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[
[
"Kariyavar"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Kariyavar''''' is 1948 Indian Gujarati film written and directed by Chaturbhuj Doshi.",
"It was produced by Chimanlal Desai under banner of Sagar Movietone.",
"It was based on the story by Shayda which itself was based on a folklore of a stepwell.",
"The soundtrack was composed by Ajit Merchant."
],
[
"Plot",
"In a village, there was a challenge that whoever reach into a pot housing a venomous cobra would have the privilege of installing an idol in a temple.",
"A village girl Raju accepts and becomes successful in the challenge.",
"The cobra forms a bond with Raju and also grants her wish that he will protect her whenever she needs.",
"Madhav, a son of gypsy Balam Vanzara, falls in love with Raju while Champa, Vanzara's adoptive daughter, falls in love with Veera, Raju's malevolent neighbour who harbors envy for Madhav.",
"Madhav was bitten by the cobra while he went to watch Raju's dance performance.",
"Raju uses of the previously granted wish so the cobra retracts its venom, stipulating that a stepwell must be dug in the village.",
"Meanwhile Raju and Madhav get married.",
"To take revenge, Veera shows the false place to dug the stepwell resulting in the dry well.",
"The village suffering from the drought is manipulated by Veera to demand a sacrificial exorcism involving newly married couple of Raju and Madhav to rise the water in the stepwell.",
"Champa decides to marry Veera as well as agrees to sacrifice herself.",
"Finally the sacrifice of Champa and Veera results in the miraculous rising of well waters, resolving the village's problem."
],
[
"Cast",
"* Dina Sanghvi as Raju* Dhulia* Shobha* Mulchand Khichdi* Manhar Desai* Chhanalal* Urmila* Kusum Thakur* Kamlakant* Shyamabai* Narendra Desai"
],
[
"Production",
"The story of the film was based on Shayda's novel ''Vanzari Vaav'' which was based on a folklore.",
"The black-and-white film was produced by Chimanlal Desai under banner of Sagar Movietone while script, dialogues and direction was by Chaturbhuj Doshi.",
"It features a rural, folkloric, mythological story.",
"The love story in the film is complex and contains numerous symbolic allusions with clear sexual undertones.It is known for debut film of Dina Sanghvi who is also known as Dina Pathak."
],
[
"Soundtrack",
"The music was composed by Ajit Merchant while the lyrics were written by Chaitanya and Nandkumar Pathak."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024 World Team Table Tennis Championships – Men's team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''men's team''' tournament of the 2024 World Team Table Tennis Championships is held from 16 to 25 February 2024."
],
[
"Format",
"The 40 teams are drawn into eight groups of five teams.",
"After a round robin in each group, the top team advances to the round of 16, while the second and third-placed teams will play in the round of 24, in the knockout stage.",
"A team match consisted of five singles matches, where each singles match will be decided in best-of-5 games."
],
[
"Qualification",
"Number of teams eligible to compete for the trophy in each team event is 40.Continental Stage – 33 Teams will qualify from the Continental Stage.",
"The Continental quota allocation is the following: 4 for Africa, 10 for Asia, 11 for Europe, 6 for PanAm, and 2 for Oceania.",
"Numbers are according to the \"2020 BoD Proposition 28\".Host nation - is guaranteed.",
"If the host nation is already qualified through the Continental Stage, the host quota will be reallocated to the ITTF WTR Oct 2023Intercontinental Stage – As per the decision of the ITTF Council, in Bangkok on August 23, 2023, no Intercontinental Stage will be held in 2023.Instead, the remaining six (6) places shall be allocated as follows ; Five (5) places are transferred to the five continents as follows: Africa 1, Asia 1, Europe 1, PanAm 1 and Oceania 1) with the final allocation as per qualifying event or Team World Ranking (TWR) to be confirmed by each Continental Federation.",
"The remaining one (1) place will go to the highest ranked not-yet qualified team on the ITTF WTR November 2023.QualificationTeamsHostAfrica (5)2023 African Championships (4) and world team ranking (1)Americas (7)2023 Pan American Championships (4) and world team ranking (3)Asia (11)2023 Asian Championships (10) and world team ranking (1)Europe (12)2023 European Championships (8) and world team ranking (4)Oceania (3)2023 Oceanian Championships (2) and world team ranking (1)Intercontinental quota (1)world team ranking"
],
[
"Draw",
"The draw took place on 16 January 2024."
],
[
"Schedule",
"The schedule is as follows.",
"Fri 16 Sat 17 Sun 18 Mon 19 Tue 20 Wed 21 Thu 22 Fri 23 Sat 24 Sun 25Group 1/16 F 1/8 F QF SF F"
],
[
"Group stage",
"''All times are local (UTC+9).",
"''===Group 1===----------------===Group 2===----------------===Group 3===----------------===Group 4===----------------===Group 5===----------------===Group 6===----------------===Group 7===----------------===Group 8===----------------"
],
[
"Knockout stage",
"===Bracket======Playoffs===----------------------------===Round of 16===----------------------------===Quarterfinals===------------===Semifinals===----===Final==="
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* ITTF website* WotldTableTennis website"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Amin Yousefi"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Amin Yousefi''' (Persian: امین یوسفی) born in 1996 is an Iranian image-based artist and writer living in London.",
"He has won the Foam Talent Awards in 2024 and Ag Talent in 2019."
],
[
"Life and work",
"Yousefi was born and raised in Abadan, Iran.",
"He completed his undergraduate studies in photography at the Art University of Isfahan before furthering his education on documentary photography at the University of Westminster in London in 2022.In 2023, Yousefi received the Foam Talent Award for his project, \"Eyes Dazzle As They Search for The Truth,\" showcased at the Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam.",
"Yousefi's work has been showcased in magazines like Hapax and Aperture.",
"Notably, he wrote an article discussing the experiences of young Iranian artists in photography, published in one of these magazines."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024 World Team Table Tennis Championships – Women's team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''women's team''' tournament of the 2024 World Team Table Tennis Championships is held from 16 to 24 February 2024."
],
[
"Format",
"The 40 teams are drawn into eight groups of five teams.",
"After a round robin in each group, the top team advances to the round of 16, while the second and third-placed teams will play in the round of 24, in the knockout stage.",
"A team match consisted of five singles matches, where each singles match will be decided in best-of-5 games."
],
[
"Qualification",
"Number of teams eligible to compete for the trophy in each team event is 40.Continental Stage – 33 Teams will qualify from the Continental Stage.",
"The Continental quota allocation is the following: 4 for Africa, 10 for Asia, 11 for Europe, 6 for PanAm, and 2 for Oceania.",
"Numbers are according to the \"2020 BoD Proposition 28\".Host nation - is guaranteed.",
"If the host nation is already qualified through the Continental Stage, the host quota will be reallocated to the ITTF WTR Oct 2023Intercontinental Stage – As per the decision of the ITTF Council, in Bangkok on August 23, 2023, no Intercontinental Stage will be held in 2023.Instead, the remaining six (6) places shall be allocated as follows ; Five (5) places are transferred to the five continents as follows: Africa 1, Asia 1, Europe 1, PanAm 1 and Oceania 1) with the final allocation as per qualifying event or Team World Ranking (TWR) to be confirmed by each Continental Federation.",
"The remaining one (1) place will go to the highest ranked not-yet qualified team on the ITTF WTR November 2023.QualificationTeamsHostAfrica (5)2023 African Championships (4) and world team ranking (1)Americas (7)2023 Pan American Championships (4) and world team ranking (3)Asia (11)2023 Asian Championships (10) and world team ranking (1)Europe (12)2023 European Championships (8) and world team ranking (4)Oceania (3)2023 Oceanian Championships (2) and world team ranking (1)Intercontinental quota (1)world team ranking"
],
[
"Draw",
"The draw took place on 16 January 2024."
],
[
"Schedule",
"The schedule is as follows.",
"Fri 16 Sat 17 Sun 18 Mon 19 Tue 20 Wed 21 Thu 22 Fri 23 Sat 24Group 1/16 F 1/8 F QF SF F"
],
[
"Group stage",
"''All times are local (UTC+9).",
"''===Group 1===----------------===Group 2===----------------===Group 3===----------------===Group 4===----------------===Group 5===----------------===Group 6===----------------===Group 7===----------------===Group 8===----------------"
],
[
"Knockout stage",
"===Bracket======Playoffs===----------------------------===Round of 16===----------------------------===Quarterfinals===------------===Semifinals===----===Final==="
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* ITTF website* WotldTableTennis website"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Julian and Agnes"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Julian and Agnes''''' is an 1801 Gothic tragedy by the British writer William Sotheby.",
"Best known as a poet he wrote several tragedies, but this was his only play to be performed in London's West End.",
"It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on 25 April 1801.The original cast included John Philip Kemble as Jullian, Sarah Siddons as Agnes, Richard Wroughton as Provost, John Hayman Packer as Prior, William Barrymore as Confesser, Charles Holland as Infirmier, Walter Maddocks as Steward, William Powell as Francis and Anne Biggs as Ellen."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* Evans, Bertrand.",
"''Gothic Drama from Walpole to Shelley''.",
"Univ of California Press, 2023.",
"* Greene, John C. ''Theatre in Dublin, 1745-1820: A Calendar of Performances, Volume 6''.",
"Lexington Books, 2011.",
"* Hogle, Jerrold E. ''The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction''.",
"Cambridge University Press, 2002.",
"* Nicoll, Allardyce.",
"''A History of English Drama 1660–1900: Volume IV''.",
"Cambridge University Press, 2009."
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2007–08 Irish First Division"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2007–08 Irish First Division''' was the thirteenth season of second-tier football in Northern Ireland under the league system at the time, and the last under this structure before a major overhaul of the league system.",
"The 2007–08 First Division consisted of 12 clubs.Loughgall were the champions, but were not promoted to the 2008–09 IFA Premiership as they did not apply for a place.",
"Bangor finished fourth and were the only team from the First Division to apply for a place in the following season's top division, and were granted a place ahead of other incumbent top-flight clubs."
],
[
"League table"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Alvania craticula"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Alvania craticula''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae."
],
[
"Distribution",
"Fossils were found in the Danian strata (Paleocene) near Mons, Belgium."
],
[
"References",
"* Kowalke, T. (2002).",
"Systematic revision of Palaeocene brackish water Gastropoda from Mons, Belgium, based on their early ontogenetic shells.",
"Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique Sciences de la Terre.",
"72: 111–134."
],
[
"External links",
"* Briart, A.",
"& Cornet, F. L. (1887).",
"Description des fossiles du Calcaire grossier de Mons.",
"Gastéropodes.",
"4e partie.",
"Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique.",
"47: 1-128 * Glibert M. (1973).",
"Révision des Gastropoda du Danien et du Montien de la Belgique.",
"I. Les Gastropoda du Calcaire de Mons.",
"Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Mémoire.",
"173: 1-116"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Finbar's Class"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Finbars Class''''' is an Irish television teen drama with music video style interludes, that was broadcast for two seasons on RTÉ Two in 1995 and 1996.The series featured Michael Sheridan as Finbar Bar, a young teacher in an Irish secondary school and a host of young actors such as Fiona Glascott, Hilda Fay, Jenny Maher, Paul Walker, Brian McFadden, Aisling O'Neill, Andrea Edmunds, Amelia Crowley, Danny O'Donoghue, Glenn Mulhern, Amy-Joyce Hastings and veteran actor Barry McGovern as the headmaster.The show became a cult hit, with stars featuring in pantomimes.Former Blue Peter presenter Caron Keating made a guest appearance in season 2."
],
[
"Reception",
"Eddie Holt of The Irish Times described the series as an \"amazing form of television, more choreographed than coherent, a strange conjunction of Fame and Brookside\", while a 2007 compilation by John Boland of bad RTÉ dramas in the same paper described it as \"twaddle\".The series received recognition in the form of the Special Trophy in the Children and Adolescents Drama section of the Golden Chest International Television Festival."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Sidra Capital"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Sidra Capital''' is a Saudi Arabian investment bank and asset management company headquartered in Saudi Arabia and is licensed by the Saudi Arabian Capital Market Authority.",
"The company provides and offers vast portfolio of services including corporate finance and advisory, investment banking and real estate.",
"It is a pioneer of private Islamic finance in Saudi Arabia."
