business in Rangpur that the area around Rangpur station was named Robertsonganj after a British businessman Robert Watson.In 1870, the British government asked the Tajhat zamindar of Rangpur district for land to build a railway factory in Rangpur.", "The zamindar agreed to donate the land of Saidpur village of Darwani Thana instead of giving it to Rangpur town.", "Later, the British government gave him the opportunity to travel the whole of India free of charge in a saloon coach as an honor and he enjoyed this privilege for life.Later the British government established a railway junction at Lalmonirhat village in Barabari police station of Rangpur district and established a direct railway line with Rangpur to Assam.", "Teesta Railway Bridge was built in 1901 at Kaunia in Mahiganj police station of Rangpur district.", "In 1905, the railway started from Bonarpara in Saghata police station of Rangpur district to Kaunia in Mahiganj police station." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Simon Billinge" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Simon J. L. Billinge''' is a professor of Materials Science and Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics at Columbia University, and a physicist at Brookhaven National Laboratory.", "He developed and applied techniques for studying local structure in materials using x-ray, neutron, and electron diffraction.", "His innovative work includes the development of novel data analysis methods incorporating graph theoretic, artificial intelligence, and machine learning approaches." ], [ "Early life and education", "Billinge earned his PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in 1992." ], [ "Career", "After 13 years as a faculty member at Michigan State University, Billinge joined Columbia University and Brookhaven National Laboratory in 2008.His research focuses on the local structure of materials." ], [ "Awards and honors", "Billinge is a fellow of the American Physical Society and the Neutron Scattering Society of America.", "His accolades include the Fulbright and Sloan fellowships, the 2018 Warren Award of the American Crystallographic Association, the 2011 Carnegie Corporation of New York honor for contributions to the nation as an immigrant, the 2010 J. D. Hanawalt Award of the International Center for Diffraction Data, and several teaching and distinguished faculty awards at Michigan State University." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Scott Wells (politician)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''William \"Scott\" Wells''' is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 2017 to 2019.Wells was first elected in 2016, defeating Democratic incumbent Hubert Collins.", "He did not seek reelection in 2018 and was succeeded by Bobby McCool." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "NBSS (disambiguation)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''NBSS''' is short for NetBIOS Session Service.", "'''NBSS''' may also refer to:" ], [ "Schools", "* Naval Base Secondary School, a government school in Yishun, Singapore* North Bennet Street School, a private school in Boston, Massachusetts" ], [ "Other", "* Canadian National Breast Screening Study, a randomized trial in Canada* National Bank Surveillance System, a bank monitoring system * Scottish Bible Society, previously known as the National Bible Society of Scotland (NBSS)" ], [ "See also", "* NBS (disambiguation)" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "List of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office" ], [ "Introduction", "The following is a list of members of the National Assembly of South Africa who died in office since the chamber's establishment following the introduction of universal suffrage in South Africa in 1994." ], [ "22nd Parliament (1994-1999)", " Member Party Constituency Date of death Age at death (years) Cause Feroza Adam 9 August 1994 32 Road accident Thomas Nkobi 25 September 1994 71 Stroke Joe Slovo 6 January 1995 68 Bone marrow cancer Gert Myburgh Eastern Cape 11 March 1996 56 Heart attack Collins Ramusi July 1996 Heart attack Arrie van Rensburg 2 April 1998 68 Road accident Archie Gumede June 1998 84" ], [ "23rd Parliament (1999-2004)", " Member Party Constituency Date of death Age at death (years) Cause Mthunzi Vilakazi Mpumalanga 16 February 2000 44 Kidney and