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[
[
"The Angel They Gave Me"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''The Angel They Gave Me''''' (French: '''''L'ange qu'on m'a donné''''') is a 1946 French drama film directed by Jean Choux and starring Simone Renant, Jean Chevrier and Gabrielle Dorziat.",
"It was shot at the Boulogne Studios in Paris and On loction around Vigny in the Val-d'Oise.",
"The film's sets were designed by the art director Hugues Laurent."
],
[
"Synopsis",
"In 1940 during the German invasion and the fall of France, Claire finds an abandoned baby and brings him up.",
"Five years later after the Allied victory, the boy's father who has been held as a prisoner of war and has now been released wants the child back.",
"Claire manages to get herself hired as governess by the boy's grandmother the Countess de Cébrat at the family's country estate.",
"She discovers the boy's real mother suffering from amnesia in a displaced persons camp and reunites the family, before removing herself from the scene with a heavy heart."
],
[
"Cast",
"* Simone Renant as Claire Girard* Jean Chevrier as \tFrançois Lemaresquier* Gabrielle Dorziat as La comtesse de Cébrat* Catherine Fonteney as \tMme.",
"Dubreuil - La directrice de la Croix-Rouge* Michel Marsay as \tJean Vernay* Mady Berry as \tNane* Jean Wall as \tJules* Anne Laurens as \tIsabelle, l'amnésique* Charles Vissières as \tL'aubergiste * Albert Glado as \tLe petit Poum* Charlotte Ecard\t* Henri Charrett\t* José Davilla \t* Henri Coutet\t\t* Maurice Marceau\t\t* Paul Amiot"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* Burch, Noël & Sellier, Geneviève.",
"''The Battle of the Sexes in French Cinema, 1930–1956''.",
"Duke University Press, 2013.",
"* Rège, Philippe.",
"''Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1''.",
"Scarecrow Press, 2009."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Turkey Cultural Route Festivals"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Turkey Cultural Route Festivals''', are cultural festival that has been organized by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey in various provinces of Turkey since 2021.The festivals are organized with the aim of increasing Turkey's international brand value and making its historical and cultural heritage a center of attraction."
],
[
"History",
"Turkey Cultural Route Festivals, which started with the Çanakkale Cultural Route Festival for the first time in 2021 by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey, continued with the Beyoğlu Cultural Route Festival starting with the opening of the Atatürk Cultural Center on October 29.The festival in 2022; It has been diversified as Ankara Başkent, Çanakkale Troya, Diyarbakır Sur and Konya Mystic Music Festival, and in 2023 as Nevşehir Cappadocia Balloon and Culture Road, Erzurum Palandöken, Trabzon Sümela, Izmir Efes, Gaziantep GastroAntep and Antalya.In December 2023, the festival became a member of the European Festivals Association (EFA)."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Jay David Saks"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Jay David Saks''' (born 1945, in New York City) is an American music producer.",
"He studied at the Juilliard School, and later graduated from Mannes College of Music in 1970, after which he joined Columbia Masterworks in 1972, leaving for RCA Records in 1974.He is the recipient of 13 Grammy Awards from a total of 53 nominations, and 2 Emmy Awards for his work on Broadway recordings, classical music, and the Metropolitan Opera."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Israa University (Palestine)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Israa University''' (also '''Isra University''', '''al-Israa University''' or '''al-Isra University''') is a university in Gaza Strip created in 2014.Its main building was occupied for 70 days and physically destroyed by explosives on 17 January 2024 by Israeli armed forces, during the Israel–Hamas war."
],
[
"Creation",
"Al-Israa University was created in 2014, following the creation of other new Palestinian universities such as University of Palestine."
],
[
"Leadership",
", the vice-President of the university was Ahmed Alhussaina."
],
[
"Faculties",
"Al-Israa University includes a Law Faculty.",
"Cooperation between the Law Faculty and the took place in 2019 on issues including the proposed Palestinian Basic Law and human rights and the right to a fair trial."
],
[
"2023–2024 Israeli occupation and destruction",
"During the 2023–2024 Israel–Hamas war, the building housing al-Israa University was occupied and converted to military barracks by Israel military forces for 70 days.",
"According to university administrators, the building was used by the Israeli forces as a base for snipers for shooting civilians in Rashid, al-Mughraqa and al-Zahra streets and as a detention centre.",
"On 17 January 2024, the Israeli forces destroyed the main building and the nearly completed university hospital using explosives.",
"The building's destruction was seen as completing the destruction or near-destruction of all higher education buildings in Gaza Strip by ''Times Higher Education''.",
"Samia al-Botmeh of Birzeit University interpreted the completion of the destruction of the buildings as \"part of an overarching strategy of the destruction of every aspect of services in Gaza that make life there possible\".",
"In a press release, the university stated that occupying forces took over 3,000 artifacts from its museum before destroying it."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Swinnerton-Dyer polynomial"
],
[
"Introduction",
"In algebra, the '''Swinnerton-Dyer polynomials''' are a family of polynomials, introduced by Peter Swinnerton-Dyer, that serve as examples where polynomial factorization algorithms have worst-case runtime.",
"They have the property of being reducible modulo every prime, while being irreducible over the rational numbers.",
"They are a standard counterexample in number theory.Given a finite set of prime numbers, the Swinnerton-Dyer polynomial associated to is the polynomial:where the product extends over all choices of sign in the enclosed sum.",
"The polynomial has degree and integer coefficients, which alternate in sign.",
"If , then is reducible modulo for all primes , into linear and quadratic factors, but irreducible over .",
"The Galois group of is .The first few Swinnerton-Dyer polynomials are:"
],
[
"References",
"* * * *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Strategic Command WW1: The Great War 1914-1918"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Strategic Command WW1: The Great War 1914-1918''''' is a grand strategy computer game developed by Canadian studio Fury Software, and published by Battlefront.com in 2011.The fourth game in the ''Strategic Command'' series, ''The Great War'' is a turn-based strategy set in World War 1.The player controls either the Central Powers or the Entente states."
],
[
"Development",
"The game was announced by Fury Software and Battlefront in November 2010, with design being done by Hubert Carter.",
"The game was subsequently released the following May.",
"An expansion, called ''Strategic Command World War I: Breakthrough!''",
"and adding more campaigns including the Russian Civil War and 1912-13 Balkan Wars, was released in 2012.The game was re-released as ''Strategic Command Classic: WW1'' in 2017."
],
[
"Gameplay",
"Like the previous installment, ''Blitzkrieg'', which it shares a game engine with, ''The Great War 1914-1918'' is a turn-based strategy taking place on a map divided into squares (or \"tiles\").",
"It is the first game in the series not focusing on the European Theater of World War II, but rather taking place in the titular World War 1.The main campaign lasts from 1914 until 1919, and takes place on a map covering Europe, the northern Atlantic, and north-western part of North America."
],
[
"Reception",
"Jim Cobb, writing in Armchair General, gave the game a positive review with a score of 92%.",
"Cobb praised particularly the wide range of options for ahistorical game play, though did criticise the use of squares/tiles instead of hexes.",
"A 2011 review of the game in the French-language magazine ''Cyberstratège'' (later renamed ''Gazette du Wargamer''), the reviewer praised the first world war subject matter and the varied gameplay, but criticized the user interface and old-fashioned graphics."
],
[
"Notes and references"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Hasan Turan (Iraqi politician)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Hasan Turan''' (; born 25 May 1962, Kirkuk), Iraqi Turkmen politician and activist.",
"He is the chairman of Iraqi Turkmen Front since 28 March 2021."
],
[
"Biography",
"Hasan Turan was born in Kirkuk in 1962.He graduated from University of Mosul, Faculty of Agriculture.After the toppling of Saddam Hussein, he joined to Turkmen Justice Party in 2003.He was elected to the Membership of Kirkuk Provincial Parliament in 2005.Turan, who was elected as the President of Kirkuk Provincial Parliament in 2011, became a deputy in Iraqi Parliament in 2014.in 2018 he became the vice-president and a board member of the ITF.",
"After the resignation of Arshad al-Salihi, he became the chairperson of the party on 28 March 2021."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics''', or '''OHDSI''' (pronounced \"Odyssey\") is an international collaborative effort aimed at improving health outcomes through large-scale analytics of health data.",
"The OHDSI effort includes diverse researchers and health databases worldwide, with its central coordinating center located at Columbia University.The group was derived from the '''Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership''' ('''OMOP'''), a public-private consortium based in the United States of America, created with the goal of improving the state of observational health data for better drug development, which started in responte to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Amendments Act of 2007.OMOP developed a Common Data Model (CDM), standardizing the way observational data is represented.",
"After OMOP ended, this standard started being maintained and updated by OHDSI.",
"As of February 2024, the most recend CDM is at version 6.0, while version 5.4 is the stable version used by most tools in the OMOP ecosystem."
],
[
"See also",
"* Health informatics* Open science* Big data"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* OHDSI official website"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"The Whole Dam Family and the Dam Dog"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''The Whole Dam Family and the Dam Dog''''' is a 1905 silent short comedy film directed by Edwin S. Porter for the Edison Manufacturing Company.",
"The five-and-a-half minute film was an adaptation of a popular picture postcard featuring a humorously named family.",
"The film introduces each member of the Dam family, and then shows a raucous dinner scene that ends with the Dam dog pulling the tablecloth off the table, and ruining the Dam meal.",
"The film includes a very early example of cutout animation, with a jumble of letters coming together to spell the titles, and an animated paper silhouette of the Dam dog which wags its tail."
],
[
"Plot",
"The film begins with a caption: \"DO YOU KNOW THIS FAMILY?",
"\"Then each member of the family is presented in medium close-up, with a name card labeling the character:* \"Mr. I.B.",
"Dam\": A fat-faced gent wearing a suit and bow tie, who sneezes uncontrollably.",
"* \"Herself\": A middle-aged mother, who talks incessantly.",
"* \"Miss U.B.",
"Dam\": A young woman who has her hair fixed up into a large bun, smiling and preening.",
"* \"Jimmy Dam\": A slick young man with a hat and a turned-up nose.",
"He lights a match on his collar and then smokes a cigarette, blowing smoke out of one side of his mouth and then through his nostrils.",
"* \"Annie Dam\": A shy young woman who coquettishly stares into the camera, overshadowed by a ridiculously large white hat.",
"* \"Lizzie Dam\": A smirking young child who chews gum, happily pulling it out of her mouth in a string and then chewing it again.",
"* \"Baby Dam\": A screaming, crying child with slicked-down hair.A jumble of cutout letters are animated to unscramble themselves, and resolve into the title \"THE WHOLE DAM FAMILY\".",
"This is followed by a family portrait-style shot of the Dams.Another title card reads: \"AND THE DAM DOG\".",
"Under that caption, a number of white shapes swirl and then resolve into a silhouette portrait of a dog.",
"The dog's tail wags, and then a silhouette of firecrackers are attached to the tail.",
"The dog explodes back into its component parts, and the caption is blown off the screen.",
"Then the family is seen sitting around a table, eating dinner.",
"The dog is sitting in Father's chair, and Mr. Dam shouts at the family, clearly annoyed by the dog's presence.",
"He grabs the chair and dumps the dog onto the floor, but the dog grabs hold of a chair leg with his teeth and rips the chair out of Mr. Dam's hands.",
"The scene resets, in an apparent retake, and this time, the dog jumps to the floor and exits the scene.",
"Mr. Dam sits down, and starts to serve soup to the family.",
"Seeing that Jimmy is smoking at the table, Father jumps up and shouts at him to put the cigarette out.",
"Jimmy pinches the cigarette to extinguish it, and reaches to place it on the mantelpiece, but Mr. Dam shouts again and Jimmy theatrically throws the cigarette on the floor.Father sits down again, knocking a plate onto the floor, which has to be retrieved.",
"Mr. Dam continues serving soup, which the family slurps up in an unmannerly way.",
"Then the dog rushes back into the room, grabs the tablecloth and pulls it off the table, dumping the entire dinner on the floor.",
"The family stands up, reacting to the chaos as the film closes."
],
[
"Production",
"It was common for Edison comedies to adapt fads of the day to the screen.",
"Edison's promotion for the film announced that it was based on \"a popular fad which has been widely advertised by lithographs and souvenir mailing cards and has recently been made the subject of a sketch in a New York Vaudeville Theatre.\"",
"There was also a popular novelty song in 1905, \"The Whole Dam Family,\" by George Totten Smith and Albert von Tilzer.The film's opening sequence introducing the family is a spoof on a format previously used in the Biograph Company film ''The Widow and the Only Man'' (1904), in which each principal character is identified with a head-and-shoulder close-up and a name card.",
"In ''The Whole Dam Family'', Porter's comic twist on the technique is that each cast member does a bit of stage business illustrating the character's annoying flaws.The animated letters sequence is an extension of a technique that Porter had used two months earlier in ''How Jones Lost His Roll''.",
"These films introduced \"single-frame filming\", in which the camera was cranked to expose one frame of film at a time.",
"This soon became the standard animation technique.",
"The process was also used in Porter's film adaptation of the song \"Everybody Works But Father\" (Nov 1905).This is the earliest film known to include actors in makeup (besides blackface and whiskers), which was used to give the cast a family resemblance."
],
[
"Distribution",
"The film is 138 feet long.",
"The Edison company sometimes sold its early films in parts to exhibitors that only wanted to show a particular scene.",
"Four parts of ''The Whole Dam Family'' were available: \"Sneezing\", \"Cigarette Fiend\", \"Cry Baby\" and \"Chewing Gum\"."
],
[
"Reception",
"''The Whole Dam Family'' was the most popular film of 1905.It sold 92 prints in that year, and 136 copies within a year and a half.Two months after the film's release, the Lubin Manufacturing Company released a similar film, called ''I.B.",
"Dam and the Whole Dam Family''.",
"This copycat film only included close-up shots of the characters, and not the narrative scene."
],
[
"See also",
"* Edwin S. Porter filmography"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2023–24 Omaha Mavericks women's basketball team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2023–24 Omaha Mavericks women's basketball''' represented the University of Nebraska Omaha in the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season.",
"The Mavericks, led by fourth-year head coach Carrie Banks, compete in the Summit League.",
"They played their home games at Baxter Arena."
],
[
"Previous season",
"The Mavericks finished the 2022–23 season 15–17, 8–10 in Summit League play to finish in a 3-way tie for fifth place.",
"Due to a tiebreaker, they were the No.",
"6 seed in the Summit League tournament, they defeated North Dakota in the quarterfinals and Kansas City in the semifinals to advance to the championship game where they lost to South Dakota State."
],
[
"Offseason",
"===Departures=== Omaha DeparturesNameNumPos.HeightYearHometownReason for Departure Sam Mitchell 2 G 5'6\" Senior Downers Grove, IL Graduated Akili Felici 3 G 5'10\" Redshirt Junior Bellevue, NE TBD Elena Pilakouta 5 C 6'3\" GS Senior Nicosia, Cyprus Graduated Jaylen Townsend 10 G 5'8\" Junior Edwardsville, IL TBD====Recruiting====There were no recruiting classing class of 2023."
],
[
"Roster"
],
[
"Schedule and results",
" Regular season Summit League women's tournament"
],
[
"See also",
"* 2023–24 Omaha Mavericks men's basketball team"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Spoken (app)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Spoken''' (also known as '''Spoken - Tap to Talk AAC''' and '''Spoken AAC''') is a mobile application and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) tool launched in 2017.The app was designed to aid individuals with speech and language impairments like aphasia or nonverbal autism, using a combination of symbols, text, and voice output."
],
[
"History",
"Michael Bond began development of Spoken in 2015, prompted by a need for modern and accessible tools in speech therapy, as traditional methods had not significantly changed in the last 50 years.",
"The project saw considerable advancement due to participation in the Start-Up Chile accelerator program, where it took first place against eighteen competing startups on the 13th generation's Demo Day in November 2015.The app officially launched in 2019.The real-world application of Spoken's technology was unexpectedly extended during the COVID-19 pandemic, assisting patients recovering from ventilator use.",
"By March 2021, the application had garnered over 10,000 downloads and reported a sustained 20% monthly growth.",
"By May 2022, it was averaging an additional 1,000 downloads per week.In February 2022, Spoken joined AlphaLab Health, a startup accelerator by Allegheny Health Network and Innovation Works.",
"This provided the company with access to clinical resources, funding, and mentorship, further enabling its growth.Spoken has set out to expand its technological offerings to more languages, seeking to address the needs of underserved populations and preparing for growing global demand."
],
[
"Operation",
"Spoken distinguishes itself from other AAC applications through the use of an artificial neural network that provides predictive text capabilities, similar to a smartphone's autocomplete function.",
"This feature learns from the user's speech patterns, offering increasingly personalized suggestions over time.",
"Additionally, Spoken can tailor its predictions based on the user's location, providing contextually relevant suggestions in specific settings such as restaurants or hospitals.The application includes a selection of natural-sounding, synthesized voices with customization options for pitch, speed, and volume, enabling users to choose a voice that best represents their identity or preferences.Spoken supports a variety of input methods to accommodate different user needs and preferences.",
"Beyond conventional typing and predictive text, it recognizes handwriting and even simple drawings, translating these inputs into spoken words.",
"Users can also display their sentences in fullscreen scale for communicating in high volume environments or in situations where they don't want to make noise.Another feature of Spoken is its \"attention button.\"",
"This feature was designed as a substitution for verbal cues like clearing one's throat.",
"A single tap of this button repeatedly blinks the device's flashlight and plays a customizable, attention-grabbing sound.",
"AAC users can use this feature to notify others that they are about to speak, or to quickly get someone's attention in an emergency.For additional accessibility, Spoken incorporates features like large print, dark mode, and word dividers to ensure that the app is usable and comfortable for individuals with varying needs.Other features include the ability to quickly share written content from the app via text or email and an option to block certain words from appearing in predictions, providing an extra layer of personalization."
],
[
"See also",
"*Speech-generating device*Avaz"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Karkaraya"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Karkaraya''' (), or '''Karkaria''', is a town in South Kordofan, Sudan, that is from Kadugli, the state capital."
],
[
"Conflicts",
"It has been a site of conflict in recent years, especially during the War in Darfur and the ongoing Sudan war, which started on 15 April 2023.In August 2022, Karkaraya was attacked by armed groups, resulting in livestock theft, the capture of nine locals and one fatality.",
"The National Umma Party was urging for state intervention and cooperation from the Sudan People's Liberation Movement for the release of captives and return of the stolen livestock.",
"The government was held responsible for any fallout from this situation.In July 2023, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu (SPLM-N El Hilu) took control of the '''Karkaraya crude oil pumping station''', which is located south of Delling.",
"This happened after the Sudanese Armed Forces battalion present at the station withdrew.",
"The SPLM-N El Hilu force stationed at the Karkaraya station notified the workers to return and practice their work normally."
],
[
"Health issues",
"In 2008, in Karkaraya, the local community faced health issues due to contaminated water.",
"The villagers were sharing an unprotected haffir (a traditional Sudanese water pond) with livestock, leading to a high risk of contamination.",
"A Village Health Worker (VHW) from Karkaraya brought this issue to the attention of Medair's Water and Sanitation (WatSan) staff in Kadugli.Medair proposed the use of household bio-sand filters, which had been successfully implemented in other Southern Kordofan villages.",
"The village leaders were enthusiastic about this plan and agreed to arrange for community members to be trained in filter-construction by Medair.",
"After an initial hiccup where no one showed up for the training, a week later, all the people were ready to be trained.",
"By mid-April, Medair had arranged a four-day training for five filter-makers, who then started constructing the filters."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Poster child (disambiguation)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Poster child''' is a person who represents a cause or ideal.It may also mean:*Posterchild, a Toronto street artist*Poster Child, the Red Hot Chili Peppers song"
],
[
"See also",
"*Poster boy (disambiguation)*Poster girl (disambiguation)"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Laurence Maslon"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Laurence Maslon''' (born 1959) is an American music writer and historian, best known for his publications ''Broadway: The American Musical'' (2004), ''Make 'Em Laugh: The Funny Business of America'' (2008), and ''Broadway to Main Street: How Show Tunes Enchanted America'' (2018) about the Broadway theatre and its musical history.",
"He also coproduced the documentary ''Sammy Davis, Jr.: I’ve Gotta Be Me'' (2017).",
"He is also an arts professor at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Takoumbaout ambush"
],
[
"Introduction",
"On July 2, 2015, a MINUSMA convoy was ambushed by jihadists affiliated with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb en route from Goundam to Timbuktu."
],
[
"Background",
"MINUSMA is the United Nations peacekeeping force, and shortly after it was implemented in the fallout of the Mali War, became a target of jihadist groups such as Ansar Dine and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).",
"These groups are often active in Tombouctou Region, where the ambush took place."
],
[
"Ambush",
"Prior to the attack, the AQIM fighters had a lot of intelligence regarding the MINUSMA convoy, including how many soldiers would be on it and where it would be going and at what time.",
"At the moment the jihadists attacked with rocket launchers and guns, the convoy was going at very high speeds, causing a \"very violent\" situation that surprised the peacekeepers.",
"The ambush was claimed the same day by AQIM.",
"MINUSMA reported the deaths of six peacekeepers and five injured, who were all part of the Badenya battalions, Burkinabe units of MINUSMA.",
"AQIM, in a press release to Mauritanian news agency al-Akhbar, claimed the deaths of seven peacekeepers and four destroyed vehicles."
],
[
"Aftermath",
"MINUSMA dispatched units to the site following the attack, but the jihadists had fled at that point.",
"In early September, AQIM released a video of the ambush.",
"The video contained songs and imagery used often by propaganda videos from the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria.",
"In the video, several dozen fighters of the al-Quds unit commanded by Katiba al-Fourghan emir Abderrahmane Talha.",
"Another member of Katiba al-Fourghan, a Spaniard named Abou al-Nour al-Andalusi led a group of twenty-five men in the video."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Night of the Living Cat"
],
[
"Introduction",
" is a Japanese manga series written by Hawkman and illustrated by Mecha-Roots.",
"It has been serialized in Mag Garden's ''Monthly Comic Garden'' since October 2020."
],
[
"Publication",
"Written by Hawkman and illustrated by Mecha-Roots, ''Night of the Living Cat'' started in Mag Garden's ''Monthly Comic Garden'' on October 5, 2020.Its chapters have been collected into individual volumes, with the first one released on May 10, 2021.As of July 10, 2023, four volumes have been released.In North America, the manga has been licensed for English release by Seven Seas Entertainment.===Volumes==="
],
[
"Reception",
"The manga was nominated for the seventh Next Manga Award in the Best Printed Manga category in 2021."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Edward E. Ford Foundation"
],
[
"Introduction",
":''For the foundation of Henry Ford, see Ford Foundation.",
"''The '''Edward E. Ford Foundation''' ('''E.",
"E. Ford Foundation''') is a private organization that provides funding to independent schools, school accreditors, and education initiatives.",
"Edward E. Ford was not a relation of Henry Ford."
],
[
"Origins",
"Edward E. Ford, a successful businessman involved in the early years of IBM, established the Foundation on December 12, 1957.Its main objective was to improve the quality of high school education with particular emphasis on private schools.",
"When he died in 1963, Ford bequeathed about $50 million to the Foundation."
],
[
"Supporting Independent Schools",
"The Foundation initially directed much of its efforts toward supporting Ford's high school alma mater, Mercersburg Academy.",
"This included a $1.5 million matching grant in 1964, the highest such matching gift to any American private school at that time.",
"As of 2023 the Foundation had contributed over $125 million in total grants to nearly 1,000 independent schools and associations.Foundation’s mission \"is to strengthen and support independent secondary schools and to challenge and inspire them to leverage their unique talents, expertise, and resources to advance teaching while encouraging collaboration with other institutions.",
"\"The Foundation’s Leadership Grant Program is among the most prestigious awards available to independent schools."
],
[
"Edward E. Ford",
"Edward E. Ford (1894–1963) was a businessman and philanthropist from Binghamton, New York.The son of IBM co-founder A.",
"Ward Ford, Ford attended Mercersburg Academy (class of 1912), Princeton University, and Lafayette College.After college Ford established and developed a manufacturing business in Binghamton, New York, which was ultimately became part of IBM.",
"Joining IBM in 1917 as a junior salesman, Ford ascended to the role of division vice-president by 1936.Ford later ventured into independent business in St. Louis, Missouri and later in Florida.",
"His businesses in St. Louis included a Chevrolet dealership.In 1949, Ford was elected an IBM director, and by 1962, Ford's holdings in IBM stock amounted to about $61 million.",
"===Ford's Philanthropy===In the late 1950s, Ford donated $350,000 to Mercersburg Academy for its building and development programs.",
"In 1957, he established the Edward E. Ford Foundation with the primary goal of improving the quality of high school education with particular emphasis on private schools.===Ford's Personal life===Ford's first wife Jane Bloomer died in Delray Beach, Florida in 1960.He later married Mrs. Edward (Jane) Jamison of New York City.",
"On March 5, 1963, Ford died in his sleep at his home in Delray Beach, Florida."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 Oklahoma Libertarian presidential primary"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 Oklahoma Libertarian presidential primary''' will take place on March 5, 2024, as part of the Libertarian Party primaries for the 2024 presidential election.",
"The contest will be held on Super Tuesday alongside primaries in 14 other states and territories.",
"This will be the first presidential preference primary in Oklahoma for any alternative party and was the result of a successful petitioning effort by Chris Powell."
],
[
"Candidates",
"The following candidates filed to be placed on the ballot in Oklahoma:* Chase Oliver, Nominee for U.S.",
"Senator from Georgia in 2022* Jacob Hornberger, Founder and President of the Future of Freedom Foundation"
],
[
"Forums",
"Oliver and Hornberger are scheduled to participate in a forum at Rose State College in Midwest City, Oklahoma on Feb. 7th."
],
[
"See also",
"* 2024 Oklahoma Republican presidential primary* 2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries* 2024 United States presidential election* 2024 United States presidential election in Oklahoma* 2024 United States elections"
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Gerson Valle"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Gerson Nicolás Valle Alvear''' (born 9 November 1989) is a Chilean former footballer who played as a midfielder for clubs in Chile and New Zealand."
],
[
"Career",
"A product of Huachipato, Valle emigrated to New Zealand in 2007 and joined Lower Hutt City in the Central League.Back in Chile, he played for Fernández Vial, wining two league titles of the Tercera A.",
"In 2014, he rejoined Huachipato on loan from Deportes Concepción in the Chilean Primera División.",
"The next seasons, he played for Deportes Concepción, Unión San Felipe, Deportes Puerto Montt and Fernández Vial again, his last club in 2019."
],
[
"Legal issues",
"In December 2023, Valle was arrested by drug trafficking and carrying weapons alongside another four people in Talcahuano, Chile."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* * Gerson Valle at FootballTransfers.com"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"The Last Showgirl"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''The Last Showgirl''''' is an upcoming American drama film directed by Gia Coppola and written by Kate Gersten.",
"It stars Pamela Anderson, Jamie Lee Curtis, Dave Bautista, Brenda Song, Kiernan Shipka and Billie Lourd."
],
[
"Cast",
"* Pamela Anderson* Jamie Lee Curtis* Dave Bautista* Brenda Song* Kiernan Shipka* Billie Lourd"
],
[
"Production",
"In February 2024, as principal photography had wrapped, it was announced that a drama film titled ''The Last Showgirl'' was being directed by Gia Coppola and written by Kate Gersten.",
"Pamela Anderson, Jamie Lee Curtis, Dave Bautista, Brenda Song, Kiernan Shipka and Billie Lourd rounded out the main cast."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Charles Vissières"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Charles Vissières''' (1880–1960) was a French stage and film actor.",
"A character actor, he appeared in supporting roles in films from the mid-1930s onwards."
],
[
"Selected filmography",
"* ''Sacred Woods'' (1939)* ''Love Cavalcade'' (1940)* ''The Last of the Six'' (1941)* ''The Angel They Gave Me'' (1946)* ''The Idiot'' (1946)* ''Clockface Café'' (1947)* ''The Lost Village'' (1947)* ''Not Guilty'' (1947)* ''Dilemma of Two Angels'' (1948)* ''Monelle'' (1948)* ''The Spice of Life'' (1948)* ''Suzanne and the Robbers'' (1949)* ''Doctor Laennec'' (1949)* ''Old Boys of Saint-Loup'' (1950)* ''Rue des Saussaies'' (1951)* ''Women Are Angels'' (1952)* ''The Case Against X'' (1952)* ''The Road to Damascus'' (1952)* ''My Husband Is Marvelous'' (1952)* ''The Return of Don Camillo'' (1953)"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* Bessy, Maurice & Chirat, Raymond.",
"''Histoire du cinéma français: 1951-1955''.",
"Pygmalion, 1989.",
"* Biggs, Melissa E. ''French films, 1945-1993: a critical filmography of the 400 most important releases''.",
"McFarland & Company, 1996.",
"* Laura, Ernesto G. ''Tutti i film di Venezia, 1932–1984''.",
"La Biennale, Settore cinema e spettacolo televisivo, 1985."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Chucky Hepburn"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Chucky Hepburn''' (born February 9, 2003) is an American college basketball player for the Wisconsin Badgers of the Big Ten Conference."
],
[
"Early life and high school career",
"Hepburn grew up in Omaha, Nebraska and attended Bellevue West High School.",
"A point guard, he averaged 15.9 points, 8.3 assists, 5.1 rebounds and 3.8 steals per game as a senior as Bellevue West appeared in the Class A state title.",
"He guided Bellevue West to a Class A state title as a junior averaging 17.1 points, 6.5 assists, 4.6 rebounds and 3.1 steals per game.",
"As a sophomore, Hepburn averaged 18.3 points, 5.0 assists, 5.1 rebounds and 3.4 steals per game.",
"Hepburn won the 2020 Nebraska Mr. Basketball Gatorade Player of the Year."
],
[
"College career",
"Hepburn enrolled at University of Wisconsin–Madison after receiving offers from Nebraska, Creighton, Minnesota, Loyola (IL) and Valparaíso.===Freshman season===Hepburn became the first true freshman to start the season opener since Devin Harris in 2001.He went on to score 13 points in his first career game against St. Francis.",
"Hepburn banked in a tiebreaking 3-pointer with 1.5 seconds left against #8 ranked Purdue, giving the Badgers a share of the Big Ten regualar-season title.",
"Hepburn was able to profit in the newly implemented NIL after the game-winning shot against Purdue with merchandise named \"The Chucky Special\".",
"After the regular season, Hepburn was named to the Big Ten All–Freshman Team.===Sophomore season===Hepburn was asked to take on a larger role in his second season at Wisconsin after Johnny Davis was selected 10th overall by the Washington Wizards.",
"Hepburn started all 35 games and was the Badgers leading scorer (12.2 points per game), 3-point percentage (.405), assists (2.8 APG) and steals (1.5 SPG).",
"The team struggled with injuries midway through the season and Wisconsin missed the NCAA Tournament.",
"Following the conclusion of the regular season, Hepburn was named an All–Big Ten honorable mention selection.",
"The Badgers accepted an invitation to the NIT where Hepburn scored a career-high 27 points in a second round victory against Liberty.===Junior season===Hepburn came into his junior season and has thrived in the role of facilitator and defender.",
"The previous season, he was looked at by his teammates as the \"go to guy\" to score late in shot clock or late in games.",
"With the additions of scorers AJ Storr and freshman John Blackwell, Hepburn has been able to refine other parts of his game.",
"Evidence of this is Chucky has put up his best assist to turnover ratio of his career and uptick in steals."
],
[
"Career statistics",
"===College=== 2021–22 Wisconsin 33 33 31.0 .388 .348 .696 2.1 2.3 1.1 0.2 7.9 2022–23 Wisconsin 35 35 32.0 .377 .405 .718 2.8 2.8 1.5 0.1 12.2 2023–24 Wisconsin 19 19 31.6 .380 .279 .727 2.9 3.9 1.9 0.1 7.6"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Wisconsin Badgers bio**"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"I'm Nevenka"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''I'm Nevenka''''' () is an upcoming drama film directed by Icíar Bollaín from a screenplay by Bollaín and Isa Campo starring Mireia Oriol and Urko Olazabal."
],
[
"Plot",
"The plot dramatizes the case of , a young municipal finance municipal councillor in Ponferrada who faced widespread scrutiny and societal backlash in Spain after filing a complaint against Mayor for sexual harassment, winning her case notwithstanding."
],
[
"Cast"
],
[
"Production",
"The screenplay was penned by Icíar Bollaín alongside Isa Campo.",
"The film is a Movistar Plus+ original produced by Kowalski Films, Feelgood Media, and Nva Peli AIE; in association with Garbo Produzioni.",
"Shooting locations included Bilbao."
],
[
"Release",
"The film is scheduled to be released theatrically in Spain on 27 September 2024 by Buena Vista International."
],
[
"See also",
"* List of Spanish films of 2024"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Hasan Turan (Turkish politician)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Hasan Turan''' (born 1967, Bulancak) Turkish politician.Hasan Turan graduated from Anadolu University Faculty of Management, and completed his master's degree in Beykent University Department of Administration-Organization and Gebze Technical University Faculty of Management.",
"He engaged in commercial activities in the field of advertising and organisation.",
"He took office as Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Parliament member and the chairperson of Federation of Non-Governmental Organizations in Giresun.",
"He has been a member of the 26th and 27th Parliament of Turkey, representing Istanbul.",
"He knows English, is married and has 2 children."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Linda Cube"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Linda Cube''''' (alternatively '''''Linda³''''') is a 1995 role-playing video game developed by Alfa System and MARS Corporation for the PC Engine CD.",
"A port for the PlayStation was released in 1997 as '''''Linda Cube Again'''''.",
"Another port for the Sega Saturn was released in 1998 as '''''Linda Cube Kanzenban'''''.",
"An English fan translation of the PlayStation version was released in 2024."
],
[
"Plot",
"The game is set on planet Neo Kenya, where a meteor is set to impact in eight years."
],
[
"Reception",
"''Linda Cube'' has been noted as one the most bizarre Japanese role-playing games.",
"liked the characters and called the first hour of the game \"quite exciting\" but said the graphics are ugly and combat extremely boring.",
"In a retrospective review, ''RPGamer'' praised the voice acting and atmosphere but criticized the lack of story."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* ''Linda³'' series at MobyGames"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Melvin Way"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Melvin Way''' (January 3, 1954 – February 4, 2024) was an American folk artist.His works are held in the collections of the American Folk Art Museum, American Visionary Art Museum, Centre Pompidou, Collection de l’Art Brut, Museum of Modern Art, and the Smithsonian American Art Museum."
],
[
"Early life",
"Melvin Way was born on January 3, 1954, in Ruffin, South Carolina.",
"As a child he lived both there and in Brooklyn.",
"He moved to New York City permanently in the 1970s to attend R.C.A.",
"Technical School in midtown Manhattan, where he learned the skills to work as a machinist.",
"While there, he also played bass for local bands."
],
[
"Art career",
"By 1989, Way lived at Keener Men’s Shelter on Wards Island.",
"The shelter was run by Hospital Audiences International, which offered art workshops to residents with disabilities.",
"There, Way met artist Andrew Castrucci, who ran art workshops for the shelter's residents.",
"Castrucci recognized Way's talent and became a lifelong friend and supportive figure.Way's first art pieces were intricate drawings made with ballpoint pens on found paper.",
"His works also included text, mathematical equations, and chemical formulas.",
"He often carried his works and works in progress in his pockets, using scotch tape to protect their surfaces.By the early 1990s, Way began exhibiting work at Outsider artist fairs.Way was represented by the Andrew Edlin Gallery."
],
[
"Personal life and death",
"Way was African-American.",
"He became homeless in his 20s, after a schizophrenia diagnosis and drug use.",
"Way died due to complications of a stroke on February 4, 2024, at the age of 70."
],
[
"Selected exhibitions",
"* 2015: ''Melvin Way: Gaga City''; Christian Berst Art Brut, Manhattan* 2018: ''Melvin Way: The Cocaine Files Dossier (1989-2017)''; Andrew Edlin Gallery, New York City"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Gimara"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Map of Uganda Showing Moyo DistrictThe '''Gimara''' tribe are a group of people living in Northern '''Uganda''' in Moyo District.",
"'''Gimara''' is a sub-county in '''Uganda''' with 2 parishes and 17 villages.",
"Considered as a minority tribe in Uganda, the government added Gimara tribe to be recognized in Uganda's constitution of 1995 as independent tribes."
],
[
"See also",
"* Alur* Aringa* Ugandan Folklore* Ugandan traditions"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Campaigns of the South"
],
[
"Introduction",
" '''Campaigns of the South''' (1820—1826; Spanish: ''Campañas del Sur'') is the name given to a series of military campaigns that Greater Colombia launched between 1820 and 1826 in South America with the purpose of expanding over the territories of the current republics of Colombia and Ecuador, as well as consolidating the independence of the republics of Peru and Bolivia.",
"This was an extension of the multifaceted civil war launched against the Royalist Army in the Americas, which sustained the integrity of the Spanish Empire in such territories.",
"Beyond the surrender of the regular armies, the royalist guerrillas in each country fought for several more years.Determining which battles are included in the campaigns of the South varies so widely that some historians refer by this name to the liberation campaigns of Quito and Pasto between 1820 and 1822, while others refer to military operations between 1821 and 1826, when the fortress of El Callao surrendered.",
"However, it can be said for certain that the goal of the campaigns of the South was to end the Spanish American wars of independence in South America and, as an additional result, the boom of the influence and power of Greater Colombia.",
"The latter, under the presidency of Simón Bolívar, sought to bring together the new states under its hegemony.",
"However, this project failed and Greater Colombia itself disappeared in 1831, balkanized for the secession of the states that conformed it."