],
[
"Corporate history",
"The company was founded in 2009.The company has established offices in Riyadh, London, Singapore and Dubai.",
"Sidra Capital has predominantly engaged in the real estate development in both the Middle East and European regions.",
"Sidra also provided consultancy for two mixed-use real estate developments in Saudi Arabia.In 2014, Sidra Capital began its debt conversion transaction for the Ivory Coast-based real estate developer, OPES Holdings.",
"Sidra Capital collaborated with Switzerland-based company INOKS Capital to facilitate the delivery of hybrid debt-equity financing to OPES Holdings for the purpose of construction of 441 units of social housing in Abidjan, Nigeria.",
"Sidra Capital also began its real estate development in the United Arab Emirates with the project titled Project Phonenix estimating roughly around 450 million Dirhams.",
"The Jamestown Group sold the adjoining office building of the Madison Hotel (Washington, D. C.) to Sidra Capital for a whopping $35 million in 2016.In October 2022, Sidra Capital completed the acquisition of The Bower and a fund managed by the Clearbell Capital for around 74 million pounds.",
"In June 2023, Sidra Capital announced that it is planning to acquire London Square for worth 40 million pounds equivalent to US$51 million."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Views of Ibn Taymiyya"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''views of Ibn Taymiyya''' made him a polarizing figure in his own times and centuries that followed.",
"He is known for fierce religious polemics attacking various schools of speculative theology, primarily Ash'arism and Maturidism, while defending the doctrines of Atharism.",
"This made him a contentious figure with many rulers and scholars of the time, and was imprisoned several times as a result.Today, Ibn Taymiyya's numerous treatises advocating for ''al-salafiyya al-iʿtiqādiyya'' (creedal Salafism), based on his scholarly interpretations of the Quran and prophetic way, constitute the most popular classical reference for contemporary Salafi movements."
],
[
"Epistemology",
"=== Sources of Sharīʿa ===Of the four fundamental sources of the sharia accepted by thirteenth century Sunni jurists, 1.Qur'an, 2.Sunnah, 3.Consensus of jurists (ijma), 4.Qiyas (analogical reasoning), Ibn Taymiyya opposed the use of consensus of jurists, replacing it with the consensus of the \"companions\" (''sahaba'').Like all Islamic jurists Ibn Taymiyya believed in a hierarchy sources for the Sharia.",
"Most important was the Quran, and the Sunnah or any other source could not abrogate a verse of the Qur'an.",
"(For him, an abrogation of a verse, known in Arabic as ''Naskh'', was only possible through another verse in the Qur'an.)",
"Next was Sunnah which other sources (besides the Qur'an) must not contradict.==== Consensus (''ijmaʾ'') ====Concerning consensus (''ijma''), he believed that consensus of any Muslims other than that of the companions of Muhammad could not be \"realistically verifiable\" and so was speculative, and thus not a legitimate source of Islamic law (except in certain circumstances).",
"The consensus (''ijma'') used must be that of the companions found in their reported sayings or actions.",
"According one supporter, Serajul Haque, his rejection of the consensus of other scholars was justified, on the basis of the instructions given to the jurist Shuraih ibn al-Hârith from the Caliph Umar, one of the companions of Muhammad; to make decisions by first referring to the Qur'an, and if that is not possible, then to the sayings of Muhammad and finally to refer to the agreement of the companions like himself.An example of Ibn Taymiyya use of his interpretation was in defense of the (temporary) closing of all Christian churches in 1299 in the Mamluk Sultanate during hostility against crusader states.",
"The closing was in violation of a 600-year-old covenant with Christian ''dhimmis'' known as the Pact of Umar.",
"But as Ibn Taymiyya pointed out, while venerable, the pact was written 60 years or so after the time of the companions and so had no legal effect.==== Analogy (''qiyās'') ====Ibn Taymiyya considered the use of analogy (''qiyas'') based on literal meaning of scripture as a valid source for deriving legal rulings.",
"Analogy is the primary instrument of legal rationalism in Islam.",
"He acknowledged its use as one of the four fundamental principles of Islamic jurisprudence.",
"Ibn Taymiyya argued against the certainty of syllogistic arguments and in favour of analogy.",
"He argues that concepts founded on induction are themselves not certain but only probable, and thus a syllogism based on such concepts is no more certain than an argument based on analogy.",
"He further claimed that induction itself depends on a process of analogy.",
"His model of analogical reasoning was based on that of juridical arguments.",
"Works by American computer scientists like John F. Sowa have, for example, have used Ibn Taymiyya's model of analogy.",
"He attached caveats however to the use of analogy because he considered the use of reason to be secondary to the use of revelation.",
"Ibn Taymiyya's view was that analogy should be used under the framework of revelation, as a supporting source.There were some jurists who thought rulings derived through analogy could contradict a ruling derived from the Qur'an and the authentic hadith.",
"However, Ibn Taymiyya disagreed because he thought a contradiction between the definitive canonical texts of Islam, and definitive reason was impossible and that this was also the understanding of the ''Salaf''.",
"Racha el-Omari says that on an epistemological level, Ibn Taymiyya considered the ''Salaf'' to be better than any other later scholars in understanding the agreement between revelation and reason.",
"One example for this is the use of analogy in the Islamic legal principle of ''maslaha'' (public good) about which Ibn Taymiyya believed, if there were to be any contradiction to revelation then it is due to a misunderstanding or misapplication of the concept of utility.",
"He said that to assess the utility of something, the criteria for benefit and harm should come from the Qur'an and sunnah, a criterion which he also applied to the establishment of a correct analogy.An example of Ibn Taymiyya's use of analogy was in a fatwa forbidding the use of hashish on the grounds that it was analogous to wine, and users should be given 80 lashes in punishment.",
"\"Anyone who disagreed was an apostate, he added, whose corpse ought not to be washed or given a decent burial.",
"\"=== Reason (ʿ''Aql'') ===Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa-l-naql'' (Refutation of the contradiction of reason and tradition), a polemical refutation of Ash'arite theologian Al-Razi (d. 606/1210)Issues surrounding the use of reason ('''Aql'') and rational came about in relation to the attributes of God for which he faced much resistance.",
"At the time, Ashari and Maturidi theologians thought the literal attributes of God as stated in the Qur'an were contradictory to reason so sought to interpret them metaphorically.",
"Ibn Taymiyya believed that reason itself validated the entire Qur'an as being reliable and in light of that he argued, if some part of the scripture was to be rejected then this would render the use of reason as an unacceptable avenue through which to seek knowledge.",
"He thought that the most perfect rational method and use of reason was contained within the Qur'an and sunnah and that the theologians of his time had used rational and reason in a flawed manner.Condemning formal logic as \"laughable and boring\", Ibn Taymiyya writes: \"The validity of the form of the syllogism is irrefutable, but it does not lead to knowledge of things in the external world...",
"Even if the syllogism yields certitude, it cannot alone lead to certainty about things existing in the external world...",
"It must be maintained that the numerous figures they have elaborated and the conditions they have stipulated for their validity are useless, tedious, and prolix.",
"These resemble the flesh of a camel found of the summit of a mountain, the mountain is not easy to climb, nor the flesh plump enough to make it worth the hauling\"=== Ikhtilaf ===Even though jurists may err in their ''fatwas''; Ibn Taymiyya asserted that they should never be deterred from pursuing ''ijtihād''.",
"His outlook which was incompatible with a stagnated juristic system; propelled Ibn Taymiyya to advance legal pluralism; that defended the freedom of multiple juristic interpretations.",
"According to Ibn Taymiyya, on legal issues which are subject to ''Ikhtilaf'' (scholarly disagreement); every Muslim is allowed to formulate and express his own opinion:"
],
[
"Theology",
"=== God's attributes === Last page of a manuscript of ''Al-Risala al-Tadmuriyyah'' (The Palmyran Message) by Ibn Taymiyya, an Athari creedal epistle that advocated Qur'anic literalism on the subject of names and attributes of GodIbn Taymiyya said that God should be described as he has described himself in the Qur'an and the way Muhammad has described God in the Hadith.",
"He rejected the Ta'tili's who denied these attributes, those who compare God with the creation (Tashbih) and those who engage in esoteric interpretations (ta'wil) of the Qur'an or use symbolic exegesis.",
"Ibn Taymiyya said that those attributes which we know about from the two above mentioned sources, should be ascribed to God.",
"Anything regarding God's attributes which people have no knowledge of, should be approached in a manner, according to Ibn Taymiyya, where the mystery of the unknown is left to God (called tafwid) and the Muslims submit themselves to the word of God and the prophet (called taslim).",
"Henri Laoust says that through this framework, this doctrine, \"provides authority for the widest possible scope in personal internationalization of religion.",
"\"In 1299, Ibn Taymiyya wrote the book ''Al-Aqida al-hamawiyya al-kubra'', which dealt with, among other topics, theology and creed.",
"When he was accused of anthropomorphism, a private meeting was held between scholars in the house of Al-Din `Umar al-Kazwini who was a Shafii judge.",
"After careful study of this book, he was cleared of those charges.",
"Ibn Taymiyya also wrote another book dealing with the attributes of God called, ''Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyah''.",
"He faced considerable hostility towards these views from the Ash'ari's of whom the most notable were, Taqi al-Din al-Subki and his son Taj al-Din al-Subki who were influential Islamic jurists and also chief judge of Damascus in their respective times.Ibn Taymiyya's highly intellectual discourse at explaining \"The Wise Purpose of God, Human Agency, and the Problems of Evil & Justice\" using God's Attributes as a means has been illustrated by Dr. Jon Hoover in his work ''Ibn Taymiyya's Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism''.",
"Ibn Taymiyya regarded ''Tawhid al-Asma wa Sifat'' ('monotheism of God's Names and Attributes') as the third aspect of ''Tawhid'' and as part of ''Tawhid al-Uluhiyya'' (monotheism of Worship).",
"According to Ibn Taymiyya, God must be worshipped by His Own Names and Attributes – by which He described himself in the ''Qur’ān'' and ''Hadith'' – and to do otherwise would be to commit ''shirk'' (polytheism) by associating God with improper ideas.=== Duration of Hellfire ===Ibn Taymiyya held the belief that Hell was not eternal even for unbelievers.",
"According to Ibn Taymiyya, Hell is therapeutic and reformative, and God's wise purpose in chastising unbelievers is to make them fit to leave the Fire.",
"This view contradicted the mainstream Sunni doctrine of eternal hell-fire for unbelievers.",
"Ibn Taymiyya was criticised for holding this view by the chief Shafi'i scholar Taqi al-Din al-Subki who presented a large body of Qur'anic evidence to argue that unbelievers will abide in hell-fire eternally.Ibn Taymiyya was partially supported in his view by the Zaydi Shi'ite Ibn al-Wazir."
],
[
"Acts of worship",
"=== Prayer (''Duʿāʾ'') ===Prophetic hadiths on daily Islamic supplications recommended in the SunnahIbn Taymiyya issued a ''fatwa'' deeming it acceptable to perform dua in languages other than Arabic:It is permissible to make du'aa' in Arabic and in languages other than Arabic.",
"Allaah knows the intention of the supplicant and what he wants, no matter what language he speaks, because He hears all the voices in all different languages, asking for all kinds of needs.This view was also shared by an earlier theologian and jurist, Abu Hanifa."