liver failure Themba Khoza 28 May 2000 41 Bheki Mkhize 30 July 2000 47 Shot in a raid by the South African Police Service Cengi Mahlalela Mpumalanga 6 December 2000 43 Fihli Mbongo Gauteng 29 December 2000 32 Isaiah Ntshangase KwaZulu-Natal 1 February 2001 31 Steve Tshwete 26 April 2002 63 Peter Mokaba 9 June 2002 43 Pneumonia Magwaza Maphalala KwaZulu-Natal 5 February 2003 54 Ntombi Shope 13 August 2003 53 Dullah Omar 13 March 2004 69 Cancer" ], [ "24th Parliament (2004-2009)", " Member Party Constituency Date of death Age at death (years) Cause Sarel Haasbroek Western Cape 16 October 2005 Stella Sigcau National 7 May 2006 69 Heart disease Vincent Mabuyakhulu KwaZulu-Natal 12 July 2006 47 Malizole Diko National 28 July 2006 James Kati Eastern Cape 29 September 2006 82 Nhlanhla Zulu KwaZulu-Natal 15 June 2007 67 Zipporah Nawa National 5 November 2007 62 John Gomomo Eastern Cape 22 January 2008 61 Ncumisa Kondlo Eastern Cape 24 March 2008 49" ], [ "25th Parliament (2009-2014)", " Member Party Constituency Date of death Age at death (years) Cause Nomvula Shoba Eastern Cape 11 May 2009 52 Heart failure Frans Masango Gauteng 18 September 2009 51 Diabetes Cobus Schmidt Free State 23 November 2009 Road accident Manto Tshabalala-Msimang National 26 December 2009 69 Complications from a liver transplant Molefi Sefularo North West 5 April 2010 52 Road accident Alina Rantsolase National 3 November 2010 56 Bertha Gxowa Gauteng 19 November 2010 75 Jack Tolo National 22 August 2011 62 Shot in a robbery Mavis Magazi Gauteng 11 November 2011 48 Cancer Mavis Matladi National 2 December 2011 53 Sicelo Shiceka National 30 April 2012 45 Florence Nyanda Mpumalanga 5 May 2012 Roy Padayachie National 5 May 2012 62 Mandla Mbili KwaZulu-Natal 10 July 2012 48 Road accident Ntopile Kganyago National 17 July 2013 Crosby Moni National 22 December 2013 Malaria" ], [ "26th Parliament (2014-2019)", " Member Party Constituency Date of death Age at death (years) Cause Nosipho Ntwanambi 8 July 2014 54 Mario Oriani-Ambrosini 16 August 2014 Lung cancer Yolanda Botha 28 December 2014 Melanoma Hlakudi Frans Nkoana 19 January 2015 Collins Chabane 15 March 2015 54 Road accident Kenneth Mubu 31 August 2015 Raesibe Nyalungu 21 July 2016 Bonisile Nesi Eastern Cape 2 October 2016 51 Trevor Bonhomme KwaZulu-Natal 29 July 2017 75 Cancer Timothy Khoza 2 August 2017 Road accident Tarnia Baker 6 October 2017 50 Road accident Beatrice Ngcobo KwaZulu-Natal 18 February 2018 74 Complications from surgery Fezeka Loliwe Eastern Cape 5 March 2018 53 Road accident Winnie Madikizela-Mandela 2 April 2018 81 Diabetes Sibusiso Radebe 19 June 2018 40 Shot in a suspected robbery Zelda Jongbloed 21 July 2018 67 Cancer Nokhaya Mnisi 18 September 2018 Edna Molewa 22 September 2018 61 Bavelile Hlongwa KwaZulu-Natal 13 September 2019 38 Road accident" ], [ "27th Parliament (2019-2024)", " Member Party Constituency Date of death Age at death (years) Cause Dora Dlamini KwaZulu-Natal 10 June 2020 57 COVID-19 Thandi Mpambo-Sibhukwana Western Cape 19 June 2020 COVID-19 Zamuxolo Peter Eastern Cape 31 July 2020 55 COVID-19 Hisamodien Mohamed Western Cape 24 August 2020 55 Heart attack Belinda Bozzoli Gauteng 19 June 2020 74 Cancer Pumza Dyantyi Eastern Cape 7 December 2020 72 COVID-19 Loyiso Mpumlwana KwaZulu-Natal 23 December 2020 57 COVID-19 Nomvuzo Shabalala KwaZulu-Natal 26 December 2020 60 COVID-19 Nombulelo Hermans National 18 January 2021 51 COVID-19 Jackson Mthembu National 21 January 2021 62 COVID-19 Tozama Mantashe Eastern Cape 31 January 2021 60 COVID-19 Jacqueline Mofokeng Gauteng 22 April 2021 61 COVID-19 Tshoganetso Tongwane National 19 May 2021 COVID-19 Cameron Mackenzie Gauteng 7 July 2021 60 COVID-19 Joyce Maluleke Limpopo 16 July 2021 60 COVID-19 Lulama Ntshayisa National 23 July 2021 62 COVID-19 Mthokozisi Nxumalo KwaZulu-Natal 2 August 2021 32 Road accident Kebby Maphatsoe National 31 August 2021 58 Heart attack Hlengiwe Mkhize National 16 September 2021 69 Lung cancer Duma Nkosi Gauteng 16 December 2021 64 Maggie Tlou Gauteng 3 February 2022 64 Mxolisa Sokatsha National 25 March 2022 57 Road accident Tina Joemat-Pettersson National 5 June 2023 59 Road accident Mangosuthu Buthelezi National 9 September 2023 95 Mzwakhe Sibisi KwaZulu-Natal 18 October 2023 53 Alice Mthembu KwaZulu-Natal 18 October 2023 64 Road accident Violet Siwela National 18 January 