],
[
"Quito Campaign",
"=== Sucre’s Operations in Ecuador ===After the revolution on 9 October 1820, the city of Guayaquil had been constituted as an independent state, the Free Province of Guayaquil.",
"However, it soon found itself in a delicate military situation after the people of Guayaquil were defeated at the First Battle of Huachi and the Battle of Tanizagua.",
"José Joaquín de Olmedo requested military aid from Greater Colombia to defend the city and to liberate the Royal Audience of Quito.",
"Early in 1821, Bolívar sent his best general, Antonio José de Sucre, to Guayaquil to replace General José Mires.",
"Sucre arrived on 6 May 1821 with around 650 Colombian soldiers, who were joined by around 1,400 Ecuadorians.",
"Sucre’s instructions consisted of taking command of the troops that were in Guayaquil, securing the incorporation of the province into Colombia, and working with the Liberator to prepare the operations to liberate Quito.",
"Quito was strongly guarded despite the fact that the Royalist troops had decreased by half in recent years, from 4,000 to 2,000.The forces that garrisoned Guayaquil in 1820 included 1,500 defenders: by order of José Fernando de Abascal, 250–300 sailors operating seven gunboats (the port was the main arsenal and shipyard in the Spanish Pacific), 600 infantry soldiers of the Granaderos de Reserva battalion originally from Cuzco, 200 volunteers of half the Milicias Battalion from Guayaquil, 150 cavalry soldiers of the Caballería de Daule squadron, and 200 gunners of the Artillery brigade.",
"The city had a population of 14,000 people and controlled a province of 71,000 souls, of whom 12,000 were Europeans.",
"In total, the Royal Audience of Quito had 3,500 soldiers under the command of Marshal Melchior Aymerich.Upon Sucre’s arrival in Guayaquil, he started to organize and train the troops.",
"On March 15, he signed an agreement with the city’s Government Junta, which stipulated that the Province of Guayaquil would remain under the protection and custody of Colombia, thus annulling the treaty signed with the Peruvian agents.",
"Sucre placed his troops in Samborondón and Babahoyo to block the entrance of the royalists to the province.",
"On 17 July of that year, an anti-Colombian and pro-royalist rebellion took place, which was successfully squashed.Upon learning of the rebellion, the royalists prepared to support it.",
"Meanwhile, Governor Aymerich marched south with 2,000 men, while Colonel González marched from Cuenca to Guayaquil threatening the communications sent by Sucre, who was on his way to fight Aymerich.",
"When Sucre learned of the movement, he retreated to confront González, defeating him on 12 August in the Battle of Yaguachi.",
"Afterwards, Sucre returned to the north to confront Aymerich, but the latter retreated to the north.",
"The army pursued the royalists for a long stretch but the political situation in Guayaquil forced Sucre to return.After the political situation in the city had calmed down, Sucre headed back to the mountains with 900 infantry soldiers and 70 cavalry soldiers, in search of Aymerich.",
"For several days, he maneuvered against him, crossed the Chimborazo, and arrived on 11 September at the Upper Valley of the Ambato River.",
"Sucre was reluctant to descend from the mountain range due to the numerical advantage of the Spanish cavalry but, harassed by his companions, he descended on the 12th to Santa Rosa, occupying defensive positions while Aymerich advanced towards Ambato.",
"Both armies faced each other in the Second Battle of Huachi.",
"Sucre set up a solid defensive formation but when the royalists attacked, General Mires got ahead of the counter-offensive and, after his attack was resisted, the patriot army was surrounded, defeated, and almost destroyed.Back in Guayaquil, Sucre urgently needed reinforcements to recover from the defeat of Huachi, for which he asked Francisco de Paula Santander to send troops, but the latter chose instead to reinforce the division of Pedro León Torres, who had to go overland via Popayán-Pasto-Quito.",
"In such circumstances, Sucre wrote a letter to the Protector of Peru, José de San Martín, to ask for the Numancia Battalion, a unit formed in Venezuela in 1813 and sent by Pablo Morillo to Peru three years later.",
"In 1820, it had gone over to the Protector’s forces and wished to return home.",
"San Martín did not want to give up the Numancia, which was the best battalion at his disposal.",
"Therefore, he sent some forces in its place under the command of Colonel Andrés de Santa Cruz.",
"Santa Cruz’s division was reorganized into battalions No.",
"2 and 4 or Piura, the Cazadores del Perú and Granaderos de los Andes squadrons, and an artillery picket, accounting for 1,622 to 1,693 troops.With Santa Cruz’s forces and the imposed impressment, Sucre once again had about 1,200 troops though most did not have any military experience except for the Trujillo battalion, with some training, and the Mounted Grenadiers squadron of 90 veterans under the command of Lavalle.Battle of YaguachiSucre decided to resume the campaign from the south of Guayaquil, for which he sent small detachments in various directions in order to mislead the royalists about the route their offensive would take while he embarked with the army in Guayaquil and headed by sea to Machala.",
"After disembarking his troops, he headed to Saguro, where he met with the Peruvians of Santa Cruz.",
"Afterwards, he headed to Cuenca, arriving there on 23 February 1822.He waited there for the date agreed by Bolívar to start the offensive.",
"Meanwhile, he increased his forces with some reinforcements that had arrived from Guayaquil.Once Bolívar’s authorization had arrived, Sucre advanced towards Alausí at the beginning of April.",
"He now had about 2,000 infantry troops and 400 cavalry troops at his disposal.",
"The royalist forces were about 2,000 regular soldiers, plus hundreds of conscripts.",
"By mid-month, the republicans numbered 3,000 men under Sucre's command in various garrisons, including Chileans and Argentinians in the mounted units.",
"On the 20th of that same month, they were ambushed by the Spaniards but these were repulsed.",
"The following day, they found that the royalists had fortified the road so Sucre flanked the position and offered battle, but the Spaniards preferred to retreat.",
"Sucre ordered Colonel Diego Ibarra to attack with his cavalry the royalists who were retreating from the village of Riobamba.",
"In turn, the Spaniards sent their cavalry to protect their retreat.The army left Riobamba on 28 April headed to the city of Latacunga, where they arrived on 2 May and where 200 men of the Magdalena battalion of Colonel José María Córdova, who had come from the Cauca River, were incorporated.",
"The rest of the Magdalena battalion (about 400 men) were in Guayaquil and in Cuenca, ill and exhausted.",
"The royalists were in Machachi with about 2,200 infantry soldiers of Nicolás López and about 300 cavalry troops led by Colonel Tolrá covering the passes of Jalupana and La Viudita.Sucre decided to evade the royalist position by the right.",
"On the 13th, he headed along the Limpiopongo road and climbed the slopes of the Cotopaxi Volcano, where he made camp.",
"On the 17th, he descended to the Chillo Valley.",
"Upon learning of these movements, Colonel Nicolás López retreated to Quito on the 16th.Battle of PichinchaOn the 20th, he crossed the hill of Puengasí and the following day he descended to the plain of Turubamba, offering battle in a terrain that was favorable to the Spaniards, who refused to accept it.",
"After several maneuvers to attract the royalists, Sucre flanked the Spaniards on the right and positioned himself in the town of Pasto.",
"Sucre began the march on the night of the 23rd, and at 8 in the morning of the 24th he was on the heights of the Pichincha Volcano, from where he had command of the city of Quito.",
"Upon seeing themselves surrounded, the Spaniards climbed the volcano as well.",
"Due to the difficult terrain, both armies were forced to fight in waves.",
"After the patriot victory in the Battle of Pichincha, Quito was occupied by the Liberator’s Army and Ecuador was in the hands of the pro-independence troops.",
"The following day, Aymerich surrendered by means of the Capitulation of Quito.",
"On 29 May, the Municipality of Quito proclaimed the integration of the former Royal Audience of Quito into Colombia.Between September 1821 and May 1822, the government of Greater Colombia had sent 137 officers and 7,314 soldiers to support the Liberator’s operations, excluding the contingents sent to Guayaquil to help Sucre, but only 2,000 were active and as many were hospitalized.=== Bolívar's Operations Against Pasto ===Venezuela, New Granada, and Quito between 1821 and 1823.After the Battle of Carabobo, the Constituent Congress of 1821 named Bolívar President of the Republic and Santander as Vice President.",
"Bolívar made arrangements that same year: he organized an army of 4,000 soldiers, entrusted Santander with the Presidency, and headed south.",
"Initially, the Liberator wanted to transport the troops by sea in three brigantines.",
"When he was embarking in the port of Buenaventura, a Spanish squadron appeared, sent by Juan de la Cruz Mourgeón y Achet from the current northern coast of Ecuador.",
"It consisted of one corvette, four schooners, and three transports.",
"The weakness of the Colombian Navy in the Pacific, when compared to the Spanish, forced him to take the land route, which was more arduous due to the difficult terrain of the Andes.",
"That, coupled with illnesses, caused greater casualties in the army than what was expected, and thus he could not replace them with the contingents that he found on the way.",
"Upon arriving in Popayán, he was reinforced with 1,200 men from the division of General Pedro León Torres.",
"He waited in the province of Popayán for reinforcements that he had requested from the government, but when they were not granted, he continued on to Pasto.The Liberator wanted to avoid Patía and Pasto, knowing the disasters suffered by other commanders in previous years.",
"He preferred to attack Quito, transporting his army by sea to Guayaquil.",
"He also hoped to count on the support of the Chilean Government and of San Martín to liberate Quito.",
"In a letter dated 24 August 1821 and addressed to San Martín, he argued that since the Venezuelan royalists, crushed in Carabobo, would soon find their end in Puerto Cabello, then resources could be destined to Thomas Cochrane's powerful Chilean squadron to transport his army.",
"In October of that year, 4,000 Colombian soldiers would sail from Santa Marta headed to Panama, where they would be joined by 4,000 more troops.",
"From there, both contingents would sail to Guayaquil, where 3,000 republicans were billeted.",
"Finally, more than 4,000 units would leave Buenaventura to reinforce the current Ecuadorian port, with 2,000 or 3,000 rifles in reserve.",
"The force would total 10,000 to 12,000 elements.",
"However, the remoteness of the Peruvian and Ecuadorian coasts from their bases prevented Cochrane from taking action.",
"Finally, Bolívar was satisfied.",
"He abandoned his plans and began to devise the advance of some 4,000 men on Patía and Pasto.The city of Pasto had been a royalist stronghold since the beginning of the emancipation from New Granada.",
"The territory between Quito and Popayán was in the hands of the Pasto guerrillas, who in the past had destroyed several New Granada armies sent to pacify the region.",
"The resistance of the population, together with the difficult terrain, made the region a position of great defensive capacity.",
"There, the royalist guerrillas led by mixed-raced Pastuso General Agustín Agualongo managed to maintain their resistance for a long time.",
"For example, after the Battle of Boyacá (7 August 1819), the royalist Commander Sebastián de la Calzada, who was garrisoning the city of Santa Fe de Bogotá, retreated two days later to Pasto, where he managed to organize an army of 4,000 men to attack Popayán (24 January 1820).",
"After some clashes in the Cauca Valley, Calzada was relieved of his command and sent to Venezuela while the Pastusos continued waging the resistance.",
"The royalists lost the city of Popayán definitively on 14 July 1820 with the entrance of General Juan Manuel Valdés.After crossing the Mayo River, the army deviated from the Berruecos Road (the most direct path to Pasto) and took instead the one on the right, with the goal of flanking the positions of the Spaniards, located behind the Juanambú River.",
"After several false crossings, the Colombians managed to cross the river through the Burrero pass almost without resistance, after which they made camp in the Pañol, an area abundant in agricultural products where they took the opportunity to reorganize their forces.On 2 April, the army continued on their way.",
"When assaulted by the royalist guerrillas, they crossed the ravine of Molinos de Aco, making camp in Cerro Gordo.",
"The army had been reduced by casualties and garrisons to 2,100 troops.After a day’s rest, Bolívar resumed the march on 4 April on the road to Pasto, but upon reaching the summit near Genoy, where the royalists had fortified the road, they converged to the right towards Mombuco.",
"The same day, they were attacked by royalist guerrillas, but these were shot down by the Bogota battalion and barricaded themselves in the fortifications of Genoy.",
"The following day, the guerrilla attacks continued.",
"After repulsing them, the army continued through the Trapiche de Matacuchos and made camp on the 6th in the town of Consacá, very close to Pasto, while the Bogotá battalion made camp as a vanguard further on, in the hacienda of Bomboná.Simón Bolívar sitting on the rock, during the battle.",
"Symbolic composition of the Battle of Bomboná.The Battle of Bomboná took place on 7 April.",
"In spite of the unfavorable conditions, Bolívar decided to attack because he wanted to arrive on time in Quito, where Sucre would be waiting for him to fight the decisive battle.",
"The royalists, under the command of Basilio García in a solid position, inflicted great losses on the Colombians.",
"The result of this battle was even, with heavy losses on both sides.The losses in Bomboná forced Bolívar to wait in Cariaco until he received reinforcements.",
"On 16 April, still without news of any reinforcements, Bolívar began his retreat.",
"The following day, he was attacked by a large group of guerrilla fighters while marching along the Genoy road, but they were repulsed by the Colombians.",
"On the afternoon of the 19th, the guerrillas attacked again and were again repulsed.On 20 April, having replenished his losses, the Spanish commander waged battle at the siege of El Peñol.",
"The combat lasted an hour, after which the royalists retreated.",
"García withdrew to Pasto while Bolívar crossed the Mayo River and made camp in the elevation known as Trapiche.",
"There, he received reinforcements, and his forces again reached 2,000 men.With the reinforced Colombian army back on the offensive and the news of the defeat at Pichincha, Commander Basilio García capitulated to Bolívar on 8 June as the Colombian Army entered Pasto.",
"Benito Boves fled to the mountains with a great number of the population.",
"The Liberator offered peace to the Pastusos.",
"Among the terms were: respect for their religion, as well as exemption from military service and from the payment of obligatory taxes for the rest of the Colombians.",
"The road between Quito and Bogotá was opened.",
"The royalist cause had been lost, its last defenders were isolated from Spain in the lower Peruvian Sierra and in Upper Peru by San Martín's army.",
"In Bogota, it was expected that they would soon capitulate.=== The Pasto Rebellion ===While Bolívar and Sucre were in Quito, the Pastusos rebelled under Boves’s leadership.",
"Bolívar sent Sucre to quell the insurrection, but the rebels defeated Sucre on 24 November 1822 at the First Battle of the Cuchilla del Taindalá.",
"Sucre withdrew, pursued by Boves but, after regrouping, he returned and defeated the Pastusos in the Second Battle of the Cuchilla del Taindalá and in the Yacuanquer ravine.Boves withdrew and headed back to Pasto to prepare his defense and resist until the end.",
"On the evening of 24 December 1822, Marshal Sucre stormed the city, taking advantage of the apparent calm of Christmas Eve.",
"The people of Pasto were not prepared for such a battle, and the Rifles Battalion ruthlessly perpetrated all kinds of excesses, killing more than 400 civilians, including women, the elderly, and children, and forcibly recruiting 1,300 men.",
"Moreover, the order was given to secretly execute 14 illustrious people of the city, who were captured, tied with their hands behind their back, and thrown over a cliff into the Guáitara River.",
"This is one of the darkest and least known episodes in the Colombian Wars of Independence.",
"This is how the old military outpost of the Pasto region was defeated and the rebellion was crushed almost definitively.=== Annexation and Conference of Guayaquil ===José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar at the Conference of Guayaquil.The city of Guayaquil would be the bone of contention between the two Liberators and the site for the meeting that would pave the way for the Colombian intervention in the struggle for Peruvian independence.At the end of the campaign for the liberation of Ecuador, the city of Quito and the other provinces—with the exception of Guayaquil, which had been constituted as a Free Province since 1820—had declared their annexation to the Republic of Colombia.",
"In Guayaquil, public opinion remained divided between those in favor of the annexation, either to Peru or to Colombia, and those who wished to remain independent of any foreign power.Both the Protector and the Liberator were in favor of the annexation of the province to their states, but Bolívar would be the one to act decisively, with a military occupation of the city on 13 July and the proclamation two days later of the annexation of Guayaquil to Colombia.Bolívar and San Martín met on 26 July, and they discussed matters pertaining to the sovereignty of Guayaquil and the war in Peru.",
"Shortly after the conference, San Martín renounced the protectorate.",
"It would not take long for Peru and Colombia to find it necessary to wage war together against the royalists and secure their respective independence.",
"As part of the agreements reached, Bolívar agreed to the sending of six Colombian soldiers to Peru.",
"The first contingent of 3,000 men would arrive in El Callao in April of the following year.",
"With this, the Liberator had between 7,000 and 9,000 men in Peru."
],
[
"Campaigns in Peru",
"Independence campaigns in Quito, Peru, and Upper Peru between 1823 and 1826.=== Background ===After the boost to the emancipation project of the Americas that represented José de San Martín's campaigns in the south of the continent at the end of the 1810s, the situation in the Southern Cone was extremely worrying.",
"In the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, the conflicts between the provinces and Buenos Aires had started to gain strength and the caudillos would have free rein after the Battle of Cepeda.",
"The United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves launched an aggressive policy of southward expansion that, due to its monarchical nature, posed a danger to the independence of the Americas and its nascent democracies.",
"In Peru, San Martín sought a political solution to the war with the coronation of a European prince in the Americas.",
"However, the power struggles between the caudillos, the political ambitions of the oligarchy, and the powerful army that the Spaniards maintained in the country were about to lead to the greatest of all anarchies.",
"All of these conditions had split the emancipation movement into small centers of power, in which the ruling classes zealously clung to it, resulting in a dangerous fragmentation of power that would be unable to withstand an advance of the Spaniards from Peru, let alone attack them.In the north, on the other hand, they had overcome disunity and drawn together the various social classes and interests to the emancipation movement under the leadership of Simón Bolívar.",
"This had given it a collective nature that broke with the times in which only the aristocracy was interested in maintaining its power and the bourgeoisie in attaining it.",
"After several campaigns, they had liberated a good part of the territory of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada.",
"The latter had been reorganized as a republic, the Greater Colombia, from which Bolívar wished to complete his Americanist dream of uniting the former Spanish dominions into a single republic that would have the strength to resist any attempt at recolonization by Spain or any other power.After the Battle of Carabobo in 1821, the territory of Greater Colombia was largely secured.",
"Nonetheless, the war would last until 1823 in Venezuela with the fall of Puerto Cabello in the Republican hands of General José Antonio Páez, and some royalist guerrillas would continue in New Granada and Venezuela.=== Peru Asks Colombia for Help ===After San Martín’s withdrawal, the Constituent Congress appointed General José de La Mar as President of the Governing Junta.",
"De la Mar compromised a large portion of the army in ambitious campaigns that failed in the battles of Torata and Moquegua, leaving the Peruvian Government in a fragile military condition.",
"So much so that, upon learning of the victory in Pichincha, San Martín wrote to Sucre on 24 June 1822 to ask him for the return of the Santa Cruz division plus another one composed of 1,500 to 2,000 combatants, to finish off the Royal Army of Peru.",
"However, the expected reinforcements could not come from Quito’s resources since, as it had been speculated, the province had been destroyed by the war.",
"On 13 July, San Martín accepted the offer of Colombian aid.On 31 July 1822, the Liberation Army stationed in Lima had 7,491 troops and 397 leaders and officers ready to launch the campaign under the command of General Rudecindo Alvarado.",
"They were organized in the Artillery of Chile Regiment; the Artillery of the Andes Company; Battalions Nos.",
"2, 3, 4, 5, and 11; the Numancia Battalion; the Army Rangers Battalion; the Peruvian Legion Battalion; the Río de la Plata Regiment; the Mounted Grenadiers Regiment; and the Hussars of the Legion or of the Guard Regiment.",
"It was the largest army that had been assembled in the capital of the viceroyalty since the times of Manuel de Amat y Junyent.",
"During the Seven Years' War, he organized the civic militias to raise a host of 5,000 infantry troops and 2,000 cavalry soldiers to protect the Spanish territories from potential attacks by the English or the Portuguese.",
"In the mountains, there were eight troop of mounted rebels, totaling 649 armed men, who were led by five captains, two lieutenants, and a sergeant major.",
"This estimate does not include the parties of commanders Juan Evangelista Vivas in Jauja and Isidoro Villar in Cerro de Pasco.",
"In addition, there were the civic militias that totaled 21,288 “sufficiently armed inhabitants” organized into a force for the northern departments (Trujillo and the Coast) and another one for Lima Province.",
"The first included one company, three regiments, and four battalions—all infantry—as well as seven regiments (two of dragoons) and four squadrons—all cavalry—from Huaura, Chalaco, Amotape, Querocotó, Pacasmayo, San Pablo, Huambos, Chota, San Marcos de Ferreñafe, Trujillo, Moyobamba, Piura, Huamachuco, San Antonio de Cajamarca, and Lambayeque.",
"In total, 13,970 men.",
"The second one was split into the Peruvian Loyalists Battalion, the Patriot Battalion, and the Peruvian Legion Battalion; the Civic Guard Line Regiment; combat engineers; the artillery brigade of the 4th company of the 1st Creation; the Moran Loyalists Company; the cavalry company in the Loyalist Cavalry Regiment; and the Pardos Squadron.",
"In total, there were 5,584 infantry troops, and 1,734 artillery and cavalry soldiers (7,318 enlisted).The next return of the Santa Cruz division was also expected, which, due to casualties and replacements, had decreased to 1,604 men organized in the No.",
"2 Battalion (712 men), the Piura Battalion (477), the mounted grenadiers (123), mounted rangers (277), and an artillery picket (15), considered to have suffered 89 casualties.",
"They would be joined by 1,656 veterans sent by Bolívar who had been taken from the Vencedores de Boyacá, Vencedores de Pichincha, and Yaguachi battalions.",
"They were expected by September.",
"Thus, San Martín would have 10,647 line soldiers and more than 22,000 conscripts to face the 9,530 soldiers whom the viceroy had left in the mountains, according to his sources.",
"Finally, there was the Navy: the frigate Protector; the corvettes Limeña and O'Higgins; the brigantines Belgrano, Balcarce, and Nancy; and schooners Cruz, Castelli, and Macedonia, totaling 126 cannons and 642 crew members.",
"By comparison, in 1805, the viceroy’s forces totaled 23,802 disciplined conscripts and 27,816 urban conscripts in Lima, Arequipa, Cuzco, Trujillo, and Chiloé.Military defeats and political struggles among the Peruvian patriots weakened the Peruvian pro-independence forces.",
"The government of José de la Riva-Agüero was pressured by public opinion to request the intervention of Bolívar, who was interested in getting involved in Peru.",
"For this, it was necessary to create the proper environment for calling on him.",
"The Liberator, who was in Guayaquil overseeing the events in Peru, responded to the first Peruvian requests by sending the 6,000 men he had already prepared in Ecuador in two successive expeditions of 3,000 each.",
"General Sucre was in command of the forces and in charge of negotiating with Peru the terms under which Bolívar would intervene in the war.By late February 1823, the royalist forces consisted of 18,000 men: 5,000 from the Army of the North under the command of José de Canterac in the Jauja Valley; 4,000 from the division of Pedro Antonio Olañeta with the garrison of Santa Cruz de la Sierra; 3,000 in Charcas; 3,000 from the Army of the South located between Puno and Arequipa; 1,000 in Cuzco, and 2,000 in other garrisons.",
"The revolutionary leaders, Bolívar in particular, believed that the Peruvian royalist army in 1822 was more powerful than it was two years prior.",
"At the time, they expected to defeat the royalists with 5,000 to 6,000 soldiers.Around that time, the Liberator promised the governments of Lima to send them 4,000 to 4,500 troops, which he did not have but hoped to gather in Ecuador.",
"However, he soon realized that the ravaged region could not provide him with even 3,000 forcibly recruited men.",
"Besides, the army assembled in Quito and Guayaquil barely numbered 3,000 combatants.",
"He would have to be satisfied with sending 1,700 reinforcements.",
"According to General John Miller, brother of Guillermo Miller, Bolívar had captured a large number of prisoners in Quito, who, when forcibly recruited, increased his army to 9,600 troops.",
"However, since they could not be trusted, he could only support Lima with 1,070 units.",
"The possibility of the Peruvian Army being defeated by the royalists before reinforcements arrived had also been considered, as the remnants would retreat north to join the Colombians.In an attempt to fulfill his promises, Bolívar asked Santander to send 3,000 soldiers on 29 October 1822 and on 15 April 1823.He also could not leave unguarded the provinces of Loja, Cuenca, Quito, Pasto, and even Guayaquil, where support for the royal cause was still strong and there could be uprisings.",
"The arguments for refusing to send renewed support were the uprising of the Pastusos and the royalist resistance in Puerto Cabello.",
"On 29 August, Bolívar finally ceased his requests.",
"The projected reinforcement of 4,000 men was impossible to maintain once in Peru, where most of them would fall ill or desert—especially, according to him, the recruits coming from Venezuela, the Isthmus, and Cartagena.",
"And even if it were only half of them, it was possible that they would be needed more in Venezuela.",
"Such troops would only be sent when Caracas did not need them.",
"On the other hand, the Peruvians feared that Bolívar would gather too powerful an army, and thus they ended up rejecting the offer of help.=== The Second Pasto Rebellion ===Battle of Ibarra.In mid-1823, with Colombia’s southern region stripped of military troops because they were either in Peru or embarking to go there, the leaders of the Pasto resistance—Estanislao Merchancano as civilian chief and Agustín Agualongo as military chief—rose up in Pasto in support of the King's cause.",
"The people of Pasto were defeated several times, including in Ibarra.",
"But after being defeated, they retreated to the mountains where they regrouped and attacked again.",
"The rebellion finally ended in July 1824 with the capture and execution of Agualongo.=== Sucre, Supreme Military Leader ===Upon the arrival of the first Colombian expedition to the port of El Callao (3,000 troops, including Venezuelan lancers, grenadiers from New Granada, and mercenary fusiliers from Scotland, England, Germany, Russia, and Ireland), Andrés de Santa Cruz and Agustín Gamarra were in an offensive near La Paz with almost all of the Peruvian forces.",
"Lima had been left almost unguarded by the Peruvian Army, a situation that Brigadier José de Canterac took advantage of to organize an army of 8,000 men in Jauja.",
"With this army, he marched on the capital, entering Lima on 18 June.",
"Congress named Sucre general in chief.",
"On 18 June, with only 3,700 men, Sucre evacuated the city and headed to El Callao.",
"The following days there were several clashes between both advance forces, including a bloody combat at Carrizal and La Legua on 1 July.",
"On 21 June, the Peruvian Congress proclaimed Sucre as Supreme Military Leader.The 1822–1823 period was one of constant crisis for the revolution in Peru.=== Expedition to Intermedios ===At a council of war, Sucre recommended sending an expedition of 4,000 men to reinforce the Peruvian forces that were on the high Andean plateau and to force Canterac to evacuate Lima.",
"Congress agreed to the idea and Sucre appointed General Rudecindo Alvarado as chief.",
"The latter left El Callao on 13 July headed for Intermedios with Jacinto Lara’s brigade, composed of three Colombian battalions, and General Pinto’s brigade of two Chilean battalions.Bolívar and San Martín thought the campaign was too risky, but its proponents hoped that, with a double offensive of 8,000 soldiers, they would be able to annihilate the last royalist enclaves.",
"The Republican troop was too small when compared to the enemy forces, estimated at a total of 19,000 to 20,000 men who could easily assemble between 10,000 and 12,000 in any specific location.When Canterac learned of the expedition, he evacuated Lima on 16 July and headed south via Jauja and Huancavelica to halt the progress of Santa Cruz and prevent a union of the Peruvian and Colombian armies.Sucre left El Callao on 20 July and arrived at the port of Chala on 2 August.",
"He took with him 4,500 men, while 11,000 veterans remained garrisoned in Lima.",
"There, he asked Santa Cruz for help, but disagreements between the two destroyed any hope of working together.",
"From Quilca, Sucre continued on to Arequipa, which he took on 18 August.",
"The Spanish garrison retreated to Apo.Meanwhile, in the mountains, the forces of Jerónimo Valdés and the Viceroy had assembled.",
"Santa Cruz avoided combat and headed towards Oruro to meet with Gamarra.",
"There, they received news that General Olañeta had arrived from Potosí to join the viceroy’s army.Sucre received a letter from Santa Cruz on 12 September, inviting him to meet, but by the time he arrived in Apo he learned of Santa Cruz’s and Gamarra’s retreat.",
"After heading for Puno, he learned there that the Peruvian Army was retreating to the coast and Sucre.",
"He headed back and reached Cangallo, a city located on the road to Moquegua, from where he returned to Arequipa on 29 September.=== Arrival of Bolivar ===Bolívar left Guayaquil on 6 August of that year on the brigantine Chimborazo.",
"After 25 days of sailing against the southern current, he docked the Chimborazo in the port of El Callao on 1 September, and then entered Lima on the 10th amid great celebrations.",
"The Peruvian Congress named him Supreme Director of War.",
"In the days that followed, Colombian reinforcements continued to arrive in El Callao.=== Confrontation with Riva Agüero ===Bolívar had to face the machinations of former President José de la Riva Agüero, who, after being removed from office by Congress, had retreated before Bolívar's arrival in Trujillo with his army of 3,000 men and refused to submit to the authority of new President José Bernardo de Tagle.",
"The day after his landing in Peru, Congress had authorized Bolívar to put an end to the dissension between Riva Agüero and the government presided by Torre Tagle.",
"On the 4th, Bolívar addressed a letter to Riva Agüero urging him to submit to Congress.",
"With the supreme military authority conferred upon him by Congress on the 10th of that month, Bolívar had sufficient scope of action to take the necessary political and military measures.Bolívar appointed a commission composed of Representative José María Galdeano and Brigadier General Luis Urdaneta to deal with Riva Agüero.",
"On 11 September, they arrived at the headquarters in Huaraz without having reached an acceptable agreement with the dissident, as he was waiting for favorable news from Santa Cruz's army and the negotiations he was carrying out with the Spaniards.Bolívar invited Riva Agüero several times to add his men to the 3,000 that the former had in Paseo, in order to launch the campaign that he would lead against the Spaniards.",
"Meanwhile, Sucre sought to bring Santa Cruz closer and thus cut off the latter's support for Riva Agüero.",
"Bolivar then learned of the dissolution of Santa Cruz’s army along with the alarming news that Riva Agüero was seeking an agreement with Viceroy José de la Serna.",
"Having exhausted diplomatic resources, the Liberator began preparations to reduce Riva Agüero by force.By late that month, the military situation was as follows: the royalists were divided into the Army of the North (6,000 men) in the district of Cusco under the command of the Viceroy, and the Army of the South (3,000) in Upper Peru under the command of Jerónimo Valdés.",
"Meanwhile, the republicans, under Bolívar’s command, had about 7,000 soldiers left, out of the 9,000 to 10,000 with whom they had started the campaign.",
"These numerous casualties were not new.",
"Between mid-1818 and June 1822, more than 22,000 Colombians had been recruited but only 600 were still active.",
"The rest had either died, were sick or wounded, or had deserted.Bolívar would express his opinion of the chaotic Peruvian situation (three governments, Riva Agüero in Trujillo, Torre Tagle in Lima, and La Serna in Cuzco):=== Military Campaign Against Riva Agüero ===The rebels were in Huaraz and Trujillo and the Viceroy was in Jauja and Cerro de Pasco.",
"Bolívar decided to confront both by occupying the territory between the two armies and thus preventing them from joining forces.",
"Sucre had refused to take part in the campaign against the Peruvian rebels, as he believed that he should not interfere in the affairs of that nation.",
"Therefore, Bolívar assigned them to contain the Spaniards in Jauja and Pasco.",
"The campaign in the south against Santa Cruz’s forces had mobilized many of the men available to the Viceroy in the north, leaving a few in the area where Bolívar and Sucre were operating.The republicans numbered 15,000 men, distributed as follows at the beginning of September: 6,000 with Santa Cruz in La Paz, 3,000 with Sucre in Arequipa, 4,000 in the outskirts of Lima, and 2,000 following Riva Agüero in Trujillo, besides the 2,000 reinforcements that were expected from Chile.",
"The royalist forces totaled 18,000, as follows: 8,000 with Canterac in Jauja, 3,000 with Valdés between Puno and Arequipa, 4,000 with Olañeta in Charcas, 1,000 with the viceroy in Cuzco, and 2,000 in other areas.",
"But the need to face Santa Cruz forced him to weaken the forces in the north, leaving 3,000 in Jauja and Ica, and concentrating 4,000 in Arequipa.",
"Sucre was forced to avoid facing superior forces, and thus he had to retreat to Lima or join Santa Cruz.With the Colombian troops—3,000 soldiers—Bolívar climbed from the coast towards the Cordillera Negra; next, through the valleys of Pativilca and the fortresses; then he crossed the Summit, and finally descended to the Callejón de Huaylas.",
"The bulk of the army marched towards Huaraz, where Sucre and his division joined in.",
"Sucre was entrusted to cross the mountain range with some select soldiers and head south to face the Spaniards who were in the regions of Huánuco and Pasco.",
"Meanwhile, Bolívar headed north directly against Riva Agüero, who had retreated to Trujillo.",
"While the campaign was developing in the mountains, on the coast, Admiral Guisse pronounced himself in favor of Riva Agüero and established the blockade of the whole Peruvian coast from Cobija to Guayaquil.Riva Agüero avoided combat with the Colombian troops until 25 November, when he was removed from office along with his second in command, General Ramón Herrera, by his subordinates, who were against the former president’s deals with the Spaniards.",
"General La Fuente arrested Riva Agüero in Trujillo, while Colonel Ramón Castilla did the same in Santa, arresting General Ramón Herrera.",
"Bolívar remained in the western mountain range, where he was chasing Riva Agüero's subordinates who had retreated to the Marañón River and were surrendering along Bolívar’s path.Upon the campaign’s end, the army was exhausted, tired of marching through the high mountain ranges and with its equipment worn out and with no possibility of replacing it.",
"Bolívar asked Colombia for reinforcements, but these would only begin to arrive when the war was practically over.=== Rebellion of the Argentine Forces ===On 5 February 1824, the soldiers of the Río de la Plata Regiment rebelled in El Callao, together with some Chilean and Peruvian units, due to delays in their payments.",
"They captured their officers, among them General Alvarado, governor of the city’s fortresses.",
"The rebels freed Colonel José de Casariego, a Spanish royalist, and gave him command of their forces.",
"A few days later, the Mounted Grenadiers joined the rebellion from Lurín.",
"A hundred of them protested the action and, under the command of José Félix Bogado, they managed to join the Liberator’s army, forming a squadron that fought in Junín and Ayacucho, returning later to Buenos Aires.At once, Bolívar ordered to take all the military and logistics corps possible out of Lima before the arrival of the Spanish Army to support the rebels in El Callao.",
"In view of the serious military situation, Congress appointed him Dictator with unlimited powers through a resolution dated 10 February.=== Military Situation ===The army was then made up of only 5,000 men—4,000 Colombians and 1,000 Peruvians.",
"Apart from that, about 750 Colombians had fallen ill due to the long walks and ''soroche'' or altitude sickness.",
"By 30 March, the main corps of the Colombian Army were on the coast and the Callejón de Huaylas.",
"On the other side of the Cordillera Blanca, a Colombian battalion and squadron and two Peruvian corps protected the entrance by serving as an advance guard.",
"North of Trujillo, there were three Peruvian and two Colombian battalions.",
"The Spanish Army was on the other side of the mountain range, in the valleys of Jauja and Tarma, thus confronting the Colombian-Peruvian forces.",
"Meanwhile, desertions continued in several Peruvian units, and Lima, unoccupied by the Liberation Army, was occupied by the royalists on 18 June while the pro-independence garrison took refuge in El Callao.",
"This chaotic situation in the Peruvian Government would last until 16 July, when the capital city was occupied by Sucre after the evacuation of the soldiers and supporters of royalism that had started on the first day of that month.",
"The garrison, until then besieged in El Callao, left and entered the city.",
"Four days later, Sucre would leave Lima to help Santa Cruz in the Second Intermedios Campaign.=== Reorganization of the Liberation Army ===Faced with the chaotic political-military situation, Bolívar took energetic action to avoid the collapse of the Peruvian state, which seemed imminent.",
"Desertions continued among the Peruvian forces, and even former President Torre Tagle joined the Spaniards.",
"In the meantime, Bolívar was reorganizing his forces based on the Colombian Army.",
"He asked for reinforcements from Bogotá while he remained on the offensive.",
"Sucre and Bolívar were arguing about the military strategy to follow.",
"Sucre wanted to make a preventive attack to take Jauja and reach the Izcuchaca Valley, while Bolivar preferred to save his strength until he had received reinforcements, and thus was opposed to occupying land that they would not be able to consolidate.",
"The reinforcements sent by Páez from Venezuela would arrive in May.In total, the Liberator had requested up to 37,000 reinforcements during the Peruvian campaign to Bogotá (3,000 on 3 March 1823; 6,000 on 4 August; 12,000 on 22 December, and 16,000 on 9 February 1824).",
"Only 2,500 arrived (500 in December 1823, 900 on 27 March 1824, and 1,100 on 22 May).",
"This difference between the number of men requested and those sent can be found from Carabobo—more than 20,000 men wanted to mobilize in New Grenada but there were barely 6,400 in the republican army.",
"Another example is that in early 1822, Bolívar asked Santander for 2,000 reinforcements in order to have 4,000 men with whom to advance from Popayán to Quito.",
"As he never got them, the Liberator was satisfied with 2,000 combatants.",
"The reasons were in the scant support of the Colombian Congress and the danger that Francisco Tomás Morales represented, as he pointed out in a letter dated 29 April 1823, in which he accused the Colombian politicians of abandoning to their fate “15,000 men from four nations” who were fighting in Peru.On the other hand, he constantly asked for support from the governments of Santiago, Buenos Aires, Mexico, and Guatemala.",
"Only Chile made an economic contribution of one million pesos to Peru, but also with an auxiliary troop during the Second Intermedios Campaign.",
"Bolívar would ask the Chilean Government of Ramón Freire to send 3,000 soldiers to conquer the north of El Callao, from Supe to Huanchaco, and prevent the royalist victory in Peru, which directly affected Santiago, as he relates in a letter dated 18 January 1824.With this added to the reinforcements he expected from Colombia, victory would be certain, but neither Freire had the resources, nor the Chilean Congress was willing to get involved in the factional struggle that was taking place in Peru.=== Olañeta's Dissidence: Colombian Offensive ===General Olañeta, contrary to the liberal tendencies of Viceroy La Serna, rebelled in Potosí.",
"The viceroy decided that Bolívar was the lesser threat.",
"Therefore, believing that the latter would continue to wait for reinforcements without moving, he sent Jerónimo Valdés to put an end to Olañeta, which he almost achieved after his victory in the battle of Lava.",
"The royalist forces were mortally divided, and everything would end for them in Ayacucho.",
"By then, the United Army of Peru totaled 8,080 combatants (5,123 infantry troops and 589 cavalry soldiers from Greater Colombia, and 1,727 infantry troops, 519 cavalry soldiers, and 25 gunners with some pieces from Peru).",
"The patriot forces in Peru totaled 8,000 combatants from Greater Colombia and 5,000 from Peru by late 1824."
],
[
"See also",
"* Spanish American Wars of Independence* Peruvian War of Independence* Colombian War of Independence* Ecuadorian War of Independence* Greater Colombia* Viceroyalty of New Spain* Viceroyalty of New Granada* Viceroyalty of Peru"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* * *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Israel Boatwright"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Israel Ramón Boatwright de la Cruz''' (born 2 June 2005) is a Dominican professional footballer who plays as a defender for Major League Soccer side Inter Miami.",
"Born in the United States, he is a youth international for the Dominican Republic."
],
[
"Career",
"He is a homegrown product of the Inter Miami academy, having joined the youth set-up in 2019.He made his debut for Inter Miami CF II in 2022.They signed Boatwright to a professional MLS NEXT Pro contract in May 2023.He made his Major League Soccer debut for Inter Miami in July 2023.He made two appearances during the 2023 season on a short-term loan from Inter Miami II.In January 2024, he signed a three-year contract with Inter Miami, with options for two further years.==International career== Boatwright was born in the United States to an American father and Dominican mother.",
"He scored on his debut for the Dominican Republic U20 side on June 26 2022, in a group stage match of the 2022 Concacaf U-20 Championship, helping his country reach the final of the tournament.",
"He was subsequently selected for the Dominican Republic's team for the 2023 FIFA U-20 World Cup."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Alat (company)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Alat''' (styled '''ALAT'''; ) is a technology and electronics manufacturing company based in Saudi Arabia.",
"The company, which is owned by the Saudi Public Investment Fund, was founded in February 2024 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman.",
"Alat maufacutring will focus on 7 main business units, which are semiconductors, advanced industries, smart appliances, smart health, smart devices, smart buildings, and next-gen infrastructure.As part of Saudi Vision 2030 goals to diversify the Saudi economy, Alat aims to create 39000 jobs, in addition to contributing $9.3 billion to the GDP by the year 2030."
],
[
"History",
"The company was officially launched by the Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman on 1 February 2024 as one of the various companies founded by the Saudi Public Investment Fund to diversify Saudi Arabia's economy away from oil."
],
[
"See also",
"* Saudi Vision 2030* Public Investment Fund"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
" Official Website"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Hüseyin Yıldız (politician, born 1953)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Hüseyin Yıldız''' (born 1953, Teltaim), Turkish politician.Hüseyin Yıldız is a graduate of Istanbul Higher Islamic Institute and Ankara Foreign Languages Education Center.",
"He worked as a teacher in Mardin Imam Hatip High School.",
"He served as a deputy from Mardin and a secretary member on Bureau of the Assembly during the 20th Parliament of Turkey.",
"He is married and has four children."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"New Reform Party (South Korea)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''New Reform Party''' () is a big tent South Korean political party jointly led by Lee Jun-seok, the former leader of the People Power Party (PPP), and Lee Nak-yon, former Prime Minister of South Korea.",
"While initially founded by Lee Jun-seok as a conservative party after his split from the PPP, it has subsequently merged with various parties and factions led by politicians formerly affiliated with the Democratic Party of Korea (DPK) and Justice Party.",
"As a result, the party's current membership is composed of a wide spectrum ranging from moderate conservatives to progressives."
],
[
"History",
"The founding congress of the New Reform Party was held on 20 January 2024.At the founding congress, the intention was emphasized to create a \"third force\", which would include the New Reform Party, to oppose the Democratic Party and the PPP.",
"The new party expressed its readiness to create coalitions.",
"The party is led by former People Power Party leader Lee Jun-seok and the conservative Kim Yong-nam is the party's policy committee chief.On 24 January 2024, Yang Hyang-ja's Hope of Korea merged into the New Reform Party ahead of the April 10 parliamentary election.",
"On February 9, it was announced that the party, along with New Future Party, would merge together to create the Reform Party, with the new party being led by Lee Jun-seok and Lee Nak-yon."
],
[
"Ideology",
"Initially, the New Reform Party mainly consisted of moderate conservatives centered around Lee Jun-seok, joined by centrists formerly affiliated with the Bareunmirae Party.",
"However, after consecutive mergers with other parties and factions, it has morphed into a big tent party composed of members from different backgrounds.",
"Because its various factions were merged in an effort to form a centrist block ahead of the 2024 South Korean parliamentary elections, party members remain sharply divided along ideological lines.",
"Original members are said to be particularly furious about Ryu Ho-jeong, a prominent feminist politician, and Bae Bok-ju, who supports disabled people's transit interruption protests which many original members including Lee himself disagree with.",
"Lee announced that Ryu and Bae won't be able to become the mainstream voice of the party."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Georgios Spanoudakis"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Georgios Spanoudakis''' (; born 25 November 1998) is a Greek footballer who plays as a midfielder for Tilikratis FC."
],
[
"Early life",
"Spanoudakis started playing football at the age of five."
],
[
"Career",
"As a youth player, Spanoudakis joined the youth academy of German side VfB Stuttgart, helping the club achieve second place."
],
[
"Style of play",
"Spanoudakis was described as \"above-average robust in duels for his age, and his ability to capture, maintain and process the ball, even in the tightest of spaces, is outstanding.",
"His good overview and ability to put the people in front of him in the limelight with outstanding passes\"."
],
[
"Personal life",
"Spanoudakis is the son of Konstantinos Spanoudakis."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"List of ambassadors of Germany to Belgium"
],
[
"Introduction",
"List of German ambassadors to Belgium."
],
[
"Heads of Mission",
"===Ambassadors of the German Empire=== Name Image Term Start Term End Notes North German Confederation North German Confederation Hermann Ludwig von Balan Hermann Ludwig von Balan 1868 1871 North German Confederation / German Empire / German Empire German Empire Hermann Ludwig von Balan Hermann Ludwig von Balan 1871 1874 Wilhelm von Perponcher-Sedlnitzky 1874 1875 Gustav von Brandenburg 1876 1886 Friedrich Johann von Alvensleben 1886 1901 Envoy Nikolaus von Wallwitz 1901 1909 Envoy Hans von Flotow 1910 1912 Envoy Claus von Below-Saleske 1912 1914 Envoy Otto Landsberg 90px 1920 1923 Friedrich von Keller 90px 1924 1928 Alfred Horstmann 1928 1931 Hugo Graf von Lerchenfeld 1931 1933 Raban Adelmann von Adelmannsfelden 90px 1934 1936 Herbert von Richthofen 1936 1938 Vicco von Bülow-Schwante 1938 1940 Werner von Bargen 1940 1943 === Ambassadors of the Federal Republic of Germany === Name Image Term Start Term End Notes Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany Anton Pfeiffer 1950 1954 Carl Friedrich Ophüls 1955 1958 Kurt Oppler 1959 1963 Herbert Siegfried 1963 1966 Georg Federer 1966 1968 Reinhold Renauld von Ungern-Sternberg 1968 1973 Peter Limbourg 1973 1980 Horst Blomeyer-Bartenstein 1980 1983 Christian Feit 1983 1986 Renate Finke-Osiander 1987 1988 Hans von Stein 1991 1993 Rolf Hofstetter 1996 2000 Peter von Butler 2000 2004 Johann Christoph Jessen 2004 2007 Reinhard Bettzuege 2007 2011 Eckart Cuntz Eckart Cuntz 2011 2015 Rüdiger Lüdeking 2015 2018 Martin Kotthaus 2018 Present"
],
[
"Ambassador of German states (before 1871)",
"===Bavarian envoys ===''1824: Establishment of diplomatic relations'' Name Image Term Start Term End Notes Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Bavaria Franz Oliver von Jenison-Walworth Franz Oliver von Jenison-Walworth 1824 1826 ''Vacant'' 1826 1847 Maximilian von Marogna 1847 1867 Friedrich von Quadt-Wykradt-Isny 1867 1868 Maximilian von Gise 1868 1869 Carl Johann Friedrich von Niethammer 1869 1871 1872-1914: ''Represented by the Bavarian ambassador in Paris''''1914: Dissolution of the embassy''===Prussian envoys ===''1831: Establishment of diplomatic relations'' Name Image Term Start Term End Notes Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Prussia Heinrich Friedrich von Arnim-Heinrichsdorff-Werbelow 1831 1841 Alexander von Arnim-Suckow Alexander von Arnim-Suckow 1841 1845 Rudolf von Sydow 1845 1847 Theodor Franz Christian von Seckendorff 1847 1852 Adolf von Brockhausen 1852 1858 Heinrich Alexander von Redern 1859 1863 Hermann Ludwig von Balan Hermann Ludwig von Balan 1864 1868 ''From 1867: Ambassador of the North German Confederation''===Saxon envoys === Name Image Term Start Term End Notes Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Saxony Albin Leo von Seebach 1852 1862 Richard von Könneritz Richard von Könneritz 1862 1863 Oswald von Fabrice Oswald von Fabrice 1864 1874"
],
[
"See also",
"* Belgium–Germany relations"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"A Foolish Maiden (1938 film)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''A Foolish Maiden''''' (French: '''''La vierge folle''''') is a 1938 French drama film directed by Henri Diamant-Berger and starring Victor Francen, Annie Ducaux and Juliette Faber.",
"It was based on a play of the same title by Henry Bataille which had had previously made into a 1929 silent film ''A Foolish Maiden''.",
"The film's sets were designed by the art directors Hugues Laurent and Raymond Druart."