],
[
"Jurisprudence",
"=== Interest (''Rįbā'') ===Ibn Taymiyya held the view that the lender of a loan is allowed to recover the original, inflation adjusted value.",
"Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the eponym of the Hanbali madh'hab believed that only the practice of 'pay or increase' – which extended delay to debtors in exchange for rise in the principal – as the only form of ''riba'' (i.e., ''Riba al-Jahiliyya'') that was definitively and conclusively prohibited in ''Shari'ah'' (Islamic law).",
"Ibn Qudama, another notable Hanbali jurist that preceded Ibn Taymiyya; opined that debtors who took loans involving unweighable, immeasurable objects should give back the original value to the creditors.",
"This provided a basis for the argument that a creditor is allowed to \"recover a sum equivalent to the amount by which the original principal lent has depreciated in real terms during the period of the loan\".",
"Building on Ibn Qudama's specific argument on unweighable objects, Ibn Taymiyya would argue for a more general view.",
"He stipulated that the lender should be able to recover the original, inflation-adjusted value; reasoning that lenders unable to recover for losses from inflation would be far less inclined to grant future loans.",
"In Ibn Taymiyya's view, such a lender was not involved in ''riba'', since he has not made any actual profit out of the transaction.Ibn Taymiyya held that the term ''riba'' also included all types of interest resulting from late payment (''riba al-nasi'ah'') or due to unequal exchange of the same commodity (''riba al-fadl'').",
"''Riba'' thus covers some cases of barter which involve exchanges unequal by way of quantity or time of delivery.=== Jihad ===Ibn Taymiyya was noted for his emphasis on the importance of jihad and for the \"careful and lengthy attention\" he gave \"to the questions of martyrdom\" in jihad, such as benefits and blessings to be had for martyrs in the afterlife.",
"Alongside his disciple Ibn Kathir, Ibn Taymiyya is widely regarded as one of the most influential classical theoreticians of armed Jihad.",
"Ibn Taymiyya believed that martyrdom in Jihad grants eternal rewards and blessings.",
"He wrote that, \"It is in jihad that one can live and die in ultimate happiness, both in this world and in the Hereafter.",
"Abandoning it means losing entirely or partially both kinds of happiness.",
"\"He defined jihad as:It comprehends all sorts of worship, whether inward or outward, including love for Allah, being sincere to Him, relying on Him, relinquishing one's soul and property for His sake, being patient and austere, and keeping remembrance of Almighty Allah.",
"It includes what is done by physical power, what is done by the heart, what is done by the tongue through calling to the way of Allah by means of authoritative proofs and providing opinions, and what is done through management, industry, and wealth.He gave a broad definition of what constituted \"aggression\" against Muslims and what actions by non-believers made jihad against them permissible.",
"He declaredIt is allowed to fight people for (not observing) unambiguous and generally recognized obligations and prohibitions, until they undertake to perform the explicitly prescribed prayers, to pay zakat, to fast during the month of Ramadan, to make the pilgrimage to Mecca and to avoid what is prohibited, such as marrying women in spite of legal impediments, eating impure things, acting unlawfully against the lives and properties of Muslims and the like.",
"It is obligatory to take the initiative in fighting those people, as soon as the prophet's summons with the reasons for which they are fought has reached them.",
"But if they first attack the Muslims then fighting them is even more urgent, as we have mentioned when dealing with the fighting against rebellious and aggressive bandits.In the modern context, his rulings have been used by some Islamist groups to declare jihad against various governments.=== On Martyrdom Operations (''Inghimas'') ===Ibn Taymiyya was a major proponent of a form of Martyrdom operations during Jihad known as ''inghimas'' (plunging into the enemy).",
"Although suicide is considered sinful in traditional Islamic law, Ibn Taymiyya distinguished between ''inghimas'' and suicide, asserting that the former is Martyrdom.",
"Ibn Taymiyya sanctioned the act of plunging into the armies of non-Muslims even if the Muslim fighter or fighters are certain that they will be killed; as long as it benefited Islam for the purpose of Jihad.",
"Ibn Taymiyya argued that ''inghimas'' were sanctioned in three battlefield scenarios:* When a Muslim soldier charges individually into a large army of non-Muslims in such a way that he gets overwhelmed by them* When a Muslim soldier undertakes a mission to assassinate the commander of disbelievers, even if it is certain that he may get killed* When a Muslim soldier remains to fight the enemy armies alone, even after retreat and defeatIbn Taymiyya praised ''inghimas'' as a part of the religious command to wage Jihad and attain ''Shuhada'' (martyrdom) in battlefield.",
"Furthermore, he asserted that the practice was mainstream during the era of Muhammad and the companions.",
"In support of his stances, Ibn Taymiyya refers to the Qurʾānic story of the People of the Ditch; writing \"In the story of the Companions of the Pit the young boy is ordered to get himself killed to manifest religion's splendor.",
"For this reason the four imams have permitted a Muslim to plunge into the ranks of the unbelievers, even if he thinks they will kill him, on condition that this act is in the interest of Muslims.",
"\"Apart from ''Inghimasi'', Ibn Taymiyya also issued legal verdicts sanctioning the killing of Muslim civilians who are employed as \"human shields\" by the enemy armies, a tactic frequently used by the Mongols, but only if the Muslim army had no other choice.",
"In Ibn Taymiyya's view, Muslims killed in such operations are to be honoured as ''shuhada'' (martyrs) and such tactics are justifiable since the benefits exceed its detriments.",
"In the modern-era, various Jihadist ideologues have exploited Ibn Taymiyya's ''fatwas'' for ''inghimasi'' operations to justify Suicide Bombings as martyrdom.",
"In retaliation to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, Al-Qaeda conducted the 2008 Danish Embassy suicide bombing in Islamabad, based on Ibn Taymiyya's works.",
"Directly quoting from Ibn Taymiyya's extracts, Islamic State (IS) would launch large-scale ''inghimasi'' operations as a novel terror tactic of suicide bombings during its 2014 insurgency across Iraq and Syria.",
"Scholars like Rebecca Molfoy have disputed this view, asserting that Ibn Taymiyya did not legalise mass-murder of non-combatants, but sanctioned ''inghimasi'' only in battlefield, when outnumbered and when it was beneficial to Islam.",
"According to Molfoy, unlike suicide bombings which necessitate taking one's own life, Ibn Taymiyya held that it was possible to come out alive after ''Inghimasi'' operations, even while glorifying martyrdom.=== Innovation (Bidʿah) ===Even though Ibn Taymiyya has been called a theologian, he claimed to reject ʿ''Ilm al-Kalam'', known as Islamic theology, as well as some aspects of Sufism and Peripatetic philosophy, as an innovation (''Bid'ah'').",
"Despite this, Ibn Taymiyya's works contained numerous arguments that openly refer to rational arguments (kalam) for their validity and therefore he is included by some scholars as amongst the Mutakallimin.On the other hand, Ibn Taymiyya has also been regarded by various scholars as \"a literalist and reactionary\" and as the \"thirteenth-century scourge of reason\", who saw it as his mission to purify Islam of all inauthentic outgrowths and return to the purity of Muhammad's time.",
"Islam, in the eyes of Ibn Taymiyya, was to adhere strictly to the ''Qur’an'', ''Hadith'', and the practices and interpretations of the ''salaf'' – a view Ibn Taymiyya called ''madhhab al-salaf'' or ‘the doctrine of the predecessors’.",
"Any idea not found in these fundamental sources was ''bid‘a'', reprehensible innovations to pristine Islam.",
"He engaged in fierce debates against Ash'arite scholars and denounced the rationalist Qur'anic commentary of Ash'arite theologian Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, as a heresy that altered the meaning of Scriptures.",
"According to Ibn Taymiyya, philosophically minded Ash‘ari theologians like Al-Razi were \"innovators who prefer the pseudo -philosophical approach of recent ages\", rather than the approach of the Salaf.Ibn Taymiyya opposed giving any undue religious honors to mosques (even that of Jerusalem, the Masjid Al-Aqsa), to approach or rival in any way the Islamic sanctity of the two most holy mosques within Islam, Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (in Madina).",
"As for the practice of making journey for the sole purpose of visiting a mosque, Ibn Taymiyya stated in his books; ''Majmuʿat al-Rasaʾil al-Kubra'', ''Minhaj al-Sunna'' and ''Majmuʿat Fatawa'', that, \"Journey must not be made except to three mosques; Masjid al-Haram, Masjid al-Nabawi and Masjid Al-Aqsa\".",
"Regarding this Serajul Haque says that, \"In the opinion of Ibn Taymiyya only these three mosques have been accepted by the Prophet as the object of journeys, on account of their excellence over all other mosques and places of prayer.",
"Ibn Taymiyya uses a saying (hadith) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Bukhari and Muslim to justify his view that it is not permitted to journey exclusively to any mosque other than the sacred mosques in Mecca, Medina, or Jerusalem."
],
[
"Criticism of the grammarians",
"Ibn Taymiyya had mastered the grammar of Arabic and one of the books which he studied was the book of Arabic grammar called Al-Kitab, by Sibawayh.",
"In later life he met the Quranic exegete and grammarian Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati to whom he expressed that, \"Sibawayh was not the prophet of syntax, nor was he infallible.",
"He committed eighty mistakes in his book which are not intelligible to you.\"",
"Ibn Taymiyya is thought to have severely criticized Sibawayh but the actual substance of those criticisms is not known because the book within which he wrote the criticisms, ''al-Bahr'', has been lost.",
"He stated that when there is an explanation of an Ayah of the Qur'an or a Hadith, from the prophet himself, the use of philology or a grammatical explanation becomes obsolete.",
"He also said one should refer only to the understanding of the Salaf (first three generations of Muslims) when interpreting a word within the scriptural sources.",
"However he did not discount the contributions of the grammarians completely.",
"Ibn Taymiyya stated that the Arabic nouns within the scriptural sources have been divided by the fuqaha (Islamic jurists) into three categories; those that are defined by the shari'a, those defined by philology (lugha) and finally those that are defined by social custom (`urf).",
"For him each of these categories of nouns had to be used in their own appropriate manner.=== Islamic law and policy ===Ibn Taymiyya believed that Islamic policy and management was based on , and that the goal of ''al-siyasa'' (politics, the political) should be to protect ''al-din'' (religion) and to manage ''al-dunya'' (worldly life and affairs).",
"Religion and the State should be inextricably linked, in his view, as the state was indispensable in providing justice to the people, enforcing Islamic law by enjoining good and forbidding evil, unifying the people and preparing a society conducive to the worship of God.",
"He believed that \"enjoining good and forbidding wrong\" was the duty of every state functionary with charge over other Muslims, from the caliph to \"the schoolmaster in charge of assessing children's handwriting exercises.\"",
"Apart from his theological discourse that centered around Divine Attributes and God's Nature, Ibn Taymiyya also expanded ''Tawhid'' (Islamic montheism) doctrine to stress the significance of socio-political affairs.",
"Ibn Taymiyya believed that monotheism in Islam affirmed God as the \"sole creator, ruler, and judge of the world\" and hence; Muslims are duty-bound to submit to Divine Commandments as revealed through ''Sharia'' (Islamic law) through both private and collective enforcement of religious rituals and morality.Ibn Taymiyya supported giving broad powers to the state.",
"In ''Al-siyasa al-Sharʿiyah'', he focused on duties of individuals and punishments rather than rules and procedural limits of authorities.",
"Suspected highway robbers who would not reveal their accomplices or the location of their loot, for example should be held in detention and lashed for indefinite periods.",
"He also allowed the lashing of imprisoned debtors, and \"trials of suspicion\" (''daʿsawī al-tuḥam'') where defendants could be convicted without witnesses or documentary proof.Henri Laoust said that Ibn Taymiyya never propagated the idea of a single caliphate but believed the Muslim ummah or community would form into a confederation of states.",
"Laoust further stated that Ibn Taymiyya called for obedience only to God, and the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and he did not put a limit on the number of leaders a Muslim community could have.",
"However Mona Hassan, in her recent study of the political thoughts of Ibn Taymiyya, questions this and says Laoust has wrongly claimed that Ibn Taymiyya thought of the caliphate as a redundant idea.",
"Hassan has shown that Ibn Taymiyya considered the Caliphate that was under the Rashidun Caliphs; Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali, as the moral and legal ideal.",
"The Caliphate in his view could not be ceded in favour of secular kingship (mulk)."