2024 67" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Antoinette Arnold Hawley" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Antoinette Arnold Hawley''' (, '''Arnold'''; after first marriage, '''Elgan'''; after second marriage, '''Hawley'''; 1842–1919) was an American educator and temperance activist.", "She served as President of the Colorado Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) (1899–1904).", "Nominated for Mayor of Denver, Colorado on the Prohibition ticket in 1900, Hawley was the first woman to run for Mayor in that city." ], [ "Early life and education", "Antoinette A. Arnold was born in Rochester, New York, January 23, 1842.She was educated in private schools and at Tracy Female Institute, Rochester, graduating from the latter in 1864." ], [ "Career", "In 1865, she removed to Michigan where she spent some years in teaching.", "Later, she taught in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and on her removal to that city, she became active in the work of the WCTU.", "Hawley took part in the Women's Crusade of 1873–74.Following her removal to Iowa, she renewed her interest in the local WCTU, and four years later she was elected president of the Tenth District.", "Successive removals carried her to Kansas City, Missouri, and Denver, Colorado.", "In the former place, she was elected president of the Twelfth Missouri District of the WCTU, and, after becoming established in Denver, her interest in the work in several positions, her outstanding ability, and her unflagging zeal led to her election as State president of the Colorado WCTU in 1899.She continued to occupy this position for successive years until failing health compelled her retirement.", "She was then made honorary president.", "For about five years, she also served as editor of ''The Messenger'', the official organ of the Colorado WCTU.Hawley was an able speaker, and a writer of some spirited verse.", "One of the best known of her lyrics is “The Crusade Glory Song\".", "She was a Charter Member of the Daughters of the American Revolution.", "She was also a member of Woman's Press Club, Woman's Public Service League, Denver Woman's Club, Equal Suffrage Association, and the Plymouth Congregational Church." ], [ "Personal life", "On April 21, 1874, in Sangamon County, Illinois, she married James A. Elgan.", "They had two children: Sylvia Sarah (1875–1880) and Paul Brewster (1879–1880).", "After Mr. Elgan ran off to Hawaii in 1880, Mrs. Elgan filed for divorce, which was granted in the following year.On October 24, 1883, in Romeo, Michigan, she married Judge Theodore Hawley (1827–1911), of Fort Dodge, Iowa.Hawley toured the world at the age of 71.She died at a sanitarium in Boulder, Colorado, August 12, 1919.Burial was at Fort Dodge." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Lew Nicholls" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Lew Nicholls''' is an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from March 2016 to January 2017.Nicholls was elected in a March 2016 special election following the resignation of Democratic incumbent Tanya Pullin after being appointed to a judgeship by governor Matt Bevin.", "He was defeated in November 2016 by Republican Danny Bentley in the November general election." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Miia (singer)" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Mia Virik Kristensen''' (born 24 November 1997), known mononymously as '''Miia''' (stylized in all caps), is a Norwegian singer." ], [ "Biography", "Miia comes from the town of Kragerø.", "She attended the music branch of secondary school in Nøtterøy.", "Her uncle is the musician Joachim Rygg.", "As a 14-year-old, she released the song In the Light of Love.", "At the age of 17, she recorded the single Dynasty in his studio in Los Angeles.", "The song was featured by Billboard, among others, and was used in an episode of Keeping Up with the Kardashians.", "While the song gained international fame, it did not achieve a breakthrough in Norway.", "After school, she began studying history in Oslo.", "In 2018, she took part in the music show Muitte Mu, broadcast on NRK, in which celebrities were supposed to learn Joik.", "She released her debut EP Inner Voices Speaking in November 2023.In January 2024, Miia was introduced as a participant in the Melodi Grand Prix 2024 with