],
[
"Cast",
"* Victor Francen as \tMarcel Armaury* Annie Ducaux as \tFanny Armaury* Juliette Faber as Gisèle* Gabrielle Dorziat as \tLa mère de Gisèle* Michel André as Gaston* Raymond Galle\t\t* Denise Kerny\t\t* Henri Guisol\t\t* Claire Gérard*René Génin* Marie Déa* Georges Cahuzac\t* Marianne Brack\t* Roger Berger\t\t* Colette Proust\t* Robert Ozanne\t\t* Nelly Marny\t* Paul Demange* Jacqueline Christin\t* Fernand Liesse\t* Henry Duval\t\t* Frédéric Mariotti"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* Goble, Alan.",
"''The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film''.",
"Walter de Gruyter, 1999.",
"* Rège, Philippe.",
"''Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1''.",
"Scarecrow Press, 2009."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Alessandro Pavone"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Alessandro Pavone''' is an Italian videographer of documentary film and television.",
"He has worked as a cinematographer or producer of a number of documentary programs including ''Vice'', ''Frontline'' and ''Hunting ISIS'', as well as producing work for BBC2 and Al Jazeera."
],
[
"Early life and education",
"Alessandro Pavone was born in Taranto, Italy."
],
[
"Career",
"As a freelancer at independent production companies in London, Pavone produced BBC2’s ''Shroud of Turin: Material Evidence''.",
"The documentary was produced for Easter in 2008 for the twentieth anniversary of the 1988 radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin.From 2011 to 2015, Pavone was based in Kabul and Istanbul while covering the wars in Afghanistan, in Iraq, and Western African Ebola virus epidemic.In 2019, Pavone was the cinematographer of ''The Forgotten Heroes of Empire'', an Al Jazeera documentary about Kenyans that served in the Second World War but were neglected as veterans of the British Army."
],
[
"Filmography",
"YearTitleRole(s) 2008 ''Shroud of Turin Material Evidence''Producer2013 ''''2018 ''Hunting ISIS''2015–2023 ''Vice''Cinematographer2019 ''The Forgotten Heroes of Empire'' 2020 ''Frontline'' Local producer2022 ''''Cinematographer ''Secrets and Deals'' ''Life in the Taliban's Afghanistan''"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Købmagergade 44"
],
[
"Introduction",
"''''''Købmagergade 44''' is the former headquarters of Holger Petersen's texxtile company in Copenhagen, Denmark.",
"The present building on the site, which is from the 1880s, replaced the '''Royal Waisen House''' (Danish: Det Kgl.",
"Waisenhus), a combined school and orphanagefor indigent children, which relocated to a new purpose-built school building on Nørre Farimagsgade.",
"The institution's old building on Købmagergade was a former Baroque style town mansion from the 1740s, whose earlier residents included Russian envoy to Copenhagen Johann Albrecht Korff and businessmen Joost and Peter van Hemert.",
"From 1971 to 2017, University of Copenhagen's Department of Theology was based in the building.",
"It is now part of the '''Trinity Quarter''', a mixed-use complex owned by Hines, with a 25Hours boutique hotel, retail and six residential apartments."
],
[
"History",
"===Early history===Back in the 18th century, the site was made up of two smaller properties.",
"These properties were listed in Copenhagen's first cadastre from 1689 as No.",
"7 and No.",
"8 in Rosenborg Quarter.The northern property (No.",
"7) had belonged to Ove Christoffersen Liunge til Odden from before 1603 to 1620.It was subsequently owned by successive brewers until 1686.On 11 March 1686, the property was acquired by merchant Jens Nielsen Hald.",
"The next owners were mayor Bartholomæus Jensen (25 April 1694 21 June 1715), Chancellery Councillor Hans Scavenius (21 June 1715 22 October 1731) and Margrethe Lemvig (22 October 1731 15 December 1731).The southern property (No.",
"8) belonged to members of the noble Daa family from at least the 1530s.",
"In the years around 1645, it belonged to Admiral of the Realm Claus Daa.",
"The next owners were Christian IV's daughter Sophia Elisabeth (died 1657) and Hans Jørgensen Friis til Clausholm.",
"On 25 August 1664, it was acquired by Christen Jørgensen Skeel.",
"After his death, it passed to his son Jørgen Christensen Skeel.",
"Before 1717, it was acquired by Christian Ditlev Reventlow.===Becker ===Købmagergade 42 )then No.",
"9).On 15 December 1731, No.",
"7 was acquired by court tailor Henrik Wilhelm Becker.",
"Becker was married to Johanne Elisabeth Pritsche.",
"On 17 December 1743, No.",
"8 was also acquired by Becker.",
"He subsequently demolished the two buildings and replaced them with a large, Baroque style town mansion.",
"In the new cadastre of 1756, Becker's properties were individually listed as No.",
"67 in Rosenborg Quarter.",
"He also served as Royal Kitchen Inspector (kitchen supplier, that uis).",
"The building was therefore often referred to as \"Royal Kitchen-Inspecor Becker's Gouse\".Gedde's map of Rosenborg Quarter, 1757The ''bel étage'' of Becker's building was let out to dignitaries.",
"In 1748, it was thus let out to the Russian envoy Johann Albrecht Korff.",
"He served in Copenhagen for two periods: the first time from April 1740 to July 1746.After two years in Stockholm, he returned to the Danish court in February 1748 and stayed here until his death in 1766.He was the owner of an extensive book collection and an excuisite collection of Saxon and Chinese porcelain.",
"In 1743, he instigated the establishment of the first Danish Masonic Lodge (from 1745 known as St. Martin's Lodge), and the meetings were held in his house.",
"Korff's secretary, Aladinsky, was interested in theater and translated two plays for the Royal Theatre: ''The Ghost by The Drum'' and ''The Disguised Doctor''.",
"In 1752, Korff engaged in an affair with the actress Caroline Thielo, whom he installed in an extravagant apartment at the corner of Frederiksberggade and Mikkel Bryggersgade.",
"In late 752, it came to an abrupt end.===Joost and Peter van Hemert===Rendering of Hemert's house.The property was later acquired by Joost van Hemert.",
"Hemert was married to Petronelle Elisabeth Mestecker (1703–1778).",
"Hemert was also the owner of the country house Frederiksdal Lyststed (now Tusculum) on the north side of Bagsværd Lake.",
"He had a large collection of curiosities.Peter van Hemert.Hemert died on 15 June 1775 and was buried in the German Reformed Church.",
"The property was subsequently passed to his son Peter van Hemert, who, together with his half-brother, Gysbert Behagen, also continued the family firm.",
"Peter van Hemert was married to Agathe Hooglant (1746-1823), a daughter of admiral Simon Hooglant (1712–89) and Marie Hooglandt (died 1754).At the 1787 census, Hemert and his wife lived in the building with their five children (aged 10 to 19), the wife's sister Alida de Favin (née Hoglandh), their children's French-teacher Charlotte Amalia Rosenkilde, a ''hovmester'' associated Hemert's office, five office clerks, a manager of the store in the basement, a housekeeper, four maids, a coachman, a male servant and a caretaker.Hemert's trading firm was hit hard by the negative effects that the Napoleonic Wars had on overseas trade.",
"In 1805, it was taken into bankruptcy.",
"It was therefore decided to sell his property at auction.",
"The property was listed in the new cadastre of 1806 as No.",
"6 in Rosenborg Quarter.===The Royal Weissenhus===The Vajsenhus' yard, between 1840 and 1892Jacob Gude saw Hemert's property as a suitable new home for the Royal Wajsen House, an institution for indigent children, whose previous building, on Nytorv, where Copenhagen Court House stands today, had been destroyed in the Copenhagen Fire of 17959.At the auction, which took place on 26 August 1806, Gude succeeded in buying the property with a final bid of 41,250 Danish rigsdaler.",
"The Royal Waisen House had found a temporary home at Blågård.",
"The inauguration of its new building on Købmagergade was heavily delayed by the British bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807.The new institution was inaugurated on 9 December 1811.It had room for 37 children.",
"restored, and the congregation was placed under the parish of the Holy Ghost.",
"In 1824 the Normal School for Mutual Education for 100 children was established, and from 1826 the foundation completely stopped providing accommodation for children.The Royal Waisenhus Pharmacy was located in one of the side wings.",
"Jens Peter Groth, its proprietor, found the new premises, without direct access from the street, highly unsatisfactory.",
"In 1826.he moved it to another building further down the street (now Købmagergade 36).C.",
"A. Reitzel.In 1827, C. A. Reitzel's publishing house and book shop relocated to the building.",
"Its new premises served as almost as a literary club.",
"It was frequented by most of the leading writers of the Danish Golden Age, including Genrik Hertz, Christian Winther, B. S. Ingemann, Hauch, Steen Steensen Blicher, N. D. S. Grundtvig, H. P. Holst and Søren Kierkegaard.",
"Hans Christian Andersen was often represented by Rdward Collin.",
"On Reitzel's death in 1853, C. A. Reitzel was continued by his son Theodor Reitzel (1828-1906) and Carl Valdemar Reitzel (1833-1911) with as parft of the management.",
"Shortly thereafter, it relocated to Løvstræde 7.Wilhelm Eanscher.One of Wajsenhuset's other tenants was the parer merchant Wilhelm Wanscher, In 1733, he established his own firm in one of the side wings.He was the first external distributor of paper products from Strandmøllen north of Copenhagen.",
"He was one of the largest suppliers of paper products to the Danish state.",
"His other customers included the newspaper ''Adresseavisen'' and the book printer Bianco Luno.",
"In 1912, Nanna Wanscher published her childhood memoirs as .The property was home to five households at the 1840 census.",
"Georg Rung (17991868, brother of composer Genrik Rung), inspector of Vajsenhuset, resided on the first floor with his wife Nicoline Lindgreen, their two daughters (aged five and eight), his mother Helene Rung, his brother Frederik Rung, one male servant and two maids.",
"C. A. Reitzel resided on the ground floor to the left with his wife Sophie Thostrup, their six children (aged seven to 19), his mother-in-law \tDorthea Thostrup, her two apprentices, two male servants and two maids.",
"William Wanscher resided on the ground floor to the right with his wife Johanne Wamscher, their two daughters (aged two and four), an apprentice and two maids.",
"Oline Lützen, a teacher at the school, resided on the second floor with her mother Margrethe Lützen, a lodger and a maid.",
"Anton Guldbrandsen, another teacher at the school, resided on the same floor with his wife Anna Guldbrandsen and their seven children (aged three to 24).Georg Rung and Anth.",
"Ferd.",
"Christ.",
"Gulbrandsen were still residents of the building at the 1860 census.",
"Theodor Lind, a new bookseller, resided in the building with his wife Betty Wilhelmine Lind født Honum and one maid.",
"Gotfred Buchwald, a new paper retailer, resided in the building with his wife Hanne Buchwald født Doring, their two children (aged five and eight) and one maid.In 1872, it was decided to sell the Wajsenhus Building.",
"In 187476, its new building on Nørre Farimagsgade was constructed.",
"The new building was designed by the architect C. F. Rasmussen.===Hoffensberg & Trap===Advert for Hoffensberg, Jespersen & Trap (1876).In 1876, Købmagergade 44 was sold forDKK 442,600 to Hoffensberg, Jespersen & Trap purchased the building.",
"The company was the result of a resent merger between Det Hoffensbergske Etablissement (founded 1855, owned by Julius Hoffensberg), Otto Schwarts Eftf.s Boghandel (founded 1865) and Em.",
"Bærentzen & Co. (founded 1838).",
"The book printing business G. S. Eibes Bogtrykkeri (founded 1859) was also part of the merger.",
"Later in the same year, I. P. Trap passed his share of the company to his son, Frederik.",
"The name of the company was changed to Hoffenberg & Trap when E. Jespersen left the company in 1878.In 1788, Hoffensberg & Trap undertook a comprehensive renovation of the building.",
"Trap died in 1882, leaving Hoffensberg as the sole proprietor until he was joined by Alfred Grut 1887 in 1898.From 1883 to 1885, the artist Frans Henningsen's studio was located on the third floor of the building.===Holger Petersen===In 1875, Holger Petersen relocated to the building.",
"The company's previous home was at Købmagergade 0.In 1888, Petersen bought the property.",
"Over the next years, especially in 1889-90 and 1906–07, it was subject to extensive alterations and expansions.",
"Det Hoffenbergske Etablissement was a tenant in their old building until 1906.Their next home was at Kronprinsessegade 28.The company N. Hansen & Co. was a tenant in the building until 1917.Holger Petersen A/S was based in the building until at least the 1940s.",
"The ground floor of the building was let out to the adjacent department store Messen.===Later history===The University of Copenhagen's Department of Theology relocated to the building complex in 1971.In 2015/2+17, it relocated to the university's South Campus on Amager."
],
[
"Architecture",
"Købmagergade 44 in 2024.Købmagergade 44 is a 15-bay-wide, four-storey brick building.",
"The facade is rendered in a rusty-red colour with grey-painted ornamental details.",
"The wimdows of the slightly projecting three central bays and the third-and-fourth bay from each side are accented with extra framing.",
"The three central first-floor windows are in addition to this tipped by segmental pediments.",
"A central gateway opens to the building's central courtyard.",
"The recessed sections of the facade (first-and second and fifth-and sixth bay from each side) feature a narrow band with circular relief motifsd between the windows of the second and the third floor.",
"Other decorative details include quoin lesenes at the edges and a dentillated cornice."
],
[
"Today",
"In 2017, Hines bought Købmagergade 4446 and Købmagergade 50.The 22m000 square metre building complex was subsequently transformed into a mixed-use complex with boutique hotel, retail and six residential apartments."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Rxternal links",
"* Holger Petersen* Source* Hoffensberg* Friis* Peter van Hemert and Købmagergade"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Um Heitan"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Um Heitan''' (), or '''Umm Heitan''', is a village in Dalami, South Kordofan, Sudan, that is from south of Kadugli, the state capital.",
"The area is an active war zone."
],
[
"History",
"In October 2012 and during the Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North defeated the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) in Umm Hitan.",
"The battles, which lasted several days, resulted in the complete destruction of the National Congress Party's headquarters in the village and the expulsion of army forces from the region.",
"The fight led to over 50 fatalities and numerous injuries.",
"Several vehicles and weapons were destroyed or seized.",
"Similar attacks were carried out throughout the conflict with the area being captured momentarily by both sides before being recaptured, with the SAF responding with indiscriminate airstrikes.",
"At the end of the conflict the area was controlled by the SAF.In October 2021, a series of violent attacks by armed individuals on villages in South Kordofan, West Darfur, and South Darfur, including Un Heitan, resulted in seven fatalities, including two children, and injuries to at least five others.",
"The attackers fled the scene immediately after the incident.",
"In response, the local residents formed a group to pursue the attackers, resulting in the retrieval of nine cows.",
"Prior to this, the area had experienced the theft of 29 cows.",
"Similar attack happened in January 2024, leaving 6 dead.During the on-going Sudanese war that started on 15 April 2023, the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu (SPLM-N El Hilu) has reportedly attacked the Sudanese Armed Forces' (SAF) garrisons in Um Heitan.",
"The SPLM-N El Hilu took control of the garrison and the area since July."
],
[
"Demography",
"Um Heitan is known for its ethnic group who speak Koalib, a Niger–Congo language.",
"The population of this group, Umm Heitan people, is likely around 22,000 and they are predominantly Muslim."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Max Marshall (writer)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Max Marshall''' (born 1993) is an American journalist and author."
],
[
"Personal life",
"Marshall was born in Dallas, Texas and attended St. Mark's School of Texas.",
"At various points from 2007-2012, he toured as a teenage guitarist with the Steve Miller Band.",
"While at St. Mark's, he also formed a band with future electronic dance music artist Spencer Brown.From 2012-2016 Marshall attended Columbia University, where he pledged Delta Sigma Phi and was elected to Phi Betta Kappa."
],
[
"Career",
"After college, Marshall lived in Hanoi, Vietnam and worked as an editor for the ''Viet Nam News''.",
"Writing for ''GQ'', he investigated the assault of American director Jordan Vogt-Roberts at a Ho Chi Minh City nightclub.",
"His reporting linked the attack back to top-ranking members of the United Nations Gang.Following a brief period as a music critic, Marshall began writing features and cover stories for ''Texas Monthly.''",
"He and a team of writers were finalists for the 2021 National Magazine Award for reviewing all 144 Willie Nelson albums.",
"Writing for ''Sports Illustrated'', Marshall exposed corruption among Thai government officials and Hollywood executives concerning life rights after the Tham Luang cave rescue.",
"=== ''Among the Bros'' ===In 2023, HarperCollins published Marshall's first book, ''Among the Bros: A Fraternity Crime Story''''.",
"''The book describes Marshall's investigation into a multi-million dollar Xanax trafficking ring at the College of Charleston and fraternity houses around the Deep South.",
"Although the Charleston Police had only announced the discovery of 44,000 Xanax pills, Marshall uncovered a nationwide ring that distributed millions of pills and resulted in several deaths.",
"The ''New York Times Book Review'' called it \"a page-turning triumph.\"",
"The book is under development as a feature film for Sony Pictures."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Karren Alenier"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Karren LaLonde Alenier (born Karren LaLonde May 7, 1947, in Cheverly, Maryland, USA) is an American poet, librettist, essayist and editor and author of eight poetry collections.Her poetry and fiction have been published in many English language journals and literary publications."
],
[
"Life",
"Alenier grew up in Maryland.",
"She started school in Baltimore.",
"As her family grew in size, they moved closer to her mother's family around the Greater Washington D.C. area.",
"Her family was always involved in music.",
"Her stepfather, Leon Marx, was a drummer in a dance band, her brother Jay plays ornamented jazz on the piano, her sister Nancy learned violin with the concert master of the National Symphony Orchestra, and her youngest sister Lisa performed tap, ballet, jazz, and belly-dancing.Alenier began writing when she was in grammar school.",
"Her serious work developed after she left college."
],
[
"Achievements",
"In 1982, Alenier worked with writer/composer Paul Bowles on several of the Stein poems associated with the opera libretto ''Gertrude Stein Invents a Jump Early On''.Alenier interviewed Paul Bowles and the interview was published in Gargoyle Magazine #24 and later in ''Conversations with Paul Bowles'' by Gena Dagel Caponi.From 1989 through 1992, she was a fellow at the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts where she researched and drafted poems that would be published in ''Looking for Divine Transportation''.In 1995, Alenier worked with James Ragan in Prague on what would become her fourth collection of poetry.",
"This collection, titled ''Looking for Divine Transportation'' was awarded the 2002 Towson University Prize for Literature.",
"The work contained her poems about Gertrude Stein, her travels in Morocco, her eccentric family, and her own brand of Eden.",
"The book opens with her poem ''Bearing Up'', winner of the first Billee Murray Denny Award in 1981.In 1996, her collection of poems ''Bumper Cars: Gertrude Said She Took Him for a Ride'' was published by Mica Press of Ft. Collins, Colorado.",
"The work contained a selection of her Stein poems and a draft of Act I of ''Gertrude Stein Invents a Jump Early On''.",
"In 1998, Alenier delivered the first publication reading of ''Bumper Cars'' in the Motor City of Detroit in the Writer's Voice Series during one of the last poetry programs at the old YMCA before it was demolished.On February 3, 1996, on the anniversary of Gertrude Stein's birth, Alenier and 12 other poets spoke the lines contained in this then one act tableau vivant verse play.Based on an invitation to read the Stein work at Washington, DC's Grace Church in Georgetown, Alenier wrote two more acts for the Georgetown program scheduled for April 8, 1997.Act II was written in one week in Florence, Italy.",
"On April 8, 1997, again enlisted help from poets, including Hilary Tham as Gertrude Stein to read the first full draft of ''Gertrude Stein Invents a Jump Early On''.Alenier, whilst writing Act III, began to understand the play's potential for opera.",
"She looked around for a composer.",
"Jeffrey Mumford was recommended to her by the Dean of Music at Howard University.",
"They attempted to get financial support for the project without success.In 1998, Alenier enlisted composer William C. Banfield and they took their idea to Nancy Rhodes, the artistic director of Encompass Music Theatre (now known as Encompass New Opera Theatre).",
"In June, 2005.",
"''Gertrude Stein Invents a Jump Early On'' had its premiere at Symphony Space Thalia Theatre.In June 1999, Alenier received favourable reviews for her collection entitled ''Looking for Divine Transportation''.In 2003, Google re-published a series of books with the common theme ‘Greatest Hits’.",
"Alenier's work was entitled ''Karren LaLonde Alenier Greatest Hits 1973-2002''.",
"(The original publisher was Pudding House Press).In 2007, Alenier had a collection of essays, interviews, reviews, and a contemporary libretto published entitled ''The Steiny Road to Operadom: The Making of American Operas''.",
"The book gives a history about how her opera came about, has her opera libretto, history of how she became an arts critic with emphasis on contemporary opera.In 2008, Alenier wrote an academic paper entitled ''On To Do: A Book of Alphabets and Birthdays-Was Gertrude Stein Medievalist, Futurist or Both?''.",
"She presented this paper in September 2008 at “Lifting Belly High: A Conference on Women’s Poetry since 1900” at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh, PA.Alenier's sixth collection of poetry titled ''On a Bed of Gardenias: Jane & Paul Bowles'' was published in 2012.In the collection she unfolds the love story of Jane Auer and Paul Bowles.Alenier is a Stein scholar who has given workshops on Gertrude Stein and Tender Buttons including a workshop, in 2012, inspired by Gertrude Stein, held at the Stanford in Washington Art Gallery and later at the Hudson Valley Writers’ Center in Sleepy Hollow, New York.In 2016, ''The Anima of Paul Bowles'', a full-length poetry collection, was published by MadHat Press.On April 15, 2021, Alenier had a new collection ''how we hold on'' published.",
"Her themes were how we love, how we deal with loss, how we find our place in the world, and how we relate to family and heritage.In 2023, Alenier enlisted 36 poets to respond to Gertrude Stein's ''Tender Buttons'' Objects.",
"The result was her work entitled ''From the Belly: Poets Respond to Gertrude Stein’s Tender Buttons, volume I.",
"''Alenier has been involved in organizations and programs at the Folger Shakespeare Library and the Library of Congress.Since her first book of poetry was published in 1975, she has had an active role in The Word Works, a nonprofit literary and educational organization.",
"She was responsible for creating these public programs for The Word Works: the Joaquin Miller Cabin Poetry Series (1976-2022, later known as ''Joaquin Miller Poetry Series'', in Rock Creek Park at the Miller Cabin in Washington, DC), Poet's Jam (1983–1984 at Glen Echo Park, Glen Echo, MD), the Young Poets Competition (established 1988, later known as the Jacklyn Potter Young Poets Competition), the Tuscany Castle Arts Retreat (1997–2003 at the Castello di Montegufoni, Montespertoli, Italy), Café Muse Literary Arts Salon (established 1999, Bethesda and Chevy Chase, MD).",
"On the book publishing side, she helped create the annual Washington Prize (est.",
"1981) and she founded the Capital Collection (est.",
"1989, later renamed the Hilary Tham Capital Collection).From 2013 to 2021, Alenier was active with Splendid Wake, an archival literary group putting on public programs at The George Washington University library.Alenier has been active in the Washington, DC literary community.",
"She has done readings with prominent poets such as Linda Pastan (Lit Balm Reading Series, September 4, 2021).Alenier was first president of the Poetry Committee of the Greater Washington DC Area at the Folger Shakespeare Library.Alenier was a reader in Grace Cavalieri’s The Poet and the Poem series and was referenced by the poet Kim Roberts.Since 1978, she is listed in the Directory of American Poets and Writers."
],
[
"Education",
"University of Maryland, College Park, Bachelor of Arts with honors, 1969.",
"(Majoring in French literature and language with a heavy minor in American and English literature)."
],
[
"Works",
"* Wandering on the Outside 1975* The Dancer's Muse 1981* Whose Woods These Are edited by Karren LaLonde Alenier 1983* Bumper Cars: Gertrude Said She Took Him for a Ride 1996* Looking for Divine Transportation 1999* Winners: A Retrospective of the Washington Prize edited by Karren LaLonde Alenier, Hilary Tham, Miles David Moore 1999* Karren LaLonde Alenier Greatest Hits 1973-2002 2003* Gertrude Stein Invents a Jump Early On 2005* The Steiny Road To Operadom: The Making Of American Operas 2007 * On a Bed of Gardenias: Jane & Paul Bowles 2012* The Anima of Paul Bowles 2016* how we hold on 2021* From the Belly: Poets Respond to Gertrude Stein's Tender Buttons Volume I Objects edited by Karren LaLonde Alenier 2023"
],
[
"Awards",
"Billee Murray Denny Award (1981)Towson University Prize for Literature (2002)"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2008 Hofstra Pride football team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2008 Hofstra Pride football team''' represented Hofstra University as a member of the North Division of the Colonial Athletic Association during the 2008 NCAA Division I FCS football season.",
"Led by third-year head coach Dave Cohen, the Pride compiled an overall record of 4–8 with a mark of 2–6 in conference play, placing in fourth in the CAA's North Division.",
"Hofstra played home games at James M. Shuart Stadium in Hempstead, New York."
],
[
"Schedule"
],
[
"Coaching staff",
" '''Hofstra Pride''' Name Position Consecutive season at Hofstra in current position Previous position Dave Cohen Head coach 3rd Delaware defensive coordinator (2002–2005) Mike Elko Assistant head coach, defensive coordinator, and linebackers coach 1st Hofstra defensive coordinator and linebackers coach (2007) Dave Patenaude Offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach 1st Hofstra quarterbacks coach (2007) Lyle Hemphill Special teams coordinator and defensive backs coach 1st Hofstra defensive backs coach (2007) Bill Durkin Offensive line coach 1st Richmond offensive line coach (2004–2007) Kevin Baumann Tight ends coach 2nd Hofstra defensive assistant (2006) Antonio Smikle Running backs coach 2nd Rutgers quality control coach (2005–2006) Malik Hall Defensive line coach 2nd Fordham defensive line coach and assistant special teams coordinator (2006) Kahmal Roy Wide receivers coach 1st Hofstra assistant defensive backs coach (2007) Kevin Mapp Defensive ends coach 1stHofstra defensive assistant (2007) Kyle Smith Assistant defensive backs coach 1stDeer Park HS (NY) special teams coordinator, wide receivers coach, and defensive backs coach (2006)"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Woody Woodpecker Goes to Camp"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Woody Woodpecker Goes to Camp''''' is an upcoming 2024 American 3D live-action computer animated slapstick comedy film directed by Jon Rosenbaum, based on the cartoon character of the same name and produced by Universal 1440 Entertainment in co-production with Universal Animation Studios and distributed by Netflix.",
"The movie is the sequel to the 2017 3D live-action/computer-animated slapstick comedy film ''Woody Woodpecker'', and is written by Stephen Mazur and Cory Edwards and produced by Jon Kuyper."
],
[
"Premise",
"After getting kicked out of the forest, Woody thinks he's found a forever home at Camp Woo Hoo — until an inspector threatens to shut down the camp."
],
[
"Production",
"In 2021, Universal Pictures and Universal 1440 Entertainment announced a sequel to the 2017 ''Woody Woodpecker'' movie.",
"Also in 2021 it was announced that the sequel would be filmed in Victoria, Australia and is filmed in Melbourne and across regional areas of Victoria.In February 2024, it was announced that the movie would be released in theaters and on Netflix on April 12, 2024."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2023 BAUHAUS-galan"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2023 BAUHAUS-galan''' was the 56th edition of the annual outdoor track and field meeting in Stockholm, Sweden.",
"Held on 2 July 2023 at Stockholm Olympic Stadium, it was the seventh leg of the 2023 Diamond League – the highest level international track and field circuit.The meeting was marred by heavy rain, causing parts of the competition to be delayed.",
"During the 400 metres hurdles, climate movement protestors got onto the track and extended banners blocking lanes one through six, preventing all but the leader Karsten Warholm from finishing unimpeded.",
"The protestors were part of the A22 Network group.Mondo Duplantis attempted to break his own world record in the pole vault several times, extending the competition hours after the meeting was originally scheduled to end."
],
[
"Results",
"Athletes competing in the Diamond League disciplines earned extra compensation and points which went towards qualifying the 2023 Diamond League finals.",
"First place earned eight points, with each step down in place earning one less point than the previous, until no points are awarded in ninth place or lower.===Diamond Discipline===+Men's 100m Place Athlete Country Time Points Akani Simbine 10.03 8 Reece Prescod 10.14 7 Joshua Hartmann 10.23 6 4 Raphael Bouju 10.24 5 5 Aaron Brown 10.27 4 6 Abdul Hakim Sani Brown 10.33 3 7 Henrik Larsson 10.46 2 8 Jimmy Vicaut 13.34 1+Men's 400m Place Athlete Country Time Points Zakithi Nene 45.30 8 Emmanuel Bamidele 45.48 7 Matthew Hudson-Smith 45.57 6 4 João Coelho 45.66 5 5 Attila Molnár 45.77 4 6 Leungo Scotch 45.89 3 7 Bayapo Ndori 46.13 2 8 Yuki Joseph Nakajima 46.21 1+Men's 800m Place Athlete Country Time Points Djamel Sedjati 1:44.59 8 Saúl Ordóñez 1:44.67 7 Gabriel Tual 1:44.85 6 4 Andreas Kramer 1:45.01 5 5 Yanis Meziane 1:45.43 4 6 Tom Dradriga 1:47.01 3 7 Joseph Deng 1:47.54 2 8 Emmanuel Korir 1:48.96 1 Khalid Benmahdi DNF +Men's 400mH Place Athlete Country Time Points Karsten Warholm 47.57 8 Kyron McMaster 48.94 7 Rasmus Mägi 49.04 6 4 Alessandro Sibilio 49.11 5 5 Wilfried Happio 49.67 4 6 Ludvy Vaillant 49.91 3 7 Oskar Edlund 50.35 2 8 Yasmani Copello 50.59 1+Men's 3000mSC Place Athlete Country Time Points Soufiane El Bakkali 8:09.84 8 Getnet Wale 8:12.27 7 Abrham Sime 8:16.82 6 4 Geordie Beamish 8:17.63 5 5 Avinash Sable 8:21.88 4 6 Mohammed Msaad 8:22.47 3 7 Simon Sundström 8:24.18 2 8 Hailemariyam Amare 8:26.21 1 9 Vidar Johansson 8:27.10 10 Samuel Duguna 8:29.26 11 Emil Blomberg 8:32.92 12 Fernando Carro 8:39.74 Lawrence Kemboi DNF El Mehdi Aboujanah DNF +Men's High Jump Place Athlete Country Mark Points Hamish Kerr 8 Thomas Carmoy 7 Andriy Protsenko 6 4 Brandon Starc 5 5 Douwe Amels 4 6 Gianmarco Tamberi 3 7 Melwin Lycke Holm 2 Fabian Delryd NM Woo Sang-hyeok NM +Men's Pole Vault Place Athlete Country Mark Points Armand Duplantis 8 EJ Obiena 7 Pål Haugen Lillefosse 6 4 Ben Broeders 5 5 Kurtis Marschall 4 6 Thiago Braz 3 7 Sondre Guttormsen 2 Renaud Lavillenie NM +Men's Discus Throw Place Athlete Country Mark Points Kristjan Čeh 8 Daniel Ståhl 7 Andrius Gudžius 6 4 Mykolas Alekna 5 5 Matthew Denny 4 6 Alex Rose 3 7 Lawrence Okoye 2 Simon Pettersson NM +Women's 200m Place Athlete Country Time Points Daryll Neita 22.50 8 Dina Asher-Smith 22.58 7 Jaël Bestué 22.59 6 4 Marie-Josée Ta Lou 22.70 5 5 Maboundou Koné 22.99 4 6 Tasa Jiya 23.15 3 7 Julia Henriksson 23.37 2 8 Boglárka Takács 23.62 1+Women's 1500m Place Athlete Country Time Points Freweyni Hailu 4:02.31 8 Diribe Welteji 4:02.79 7 Hirut Meshesha 4:03.01 6 4 Ciara Mageean 4:03.46 5 5 Melissa Courtney-Bryant 4:03.81 4 6 Laura Muir 4:03.83 3 7 Birke Haylom 4:05.21 2 8 Katie Snowden 4:05.28 1 9 Georgia Griffith 4:09.01 10 Esther Guerrero 4:09.21 11 Linden Hall 4:09.39 12 Hanna Hermansson 4:11.53 DNF Aneta Lemiesz DNF +Women's 5000m Place Athlete Country Time Points Beatrice Chebet 14:36.52 8 Lemlem Hailu 14:38.06 7 Medina Eisa 14:40.02 6 4 Sarah Chelangat 14:40.88 5 5 Jessica Hull 14:44.24 4 6 Tsigie Gebreselama 14:44.94 3 7 Melknat Wudu 14:47.48 2 8 Axumawit Embaye 15:04.41 1 9 Jessica Warner-Judd 15:06.59 10 Sarah Lahti 15:06.80 11 Maureen Koster 15:07.11 12 Tsiyon Abebe 15:07.45 13 Abersh Minsewo 15:10.13 14 Konstanze Klosterhalfen 15:13.06 Zeineba Yimer DNF Karoline Bjerkeli Grøvdal DNF DNF +Women's 100mH Place Athlete Country Time Points Tobi Amusan 12.52 8 Sarah Lavin 12.73 7 Pia Skrzyszowska 12.78 6 4 Devynne Charlton 12.85 5 5 Nadine Visser 12.97 4 6 Reetta Hurske 12.98 3 7 Michelle Jenneke 13.01 2 8 Laëticia Bapté 13.09 1+Women's Long Jump Place Athlete Country Mark Wind Points Larissa Iapichino 8 Malaika Mihambo 7 Ivana Španović 6 4 Maryna Bekh-Romanchuk 5 5 Ese Brume 4 6 Brooke Buschkuehl 3 7 Tilde Johansson 2 8 Jazmin Sawyers 1+Women's Discus Throw Place Athlete Country Mark Points Sandra Perković 8 Jorinde van Klinken 7 Kristin Pudenz 6 4 Claudine Vita 5 5 Shanice Craft 4 6 Mélina Robert-Michon 3 7 2 8 1 9 Emma Sralla Valarie Allman NM ===Promotional Events===+Women's Shot Put Place Athlete Country Mark Danniel Thomas-Dodd Jessica Schilder Fanny Roos 4 Jorinde van Klinken 5 6 Julia Ritter 7 Sara Lennman 8 Anita Márton ===National Events===+Men's 100m Place Athlete Country Time Joshua Hartmann 10.23 Benjamin Richardson 10.24 Jerome Blake 10.30 4 Desmond Rogo 10.55 5 Isak Hughes 10.57 6 Simon Plesse 10.67 7 Viktor Thor 10.71 8 Milo Wahlgren 10.81+Men's 400m Place Athlete Country Time Emil Johansson 46.69 47.09 David Thid 47.75 4 Gustav Gahne 48.12 5 Mattias Waernulf 48.23 6 Alexander Nyström 48.44 7 Rabah Yousif 48.89+Men's 800m Place Athlete Country Time 1:48.62 Patryk Sieradzki 1:49.49 Pablo Sánchez-Valladares 1:49.65 4 Alexander Lundskog 1:49.82 5 Viktor Idhammar 1:50.65 6 Oussama Nabil 1:51.05 7 Yared Kidane 1:53.54 8 Benjamin Åberg 1:54.31 9 Habtom Asgede 1:57.24 DNF Daniel Rowden DNF+Women's 100mH Place Athlete Country Time Sarah Lavin 12.89 Taylon Bieldt 12.92 Ebony Morrison 13.39 4 Elin Lindeblad 13.75 5 Johanna Carlsson 13.91 6 Jonna Lindeén 13.95 7 Alva von Gerber 13.98 8 Maria Södergren 14.35+Women's 400mH Place Athlete Country Time Carolina Krafzik 55.71 57.34 Agata Zupin 58.18 4 58.94 5 Hanna Karlsson 1:00.37 6 Ebba Svantesson 1:01.38 7 Tyra Landin 1:01.90 8 Maja Sund 1:03.29+Women's Place Athlete Country Time Lorène BazoloArialis GandullaÍris SilvaRita Santos 45.25 Wilma SvensonJulia Henriksson DNF===Additional Events===+Men's 3000m Place Athlete Country Time Emil Danielsson 7:39.70 Andreas Almgren 7:40.01 Jimmy Gressier 7:40.21 4 7:40.52 5 Luis Grijalva 7:40.90 6 Abdisa Fayisa 7:42.25 7 Sam Parsons 7:42.58 8 Kieran Lumb 7:43.81 9 Jack Rayner 7:54.79 10 7:56.14 Jonathan Grahn DNF DNF Paul Robinson DNF+Women's 800m Place Athlete Country Time Worknesh Mesele 2:00.05 Eveliina Määttänen 2:01.50 Nataliya Krol 2:01.56 4 Revée Walcott-Nolan 2:01.87 5 2:01.93 6 Maria Freij 2:05.24 7 Yolanda Ngarambe 2:06.14 8 Julia Nielsen 2:06.30 9 Nadja Rugland 2:10.20 10 Josefin Victoria Heier 2:11.19 Agata Kołakowska DNF"
],
[
"See also",
"* 2023 Diamond League"
],
[
"References",
"; Results*"
],
[
"External links",
"* Official Diamond League BAUHAUS-galan website"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Grassington Town Hall"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Grassington Town Hall''' is a municipal building in Main Street, Grassington, a town in North Yorkshire, England.",
"The complex is in three parts comprising the original building, a large assembly hall behind, and a theatre behind that.",
"The complex is managed by the Grassington Devonshire Institute."
],
[
"History",
"The building was commissioned by William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, whose local seat was at Bolton Abbey as a mechanics' institute for the town in the mid-19th century.",
"The site he selected was open land on the east side of the village.",
"It was designed in the neoclassical style, built in ashlar stone and was completed in 1855.The design involved an asymmetrical main frontage of four bays facing onto Main Street.",
"The second bay from the left, which was slightly projected forward, was gabled and contained an octagonal clock face in the tympanum.",
"All four bays were fenestrated by mullioned and transomed windows with the first floor windows taller than the ground floor windows.",
"There were small porches with triangular rooves just to the right of the second bay and of the fourth bay.",
"Internally, the principal rooms were a reading room and a concert room.",
"Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire donated the building to the parish in 1896.By 1923, the building was considered to be too small and in need of renovation.",
"A major extension at the rear of the original building, stretching along Moor Lane, was erected at a cost more than £4,000.The extension incorporated a much larger assembly hall, which was long and wide and was equipped with a stage.",
"After the works had been completed the enlarged complex was officially re-opened by the Marquess of Hartington on 23 August 2023.By 1931, the assembly hall was being used three nights a week as a cinema, and, on other occasions, as a venue for concerts and theatrical performances, as well as for public meetings: the inquest into the 1925 Dibbles Bridge coach crash in which 7 people died and 11 were injured took place there in June 1925.A Charity, the Grassington Devonshire Institute, was established to manage the complex in 1960.In 1998, a new venue, the Octagon Theatre, was financed through the National Lottery and built on a site to the rear of the assembly hall.",
"It was accessed along new corridors on either side of the assembly hall, and the main staircase was moved.",
"The complex was refurbished during summer 2020, with new lighting and curtains installed, and subsequently re-opened with live operatic recordings from the Royal Opera House.",
"In December 2023, the complex was awarded a £49,950 grant by the UK Government's Shared Prosperity Fund to replace part of the roof, install double glazing, and improve accessibility."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"1996 All-Ireland Junior Football Championship"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''1996 All-Ireland Junior Hurling Championship''' was the 66th staging of the All-Ireland Junior Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's second tier Gaelic football championship.Mayo entered the championship as the defending champions, however, they were beaten by Galway in the Connacht final.The All-Ireland final was played on 31 August 1996 at Semple Stadium in Thurles, between Cork and Meath, in what was their first ever meeting in the final.",
"Cork won the match by 4–11 to 0–10 to claim their 11th championship title overall and a first title in three years."
],
[
"[[All-Ireland Junior Football Championship]]",
"===All-Ireland semi-finals======All-Ireland final==="
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 NACAM Formula 4 Championship"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 NACAM Formula 4 Championship''' season will be the eighth season of the NACAM Formula 4 Championship.",
"It will begin on 28 June at Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico City and will end on 21 December at the same circuit.The championship switched from the first generation Formula 4 Mygale M14-F4 chassis and Ford EcoBoost engines to the second generation Tatuus F4-T421 chassis and the Fiat-Abarth engines."
],
[
"Teams and drivers",
"All teams are Mexican-registered.Team Driver Rounds Alessandros Racing TBA TBA TBC ProRally TBA TBA TBC HRI Racing Team TBA TBA TBC"
],
[
"Race calendar",
"All rounds will be held in Mexico.",
"All rounds but the one held in the support of the 2024 Mexico City Grand Prix are a part of the Copa Notiauto series roster.",
"Round Circuit Date 1 R1 Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez(Grand Prix Circuit, Mexico City) 28–29 June R2 R3 2 R1 Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez(Grand Prix Circuit, Mexico City) 12–13 July R2 R3 3 R1 Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez(Grand Prix Circuit, Mexico City) 16–17 August R2 R3 4 R1 Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez(Grand Prix Circuit, Mexico City) 6–7 September R2 R3 5 R1 Autódromo Miguel E. Abed(Short Int.",
"Circuit, Amozoc, Puebla) 5–6 October R2 R3 6 R1 Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez(Grand Prix Circuit, Mexico City) 25–27 October R2 7 R1 Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez(Grand Prix Circuit, Mexico City) 20–21 December R2 R3"
],
[
"Championship standings",
"Points will be awarded to the top 10 classified finishers in each race.",
"Position '''1st''' '''2nd''' '''3rd''' '''4th''' '''5th''' '''6th''' '''7th''' '''8th''' '''9th''' '''10th''' Points 25 18 15 12 10 8 6 4 2 1"
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Klaus-Peter Hertzsch"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Klaus-Peter Hertzsch''' (23 September 1930 – 25 November 2015) was a German Protestant theologian, poet, author and hymn writer."
],
[
"Life and career",
"Born in Jena the son of a Protestant theologian, Erich Hertzsch, Hertzsch grew up in Eisenach.",
"He studied theology at the University of Jena.",
"He was pastor in Jena from 1957 to 1959, then students' pastor there.",
"From 1966 he was director of the central office of Protestant student parishes in East Berlin.",
"He was professor of theology in Jena from 1968 until 1995.He was known for poems, such as ''Biblische Balladen'' after stories from the Old Testament, set to music by Wolfgang Elger, and the text of the 1989 hymn \"Vertraut den neuen Wegen\", written first as occasional poetry for the wedding of his god-daughter.",
"After the Wende, it was included in the Protestant hymnal ''Evangelisches Gesangbuch'', regional sections of the Catholic and in the ''''.",
"It became one of the popular new hymns.Hertzsch died on 25 November 2015 at age 85."