],
[
"The Muslim world",
"=== Maddhabs ===Ibn Taymiyya censured the scholars for blindly conforming (''taqlid'') to the precedence of early jurists without any resort to the ''Qur'an'' and ''Sunnah''.",
"He contended that although juridical precedence has its place, blindly giving it authority without contextualization, sensitivity to societal changes, and evaluative mindset in light of the ''Qur'an'' and ''Sunnah'' can lead to ignorance and stagnancy in Islamic Law.",
"Ibn Taymiyya likened the extremism of ''taqlid'' (blind conformity to juridical precedence or school of thought) to the practice of Jews and Christians who took their rabbis and ecclesiastics as gods besides God.",
"In arguing against ''taqlid'', he stated that the ''Salaf,'' who to better understand and live according to the commands of God, had to make ''ijtihad'' using the scriptural sources.",
"The same approach, in his view, was needed in modern times.",
"Ibn Taymiyya considered his attachment to the Ḥanbalī school as a scholarly choice based on his ''ijtihad'' (independent legal reasoning), rather than on imitation (''taqlīd'').",
"Based on the principles and legal methodology of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ibn Taymiyya issued fatwas as per scriptural evidence, rather than juristic opinion (''ra'y'').",
"He insisted that the dominant opinion of Hanbali school transmitted through Ahmad's reports is not necessarily the correct view in ''sharia'' and often critiqued the rulings of prominent Hanbali ''Fuqaha''.Ibn Taymiyya believed that the best role models for Islamic life were the first three generations of Islam (''Salaf''); which constitute Muhammad's companions, referred to in Arabic as Sahaba (first generation), followed by the generation of Muslims born after the death of Muhammad known as the Tabi'un (second generation) which is then followed lastly by the next generation after the Tabi'un known as Tabi' al-Tabi'in (third generation).",
"Ibn Taymiyya gave precedence to the ideas of the Sahaba and early generations, over the founders of the Islamic schools of jurisprudence.",
"For Ibn Taymiyya it was the ''Qur'an'', the sayings and practices of Muhammad and the ideas of the early generations of Muslims that constituted the best understanding of Islam.",
"Any deviation from their practice was viewed as ''bid'ah'', or innovation, and to be forbidden.",
"He also praised and wrote a commentary on some speeches of Abdul-Qadir Gilani.Ibn Taymiyya asserted that every individual is permitted to employ ''ijtihad'' partially as per his potential; despite the fact that scholars, jurists, etc.",
"had superior knowledge and understanding of the law than the laity.",
"Ibn Taymiyya writes:Conscious of the limitations of the human mind, Ibn Taymiyya does not reject ''taqlid'' completely; since most people are not capable to be a legal expert who can derive law from its sources.",
"Ibn Taymiyya asserted throughout his legal writings that \"God does not burden men with more than they are capable of undertaking.\"",
"Even ''Fuqaha'' are allowed to attach themselves to a ''mad'hab'' (law school) so long as they prefer the evidences.",
"However, Ibn Taymiyya denounced all manifestations of ''Madh'hab'' fanaticism and was careful to emphasize that school affiliations are not obligatory.",
"He argued that opinions of any jurist, including the school founders were not proofs, and decried the prevalent legal approach; wherein the ''Fuqaha'' confined themselves to the opinions within their legal school without seeking the Scriptures.",
"Consequently, Ibn Taymiyya stripped Sunni legal conformism of any definitive, static religious authority.",
"In his treatise \"''Removal of Blame from the Great Imams''\", Ibn Taymiyya explained the reasons for difference of opinions between jurists of various schools of law and justified the necessity for tolerance between the scholars of the ''madh'habs'' and their eponyms; reminding that every ''mujtahid'' is rewarded twice if his ''ijtihad'' is correct and rewarded once if his ''ijtihad'' is faulty.",
"Hence, a jurist acting in good faith should not incur blame for reaching the wrong conclusions.",
"Thus, the Islamic scholarly system championed by Ibn Taymiyya subjected all Islamic jurists just to the authority of the revealed texts and not to the views of ''madh'habs'', or jurists or any similar affiliations.",
"Thus, Ibn Taymiyya envisioned a world in which individuals stand before the Divine revelation, with the intellectual freedom to discern the universal rulings of God's law to the best of their abilities.=== Mutakallimun ===The mutakallimun are scholars who engage in ilm al-Kalam (speculative theology) and they were criticised by Ibn Taymiyya for their use of rationalist theology and philosophy.",
"Ibn Taymiyya was heavily hostile to ''Kalam'' and believed it to be amongst the most severe religious innovations that emerged after the first three generations.",
"He asserted that the method of ''kalam'' was used by the Mu`tazilites, Jahmites and Ash`ari's.",
"Ibn Taymiyya considered the use of philosophical proofs and kalam to be redundant because he saw the Qur'an and the Sunna as superior rational proofs.",
"Ibn Taymiyya argued that these explanations were not grounded in scriptural evidence such as the philosophical explanation of the divine attributes of God or the proof of God using the cosmological argument.",
"He said that the call to Islam was not made using such methods by the Qur'an or Muhammad and that these theories have only caused errors and corruption.",
"The mutakallimun called their use of rationalist theology \"Usul al-Din\" ''(principles of religion)'' but Ibn Taymiyya said that the use of rationalist theology has nothing to do with the true usul al-din which comes from God and to state otherwise is to say that Muhammad neglected an important aspect of Islam.",
"Ibn Taymiyya says that the ''usul al-din'' of the mutakallimun, deserve to be named ''usul din al-shaytan'' (principles of Satanic religion).Ibn Taymiyya condemned many aspects of the evolving jurisprudential sciences as \"educated conjectures\"; particularly the impact of ''Kalam'' theology on '''ilm al-Ikhtilaf'' (science of scholarly differences) as well as on ''Usul al-Fiqh'' (principles of jurisprudence).",
"For Ibn Taymiyya, ''Shari'a'' (Islamic law) is characterised by certainty and stability.",
"In cases of absence of clear Scriptural texts; ''Ijtihad'' is to be exercised based on Scriptures rather than ''Taqlid'' (blind following) to past juristic opinions.",
"Ibn Taymiyya attributed the flood of numerous juristic opinions, prevalence of controversial views and their resultant instability on the approach of speculative theologians who regarded ''Fiqh'' (jurisprudence) as a science of \"conjectures\".",
"Blaming the jurists of speculative principles, especially those of the Hanafite school for the decline of ''Fiqh'' sciences; Ibn Taymiyya writes:\"they do not provide for God any definite rule.",
"In fact, they go so far as making a category of distinctions between a master-jurist (''mujtahid'') who is correct and one who is wrong.",
"Rather the legal rule (''hukm'') for every person is whatever his intellectual exertion leads him to... the theologians excluded positive law (''fiqh''), which all the religious sciences, from the discourse of science itself; on the basis of what they observed in terms of following authority (taqlid) and conjectural propositions.. jurists who rely on sharia texts (''ahl al-nusus'') instead of speculation are far move capable of giving correct juridicial responses and are more beneficial to Muslims than the people of opinion (''Ahl al-Ra'y'') .",
".",
".",
"This is because to solve real-life activities, Muslims need to know the source texts (''nusus'')\"Ibn Taymiyya was a major proponent of the doctrines of the early generations (''Salaf al-Salih''), which he held to be pristine Islam and advocated the re-generation of their beliefs and practices.",
"He was a zealous opponent of Ash'arite ''Kalam'', condemning it as a philosophical outgrowth that corrupted the purity of early Islamic tenets.",
"Ibn Taymiyya challenged Ash'arite theologian Ghazali's epistimolegical discourse which emphasized linguistic and figurative (''majaz'') analysis, instead advocating Scriptural literalism based on contextual intrapolation.",
"Ibn Taymiyya categorised Ash'arites alongside heterodox sects like Kharijites, Mu'tazilites, Jahmites, Shi'ites, etc.",
"that separated from Sunni orthodoxy.",
"In spite of his exclusivist positions, Ibn Taymiyya held that all those sects are not to be excommunicated, except for Jahmites and extreme Shi'ites.",
"Ibn Taymiyya's attempts to focus attention onto Qur'anic rationality was taken up by his student Ibn Qayyim, to the exception of his other followers.",
"This focus on traditionlist rationlism was also taken up by Musa Bigiev.Despite his critical stance, one of Ibn Taymiyya's last direct students, Ibn Qadi al-Jabal (d. 1370), says that \"Ibn Taymiyya used to praise the expansiveness of al-Ash'ari’s knowledge and would quote the latter’s works by memory in public lessons (''al-majalis al-a'mma''), in particular ''al-Iba'na''\", that he talked highly of later Ash'ari scholars like Al-Baqillani and Al-Juwayni and as for Al-Ghazali, having studied his books with Ibn Taymiyya, he says that \"Ibn Taymiyya told those present how impressed he was by al-Ghazali’s eloquence and the extent of his knowledge.\""
],
[
"Sufism",
"===Existence of saints===Although it is sometimes supposed that Ibn Taymiyya rejected the very idea of saints, which had become a cardinal Sunni belief in the medieval period, scholarship has shown that this is not true.",
"Nevertheless, it's important to note that the term saint (wali) in Islam is not equal to the Catholic definition of it.",
"Saint in Islamic theology designates righteous people from the past, who became well known for their piety.",
"There is, though, no process of canonization or veneration of icons, which is strongly condemned in Islam as violations of the basic monotheism.",
"Indeed, while Ibn Taymiyya did indeed reject widely established orthodox ''practices'' associated with the veneration of saints in Islam at his time, like the visitation to their graves and the seeking of their intercession, he never rejected the actual existence of saints as such.",
"On the contrary, he explicitly states: \"The miracles of saints are absolutely true and correct, by the acceptance of all Muslim scholars.",
"And the Qur'an has pointed to it in different places, and the sayings of Muhammad have mentioned it, and whoever denies the miraculous power of saints are only people who are innovators and their followers.\"",
"In this particular respect, he differed little from all his contemporaries; for just as practically all of the era's scholars believed that \"the lives of saints and their miracles were incontestable\", so also did Ibn Taymiyya.Ibn Taymiyya's most categorical declaration of accepting the existence of saints and their miracles appears in his famous creed '''Aqīda al-Wāsitīya'', in which he states: \"Among the fundamentals of the belief of the People of the Sunna is belief in the miracles of the saints (''karāmāt al-awliyā'') and the supernatural acts which God achieves through them in all varieties of knowledge, illuminations (''mukāshafāt''), power, and impressions as it is handed down about the ancient nations in the chapter of the Cave and in other Quranic chapters and is known of the early men among this Community of Believers among the Companions and Followers and the rest of the generations of this Community of Believers.",
"It the blessing of having saints and saintly miracles will be with them until the Day of Resurrection.",
"\"===Visitation of the tombs of the prophets and the saints (''Ziyarah'')===Ibn Taymiyya considered the visitation of the tombs of prophets and saints as impermissible, a blameworthy innovation and comparable to worshiping something besides God (''shirk'').",
"His pilgrimage (''Hajj'') to the city of Mecca in 1293 motivated Ibn Taymiyya to compile the treatise ''Manasik al-Hajj'' wherein he harshly attacked the practice of travelling to visit Muhammad's grave as a ''bid'ah'' (religious innovation).",
"In Ibn Taymiyya's view, if early Muslims did not visit Muhammad's grave, and especially if Muhammad forbade the visiting of his grave as a religious ritual; then doing so would be an innovation as per Islamic teachings.",
"According to Ibn Taymiyya, all religious journeys with the purpose of visiting other than the three mosques of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are prohibited.",
"This includes even Muhammad's grave in Medina.",
"Although a person staying in Medina may visit Muhammad's grave, Ibn Taymiyya argues, this cannot be its purpose.Nevertheless, Ibn Taymiyya did not condemn ''ziyara'' in its entirety and affirms a form of ziyāra that aligned with his reading of the salaf; which did not place the dead between the believer and God.",
"Ibn Taymiyya categorised unlawful grave-visits into three distinct types.",
"One category was the practice in which a person travels to a grave, invokes God directly yet includes the name of saint in that supplication directed to God as part of ''Tawassul''.",
"Ibn Taymiyya dismisses this as unlawful innovation but does not label it as ''shirk'' (polytheism).",
"The second category of unlawful ''ziyāra'' involves visiting graves with the purpose of seeking the intercession (''Shafa'a'') of the dead with God.",
"Ibn Taymiyya strongly condemned this as ''shirk'' and compared it to the Meccan opponents of the Muhammad, writing:\"If he says, “I ask him so that he may intercede with God for me, because he is closer to God than me.",
"And I seek a means to God through him, just as a means to the ruler is sought through his special counsel and helpers’ – this is from the actions of the mushrikūn and Christians, for they claim to take priests and rabbis as intercessors, who intercede for them in their requests, and God informs us of the mushrikūn that they said, \"We do not worship them except that they bring us closer to God.\"",
"(Q 39:3)The type of grave-visits which Ibn Taymiyya considered as the most heinous form of ''shirk'' and condemned most harshly were the ones involving direct supplication to the dead.",
"Excommunicating those who practised this as apostates and calling for their execution, Ibn Taymiyya writes:\"As for the one who comes to a grave of a prophet or a righteous person and asks his need from him such as asking him to end his illness…or fulfil his debt, or take vengeance from his enemy, or to heal him, his family or his beast and what is like this, from those matters that none but God, the Mighty and Majestic has power over, then this is clear shirk (''shirk sarīḥ''), it is obligatory that his repentance be sought, or he is (to be) killed.",
"\"Ibn Taymiyya's views on ''Ziyara'' would be vigorously rejected by those Sunni scholars who opposed his views both during his life and after his death.",
"The Shafi'i scholar Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani stated that ''\"This is one of the ugliest positions that has been reported of Ibn Taymiyya\"'' and also added that travelling to visit the tomb of Muhammad was ''\"one of the best of actions and the noblest of pious deeds with which one draws near to God, and its legitimacy is a matter of consensus.\"''",
"The Hanafi hadith scholar Ali al-Qari stated that, ''\"Amongst the Hanbalis, Ibn Taymiyya has gone to an extreme by prohibiting travelling to visit the Prophet – may God bless him and grant him peace\"'' Qastallani stated that ''\"The Shaykh Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyya has abominable and odd statements on this issue to the effect that travelling to visit the Prophet is prohibited and is not a pious deed.\"''",
"Other scholars in opposition to Ibn Taymiyya's views include Ghazali, Nawawi, Munawi and Qadi Ayyad who stated that visiting Muhammad was ''\"a sunna of the Muslims on which there was consensus, and a good and desirable deed.",
"\"''===Intercession===Ibn Taymiyya became one of the most influential clerical stalwarts of a trend of Islamic thought which rejected ideas associated with saint-cults, beliefs in intercession, the sanctity of saints’ alleged relics, veneration of graves, etc.",
"He is widely regarded as one of the most astute and formidable opponents of beliefs and practices associated with saint veneration in Islamic scholarship.",
"Yahya Michot, Professor at Hartford University, analogized Ibn Taymiyya's views with Protestant attacks on Catholic \"idolatry\".",