the song \"Green Lights\".", "She qualified to the grand final of MGP, where she finished 6th out of 9 finalists." ], [ "Musical style", "Miia cites songs by singers Adele, Sia and Lana Del Rey as her inspiration." ], [ "Discography", "=== EPs ===* 2023: ''Inner Voices Speaking''=== Singles ===* 2016: ''Dynasty''* 2016: ''Sledgehammer''* 2018: ''Beautiful Creature''* 2019: ''How to Lose Something Good''* 2023: ''Oxide''* 2023: ''Skin of a Fool''* 2023: ''Can’t Remember a Smile''* 2023: ''How Do I Love You''* 2024: ''Green Lights''" ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Refilwe Moreetsi" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Refilwe Moreetsi''', is a South African airline transport pilot, who serves as a Senior First Officer at South African Airways (SAA), the national carrier airline of South Africa.", "From June 2022, she concurrently serves as the ''Fatigue Risk Management Specialist'' (FRMS) at SAA, having served as Deputy FRMS before that; the first black female pilot to serve in those roles in the 90+-year history of the airline." ], [ "Background and education", "She was born in the town of Tzaneen, in Mopani District Municipality, in Limpopo, South Africa, circa 1987.She is the youngest of four children.She attended Merensky High School, in Tzaneen.", "While there, at age 15, her father died.", "Following the attainment of a high school diploma, she turned down a full scholarship to study mining engineering at the University of Pretoria and an alternative to study aeronautical engineering at Wits.", "Instead she joined the South African Air Force (SAAF), to pursue aviation.At the SAAF she was trained as a helicopter pilot.", "Later, she studied at Stellenbosch University, where she obtained a Higher Certificate in Military Studies followed by a Bachelor of Military Science in Aeronautics, Aviation, Aerospace Science and Technology.", "She attended the Central Flying School in Langebaanweg, Western Cape Province and undertook the Pupil Pilot Course.Still later, in 2010 she attended Starlight Aviation Group and obtained a Private Pilots License and attended Helicopter Flying School for more certification.", "In 2020, she graduated from The DaVinci Institute with a Bachelor of Commerce degree in Business Management, specializing in aviation management." ], [ "Career", "During her service in the Air Force, she qualified as a helicopter pilot.", "She went on to fly the Oryx Helicopter, the largest helicopter in the South African National Defence Force.", "In that capacity, she flew missions with SAAF in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including humanitarian aid, flood relief, firefighting, peacekeeping and search and rescue missions.", "As the Atlas Oryx is also used to transport the president, deputy president and other VIPs, Moreetsi flew both Jacob Zuma and Cyril Ramaphosa.In 2014, she left the Air Force and joined the South African Airways Group, starting as a first officer at the now defunct South African Express.", "In 2016 she transferred to SAA.", "The aircraft she is certified to fly include the Atlas Oryx helicopter, the CRJ 700, the Boeing 737 and the Airbus 320 aircraft classes, among others.On 25 October 2022, she co-piloted a Boeing 737 with Flight Captain Annabel Vundla on Flight SA346 from Johannesburg to Cape Town, the first time a SAA flight was operated by an all-black female cockpit crew, in the 90+-year history of the airline." ], [ "Personal", "First Flight Officer Refilwe Moreetsi is a married mother of two." ], [ "See also", "* Annabel Vundla* Tina Drazu* Irene Koki Mutungi* Esther Mbabazi" ], [ "References" ], [ "External links", "* Official Website of South African Airways* Official Website of The South African Air Force" ] ]	wikipedia
[ [ "Nereo Odchimar" ], [ "Introduction", "'''Nereo Page Odchimar''' (October 16, 1940 – February 1, 2024) was a Filipino prelate of the Roman Catholic Church." ], [ "Biography", "Born in Bacuag, Surigao del Norte, Odchimar was ordained to the priesthood in 1964.He was appointed bishop of Tandag in 2001, serving until his retirement in 2018.On February 1, 2024, Odchimar died of metabolic encephalopathy due to end-stage renal disease and diabetic nephropathy at San Pedro Hospital in Davao City.", "He was 83." ], [ "References" ] ]	wikipedia

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