],
[
"Awards",
"* 2008: Erster Preisträger der neugestifteten ''Martin-Luther-Medaille'' des Rates der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland (EKD)* 2011: Ehrenbürgerwürde der Stadt Jena"
],
[
"Publications",
"1970 book cover* ''Wie schön war die Stadt Ninive.",
"Biblische Balladen zum Vorlesen.''",
"Union, Berlin 1967 = ''Der ganze Fisch war voll Gesang.",
"Biblische Balladen zum Vorlesen.''",
"Radius, Stuttgart 1969.",
"* ''Sprache des Friedens.",
"Materialien des gemeinsamen Seminars von Bund der Evangelischen Kirchen in der DDR und der Christlichen Friedenskonferenz/International.''",
"Bad Saarow 1986* ''Nachdenken über den Fisch.",
"Texte und Predigten.''",
"Radius, Stuttgart 1994.",
"* ''Die Predigt im Gottesdienst.''",
"In: Hans-Christoph Schmidt-Lauber, Karl-Heinrich Bieritz (eds.",
"): ''Handbuch der Liturgik.",
"Liturgiewissenschaft in Theologie und Praxis der Kirche.''",
"Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Leipzig 1995, S. 731 ff.",
"* ''Christliche Predigt über Texte aus dem Alten Testament.''",
"In: ''Berliner Theologische Zeitschrift.''",
"1997.",
"* ''Alle Jahre neu.",
"Weihnachtsmeditationen.''",
"Wartburg, Weimar 2000; 2005, ISBN 3-86160-165-6.",
"* ''Sag meinen Kindern, dass sie weiterziehn.",
"Erinnerung.''",
"Radius, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-87173-247-8.",
"* ''Wie mein Leben wieder hell werden kann.",
"Eine Einladung zur Beichte in der evangelisch-lutherischen Kirche.''",
"Kirchenamt of the VELKD.",
"Hannover 2002.",
"* ''Laß uns vorwärts in die Weite sehn.",
"Texte zu meiner Biographie.''",
"Radius, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-87173-298-2.",
"* ''Chancen des Alters.",
"Sieben Thesen.''",
"Radius, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-87173-109-9.",
"* ''Die Stärken des Schwachen.",
"Erinnerungen an eine gefährliche Zeit.''",
"Radius, Stuttgart 2012."
],
[
"Further reading",
"* Klaus Raschzok, Klaus Petzold (eds.",
"): ''Vertraut den neuen Wegen.",
"Praktische Theologie zwischen Ost und West.",
"Festschrift für Klaus-Peter Hertzsch zum 70.Geburtstag.''",
"Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, Leipzig 2000, ISBN 3-374-01833-5.",
"* ''„Ich stand nie mit dem Rücken zur Wand.“ Prof. Dr. Klaus-Peter Hertzsch, Theologe, geb.",
"1930.''",
"In: Matthias Steinbach (Hrsg.",
"): ''Universitätserfahrung Ost.",
"DDR-Hochschullehrer im Gespräch.''",
"Jena 2005, ISBN 3-932906-61-6, S.",
"41–69.",
"* Michael Trowitzsch (ed.",
"): ''Ein Smaragd hat’s mir erzählt.",
"Vom Reden über biblische Geschichten.",
"Festschrift für Klaus-Peter Hertzsch.''",
"Radius, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-87173-908-8."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* ''Nestor der Jenaer Theologischen Fakultät wird 75'' (in German) University of Jena, 2005"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Ámbar Figueroa"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Ámbar Carolay Figueroa Rollino''' (born 24 October 2007) is a Chilean footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Santiago Morning and the Chile women's national team."
],
[
"Club career",
"Born in Valparaíso, Chile, Figueroa is a product of the women's team of Santiago Wanderers.",
"She was promoted to the under-17 team at the age of ten.",
"In 2021, she moved to Santiago and signed with Santiago Morning, then the Chilean champions.",
"In the 2023 season, she was promoted to the first team."
],
[
"International career",
"At under-17 level, Figueroa represented Chile in both the 2022 South American Championship and the 2022 FIFA World Cup.At senior level, she received her first call-up to the Chile national team and made appearances in two unofficial matches against Panama in February 2023.She scored a goal in both matches, a 1–3 loss and a 4–0 win.",
"Subsequently, she was called up to the inter-confederation play-off match for the FIFA World Cup against Haiti, making her official debut in the preparation match against Argentina on 17 February, a 4–0 loss."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* * Ámbar Figueroa at PartidosdeLaRoja.com"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Adam Blair (novel)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Adam Blair''''' is an 1822 novel by the Scottish writer John Gibson Lockhart.",
"Lockhart, the son-in-law and biographer of Walter Scott, produced four novels in the early 1820s.",
"In this a Church of Scotland minister is accused of adultery.",
"Lockhart's biographer Andrew Lang praised the novel, comparing its theme to the later 1850 novel ''The Scarlet Letter'' by Nathaniel Hawthorne, as did Henry James.",
"Its full title is '''''Some Passages in the Life of Mr Adam Blair'''''."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* Carruthers, Gerard (ed.)",
"''A Companion to Scottish Literature''.",
"John Wiley & Sons, 2023.",
"* Hubbard, Tom.",
"''The Selected Writings of Andrew Lang''.",
"Taylor & Francis, 2017.",
"* Long, Robert Emmet.",
"''The Great Succession: Henry James and the Legacy of Hawthorne''.",
"University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979* McCall, Dan.",
"''Citizens of Somewhere Else: Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry James''.",
"Cornell University Press, 1999."
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Jan de Rooy"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Johannes \"Jan\" de Rooy''' (19 February 1943 – 30 January 2024) was a Dutch rally raid driver who specialised in the truck category with DAF vehicles.",
"He was mainly known for his participation in the Dakar Rally and won it in 1987.He also won the 2009 edition of Africa Eco Race."
],
[
"Biography",
"Johannes de Rooy was born in Eindhoven in 1943.Together with his older brother Harry de Rooy he was the co-founder and former owner of the transportation company G.M.",
"De Rooy & Sons in Son en Breugel.",
"His son Gerard de Rooy, who is also a rally raid driver, now runs the company.De Rooy got his start in racing as a teenager in motocross but became more widely known after his move to rallycross in 1969 where he was nicknamed \"Oom Jan\" (Uncle Jan) before his move to rally raid in 1982 where he became known as \"L'Ours\" (The Bear).De Rooy died after a short illness on 30 January 2024, at the age of 80."
],
[
"Rallycross",
"Jan de Rooy's first experience and success in off-road four wheeled racing was in rallycross from 1969 to 1982.With his older brother, Harry, they saw great success in a range of vehicles including Mini Cooper, DAF 55 (with Gordini engine), DAF 555 Coupé 4WD (with a Ford engine), DAF 66M (with Ford engine), Toyota Corolla, Ford Escort RS1800 and Audi Quattro.===Rallycross Results===* Dutch International Rallycross Champion 1970, 1971 (1970 and 1971 also National Champion), 1972, 1973 and 1979* 1973: 4th overall Embassy Rallycross European Championship with DAF 55 Coupé (with Ford BDA engine)* 1974: 5th overall Embassy Rallycross EC with DAF 55 Coupé and DAF 66M (each with Ford BDA motor)* 1979: 2nd overall FIA European Rallycross Championship (Touring Cars) with Ford Escort RS1800 BDA 2.1* 1980: Winner of the Dutch National Rallycross Cup for drivers with an international license* 1982: 3rd overall FIA European Rallycross Championship (Division 2) with Audi Quattro"
],
[
"Dakar Rally",
"1982 saw the move to and start of his Dakar career in which he would gain wider recognition.",
"He saw success throughout the 1980s in which he participated in trucks that remain iconic.The 1984 \"Tweekoppige Monster\" featured a cab at both ends with the rear cab housing a second engine so that each axle had its own 400 hp engine.",
"The twin engined monster evolved in 1985 into the more aerodynamic \"The Bull\", named due to its appearance, with a 420 hp front engine and 450 hp rear engine.1986 was the first year of the \"TurboTwin\".",
"A factory backed effort with a steel tube monocoque frame reducing weight by over a ton from the previous year.",
"It gained another increase in power to supply approximately 475 hp each and could propel the truck to 200kmh.After his 1987 win, he was asked by the Middle Hotelschool of Heerlen to give a demonstration of his truck.",
"After local residents complained of \"an idiot speeding in a truck without muffler\" De Rooy was clocked by police driving 109 km/h.",
"He was jailed for the night, received a fine of 600 Dutch guilder and his license was suspended for three months.",
"He was however allowed to drive commercially for his company.1988 was the final evolution of the twin engine trucks with the \"X1\".",
"It boasted 1200 hp thanks to two 11.6L three turbo engines developing 600 hp each and could compete with the leading cars.",
"There is a now infamous video of the X1 overtaking the Peugeot 405 T16 of Ari Vatanen at over 200kmh.De Rooy's success continued when he started participating again after a 14-year hiatus in 2002 with three top ten finishes in six entries.image:DAF_De_Neus.jpg|DAF \"De Neus\" Dakar 1982image:DAF_The_Bull.jpg|DAF \"The Bull\" Dakar 1985image:DAF_Turbotwin_II.jpg|DAF TurboTwin II Dakar 1987image:Ginaf_X2223.JPG|Ginaf X2223 Dakar 2008image:Iveco Trakker 4x4.jpg|Iveco Trakker 4x4 2009YearNumberCo-Driver/MechanicTeamMake/ModelPosition1982381 Gérard StraetmansTeam De Rooy TransportDAF NTT2800\"De Neus\" (The Nose)3rd(67th General Classification)1983342 Joop Roggeband Yvo GeusensTeam De Rooy TransportDAF FA3300 4x4\"De Koffer\" (The Suitcase)3rd(34th General Classification)1984521 Joop Roggeband Yvo GeusensTeam De Rooy TransportDAF F3300 4x4\"Tweekoppige Monster\" (Two Headed Monster) DNF1985621 Thierry De Saulieu Martinus KetelaarsTeam De Rooy TransportDAF F3300 4x4\"The Bull\"2nd(15th General Classification)1986601 Thierry De Saulieu Yvo GeusensTeam De Rooy TransportDAF FAV 3600 4x4 TurboTwinDNF(Stage 15)1987600 Theo Van De Rijt Yvo GeusensTeam De Rooy TransportDAF FAV 3600 4x4 TurboTwin II'''1st'''(15th General Classification)1988600 Hugo Duisters Yvo GeusensTeam De Rooy TransportDAF TurboTwin 95 X1 DNF (Withdrawn)2002410 Gérard de Rooy Yvo GeusensTeam Jan de RooyDAF FAV CF85 4x46th2003409 Hugo Duisters Yvo GeusensTeam Gauloises/De RooyDAF FAV CF85 4x44th2004411 Dany Colebunders Hugo DuistersTeam Gauloises/De RooyDAF FAV CF75 4x4 DNF(Stage 8)2005521 Dany Colebunders Clemens SmuldersTeam Gauloises/De RooyDAF FAV CF75 4x46th2006506Team Gauloises/De RooyDAF FAV CF75 4x4DNS(Start denied due to problems with FIA homologation of the truck)2007502 Dany Colebunders Clemens SmuldersTeam Gauloises/De RooyGinaf X 2222 4x4 DNF(Stage 5) 2008610Team De RooyGinaf X 2223 4x4Rally cancelled"
],
[
"Other Rally",
"+YearRaceNumberTeamMake/ModelPosition2008Africa Eco Race Nador - Chinguetti - Dakar301Team De RooyIveco Trakker 4x4'''1st'''2009Silk Way Rally Kazan - Zhanaozen - Ashgabat205Team De RooyIveco Trakker 4x49th"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Throckley Hall"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Throckley Hall''' is a privately owned 19th century manor house and gardens located about 6 miles (9 km) west of the city of Newcastle upon Tyne, within the village of Throckley.",
"It has been privately owned throughout its history, having been originally owned by Sir William Haswell Stephenson."
],
[
"History",
"The manorial estate of Throckley Hall, originally encompassed the majority of the land in the region and the village of Throckley.The English industrialist, philanthropist and historical Lord Mayor of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Sir William Haswell Stephenson was born in Throckley and lived in Throckley Hall then known as Throckley House, prior to its expansion in 1850 and renaming to Throckley Hall, as it continues to this day.",
"With Throckley having historically been a colliery village, the Stephenson family owned several coal pits and employed the majority of the local population.",
"Sir Stephenson was Mayor of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1875, 1884, and 1894 and Lord Mayor in 1902, 1909, 1910, and 1911.The Stephenson family continued to reside in Throckley Hall following the death of Sir William.",
"Other notable residents included Major William Ernest Stephenson, who held the rank of Major in the Northumberland Fusiliers of the British Army.Throckley Hall was featured on Antiques Roadshow in 1987.The Hall and Estate were acquired in 2022, subsequently undergoing a degree of internal sympathetic restoration and have been selected by Newcastle City Council's Heritage and Historic Environment Department for commemoration and award of an official plaque."
],
[
"Grounds and Estate",
"Throckley Hall remains a private residence along with the associated land, which include formal tiered gardens surrounding the house as well as several acres of protected woodland and meadows extending to the East and South, towards the River Tyne.",
"The Hall itself retains many original and antique features, with original plaster mouldings in the hallways as well as the formal state rooms: drawing room and dining room.Several footpaths including a public right of way run along the western side of the private estate, extending south to the River Tyne and West towards the neighboring village of Heddon-on-the-Wall.",
"Throckley Hall shares several architectural and design styles with similar historical properties and land estates, including nearby Heddon Hall and Newbrough Hall, constructed at a similar time."
],
[
"See also",
"* Sir William Haswell Stephenson* Throckley* Newbrough Hall"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Economy of the Kingdom of Albania (1928–1939)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"After the First World War, Albania was in a meagre state, suffering from lack of proper investment into public infrastructure and next to no industrial enterprises that were profitable to the Albanian state.",
"With Albania not having a sufficient industrial base, it had a big trade deficit which was sought to be solved with protectionism, with foreign workers being banned in March of 1925, exports of meat and poultry being banned in the same month and export of corn, barley, and wheat being banned in May of 1929, to name some examples.King Zog also utilized concessions, with one of the first laws being passed after Ahmet Zog returned to Albania being a coal concession to the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (February 1925), being followed by the creation of the Albanian National Bank where the Italian financial group owned 26% of the capital.",
"The introduction of foreign capital became the official policy of Zog government, and in this year the first Albanian currency (Albanian gold franc) was created."
],
[
"Background",
"After the Congress of Lushnjë, which convened in January 1920, Albania fully gained national sovereignty, creating favorable political circumstances for the progress of the economy in general.",
"As early as 1921, when the signs of stabilization of the internal situation and the external position of Albania appeared, the Albanian bourgeoisie, although weak economically and politically, wanted to expand in various fields, primarily in that of trade and industry.",
"The efforts and initiatives of the Albanian bourgeoisie to set their own capitals in motion were seen in several major cities.The Ministers of Finance of those years such as Ndoc Çoba, Kol Thaçi, Luigj Gurakuqi, Mufit Libohova, Sulejman Starova, Milto Tutulani, Aqif Dibra created the first Directorate of Albanian Customs.",
"In 1920-1921, import taxes were increased and export taxes were reduced and canceled in order to protect domestic production, but also for fiscal purposes.",
"In this period, laws and ordinances were issued to ban the export of gold, silver, brass and grain.",
"The first customs law came out in 1922 and in this year the first Albanian customs tariff was created.",
"Also, the first laws were issued for the regulation of state revenues.At the end of 1922, the National Congress of Merchants was held, in which the need to increase capital, especially in industry, was raised.",
"The first factories were established in important cities.",
"In Durrës, where a cigarette factory and a flour factory were built; in Shkodër, where an alcohol and cigarette factory was built; in Vlora, the alcohol factory and an anonymous joint-stock company dealing with loading and unloading in the seaport of the city were established, also a factory dealing with match paper was established.In 1922, the number of industrial enterprises reached 85, up from 34 in 1912.These included: 35 motorized flour mills, 11 oil factories, soap, tannery, cloth factories, 8 printing houses, etc.",
"But these factories were small and low-yielding units.",
"Most of them had an average of 2-5 workers each and only the greenhouse mine in Selenica, Vlora, which was the largest industrial center of the country, had about 500 workers.In this period, there is also an increase in the interest of foreign capital for the Albanian economy and natural resources, especially for oil, bitumen, iron, copper, forests, etc.",
"In Albania, at this time there were 50-100 million gold francs monetized.According to the data, the amount of foreign trade liabilities was equal to 64,574 gold francs.",
"Export in five years (total figure) was about 30% of imports.Imports were detected in more than two-thirds.",
"In this period, import per capita was calculated at 22.1 gold francs, while export at 6.5 gold francs.Characteristic of this period is that investments in public works increased only with private capital investments without any contribution from the state.",
"An average of 1 million gold francs per year was invested in this field by the local bourgeoisie.",
"Hard work was set for 10 days a year, but the rich were given the opportunity to repay it with money.",
"It is worth noting that in the school year 1921-1922, the technical school was opened in Tirana, which produced the first Albanian construction technicians.For the first time during these years, air transport appeared in our country.",
"Albania was the only country in Europe that introduced air transport service before rail transport.",
"The first air transport service was established in November 1924, during the administration of Fan S. Noli.",
"The Albanian government granted the air transport concession to the German company \"Adria Aero Lloyd\".",
"Later, it was taken over by the Italian company \"Ala-Littoria\", which held it until 1943.With the air transport service, the capital was connected with a number of cities in the country and abroad."
],
[
"The return of Zog and the Republic of Albania (1925-1928)",
"In 1926, after the Organizational Law of the National Bank of Albania came into effect and that of the currency regulation (both on July 12, 1925), the monetary issue found a definitive solution, the use of foreign currency in official transactions was completely excluded.",
"State.",
"Thus, the National Bank, as the issuer with the exclusive privilege of issuing the State currency - did not fail to fulfill its burden and for the first time in the month of January 1926, the 20 and 5 gold franc banknotes were put into circulation, all as well as the metal coins of 100 gold francs.",
"In those years they were put into circulation: in the month of February; a metal coin of 1/2 lek (equivalent to fr.",
"gold 0.10); in the month of March a metal coin of 1 lek (equivalent to fr, gold 0.20); in the month of April banknotes of 100 fr.",
"gold; and in the month of August, a nickel coin of 1/4 lek (equivalent to fr.",
"gold 0.05).During this time, 14 new enterprises were created.",
"Their initial capital was 7.6 million gold francs, about 28% more than the capital of the enterprises of the period '21-'24.Trade was the main field of the Albanian economy.",
"During this period, the turnover of goods increased.In 1928, the number of enterprises reached 127.Domestic capital was 6 times larger than in 1927.In this period, partial stability of the economy was achieved."
],
[
"The Kingdom of Albania (1928-1939)",
"In 1928, the Basic Statute, the Civil Code, the Commercial Code, etc.",
"were approved.",
"Laws were passed on agrarian reform, the abolition of ferexia, etc.",
"The Islamic law was removed and replaced with the Civil Code based on the Swiss one, as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk had done with Turkey.",
"King Zog promoted the world constructions in the country, the increase of well-being, the development of trade, the balancing of trade balances, the education of the new generation, the preparation of intelligence in Western universities, etc.In 1929, the whole world would be gripped by the Great Depression caused by overproduction.",
"Not even Albania would escape its effects.",
"It was precisely this year when the first signs of this crisis were seen, mainly in the monetary and financial system of the country, but they became more sensitive in 1930.Its peak reached in 1934-'35.Industry was almost completely paralyzed and many enterprises producing alcohol, building materials, tobacco and cigarettes, flour and flour, leather and shoes, etc., were paralyzed or bankrupt.",
"The crisis deeply affected the entire credit system.",
"At this time, as a result of the continuous budget deficit and financial difficulties that were evident in many areas and sectors of the country, from the various Albanian governments and King Zog I, many loans and credits were taken from Western countries, but in the vast majority from Italy.In 1931, Albanian agriculture was affected by a great drought, which caused serious consequences in the bread supply of the population.",
"In 1932, about 33% more wheat and corn was imported as a result of this situation.In the middle of the 1930's, Albania entered a phase of revitalization.",
"The industry recovered.",
"Zog created some fiscal relief especially for the cement factory, which was exempted from taxes for three years.Beyond the lack of domestic production, the printing industry was significantly affected by the crisis caused by the price difference between domestic and imported products.",
"Imported flour was cheaper.The government's attempt to boost domestic production by imposing a tax on cereal imports backfired.",
"After overcoming the challenge that initially created the domestic production crisis, companies were engulfed by another crisis, that of competition coming from foreign overproduction.",
"Many factories and mills were forced to close or work intermittently, further aggravating the bread supply situation of the population.",
"Under these conditions, many flour factory owners joined creating cartels, but that lasted a short time.",
"Like the alcohol companies in 1930, the flour companies merged in 1932 into two cartels.In December 1935, the Albanian government submitted to Parliament a draft law that provided for measures to limit the import of certain goods.The draft law essentially provided for some protectionist measures to protect the domestic industry and curb the outflow of money abroad.",
"On the list of measures was the restriction of the import of cement, the ban on the import of motor vehicles and the ban on the import of ready-made clothing.",
"In the justifying report of the initiative drawn up by the Ministry of National Economy, it was written that: \"the need to control, direct and in some cases limit the import of certain goods is very clear and it seems to us that it does not even need an explanation\".",
"However, in its explanations, the ministry led at that time by Dhimitër Beratti explains that the restriction of cement import was required due to the fact that the country already had a factory in Shkodër for its production, \"Portland Cement\".While the discussions were taking place, the cement factory had suspended its activity and the shareholders had asked for more guarantees to continue the operation, an element that is pointed out during the discussions and which seems to make the approval of this initiative more necessary.However, in that meeting, the voting could not be carried out due to the absence of the majority of members.",
"The final approval of the initiative was made a few days later, at the meeting of February 3, 1936, where the article on the restriction of the import of cement is amended by adding as an element the right of the government to intervene in the ceilings of the cement trading price, with in order for this measure not to have a negative impact, increasing the price for the population.During the period '36-'38 the revival of the economy was noticed.",
"Trade reached 32.7 million gold francs, with an increase of 65%.",
"Export increased by 61.5%, while import by 67.3%.",
"Exports in 1938 represented 66.3% of the level of 1928.During the period 1936-1938, the state budget grew.The period of the Albanian kingdom was characterized by the increase in the number of capitalist enterprises in the field of world affairs, and in 1939 there were 36 enterprises of the construction industry.",
"During the 10-year period 1929-1939, 850 km of main roads, 456 km of rural roads, 4,062 small bridges of 10,250 ml and 76 large bridges of 2,050 ml were built.",
"The most important highways were Shkodër-Pukë, Ura e Matit-Peshkopi, Krujë-Burrel, Tirana-Elbasan, Lushnjë-Mbrostar.Several concrete bridges were built.",
"In 1938, the value of investments reached the figure of 150 million lek (lek at 1961 prices).",
"On the eve of the fascist invasion, Albania had 300 trucks, 20 buses, 200 cars and vans.During 1938, 95,000 tons of goods were transported, equal to 1 million tons per kilometer.",
"In this same period, the total turnover of goods in the retail trade reached 3,900,000,000 old ALL (at 1947 prices).The construction of the Port of Durrës began.",
"Works were carried out on retaining works, irrigation canals, etc., which were interrupted by the beginning of the Second World War 1939-1944."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Germany's Next Topmodel (season 19)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The nineteenth season of '''''Germany's Next Topmodel''''' aired on ProSieben from February to June 2024 under the catch phrase ''GNTM for all''.",
"The international destinations for this cycle (so far) are Santa Cruz, Los Angeles and Miami.This is the first season that introduces male contestants, and the first season since the 16th season to not include any best-ager models.",
"Also for this season, there will be two winners (one of each gender) who will receive prizes that include a joint cover and spread in the German edition of Harper's Bazaar and a €100,000 cash prize each.This season breaks the record for having the biggest pool of contestants in the history of the ''Top Model'' franchise with 40 contestants."
],
[
"Guest Judges",
"*Christian Cowan, English fashion designer and stylist *Elizabeth Hurley, English model and actress*Jean Paul Gaultier, French haute couture and prêt-à-porter fashion designer*Joan Collins, English actress, author and columnist*Jourdan Dunn, English model*Jon Kortajarena, Spanish model and actor*Kévin Germanier, Swiss fashion designer*Kilian Kerner, German fashion designer *Marina Hoermanseder, Austrian fashion designer*Nikeata Thompson, German - British choreographer, entrepreneur, actress, presenter, author and former dancer*Rankin, British photographer and director *Winnie Harlow, Canadian model*Yu Tsai, American fashion photographer"
],
[
"Contestants",
"''Ages stated are as of the beginning of the contest''ContestantAgeHometownFinishPlaceAldin Zahirović22MünchenParticipatingAlexandra Bode21ErfurtArmin Rausch26KemptenDominic Xetuwansig20Katlenburg-LindauDominik Gruber27WaltenhofenFabienne Urbach20SolingenFelice van Rooyen20BerlinFelix Xaver20PassauFranz Vocheser19LübeckFrieder Sell25BerlinGrace Zakhour24DüsseldorfJana Wetzel24LeimersheimJermaine Kokoú Kothé19KasselKadidjah Becher21Vienna, AustriaLea Oude24DüsseldorfLeoni Mecklenburg25HannoverLilian Assih24HannoverLilli Hachgenei22MannheimLinus Weber25BerlinLivingsten Amalanathan23BerlinLucas Schwarze24NorderstedtLuka Cidic24FrankfurtLydwine Nitidem21LemgoMarvin De-Graft22BielefeldMarcia Edhere23Neuenhof, SwitzerlandMare Cirko22Gmund am TegernseeMax Uhrmacher20BerlinMaximillian Kreiner21Vienna, AustriaNguyễn Bảo-Huy22KölnNuri Enoch21BerlinPitzi Müller33HamburgSara Zuraw28BerlinStella Naming34DortmundTarkan 'Julian' Cidic 24FrankfurtTracy Baumgarten26EssenVanessa Viktorowna22ViernheimVivien Walkemeyer24Landau in der PfalzXenia Tsilikova23HofYanik Schulze20GladbeckYusupha Jamaalludin25Bremen"
],
[
"Episode summaries"
],
[
"Summaries",
"===Results table===Place Model Episodes 4AldinAlexandraArminBảo-HuyDominicDominikFabienneFeliceFelixFranzFriederGraceJanaJermaineJulianKadidjahLeaLeoniLilianLilliLinusLivingsten LucasLukaLydwineMarciaMareMarvinMaxMaximillianNuriPitziSaraStellaTracyVanessaVivienXeniaYanikYusupha: The contestant won best performance : The contestant was immune from elimination: The contestant withdrew from the competition: The contestant was absent from panel but was declared safe: The contestant was eliminated: The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel: The contestant was in danger of elimination: The contestant won the competition===Photo shoot guide===*'''Episode 4 photoshoots:''' ''Be yourself'' self-timer shoot and portraying beach castaways in groups"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Official website"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Rimini–Novafeltria railway"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Rimini–Novafeltria railway''' was a narrow-gauge railway between Rimini and Novafeltria, known as Mercatino Marecchia until 1941, that operated between 1922 and 1960.The railway's primary purpose was to transport sulphur from the mines of to Rimini, from where it could be transported by sea or along the Bologna–Ancona railway.",
"Sixteen intermediate passenger stops served settlements along the Marecchia valley, including Verucchio and Talamello.",
"The trains were slow and the route was considered dangerous, skirting Rimini's historic city walls and running adjacent to the provincial road.",
"On 15 October 1960, the railway was closed and replaced with a coach service.The railway was intended to intersect with the railway project, abandoned in 1933.Except for the years of operation of the Rimini–San Marino railway (1932–44), a station in Torello provided the closest railway connection to San Marino, albeit in Italian territory.",
"The railway was featured in (1952), an early documentary by Sergio Zavoli, which explored local views about the replacement of the railway's steam engine with oil-powered railcars."
],
[
"History",
"=== Construction and inauguration ===On 10 March 1913, an act of parliament gave the concession for the railway's construction to the (FTP).",
"The railway's construction was mainly motivated by the transport of sulphur to Rimini from the mines of , which were bought by Montecatini in 1917, though the line also transported gypsum mined in Secchiano.",
"The rugged terrain of the Marecchia valley made the area difficult to connect by road, leaving the mines at Perticara valuable but isolated.The railway opened to traffic on 21 June 1916 between Rimini and Verucchio.",
"It was extended to the station of San Marino-Torello in 1921.The government of San Marino had expressed its desire for a station in the locality from the railway's planning in 1905, committing 1,000 lire annually for fifty years for the station.",
"With the exception of the years of operation of the Rimini–San Marino railway (1932–44), San Marino-Torello was the closest railway connection to San Marino.On 18 June 1922, the final section to Mercantino Marecchia was inaugurated.",
"The inaugural train, which departed Rimini Centrale at 9.30am, was watched by villagers along the valley of the Marecchia, concluding with a fair in Mercatino Marecchia.=== Operation ===In 1932, FTP suffered a financial collapse.",
"On 7 September 1933, through the , the government temporarily assumed the management of the railway, which it would maintain until the line's closure.",
"In 1941, Mercantino Marecchia was renamed as Novafeltria.The railway was considerably damaged during the Second World War, but was reactivated by 1948.Following the war, the line was modified between Dogana and Pietracuta, reducing the route's length by by crossing the San Marino river further downstream.",
"The new route used tracks that had been laid for the never-completed , also known as the subappenine railway, which would have connected Santarcangelo di Romagna with Urbino.",
"The project was intended to provide an inland alternative to the Bologna–Ancona railway, whose coastal position made it vulnerable to bombardment.",
"It was abandoned in 1933, but some tracks had already been laid in the section from Santarcangelo to San Leo.In 1952, the railway's steam locomotive was replaced with three diesel locomotives, with a fourth added in 1955.",
"(1952), an early documentary by Riminese journalist Sergio Zavoli for RAI, explored local views on the replacement.",
"Farmers saw it as an innovation, while local government recognised the railway's continued economic unviability, and an interviewed conductor expressed nostalgia for the steam locomotive.",
"The railway's motorisation coincided with increased passenger numbers, from a median of 18,000 monthly passengers in 1951 to 45,000 in 1956.In 1958, additional services were scheduled between Rimini and Villa Verucchio, the most-used section of the railway.=== Suppression ===On 15 October 1960, the railway was closed and replaced with a bus service, having run for some years with irrecuperable deficits.",
"Its closure had been proposed three years earlier.",
"Much of the railway was incorporated into the provincial road.",
"To allow the road's widening, the tracks in the province of Forlì were removed in 1964, costing 17.5 million lire.",
"Other parts of the railway were subsumed by urban development or returned to farmland.",
"In 1997, all the railway's assets were ceded to the regional government of Emilia-Romagna.The Route 160 bus line, operated by Start Romagna SpA, replaces the railway today."
],
[
"Route",
"The railway's level crossing with the Via Flaminia in front of the Arch of Augustus in a 1937 photographThe route started in Rimini Centrale.",
"Turning right (southwest) to follow the Ausa river, the line skirted Rimini's Roman amphitheatre and city walls.",
"In front of the Arch of Augustus, an incongruous level crossing intersected the Via Flaminia.",
"The line turned north at the present-day Parco Olga Bondi to reach its first station, Rimini Porta Montanara, near the eponymous gate.",
"After a sharp 90-degree turn, the line headed west along the Marecchia valley, mostly alongside the SP258 provincial road.",
"Its second stop was Fornaci, west of the present-day overpass of the state road.",
"After Fornaci, the railway turned on a southeasterly bearing, meeting the stations of Spadarolo, Vergiano, Casale Sarzana, Sant'Ermete, Corpolò, and Villa Verucchio.",
"Reaching the Marecchia, the line turned left (south) to serve Verucchio, then bent southwest to reach Dogana.",
"It crossed the San Marino river to reach the station of Torello, then continued to reach Pietracuta.",
"After Pietracuta, it crossed the Torrente Mazzocco to reach Bivio San Leo.",
"Crossing the Marecchia at Ponte Santa Maria Maddalena, it made an S-bend, then continued southeast to Secchiano, Talamello-Campiano, and finally Novafeltria.The line's total length was .",
"Its lowest elevation was at Rimini Centrale at above mean sea level, and its highest elevation was at Novafeltria at above mean sea level.",
"The route was considered structurally dangerous and impractical, especially its route around Rimini's city centre and its proximity to cars travelling along the provincial road."
],
[
"Features",
"The line used a narrow gauge.",
"The convoys ran so slowly that locals called the railway (Romagnol, ), as it could not have harmed anything more than a donkey.As of 2012, the foundations of the original bridge over the San Marino river are still visible, as well as the piers of viaducts of the original route west of Torello between Via Marecchiese and Via Torello.",
"A viaduct near Secchiano has been reused as a pedestrian pathway.Krauss steam locomotive belonging to the Rimini–Novafeltria railway at the Blonay–Chamby Museum Railway, July 2012Following the line's closure, the rolling stock was bought by the Ferrovia Circumetnea, and transported by railway to Catania in February 1961.Five older steam locomotives, alongside five carriages and several wagons, were abandoned by Rimini Centrale, where they were vandalised and weathered.",
"In July 1967, \"about thirty long-haired individuals, mostly minors\" were arrested after taking residence in two disused wagons, causing a considerable noise disturbance.",
"The wagons were finally disposed in October 1970.A Krauss steam locomotive dating to 1900 was transported to the Blonay–Chamby Museum Railway in Switzerland."
],
[
"Stations",
"=== Rimini Centrale railway station ===Rimini Centrale railway station was the terminus of the Rimini–Novafeltria railway, located less than from Rimini railway station.",
"From Rimini Centrale, sulphur could reach Rimini's port along a road connection, or would be transferred onto wagons to reach a refinery in Cesena along the standard-gauge Bologna–Ancona railway.The station building is still extant.",
"It was transformed into a bus station immediately after the line's closure.=== Novafeltria railway station ===Until 1941, Novafeltria was known as Mercantino Marecchia.",
"The railway station is still extant, and its locomotive shed is now used by replacement buses.",
"The station included a water tank.",
"Sulphur was transported to the station from the mines at Perticara along a cableway, which measured in length and was built in 1922.=== Intermediate stations ===The station building of Rimini Porta Montanara, September 2015The intermediate stations, from Rimini Centrale, were: Rimini Porta Montanara, Fornaci, Spadarolo, Vergiano, Casale Sarzana, Sant'Ermete, Corpolò, Villa Verucchio, Verucchio, Dogana, San Marino-Torello, Pietracuta, Bivio San Leo, Ponte Santa Maria Maddalena, Secchiano, and Talamello-Campiano.Many station buildings are extant, including those of Rimini Porta Montanara (in a state of abandonment), Dogana, and San Marino-Torello.",
"The station buildings of Vergiano, Corpolò, Pietracuta, and Secchiano are extant as residential property.Fornaci's station building was used by road infrastructure company Anas, but is now abandoned.",
"Anas also used a goods warehouse attached to Dogana railway station.",
"Villa Verucchio's station building is used by buses, while Verucchio's houses a United Nations research centre."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Rwanda men's national handball team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Rwanda national handball team''' is the national handball team of Rwanda and is controlled by the Rwanda Handball Federation."
],
[
"History",
"After faling to take part to the 2022 African Men's Handball Championship in Egypt, the Rwanda handball team participate for the first time two years after in the competition, the 2024 African Men's Handball Championship in the same country of Egypt."
],
[
"Competitive record",
"===African Championship===YearRoundPosition 1974''did not enter'' 1976 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022''withrew'' 2024Group stage14310283115−32 2026''To be determined''Total1/26Group stage310283115−32"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* IHF profile"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Linguekoro massacre"
],
[
"Introduction",
"On January 28, 2023, suspected Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin militants stopped two buses headed from Banfora to Mangodara near the village of Linguekoro, Comoé Province, Burkina Faso, and killed fifteen passengers."
],
[
"Prelude",
"Jihadist militant groups such as Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin have captured large swathes of territory in southern Burkina Faso since 2017.In attacks against civilians in the Sahel, JNIM militants often stop buses and profile passengers, killing some or all of them.",
"Bus massacres occurred in Silgadji, Burkina Faso in September 2022 and in Bandiagara, Mali, that same month.",
"On the same day of the Linguekoro attack, a bus was stopped by JNIM in between Tenkodogo and Ouargaye near the village of Lalgaye, with at least twenty passengers killed."
],
[
"Massacre",
"While passing through the village of Linguekoro from Banfora, two \"Dina\" minibuses were stopped by armed gunmen.",
"The buses' passengers, which included eight men and sixteen women, were evacuated by the gunmen.",
"The gunmen then took a group of passengers with them, and told eight women and one man to walk to Mangodara.",
"The two buses were then torched, and the remaining passengers taken away.",
"Burkinabe authorities found their bodies on Januaru 30, with bullet holes in them.International Crisis Group suspected the jihadists of being Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin, due to the group's presence in southern Burkina Faso."
],
[
"Aftermath",
"The governor of Cascades Region, Jean-Charles dit Yenapono Some, released a statement regarding the details of the massacre and the bodies on January 31.He urged the population of the region to express support for the Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (VDP), a pro-government auxiliary."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"USCGC Benjamin Bottoms"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''USCGC ''Benjamin Bottoms'' (WPC-1132)''' is the 32nd cutter built for the United States Coast Guard.",
"She is the fourth of four Fast Response Cutters homeported in San Pedro, California."
],
[
"Operational history",
"The ''Benjamin Bottoms'' in San Francisco during Fleet WeekOn July 15, 2021, ''Benjamin Bottoms'', along with ''Munro'' and ''Haddock'', were diverted to extinguish a boat fire on the ''Relentless'', seven miles west of Carlsbad, California."
],
[
"Namesake",
"''Benjamin Bottoms'' is named after Benjamin A.",
"Bottoms, who died in November 1942 while attempting to rescue the crew of a crashed USAAF bomber.",
"He was assigned on a Grumman J2F-4 Duck floatplane as the radioman, and after receiving a radio message that a B-17 crashed, and accompanied pilot John A. Pritchard to search for the downed plane.",
"The pilot spotted the crashed bomber, and landed it as close to the wreak as possible.",
"They were able to assist two of the injured crew back to their plane and back to the USCGC ''Northland''.",
"On their second trip, the plane encountered bad weather, causing the plane to crash, killing both men."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"St John's Church, Mickley"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The church, in 2013'''St John's Church, Mickley''' is the parish church of the village of Mickley, North Yorkshire, in England.The church was built in 1841, funded by the family of Colonel Dalton, of Sleningford Park.",
"It is in the Early English style, and was grade II listed in 1986.The church is built in split cobbles, with stone dressings and a purple slate roof.",
"It consists of a four-bay nave, a south porch, and a single-bay chancel, with a bellcote on the west gable.",
"The porch is gabled and has an arched entrance with a chamfered surround.",
"The inner door is noted for its elaborate hinges.",
"The windows on the sides are lancets alternating with stepped buttresses, at the east end are three lancets.",
"Inside, there are boards displaying the Ten Commandments, 20th century furnishings, and a timber roof."
],
[
"See also",
"*Listed buildings in Azerley"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Dilma Rousseff 2010 presidential campaign"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Dilma Rousseff 2010 presidential campaign''' was supported by the center-left electoral coalition ''Para o Brasil Seguir Mudando'' (English: For Brazil to Keep on Changing), created by the Workers' Party (PT) to run in Brazil's 2010 general election.",
"It included ten parties: PT, PMDB, PCdoB, PDT, PRB, PR, PSB, PSC, PTC and PTN.",
"On October 14, 2010, the PP unofficially joined the coalition.",
"Dilma Rousseff had Michel Temer, from the PMDB, as her vice-president.",
"They were elected on October 31, 2010, and took office on January 1, 2011."
],
[
"Background",
"Rousseff was mentioned as a possible presidential candidate in April 2007; the following month, she declared her sympathy for the idea.",
"In October of the same year, foreign newspapers such as ''La Nación'' and ''El País'' reported that she was a strong candidate to succeed Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.",
"In April 2008, ''The Economist'' indicated that her candidacy did not yet seem viable, as she was little known, despite being Lula's most popular minister.In December 2008, President Lula stated that he had never talked to Dilma about her possible candidacy for the 2010 presidential elections, only suggested it.",
"In his opinion, she would be the \"most qualified person\" to succeed him.",
"In October 2009, Rousseff and Lula were accused by the opposition of conducting election propaganda before the deadline during his visits to the São Francisco River transposition works.",
"The episode became more publicized when the President of the Federal Supreme Court, Gilmar Mendes, commented on the case."