"German academic Marco Schöller compared the treatises of Ibn Taymiyya to that of the 16th century European Protestant theologian John Calvin.",
"Ibn Taymiyya had advocated an extensive theological doctrine that aimed to upheld ''Tawhid'' by prohibiting bid’a (innovations).",
"Various beliefs and acts Ibn Taymiyya considered as religious innovations and/or ''shirk'' included setting up intermediaries between God and creation, seeking intercession from anything other than God, visiting shrines, metaphorical interpretations of the Qur’an, veneration of creation, ruling by non-Islamic laws, denying Divine Attributes, etc.",
"One of the core teachings espoused by Ibn Taymiyya was that the original polytheists during ''Jahiliyya'' (pre-Islamic era) had acknowledged God as their Supreme Lord and Creator; but they associated their deities with God in terms of love, worship and veneration.Ibn Taymiyya believed that seeking the assistance of God through intercession is allowed, as long as the other person is still alive.",
"However, he believed that those who seek assistance from the graves of the Prophet or saints, are ''mushrikin'' (polytheists), someone who is engaged in shirk.",
"Ibn Taymiyya's vehement denunciation of intercession, saint-veneration, cult of saints, etc.",
"were based on his conception of worship (''‘Ibāda''), which included a broad range of religious practices.",
"According to Ibn Taymiyya, Worship includes acts such as sacrificial offerings, fasting, praying, supplications (''du‘ā’''), etc.",
"The practice of supplication (''du‘ā’'') was significant; since both Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim labelled ''du‘ā’'' to be the \"essence of worship\" (''mukhkh al-‘ibāda'').",
"Declaring ''Takfir'' (Excommunication) upon those people who adhered to these practices, Ibn Taymiyya states:\"Requesting healing from illness, or the wellbeing of the family, or deliverance from adversity in this world and the hereafter, or victory over one’s enemy, or guidance of the heart, or forgiveness of sins, or entry into heaven or deliverance from hell… it is only permissible to request this from God alone.",
"It is not permissible to say to a King, prophet or shaykh – living or dead – ‘forgive my sins’… and other things like that.",
"Whoever asks this from a created being is a mushrik with his Lord.",
"\"This view was also vigorously rejected by his Sunni opponents who dominated the contemporary religious scholarship.",
"For example, the chief judge of Damascus, Taqi al-Din al-Subki stated that, ''\"It is proper to entreat and ask for the help and intercession of the Prophet ﷺ with God.",
"No one from amongst the salaf and khalaf denied this, until Ibn Taymiyya came along and disapproved of this, and deviated from the straight path, and invented a position that no scholar has said before, and he became a deterrent example for Muslims\"''.",
"Similarly, Ibn Hajar al-Haytami rejected Ibn Taymiyya's view on intercession and held that he had broken with the established consensus of Sunni scholars, as did many other scholars such as Zurqani and Khalil ibn Ishaq.On the other hand, Ibn Taymiyya firmly upheld his views -which he regarded as the orthodox Sunni position- as religiously indisputable and quoted a scholarly consensus (''Ijma'') in support of his beliefs:\"Whoever seeks aid from the one who is deceased or absent human being, such that he calls upon him during difficulues and times of hardship and asks to fulfill his needs by saying 'Oh my master so and so' seeking help and aid in removing hardship, or he says when the enemy attacks him: 'Oh my master so and so', appealing to him or he says this when he is sick, poor, and needing other things – such a person is misguided, ignorant, mushrik and disobedient to God by the consensus of Muslims; for they agree that the dead is not called upon and nothing is required of him, whether he is a prophet, a sheikh, or otherwise\""
],
[
"View on other Muslim groups",
"===Sufis===Some scholars argue that Ibn Taymiyya belonged to the Qadiriyya tariqa (order) of Sufism and claimed to inherit the khirqa (spiritual mantle) of the founder of the Qadiriyya order 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani.Among his explicit positive references to Sufism and the Qadiriyya tariqa in particular, Ibn Taymiyya referred to Jilani as \"Shaykhuna\" (our Shaykh) and \"Sayyidi\" (my master).",
"He spoke highly of a great many other Sufi Shaykhs also such as Abu Yazid al-Bistami and al-Junayd, and went to great lengths to state that Sufism is not a heretical innovation (bid'ah).",
"However, authors like Fritz Meier and Thomas Michel contend that such reports and traditions attributed to Ibn Taymiyya does not prove that he was a member formally affiliated to any Sufi ''Tariqa''.Gibril Haddad, a contemporary Naqshbandi Sufi scholar and critic of Ibn Taymiyya's doctrinal positions, argues that \"insofar as the goal of ''tasawwuf'' is the purification of the heart by progress through states (''ahwal'') and stations (''maqamat''), Ibn Taymiyya in ''al-Tuhfat al-'Iraqiyya'' (al-Zarqa’ Jordan 1978, p. 18) imitated Imam al-Ghazali's ''fatwa'' in ''al-Munqidh min al-Dalal'' in considering ''tasawwuf'' obligatory upon every Muslim, naming it ''a'mal al-qulub''.\"",
"Scholar Arjan Post, in the introduction to the edition and English translation of ''Risālat al-sulūk'' (Epistle on the Spiritual Way) by al-Baʿlabakkī (d. 734/1333), a Lebanon-born Hanbali Sufi and direct student of Ibn Taymiyya, talks of a \"Sufi circle\" among his students, notably through ʿImād al-Dīn Aḥmad al-Wāsiṭī, who \"fulfilled the role of Sufi shaykh in the Taymiyyan circle until he passed away in 711/1311\", and who was appreciated by other famous direct or indirect students of Ibn Taymiyya who became famous scholars, notably Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya, Ibn Rajab and Al-Dhahabi.",
"Although Ibn Taymiyya was critical of some of the developments within Sufism, he never rejected the practice outright, and actually enumerated a list of early Sufis whom he considered to be among the greatest Islamic saints.",
"In this list, he included Bayazid Bastami, Junayd of Baghdad, Abdul-Qadir Gilani, Hasan of Basra, Ibrahim ibn Adham, Maruf Karkhi, Sirri Saqti, and several other venerable personages who have always been venerated in mainstream Sunni Islam as being among the greatest saints of all.",
"Ibn Taymiyya believed that all these Sufi saints shared creedal beliefs of the ahl al-hadith (\"traditionalists\").",
"He criticized one of the foundational Sufi texts, Abd al-Karim al-Qushayri's Epistle, for ascribing to the early Sufi authorities Ash'ari beliefs.",
"He argued that neither the Ash'ari theologians nor the Sufi monists of his time have a historical or ideological connection with the authoritative Sufis of the first centuries of Islam.",
"Ibn Taymiyya relies in his critique on the legacy of the traditionalist Sufis and historians––among them, Abu Mansur Ma'mar al-Isfahani (d. 418/1027), Abu Isma'il Abd Allah al-Ansari al-Harawi (d. 481/1089), Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi (d. ca.",
"384/994) and Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami (d. 412/1021) –– contrasting their narratives against those produced by al-Qushayri and other Ash'ari scholars.An alternate view shared by many scholars and critics assert that Ibn Taymiyya totally rejected Sufism, both exclusively, as well as the general concept of Sufism.",
"Scholars and researchers who propound this view argue that the notion of Ibn Taymiyya's alleged support towards Sufism were based on misinterpretations of his ''Fatwas'' (legal verdicts).",
"The words of Ibn Taymiyya in praise of 'Abd al-Qadir Gilani were simply respect of the latter in the scope of scholarly position, not the mystical cult of personality or saint-veneration towards Gilani practiced by the Qadiryya order, which in effect also includes the view of Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya's hostile view towards ''Tariqa'' orders.",
"This view of Ibn Taymiyya's total rejection of Sufism and ''Tariqa'' concept of Mysticism were also supported by the Puritans during the era of Ottoman Empire.",
"According to Hamud at Tuwaijir, a Hadith scholar, this view alone caused Ibn Taymiyya, and by extension, Ibn al Qayyim, and his spiritual successor, Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, being reviled so much by some of the communities that supported Sufism, such as Tablighi Jamaat.In particular, Ibn Taymiyya rejected two views associated with some extreme Sufis.",
"He rejected the veneration of saints who promulgated Ibn Arabi's doctrines of wahdat al-wajud.",
"Firstly, he rejected monism which he believed was similar to the pantheistic belief that God \"encompasses all things\".",
"Secondly, he asserted that the view that divine illumination is of a greater importance than obeying the sharia was a failure to properly follow the example of Muhammad.",
"On Ibn 'Arabi, and Sufism in general, Henri Laoust says that Ibn Taymiyya never condemned Sufism in and of itself, but only that which he considered to be inadmissible deviations in doctrine, ritual or morals, such as monism, antinomianism or esotericism.",
"However, scholar Jamileh Kadivar has reported that Ibn Taymiyya issued blatant takfir (excommunication from Islam) on Ibn 'Arabi.",
"This view was also supported by the official scholars committee from Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, who issued a formal Fatwa (legal verdict) maintaining that Ibn Taymiyya rejected any form of Sufism, whether they are structural, such as ''Tariqa'' order, or non-structural, individual practice of Sufism.",
"The ''fatwa'' also covered the speculation of him belonging to the Qadiriyya order; stating that it was a fabrication.Furthermore, there had also been numerous incidents wherein Ibn Taymiyya physically confronted Sufis.",
"In 1301, Ibn Taymiyya had accompanied the Mamluk army in its campaigns against the Shia inhabitants of Kasrawan town.",
"After expelling the non-Sunni inhabitants of the town, Ibn Taymiyya returned to Syria to attack the Sufi Ahmadiyya Rifawiyyan order of Damascus; accusing them of \"Mongol sympathies\".",
"After 1305, there would be a dramatic escalation in confrontations between Ibn Taymiyya and popular folk expressions of religion associated with Sufism.",
"In one such incident, Taymiyyah would personally lead stonemasons and demolish a structure in the Naranja Mosque to physically prevent Sufi veneration of a popular religious site.",
"Disparaging the various mystical and devotional exercises of the practitioners of esoteric Sufism, Ibn Taymiyya argued that such rituals only enable Satan to possess their empty minds and corrupt their souls.Ibn Taymiyya vehemently denounced the doctrines of the Sufi masters Muhyiddun Ibn ‘Arabī (d. 1240), Al-Qunawi, Ibn Sab'in, etc.",
"who had advocated the concept of ''waḥdat al-wujūd'' (Unity of Existence).",
"Ibn Taymiyya believed that the emergence of Sufi pantheist doctrines heralded the coming of ''Masih ad-Dajjal'' (Anti-christ), blaming it as the main reason for the Tatar invasions and the ensuing dismantlement of Sharia (Islamic law).",
"Condemning Ibn 'Arabi and his followers as a greater danger than the Mongol invasions itself, Ibn Taymiyya writes:\"Opposing (by word or deed) these (proponents of ''waḥdat al-wujūd'') is the greatest of religious obligations, for they have corrupted intellects and creeds of the people, including Shaykhs, scholars and rulers…their harm is greater in religion than harm of the one who corrupts the worldly affairs of the Muslims but leaves their religion untouched, such as the bandit of the Mongols who take away people’s wealth but leave alone their religion.",
"\"Ibn Taymiyya was also known for his critique of influential Asharite theologian Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 1111 C.E/ 505 A.H), whom he accused of being deviated from authentic Sunnism, over his choice of embracing the Sufi path.",
"On Ghazali's forsaking of ''Kalam'', Esotericism, Philosophy, etc.",
"and eventual embracal of the Sufi path, Ibn Taymiyya writes:\"he Ghazali soon discovered by means of his intelligence and devout inquiry, that the method of the theologians and philosophers was incoherent.",
".. so he began search for the exposition of this faith.",
"Then he discovered in the discourses of Sufi shaykhs that which was nearer to the truth and more reasonable than what the theologians and philosophers had to offer...",
"But, he did not gain access to the prophetic heritage, namely the sciences and spiritual states possessed by the elect of the community.",
"Nor did he attain the proper knowledge and devotion achieved by the earliest generations and the forerunners of the community.",
"Both these groups attained so much by way of cognitive discoveries and practical modes of service to God which those others i.e.",
"theologians, philosophers and Sufis never attained.",
"Hence, he al-Ghazali began to believe that the exposition of his concise faith could be obtained only through the Sufi way, since he knew no other path.",
"This happened because the special path of the elevated prophetic example remained closed to him.",
"\"=== Shi'sm ===Ibn Taymiyya was a proponent of the doctrine of ''Takfir'' (excommunication) on adherents of various Shia sects, the Mu'tazilites, Sufi mystics like Ibn 'Arabi, etc.",
"; declaring them as apostates based on his religious interpretations.",
"In particular, Ibn Taymiyya was extremely critical of Twelver Shi'ism, and considered its adherents to be religiously bankrupt, among the most morally depraved people and the root cause of many ills plaguing the Muslim World.",
"His severe critique of Twelver Shia in his book, ''Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah,'' was written in response to the book ''Minhaj al-karama fi ma'rifat al-imama'', by the Shia theologian Al-Hilli.",
"Much of his criticisms tended to emphasise the similarities between the Shi'ites, Christians and Jews.",
"Ibn Taymiyya also wrote comprehensive refutations of the Twelver doctrine of Imamah and much of his works serve as an influential source for Sunni anti-Shi'te polemics to this day.Among other things, he accused Shia (who he often referred to as ''rafidha'' or rejectionists) of helping non-Muslim enemies against MuslimsMany of the ''rafidha'' (rejectionists) would favor the infidels within his heart more than he would favor the Muslims.",
"That is why when the infidel Turks emerged from the east and fought the Muslims and spilled their blood, in the lands of Khurasan and in Iraq and Sham and in the Peninsula and elsewhere, the rafidha were there to aid them in killing Muslims.",
"And the Baghdad vizier known as Al-’Alqami; it was he and others like him who greatly aided them against the Muslims, as well as those who were in Al-Sham’s Aleppo and other rafidha who were the fiercest collaborators in fighting Muslims.",
"The same goes for the Christians (the Crusaders) in Al-Sham where the rafidha were their greatest helpers.",
"And should the Jews get a state in Iraq or elsewhere, the rafidha will be their greatest helpers, for they are always supportive of the infidels whether they are idolaters or Jews or Christians...Regarding the Shia mourning for Husayn on Ashura, Ibn Taymiyya considered Husayn's martyrdom as a divinely bestowed honour—not a major tragedy.",
"He also argued that such mourning was never instructed by Muhammad and that the Islamic response to recent (let alone ancient) loss is not extravagant mourning but to endure the loss with patience and trust in God.",
"However, he also believed those who celebrated on Ashura were anti-Shia zealots (\"''an-Nāṣibiyyah''\") or ignorant people.Fathi Shaqaqi, the Sunni Islamist inspired by the Islamic revolution of Iran who founded the Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine, said that Ibn Taymiyya didn't consider Twelver Shi'as, that is the majority of the Shi'as, to be heretics, but mainly sects like the Ismailis, also precising that the geopolitical context of the day played a role in his thinking, and that, among Sunni scholars, \"''fatwas'' such as his were not disseminated, despite the fact that the Shi‘a had by then been in existence for some 600 years.",
"\"Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, one of the most influential modern jihadi ideologues, bases himself on Ibn Taymiyya to say that the laypeople among the Shi'as are not to be considered disbelievers.",
"Ibn Taymiyya's relentless polemics against Shiism consolidated the orthodox Sunni anti-Shia stances and has influenced numerous Sunni scholars, intellectuals and Islamist ideologues."
],
[
"Views on non-Muslims",
"=== Christianity ===Ibn Taymiyya wrote polemics against Christians.",
"His work ''Al-Jawāb al-Ṣaḥīḥ li-man baddala dīn al-Masīh'' is a detailed refutation of Christian doctrine written in response to Paul of Antioch and the ''Letter from the People of Cyprus''.",
"He also held extreme anti-Christian views and enmity.",
"He also discounts the Christians' role in early Islamic history and views interfaith commonality as a luxury, giving an ideological justification to declare unrestricted war on Christians and Jews.",
"Meanwhile, in what a number of modern scholars have seen as the golden age of Christian Arabic literature, Arab speaking Christian scholars wrote extensive theological treaties in Arabic in which they not only responded to the polemics of their Muslim advertiser but they also provided systematic, summary discussions of Christian faith and practice.Ibn Taymiyya issued a ''fatwa'' prohibited Muslims to participate and greeting Christians on their religious events and celebrations or to imitate them, he said in ''Majmoo‘ al-Fataawa (2/488)'': \"It is not permissible for the Muslims to imitate them Christians in any way that is unique to their festivals, whether it be food, clothes, bathing, lighting fires or refraining from usual work or worship, and so on.",
"And it is not permissible to give a feast or to exchange gifts or to sell things that help them to celebrate their festivals, or to let children and others play the games that are played on their festivals, or to adorn oneself or put up decorations\".An example of Ibn Taymiyya use of his interpretation was in defense of the (temporary) closing of all Christian churches in 1299 in the Mamluk Sultanate.",
"The closing was in violation of a 600-year-old covenant with Christian ''dhimmis'' known as the Pact of Umar.",
"But as Ibn Taymiyya pointed out, while venerable, the pact was written 60 years or so after the time of the companions and so had no legal effect.",
"Ibn Taymiyya also suggested that Jews and Christians should be confined to their own specific regions.=== Druze ===Ibn Taymiyya dismissed the Druze as non-Muslims, and his fatwa cited that Druzes: \"Are not at the level of ′Ahl al-Kitāb (People of the Book) nor mushrikin (polytheists).",
"Rather, they are from the most deviant kuffār (Infidel) ... Their women can be taken as slaves and their property can be seized ... they are to be killed whenever they are found and cursed as they described ...",
"It is obligatory to kill their scholars and religious figures so that they do not misguide others\", which in that setting would have legitimized violence against them as apostates.",
"Ibn Taymiyya believed that Druze have a high level of infidelity, besides being apostates.",
"Thus, they are not trustworthy and should not be forgiven.",
"He teaches also that Muslims cannot accept Druze penitence nor keep them alive, and Druze property should be confiscated, and their women enslaved.",
"Mamluk and Ottoman sultans have often relied on Ibn Taymiyya religious ruling to justify their persecution of Druze, and calling for jihad against the Druze.=== Alawites ===Ibn Taymiyya pointed out that the Alawites were not Shi'ites because they were heretics and therefore they were outside Islam, arguably, he was the most virulently anti-Alawite in his fatwas where he ruled that the Alawites \"are more infidel than Jews or Christians, even more infidel than many polytheists.",
"They have done greater harm to the community of Muhammad than have the warring infidels such as the Franks, the Turks, and others.",
"To ignorant Muslims they pretend to be Shi'is, though in reality they do not believe in God or his prophet or his book…Whenever possible, they spill the blood of Muslims…They are always the worst enemies of the Muslims…war and punishment in accordance with Islamic law against them are among the greatest of pious deeds and the most important obligations.\""
],
[
"Economic views",
"He elaborated a circumstantial analysis of market mechanism, with a theoretical insight unusual in his time.",
"Regarding the power of supply and demand, Ibn Taymiyya said, \"If desire for goods increases while its availability decreases, its price rises.",
"On the other hand, if availability of the good increases and the desire for it decreases, the price comes down.\"",
"His discourses on the welfare advantages and disadvantages of market regulation and deregulation, have an almost contemporary ring to them.However, he also advocated a policy of \"fair prices\" and \"fair profits\", with the implication that anything higher would be impious.",
"Such forms of price fixing was detrimental to entrepreneurship.",
"He argued that trade and commerce should be conducted in a fair and just manner, and that individuals had a responsibility to treat their customers and business partners with honesty and integrity.",
"He believed that the principles of Islamic economics were designed to promote economic growth and prosperity while ensuring social justice and fairness."
],
[
"Eternity of species",
"He argued that there was an alternate view to the view which was held by philosophers, like Ibn Sina, who claimed that the universe was eternal in its entirety, and Islamic scholars, like Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, who claimed that the universe was created from nothing by God.",
"In his Sharh Hadith Imran ibn Hasan, Ibn Taymiyya distinguishes between species and elements, asserting that the former are eternal with God.",
"He states: \"If it is supposed that the species of things done has been with Him from eternity, neither revelation nor reason denies this 'withness' (ma'iyya).",
"On the contrary, it is part of His perfection.\"",
"In fact, Ibn Taymiyya draws this assertion from his belief that God perpetually creates, i.e.",
"in pre-eternity.",
"John Hoover, in his Perpetual Creativity In The Perfection Of God: Ibn Taymiyya's Hadith Commentary On God's Creation Of This World, elaborates, \"Following in the footsteps of Ibn Sina and Ibn Rushd, Ibn Taymiyya then roots God's perpetual creativity in a Neoplatonic concept of God's perfection.",
"Power and creativity are necessary concomitants of God's perfection.",
"If God's creativity were not perpetual, God would have been devoid of His creativity, as well as other attributes of perfection, in pre-eternity.\""
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"The Truth About Jim"
],
[
"Introduction",
" '''''The Truth About Jim''''' is a 2024 American documentary series, directed and produced by Skye Borgman.",
"It follows a young woman as she investigates if her step-grandfather was a serial killer.It was released February 15, 2024, on Max."
],
[
"Premise",
"Sierra Barter confronts generations of trauma and secrets to investigate if her step-grandfather Jim Mordecai was a serial killer."
],
[
"Episodes"
],
[
"Production",
"In February 2023, it was announced Skye Borgman would direct a documentary series for Discovery+.",
"Ron Howard, Brian Grazer, Justin Wilkes, Sara Bernstein and Meredith Kaulfers served as executive producers under their Imagine Documentaries banner."
],
[
"Reception",
"===Critical reception===Nick Schager of ''The Daily Beast'' wrote: \"The Truth About Jim falls a bit flat with its ultimate (lack of) revelations.",
"In their place, it refocuses its attention on the therapeutic nature of Sierra’s mission.",
"Bringing together estranged mothers, children and siblings to air grievances, forgive, and face harrowing realities, Borgman’s latest does its best to make itself less about its title subject than about the strong, courageous and united individuals who survived years of his cruelty.\"",
"Chris Vognar of ''Rolling Stone'' wrote: \"The series never really delves into a subtext that lingers around the edges: obsession, and what it can do to the obsessed.",
"Barter is cast as the noble truth-seeker, which is fair enough.",
"But a more complicated and potentially richer portrait could have gotten inside her head and explored what it feels like to be someone who turns a wall into a crime corkboard and tracks down a Zodiac Killer expert in San Francisco.",
"\"Daniel Kurland of ''Bloody Disgusting'' gave the series a three out of five stars, writing: \"The Truth About Jim has good intentions and charts curious ground through its possible familial connection to a notorious serial killer.",
"Not everything in this curious case study works and it sometimes feels as if it gets lost in the weeds.",
"However, when it connects, it’s powerful storytelling that proves that there’s so much more to an investigation than simply results and proof.\""
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Nelson Speedway"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Nelson Speedway''' is a motorcycle speedway venue near Richmond, it is located approximately 4 kilometres to the north of Richmond on Lansdowne Road, off Lower Queen Street and 11 Kilometres west of Nelson.",
"The track races various types of cars, such as stock cars, superstocks, midgets, sprint cars, sidecars and saloons.",
"The track is 354 metres and promoted by the Nelson Speedway Association."
],
[
"History",
"The facility has been a significant venue for important motorcycle speedway events, including qualifying rounds of the Speedway World Championship, (the first in 1988)."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Bill McKinlay Park"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Bill McKinlay Park''', (formerly '''Ireland Road Domain''') is a multi-purpose stadium in the suburb of Mount Wellington in Auckland, New Zealand.",
"It is used for football matches and is the home stadium of NRF League One side Uni-Mount Bohemian.",
"Eastern Suburbs also used Bill McKinlay Park for their New Zealand Football Championship games between 2016 and 2018.Bill McKinlay has hosted seven international friendlies and the 1983 Chatham Cup Final Replay."
],
[
"History",
"In 1902, Bill McKinlay Park was opened under the control of the Mt Wellington Domain Board.",
"Ireland Road Domain used to host sports days, rodeos and carnivals on their grounds.",
"In 1954 the board made the decision to give exclusive access of the ground to Mount Wellington AFC, meaning Mt Wellington RFC no longer had use of the ground.",
"Between 1961 and 1968, changing rooms, an upstairs lounge and the clubrooms were completed.In 1976, Bill and Joe McKinlay passed away suddenly.",
"Mount Wellington AFC asked the Mt Wellington Borough Council to change the name of the ground to its current name, Bill McKinlay Park, in Bill's honour.",
"In 2006, Mt Wellington Stadium Charitable Trust was formed to assess the option of developing Bill McKinlay Park into a multi-use, all-weather stadium.",
"In 2010, a NZD$500,000 facility partnership grant was approved, allowing the Mt Wellington Stadium Charitable Trust to construct an artificial turf.",
"The turf was completed in 2011, installed by Tiger Turf and tested to a FIFA 2* standard."
],
[
"International matches",
"Bill McKinlay Park has hosted several international matches, including a Tri-Nations Series between New Zealand, Australia and North Korea.",
"This series was part of the build up to the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup held in Canada.In 1982, Bill McKinlay Park also hosted a cross code series of rugby and football where the All Blacks played the All Whites."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Alvania critica"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Alvania critica''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae."
],
[
"Description",
"The length of the shell attains 2.5 mm, its diameter 1.5 mm."
],
[
"Distribution",
"Fossils were found in the Miocene strata in Central Europe, Greece and Turkey."
],
[
"References",
"* Landau, B. M., Harzhauser, M., İslamoğlu, Y.",
"& da Silva, C. M. (2013).",
"Systematics and palaeobiogeography of the gastropods of the middle Miocene (Serravallian) Karaman Basin, Turkey.",
"Cainozoic Research.",
"11-13: 1–584."
],
[
"External links",
"* Boettger, O.",
"(1907).",
"Zur Kenntnis der Fauna der mittelmiocänen Schichten von Kostej im Krassó–Szörényer Komitat (Gasteropoden und Anneliden).",
"III.",
"Verhandlungen und Mitteilungen des Siebenbürgischen Vereins für Naturwissenschaften zu Hermannstadt.",
"55 (1905): 101-244.Hermannstadt * Thivaiou D., Harzhauser M. & Koskeridou E. (2019).",
"Early Miocene gastropods from the Felli section (Proto-Mediterranean Sea, NW Greece).",
"Geodiversitas.",
"41(8): 323-366."