],
[
"Campaign",
"Rousseff's candidacy was formalized on June 13, 2010, at the Workers' Party national convention held in Brasilia.",
"The name of the then President of the Chamber of Deputies, Michel Temer (PMDB), as his vice-president was also confirmed.",
"Participants included former minister José Dirceu, PT's leader in the Chamber, Fernando Ferro, and the party's general secretary, José Eduardo Cardozo.",
"Her application was supported by famous figures such as Chico Buarque, Beth Carvalho, Alceu Valença, Elba Ramalho, Emir Sader, Oscar Niemeyer, Leonardo Boff and Marilena Chauí.=== Government program ===Dilma Rousseff and Lula at the Workers' Party National Convention in 2010.During the campaign, Rousseff made almost two hundred promises, including: universalizing the Unified Health System (Portuguese: ''Sistema Único de Saúde'' - SUS); eradicating poverty and illiteracy; expanding social programs such as ''Bolsa Família''; expanding the Growth Acceleration Program (''Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento'' - PAC); building six thousand nurseries and pre-schools; building more than two million ''Minha Casa, Minha Vida'' residences; reducing taxes; fighting corruption; controlling inflation; and reducing deforestation in the Amazon.According to the newspaper ''O Estado de S. Paulo'', Dilma's government program, registered with the Superior Electoral Court (TSE) on July 6, 2010, a formality required by law, had two versions.",
"Initially, the party registered a nineteen-page document, all signed by Rousseff, with supposedly controversial themes such as the regulation and democratization of the media, the legalization of abortion and land reform.",
"Hours later, a second version signed by PT lawyers and without the most controversial themes, classified as radical by various media outlets such as ''Folha de S. Paulo'', ''Exame'' and ''Veja'' magazine, was sent to replace the first one.",
"Also according to the newspaper, Rousseff's advisors claim that both she and José Eduardo Dutra signed the version without reading the text.",
"When asked, Dilma replied that \"we don't agree with the position expressed on media control, abortion and land invasion\" and that \"there are things in the PT that we agree with, things that we don't agree with, as well as in the other parties\".=== Electoral fines ===Rousseff was the first presidential candidate to receive an electoral fine for irregular advertising in the 2010 election.",
"The first penalty, of R$5,000, was imposed on May 13, 2010, after the TSE analyzed the party program broadcast by the PT in December 2009 and considered that it involved early advertising in favor of Rousseff.",
"The second infraction occurred on April 10, 2010, at the headquarters of the Metalworkers' Union.",
"The third fine, also in the amount of R$5,000, was applied on July 8, 2010.On July 13, TSE Minister Nancy Andrighi issued another fine of R$6,000 to Rousseff.",
"On July 20, a representation filed by the Electoral Public Prosecutor's Office was accepted by Minister Henrique Neves and another fine of R$5,000 was imposed on her.",
"On the same day, a penalty of the same value was charged.",
"Overall, she received seven fines for early advertising, totaling R$33,000 in debt.=== Alleged dossier ===William Bonner, in 2011.According to ''Folha de S. Paulo'', Onésimo das Graças Sousa, a retired delegate from the Federal Police, claimed to have participated in a meeting with the coordinators of Rousseff's election campaign to create a dossier against fellow candidate José Serra.",
"He stated that he refused and denounced the facts to the press.",
"In testimony on June 17, 2010, to the Brazilian National Congress' Commission for the Control of Intelligence Activities, he said he had received death threats for disclosing the dossier plan.In a second article published on June 19, 2010, ''Folha de S. Paulo'' claimed that income tax returns of PSDB president Eduardo Jorge, obtained from the Internal Revenue Service system, were collected by an \"intelligence group\" from Rousseff's pre-campaign.",
"The documents were also part of the alleged dossier which, according to ''Folha'', was assembled with the approval of a section of the PT's presidential pre-campaign.",
"Two days after the report was published, the PT's national leadership issued a statement denying any involvement by the party in the incident.On July 13, 2010, in testimony to the Senate Constitution and Justice Committee on the case, the secretary of the Federal Revenue Service, Otacílio Cartaxo, confirmed access to Eduardo Jorge's confidential tax data, but refused to name those responsible, even if the session was made secret.",
"After Cartaxo's testimony, Federal Deputy Raul Jungmann (PPS-PE) said he would file a complaint with the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF) against him for malfeasance.",
"Jungmann accused the PT of using the apparatus of the federal government to attack the opposition and declared: \"First there was the case of the caretaker Francenildo Costa.",
"Now the IRS is involved in another scandal.",
"Transparency is fundamental in this investigation\".",
"Debate between the presidential candidates organized by the National Confederation of Industry in May 2010.A report published by ''CartaCapital'' magazine in June 2010 claimed that the supposed dossier was actually a book entitled ''A Privataria Tucana'', by journalist Amaury Ribeiro Júnior, about alleged scandals involving privatizations and embezzlement of public money in PSDB administrations.",
"It was also mentioned that Onésimo, a specialist in counter-espionage, had offered the PT surveillance and wiretapping services, but this was dismissed.",
"On October 25 of the same year, Amaury was indicted for four crimes by the Federal Police.",
"In an interview with the ''Roda Viva'' program about ''Folha'''s allegations regarding the existence of the alleged dossier, Rousseff declared that the newspaper \"has no credibility with the public\" and that until it proves, it is \"an unfounded accusation\".",
"She also affirmed that she only didn't sue the newspaper because she \"respects freedom of the press\".",
"PT filed a lawsuit against José Serra for the accusations related to the alleged dossier.On July 21, Antonia Aparecida Silva was named as the possible responsible for the leak.",
"She was a Federal Revenue (RFB) analyst and was dismissed from her commissioned position on July 8, a week after the allegations appeared in the press and the RFB opened an investigation.",
"According to the tax authorities, Antonia's password was used to consult and print the data without any legal justification.",
"She has also been a member of the board of directors of the ABC region's revenue union.",
"According to trade unionist Helio Bernardes, the current president of Sindireceita, she denies having accessed the data.=== International repercussions ===Rousseff with vice-presidential candidate Michel Temer.For the British newspaper ''The Independent'', Rousseff's election \"marks the final dissolution of the 'national security state', an arrangement that conservative governments in the United States and Europe have already seen as their best ploy to maintain a rotten ''status quo'' that has maintained a vast majority in Latin America in poverty, while favoring their rich friends\".",
"It also stated that she \"is not embarrassed by her urban guerrilla past, which included fighting generals and spending time in prison as a political prisoner\" and that, if elected, she will become \"the most powerful woman in the world\".The Spanish newspaper ''El País'' characterized Rousseff as \"a great manager, a woman more of action than of thought\".",
"Later, when estimating that José Serra could suffer a \"humiliating defeat\" at the polls, it criticized the appearance of scandals raised by other candidates on the eve of the elections, saying that \"thousands of Brazilians dreamed of a smooth electoral campaign centered on the candidates' proposals, but once again foul play is eclipsing political debate\".Rousseff, who is of Bulgarian descent, received a two-page spread in Bulgaria's most important newspaper, ''Trud'', and several journalists from the country's media outlets commented with excitement on the possibility of a daughter of Bulgarians being elected president of Brazil.",
"During her campaign, Bulgaria experienced a kind of \"fever\" and interest in Rousseff.=== Performance ===Rousseff after being elected Brazil's first female president on October 31, 2010.In the first round of elections on October 3, 2010, Dilma received more than 47 million votes and became the most voted woman in the Americas.",
"In the second round, the ''Para o Brasil Seguir Mudando'' coalition received the support of the PP, which had remained neutral in the first round, although the majority of its directors and candidates had already supported her.",
"PSOL instructed its members not to give \"any vote to Serra\", but to vote for Rousseff.",
"While the party's presidential candidate, Plínio de Arruda Sampaio, declared a null vote, the party's congressional group advocated a \"critical vote\" for Rousseff.On October 31, 2010, Rousseff was elected president of Brazil with 56.05% of the total valid votes, against 43.95% for José Serra.",
"In her speech, she dealt with different themes, such as valuing democracy, freedom of the press, freedom of religion and women.",
"She also stated that her government would keep inflation under control, improve public spending, simplify taxation and improve public services for the population.In the parliamentary elections, the ''Para o Brasil Seguir Mudando'' coalition won 352 of the 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 54 of the 81 seats in the Federal Senate, which guaranteed Rousseff a large majority in both houses of parliament.",
"The coalition also elected 11 of the 18 governors in the first round and five more governors in the second round.",
"The opposition, led by the ''O Brasil Pode Mais (''Brazil Can Do More) coalition, decreased from 133 to 111 federal deputies and from 38 to 27 senators and elected 11 governors.",
"The left-wing opposition to the federal government led by PSOL maintained three seats in the House and gained one more seat in the Senate."
],
[
"See also",
"* Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew's (a term used by historian François Boulet in his book was a series of assassinations and arrests of the main leaders of Grenoble's resistance to German occupation, between November 25 and 30, 1943.It was carried out by a team of collaborationists under the orders of Doriot and the Lyon PPF led by Francis André.",
"It was named after the Protestant massacre of 1572.During the Second World War, while the north of France had been occupied by German troops since June 1940, the southern or free zone was also invaded in November 1942, except for the Alps region, which found itself under a much less violent Italian occupation.",
"This situation attracted many persecuted refugees and academics to Grenoble.",
"The city's proximity to imposing mountain ranges and the ease with which Maquis fighters could hide made it an ideal location for the development of resistance to the occupying forces.",
"But on September 8, 1943, the French Alps were in turn invaded by the Germans, who quickly decided to eliminate this resistance in a vast operation.In addition to five people who were deported but returned alive, Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew's toll was eleven murders and eight deaths during deportation, with the future Prefect of Isère, , narrowly avoiding capture."
],
[
"Context",
"Occupied and free zones in 1943.During the Second World War, Grenoble was located in the free zone until November 1942.During this period, the landing of Allied troops in North Africa led to the invasion of most of the free zone by German troops, and the occupation by the Italian army of an area east of the Rhône valley.The city of Grenoble, with its population then reaching the 100,000 mark, was occupied on November 11, 1942, by the 8,000 men of the 5th Italian Alpine Division, known as the Pusteria, under the command of General Maurizio Lazzaro De Castiglioni.",
"Their area of responsibility stretched from Lake Geneva to the Durance.",
"This period of Italian occupation was nevertheless a relatively safe one in Grenoble, particularly for persecuted Jews from the occupied zone such as the future historian Marc Ferro, but also for academics and scientists such as the future Nobel Prize winner Louis Néel, who saw the city as a land of asylum.",
"But on September 8, 1943, the territories occupied by the Italians were in turn controlled by the Germans following the signing of the Armistice of Cassibile between Italy and the Allies.",
"The arrival of German troops in Grenoble in September 1943 led to a much more violent occupation.At the same time, from 1940 onwards, people from different social backgrounds, with no relation to each other, joined the resistance and gradually organized themselves.",
"Young men who had refused Compulsory Work Service arrived in Grenoble in increasing numbers, and joined the various Maquis in the surrounding mountain ranges.",
"In December 1942, one of the first Maquis in France was set up in the Vercors Massif overlooking the city.",
"On the BBC's radio waves, Grenoble became the \"capital of the Maquis.\""
],
[
"German occupation",
"A section of the German army marches down boulevard Édouard-Rey towards the .On the morning of September 9, 1943, the German occupation led to the installation of the 157th reserve division of the ''Wehrmacht'', commanded by General Karl Pflaum.",
"Under his command, the 15,000 troops moved into the Alpine departments, driving out the Italian soldiers.",
"Installed at the Wehrmacht headquarters on Place Pasteur in the (Student's House), his first priority was to house repressive bodies such as the secret state police, the Geheim Staatspolizei, better known as the Gestapo.",
"Then, on September 29, 1943, the SD (''Sicherheitsdiens''t), the security service responsible for espionage in Lyon, seconded its intervention commando (''Einsatzkommando'') to Grenoble, under the command of SS Paul Heimann.",
"For this purpose, a large nine-storey building was requisitioned at 28, Av.",
"Berriat.",
"In this highly tense context, the first victim of the German occupiers soon fell: 32-year-old engineer André Abry was shot dead on October 6 in the street of Palanka, as he had just placed his briefcase on the sidewalk in order to open his garage door.Twenty years later, Lucienne Gosse, wife of Dean René Gosse, wrote of this period: \"The Germans who arrived in Grenoble in September 1943 were no longer the triumphant victors of June 1940.They were afraid of the Alpine zone, where BBC broadcasts were announcing the presence of tens of thousands of young men ready for combat, and giving Grenoble the title of maquis capital.",
"The Germans called this region Little Russia, and as they feared Great Russia even more, the fear of being sent to the Eastern Front aroused their repressive zeal; terror reigned there right up to the end of their occupation.",
"\"From December 1943 onwards, the Grenoble garrison grew in importance and strength.",
"This was reflected in the relocation of the headquarters of the Reich Security Police, the Sipo-SD (''Sicherheitspolizei''), in April 1944 to a hotel on Boulevard Maréchal-Pétain, and the replacement of Chief Heimann by SS-Hauptsturmführer Hartung."
],
[
"Resistance activities in November 1943",
"Monuments to The Blue Devils in Grenoble.Tension between the population and the occupying forces became increasingly tense in November.",
"A few days earlier, in October, the Milice headquarters on Square Victor-Hugo had just been machine-gunned and the Germans saw their immediate collaborators fall one after the other to Resistance fighters' bullets.",
"Stemming from the Combat resistance movement, the action of the \"groupes francs\", armed action groups made up of the most dynamic and mobile men, constituting the armed wing in charge of immediate action, exerted a real undermining effect on the Germans' morale.",
"At their head in Isère was Commandant Louis Nal.Kommandatur in Grenoble was located in the Place Pasteur in the Student House (center).",
"Demonstrators were grouped to the right of the building.The people of Dauphiné were called to commemorate November 11, 1943 at the Port-de-France war memorial on the right side of the Isère, but as they approached the Port-de-France bridge, the Mobile Guard prevented the demonstrators from crossing and pushed them back.",
"Chanting ''La Marseillaise'', the 1,500 demonstrators then decided to head for the Blue Devils monument in the Paul-Mistral Park.",
"Once there, they barely had time to place a bouquet before they were surrounded by German forces, and 600 of them were arrested.",
"Parked in the Pasteur square, visible from General Karl Pflaum's office, the women and children under 16 were released after a few hours.",
"However, 369 were held at the Bonne barracks, to be deported two months later to concentration camps.",
"Of the 369 young men under the age of 30 deported to Buchenwald after two months in Compiègne, only 102 returned alive at the end of the war.A report dated November 11, 1943, from the commander of the Isère gendarmerie, who was present at the arrival of the demonstration, states that there were \"around 1,500 demonstrators\", and adds: \"The Germans deployed in skirmishers and ran with automatic weapons and revolvers pointed at the crowd.",
"Fortunately, the G.M.R.",
"and Gendarmes, who were busy pushing the crowd towards the town, found themselves placed between the Germans and the civilians, which prevented the use of fire that was about to occur.",
"(...) The Commissaire Central de Police, the Major of the G.M.R., the Major of the Guard and the Major of the Compagnie de Gendarmerie then rushed to the German soldiers to warn them not to fire.",
"(...) At 11:40 a.m., four heads of department of the French police authorities, including the author of the report were taken to the Student House, escorted by German soldiers with their weapons drawn.",
"On arrival, all four were searched and stripped of their weapons.",
"The four department heads were released at 1 p.m. after being warned that they would be held responsible for any further incidents.",
"While the authorities were at the Student House, they found that German troops had maneuvered and surrounded around 5-600 people going off into the adjacent streets, and led them into a wire-wrapped area near a General Staff building.",
"In the afternoon, the women and children were released.",
"The men were taken to the Bonne barracks.",
"\"Unrelated to this demonstration, a spectacular attack took place in Grenoble on the night of November 13 to 14, destroying the German ammunition depot located in the north of the city on the artillery polygone with a huge explosion.",
"At around 11 p.m., 150 tonnes of ammunition and 1,000 tonnes of equipment went up in smoke, depriving the German occupiers of precious explosive resources.",
"The blast was heard over fifty kilometers away and incandescent clouds rose higher than the surrounding mountains.",
"This feat was the work of Grenoble resistance fighter Aimé Requet.",
"The operation had already been in preparation for six months, thanks in particular to a warrant officer from Lorraine by the name of Schumacher who, working in the arsenal, drew up the execution plans.",
"Initially scheduled for November 6, the firing was postponed to the 10th, then to the 14th, due to faulty ignition."
],
[
"Red week",
"On November 15, 1943, the Gestapo got together to suppress these resistance movements with a lightning operation, calling in a team of Lyonnais militiamen led by Francis André.",
"Under the direction of SS August Moritz, they received information from the Girousse couple of the Mouvement Franciste, and decided on the details of the operation in retaliation for the death of collaborators in Grenoble.At 6 p.m. on November 25, the operation began with the simultaneous arrests of Communist Party member Roger Guigue in his wife's hairdressing salon on rue Brocherie, journalist Jean Pain in the on Saint-André square and lottery ticket salesman Georges Duron in his wife's flower store on Victor-Hugo square, marking the start of this series of murders.",
"After interrogation of the three resistance fighters, each was executed in a different part of the town.",
"A leaflet was found on their bodies with the inscription: \"This man pays with his life for the death of a national\".On November 26, Dr. Jacques Girard was arrested at 2 p.m. at his home at 60, street Élisée-Chatin, interrogated in a house requisitioned by the killers and executed.",
"Francis André's team, assisted by the local militia, carried out new arrests and executions every hour.",
"Doctor Henri Butterlin was arrested at 3 p.m. at his home at 5, street de Palanka, Alphonse Audinos at 5:30 p.m. at 22, avenue Berriat and Joseph Bernard at 6:30 p.m. at 26, square Vaucanson, All three were executed the same day, and the bodies of two of them were found far from their place of arrest, in Vif for Henri Butterlin and in Claix for Jacques Girard.Gaston Valois.At 2 a.m. on November 27, Dr. Gaston Valois was arrested at his home at 5, Palanka Street.",
"The team of killers discovered important documents relating to the Grenoble Resistance.",
"However, the doctor had taken the precaution of cutting the documents in two, giving the second half to his secretary Henri Maubert, who had been hospitalized at the Alpes clinic a few weeks earlier under a false name.",
"Suzanne Ferrandini, Dr. Valois' secretary, was also arrested.",
"During their transfer to Gestapo headquarters, Dr. Valois tried in vain to seize a weapon to commit suicide.",
"Then, at 4:30 a.m., Henri Maubert was arrested at the Alpes clinic, and the militiamen discovered the other half of the documents.",
"The information obtained by the militiamen on November 25 enabled them to set up a trap at the home of a photographer, whose business at 1, Strasbourg Street had become a Resistance mailbox.",
"The couple who ran the store, Marcel and Marcelle Boninn-Arthaud, were arrested there, followed by Edmond Gallet, Raymond Langlet and Anthelme Croibier-Muscat.At midday, Francis André's team, joined by Grenoblois from the ''Légion des Volontaires Français contre le Bolchevisme'' (Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism), lunch at the Savoyard tavern on Avenue d'Alsace-Lorraine.",
"Members of the \"Paul Vallier\" franc group, of which Gustave Estadès is deputy, warned of the arrival of this team of killers, plan to intervene.",
"Accompanied by a third member of the Resistance, they discreetly observed them at their table, but decided not to shoot them, as the restaurant was crowded and the area very busy.",
"In the afternoon, Francis André's team returned to the trap.",
"A new arrest is made at the photographer's home, of a Jewish man, René Mauss.",
"Worried that Anthelme Croibier-Muscat has been missing since morning, Gustave Estadès decides to go inside and fall into the trap.",
"A few minutes later, Paul Vallier enters too, but Estadès raises his hands to show him the handcuffs.",
"Paul Vallier immediately shoots through his jacket, wounding a member of the team of killers, and manages to escape.",
"Estadès is violently interrogated at Gestapo headquarters at 6 p.m., then locked in a cell with three other people.",
"He then met Dr. Valois; the two men had already exchanged letters but had never met.",
"Three other Resistance members were arrested that day: René Lembourg and Maurice Taccola died in deportation, while Henri Arbassier was interned and released in August 1944.Jean BistésiOn November 28, three leaders of the Combat movement are arrested near Grenoble: Fernand Gras in Saint-Hilaire-du-Touvet, Georges Frier in Voiron and Alfred Ducollet in La Mure.",
"In the afternoon, the interrogations of Suzanne Ferrandini and Henri Maubert begin, followed by the interrogation of Dr. Valois at 7:30 pm.",
"The doctor was tortured throughout the night, and his interrogation ended at 5am.",
"Taken back to his cell, he asked Gustave Estadès to help him commit suicide.",
"Using one of the two razor blades he had concealed, he slit his wrists with the assistance of Gustave Estadès.",
"Estadès hid the second blade from the doctor and hastily applied a tourniquet to his arm, so as not to be accused of letting him die.",
"At 7:30 a.m., the Germans discovered that Dr. Valois had committed suicide.Jean Perrot.On the morning of November 29, Dr. Victor Carrier, a member of the ''Mouvements unis de la Résistance'', was arrested at his home in Saint-Marcellin.",
"During the arrest, the doctor was shot dead, and his wife and the housekeeper were transferred to Gestapo headquarters on Berriat Avenue.",
"At midday, while prisoners were being transferred to the building, Estadès tried in vain to inform Dr. Carrier's maid of Dr. Valois's death.",
"At the same time, Professor Jean Bistési, the new departmental leader of the Combat movement, was executed outside the Institute of Electrochemistry and Electrometallurgy on boulevard Gambetta.",
"At the same time, two men claiming to have been sent by Doctor Valois visited the home of industrialist Jean Perrot, head of the Francs-tireurs movement in Isère.",
"Jean Perrot had his maid tell him that he was not at home.",
"The two men indicate that they will visit him in the afternoon at his office in the Sappey factory.",
"Jean Perrot thought of running away, but with no news from Dr. Valois and fearing that he might need help, he went to his workplace at 40 Road Bresson (now Rue Marcel-Perreto).",
"At 4 p.m., Jean Perrot was seriously wounded by the two men who had just arrived at his factory.",
"He died in hospital at 7pm.",
"His brother-in-law, Jean Fouletier, also present on the premises, was more lightly wounded, arrested and deported to Germany, where he died on April 19, 1945.Other Resistance fighters escaped the massacre, but on the same day, at around 6pm, two German policemen arrived at the Trésorerie Générale de l'Isère on avenue Félix-Viallet.",
"They asked to see former prefect Jean Berthoin, who had been in charge since August 1940.",
"\"German police!",
"We have a few questions to ask you,\" they say.",
"\"I have a meeting to finish.",
"I'll be with you as soon as I've finished,\" he explains.",
"The two Germans agreed, then said they'd be back in twenty minutes.",
"An hour later, when they didn't return, Berthoin ignored the pleas of his entourage to flee.",
"He decides to phone the Gestapo to let them know that his meeting is over.",
"The Gestapo, disconcerted by this phone call, evasively replied that their agents would return to the Treasury another day.",
"Berthoin's initiative had saved his life.On November 30, , future Prefect of Isère, joined the Grésivaudan Maquis, narrowly escaping the killers who were raiding his apartment, and appointed his successor as head of the ''Armée Secrète'' in Isère, Commandant ."
],
[
"Daily press coverage",
"In the days that followed, the Gestapo did everything in its power to hide these eleven crimes.",
"Newspapers were forbidden to publish the death notices of the murdered resistance fighters, and only four family members, designated by the Gestapo, were allowed to attend the funerals of each of the victims.",
"On November 28, 1943, the newspaper ''Le Petit Dauphinois'' announced the death of Roger Guigue, followed the next day by the deaths of Jean Pain, Dr. Girard and Alphonse Audinos.",
"On November 30, identical information was published by the city's three daily newspapers, ''Le Petit Dauphinois'', ''La République du Sud-Est'' and ''La Dépêche dauphinoise'': \"A series of attacks in Grenoble, nine dead\", introducing a brief statement: \"Grenoble experienced a frightful series of red attacks on Friday and Saturday.",
"In almost identical circumstances, nine of our fellow citizens were shot dead with revolvers or machine guns, either in their homes or in the countryside\".",
"The list of victims follows, with this comment: \"Is it necessary to add that this series of attacks has provoked strong emotion in our city, where everyone condemns the bloody violence which is putting the families of the Dauphiné region in mourning and adding further pain to the anguish of our people?",
"\"This brief account leaves out the execution of Jean Perrot and the arrest of Dr. Valois, and includes at least one supporter of the Regime, the mayor of Saint-Martin d'Hères, Henri Gérente, who was shot dead by the Resistance on November 29.No comments other than those accompanying the list of victims are tolerated.",
"No explanation can be given as to the exact nature of the attacks or who ordered them.",
"This wave of executions of the main leaders of the non-Communist Resistance was partly due to careless language on the part of some of them.",
"At the same time, judicial inquiries were opened, but Commissaire Toussaint and Inspector Hilke were deported by the Germans for being too persistent in their investigations."
],
[
"Jean Berthoin questionning",
"Senator Jean Berthoin was intrigued by the death toll from that bloody week.",
"He noted that most of the Resistance fighters who had been shot belonged to the radical-socialist movement, wondering who had benefited from the crime, and not hesitating to accuse certain Resistance leaders of having pulled the strings behind the drama.",
"\"The Radical Party was decapitated in November 1943,\" he writes in his Memoirs.",
"\"It was the radicals who were the victims of the executions.",
"It's very curious.",
"I often suspected of the Communists.",
"None of the Resistance leaders were executed.",
"Not a single one was arrested.",
"In Grenoble, we hit people who weren't Communists.",
"But the Communists were found again at the Liberation.",
"I'm not saying they didn't do a good job in the maquis.",
"They were lucky enough to escape - is this a coincidence or not?",
"- from the Gestapo.",
"\"Hotel de la Poste in Méaudre, venue for the \"Monaco\" meeting.The events that followed the massacres reinforced Berthoin's version.",
"The disappearance of the radical Gaston Valois, regional leader of the ''Mouvements unis de la Résistance'' (MUR), left the field open to the radio engineer Pierre Flaureau (known as Pel), a communist activist with whom he and Léon Chevallet (known as Benoît), a Front National delegate, had joined forces on May 17, 1943, to form the Comité de la France Combattante de l'Isère et des Alpes dauphinoises.",
"A few days after the bloody week, Flaureau and Chevallet took control of the committee.",
"He took charge of the resistance in Grenoble, while his colleague took charge of the rest of the department.",
"This new division of power led to the ousting of all MUR representatives.",
"Rumors spread that Valois had betrayed the Resistance.",
"Flaureau echoed this at the \"Monaco\" meeting held on January 25, 1944, at the Hotel de la Poste in Méaudre, which gave rise to the \"Comité départemental de libération nationale\" (CDLN).",
"In his opening speech to the twelve delegates of the Dauphiné Resistance, none of whom was a member of the MUR, he said that Valois had betrayed his comrades in arms, and that he was living happily in the Midi as payment for his crime.",
"Another participant follows his lead, discrediting the armed actions carried out by the network to which Valois belonged.",
"At the end of the meeting, the Communist current won three of the five seats on the future CDLN executive board, including the post of secretary, which went to Flaureau."
],
[
"Intensified retaliation until the end of the war",
"Memorial to Dean René Gosse in Saint-Ismier.From December 1943 onwards, a policy of systematic retaliation for attacks by the Dauphiné resistance was established.",
"Deportations and executions of resistance fighters followed the murders of militiamen and German soldiers.",
"Three weeks after Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew, René Gosse, former dean of Grenoble's science university between 1927 and 1940, and his son Jean Gosse were murdered by the Milice on December 21.Two days later, a roundup took place in Vaucanson Square, where the central post office was located, leading to the deportation of around a hundred people.",
"But the most spectacular event was the attack on the German-occupied Bonne military barracks.",
"On December 2, the 30 tons of explosives inside the barracks were detonated by Aloyzi Kospiski, a Polish resistance fighter who had been forced into the Wehrmacht.",
"The explosion at 8.10 a.m. was so powerful that housing was severely damaged within a radius of one kilometer, and windows were blown out almost everywhere in Grenoble.",
"Some houses were completely destroyed, while electricity was cut off in part of the city.",
"Six German soldiers were killed and dozens more wounded.",
"Civilians were also among the victims: seven Grenoble residents living nearby were killed, and over two hundred were injured.January 1944 saw the creation of the departmental committee of national liberation, but in February, when Alois Brunner passed through Grenoble, hundreds of Jews were deported.",
"From June onwards, the Resistance in the nearby Vercors massif took over some of the German soldiers stationed in Grenoble.",
"On August 1, the Prefect of Isère, Philippe Frantz, a notorious collaborator, was executed by the Resistance.",
"On August 6, a crucial meeting for the early liberation of Grenoble took place in Naples between French Colonel Henri Zeller, military commander of the southeast region, and General Alexander Patch, commander-in-chief of the Provence landings.",
"Zeller, who had escaped from the fighting in Vercors two weeks earlier, managed to convince Patch to send part of his troops along the Route Napoléon, heading for Grenoble in order to pincer the Germans further north.",
"A final tragedy under German occupation took place on August 14, 1944, when twenty young Resistance fighters arrested a few days earlier in the Vercors were shot on a vacant lot (now known as Square des Fusillés) at the end of Avenue Berriat, in retaliation for the death of two German soldiers.Nine months after the Red Week, General Karl Pflaum, fully aware of the advance of Allied troops since the Provence landings, decided to break away from the fighting with the ''Maquis de l'Oisans'' and ordered the evacuation of German troops from the town on the night of August 21 to 22, 1944.The evacuation was immediate, with French prisoners abandoned in their cells in the Bonne barracks and administrative papers burned.",
"After dynamiting the \"iron bridge\" and the Drac bridge, the Germans set off in an uninterrupted convoy of tanks, trucks, motorcycles and bicycles along the Boulevard des Alpes towards Gières and then Savoie.Grenette square, August 22, 1944.At dawn on Tuesday August 22, maquisards from the surrounding massifs, members of the Groupes Francs and two French detachments parachuted into Grenoble from the Drôme on July 31, were followed around midday by the IIIrd Battalion of the 143rd Infantry Regiment, part of the US Army's 36th Infantry Division.",
"Arriving from south of Grenoble via the Avenue Saint-André, the IIIrd Battalion, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Theodor Andrews, was accompanied by its corps commander, Colonel Paul Adams, who had landed seven days earlier on the beaches of Provence.",
"With the German road signs torn down, the streets crowded with jubilant crowds and the bells ringing, Adams set up his headquarters at the Napoleon Hotel and made contact with Alain Le Ray, head of the Isère FFI, to prepare for the possibility of a German return.",
"A new prefect, Albert Reynier, is installed, and a new mayor from the Resistance, Frédéric Lafleur, replaces Paul Cocat at around 5pm.",
"''Les Allobroges'' daily newspaper (August 23, 1944, replacing '''').But the very next day, Adams was ordered to move towards the Rhone valley, leaving the 179th Infantry Regiment of the 45th Infantry Division in charge of Colonel Harold Meyer.",
"Meyer tasked the leader of his IIIrd Battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Philip Johnson, with protecting the city's northern front.",
"But on the morning of August 24, against all expectations, some of the German troops who had turned back during the night returned to Domène and Gières and began firing artillery at Grenoble.",
"The artillery duel with the American positions lasted all day, destroying German armored cars in Domène and an American tank at La Galochère in Saint-Martin-d'Hères.",
"With the help of the maquisards, hundreds of German soldiers were finally captured on the evening of August 24 in Gières, after the Germans surrendered to French colonel Henri Zeller.",
"However, a final misfortune befell the town when, on August 26, two mass graves totalling 48 corpses were found on the Mutte road near the artillery range.",
"The following December, in tribute to these unfortunate members of the Resistance, the road leading to the gasworks was renamed Rue des Martyrs.Mayor Frédéric Lafleur in Pasteur Square.Considered too close to the occupying forces, the region's main daily, , founded in 1878, printed its last issue on August 22, and was replaced the following day by ''Les Allobroges'', a newspaper founded by the local Resistance.",
"This marked the start of a brief period of score-settling among a population hunting down French collaborators with the occupying forces.",
"The 1944 collaboration trials led to the execution on September 2 of six militiamen in the same square where the young resistance fighters had been executed by the Germans a month earlier.",
"Women who had had intimate relations with the occupying forces were shaved and marched through the streets.On November 5, 1944, just as the collaboration trials had begun two months earlier, and in front of a large crowd in Pasteur Square, Charles de Gaulle presented the medal of the Order of Liberation to Mayor Frédéric Lafleur, whose city became one of five French communes to receive it.",
"The decree awarding the Order of Liberation to Grenoble had been signed by General de Gaulle on May 4, 1944.In his speech, he evoked the period that had passed with these words: \"Grenoble endured all that, but Grenoble at no point - who knows better than he who has the honor of speaking to it?",
"- at no time has it renounced to itself, to freedom, to hope, to the Homeland.\""
],
[
"Condemnations",
"Numerous decisions in contumacy were handed down in the early months of 1945, concerning French people who had sided with the enemy and managed to leave the country to escape reprisals.",
"Francis André, known as \"\" (''Twisted mouth)'', the main protagonist of this operation, and his henchmen, gathered around Barbie in the Côte-d'Or on August 21, 1944, then in Nancy.",
"Protected by the Abwehr and the RSHA, they fled to Germany, with the PPF, and took refuge in Mainau.",
"Shortly after Germany's defeat in 1945, Francis André was arrested, brought back to France and incarcerated in the Montluc prison in Lyon, where he had had so many people imprisoned.",
"He was sentenced to death on January 19, 1946, and shot on March 9, 1946, at Fort Duchère at the age of 37.Guy Eclache, one of Grenoble's leading collaborators, was named \"public enemy number 1\" at the Liberation, but managed to escape to Italy.",
"Located in 1945, he was brought back to Grenoble by resistance fighters, including Pierre Fugain, to stand trial, and was executed in the artillery range on October 20, 1945.As for the Girousse couple, after fleeing to Germany and then Italy, Antoine, a Mouvement Franciste representative in Grenoble, was executed on March 29, 1946, but his wife Edith was pardoned.",
"The bishop of Grenoble, Alexandre Caillot, one of the most Petainist prelates in France, was not bothered and escaped the vindictive authorities.",
"As for General Karl Pflaum, he was taken prisoner in Germany in February 1947, then released for health reasons in December 1951.He died in 1957 without trial."
],
[
"Commemorations",
"On December 1, 1946, the statue of Dr. Gaston Valois was unveiled in Félix-Poulat Street, against the façade of Saint-Louis church, in front of a large crowd.",
"Every year, Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew's Day is commemorated by the municipal and prefectural authorities.",
"On November 14, 2002, the statue was transferred to the wall of remembrance at the end of the Avenue des Martyrs on the former military range, now a ''scientific polygon'', where he now presides over his fellow Resistance fighters.70th anniversary plaque.In 2003, when one of the many books about this tragic period was published, historian Claude Muller recounted in his book the testimony of a former Resistance fighter, Émile Farsat, who explained the origin of the expression Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew: \"This period was one of mad anxiety for the entire Dauphiné Resistance.",
"We were all expecting to be eliminated.",
"It was with the historic massacre of Protestants in mind that we later dubbed this catastrophic slaughter of the best among us the Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew.",
"A slightly exaggerated name, but one that accurately reflects this sad operation carried out by a bloodthirsty enemy, aided, alas, by French people unworthy of the name...\".In November 2013, to mark the 70th anniversary, the front page of Grenoble's municipal newspaper featured a mosaic of twelve photos of the victims of this Grenoble's Saint-Bartholomew, and devoted four pages to the subject.",
"The ''Musée de la Résistance et de la Déportation à Grenoble'' in Isère devoted a six-month temporary exhibition to the tragedy and on November 29, a plaque was unveiled at 5, Palanka Street in Grenoble, commemorating Gaston Valois at the place of his arrest."
],
[
"See also",
"* ''Musée de la Résistance et de la Déportation à Grenoble''* Battle of Vercors* Police collaboration in Vichy France"
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References",
"=== Bibliography ===* * * The chapter in question deals with the Dauphiné Resistance and Grenoble's saint-Bartholomew.",
"* * * * * * * *"
],
[
"External links",
"* * *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Stargate: Timekeepers"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Stargate: Timekeepers''''' is a real-time tactics video game developed by Slitherine Poland and published by Slitherine Software.",
"Players attempt to stealthily complete missions with a team of soldiers set in alien worlds from the Stargate franchise."
],
[
"Gameplay",
"Players control a group of soldiers in an original story connected to season 7 of ''Stargate SG-1''.",
"''Stargate: Timekeepers'' is a real-time tactics game in which players must complete missions using stealth.",
"The team consists of Colonel Eva McCain, a soldier and the team leader; Max Bolton, a sniper; the scientist Derrick Harper; Sam Watson, a spy who can infiltrate enemy base by impersonating Jaffa; and A'ta, a Jaffa defector who assists the team.",
"Enemies who discover the team or evidence they have been at the base call reinforcements.",
"''Stargate: Timekeepers'' is divided into seasons.",
"The first season includes 14 chapters.",
"Seven chapters are included in the initial release, and the remaining seven will be released later in 2024."
],
[
"Development",
"CreativeForge Games, a Polish video game studio, collaborated with Slitherine Software to form a new studio, Slitherine Poland.",
"They took over development from CreativeForge, though it comprised mostly the same team members.",
"Slitherine Software released it for Windows on January 23, 2024."
],
[
"Reception",
"''Stargate: Timekeepers'' received positive reviews on Metacritic.",
"''IGN'' called it \"challenging and enjoyable\" and likened it to ''Shadow Tactics: Blades of the Shogun''.",
"They said they had to read ''Stargate SG-1'' plot synopses to remind them of the franchise's complex mythology, and they found some of the characters to lack depth, but they enjoyed the combination of stealth, tactics, and ''Stargate''.",
"''The Games Machine'' compared it to the ''Commandos'' series and praised the mission design, though they said some people may dislike the episodic nature and delayed release of the second half of the first season.",
"''Multiplayer.it'' said it was not as good as ''Shadow Gambit: The Cursed Crew'', but they recommended it to fans of ''SG-1'' and ''Commandos''."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Girls Will Be Girls (2024 film)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Girls Will Be Girls''''' (stylized in all-lowercase; Hindi: ''गर्ल्स विल बी गर्ल्स'') is a 2024 Indo-French coming-of-age drama film written and directed by Shuchi Talati.",
"It stars Preeti Panigrahi, Kani Kusruti, and Kesav Binoy Kiron.",
"The film is director Talati's first feature, and the debut of Panigrahi and Kiron.",
"The film is set in a boarding school in the Himalayan foothills, and centers around the teenage protagonist Mira's romance with a charming new student, her subsequent sexual-awakening, and at times strained relationship to her protective mother.Talati conceived the story of the film in 2018, drawing from her own experiences as a young girl, her school in Vadodara, and Enid Blyton's book series ''Malory Towers'' and ''St.",
"Clare's''.",
"At the direction of Talati, the film was produced by a majority female crew in order to create a safe space where \"girls could be girls.\"",
"The female crew include producers Claire Chassange and Richa Chadha, Taiwanese cinematographer Jih-E Peng, production designer Avyakta Kapur, and editor Amrita David.",
"The film was produced by Pushing Buttons Studios, and received a production grant from the French ''Aide aux Cinemas du Monde'' in 2021.It was shot over 45 days in the northern Indian region of Uttarakhand, and in the capital Dehradun.The film was selected for the 2024 Sundance Film Festival, participating in the competition section of the festival.",
"It was also entered for the 47th iteration of the Gothenburg Film Festival."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources''' with the acronym '''MINAGRI''' is a ministry of Rwanda with headquarters at Kigali, Rwanda.",
"It is headed currently by Ildephonse Musafiri since 2023.It was established by the Government of Rwanda to aid promote agriculture and livestock sector of the country."
],
[
"Activities",
"In late November and December 2019, following the effect of Covid 19 on the economy to Rwanda, mostly considered as ''least developed'' countries.",
"The ministry with assistance by the Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations was able to analyse and carry out their '''Annual Assessment Mission''' of crop production in the states of Rwanda."
],
[
"Leadership",
"The governmental agency is headed by a minister appointed by the President of Rwanda.",
"* Ildephonse Musafiri (2023–present)* Gerardine Mukeshimana (2014-2023)"
],
[
"See also",
"* Cabinet of Rwanda* Economy of Rwanda"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography/ Further reading",
"* African land development in Kenya, 1946–1962.(1962).",
"Kenya: Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Water Resources.",
"* African Land Development in Kenya, 1946–1955.(1956).",
"Kenya: Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Water Resources.",
"* National agricultural innovation system assessment in Rwanda: the small livestock sub-sector.",
"(2023): Food & Agriculture Org.",
"* Public investment prioritization for Rwanda's inclusive agricultural transformation: Evidence from rural investment and policy analysis modeling.",
"(2022): Intl Food Policy* Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme. (2003).",
"Italy: NEPAD."
],
[
"External links",
"* Official webpage"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Boyzie Zamar"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''David \"Boyzie\" Zamar''' (sometimes misspelled as '''Boysie''' or '''Boycie''') (born December 30, 1966) is a Filipino basketball coach who currently serves as an assistant coach of San Miguel Beermen.",
"He is the father of former UE Red Warrior and former Beermen Paul Zamar."
],
[
"Career",
"Zamar worked as an assistant coach to Louie Alas at the Manila Metrostars, that time the team is led by their star Rommel Adducul and future PBA coach Alex Compton.",
"He was appointed as Philippine national team head coach, and led the team to gold medals in 2001 SEABA Championship and 2001 Southeast Asian Games.He served as the head coach of Soccsargen Marlins.",
"After MBA fold in 2002, he was later coached the then James Yap-led UE Red Warriors.",
"They bring the team to the second seed and final four appearance, but defeated by Ateneo.",
"He coached the team until 2003.He was intended to coach again the Philippine team in 2005 Southeast Asian Games, where the Philippines is also the host.",
"But the team was suspended by the FIBA.He coached again the UE, and later joined the San Miguel Beermen as their assistant coach.",
"He returned to head coaching on the Beermen's 3x3 team."
],
[
"Coaching record",
"=== Collegiate ===SeasonWLPCTFinishPGPWPLPPCTResultsUE Red Warriors (UAAP)200177.5005th101.0004th-seed Playoff2002104.7142nd202.000Final Four2003113.7863rd101.000Final Four2012311.2147th––––Eliminated201377.5006th––––EliminatedTotals3832.542303.0000 championship"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Breathe (Greenwheel song)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"\"'''Breathe'''\" is a song by American alternative rock band Greenwheel, written by members Ryan Jordan, Marc Wanninger, Andrew Dwiggins, Douglas Randall, and Brandon Armstrong.",
"Produced by Malcolm Springer, it was released as the second single from the band's first full-length album, ''Soma Holiday'' (2002), in July 2002 and peaked at number 37 on the US ''Billboard'' Modern Rock Tracks chart.",
"The song experienced renewed popularity in 2004 when American singer-songwriter Melissa Etheridge covered the track for her eighth studio album, ''Lucky'' (2004)."
],
[
"Charts",
"Chart (2002)Peakposition"
],
[
"Release history",
"RegionDateFormat(s)Label(s)United StatesJuly 29, 2002IslandSeptember 23, 2002"
],
[
"Melissa Etheridge version",
"Melissa Etheridge covered \"Breathe\" for her eighth studio album, ''Lucky''.",
"Her version was produced by John Shanks and was released as the album's lead single on January 12, 2004.Although the song did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart, stalling at number six on the Bubbling Under Hot 100, it became Etheridge's second number-one single on the ''Billboard'' Triple-A chart, staying at the top for two weeks.",
"It also became a top-10 hit on the ''Billboard'' Adult Top 40 and briefly charted in the Netherlands, where it reached number 96.===Background and release===\"Breathe\" is the only song from ''Lucky'' that Etheridge did not write.",
"John Shanks produced the track while Paul Bushnell from American rock band Ednaswap plays bass guitar on the song.",
"Etheridge recorded the song at Henson Recording in Hollywood, California.",
"In the United States, AOL Music made \"Breathe\" available for streaming on December 1, 2003, and it was officially sent to radio on January 12, 2004, as the album's lead single.",
"The same year, the song was released physically in the Netherlands, issued as a CD single with the B-side \"Kiss Me\".",
"''Lucky'' was released on February 10, 2004, with \"Breathe\" appearing as the fourth track.===Critical reception===Reviewing \"Breathe\" for the January 24, 2004, issue of ''Billboard'', Keith Caulfield noted Etheridge's \"warm and familiar\" voice and \"gutsy\" vocals, calling the track \"solid\" and \"rocking\" with a \"killer\" chorus.",
"During an album review for the same publication, Michael Paoletta wrote that \"Breathe\" does not have the same charm as Etheridge's previous hits such as \"Come to My Window\" and \"I'm the Only One\".",
"Johnny Loftus of AllMusic was also indifferent to the track, calling it \"sappy\".",
"In 2005, at the 47th Annual Grammy Awards, the song was nominated for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance, losing to \"Code of Silence\" by Bruce Springsteen.===Credits and personnel===Credits are taken from the ''Lucky Me'' liner notes.",
"'''Studios'''* Recorded at Henson Recording (Hollywood, California)* Mixed at Image Recording Inc. (Hollywood, California)'''Personnel'''* Ryan Jordan – writing* Marc Wanninger – writing* Andrew Dwiggins – writing* Douglas Randall – writing* Brandon Armstrong – writing* Melissa Etheridge – vocals, acoustic guitar* John Shanks – acoustic and electric guitars, production* Paul Bushnell – bass* Jamie Muhoberac – keyboards* Kenny Aronoff – drums* Chris Lord-Alge – mixing* Jeff Rothschild – engineering* Marc Valentine – additional engineering* Jaime Sickora – assistant engineering* Keith Armstrong – assistant engineering* Shari Sutcliffe – contract coordination===Charts=======Weekly charts====Chart (2004)Peakposition====Year-end charts====Chart (2004)PositionUS Adult Top 40 (''Billboard'')22US Triple-A (''Billboard'')15"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Julia Lore McGrew"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Julia Lore McGrew''' (1849–1942) was an American physician and medical missionary in India.",
"Affiliated with the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, she was, in 1876, the first to provide medical missionary services in Moradabad."
],
[
"Early life and education",
"Anna Julia Lore was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, June 17, 1849.Her father, Dallas Dayton Lore, D.D.",
"(1815–1875), joined the Philadelphia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1837.In 1840, he was nominated as a missionary to Africa, but circumstances prevented his entering upon the work.",
"In 1847, he went as a missionary to Buenos Aires, where, two years after, Julia was born.",
"McGrew's mother, Rebecca (née, Toy) (1819–1903), accompanied her husband to Buenos Aires, and here they remained seven years.",
"Julia's siblings were Isaiah, Dallas, Elizabeth, and Frank.After founding the Methodist mission, Dr. Lore returned from Buenos Aires, and was sent upon a tour of observation in New Mexico Territory, with a view to the establishment of a mission in that Territory, after which he entered the pastorate.",
"In 1864, he was elected editor of the ''Northern Christian Advocate'' (Auburn, New York, which position he held until his death.It was while in the city of Buffalo, New York and when about twelve years of age, that Julia joined \"Grace Church\", of which her father was pastor.",
"From that time, she was particularly interested Christian missionary work, and began teaching a class of young girls in a German Mission School.",
"As she grew to maturity, her interest in mission work increased.She spent some time in preparatory work in Clifton Springs, afterward in the medical college in Philadelphia, and three years at the medical school of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Michigan, graduating in 1873, with the first class that included women.",
"Subsequently, she spent nine months at the Woman's Hospital, in Boston."
],
[
"Career",
"In 1874, then living in Auburn, New York, she offered herself to the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society.",
"At the executive committee held in Philadelphia in the spring of 1874, she was accepted as medical missionary for India, sent out by the New York Branch.",
"With her parents, she attended the International Camp-meeting, held at Round Lake, New York in July 1874.McGrew sailed from the port of New York, October 20, 1874.She reached her destination in December, in time to the Annual Conference.",
"Immediately after the close of Conference, McGrew proceeded to Moradabad.",
"She at once commenced the study of the language, made herself familiar with the customs and habits of the people, and soon made frequent professional visits.",
"But as the days passed, it was found necessary, in order to reach the women more effectually, to have a dispensary.",
"She succeeded in renting a property in the native city centrally located, and well adapted to their needs.",
"This building was opened in March 1875, and by July 1, 400 patients had been prescribed for at the building, and a great number of professional visits were made to the city and villages.The record of the first eight months of medical work given in the Annual Report of 1875, was 840 patients treated at Dispensary; and 1,780 prescriptions compounded.",
"At the Mission House, about 400 cases were prescribed for, and in the city, about 100 houses had been visited, with an average of three patients in each house.",
"Once a week, McGrew visited a Muslim neighborhood that had a girl's school.",
"Here sick women and children were treated.",
"Visits were also made to other neighborhoods, where medicines were in great demand from all sorts of people, particularly during the hot season.",
"Over 1,170 patients were registered that year as visiting the Dispensary, and over 2,000 prescriptions dispensed.",
"In the Annual Report of 1876, McGrew stated, \"that increased familiarity with the people in their everyday life and habits of thought, have increased our opportunities for more direct Missionary effort.",
"In several instances, the visits of the Doctor have opened the doors of the zenanas to the Bible women, and regular instruction is being given in many families of the highest caste.",
"\"On September 11, 1876, she married the Rev.",
"George Harrison McGrew (1846–1917), whom she had met in the U.S. before leaving for India, and who was afterward sent out as a missionary by the parent Board.",
"After marriage, she continued her medical missionary work.After serving in Moradabad three years, in house and zenana practice, and extending her work to neighboring villages which she visited, McGrew took charge of the medical work at Bareilly, where she had to contend with flood, famine, and pestilence until 1880.She then spent three years in Cawnpore (1880–1883).The family returned to the U.S. in 1883.In 1886, they were living in Meriden, Connecticut.",
"where Rev.",
"McGrew was pastor of the First Methodist Episcopal church."
],
[
"Personal life",
"The couple had four children: James (b.",
"1877), Elizabeth (b.",
"1878), Dallas (b.",
"1882), and Bessie (b.",
"1883).Julia McGrew died at her home in Washington, D.C., February 5, 1942, and was buried at Kingwood, West Virginia."
],
[
"Selected works",
"* \"Concerning Mothers-in-Law and Daughters-in-Law\", ''The Female missionary intelligencer'', 1878* \"The Goddess Kali and Her Worshipers\", ''The Heathen Woman's Friend'', 1888.",
"* \"Trees in Legend and History\", ''Woman's Missionary Friend'', 1913"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Benjamin Djulbegovic"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Benjamin Djulbegovic''' is an American distinguished physician-scientist who serves as the director of the Hematology Stewardship Program in the Division of Hematology/Oncology at the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston, SC.",
"His academic and research focus revolves around optimizing clinical research and the practice of medicine by comprehending the nature of medical evidence and decision-making.",
"He integrated concepts from evidence-based medicine (EBM), predictive analytics, health outcome research, and decision sciences.He has been consistently recognized in the top 1% of cited scientists worldwide.",
"He has been listed in Newsweek's Top Cancer Doctors and has been selected among the top 1% of US doctors in the field of hematology by the U.S. News & World Report since 2011.As of January 2024, he has over 52k citations, with an h-index of 78.He has authored over 400 papers in peer-reviewed journals, four books, over 200 abstracts and book chapters and editorials."
],
[
"Education",
"In 1983, Djulbegovic earned his medical degree and PhD in biomedical sciences from the University of Sarajevo.",
"From 1983 to 1985, he received Master of Science degree in biophysics from the University of Zagreb and was trained in internal medicine and hematology at the University of Sarajevo, Belgrade and Christie Hospital, Machester, England.",
"Subsequently, from 1988 to 1991, he completed his residency in internal medicine and a fellowship in Hematology and Medical Oncology at the University of Louisville School of Medicine."
],
[
"Career",
"From 2017 to 2023, he served as a professor at the City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute, CA.",
"He also held the distinguished position of Distinguished Professor from 2010 to 2017 at the University of South Florida (USF), Tampa, Florida.His administrative portfolio further includes roles such as the Chief of the Division of Evidence-based Medicine and Health Outcomes (2013-2017) and the Director of the USF Center for Evidence-based Medicine and Health Outcome Research (2008-2011).",
"At the USF he founded Center for Evidence-based Medicine and Health Outcome Research where trained a cadre of researchers in evidence-based medicine."
],
[
"Linking evidence-based medicine with decision-making",
"Djulbegovic's work includes the coherent linkage of evidence-based medicine (EBM) to formal systems in decision sciences.",
"His collaboration with colleague Iztok Hozo summarized their previous extensive work in the book \"Threshold Models For Decision-Making in Clinical Medicine,\" published in 2023.This work demonstrates the logical connection between EBM and structured frameworks in decision sciences.These principles were translated into systematically application of science of EBM and decision analysis to the entire fields of hematology and oncology that resulted in two books."
],
[
"The law of therapeutic discoveries",
"Through the analysis of the role of uncertainty in medicine and the equipoise principle, Djulbegovic introduced the concept of \"the law of therapeutic discovery.\"",
"This theory predicts a 50-70% success rate in discovering new treatments in randomized clinical trials (RCT) based on the foundational ethical and scientific principles justification for conducting trials in humans."
],
[
"Rational clinical decision-making and development of \"Acceptable Regret\" theory",
"Together with Hozo, Djulbegovic developed the decision-theoretical concept of \"acceptable regret.\"",
"This concept allows clinicians, scientists, and policy-makers to determine when they can accept findings, even if proven wrong later.",
"\"Acceptable regret\" has been used to explain both underuse and overuse in the delivery of health services, offering insights into decision-making process of satisficing in clinical practice."
],
[
"Selected publications",
"===Linking evidence-based medicine with decision-making===***===The law of therapeutic discoveries===***===Rational clinical decision-making and development of \"Acceptable Regret\" theory===***"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Lumières Award for Best Music"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Lumières Award for Best Music''' () is an award presented annually by the Académie des Lumières since 2016."
],
[
"Winners and nominees",
"===2010s==='''Year''''''English title''''''Original title''''''Composer(s)''' 2016(21st) '''''My Golden Days''''' '''''Trois souvenirs de ma jeunesse''''' '''Grégoire Hetzel''' '''''Summertime''''' '''''La Belle Saison''''' ''Diary of a Chambermaid'' ''Journal d'une femme de chambre'' Bruno Coulais ''Mustang'' Warren Ellis ''Disorder'' ''Maryland'' Gesaffelstein ''L'Astragale'' Béatrice Thiriet ''Microbe & Gasoline'' ''Microbe et Gasoil'' Jean-Claude Vannier 2017(22nd) '''''In the Forests of Siberia''''' '''''Dans les forêts de Sibérie''''' '''Ibrahim Maalouf''' ''My Life as a Courgette'' ''Ma vie de Courgette'' Sophie Hunger ''The Red Turtle'' ''La Tortue rouge'' Laurent Perez del Mar ''Planetarium'' Robin Coudert ''Frantz'' Philippe Rombi ''It's Only the End of the World'' ''Juste la fin du monde'' Gabriel Yared 2018(23rd) '''''BPM (Beats per Minute)''''' '''''120 battements par minute''''' '''Arnaud Rebotini''' ''Makala'' Gaspar Claus ''Step by Step'' ''Patients'' Angelo Foley and Grand Corps Malade ''Ismael's Ghosts'' ''Les Fantômes d'Ismaël'' Grégoire Hetzel ''Jeannette: The Childhood of Joan of Arc'' ''Jeannette, l'enfance de Jeanne d'Arc'' Igorrr ''L'Amant double'' Philippe Rombi 2019(24th) '''''Guy''''' '''Vincent Blanchard''' and '''Romain Greffe''' ''The Trouble with You'' ''En liberté !''",
"Camille Bazbaz ''The Sisters Brothers'' Alexandre Desplat ''The Wild Boys'' ''Les Garçons sauvages'' Pierre Desprats ''An Impossible Love'' ''Un amour impossible'' Grégoire Hetzel===2020s==='''Year''''''English title''''''Original title''''''Composer(s)''' 2020(25th) '''''Adults in the Room''''' '''Alexandre Desplat''' ''Atlantics'' ''Atlantique'' Fatima Al Qadiri ''Joan of Arc'' ''Jeanne'' Christophe ''By the Grace of God'' ''Grâce à Dieu'' Evgueni Galperine and Sacha Galperine ''I Lost My Body'' ''J'ai perdu mon corps'' Dan Levy 2021(26th) '''''Josep''''' '''Sílvia Pérez Cruz''' ''Calamity, a Childhood of Martha Jane Cannary'' ''Calamity, une enfance de Martha Jane Cannary'' Florencia Di Concilio ''Appearances'' ''Les Apparences'' Bertrand Burgalat ''Marona's Fantastic Tale'' ''L'Extraordinaire Voyage de Marona'' Pablo Pico ''Night Ride'' ''La Nuit venue'' Rone 2022(27th) '''''Annette''''' '''Sparks''' ''The Summit of the Gods'' ''Le Sommet des Dieux'' Amine Bouhafa ''The Velvet Queen'' ''La Panthère des neiges'' Nick Cave and Warren Ellis ''Gagarine'' Evgueni Galperine, Sacha Galperine and Amine Bouhafa ''Titane'' Jim Williams 2023(28th) '''''Flickering Ghosts of Loves Gone By''''' '''''Et j'aime à la fureur''''' '''Benjamin Biolay''' ''Full Time'' ''À plein temps'' Irène Drésel ''The Innocent'' ''L'Innocent'' Grégoire Hetzel ''The Night of the 12th'' ''La Nuit du 12'' Olivier Marguerit ''Pacifiction'' ''Pacifiction – Tourment sur les îles'' Marc Verdaguer 2024(29th) '''''Disco Boy''''' '''Vitalic''' ''The Animal Kingdom'' ''Le Règne animal'' Andrea Laszlo De Simone ''Chicken for Linda!''",
"''Linda veut du poulet !''",
"Clément Ducol ''Four Daughters'' ''Les Filles d'Olfa'' Amine Bouhafa ''The Mountain'' ''La Montagne'' Chloé Thévenin"
],
[
"See also",
"*Academy Award for Best Original Score*BAFTA Award for Best Original Music*César Award for Best Original Music*European Film Award for Best Composer*Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score*Goya Award for Best Original Score*Magritte Award for Best Original Score"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* * Lumières Award for Best Music at ''AlloCiné''"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Shahid Akhtar Hossain"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Shahid Akhtar Hossain''' is a Bangladeshi academic and vice-chancellor of Eastern University.",
"He is a professor of Soil, Water and Environment and former pro-vice chancellor of the University of Dhaka."
],
[
"Early life",
"Hossain completed his PhD at the University of Queensland in Sustainable Development in 1993.He completed his Post Doctoral Fellow at the University of Aberdeen."
],
[
"Career",
"Hossain was appointed the pro-vice chancellor of the University of Dhaka in June 2012 alongside Professor Nasreen Ahmad under Vice-Chancellor Professor AAMS Arefin Siddique.",
"This was the first time the University of Dhaka had two vice-chancellors.",
"He was the Dean of the Faculty of Biological Science.",
"He headed the investigation committee that investigated Assistant Professor Md Azharul Islam of the Department of Law for allegedly tempering grades in 2015.Hossain was appointed vice-chancellor of Eastern University on 1 November 2018.He was nominated to the board of directors of Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation.In March 2023, Hossain was re-vice-chancellor of Eastern University."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Hazbin Hotel (soundtrack)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Hazbin Hotel (Original Soundtrack)''''' is an extended play soundtrack album released in three parts from the adult animated streaming television musical series ''Hazbin Hotel''.",
"The first part was released on January 19, 2024, the second on January 26, and the third on February 1.The music was composed and written by Andrew Underberg and Sam Haft."
],
[
"Background",
"After the success of the 2019 pilot episode of ''Hazbin Hotel'', series creator Vivienne Medrano began to work on season one of the series in collaboration with A24, Bento Box Entertainment, and Amazon Studios."
],
[
"Recording and production",
"A24, an independent entertainment company, picked up the series for production in August 2020.In December 2021, the official ''Hazbin Hotel'' Twitter account teased the first season's release.",
"The original release date was intended to be summer 2023, but due to the 2023 Writers Guild of America strike the production of the series was stalled and the release was pushed back to January 2024.On November 27, 2023, Amazon introduced Sam Haft from The Living Tombstone and Emmy-nominated Andrew Underberg as the composers and producers of season one.",
"Haft previously worked with Medrano on the music for the ''Hazbin Hotel'' pilot and the soundtrack of ''Helluva Boss''.",
"The cast of the series was also announced, starring Erika Henningsen as Charlie Morningstar, Jeremy Jordan as Lucifer Morningstar, Stephanie Beatriz as Vaggie, and Alex Brightman as Adam."
],
[
"Release and promotion",
"Two promotional singles were released before the series, with \"Happy Day in Hell\" being released on October 20, 2023, after its preview at New York Comic Con, and \"Poison\" being released on January 5, 2024.Both songs were performed in front of the live premiere audience for the first four episodes, with Medrano posting both performances to her YouTube channel on January 17, 2024.After the release of the first four episodes on January 19, A24 Music and Prime Video released an extended play album titled ''Hazbin Hotel Original Soundtrack (Part 1)''.",
"On January 26, the second part was released, including four total songs from \"Dad Beat Dad\" and \"Welcome to Heaven\".",
"The final part was released on February 1, which included songs from the final two episodes of season one.",
"A day later, the full soundtrack album was released.",
"It included all 16 songs from the season."
],
[
"Track listing"
],
[
"Personnel",
"* Lilah Behling – music editor* Keith Horn – arranger/orchestrator* Justin Goldner – bass, electric bass, guitar, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, mandolin* Erika Henningsen – artist, performer, vocals, speaker* Stephanie Beatriz – artist, performer, vocals* Sam Haft – artist, performer, songwriter, background vocals, producer* Andrew Underberg – artist, performer, songwriter, producer* Alex Brightman – artist, performer, vocals* Christian Borle – artist, performer, vocals, speaker* Amir Talai – artist, performer, vocals, speaker* Joel Perez – artist, performer, speaker* Blake Roman – artist, performer, vocals* Daphne Rubin-Vega – artist, performer, vocals* Lilli Cooper – artist, vocals* James Monroe Iglehart – artist, vocals* Keith David – artist, performer, vocals* Jeremy Jordan – artist, performer, vocals* Kimiko Glenn – artist, performer, vocals* Darren Criss – artist, vocals* Shoba Narayan – artist, vocals* Patina Miller – artist, vocals* Jessica Vosk – artist, vocals* Leslie Kritzer – artist, performer* Krystina Alabado – artist* Mick Lauer – performer"
],
[
"Charts",
"===Weekly charts===+ Weekly chart performance for ''Hazbin Hotel (Original Soundtrack)'' Chart (2024) Peakposition Canadian Albums (''Billboard'') 14 Japanese Digital Albums (Oricon) 6 Japanese Hot Albums (''Billboard Japan'') 26 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 6 US ''Billboard'' 200 13 US Soundtrack Albums (''Billboard'') 1+ Weekly chart performance for ''Hazbin Hotel Original Soundtrack (Pt.",
"1)'' Chart (2024) Peakposition Canadian Albums (''Billboard'') 84 Japanese Digital Albums (Oricon) 15 Lithuanian Albums (AGATA) 29 US ''Billboard'' 200 95 US Soundtrack Albums (''Billboard'') 3+ Weekly chart performance for ''Hazbin Hotel Original Soundtrack (Pt.",
"2)'' Chart (2024) Peakposition Japanese Digital Albums (Oricon) 12 US ''Billboard'' 200 189 US Soundtrack Albums (''Billboard'') 5+ Weekly chart performance for ''Hazbin Hotel Original Soundtrack (Pt.",
"3)'' Chart (2024) Peakposition Japanese Digital Albums (Oricon) 13"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* ''Hazbin Hotel (Original Soundtrack)'' at Apple Music* ''Hazbin Hotel (Original Soundtrack)'' at Amazon.com* ''Hazbin Hotel Original Soundtrack (Part 1)'' at Amazon.com* ''Hazbin Hotel Original Soundtrack (Part 2)'' at Amazon.com* ''Hazbin Hotel Original Soundtrack (Part 3)'' at Amazon.com"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Werick Caetano"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Werick Maciel Caetano de Oliveira''' (born 25 April 1999) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a midfielder for PFC Beroe Stara Zagora."
],
[
"Early life",
"He moved from Brazil to Spain at the age of seven."
],
[
"Career",
"He played for the Brazil national under-18 football team."
],
[
"Style of play",
"He has been described as \"stands out for his exquisite technique, elegance in driving, dribbling and passing, good vision of the game and an effective arrival from second line thanks to its power\"."
],
[
"Personal life",
"He is a native of Gurupi, Brazil."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Sapiyossi"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Jonatão Katchitetele Eliseu''' (November 11, 1987) known as '''Sapiyossi''', is an Angolan singer, composer, dancer, choreographer, artistic director, graphic designer, web developer, and fashion designer.",
"He is a representative of the NGO LINÁLIA (International League of Support for Homes and Boarding Schools in Africa)."
],
[
"Career",
"In 1997 and 2000 he started music, his initial recordings were made with improvised instruments on cassettes.",
"In 2007 he went to DJ Nelinho's recording studio.",
"In 2007 he debuted on the national stage at Cine Kilumba.",
"After the Angolan Civil War, he used music as a tool to express a message of peace, love, and freedom to those recovering from the conflict in Angola.",
"In 2015, he represented Angola at the VII CPLP Young Creators Biennial in Mozambique, receiving national and international recognition.",
"In 2005, he received regional recognition as Huambo's best singer and dancer.",
"In 2009, he was nominated for the best Angolan singer category in the TV Choice competition.Sapiyossi in 2015 CPLP In 2015, he went on national and international tours in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in Kamako, Tshikapa, and Kinshasa, promoting local artists.",
"In 2015, he signed a contract with the musical group Caso Micha in Angola, ending in 2016, the same year he began his solo musical career.",
"In 2018, he performed a musical tour in five European countries: Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.",
"After experiences refused in exile, he voluntarily left the Fedasil, a Belgian family hosted him, and found support in the Belgian artistic community.",
"He was awarded at the Fishermen's Fair in honor of the 73rd birthday of José Eduardo dos Santos, in Porto Amboim, Angola.",
"In 2016, he released his debut single in Angola,\" Vão Me ver No binóculo\", in the Kuduro music genre, in 2018, \"Money Money Money\", in Belgium, and 2021, \"No The War in Ukraine\", \"Fenacult\", \"Sinitralidade\", and the album \"Cinderela\".In 2019 he participated and was the principal of the orchestra concert organized by Globe Aroma, performing in Brussels, Mechelen, and in Paris, France.",
"In 2021 he founded a clothing brand, JS-Fashion, based in Brussels.",
"In 2022 he founded Zukuma musical genre, characterized by African melodies and rhythms.",
"In 2023 he founded the record label Zukuma Label, based in Brussels."
],
[
"Education",
"Sapiyossi attended high school at Helsha-Day school in Huambo in biological sciences (2003 to 2006).",
"He attended VUB Vrije Universiteit Brussel in the Department of Languages and Literatures (2019-2020), he is fluent in six languages: Portuguese, Umbundu, French, English, Spanish and Dutch."
],
[
"Early life",
"Sapiyossi was born in Angola, Luanda, on November 11, 1987 during the Angolan civil war in a military base called RM 93.He is the son of Senior Officer Eliseu Fadário Kapitango, retired from war telecommunications services, and Mrs. Benita Jonatão, captain of the reserves of the Angolan Armed Forces and health services.",
"Sapiyossi is the father of 3 children, including two boys and a girl: Benita Caetano Jonatão, Alberto Caetano Jonatão and Etóssi Barbier Jonatão.",
"He he has nine siblings, seven of whom are alive."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"St Mary's Church, Bagby"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The church, in 2018'''St Mary's Church''' is the parish church of Bagby, a village in North Yorkshire, in England.A chapel in Bagby was recorded in the Domesday Book, and again in the 14th century.",
"It was entirely rebuilt in 1862, to a design by Edward Buckton Lamb.",
"It was grade II listed in 1984.The church is built of stone, with a slate roof.",
"It has a cruciform plan, but the crossing is wider than the nave, and the transepts are short.",
"The chancel is very small, and the nave has a south porch.",
"The crossing has a pyramidal roof, topped by a small tower with a spirelet.",
"Inside, the wooden roof structure is of interest, being particularly complex around the crossing, leaving space only for small quatrefoil lights in each corner.",
"Most of the other windows are three-light and topped with trefoils, under pointed arches, though those in the nave have flat arches."
],
[
"See also",
"*Listed buildings in Bagby"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Hsinchu Kuang-Fu Senior High School"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Hsinchu Kuang-Fu Senior High School''', also shortened to '''Kuang-Fu High School''', is a private comprehensive high school in Hsinchu, Taiwan.",
"Founded in 1953, it is located in the city's East District, adjacent to National Tsing Hua University.",
"It has a senior high school, a junior high school, a further education school, a vocational school, and a kindergarten.Kuang-Fu High School garnered international attention in late 2016, when students held a Nazi-themed parade to celebrate the school's anniversary.",
"The incident was condemned by the Taiwanese government, as well as the Israeli and German missions to Taiwan."
],
[
"History",
"=== Founding and expansion ===The site of Kuang-Fu High School was originally a school for children of workers at an Imperial Japanese Navy fuel plant in Hsinchu.",
"It was closed after World War II.Hsinchu County Kuang-Fu Tutorial High School was opened in 1953.Two years later, the school became Hsinchu County Kuang-Fu Senior High School.",
"When Hsinchu was upgraded from a county to a city in 1982, the school changed its name accordingly.",
"The school expanded in 1967, 1994, and 1999, with the additions of a cram school, a junior high school, and a kindergarten, respectively.",
"A comprehensive education program was also piloted in 1999; Kuang-Fu transformed into a comprehensive high school in 2003 following the program's success.=== 2011 assault case ===In early 2011, a video circulated online of three Kuang-Fu High School students assaulting a junior high school student from another school who was kneeling down and uncombative.",
"The assault occurred at approximately 4:50 pm on 17 March 2011; the perpetrators kicked, shoved, slapped and insulted the victim.",
"The perpetrators were given detention and temporarily suspended by the school administration, but the victim's parents declined to pursue criminal charges after reaching a settlement for NT$3,600 (US$167 in 2024) with the perpetrators' parents on 23 March.",
"Local police nonetheless launched an investigation and interviewed seven suspects, but ultimately no charges were laid.A video of the assault was published online on 25 March 2011 and quickly went viral, allegedly prompting one of the perpetrators to threaten netizens with lawsuits and forge a settlement letter from the victim.",
"The settlement letter, supposedly signed by the victim, offered the families of the perpetrators NT$100,000 (US$4,650 in 2024) in damages; it was quickly rejected by the local courts.",
"Two of the perpetrators publicly apologized to the school's principal on 28 March.Two students unrelated to the original incident were arrested on 30 March 2011 for falsely claiming in online forums that they were gang members acquainted with the perpetrators, and that the assault was in response to the victim's refusal to prostitute herself for a gang.",
"One of the students, a high school senior, was charged with inciting others to commit crimes, and the other, a college freshman, was charged with intimidation.=== 2016 Nazi-themed parade ===In late 2016, Kuang-Fu High School made international headlines after its students held a Nazi-themed parade to celebrate the 63rd anniversary of the school's founding.",
"A history teacher at the school, Liu Hsi-cheng, proposed to his homeroom students that they parade as historical figures for an anniversary event on 23 December 2016.Liu suggested famous figures from Arab history, but his students voted to \"cosplay\" as Nazis instead.",
"Liu warned the students that their chosen theme would be \"very controversial\", but he ultimately decided to respect the students' decision.",
"In preparation for the parade, Liu's students altered their black school uniforms to resemble those of the ''Schutzstaffel'', the paramilitary of the Nazi Party.",
"They also constructed a life-sized ''Panzer'' IV tank out of cardboard.",
"At the event, students marched around schoolgrounds while carrying Nazi flags and standards; a few students were also photographed giving the Nazi salute.The parade, which took place the day before the start of Hanukkah that year, was widely condemned both domestically and internationally.",
"Israel's ''de facto'' embassy in Taiwan, the Israel Economic and Cultural Office in Taipei, issued the following statement:The office offered the school educational resources and were invited to speak to the students about the Holocaust.",
"Germany's ''de facto'' embassy in Taiwan, German Institute Taipei, stated: \"Sadly, the students clearly do not understand that the Nazi symbol stands for disregard for human rights and oppression.\"",
"The Taiwan Presidential Office expressed its regret and disappointment, stating:Taiwan's Ministry of Education expressed its \"astonishment and regret\", and the then education minister, Pan Wen-chung, publicly apologized and urged other Taiwanese schools to educate their students about the Holocaust.Kuang-Fu High School's principal at the time, Cheng Hsiao-ming, immediately resigned following reports of the parade.",
"In his resignation letter dated 25 December 2016, he accepted responsibility for the incident and apologized to the public, as well as victims of the Holocaust.",
"He also announced that Liu would be held accountable for the incident along with the school's administrators, but the students would not be punished."
],
[
"List of principals",
" # Name Term 1 Lee Chung-ying March 1953 – July 1958 2 Lee Hung-chao August 1958 – July 1961 3 Ma Shih-kung July 1961 – July 1965 4 Liu Tieh-chun July 1965 – November 1966 5 Chang Ming November 1966 – July 1975 6 Chen Tien-chih August 1975 – August 1978 7 Lee Chi-ming August 1978 – July 1982 8 Chao Hung-tzu August 1982 – January 1986 9 Wei Chung-han August 1986 – February 1994 10 Cheng Hsiao-feng March 1994 – July 2004 11 Chiang Li-jang August 2004 – January 2009 12 Cheng Hsiao-ming February 2009 – 25 December 2016 13 Chu Chi-ming 26 December 2016 – January 2017 14 Huang Tun-huang 1 February 2017 – January 2021 15 Chen Hsiao-ming 1 February 2021 – present"
],
[
"Notable alumni",
"* Chen Chiao-en, Taiwanese actress, singer, and television host* Teng Fu-ju, Taiwanese singer better known by her stage name A-FÜ"
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Merseybus"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Merseybus''' was a bus operator running bus and coach services predominantly in and around Merseyside, England.",
"Based at Edge Lane, Liverpool, Merseybus was formed as an \"arm's length\" operation of the Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive (Merseyside PTE) out of its bus operations following bus deregulation in Great Britain, and would be sold to Merseybus management and staff in a £5.9 million Employee Share Ownership Plan in 1993, forming the core of MTL's bus operations.",
"Merseybus would later be sold along with all MTL operations to Arriva on 17 February 2000, and operations today trade under Arriva North West."
],
[
"History",
"===Formation===Alexander bodied Leyland Atlantean in post-deregulation livery in LiverpoolAlexander bodied Leyland Atlantean in redesigned 1988 livery at Heswall bus station, Wirral PeninsulaIn advance of the deregulation of local bus and coach services on 26 October 1986, which would see the break-up of the passenger transport executives of the United Kingdom, Merseyside PTE's bus operations, branded as 'Merseyside Transport', were transferred to a new company named Merseybus, operated at arm's length with a majority shareholding by Merseyside PTE's replacement, the Merseyside Passenger Transport Authority.Merseybus encompassed the following depots and divisions of Merseyside Transport:*Liverpool North Division - Gillmoss, Green Lane and Walton (Carisbroke Road, also known as Spellow Lane)*Liverpool South Division - Edge Lane, Garston (Speke Road) and Speke (Shaw Road, also known as Woodend Avenue)*St Helens Division - Jackson Street/Shaw Street*Southport Division - Canning Road*Wirral Division - Birkenhead, Laird StreetLiverpool's Prince Alfred Road (Penny Lane), Litherland and Wallasey's Seaview Road depots were not transferred to Merseybus and remained with Merseyside PTE, ultimately being sold for redevelopment.",
"Prior to this, Merseyside PTE used these depots to store 'non-standard' vehicles Merseybus did not take on.When deregulation took effect and Merseybus commenced operations on 26 October 1986, some services across the Merseyside area saw reduced bus frequencies as a result of the introduction of new timetables, as well as fare rises ranging from between 55% and 150%.",
"Buses initially maintained the 'green and cream' livery of Merseyside Transport, albeit with new Merseybus logos applied over Merseyside PTE logos, later replaced by a new Merseybus livery scheme of maroon and cream in 1988, following a public trial of livery proposals in the Southport Division.In the first years of deregulation, Merseybus would invest in minibuses through the Merseymini arm and reduce fares on certain services in attempts to compete with new independent bus operators within their operating area, including Fareway Passenger Services, Topway and Liverline, who threatened to report Merseybus to the Office of Fair Trading for unfair competition.",
"Despite this sustained competition, Merseybus would turn its first operating profit of £300,000 () in December 1988 following a series of company investments.",
"By early 1989, however, this profit had turned into a £40 million () loss as a result of Merseybus losing out on subsidised Merseytravel services to independent bus operators.",
"To save £3 million () in costs, 350 job losses were undertaken, while it was proposed to merge the North and South Liverpool divisions through the closure of Walton (North) and Garston (South) depots; Garston depot, however, would not be closed as a result of these spending cuts.===Privatisation===Following deregulation, majority shareholder Merseyside PTA, later rebranded to Merseytravel, did not immediately sell Merseybus into privatisation.",
"Merseybus would therefore one of four former PTE and several former municipal operators in 1989 to be ordered to submit privatisation plans to Secretary of State for Transport Paul Channon, who would determine if companies should be split under section 61 of the Transport Act 1985 to enable their sale.Despite Merseytravel's resistance, negotiations between the authority and a collective of 1,200 Merseybus employees and management towards a Employee Share Ownership Plan (ESOP) would commence around this time.",
"In what was viewed by bidding employees as an attempt to derail a deal for the ESOP, Merseytravel introduced the £9.70 () Solo all-week ticket in March 1992 in partnership with 29 other independent bus operators on Merseyside.",
"The Solo ticket was not accepted on commercially operated Merseybus services, despite it being conditional to pursue the ESOP, as it directly competed with the company's £7.95 () SuperSaver all-week ticket launched a year prior.This conflict between Merseytravel and Merseybus was eventually resolved in December 1992 when, on the agreed condition that Solo tickets were accepted on all Merseybus services, the management and employees' ESOP buyout of Merseybus worth nearly £5.9 million () was approved.",
"All Merseybus vehicles and property were transferred to a new company named MTL Trust Holdings Limited, owned by 2,600 shareholding members of staff.Merseybus was rebranded following the MTL takeover, with buses repainted into a cream, red and silver livery featuring the MTL Trust Holdings logo above the entrance door.",
"Regional sub-brands were introduced to the Southport and Wirral divisions in summer 1994, which became Southport & District and Wirral Peninsula Buses respectively.",
"The Merseybus brand would be among all MTL bus operations later rebranded under the unified 'MTL North' branding from spring 1998.===Purchase by Arriva===By July 1998, MTL Trust Holdings had accumulated over £10 million () of debt from new bus leasing following major investments in modernising the bus fleet, as well as having a planned floatation on the London Stock Exchange cancelled amid an Office of Fair Trading investigation into price fixing.",
"Efforts were initially mounted to sell to other bus operating groups in the UK, however bids by the FirstGroup, the Stagecoach Group and the Go-Ahead Group would ultimately fail due to both a high asking price and the ongoing OFT investigation.Merseybus would eventually sold with MTL Trust Holdings to Arriva on 17 February 2000 for £85 million, with shareholding workers each receiving £13,500 in windfall gains from the sale.",
"Arriva had already built up a substantial portfolio of bus operations in both the North West of England and parts of Wales, with origins in the region traceable back to the purchase of North Western, formerly part of Ribble Motor Services, from the National Bus Company as the Drawlane Group.",
"Drawlane would later purchase Crosville Motor Services in February 1989, making it the biggest bus operating group in the UK by owning five former National Bus Company subsidiaries and a combined fleet of over 1,600 vehicles, as well as other smaller operators in Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Merseyside and Lancashire under British Bus, prior to British Bus being purchased by the Cowie Group in 1996.These operations would subsequently be grouped under Arriva North West following the Cowie Group's rebranding to Arriva in 1997.The purchase of MTL Trust Holdings left Arriva as the dominant bus operator in a large portion of the North West of England.",
"This would cause Arriva to be referred to the Competition Commission in March 2000, resulting in a recommendation being made for Arriva to sell the former Merseybus depot in Gillmoss, consisting of over 200 buses, in order to avoid a public inquiry into the sale.",
"Arriva was also required not to run services in competition with the independent Gillmoss depot for a total of 18 months.",
"As a result, Glenvale Transport was formed by former Gillmoss depot management in July 2001, acquiring CMT Buses two years later and continuing as an independent operator until being purchased by the Stagecoach Group in August 2005."
],
[
"Operations",
"===Lancashire Travel and MTL Manchester===An MTL Manchester Leyland Atlantean departing Stockport bus stationBetween 1988 and 1993, Merseybus began expanding the network of services operated by its St Helens depot.",
"At first, these were to nearby Wigan but gradually, a network of Merseybus services began to appear in Bolton, Salford and Manchester.",
"Local former PTE operator GM Buses was already competing with a number of independent operators in Greater Manchester, and the arrival of Merseybus in their established territory started a major bus war between the two companies from 1993 until the summer of 1995.MTL launched a two-pronged attack on the Greater Manchester bus market.",
"The first phase of this consisted of the creation of a new company, MTL Manchester, who would open a depot in the Miles Platting area of Manchester in early 1994.From 1993, MTL Manchester mainly focused on competing with GM Buses, which was sold and split into two North and South companies by Greater Manchester PTE in 1994, on city corridors in Manchester and satellite towns such as Altrincham, Bury, Sale and Stockport.The second phase of MTL's move into Greater Manchester was to rebrand the Merseybus and St Helens Rider services operated by the St Helens depot as Lancashire Travel in the autumn of 1993, expanding onto much of the GM Buses North network of both local and interurban services in Bolton, Wigan, Leigh, Salford and North Manchester.",
"MTL sought to bolster the Lancashire Travel fleet with second-hand MCW Metrobuses mainly acquired from London, as well as with 13 new Wright Endurance bodied Volvo B10Bs in Spring 1994.These moves provoked the GM Buses companies to set up competing companies in Liverpool and begin new services across Merseyside, with GM Buses South notably operating reviving the Birkenhead & District name using buses painted in a light blue and cream livery, and isolated incidents of stonings of rival buses being reported.The rates of competition between the MTL and GM Buses companies in Greater Manchester and Merseyside did not prove commercially viable for the companies involved.",
"As a result, a controversial agreement in April 1995 saw MTL close its Miles Platting depot and pull out of much of Greater Manchester, with the exception of services in Wigan and Leigh near to Lancashire Travel's St Helens depot, while the GM Buses companies pulled out from all of Merseyside, with GM Buses North closing its depot in Bootle and GM Buses South closing the Birkenhead & District operation.",
"This agreement was subject to a study by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission which found MTL, the GM Buses companies, North Western and other Merseyside bus operators working in collusion and in breach of fair trade regulations, resulting in fines for all concerned.Following the retreat, MTL would be fined £15,000 () on 13 July 1995 by the Manchester City Magistrates' court for ten offences of having operated dangerously faulty buses in and around Greater Manchester, some of which were found in Department of Transport examinations to be emitting excessive black smoke and having loose wheel nuts, body panels or window panes.",
"This fine was briefly annulled a day later when it was ruled that the magistrates' court had exceeded its powers, however it would be reinstated two weeks later.",
"MTL maintained the Lancashire Travel branding for the St Helens depot until its services were brought under the unified MTL North brand from spring 1998.===Merseymaid and Silver Service===Two double-deck buses operating with Merseymaid and Silver ServiceMerseymaid and Silver Service were brand names for cross-river double-deck Merseybus services between Liverpool and the Wirral via the Mersey Tunnels.",
"Initially, a Willowbrook bodied Leyland Atlantean and five Alexander R-Type Leyland Olympians were refurbished at the Edge Lane works with soft trim, internal address systems and coach seats in November 1992, before then operating on routes 410 and 411 from Eastham to Liverpool.",
"To attract passengers, the drivers of 'Silver Service' buses were given special customer care training, while MTL advertised a weekly ticket lower than four days' tunnel toll fees.",
"At the end of 1995, this operation was augmented with a batch of 30 similar specification Northern Counties Palatine II bodied Volvo Olympians, which were also used on other cross-river services.",
"Silver Service branding was dropped with the rebranding to MTL North in 1998.===Merseymini===Dodge S56Merseymini was a branding exercise for Merseybus's attempt at minibus operation.",
"Merseymini used a fleet of Alexander and Northern Counties bodied Dodge S56s, including some bought secondhand from GM Buses, and its most notable routes were two Merseytravel contracts and two commercial services.",
"Other services between Huyton, Old Swan and Belle Vale were quickly dropped and the Merseymini name quietly vanished around 1992, when the low-cost MerseyRider unit became more involved with minibus operation."
],
[
"Fleet",
"Merseybus Wright Endurance bodied Volvo B10B with Route 26/27 branding in June 1996Upon its creation in 1986, Merseybus would inherit a fleet of 1,207 buses and coaches based out of five depots across Merseyside, predominantly dominated by the largest Leyland Atlantean fleet for any bus operator.",
"The increasing age profile of the Merseybus fleet, some approaching 20 years old or more by 1992, would become a major issue for the company up to its acquisition by Arriva in 2000, resulting in heavy investment in new and second-hand buses and coaches throughout the 1990s in an effort to update the fleet.Between 1992 and 1994, Merseybus entered into a deal with London Buses to purchase approximately 250 mid-life Leyland Titan double deckers for use by Gillmoss depot.",
"These Titans, following mechanical assessment by MTL Engineering and an initial period of running in London configuration, would be extensively refurbished to have centre exit doors removed, seats retrimmed into standard MTL moquette, fitted with accessibility features recommended by the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee (DiPTAC) and being painted into standard Merseybus livery before re-entering service in Liverpool.In February 1994, Merseybus' Green Lane depot took delivery of 12 new Neoplan N4016 integral low-floor single-deck buses.",
"These were branded in yellow, black and white Merseytravel livery for use on a series of circular and north-south Liverpool bus services, bought as part of Merseytravel's £4 million () SMART project, intended to improve the quality of Liverpool's bus services through investment in low-floor buses, traffic priority measures and improved infrastructure.",
"Soon after, Merseybus would increasingly standardise on new single-deck buses manufactured by Wrightbus in the mid-1990s, taking the majority of MTL's 120 Wright Endurance bodied Volvo B10Bs from 1994 to 1996, the first 13 for use in the ongoing bus war against GM Buses North on the flagship 26/27 service.",
"These would later be followed by 20 Wright Axcess-Ultralows on Scania L113 chassis during 1996.36 new long-wheelbase Northern Counties Palatine II bodied Volvo Olympians were delivered to Merseybus between 1995 and 1996, most for use by Wirral Peninsula Buses on the cross-river 'Silver Service', with a smaller amount delivered for use in Southport.",
"A further 22 Palatine II bodied Volvo Olympians were introduced in 1998 for operations based at Gillmoss depot in North Liverpool, branded as ''The Millennium Fleet''.As part of MTL North, Merseybus' final new buses before being purchased by Arriva included four Plaxton Pointer 2 bodied Dennis Dart SLFs equipped with roof-mounted compressed natural gas tanks for use as gas-powered buses on a Merseytravel park and ride service in Southport; the CNG tanks were later removed and the buses converted to diesel power when they were withdrawn from the service.",
"These were followed by 75 Marshall Capital bodied Dennis Dart SLFs in 1999, nine of which were delivered to Southport to replace an aging fleet of Leyland Nationals."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Billy Hatton"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''William Henry \"Billy\" Hatton''' (9 June 1941 – 19 September 2017) was the bass guitarist for The Fourmost."
],
[
"Career",
"Hatton was born in Dingle, Liverpool.",
"Hatton joined The Four Jays in September 1959.After changing their name to The Fourmost in 1962, they signed to Parlophone in 1963.They had a number of hit songs in the 1960s such as \"Hello Little Girl\", \"A Little Loving\", \"I'm in Love\", and \"Baby I Need Your Loving\"; \"A Little Loving\" charting the highest at six.",
"Hatton left the band in 1980.Hatton was a judge for the National Beat Group Competition in 1964, judging alongside Ringo Starr, Cilla Black, Brian Epstein, Alan Freeman, Betty Hale, and Linda Lewis."