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Time Still Turns the Pages"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Time Still Turns the Pages''''' () is a 2023 Hong Kong drama film directed by Nick Cheuk and produced by Derek Yee, with Cheuk also writing the story and co-editing the film.",
"The film stars Siuyea Lo and Ronald Cheng in lead roles, with Lo portraying a secondary school teacher who recalls his childhood abuses and trauma while helping a suicidal student.The film premiered at the Hong Kong Asian Film Festival on October 13, 2023, before releasing theatrically on November 16.The film received five and twelve nominations respectively in the 60th Golden Horse Awards and 42nd Hong Kong Film Awards."
],
[
"Cast",
"*Siuyea Lo as Mr. Cheng / Cheng Yau Chun: a traumatized secondary school teacher who had witnessed his brother's suicide due to academic pressure.",
"**Curtis Ho and Yukki Tai as younger versions of Cheng Yau Chun*Ronald Cheng as Cheng Chi-hung: a senior counsel and a stern and abusive father.",
"*Sean Wong as Eli Cheng Yau Kit: an academically incompetent schoolboy from a strict, upper-middle-class family.",
"*Rosa Maria Velasco as Heidi Cheng: the Cheng siblings' long-suffering mother from her abusive husband.",
"*Hanna Chan as Sherry Lam: a voice actress and the wife of Mr.",
"Cheng.",
"**Nancy Kwai as a younger version of Sherry*Henick Chou as Vincent: a hearing-impaired student who was bullied at school.",
"*Sabrina Ng as Wong Ka-Yee: the monitor of Mr. Cheng's class.Also appearing in the film are Rachel Leung as Zoey, the secretary of Cheng Chi-hung; Luna Shaw as Sister Ha, a social worker; Koyi Mak as Miss Leung, the Cheng siblings' class teacher; and Joey Leung as the vice principal.",
"Jessica Chan and Peter Chan cameo as the piano teachers of Cheng Yau Kit."
],
[
"Production",
"=== Development ===Director and writer Nick Cheuk originally penned the screenplay in 2015, based on the death of a close friend and university classmate.",
"He later made revisions to the script, altering certain aspects of his friend's experiences to delve into the concerning phenomenon of student suicides in Hong Kong.",
"He completed the first draft in 2019, initially titled \"''Suicide Note''\" (遺書).",
"During the same year, he applied for and received funding from the Hong Kong Film Development Council's \"First Feature Film Initiative.\"",
"He dedicated two years to rewriting and fine-tuning the script.",
"In 2020, Derek Yee returned to Hong Kong after filming in Mongolia and joined Cheuk in revising the script.",
"Cheuk retitled the film as \"''Time Still Turns the Pages''\", drawing inspiration from the lyrics of Avenged Sevenfold's \"So Far Away\".",
"Movie critic and secondary school teacher Chan Kwong-lung was also invited to be a consultant for the film.",
"After filming, Cheuk and Keith Chan, both first-time film editors, spent an additional two years on post-production.",
"An official trailer was released on September 27, 2023.=== Casting ===In September 2021, shortly after finishing the screenplay draft, Cheuk approached Siuyea Lo, a mutual friend of his and his deceased friend, and offered him the role of Mr. Cheng.",
"The original setting of Mr. Cheng was actually 40 years old and spoke in a much more mature manner.",
"Lo accepted the role on the spot after reading the script, and Cheuk amended the settings for him.",
"Besides, Cheuk handpicked comedian actor Ronald Cheng for the role of a stubborn and abusive father, after seeing Louis Cheung's performance in ''The Narrow Road'' and wanting to bring out the emotional side of actors who appear comedic.",
"Cheuk also chose Henick Chou to portray Vincent, a character based on his own experiences growing up at school, as he found Chou's previous portrayals of slacker youths very convincing.",
"Child actor Sean Wong won his role through an audition.=== Filming ===Principal photography began in 2021 and wrapped up in 19 days.",
"Most of the school scenes were filmed at Chiu Yang Por Yen Primary School, and the farewell scene between Cheng and Sherry was filmed at an art store in Sham Shui Po."
],
[
"Release",
"''Time Still Turns the Pages'' premiered as the opening film of Hong Kong Asian Film Festival on October 13, 2023, and was selected in World Focus section of the 36th Tokyo International Film Festival.",
"The film was released theatrically on November 16, 2023, in Hong Kong."
],
[
"Reception",
"=== Box office ===As of January 10, 2024, ''Time Still Turns the Pages'' has grossed over HK$25 million, making it the second highest-grossing 2023 film in Hong Kong.=== Critical response ===Phuong Le of ''The Guardian'' gave the film 3/5 stars and praises the film's sensitive portrayal of academic pressure and parental abuse that leads to the mental health struggles in Hong Kong.",
"Edmund Lee of ''South China Morning Post'' gave the film a score of 4/5 stars and compliments the performance of actors and the emotional impacts brought to the audience by the clever plot twist."
],
[
"Awards and nominations",
" Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref.202360th Golden Horse AwardsBest Narrative FeatureBest Supporting ActorSean WongBest New DirectorNick CheukBest Original ScreenplayBest Film EditingKeith Chan, Nick CheukAudience Choice Award202430th Hong Kong Film Critics Society AwardBest FilmBest DirectorNick CheukBest ScreenplayBest ActorSean WongFilms of Merit17th Asian Film AwardsBest Supporting ActorSean WongBest New DirectorNick CheukBest EditorNick Cheuk, Keith Chan2023 Hong Kong Screenwriters' Guild AwardsYearly Best Character AwardSean Wong42nd Hong Kong Film AwardsBest FilmBest DirectorNick CheukBest ScreenplayBest ActorSiuyea LoBest Supporting ActorSean WongBest Supporting ActressRosa Maria VelascoBest New PerformerCurtis HoBest CinematographyMeteor CheungBest EditingKeith Chan, Nick CheukBest Art DirectionIrving CheungBest Original Film ScoreHanz Au, Iris Liu, Jolyon CheungBest New DirectorNick Cheuk"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Francesco Pesaro"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Funerary monument to Francesco Pesaro, by Antonio Canova, now in the Museo Correr'''Francesco Pesaro''' (4 January 1740 – 25 March 1799) was a reformist politician active during the last decades of the Republic of Venice.",
"He served as ambassador to the Kingdom of Spain, and was elected as Procurator of Saint Mark in 1781."
],
[
"Sources",
"* *"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Jamshed Khan"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Haji Jamshed Khan''' is a Pakistani politician from Buner District.",
"Who served as member of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from 2002 to 2008."
],
[
"Career",
"He was elected as member of the Provincial Assembly of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2002 general election.",
"He again contested in the 2008 general election from PK-77 on the ticket of Pakistan Peoples Party–Sherpao and came second to Awami National Party's Sardar Hussain Babak.",
"He joined Jamaat-e-Islami (JI) in 2010.In October 2017 during the visit of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf Chairman Imran Khan and Chief Minister Pervez Khattak, Jamshed Khan joined the PTI."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Harry Shine"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Harry Shine''' (born 2004) is an Irish hurler.",
"At club level he plays with Dicksboro and at inter-county level with the Kilkenny senior hurling team."
],
[
"Career",
"Shine first played hurling at juvenile and underage levels with the Dicksboro club in Kilkenny.",
"He was part of the Dicksboro minor team that won three successive Kilkenny MAHC titles from 2019 to 2021.Shine also lined out as a schoolboy with St Kieran's College and was joint-captain for their Dr Croke Cup success over Presentation College, Athenry in 2023.Shine first appeared on the inter-county scene as a member of the Kilkenny minor hurling team that lost the 2019 All-Ireland minor final to Galway.",
"He was again eligible for the grade the following year and captained the team as well as being top scorer.",
"Shine immediately progressed to the under-20 team, however, a hamstring injury ruled him out of much of Kilkenny's defeat of Limerick in the 2022 All-Ireland under-20 final.Shine first played for the senior team during the 2024 National Hurling League."
],
[
"Career statistics",
"TeamYearNational LeagueLeinsterAll-IrelandTotalDivisionAppsScoreAppsScoreAppsScoreAppsScoreKilkenny Minor2020—21-0310-0131-042021—22-2110-0732-28Total—43-2420-0863-32Kilkenny U202022—21-0500-0021-052023—40-05—40-052024—00-00—00-00Total—61-1000-0061-10Kilkenny2024Division 1A10-0000-0000-0010-00Total10-0000-0000-0010-00Career total10-00104-3420-08134-42"
],
[
"Honours",
";St Kieran's College*Dr Croke Cup: 2023;Dicksboro*Kilkenny Minor A Hurling Championship: 2019, 2020, 2021;Kilkenny*All-Ireland Under-20 Hurling Championship: 2022*Leinster Under-20 Hurling Championship: 2022*Leinster Minor Hurling Championship: 2020, 2021"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Alvania daguini"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Alvania daguini''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae."
],
[
"Distribution",
"Fossils were found in Middle Miocene strata in Switzerland."
],
[
"References",
"* Peyrot, A.",
"1938.Les mollusques testacés univalves des dépots Helvétiens du Bassin Ligérien Catalogue critique, descriptif et illustré.",
"Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux 89:1-361, 5 pls."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Alvania falunica"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Alvania falunica''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae."
],
[
"Distribution",
"Fossils were found in Middle Miocene strata in Switzerland."
],
[
"References",
"* Peyrot, A.",
"1938.Les mollusques testacés univalves des dépots Helvétiens du Bassin Ligérien Catalogue critique, descriptif et illustré.",
"Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux 89:1-361, 5 pls."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Alvania ligeriana"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Alvania ligeriana''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae."
],
[
"Distribution",
"Fossils were found in Middle Miocene strata in Switzerland."
],
[
"References",
"* Peyrot, A.",
"1938.Les mollusques testacés univalves des dépots Helvétiens du Bassin Ligérien Catalogue critique, descriptif et illustré.",
"Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux 89:1-361, 5 pls."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Behzad Khalaj"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Behzad Khalaj''' (Persian: بهزاد خلج; born April 20, 1975) is an Iranian actor.",
"He is best known for his roles in ''Mr.",
"Judge'' (2022), ''The Lion Skin'' (2022–2023), and ''The Lost Prestige'' (2023).",
"In 2024, he won the Crystal Simorgh for Best Supporting Actor at the 42nd Fajr International Film Festival for his performance in ''Majnoon'' (2024)."
],
[
"Filmography",
"===Film=== Year Title Role Director Notes 2016''Nasrin''Hossein ShahbaziShort film2018''Damascus Time''Iranian flight groupEbrahim Hatamikia''The Stranger and the Wind''Hamid Reza Ahmadi, Hamed AhmadiShort film''Intensification''FatherShirin Sabour''Hot Milk''ManArmin Hemmati''Roya''DriverMajid Shahmohammadi2019''Small Panda, Big Panda''Sahar Khoshnam''Box Man''Manouchehr Teymourzadeh2020''Zagzwang''ManAlireza Mohammadi Rouzbahani''Light Room''Pouya Aghelizadeh2019''Snake Venom''Javad Razavian2022''Middle Eastern Stories: Father''FatherReza DaghaghShort film2023''Leather Jacket Man''MajorHossein Mirzamohammadi2024''Alligator Blood''FaridJavad Ezzati''Majnoon''Mehdi ShamohammadiWon – Crystal Simorgh Fajr Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actor''Midnight Sun''Shahriar BohraniCompleted in 2021''Signature Certificate''Shahram Asadzadeh=== Web === Year Title Role Director Platform 2019–2020''Mannequin''KhalajHossein SoheilizadehFilimo, Namava2021''Red Square''NaderEbrahim EbrahimianFilimo2022–2023''The Lion Skin''Rasoul FouladvandJamshid MahmoudiFilmnet2023''The Lost Prestige''Esmail / Safdar KoutiSajad PahlevanzadehFilimo''One Way Ticket''ShakibPouria Heidary Oureh''Poker''Reza DadooiFilimo===Television=== Year Title Role Director Network Notes 2017''Border of Happiness''PoliceAli KhodsianiIRIB TV2TV series''Traveling at Home''Bahman GoudarziIRIB Nasim''Agate'' Behrang TofighiIRIB TV3''The Yellow Tape''Pouria AzarbaijaniIRIB TV2''Better Days: The Last Letter Episodes''Dr.",
"KhazenifarDanesh EghbashaviIRIB TV32017–2020''Narrative''PoliceSeyyed Jamal Seyyed Hatami, Hossein Ghena'atIRIB TV12019''Talk to Me''Azadeh MohammadiIRIB TV3TV film''Dear Brother'' Mohammad Reza AhanjIRIB TV3TV series2021''Silhouette''Reza Mohebi NouriIRIB TV1TV theater''Frontline''EmadShahriar BohraniIRIB TV1TV mini-series2022''Mr.",
"Judge''JudgeSajjad MehreganIRIB TV2TV series"
],
[
"Awards and nominations",
"+Name of the award ceremony, year presented, category, nominee of the award, and the result of the nominationAwardYearCategoryNominated WorkResultAction on Film International Megafest2019Best Supporting Actor – Hollywood Dreams Box ManFajr International Film Festival2024Best Actor in a Supporting RoleMajnoonRed Rock Film Festival2022Best Acting in a Fiction ShortMiddle Eastern Stories: Father"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"List of teams and cyclists in the 2024 Giro d'Italia"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The following is a list of teams and cyclists who will participate in the 2024 Giro d'Italia."