],
[
"Personal life and death",
"Hatton was born in Dingle, Liverpool to Harry and Alice Hatton.",
"Hatton was asked first by John Lennon about his opinion of him hiring Ringo Starr as the new drummer for The Beatles.",
"Ironically, Hatton is infamously known for punching Lennon at Paul McCartney's 21st birthday party on 18 June 1963 for overstepping the line with a girl.At one point, Hatton was going out with Nicky Stevens of Brotherhood of Man.",
"In the years after leaving the Fourmost, Hatton mostly worked as a security officer in Liverpool but he often played with Dave Lovelady and Joey Bower as the band \"Clouds\" and later the \"Original Fourmost\", a band made after they lost the rights to the name \"The Fourmost\" to a tribute act.Hatton died on 19 September 2017, aged 76."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Armistice of Villafranca"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Armistice of Villafranca''', concluded by Napoleon III of France and Franz Joseph I of Austria on July 11, 1859, set the stage for the end of the Second War of Independence.It was the consequence of a unilateral decision by France, which, at war alongside the Kingdom of Sardinia against Austria, needed to conclude peace because of the danger of the conflict spreading to Central Europe.The armistice of Villafranca caused the resignation of Piedmontese Prime Minister Cavour, who considered it a violation of the Sardinian-French treaty of alliance.",
"The latter provided for the cession of the entire Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia to Piedmont, unlike the terms of the armistice, which stipulated the cession of Lombardy alone (in its current extent except Mantua).The armistice, which King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia also signed on July 12, was ratified by the Zurich Peace of November 1859."
],
[
"From the Sardinian-French alliance to Villafranca",
"Beginning with the signing of the Treaty of Defensive Alliance between France and the Kingdom of Sardinia on January 26, 1859, Piedmontese Prime Minister Cavour began preparations for the liberation of northern Italy and the inevitable war with Austria.",
"In the face of military preparations, Austrian grievances were not long in coming, and on April 24, 1859, Cavour, after rejecting Vienna's ''ultimatum'' instructing the Kingdom of Sardinia to demobilize its army, received a declaration of war from Austria.Napoleon III's France honored the alliance with the Kingdom of Sardinia, initiating the Second Italian War of Independence.",
"During the conflict, the Sardinian-French army achieved two important victories: the one at Magenta (June 4, 1859) and the very bloody one at Solferino and San Martino (June 24, 1859).",
"The defeated Austrian army retreated east of the Mincio River while in Paris, contrary to Cavour's hopes, Napoleon III began to consider the possibility of an armistice with Vienna.",
"Important domestic and international political events were, in fact, dangerously ripening for France.=== The situation in Europe ===Lombardy-Veneto, a vassal kingdom of Austria, the main object of the Villafranca armistice.The borders (in red) of the German Confederation.",
"Prussia in blue, the Austrian Empire in yellow, and Lombardy-Veneto included in the Austrian Empire but outside the confederation's borders.Almost isolated in his country by his decision to ally with the Kingdom of Sardinia and provoke a war in Italy, Napoleon III found himself in June 1859 facing the international consequences of his decision.After the Battle of Magenta, Prussian Prince Regent Wilhelm moved closer to the positions of the party hostile to France, which defined Prussia as a party to a conflict involving Austria, a member and leader of the Germanic Confederation.As the Sardinian-French army approached the Mincio, Prussia therefore decided on June 11, 1859, to mobilize six army corps to form an army to be deployed along the Rhine on the French border.Later, however, on the 24th, Prussia formalized a proposal for mediation to Britain and Russia to examine with the two great powers the means by which peace could be restored in Europe.",
"The latter initiative was an attempt by Prussian Foreign Minister Alexander von Schleinitz (1807-1885) to postpone the decision of a crisis with France.In Britain the Prussian proposal for mediation was not received with particular interest: the new Liberal prime minister Palmerston, although closer to French positions than his predecessor Derby was hampered by the Conservative followers in the government and by Queen Victoria, so the new executive differed little from the old one.The proposal found a different reception in St. Petersburg, where Ambassador Bismarck, the future chancellor, reported to Berlin of the favorable Russian disposition to joint mediation.",
"At the same time Tsar Alexander II decided that he could go no further in favor of France.",
"Russia was unable to seriously protect it from Prussia, since it was already engaged in the onerous problem of serfdom.=== The situation in France ===Faced with Prussian mobilization, British indifference, and a weak Russian demeanor, Napoleon III also faced an internal crisis.Firmly opposed to the war in France were Foreign Minister Alexandre Walewski, moderate Catholic and conservative circles, Empress Eugenie, and War Minister Randon.Walewski communicated to Napoleon III the warning that came to him indirectly from St. Petersburg, that if the Sardinian-French army violated the territory of the German Confederation (in the Trentino region for example), even if only with Garibaldi's volunteers, Prussia would go to war with the other German states against France.",
"The situation thus threatened to spiral out of Napoleon III's control.He had, however, also to be wary of the Prussian hypothesis of mediation by Prussia, Britain and Russia, since peace would have appeared as imposed by Europe on France, which at the Congress of Paris in 1856 had, instead, appeared to be the arbiter of the continent.Resolved, therefore, to pursue the road to peace, Napoleon III, without waiting for the outcome of a listless British attempt to communicate France's intentions to Austria, sent General Émile Félix Fleury (1815-1884) on July 6, 1859, to the headquarters of the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph with a proposal for an armistice."
],
[
"The truce (July 6-8, 1859)",
"Napoleon III of France proposed an armistice to Franz Joseph.Franz Joseph portrayed in the year of Villafranca, 1859.Victor Emmanuel II.",
"As king of Sardinia he accepted, not without perplexity, the armistice conditions imposed by France and Austria.Leaving at dusk on July 6, 1859, from Valeggio, the parliamentary flag carriage of Napoleon III's first squire, Fleury, encountered enemy outposts two miles from Verona.",
"In this town the French carriage arrived at the Austrian headquarters, escorted by a squad of Habsburg cavalry, at nightfall.",
"Napoleon III demanded a truce, which astonished the young Austrian monarch, who, though pleased, asked for time for a reply until the following day.On the morning of that same July 6, meanwhile, Napoleon III and Prince Napoleon had a meeting with the ally Victor Emmanuel II.",
"The latter, informed of the situation in Europe, was not surprised by the proposed French truce; pointing out, however, that if the armistice anticipated peace, it had to be in accordance with mutual commitments, namely, the Sardinian-French treaty of alliance.",
"That treaty included, if the outcome of the war permitted, a commitment to force Austria to cede all of Lombardy-Venetia to the Kingdom of Sardinia.On the 7th, Franz Joseph granted the truce, and on the morning of July 8, 1859, the commissioners in charge met in Villafranca, between the Allied (at Valeggio sul Mincio) and Austrian (at Verona) headquarters.",
"The following were appointed: for France, General Jean Baptiste Philibert Vaillant; for the Kingdom of Sardinia, General Enrico Morozzo Della Rocca; and for Austria, General Heinrich von Hess.",
"The conference lasted three hours, during which the carnage of the Battle of Solferino was also discussed.",
"At the end, it was decided that the truce would last until August 16."
],
[
"From truce to armistice (July 8-11)",
"On that same July 8, 1859, Victor Emmanuel II, fearing French initiatives to the detriment of the Kingdom of Sardinia, went to Napoleon III to reveal the proposals he planned to make to Austria.",
"The French emperor replied that he intended to restore peace in Europe as soon as possible but also that the conditions of surrender for Austria would be harsh.",
"If Vienna did not accept these conditions, the war would resume.",
"In the meantime, he declared that he could prepare 200,000 men for the reopening of hostilities and asked for another 100,000 Italians.",
"Victor Emmanuel, while not too happy about the truce, seemed to calm down.Late in the afternoon of July 8, there was a further conversation between Napoleon III and Victor Emmanuel.",
"The French emperor proposed to the King of Sardinia the start of peace negotiations, advancing the possibility of asking Austria for Lombardy alone.",
"Victor Emmanuel agreed, departing decisively from the expectations of his president of the Council Cavour, who, having received a rather calming telegram from the king, left for the theater of operations, arriving in Desenzano on the morning of July 10.That same day Cavour met both Prince Napoleon and Napoleon III to whose explanations of the armistice terms he protested strongly, but with Victor Emmanuel the conversation was probably even worse.However, the French emperor was determined to negotiate peace, and since Franz Joseph would never agree to negotiate directly with the King of Sardinia, on July 10 he expressed his desire to negotiate personally and alone with Franz Joseph.",
"In accordance with this desire, the necessary arrangements were made during the night, which determined, as the place and time of the meeting, Villafranca and 9 a.m. on July 11."
],
[
"The meeting between Napoleon III and Franz Joseph",
"The hall on the main floor of the Bottagisio Palace, in Villafranca, where the conversation between the two emperors took place.On the morning of July 11, 1859, Napoleon III was very obsequious toward Franz Joseph.",
"Arriving first at the appointment, he moved to meet the Austrian emperor, who was joined along the way.",
"Both on horseback, they traveled the remaining road to Villafranca.The meeting took place at the Gandini Morelli Bugna palace, now Bottagisio, where Napoleon III surprised Franz Joseph by presenting to him as British conditions that he had actually suggested to the British himself, even giving the impression that Prussia also agreed.",
"These proposals were: that Venetia would remain with Austria, which would cede Lombardy while retaining the fortresses of Peschiera and Mantua.",
"Francis Joseph, faced with this initiative, disappointed at the lack of initial support from London and Berlin during the war, believed Napoleon III and was supportive.The Emperor of Austria also agreed, as monarch of Venetia, to be part of the Italian confederation proposed by Napoleon III, but refused any further concessions.",
"According to the diaries of the Prince of Hesse, the two monarchs also stipulated that Cavour should be removed from the Piedmontese government, as they both considered him an opponent of the peace that was about to be concluded.The talks lasted an hour.",
"Finally, the two emperors went out into the open air and reviewed the French and Austrian cavalry that had been convened.",
"Returning the courtesy of the arrival, Franz Joseph accompanied Napoleon III for a stretch on the Valeggio road.",
"Then, in a clear and visible sign of peace, the two sovereigns shook hands."
],
[
"Armistice negotiations and signatures",
"Half an hour later Napoleon III returned to Valeggio and immediately sent for Prince Napoleon to inform him of the outcome of the talks and send him to Verona to put pen to paper on the preliminaries of the Villafranca meeting.",
"When Prince Napoleon arrived, the French emperor was in conversation with Victor Emmanuel II.The two Bonapartes (Napoleon III and Prince Napoleon were cousins) insisted with the King of Sardinia on reaching a decision, and the French emperor after half an hour of discussion put on paper the following points to be proposed to Austria: Italian confederation under the honorary presidency of the pope, cession of Lombardy to France, which would in turn cede it to the Kingdom of Sardinia, Venetia to Austria but included in the Italian confederation, return of the pro-Austrian rulers to Modena and Tuscany in peaceful ways and with a commitment to grant a constitution, political reforms in the Church State, and separate administration of the Papal Legations.",
"With these basic proposals, Prince Napoleon left for Verona.=== Cavour's resignation ===These proposals were then communicated by Victor Emmanuel II to Cavour around 2 p.m. on July 11.The Prime Minister, in addition to seeing his hopes of liberating all of northern Italy from the Habsburgs thwarted, judged the entry of the Kingdom of Sardinia into the future confederation alongside Austria as catastrophic for national prestige.",
"Once this serious disagreement emerged between him and the king, Cavour resigned as head of government in the afternoon.=== The Austrian counterproposal ===In Verona, meanwhile, Franz Joseph made various objections to Prince Napoleon and agreed to sign a draft agreement, the same evening of July 11, 1859, only after he had made it clear that the fortresses of Peschiera and Mantua would remain with Austria, that for the return of the friendly sovereigns to Florence and Modena arms could be used, and that for the two states there would be no constitution and no administrative separation of the Papal Legations.When his cousin returned from Verona, Napoleon III was satisfied with the counterproposal and affixed his signature.",
"Not at all persuaded, however, appeared Victor Emmanuel II, who disputed the decision to abandon the two fortresses guarding Lombardy, without which the region was indefensible, and refused to sign.",
"That night the King of Sardinia returned to Monzambano to his resigning Prime Minister, Cavour, who was waiting, \"feverish and very agitated.",
"\"=== Cavour's reaction ===Cavour, in open conflict with Victor Emmanuel over agreements made with France, resigned.Prince Napoleon, a crucial figure in the negotiations between Napoleon III (of whom he was a cousin) and Franz Joseph.Around midnight on July 11, 1859, Cavour was formally still in office, and Victor Emmanuel II and advisor Costantino Nigra made him aware of the Austrian counterproposal, which loomed an even worse picture for the Kingdom of Sardinia.",
"Cavour lost his self-restraint by speaking of Napoleon III's betrayal and invoking the moral obligations undertaken by the French emperor to the Italians and to the honor of the House of Savoy.",
"He called on Victor Emmanuel to leave the field to the French and Austrian forces who would resolve the Italian question on their own, and accused the king and Rattazzi of intrigues against him.During the conversation, according to Isaac Artom, Cavour then changed the subject and, faced with what seemed to him a unique opportunity to free the Italians from oppression, urged the king not to bow his head in the face of the new pacts, not to be content with Lombardy if Italy continued to remain under the direct or indirect influence of Austria, to listen to the voice of his heart and even to retry the struggle with his own forces alone.The discussion went on in very heated tones.",
"Cavour disrespected the king on a personal level, so much so that Victor Emmanuel had to remind him that he was the sovereign, to which Cavour replied that the Italians instead knew him and that he was the real king, causing Victor Emmanuel at this point to abruptly interrupt the conversation with the phrase in Piedmontese, reported by Costantino Nigra: \"''Nigra, ca lo mena a durmì''\" (\"Nigra, send him to sleep!",
"\").Cavour left Monzambano the next morning and by the evening of July 12 was in Turin where the Council of Ministers, immediately convened, resolved the resignation of the entire government.=== The signature of Victor Emmanuel II ===Faced with the two options of gaining Lombardy (albeit without strongholds) or continuing the war alone, Victor Emmanuel II chose the former.",
"On the morning of July 12 he too then signed the armistice, which at this point became valid for the entirety of the forces on the field.",
"However, the King of Sardinia signed with the clause, probably suggested to him by Napoleon III, \"for all that concerns me.\"",
"In this way he did not commit himself regarding the course of events that already loomed irreversible outside his borders: the duchies of Parma and Modena and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany had in fact been dissolved and the local governments were preparing for union with Piedmont."
],
[
"The final terms of the armistice",
"The final terms of the armistice were as follows:* The two sovereigns (Napoleon III and Franz Joseph) would favor the creation of an Italian confederation presided over by the pope.",
"* Austria would cede Lombardy to France with the exception of the fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera.",
"France would transfer Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia.",
"* Venetia would be part of the constituted Italian confederation remaining a possession of Austria.",
"* The Grand Duke of Tuscany and the Duke of Modena would have returned to their states, granting a general amnesty.",
"* Napoleon III and Franz Joseph would ask the pope to introduce social and political reforms in the Papal States."
],
[
"Impracticality of the final conditions",
"For not respecting in spirit the alliance Napoleon III momentarily renounced territorial claims on Savoy and Nice, and demanded from the Kingdom of Sardinia only a small part of the war expenses incurred in the military campaign.Taking advantage of the Austrian withdrawal from central Italy, Cavour had already taken all measures since May 1859 to designate men to be placed in charge of the liberated regions.",
"In Tuscany he designated Carlo Bon Compagni di Mombello; in Bologna, Modena and Parma he brought in Massimo d'Azeglio, Luigi Carlo Farini and Diodato Pallieri.",
"These immediately formed pro-Piedmontese provisional governments.",
"After that, in the Papal Legations, Imola, Faenza, Forlì, Cesena, Rimini, Ferrara, Ravenna and other minor cities also became free.This situation favored plebiscites for annexation to the Kingdom of Sardinia that were held in the Duchy of Modena between August 14 and 21 and in the Duchy of Parma on September 11 and 12, 1859.In both cases the results were in favor of annexation.Subsequently, the Papal Legations, the duchies and Tuscany were united in a \"League of Central Italy,\" in which an army was mobilized that should have numbered about 25-30,000 men.These developments and the resistance of the provisional governments made it impossible to realize the clause in the Villafranca armistice that provided for the restoration of the old institutions.",
"It was also impossible to create a confederation of Italian states, nor was it feasible to implement the desired reforms in the Papal States.",
"Despite this, the Villafranca Armistice was formalized with the Treaty of Zurich in November 1859.The only condition met was the handover of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia.",
"However, this event had enormous political weight: the cession of Lombardy marked the most serious defeat Austria had ever suffered on the Italian question."
],
[
"The aftermath and French-Piedmontese relations",
"Commemorative plate (Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam)In the aftermath of the Treaty of Zurich, France found itself in the ambiguous role of protective power of the Papal States and main ally of the Kingdom of Sardinia - an ambiguity that allowed Napoleon III to maintain a decisive influence over Italian affairs until the end of the Second Empire.In the immediate aftermath, however, a stalemate was reached, as the provisional governments of central Italy refused to return power to the former rulers, nor did La Marmora's Piedmontese government have the courage to proclaim the annexations of the liberated territories.",
"Thus, on December 22, 1859, Victor Emmanuel II resigned himself to recall Cavour.The count, who returned to the presidency of the Council of Ministers on Jan. 21, 1860, was faced with a French proposal for a solution to the question of the liberated territories: annexation to Piedmont of the duchies of Parma and Modena, Savoy control of the pontifical Romagna, separate kingdom in Tuscany under the leadership of a member of the House of Savoy, and cession of Nice and Savoy to France.",
"In case of rejection of the proposal, Piedmont would have had to face the situation alone in front of Austria, which did not have the final conditions of the armistice recognized.The cession of Nice and Savoy was thus the price demanded by France for Piedmont to annex much of central Italy.Compared to the agreements of the Sardinian-French alliance, this solution substituted for Piedmont the annexation of Veneto.",
"Having effectively established the annexation of Parma, Modena and Romagna, Cavour, defying France, organized a plebiscite in Tuscany (March 11-12, 1860) with results that legitimized the annexation of the Grand Duchy to the Kingdom of Sardinia as well.The French government reacted with great irritation, immediately urging the cession of Savoy and Nice, which took place with the signing of the Treaty of Turin on March 24, 1860.In exchange for these two provinces, therefore, the Kingdom of Sardinia acquired not only Lombardy but also what is now Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany.",
"This new territorial arrangement would have prevented Austria from making direct military interventions in the remaining papal territories and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in support of the rulers, as its army would have had to cross regions now part of the Kingdom of Sardinia.At this point Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour realized the great political advantage gained from the defeat of Austria and resumed in 1860 with Garibaldi the leadership in the process for the unification of Italy."
],
[
"See also",
"* Treaty of Zürich* Second Italian War of Independence* Villafranca di Verona"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* Alfredo Panzini, ''Il 1859 da Plombières a Villafranca'', Treves, Milano, 1909.",
"* Alan John Percival Taylor, ''The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848-1918'', Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1954 (Ediz.",
"Ital.",
"''L'Europa delle grandi potenze.",
"Da Metternich a Lenin'', Laterza, Bari, 1961).",
"* Ettore Anchieri (a cura di), ''La diplomazia contemporanea, raccolta di documenti diplomatici (1815-1956)'', Cedam, Padova 1959.",
"* Rosario Romeo, ''Vita di Cavour'', Laterza, Bari, 2004 ISBN 88-420-7491-8.",
"* AA.VV.",
"(Ottavio Bartié, Massimo de Leonardis, Anton Giulio de'Robertis, Gianluigi Rossi), ''Storia delle relazioni internazionali.",
"Testi e documenti (1815-2003)'', Monduzzi, Bologna, 2004 ISBN 978-88-323-4106-5.",
"* Renato Eugenio Righi, ''Sulla via dell'unificazione italiana.",
"La lega militare (1859-60)'', Tamari, Bologna, 1959."
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Population 11"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Population 11''''' is an upcoming comedy-drama set to premiere on Australian streaming service Stan on 14 March 2024.Created by Phil Lloyd and starring Ben Feldman, it is inspired by the 2017 disappearance of Paddy Moriarty in the Northern Territory; it centres on Feldman's character attempting to solve the disappearance of his estranged father from a small town in the Australian outback home to only a dozen residents, who all end up as suspects."
],
[
"Cast",
"*Ben Feldman as Andy Pruden, \"a suburban bank teller from Ohio\"*Perry Mooney as Cassie Crick, an 'outsider' who \"comes to Andy's aid\", as \"they find themselves in increasing danger as they delve into the secrets\" of the town.",
"*Katrina Milosevic as Sgt.",
"Geraldine Walters*Darren Gilshenan as Hugo Drivas, Andy's missing father*Chai Hansen as Gareth Biggins*Stephen Curry as Noel Pinkus*Tony Briggs as Jimmy James*Genevieve Lemon as Valerie Hogarth*Rick Donald as Leon Croydman*Pippa Grandison as Maureen Taylor*Steve Le Marquand as Trevor Taylor*William Zappa as Cedric Blumenthal*Emily Taheny as Audrey Denning*Karis Oka as Shoshanna Ling*Fiona Choi as Charmaine Ling*Sachin Joab as Petey P*Chris Kirby as Dom"
],
[
"Episodes",
"There will be twelve 30-minute episodes, all premiering on 14 March 2024."
],
[
"Production",
"In 2022, Stan entered an \"originals development parternship\" with studio Lionsgate, which included the development of what was originally entitled ''Population: 11'' as one of the first three titles to emerge from the deal.",
"It is the second programme, following ''Prosper'', to be co-commissioned by Stan and Lionsgate.The series is produced by Jungle Entertainment in association with Factor 30 Films, with major production investment from Screenwest, Lotterywest and the Western Australian Regional Screen Fund (WARSF), development supported by Stan, financially supported by Screen NSW, and international distribution handled by Lionsgate.",
"''Nine News'' reported that the series' similarity to the story of the disappearance of Moriarty can be found in that both the town in which he disappeared from (Larrimah), and the town depicted in the series, both had a dozen residents - which fell to 11 - at the time, and so all \"residents in the area became suspects in an ongoing police investigation\".Executive producers Lloyd and O'Donnell last worked together on ''The Moodys''.=== Filming ===The show was filmed entirely in the Kimberley in Western Australia, with production commencing in mid-2023 \"based out of\" Derby.",
"It is the first Stan original to be filmed in Western Australia to be shown on the platform."
],
[
"Broadcast",
"Ahead of the series' launch on 14 March 2024, a first-look trailer was released on 31 January 2024."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Further reading",
"* Vivian, Steve (29 December 2023).",
"From Lost in Larrimah to Last Stop Larrimah: The cultural journey of an NT outback mystery.",
"''ABC News''"
],
[
"External links",
"* Population 11 at Stan*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia''' (also rendered ''Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia''; , ''Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran''; ASE) is the first general encyclopedia in Armenian language.",
"It was published in 1974-1987 by the main editorial office of the Armenian Encyclopedia.",
"It consists of 12+1 volumes, published under the direction of the President of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR Viktor Ambartsumian.",
"In 2011, it was licensed under the Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 free license."
],
[
"History",
"In 1964, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Armenia issued a resolution on the publication of the Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia.",
"In 1965, the Council of Ministers of the Armenian SSR issued a resolution on the creation of a special editorial office for this purpose.In 1967, the main editorial board of the Armenian Encyclopedia (now the Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing House) was established.",
"It was created under the auspices of the President of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR Viktor Ambartsumian.The ASE was published in 1974-1987, one volume per year.",
"The chairman of the editorial board of the ASE was Viktor Ambartsumian, the chief editors were Viktor Ambartsumian (volume 1), (volumes 2-4) and (volumes 5-13).",
"7200 authors participated in the creation of the ASE.",
"It was printed by the .In 2011, the state non-profit Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing House, which owns the rights to the ASE, allowed its distribution under the Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 free license."
],
[
"Structure",
"The ASE consists of 12 main volumes and a supplementary volume about Armenian SSR.",
"It includes 38,767 articles, 15,263 images and 858 maps.",
"The ASE was published using a special encyclopedic font created for it.",
"Volume Year Names Articles Pages Images Maps Number of copies 1 1974 Ա-ԱՐԳԻՆԱ 3,442 720 1,294 75 100,000 2 1976 ԱՐԳԻՇՏԻ-ԳԵՂԵՐՎԱՆ 3,503 720 1,798 75 100,000 3 1977 ԳԵՂԵՑԻԿԸ-ԶՈՒՐԱԲՅԱՆ 3,509 720 1,726 53 100,000 4 1978 Է-ԽԱՂԽԱՂ 3,451 720 1,228 53 100,000 5 1979 ԽԱՂՈՂ-ԿՈՒԼԻՍՆԵՐ 3,694 720 1,326 68 100,000 6 1980 ԿՈՒԼԶՈՐ-ՁՈՒԼՈՒԿ 3,108 720 1,097 64 100,000 7 1981 ՁՈՒԼՈՒՄ-ՄՈՆՈՊԽՈՆՔ 3,250 720 1,436 46 100,000 8 1982 ՄՈՆՈՊՈԼԻԱ-ՉԵՉԵՐԵԿ 3,145 720 1,274 70 100,000 9 1983 ՉԵՉՔԱՐ-ՌՍՏԱԿԵՍ 3,185 720 1,046 60 100,000 10 1984 ՌՍՏԱՄ-ՍՍՀՄ 2,009 736 1,065 61 100,000 11 1985 ՍՈՎԵՏԱԿԱՆ-ՏԻԵԶԵՐՔ 2,970 720 958 67 100,000 12 1986 ՏԻԵՊՈԼՈ-ՖՈՒՔՍԻՆ 3,501 752 1,015 96 100,000 '''TOTAL (1–12)''' 1974–1986 Ա-ՖՈւՔՍԻՆ 38,767 8,688 15,263 858 1,200,000 13 1987 ՍՈՎԵՏԱԿԱՆ ՀԱՅԱՍՏԱՆ 688"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"The Fools of Chelm and Their History"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''The Fools of Chelm and Their History''''' is a humorous book by Isaac Bashevis Singer about a fictional town of Chelm (not the real Polish town of Chełm) inhabited by naive Wise Men of Chelm.It was published in Yiddish, signed by the pen name D. Segal, in 1966 and was an evolution of his previous story, \"The Political Economy of Chelm\", published in the ''Forverts'' on March 10, 1966.It was translated in English in 1973, by the author and Elizabeth Shub, illustrated by Uri Shulevitz.The book was published as children's literature.",
"It is a light read, in essence a series of slapstick jokes, though the full appreciation of the humor therein requires a considerable knowledge of Jewish history, culture, and religion, as well as general political issues."
],
[
"Plot summary",
"Table of contents: \"How Chelm came to be\" -- \"Who is the enemy?\"",
"-- \"The war\" -- \"The revolt\" -- \"Chelm without money\" -- \"Feitel's reign\" -- \"The future is bright\"\"How Chelm came to be\" is a brief history of Chelm, a parody on the ''Book of Genesis'' and the tradition of ''pilpul'' in the arguments about the origin of Chelm.",
"Eventually The Chelmers learn to read and write, create the word \"crisis\", and suddenly understand their miserly state.",
"R. Barbara Gitenstein sees this as a parody of a tale from ''Genesis'': the source of all evil is the tree of knowledge.The Sages of Chelm headed by Gronam Ox convene to figure out how to deal with the crisis and put forth a series of stupid suggestions, such as get rid of the word \"crisis\" or tax only the poor, culminating in the suggestion to go to war, which gets an approval.",
"The war is lost because Chelmers by mistake invade the wrong town: instead of the neighboring Gorshkov, they go to Mazelborscht, where a wedding party happens, and Mazelborschters, annoyed by the disruption, beat up Chelmers.",
"As the story goes, \"a lost war sooner or later is followed by a revolution, that is what happened in Chelm.\"",
"The rest of the tale is a sequence of Chelmer's attempts to deal with poverty, which are parodies on various socialist and communist ideas, and none of which worked.At the end of the book Gronam Ox says: \"We do not wish to conquer the world, but our wisdom is spreading throughout it just the same.",
"The future is bright.",
"The chances are good that someday the whole world will be one great Chelm\" - a parody on the idea of the victory of Communism.Ruth von Bernuth remarks that the above is a reflection of author's skepticism towards utopian societies.",
"The final words of Gromal Ox resonate with the words at the end of another Singer's story, ''When Shlemiel Went to Warsaw'' (although describing a different situation)::All roads lead to Chelm:All the world is one big Chelm."
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Nail Ibrahimli"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Nail Nəriman oğlu İbrahimli -''' (''Azerbaijani'': Nail Nəriman oğlu İbrahimli; 4 March 1994 Khachmaz – 8 November2020 Shusha) was an Azerbaijani military officer who served as a sergeant major in the State Border Services of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces.",
"He died during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War and was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Patriotic War."
],
[
"Biography",
"* Nail Ibrahimli was born on March 4, 1994, in Khachmaz village of Oguz region.",
"Nail İbrahimli fought as a machine gunner to liberate Murovdağ, Fuzuli, Cebrail, Gubadlı, Zengilan, Laçin and Shusha in the Second Karabakh War, which started on September 27, 2020, in order to liberate and re-establish the lands occupied by Armenia.",
"The integrity of Azerbaijan participated in the wars.",
"He stood out with the tactics he applied in the battles in the direction of the Lachin Corridor and the Hudafarin Bridge.",
"His role in changing the situation of the parties in the war, demoralizing the opposing side, was to perform more difficult tasks as a machine gunner, use a variety of successful tactics, increase combat activity and thus facilitate victory in the war, hastening the end of the war.",
"war.",
"He was killed while performing combat duty in the clashes towards the city of Shusha on 8 November.",
"His death was confirmed in the following days and he was buried on Martyrs Street in the Khachmaz village of the district on 12 November.",
"Oghuz region.",
"* Nail İbrahimli, one of the petty officers of the Border Troops of the Azerbaijan State Border Service, participated in the clashes in the Murovdağ direction of the front in the first days of the conflict.",
"As a result of the clashes, on September 27, the opposing side's positions in the Agdere direction and at the heights of the Murov Mountain Range were destroyed and a number of command heights (Gamışdağ and Ömer Pass) were taken under control.",
"As a result of the successful operation of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, the Murov peak in the Murovdağ range was freed from occupation.",
"was rescued.",
"Nail İbrahimli later participated in the operations carried out in the direction of Fuzuli, Hocavend, Gubadlı and Zengilan.",
"Special purpose detachments of the units he participated in saved strategically important or border points located in these directions from occupation.",
"Operations in this direction ensured the territorial integrity of the Azerbaijani side, the security and freedom of its borders with neighboring countries.",
"After the city of Fuzuli and a large part of the region were liberated as a result of the battles, the city of Zangilan was freed from occupation for a short time, mainly as a result of the counter-attack of the detachments.",
"Special forces of the State Border Service and the platoon of which Lieutenant İbrahimli was a member.",
"Previously, on October 18, the Azerbaijani Army liberated the Hudafarin bridges in the Jabrayil district from occupation.",
"In these strategically important operations located in the border region, which is one of the important parts of the Arazboyu operations, Nail İbrahimli's successful counter-attack tactics, combat and mobility control, and frontal combat control are provided.",
"Nail İbrahimli had roles as a machine gunner.",
"It was reported that with the liberation of Agbent settlement in Zengilan district on October 22, the Azerbaijan-Iran border was also liberated.",
"With the participation of Second Lieutenant İbrahimli, operations began in the direction of the Lachin corridor after the strategic heights, residential areas, border areas and the city of Gubadlı were liberated in the direction of Gubadlı.",
"İbrahimli took part in these wars and played an important role in changing the situation of the parties in the war, either positively or negatively."
],
[
"Death",
"Major Elvin Safarov, Hero of the Patriotic War, stated that Second Lieutenant Nail İbrahimli undertook difficult and important tasks in the platoon as a machine gunner and played a key role in the war, and also stated that there were weapons that İbrahimli used in the war.",
"battles were \"Assault\" and \"PK\", they had machine guns.",
"After many important operations, he and his team are given an important task in an operation that will enable the Azerbaijani side to advance towards Shusha, increase its combat effectiveness, and gain advantages and advantages.",
"The platoon, which gained an advantage in the \"Dot\" operation, will perform its next mission in Shusha city center on November 8, 2020.As a result of this appointment, the Azerbaijani side would gain the upper hand and the operations to liberate Shusha would end.",
"Nail Ibrahimli, who carried out a significant part of the mission in the counter-attack from the right and left directions, as stated in the mission, was killed while performing combat duties in the battles towards the city of Shusha on November 8.He was buried in the Martyrs Hiyaban in the Khachmaz village of the district."
],
[
"Awards",
"* 50x50px (09.12.2020) — \"Hero of the Patriotic War\" medal (posthumous)* 50x50px (15.12.2020) — \"For the Fatherland\" medal (posthumous)* (29.12.2020) — \"For the Liberation of Shusha Medal\" medal (posthumous)* (05.11.2022) — \"For the Liberation of Khojavend Medal\" medal\" (posthumously)* (05.11.2022) — \"For the liberation of Fuzuli\" medal (posthumous)=== Also ===School-high school No.",
"3 in Oguz city was named after the Hero of the Patriotic War, Nail Ibrahimli.One of the streets in Khachmaz village of Oguz region is named after Nail Ibrahimli."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Sandra Slaughter"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Sandra Ann Slaughter''' (died November 3, 2014) was an American software engineer and management scientist known for her research on business analytics and the software development process.",
"She was Alton M. Costley Chair and Professor of Information Technology Management at Georgia Tech.",
"She and her husband also held a world record for the longest tandem bicycle tour."
],
[
"Education and career",
"Slaughter worked in the information technology industry for ten years, before returning to graduate study in management information systems, in which she earned a PhD through the University of Minnesota.",
"Her 1995 doctoral dissertation, ''Software development practices and software maintenance performance: A field study'', was co-advised by Rajiv Banker and Gordon B. Davis.She became Xerox Research Chair in Carnegie Mellon University's Carnegie Mellon University, and then in 2007 moved to the Scheller College of Business at Georgia Tech."
],
[
"Personal life and cycling",
"Slaughter was married to Ronald Gray Slaughter.",
"Between her industry work and her return to graduate study, the two of them took a 19-month hiatus, touring the world on a tandem bicycle.",
"This tour earned them a Guinness World Record for the longest tandem bicycle tour, and was documented in a book, published in 1996."
],
[
"Recognition",
"Slaughter was named a distinguished fellow of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) Information Systems Society in 2014.She was posthumously awarded the 2022 Information Systems Society President's Service Award."
],
[
"Selected works",
"Slaughter was the author or coauthor of two books:*''Tandem Times: A Bicycle Journey Around the World, Odyssey to the Limits'' (with R. Slaughter and K. Robinson, IME, 1996)*''A Profile of the Software Industry: Emergence, Ascendance, Risks, and Rewards'' (Business Expert Press, 2014)She had over 100 publications, winning nine best paper awards.",
"Among these, Paulo Goes singles out four as being especially innovative and influential:****"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Virginia & Truckee 11, \"Reno\""
],
[
"Introduction",
"The \"Reno\" in 2022Virginia & Truckee Railroad #11, the '''\"Reno\"''', is a 4-4-0, \"American\"-type steam locomotive.",
"On September 24, 1872, it pulled the first train over the Virginia & Truckee's newly completed line between the Central Pacific Railroad (the first transcontinental railroad) at Reno, Nevada, and Virginia City in the Comstock Lode mining area of Nevada."
],
[
"Early history",
"Built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1872, the engine's early years were the most historically significant in its life, and also in the life of its owner, the Virginia & Truckee Railroad.",
"The railroad was initially built to bring the ore from the mines around Virginia City, Nevada, to the mills on the Carson River.",
"With the extension to Reno, and as a result of the \"Big Bonanza\" of 1873 (the greatest silver strike in US history), the busy short-line railroad was running up to 45 trains a day.Virginia & Truckee Railroad #11, \"Reno\", with the ''Lightning Express'' at Virginia CityThe 1870s were boom times for the area and for the Virginia & Truckee Railroad.",
"V&T #11, the \"Reno,\" was the railroad's first true passenger engine and the pride of the fleet.",
"The railroad hauled passengers, ore and bullion, lumber, food, supplies and every other kind of freight.",
"The V&T, every bit a \"bonanza railroad,\" purchased the finest locomotives and rolling stock available.",
"Virginia City, with its 25,000 people, was one of the wealthiest cities in the West.",
"Virginia & Truckee Railroad #11, Reno.",
"At Carson City in the mid-1870s.The \"Reno\" pulling the ''Lightning Express'' over the Crown Point Trestle, at Gold Hill, Nevada, on its way to Carson City in the 1870s.",
"The trestle was built in 1869, and lasted until 1936.In 1876, the ''Lightning Express'' passenger train was inaugurated between San Francisco and Virginia City, running on the Central Pacific and the Virginia & Truckee Railroads, using the \"Reno.\"",
"In 1907, the \"Reno\" was converted to an oil-burner, and its diamond stack was replaced with a straight stack.",
"Virginia & Truckee Railroad No.",
"11, the \"Reno,\" at Carson City with the ''Lightning Express'', in 1878.Her proud engineer, Tom Clark, has mounted a beautiful set of antlers on the box headlight.The Washington Park & Zoo Railway at the zoo in Portland, Oregon, operates a scale replica (30-inch gauge) of the \"Reno.\"",
"The locomotive is a working steam engine.It is thought that the \"Reno\" pulled trains transporting four United States presidents: Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, Theodore Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover, as well as numerous silver barons, other Comstock notables and the general public.",
"The V&T is the most famous of American short lines, and it hauled millions of dollars of gold and silver from the Comstock Lode."
],
[
"Later years",
"As mine production declined and mills closed down, the V&T survived by hauling wheat, grain and cattle.",
"The line into Virginia City was torn up in 1938, and by 1950, the rest of the railroad was abandoned.",
"The \"Reno\" in about 1913, after various modifications (e.g., a straight stack and a round headlight)By 1934, the \"Reno\" was no longer in regular service.",
"It was used occasionally for specials, and in 1937, it was rented to Universal Films Corporation for movie work.",
"In 1938, it was rented to Paramount Studios for use in the movie \"Union Pacific\".",
"It last operated on the V&T in 1943, and was sold to Loew's Inc./Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1945.In 1970, it was sold to Old Tucson Studios, where it was in numerous other filming projects, generally portraying fictitious engines on fictitious railroads.",
"In 2021, the \"Reno\" was purchased from Old Tucson by the Virginia & Truckee Railroad, which is a tourist railroad that operates on a portion of the original V&T trackage at Virginia City, Nevada.",
"The V&T plans to restore the engine to service."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"** Virginia & Truckee Railroad website"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites''' is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Saint Paul Parish, Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda.",
"It constitutes a collection of Georgian era naval structures, namely a naval dockyard and related supporting compounds.",
"This maritime complex was established during a period marked by intense competition among European nations vying for dominance at sea to secure authority over the profitable sugar-producing islands in the Eastern Caribbean."
],
[
"Description",
"English Harbour, situated on the southern coast of Antigua, consists of a sequence of deep, narrow bays almost entirely encircled by hills.",
"Accessible through a slender channel bordered by the protective rock formations of Fort Berkeley peninsula and Fort Charlotte Point, the inner bays are well-sheltered and concealed from view.",
"This natural setting served as an ideal hurricane shelter and a location for careening and repairing wooden ships during the Age of Sail, safeguarded by the fortified surrounding highlands.",
"Exploiting these strategic advantages, the British Navy utilized the area from the late 17th century until the late 19th century.",
"The 255-hectare site constitutes the historical heart of Nelson’s Dockyard National Park.",
"The buffer zone follows the perimeter of the Nelson’s Dockyard National Park."
],
[
"History",
"===Military use===The initial British settlement on Antigua occurred in 1632, and the introduction of sugar cane cultivation in the Caribbean islands around the mid-17th century led to rapid expansion.",
"This economic boom generated substantial profits for planters and merchants, prompting the need for secure locations.",
"English Harbour, with its advantageous natural setting and proximity to routes connecting France, became a focal point for exploitation.",
"Initially, local merchants in Antigua capitalized on these advantages, followed by the Royal Navy.The first structures, Fort Berkeley and Fort Charlotte, were constructed at the harbor's mouth.",
"However, it wasn't until 1725 that English Harbour's potential was seriously considered by British authorities.",
"This realization led to the commencement of dockyard and related service structures construction at St. Helena.",
"In 1743, the Royal Navy initiated the establishment of a significant naval dockyard facility.",
"Over approximately 40 years, a diverse range of buildings, structures, and facilities, including water tanks and catchments, were erected in the dockyard area to support a permanent military force.",
"This military presence aimed to safeguard planters' interests against external and internal threats, as well as conduct raids against rival European powers in nearby islands.",
"Following extensive construction, the harbor became the designated port for vessels during the hurricane season.A second phase of construction and expansion unfolded in 1781 and persisted for subsequent decades at English Harbour and the surrounding hills, extending from the Blockhouse to the Lookout Point, with a primary focus on defensive measures.",
"Following the establishment of British hegemony in 1814 and the subsequent decline in economic significance of the Leeward Islands, the strategic importance of the Antigua Naval Dockyard waned.",
"The fortifications associated with the naval compound gradually fell into disuse and became obsolete.",
"Although the Dockyard remained in operation, it faced challenges, and in 1889, it was officially decommissioned.",
"The decision was primarily driven by the impracticality of adapting the facility for larger steam vessels, which had superseded sailing ships.===Preservation===In 1906, the arsenal was transferred to the Antiguan Government.",
"Throughout the two World Wars, the compound served as a military training facility and later as a careening and repair complex for smaller vessels involved in inter-island transportation.",
"It wasn't until the 1950s that the potential of the Dockyard as a heritage tourism site and yachting destination was recognized.",
"In 1951, the Society of the Friends of English Harbour emerged, inspired by similar societies dedicated to preserving ancient buildings in Great Britain.",
"The society aimed to preserve and conserve the dockyard.",
"Through an intensive fundraising campaign, supported by members of the British royal family and other notable figures, the society successfully raised the necessary funds to restore the dockyard structures within five years.",
"In 1961, the completion of the restoration works was celebrated, and the historic compound of the dockyard reopened.",
"Since then, most of the buildings and facilities have been utilized for tourism or yachting, following the established policy of the Friends of English Harbour.",
"In continuation of the efforts initiated by the Society of the Friends of English Harbour, the Government of Antigua and Barbuda enacted the 1984 National Parks Act, officially designating Nelson’s Dockyard as a national park.",
"The funding for the initial establishment of the park was provided by the Canadian International Development Agency.",
"The Antigua Naval Dockyard was listed on the UNESCO Tentative List of World Heritage Sites in 2012.The site was included on the World Heritage List during the 40th Session of the World Heritage Committee heldin Istanbul, Turkey from July 10-17, 2016."
],
[
"Sites",
"*Antigua Naval Dockyard: The dockyard encompasses an ensemble of buildings and facilities.",
"The structures demonstrate how the British Admiralty adapted structures to the Caribbean climate, influencing colonial architecture in other regions.",
"*Clarence House: Exemplifies the modification of Georgian architecture for the Caribbean's tropical climate, showcasing the emergence of a distinct colonial Georgian style.",
"*Fort Berkeley: Built in 1704 on the harbor's western side, Fort Berkeley defended the inner bays.",
"Its remaining features include defensive walls, a powder magazine, and a guardhouse.",
"*Fort Charlotte: Established in 1745 opposite side Fort Berkeley.",
"Unfortunately, little remains of this structure.",
"*Fort Charles*Fort Cuyler*Dow's Hill Fort*Shirley Heights*Middle Ground*Artillery Officers Complex*The Blockhouse complex*The Lookout*Middle Ground cisterns"
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* *"
],
[
"External links",
"* Nelson's Dockyard National Park* Antigua Naval Dockyard and Related Archaeological Sites at UNESCO"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Koji Kobayashi (engineer)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Koji Kobayashi''' (February 17, 1907 – November 30, 1996) was a Japanese engineer and businessman known for his contributions to the electronics industry.",
"He served as the president of NEC from 1964 until 1976 and then as chairman until 1988."
],
[
"Early life and education",
"Koji Kobayashi was born on February 17, 1907, in Hatsukari, a village in Yamanashi Prefecture.",
"He was the fourth boy among nine children.",
"Despite the remote location of his village and the distance to the nearest middle school, Kobayashi was a dedicated student who excelled academically.",
"His academic performance earned him a scholarship, and with the financial support of his brothers, he was able to attend Matsumoto High School.",
"During this period, he received the Nomura Fellowship from the Nomura Foundation.Kobayashi graduated from the Department of Electrical Engineering of Tokyo Imperial University in March 1929 with a Bachelor of Engineering degree.",
"Ten years later, he was awarded a Doctor of Engineering degree for his research on feedback amplifiers."
],
[
"References",
"=== Sources ===**"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 Kansas House of Representatives election"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 Kansas House of Representatives election''' will be held on November 5, 2024, alongside the 2024 United States elections.",
"All 125 seats in the Kansas House of Representatives will be elected."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"See also",
"* Elections in Kansas"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Reginald Heber Howe, Jr."
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Reginald Heber Howe, Jr.''' (April 10, 1875 – 28 January 1932) was an American naturalist and preparatory school science teacher.",
"His research specialized in the lichens, birds, and dragonflies.",
"He founded the Belmont Hill School and served as its first headmaster."
],
[
"Life and career",
"Reginald Heber Howe, Jr., born on April 10, 1875, in Quincy, Massachusetts, was the second child of a prominent Episcopalian minister of the same name.",
"Reginald Heber Howe senior (1846–1924) became the rector of the Church of Our Saviour in Brookline in 1877.The early life of Reginald Heber Howe, Jr., was predominantly spent in the Longwood area of Brookline, known for its grand mansions.",
"Howe completed his education at the Noble and Greenough Preparatory School in Boston and later worked for three years at the Plymouth Cordage Company to fund his college education.",
"He enrolled at Harvard University in 1897, graduating from the Lawrence Scientific School in 1901.During his academic years, Howe demonstrated a prolific interest in the natural sciences, publishing several articles.",
"His early works included studies on North American wood frogs, subspecies of birds, a mammal species, and the breeding behavior of the American robin in eastern Massachusetts.",
"Additionally, Howe authored or co-authored four books on ornithology, and had a deep interest in biogeography.Following his graduation in 1901, Howe began a teaching career at Middlesex School in Concord, Massachusetts, a newly established preparatory school for boys.",
"Over the next two decades, he contributed significantly to the school, teaching science, and coaching crew.",
"In 1921, he coached the freshman rowing team; this went so well that he was asked to coach both the freshman and varsity crews the following year.",
"He founded the Thoreau Museum of Natural History.",
"During this period, Howe also became an authority on North American lichens, co-authoring a field guide with his wife.Howe's academic pursuits led him to the Sorbonne (a name commonly used to refer to the historic University of Paris in Paris), where he obtained a degree in natural science.",
"This achievement was based on his extensive work on lichens, completed during a sabbatical from July 1911 to September 1912.In this excursion, Howe and his wide took a boat to Newfoundland and collected lichens there for month, before sailing for England.",
"Howe's interest in entomology, particularly dragonflies, was sparked around 1913, following a discovery on the Middlesex School grounds.",
"His entomological research continued during a second sabbatical at Harvard University's Entomological Laboratory from 1921 to 1923.By 1926 he had published more than 300 pages of research in scientific journals, with a particular emphasis on lichens and dragonflies.A dispute over naming an undescribed dragonfly species between Howe and Edward Bruce Williamson, a dragonfly authority, highlights the complexities and tensions within the scientific community regarding naming rights and historical correctness.",
"Despite Howe's assertion that the new species had already been named in the literature, albeit not formally described, Williamson proceeded to describe and name the species as ''Williamsonia fletcheri'' (the ebony boghaunter).",
"The saga, revealed through archived correspondence, involved other prominent odonatologists and exposed the personality clashes and competing interests among specialists in the field.",
"Williamson eventually prevailed, so now the species has the name he proposed, and the author citation \"Williamson\".In his later years, Howe founded the Belmont Hill School and served as its first headmaster.",
"He emphasized the importance of athletics in education and had scholarly publications to that effect.",
"In the \"Story of Belmont Hill\", he is described as \"a man of broad experience, unbounded energy, vigorous imagination, sound judgement, and a man who genuinely liked people—boys, teachers, parents and anyone who had anything to do with the school\".",
"In this book, a colleague answers the question: \"What was Dr. Howe like?\"",
"Howe's life came to an abrupt end due to a heart attack on January 28, 1932, at the age of 56.In his obituary, the Boston Society of Natural History lauded him as a respected teacher and naturalist.The lichen ''Vermilacinia howei'' was named in his honor in 1996, for his contributions to lichenology and to acknowledge his efforts in providing images of the type specimens in his revision of the genus ''Ramalina''."
],
[
"Selected publications",
"* * * * * *"
],
[
"Further reading",
"* * *"
],
[
"References",
"===Works cited===*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 Men's World Floorball Championships qualification"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 IFF Men's World Floorball Championships qualification''' is a series of tournaments to decide the teams which will play in the 2024 Men's World Floorball Championships.",
"The 2024 World Championship will once again feature 16 teams.",
"1 place were allocated to the hosts, Sweden.",
"The remaining 15 places will be determined by a qualification process, in which entrants from among the other teams from the five IFF confederations will compete."
],
[
"Distribution of spots",
"The distribution by confederation for the 2024 Men's World Floorball Championships will be:* Host: 1* Asia and Oceania: 3 places * Americas: 1* Europe: 11 (Sweden qualified automatically as host nations for a total of 12 places)"
],
[
"Qualified teams",
"TeamQualified asQualification dateAppearancePrevious best performanceLastTotalStreak 2022 15 15"
],
[
"Americas qualification",
"The American qualification were played between 17 and 18 February 2024 in Toronto, Canada at the Toronto Metropolitan University.",
"Colombia wanted to enter, but the Canadian hosts rejected the entry of the Colombians due to financial reasons.",
"Canada won both games with a 26–7 aggregate score.",
"This result also sent Canada to the 2025 World Games in Chengdu.===Teams===* (12)* (17)===Group==="
],
[
"Asia-Oceania qualification",
"The Asia-Oceania qualification will be played between 21 and 25 May 2024 in Pasig City, Philippines.",
"The event was originally going to be held in February 2024, but was postponed to May due to the delay of the 2021 Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games to February.",
"The top three will make the 2024 Men's World Floorball Championships.",
"Since China entered the event, they will take the host quota at the 2025 World Games in Chengdu.",
"===Group composition===Group AGroup B (13) (16) (21) (36) (14) (15) '''(H)''' (22) (25);Notes*Teams in '''bold''' qualified for the final tournament.",
"*'''(H)''': Qualification group hosts===Group A===--------===Group B===--------===Final round===''All times are local (UTC+7).",
"''====Seventh place game========Fifth place game=======Knockout stage=======Semifinals========Third place game========Final=======Final ranking=== Rank Team12345678 Qualified for the 2024 Men's World Floorball Championships"
],
[
"European qualification",
"===Format===The first two qualification tournaments were eight team competitions, held in Liepāja and Łochów.",
"Both qualification tournaments have four available spots in the world championship.",
"The third tournament was a round-robin group consisting of five teams organised in Škofja Loka.",
"The top three in this group qualify for the world championship.===European qualification tournament 1===The European qualification tournament 1 were played between 31 January and 3 February 2024 in Liepāja, Latvia.Group seeding (3) (9) (23) (27) (5) '''(H)''' (8) (20) (29)--------===Group B===--------===Seventh place game======Qualification play off===''Estonia qualified for the 2024 World Championships''''Germany qualified for the 2024 World Championships''===Final======European qualification tournament 2===The European qualification tournament 2 were played between 1 and 4 February 2024 in Łochów, Poland.Group seeding (6) (7) (19) (31) (2) (11) '''(H)''' (24) (26)--------===Group B===--------===Seventh place game======Qualification play off===''Norway qualified for the 2024 World Championships''''Poland qualified for the 2024 World Championships''===Final======European qualification tournament 3===The European qualification tournament 3 were played between 31 January and 4 February 2024 in Škofja Loka, Slovenia.",
"Group seeding (4) (10) (18) '''(H)''' (30) (32)----------------"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Americas qualification tournament official page* Asia and Oceania qualification tournament official page* European qualification tournament 1 official page* European qualification tournament 2 official page* European qualification tournament 3 official page"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Izzy Lyon: The Unspun Truth"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Izzy Lyon: The Unspun Truth''''' is a 2022 American mockumentary comedy film written by Mehran C. Torgoley, Llana Barron, Dan Lanigan, and Andy Klimczak.",
"It is directed by Mehran C. Torgoley and Dan Lanigan.Following the murky life of famed Sign Spinner, Izzy Lyon, the film picks up twenty years since Lyon mysteriously disappeared, and a group of fervent fans decide to reunite in order to uncover the truth behind the celebrity's disappearance.",
"This group of fans investigate Lyon's life in great detail, from his early 80's rise to his late 90's downfall, slowly discovering the portrait of a flawed individual that they've worshipped blindly in the past.",
"'Anti-Izzy' adversaries are said to be working together exclude Lyon from the Spinternational Hall of Fame, which his followers must reckon with throughout the film.",
"''Izzy Lyon: The Unspun Truth'' initially had it's world premiere at Filmocracy Fest, a virtual film festival, in 2020.The film was later released to major streaming platforms by Octane Multimedia on November 4, 2022."
],
[
"Cast",
"* Phil LaMarr as Marcus Lyon / Lil'Marcus*Lang Parker as Mary-Ellen Bower*Bruce Baum as Shecky Steinbergenstein*John Copeland as Phil Alden*Llana Barron as Heather Williams*Jeff B. Davis as Ritchy Round*Kym Whitley as Rhonda Jackson Lyon*David Koechner as Antoine St. Poupon*Greg Proops as Brian Culero*Santina Muha as Barbi Fratelli*Tucker Smallwood as Mordecai Fredericksonton III*Rick Overton as Board Member Valentine*Rooster McConaughey as Nurse Rooster*Michael Patrick McGill as Officer Deckard*Minna Brighton as Receptionist Jen*Larry Fuller as Izzy Lyon"
],
[
"Release",
"Octane Multimedia acquired ''Izzy Lyon: The Unspun Truth'' in 2022 and distributed the film on major streaming platforms such as Freevee and Tubi.",
"It is also available to rent on Vudu, iTunes, Google Play and YouTube."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Official Website* Izzy Lyon: The Unspun Truth on IMDb"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Paul Murray (rugby union)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Paul Finbarr Murray''' (29 June 1905 — 1 June 1981) was an Irish rugby union international.One of nine siblings, Murray was born in Dublin and attended Blackrock College.Murray, who captained Dublin club Wanderers, played provincial rugby for Leinster and was capped 19 times for Ireland, debuting in 1927.He was a versatile back, making his Ireland appearances as a centre, out-half and scrum-half.",
"In 1930, Murray made the British Lions squad for the tour of New Zealand and Australia, featuring in four of the five Tests.",
"He was picked as a three-quarter but ended up as the team's scrum-half after Wilf Sobey was injured.A medical practitioner, Murray became an Ireland selector after retiring from rugby in 1934.He remained active in sport as a golfer and won the 1940 South of Ireland Championship.",
"In 1965 and 1966, Murray served as IRFU president.",
"He had a son John who was capped for Ireland in 1963 and his daughter Oonagh played hockey for Ireland."
],
[
"See also",
"*List of Ireland national rugby union players"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 Paraguayan Women's Football Championship"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 Campeonato Paraguayo de Fútbol Femenino''' will be the twenty-fourth official '''Paraguayan Women's Football Championship''', the highest league of women's association football in Paraguay.",
"It's organized by the Paraguayan Football Association."
],
[
"Competition system",
"As in previous seasons, two tournaments are played during the year (Apertura and Clausura).",
"Each tournament consists of a round and the four best teams will qualify for the semifinals.At the end of the year, the champions of each tournament (Apertura and Clausura) play to define the absolute champion of the season, in a single match.",
"If the same club wins both tournaments, it is automatically declared the absolute champion of the season."
],
[
"Teams",
"=== Location ===The majority of the clubs (8) are concentrated in the country's capital.",
"While two are located a short distance away in cities of the Departamento Central.",
"One belongs to the department of Amambay and one to Alto Paraná.",
"The Defensores del Chaco Stadium, property of the Paraguayan Football Association, is included due to its frequent use by teams that choose to officiate there as home venues.",
"* Note: The social and administrative headquarters of the Sol de América club is in Barrio Obrero, Asunción, but its playing field is located in Villa Elisa where it has been home since 1985.Department/DistrictQuantityTeams25x25px Asunción8Cerro Porteño / Olimpia / Guaraní / Libertad** / Nacional* / Tacuary / Sportivo Ameliano / Sportivo Trinidense25x25px Central Department4Sol de América / Sportivo Luqueño / Sportivo Limpeño** / Deportivo Humaitá*22x22px Amambay Department1Sportivo 2 de Mayo25x25px Alto Paraná Department1General Caballero (JLM)'''*'''They play as Nacional/Deportivo Humaitá.",
"'''**'''They play as Libertad/Sportivo Limpeño.=== Teams information ===List of the teams that will play the two tournaments of the season.",
"The number of participating teams for this season is 12.",
"'''Team'''Home townStadium'''Capacity''''''Founded''''''Tittles'''Kit manufacturerSponsor'''Cerro Porteño'''AsunciónGeneral Pablo Rojas45 0001 October, 19127 Puma Tigo'''General Caballero'''Dr.",
"Juan León MallorquínKa'arendy450021 June, 19620 Kappa Sanatorio San Sebastián'''Sol de América'''Villa ElisaLuis Alfonso Giagni11 00022 March, 19090 Kyrios Coopeduc'''Guaraní'''AsunciónRogelio Silvino Livieres838012 October, 19030 Kyrios Tigo'''Libertad'''AsunciónTigo La Huerta10 10030 July, 19051 Puma Tigo'''Sportivo Limpeño'''LimpioOptaciano Gómez1 80016 July, 19143'''Nacional'''AsunciónArsenio Erico44345 June, 19042 Kappa Banco Continental'''Deportivo Humaitá'''Mariano Roque AlonsoPioneros de Corumba Cué7 00019 February, 19320'''Olimpia'''AsunciónManuel Ferreira22 00025 July, 19021 Nike Tigo'''Sportivo 2 de Mayo'''Pedro Juan CaballeroRío Parapití25 0006 December, 19350 Kyrios Pulp'''Sportivo Ameliano'''AsunciónEstadio Martín Torres8006 January, 19360 Garcis Ayres'''Sportivo Luqueño'''LuqueFeliciano Cáceres26 9741 May, 19210 Kyrios Banco Río'''Sportivo Trinidense'''AsunciónMartín Torres3 00011 August, 19350 Saltarín Rojo Noroda'''Tacuary'''AsunciónLuis Alfonso Giagni300010 December, 19230 Saltarín Rojo Electroban"
],
[
"League table",
"===Apertura tournament======Clausura tournament==="
],
[
"See also",
"* 2024 Paraguayan (Men's) Primera División season"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Chapelle Sainte-Radegonde"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Chapelle Sainte-Radegonde''' or '''Sainte-Radegonde Chapel''' is a underground structure, a former oratory converted into a chapel, on the slope of the Sainte-Radegonde hill, east of the historic town center of Chinon, in the French department of Indre-et-Loire in the Centre-Val de Loire region.The site has probably been known since antiquity as a well whose waters were reputed to be miraculous; tradition has it that the hermit Jean le Reclus was buried there; the main developments leading to the creation of a proper chapel, however, date back to the 11th or 12th century.",
"The chapel owes its name to Radegonde de Poitiers, who is said to have met Jean on several occasions.",
"The walls are decorated with several murals from different periods and in varying states of preservation; one of them, probably depicting a hunting scene, dates from the end of the 11th century.",
"The precise identity of the figures in this painting is still debated, but it seems likely that they are several members of the House of Plantagenet.The abandoned chapel was sold as ''bien national'' during the French Revolution.",
"After being used as a home, along with the adjoining caves, and having had several successive owners, it has belonged to the town of Chinon since 1957.The ''Musée des Arts et Traditions Populaires du Chinonais'' has been housed here since 1966.The \"Royal Hunt\" mural was discovered by chance in 1964, leading to its classification as a ''monument historique'' in 1967, along with the rest of the chapel."
],
[
"Location",
"The underground site is located on the hillside overlooking the Vienne valley on its right bank, to the east of the town of Chinon, at an altitude of around ; the top of the hillside and the bed of the Vienne are at altitudes of and respectively.",
"The various cavities are dug into the Upper Turonian yellow tuffeau, a sedimentary rock that has been widely exploited in the middle Loire Valley and its tributaries for construction since Antiquity.View from the lower town.The chapel is served by Rue du Pitoche and Rue du Coteau de Sainte-Radegonde, which rise gradually eastward on the hillside from Chinon's Collegiate Church of Saint-Mexme, just over as the crow flies from the chapel.",
"This succession of streets, perhaps an ancient medieval or even ancient road leading to the Chinon forest, runs alongside the eaves wall of the monument; it also provides access to the many underground dwellings on its edge."
],
[
"History",
"=== Ancient occupation site ===The Sainte-Radegonde site in Chinon appears to have been occupied as early as the Hallstatt period, as evidenced by the remains of \"surface\" settlements and pottery shards found on the hillside above the chapel.During Antiquity and the Paleo-Christian period, tradition has it that the site was a place of pagan worship around a well dug into the rock behind the present-day chapel; this well and its fittings, which still exist, may indeed have been built in Antiquity or in Merovingian times.",
"Curative virtues were attributed to the water drawn from the well on the night of St. John's Day (summer solstice), but this reference probably came later, in connection with the occupation of the site by a hermit named Jean.=== Christian hermitage ===According to the tradition reported by Grégoire de Tours (Liber in Gloria Confessorum, chap.",
"XXIII), the site was Christianized in the 5th century, perhaps around 530, when Jean le Reclus, a hermit from the British Isles also known as the priest Jean, settled in a cave after having spent some time with the monks of Saint-Mexme.",
"The exact location of his hermitage, on the site of the future chapel or in another place, probably nearby, is not known with certainty - there are many caves in this part of the hillside, whose morphology has changed considerably over the centuries, as a result of development and landslides; historians in favor of the first hypothesis base themselves on the topography of the site, in line with the eremitical lifestyle of the time, while those in favor of the second solution rely on the writings of Gregory of Tours, whose account suggests a distinction between the two sites, the hermit's cell being located to the west of the chapel housing his burial site.Medieval burial site in the ground.According to chronicles, the hermit Jean acquired a great reputation for wisdom; he was even consulted by Saint Radegonde, who stopped off in Chinon to visit him on several occasions, notably on her way to Poitiers to found the Sainte-Croix de Poitiers abbey, which explains the chapel's dedication.",
"Tradition has it that, from the time of Jean's death, the oratory became a burial place for other hermits who followed her example and retreated to the same spot.",
"Among the burials found in the floor of the southern nave, those that can be dated with certainty date back to the late Middle Ages, and are characterized by the presence of cephalic alveoli designed to hold the head of the deceased, an arrangement that developed during this period.During the Late Roman Empire and the High Middle Ages, many pagan cult sites, including those associated with springs, were Christianized within or near churches or chapels, if they were not destroyed.",
"The Sainte-Radegonde chapel, which incorporates a pagan cult site into a Christian building, could be yet another example of these \"appropriations\".=== Furnished chapel ===Underground nave looking south.Plan of the chapel.It's not clear when the building changed from a simple oratory to a chapel welcoming pilgrims: Gregory of Tours mentions miracles, but makes no mention of pilgrimages.",
"Sainte-Radegonde took on its \"modern\" configuration in the 11th or early 12th century.",
"A nave was dug directly into the rock, and reinforced by two monolithic columns when the vault was raised.Open-air nave looking south.Perhaps at the end of the 11th or beginning of the 13th century, the vault partially collapsed on the south side, leaving the building unable to accommodate the large number of worshippers and pilgrims.",
"A second nave was then built, bricked up on the south side and partially on the west and east, covered by a frame and a single-pitch roof, which disappeared during the Revolution: this space has since been transformed into a garden; a medieval colonnade and a modern gate separate it from the troglodytic nave.",
"The paintings discovered in the 20th century on the northern wall of the troglodytic nave probably date from this major renovation campaign.The Sainte-Radegonde chapel is first mentioned in written sources in 1269 as an ecclesia, but it was Rabelais who, in ''Le Tiers Livre'' (1546), first linked the existence of the chapel to the tradition of Jean le Reclus.In 1388-1402, chronicles record the burial of local personalities in the chapel, including two nuns and a notable Chinonite who became a hermit after a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.=== Despoiling, restoring, protecting ===In 1563, during the Wars of Religion, the chapel was plundered, the graves desecrated and the relics of Saint John destroyed.",
"Twenty years later, it was used as lodgings for carers and the families of patients suffering from an epidemic of plague or typhoid fever then raging in Touraine.",
"The chapel was restored in the seventeenth century: around 1643, during the time of Canon Louis Breton, who lived in the underground presbytery near the chapel, a new altar was inaugurated in the southern apse and a new cycle of paintings, recounting the story of Saint Radegonde and whose scenes are accompanied by a legend, was created on the walls and vault of the eastern chapel.Recumbent statue of hermit JeanDisused during the French Revolution, the chapel was sold as bien national in 1793 and transformed, along with adjoining cavities to the west, into four different dwellings.",
"The chapel itself retains traces of chimney flues dug into the corners of its vault.",
"This situation, punctuated by various changes of ownership, lasted for almost a century; during this period, and on the initiative of the owners, excavations took place in an attempt to recover bones and furniture from the various tombs.Ossuary.In the winter of 1878, the site was bought by Élisabeth Charre, a wealthy woman from Chinon, who set herself the goal of restoring the site and returning it to religious use, which she did the following year.",
"The following year saw the completion of the recumbent statue of hermit Jean (completed on August 6, 1879), the furnishings (altars and statues) and the paintings in the apse depicting Christ in glory surrounded by the tetramorph, as well as the restoration of other paintings, including those dating from the 17th century.",
"In the nineteenth century, as part of the various restructuring and restoration work carried out on the building, an ossuary was built in the troglodytic nave to house the ashes of previous burials.At the beginning of the 20th century, two masses were celebrated annually in the chapel, on the feast of Saint-Jean (June 24) and Sainte-Radegonde (August 13).",
"In 1956, the last private owner of the site put it up for sale.",
"The following year, the site was bought by the town of Chinon, which entrusted its management to the local learned society, ''Les Amis du Vieux Chinon''.",
"In the course of the clearing, cleaning and restoration work carried out by this society from 1960 onwards, in 1964 they discovered the painting of the \"Royal Hunt\" hidden under several layers of whitewash, and the well filled in with 19th-century garbage.",
"In 1966, the ''Musée des Arts et Traditions Populaires du Chinonais'' was set up on the site.",
"The chapel and all its murals were listed as a ''monument historique'' in 1967.The painting of the \"Royal Hunt\" was restored for the first time in 1969.Following surveys of all the paintings in 2006, the \"Royal Hunt\" was cleaned and consolidated in 2008, while the paintings in the two chapels were restored in 2011.In 2019, studies will be carried out to determine when the \"chasse royale\" was painted and the technique used, including carbon 14.In the 21st century, the chapel is open to the public during the summer months and on European Heritage Days."
],
[
"Architecture",
"=== Chapel proper ===The chapel itself has two naves.",
"It is linked by an ambulatory to the staircase leading to the well, as well as to other cavities to the north and west.The northernmost of the aisles, entirely troglodytic, is supported by two monolithic pillars surmounted by Corinthian capitals.",
"In its western section, at the presumed site of his tomb, is a recumbent statue of Saint Jean-le-Reclus with the inscription \"Il s'est endormi dans le Seigneur\" (\"He has fallen asleep in the Lord\"); the painting of the \"Royal Hunt\" can be found on the part of the north wall adjacent to this monument.",
"To the east, an apse with a semi-dome vault painted in the 19th century houses an altar.",
"Two chapels open onto the north wall, one to the west near the tomb and the other to the east near the apse.",
"Both feature a small altar against the eastern wall.The southern nave, now open to the sky, is separated from the previous one by a colonnade and a grid.",
"Like the troglodytic nave, it has a semicircular apse at its eastern end - temporarily walled up in the 17th century - but does not appear to be decorated with paintings.",
"In its south-western corner, two burials dug side-by-side into the rock are visible, in which the bodies were placed head to the west and feet to the east.",
"The chapel's eastern and western walls are almost exclusively carved in rock; only the south wall and the half-gables supporting the single-pitch roof are built in large tufa stone units.Access to the chapel from the outside is via a Romanesque centring portal in the middle of the south gutter wall, acting as a façade.",
"This portal is framed by two massive buttresses that reinforce the wall structure.",
"On the western gable, a door and a walled Romanesque bay are still discernible.Access to the well and adjoining cavities from inside the chapel is via a vaulted ambulatory in the northeast corner of the troglodytic nave at the back of the east chapel.",
"Merovingian sarcophagi and statues from the collections of the Société d'histoire de Chinon Vienne et Loire are on display in the underground nave.File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"portail chapelle 1.jpg|File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"baies murées.jpg|File:Chinon - Ste-Rad nef à ciel ouvert 1.jpg|File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"abside nef à ciel ouvert.jpg|File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"sarcophage.jpg|File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"statue de saint Mexme.jpg|=== Shafts and ancillary cavities ===To the north-west of the chapel, a steep staircase with three flights of steps descends to the north, with a drop of some fifteen metres.",
"It leads to a short vaulted corridor at the end of which is the well and the basin that collects its water.",
"The water table that feeds this basin and the Chinon area (Seno-Turonian) seems to be subject to sudden variations in level, which may have contributed to the miraculous reputation of the well, whose water would only grant its favors to those it deemed worthy.To the north and west of the chapel, two sets of galleries linked by passages cut into the rock and partially partitioned by masonry walls formed two separate, entirely troglodytic dwellings in the 19th century, each with its own entrance and front windows.As part of the ''Musée des Arts et Traditions Populaires du Chinonais'', walnut oil presses from the 18th century and a variety of everyday objects are on display in the part of the complex formerly used as dwellings, which also includes a former bread oven.File:Puits creusé dans le roc à l'arrière de la chapelle Sainte-Radegonde..jpg|File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"habitations attenantes 2.jpg|File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"habitation1.jpg|File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"pressoir noix.jpg|File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"four.jpg|"
],
[
"Mural paintings",
"The underground nave was painted at various times, in several places in the northern aisle.",
"Eight campaigns - some of which may have been contemporary, but without any certainty - have been identified, ranging from the 11th to the 19th century, with decorations sometimes overlapping.",
"In the 21st century, their state of preservation is highly variable, although some of them have been restored.",
"It is also very likely that the decorations were originally much more extensive, covering walls and vaults on which they have now disappeared.=== \"The Royal Hunt\" ======= Description ====Painting of the \"royal hunt\".The most extensively studied and discussed element of the chapel's decoration, a painting located at the top of the north wall of the troglodytic nave, discovered in August 1964, measures 2.15 m long by 1.15 m high.",
"It depicts five horsemen in procession, heading east towards the chapel's choir.",
"The first and third (in order of procession) are crowned, while the fourth carries on his gloved fist a bird of prey, probably a falcon.",
"The presence of this bird suggests that the scene is that of a royal hunt, although some lords and royal personages are accustomed to travelling with a bird of prey at all times.",
"Each rider holds the reins of his mount in one hand, while the other makes a gesture.",
"They seem to be holding two separate conversations, the three riders on the left and the two on the right.It is likely that this painting is only part of a larger decor, the other elements of which have disappeared, making it impossible to interpret the scene correctly.",
"In particular, the entire lower part of this scene, eaten away by saltpetre, could not be saved during the 1879 restoration.",
"It is impossible to know, for example, whether dogs were standing at the horses' feet, which would support the hypothesis of a hunting scene.==== Symbolism ====When the painting was first discovered in 1964 and again in the late 1990s, many authors considered the identification of the figures in the painting, assuming that the horsemen were representations of members of the Plantagenet family.",
"Only Marc Thibout, in 1965, suggested, with many reservations, the possibility of a representation of the legend of Charlemagne, Saint Giles and the hind.Third rider in the \"royal hunt\".Assuming that the Plantagenet family is represented, the crowned figures could be Henry II Plantagenet at the head of the procession, a name on which most art historians agree.",
"The second figure wearing a crown would be Eleanor of Aquitaine or their eldest son Henry the Young King, crowned during his father's lifetime in 1170.The other figures, occupying different positions in the painting according to different interpretations, would be John Lackland, Richard the Lionhearted and Geoffrey II of Brittany, other children of Henry II and Eleanor.Nurith Kenaan-Kedar interprets the painting as a depiction of Eleanor's departure (the figure at the center of the painting) into captivity in 1174; other historians refer to the queen's release fifteen years later.One interpretation of the scene, featuring different characters, sees it as a representation of the visit made by Jean Lackland and Isabella of Angoulême to Chinon shortly after their marriage on August 24, 1200; Jean sans Terre is said to be riding at the head of the procession, followed by Isabelle (not yet crowned) and Berengaria of Navarre.Whether it's a hunting scene, a departure into captivity or a newlyweds' journey, none of these proposals displays a strong sacred symbolism, due to the absence of religious figures; the fact that the painting was executed in a chapel and that the procession heads towards the choir like a pilgrimage is no doubt not insignificant==== Dating and painting technique ====At the time of its discovery and in the late 1990s, art historians suggested that the painting's pictorial style and potential subject matter point to its completion in the last decades of the XIth century or at the beginning of the XIII century.",
"A carbon-14 dating carried out in 2019 on samples of the charcoal in the painted plaster enables us to estimate that the painting was executed in the middle or second half of the xi century, thus ruling out certain previous hypotheses suggesting an early xii century painting.",
"This dating, which still needs to be confirmed, could pave the way for new discussions on the symbolism of the painting and the figures featured in it.A relatively coarse-grained mortar, called ''arricio'', is first applied to compensate for the unevenness of the wall surface.",
"This is then covered with intonaco, a plaster of the same composition but very fine-grained, to receive the layers of paint, which are applied here in successive horizontal bands, starting at the top of the painting.",
"The technique used to create this work combines painting on fresh plaster (fresco) and supplements on dry plaster (tempera).",
"The preparatory drawing, underpainting of the figures, their complexion and the flat tints are done using the fresco technique on fresh plaster.",
"The highlights, contours, lighting, framing and, finally, the background of the scene are painted on the dry plaster.The style shows a gradual abandonment of facial modeling, which, combined with the technique used, indicates a late-Romanesque achievement already incorporating pictorial techniques developing more widely in the early thirteenth century.",
"Slight variations in style and technique between the different parts of the painting suggest, however, that several artists may have been involved in its production, one painting the three riders on the right, including the two crowned ones, a second painting the two riders on the left and a third taking care of the horses, very finely depicted.=== Other paints ===The walls and vault of the niche occupied by Jean's recumbent bed were decorated with red paint in the 15th century, but only remnants remain.The western chapel, known as the \"Chapelle Saint-Mexme\", closest to Jean's recumbent recumbent, still retains some traces of badly altered 11th-century paintings.",
"Two campaigns can be distinguished.",
"First, a garland of flowers is painted.",
"It is then covered with a plaster supporting decorations.",
"These may be a continuation of the \"royal hunt\" scene; in any case, they are part of the same campaign, using the same painting techniques.",
"This second painting depicts part of a boat sailing on the water at the beginning of the chapel vault.The walls of the eastern chapel, known as the \"Chapelle Sainte-Radegonde\", which provides access to the well and complex cavity system, are decorated with scenes from the lives of Radegonde and Jean; these 17th-century paintings were extensively restored in the 19th century, with the sky repainted blue with gold stars.",
"It turns out that these paintings cover an earlier decoration; on the vault, an angel, probably painted in the 13th century or later, appears - it was uncovered during the 2006 surveys - while on the west wall, a bearded man appears.The apse vault of the troglodytic nave is decorated with a 19th-century painting of Christ in glory in a mandorla, surrounded by the tetramorph (Matthew and John above, Mark and Luke below), while below, separated from the previous motif by a frieze of flowers, the walls are painted red, dotted with the golden Christogram monogram.",
"The flaking of the 19th-century paint reveals, beneath the Christ motif, an earlier decoration that may represent a similar scene.File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"voûte gisant.jpg|alt= | File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"bateau.jpg|File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"chapelle orientale.jpg|File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"ange 3.jpg|File:Chinon - Ste-Rad.",
"peintures abside nord.jpg|"
],
[
"See also",
"* Monolithic church"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"=== Chapelle Sainte Radegonde (Chinon) ===* * * * * === Pictorial art, heritage and traditions in Touraine ===* * * * * * * * * *"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Reginald Dalton"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Reginald Dalton''''' is an 1823 comedy novel by the Scottish writer John Gibson Lockhart originally published in three volumes by William Blackwood.",
"It was one of four novels Lockhart published in the early 1820s, including ''Valerius'' (1821) and ''Adam Blair'' (1822).",
"It takes place around Oxford University which Lockhart had himself attended.",
"It helped to launch the genre of \"Oxford novels\" which focus on the development of a young student."
],
[
"Synopsis",
"Reginald Dalton, a naïve young vicar's son, arrives at Oxford to study but soon falls in with a bad crowd and runs into debt.",
"His father can scarcely afford to support him and he becomes a servitor, leading to snobbish mockery and exclusion from those who had once been his friends.",
"He ends up fighting a duel."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* Bevan, David.",
"''University Fiction''.",
"Rodopi, 1990.",
"* Brock, Michael G. & Curthoys, Mark C. ''Nineteenth-century Oxford, Part 1''.",
"Clarendon Press, 1997* Dougill, John.",
"''Oxford in English Literature: The Making, and Undoing, of 'the English Athens'''.",
"University of Michigan Press, 1998."
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Cudonia lutea"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Cudonia lutea''''' is an ascomycete fungus in the family Cudoniaceae.",
"''Cudonia'' species are similar to some ''Helvella'' or ''Leotia'' species in stature, a stipe with a jelly-like head on top.",
"''Cudonia'' have long spores (requires microscopy), which help separate from ''Helvella'' ellipsoid spores.",
"''Cudonia lutea'' can be separated from ''Leotia'' by having much longer spores (over 50μm), and the less gelatinous texture.",
"Within the genus, ''Cudonia circinans'' is almost identical but is less yellow, grows under conifers, and has spores under 40μm long."
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"1972 in Switzerland"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Events during the year '''1972 in Switzerland'''"
],
[
"Incumbents",
"*Federal Council:**Nello Celio (president)**Hans-Peter Tschudi**Roger Bonvin**Rudolf Gnägi**Pierre Graber**Ernst Brugger**Kurt Furgler"
],
[
"Births",
"* 27 January – Mirjam Ott, curler* 9 April – Alain Berset, politician* 19 April – Sonja Nef, alpine skier* 31 May – Tanya Frei, curler* 30 June – Nadia Röthlisberger, curler (died 2015)* 4 July – Karin Thürig, cyclist* 27 November – Maya Pedersen-Bieri, skeleton racer"
],
[
"Deaths",
"* 15 May – Louis Noverraz, sailor (born 1902)* 23 September – Frédéric Schmied, sculptor (born 1893)"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Tetiana Lazarenko"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Tetiana Lazarenko''' (born 18 August 2003) is a Ukrainian beach volleyball player."
],
[
"Career",
"Since 2019, her partner was Anhelina Khmil.",
"They debuted competing in international competitions at the 2019 U20 Beach Volleyball European Championships, where they didn't reach quarterfinals.Later, they represented Ukraine at the 2020 European Beach Volleyball U18 Championships, held in İzmir, where they won gold medals.In 2021, they debuted competing at the 2021 FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships, held in Phuket reaching a gold medal.",
"Khmil/Lazarenko represented Ukraine at the 2021 FIVB Beach Volleyball U19 World Championships, where they won a bronze medal, and also at the 2021 European U22 Beach Volleyball Championships, held in Baden, receiving bronze medals too.Tetiana with Anhelina Khmil competed at the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour in 2021, where they won a gold medal in Sofia Beach Open 2 and three bronze medals.In 2022, Khmil/Lazarenko competed at the Volleyball World Beach Pro Tour, winning a gold medal in Warsaw and a silver medal in Białystok.",
"In that year, they received gold medals at the 2022 European U20 Beach Volleyball Championships and bronze medals at the 2022 European U22 Beach Volleyball Championships.Because of Anhelina's studying at the Texas Christian University in the United States, Tetiana had to changed her partner.",
"Yevhenia Baieva became her partner and they competed at the 2022 European Beach Volleyball Championships without winning a Pool F.In January 2023, Tetiana Lazarenko moved to the sport club \"Prometheus\" in Kamianske, and Diana Lunina became her new partner.Lazarenko with Lunina and later Maryna Hladyn competed for Ukraine at the 2023 Volleyball World Beach Pro Tour, winning two gold and one silver medals."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"** Tetiana Lazarenko at Beach Volleybox* * Tetiana Lazarenko at Beach Volleyball Base* * Tetiana Lazarenko at CEV** Tetiana Lazarenko in Instagram"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Farewell to Tarwathie"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Farewell to Tarwathie''''' (Fareweel Tae Tarwathie) is a song written by George Scroggie (1826-1907).",
"Scroggie was a Scottish poet-peasant who lived in Aberdeenshire in the north-east of Scotland, on the farm of Tarwathie, according to some around Crimond (Creemond), about 3 km from the coast according to others a miller who lived near Aberdeen, in ''Fedderate'', New Deer."
],
[
"Origins and lyrics",
"The piece is part of the collection ''The Peasant's Lyre'', preserved in the Library of Congress, published in 1857 in Aberdeen, in which we find the poem ''Farewell to Tarwathie'' of 16 stanza.Some scholars have noted various degrees of kinship between the Scroggie family and the ''Cardno'', the latter had more affinity with the sea and were Whale Fisherman.",
"The poem is the protagonist's greeting to his beloved homeland, shortly before leaving for Greenland on a whaling ship.",
"The protagonist is sad because he has to leave his home to undertake the long and dangerous journey, but he is hopeful of returning richer.In the period in which the poem was written, it corresponds to the new impetus given to whaling, with the introduction of steamboats.However, the ''Whaler Tay'', which was the first in the world to mount a steam engine, had set sail from the port of Dundee in 1857: so it is assumed that the whaler, on which the protagonist will embark, was still a sailing ship.Bob Dylan, in retracing the sequences of the composition of Farewell, Angelina, had stated that George Scroggie's song was inspired by the old traditional ballad Wagoner's Lad, dating back to the 18th century."
],
[
"Recordings",
"*1966, Gordon McIntyre, ''A Wench, a Whale and a Pint of Good Ale'' (album) *1971, Ewan MacColl sang the song on The Critics Group album As We Were A-Sailing *1972, Judy Collins in the album Colors of the Day *1973 Fungus (band) – ''Farewell To Tarwathie''*1975, Liam Clancy – ''Farewell To Tarwathie'' (album)"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"2024 Leagues Cup group stage"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 Leagues Cup group stage''' will consist of a total of 45 teams competing across 15 groups to decide 30 of the 32 places in the knockout stage of the 2024 Leagues Cup."
],
[
"Format",
"In each of the 15 groups, teams played against each other in a round-robin format.",
"The top two teams of each group advanced to the round of 32.Besides the teams receiving byes, the top 15 remaining teams from each league were placed into groups in reverse order (for example, the 2nd-ranked MLS club was drawn against the 16th-ranked Liga MX club).",
"The remaining teams (13 MLS and 2 Liga MX) were drawn into groups and divided into geographical regions.Teams were ranked according to points (3 points for a win in regulation, 2 points for a win in a penalty shoot-out, 1 point for a loss in a penalty shoot-out, 0 points for a loss in regulation).",
"If, at the end of the group stage, two or more clubs were tied in points, their positions in the table were determined according to a set of tie-breaking criteria.# In case only two teams were tied on points, the direct head-to-head match result between the tied clubs determined the ranking (for clarity, a victory on penalties was considered a win for purposes of this tiebreaker);# In case three teams were tied on points, the following criteria would apply (if, after applying a criterion, only two teams remained tied, their head-to-head match result would determine their ranking):## Direct head-to-head match result between the tied clubs (for clarity, a victory on penalties was considered a win for purposes of this tiebreaker);## Better overall goal differential between goals scored and goals conceded during the group stage;## Greater number of goals scored during the group stage;## Fewer number of goals conceded during the group stage;## Clubs' fair-play table## A draw organized by the organizing committee.",
"'''Notes'''"
],
[
"Groups",
"===East 1======East 2======East 3======East 4======East 5======East 6======East 7======West 1======West 2======West 3======West 4======West 5======West 6======West 7======West 8==="
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Elorriaga (name)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Elorriaga''' is a Spanish surname.Notable people with the surname include:*Benat Intxausti Elorriaga (born 1986), Spanish road bicycle racer*Francisco Elorriaga (born 1947), Spanish cyclist*Javier Elorriaga (born 1961), Mexican journalist*Joseba Garmendia Elorriaga (born 1985), Spanish footballer*Ramon de Elorriaga (1836-1898), Spanish painter*Unai Elorriaga (born 1980), Spanish cyclist*Xabier Elorriaga (born 1944), Spanish actor"
],
[
"References"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
[
[
"Yolonda Morris"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Yolonda Morris''' is an American politician serving as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the 9th district.Morris has worked as a nursing assistant and an organiser with the Service Employees International Union."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Representative Yolonda Morris at the Illinois General Assembly"
]
] |
wikipedia
|
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