],
[
"Teams",
"'''UCI WorldTeams'''* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '''UCI ProTeams'''* * * *"
],
[
"Cyclists",
"+ Legend No.",
"Starting number worn by the rider during the Giro Pos.",
"Position in the general classification Time Deficit to the winner of the general classification ‡ Denotes riders born on or after 1 January 1999 eligible for the young rider classification Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the points classification Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification (eligibility indicated by ‡) Denotes the winner of the combativity award DNS Denotes a rider who did not start a stage, followed by the stage before which he withdrew DNF Denotes a rider who did not finish a stage, followed by the stage in which he withdrew DSQ Denotes a rider who was disqualified from the race, followed by the stage in which this occurred HD Denotes a rider finished outside the time limit, followed by the stage in which they did so ''Ages correct as of Saturday 4 May 2024, the date on which the Giro begins''=== By starting number === No.",
"Name Nationality Team Age Time Ben O'Connor Aurélien Paret-Peintre Valentin Paret-Peintre ‡ Damien Touzé Nicola Conci Alan Riou Élie Gesbert Lorenzo Fortunato Christian Scaroni Damiano Caruso Wout Poels Antonio Tiberi ‡ Giovanni Aleotti ‡ Emanuel Buchmann Lennard Kämna Daniel Martínez Danny van Poppel Sam Welsford Piet Allegaert Benjamin Thomas Simon Carr Andrea Piccolo ‡ Georg Steinhauser ‡ Michael Valgren Thymen Arensman ‡ Tobias Foss Filippo Ganna Ethan Hayter Jhonatan Narváez Salvatore Puccio Magnus Sheffield ‡ Ben Swift Geraint Thomas Elia Viviani Lorenzo Germani ‡ Laurence Pithie ‡ Kevin Colleoni ‡ Adrien Petit Gerben Thijssen Edoardo Affini Robert Gesink Wilco Kelderman Olav Kooij ‡ Jan Tratnik Cian Uijtdebroeks ‡ Attila Valter Wout van Aert Andrea Bagioli ‡ Giulio Ciccone Juan Pedro López Jonathan Milan ‡ Jasper Stuyven Nairo Quintana Einer Rubio Julian Alaphilippe Mauri Vansevenant ‡ Tobias Lund Andresen ‡ Romain Bardet Matthew Dinham ‡ Chris Hamilton Fabio Jakobsen Max Poole ‡ Timo Roosen Julius van den Berg Eddie Dunbar Caleb Ewan Luke Plapp ‡ Campbell Stewart Max Walscheid Filippo Zana ‡ Mikkel Bjerg Felix Großschartner Rafał Majka Juan Sebastián Molano Domen Novak Rui Oliveira Tadej Pogačar Jay Vine Marco Frigo ‡ Michael Woods Davide Piganzoli ‡ Alberto Dainese"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Alvania pulcherrima"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Alvania pulcherrima''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae."
],
[
"Distribution",
"Fossils were found in Middle Miocene strata in Switzerland."
],
[
"References",
"* Peyrot, A.",
"1938.Les mollusques testacés univalves des dépots Helvétiens du Bassin Ligérien Catalogue critique, descriptif et illustré.",
"Actes de la Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux 89:1-361, 5 pls."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"The School for Prejudice"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''The School for Prejudice''''' is an 1801 comedy play by the English writer Thomas John Dibdin.",
"It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London on 3 January 1801.The original cast included Joseph Shepherd Munden as Old Liberal, William Thomas Lewis as Frank Liberal, John Fawcett as Ephraim, Charles Murray as Counsellor Friendly, Henry Erskine Johnston as Mildmay, John Emery as John Grouse, Charles Farley as Chevy Chase, Samuel Simmons as Parchment, George Davenport as Landlord, Frances Chapman as Mrs Howard, Harriet Siddons as Marian and Mary Ann Davenport as Miss Liberal.",
"The Irish premiere took place at the Crow Street Theatre in Dublin on 19 February 1802."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* Greene, John C. ''Theatre in Dublin, 1745-1820: A Calendar of Performances, Volume 6''.",
"Lexington Books, 2011.",
"* Nicoll, Allardyce.",
"''A History of English Drama 1660–1900: Volume IV''.",
"Cambridge University Press, 2009."
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Methocinnamox"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Methocinnamox''' is an opioid antagonist."
],
[
"Mechanism of action",
"Methocinnamox is an opioid antagonist, it works at the µ-opioid receptor.",
"By being an antagonist, it binds to the receptor but does not activate it, thus blocking the action of agonists such as Fentanyl."
],
[
"Therapeutic potential",
"===Opioid overdose===In rats, methocinnamox is able to reverse the respiratory depressant effects of fentanyl.",
"However, unlike naloxone, another opioid antagonist, its action lasts around 2 weeks if administered subcutaneously and up to 5 days if administered intravenously.",
"This could make it a better antidote than naloxone in opioid overdoses, because naloxone usually lasts around 30 minutes, there is a need for repeated administration and a danger of renarcotization.",
"By acting longer, methocinnamox prevents these dangers.Other tests have also shown this result, methocinnamox was able to reverse the respiratory depressant effect of heroin."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Alvania dimitrii"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Alvania dimitrii''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae."
],
[
"Distribution",
"Fossils were found in Late Cenozoic strata in Italy."
],
[
"References",
"* Garilli, V. & D. Parrinello.",
"(2010).",
"Two similar new species of Alvania Risso, 1826 (Caenogastropoda: Rissoidae) from the late Cenozoic of Italy.",
"Molluscan Research.",
"30(3):165-175."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Journo-influencer"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Journo-influencers''', or '''journalist influencer''', are professionals who blend traditional journalism with the internet reach of modern social media influencers.",
"A production of the internet age, Journo-influencres typically use platforms such as Substack, Instagram, TikTok and YouTube to report news, provide commentary, and engage with audiences on social media platforms."
],
[
"Background",
"The rise of journo-influencers can be traced back to the early 2020s, as news consumption increasingly shifted to social media platforms.",
"Following their audiences, news brands as well as individual journalists began to adopt social media to expand their reach.",
"Simultaneously, some online content creators have started to engage in activities resembling journalism, uncovering facts, reporting on current events and offering analysis.",
"The latter have been called as interlopers by the media scholar Scott A. Eldridge IIAccording to the survey conducted in 2022 for the Reuters Institute Digital News Report, audiences today perceive journalists as including YouTubers, podcasters, comedians, authors, and social media influencers.",
"The study found that these ‘alternative’ or ‘independent’ actors accounted for 15% of all named journalists in the United States, a figure higher than in any other of the researched countries."
],
[
"Education and skills",
"Journo-influencers typically have a background in Journalism, Media Studies, or Communications, combining these traditional fields with skills in digital media and social media marketing.",
"Examples of key competencies include:* Strong communication and storytelling abilities* Investigative skills to research and verify information* Proficiency in using social media platforms for content distribution* Ethical judgement to navigate the responsibilities of reporting and influencing"
],
[
"Role and responsibilities",
"Journo-influencers are responsible for:* Researching and reporting on news stories* Creating engaging content * Building and maintaining an online audience* Navigating ethical considerations related to journalism and social media influence"
],
[
"Impact",
"Journo-influencers impact the media landscape by:* Providing a more personalized and engaging way for audiences to consume news* Bridging the gap between traditional journalism and social media content"
],
[
"Challenges",
"The profession faces challenges, including questions about credibility, the potential for misinformation, and the balancing act between journalistic integrity and personal brand building."
],
[
"Examples of journo-influencers",
"Some of the journo-influencers mentioned in the 2022 LSE research report Can journalists be influencers?",
"by Salla-Rosa Leinonen include* Sophia Smith Galer* Owen Jones* Kassy Cho * Max Foster"
],
[
"See also",
"* Digital journalism* Influencer marketing* Netizen* Online newsroom* Social media and politics* Social media as a news source* Social media newsroom* Social news website"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Pew Research Center - Journalism & Media* Influencer Marketing Hub"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"American Medical Technologists"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''American Medical Technologists''' ('''AMT''') is a professional association that encompasses 80,000 allied health professionals.",
"It was founded in 1939."
],
[
"Certifications",
"The following certifications are offered.",
"Name Abbr.",
"Notes Medical Laboratory Scientist MLS Formerly Medical Technologist (MT).",
"Medical Laboratory Technician MLT Molecular Diagnostics Technologist MDT Medical Laboratory Assistant CMLA Certified Laboratory Consultant CLC Medical Assistant RMA Phlebotomy Technician RPT Patient Care Technician PCT Medical Administrative Specialist CMAS Dental Assistant RDA Allied Health Instructor AHI The Medical Laboratory Scientist certification is recognized by US states with laboratory personnel licensure, with the exception of New York, which only accepts MLS(AMT) for provisional licensure."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* *"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Vivica A. Fox filmography"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Fox speaking at the 2017 Arizona Ultimate Women's Expo at the Phoenix Convention Center in Phoenix, Arizona'''Vivica Anjanetta Fox''' (born July 30, 1964) is an American actress, producer, director and television host.",
"She appeared in more than 250 feature films, made-for-television movies, and television series.",
"She produced more than 40 feature and television films.Fox began her career on ''Soul Train'' (19821983), and played roles on the daytime television soap operas ''Days of Our Lives'' (1988) and ''Generations'' (19891991)).",
"In prime time she starred opposite Patti LaBelle in the NBC sitcom ''Out All Night'' (19921993).",
"Fox's breakthrough came in 1996, with roles in two box-office hit films, Roland Emmerich's ''Independence Day'' and F. Gary Gray's ''Set It Off''.Fox has starred in the films ''Booty Call'' (1997), ''Soul Food'' (1997), ''Why Do Fools Fall in Love'' (1998), ''Kingdom Come'' (2001), ''Two Can Play That Game'' (2001), and ''Boat Trip'' (2002).",
"She played Vernita Green in ''Kill Bill'' and landed supporting roles in films such as ''Ella Enchanted'' (2004), ''Home Run'' (2013), ''Chocolate City'' (2015), ''Arkansas'' (2020) and ''Bobcat Moretti'' (2022).She scored leading roles in the short-lived Fox sitcom ''Getting Personal'' (1998) and the CBS medical drama ''City of Angels'' (2000).",
"From 2003 to 2006, she co-starred in and produced the Lifetime crime drama series, ''Missing'', for which she received an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series.",
"Fox starred in more than 25 ''The Wrong...'' movies for Lifetime and played Candace Mason in the Fox musical drama series, ''Empire''.",
"Fox's involvement in the entertainment industry goes beyond acting, as she has produced films and TV shows, some of which she didn't star in.",
"And she made her directorial debut with the 2023 biographical crime film, ''First Lady of BMF: The Tonesa Welch Story''."
],
[
"Filmography",
"===Film=== Year Title Role Notes 1989 ''Born on the Fourth of July'' Hooker 1996 ''Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood'' Ashtray's Mother ''Independence Day'' Jasmine Dubrow ''Set It Off'' Francesca \"Frankie\" Sutton 1997 ''Booty Call'' Lysterine ''Batman & Robin'' Miss B.",
"Haven ''Soul Food'' Maxine ''Solomon'' Queen of Sheba 1998 ''Why Do Fools Fall in Love'' Elizabeth \"Mickey\" Waters 1999 ''A Saintly Switch'' Sara Anderson ''Idle Hands'' Debi LeCure ''Teaching Mrs. Tingle'' Miss Gold 2001 ''Double Take'' Shari Uncredited cameo ''Kingdom Come'' Lucille Slocumb ''Two Can Play That Game'' Shante Smith ''Little Secrets'' Pauline 2002 ''Juwanna Mann'' Michelle Langford ''Boat Trip'' Felicia 2003 ''Ride or Die'' Lisa Also producer ''Kill Bill: Volume 1'' Vernita Green/Jeanie Bell/Copperhead 2004 ''Motives'' Constance Simms Also producer ''Kill Bill: Volume 2'' Vernita Green/Jeanie Bell/Copperhead ''Ella Enchanted'' Lucinda ''Blast'' Agent Reed ''Hair Show'' Herself 2005 ''The Salon'' Jenny SmithAlso producer ''Getting Played'' Andrea CollinsAlso producer 2006 ''The Hard Corps'' Tamara Barclay ''Citizen Duane'' Miss Houston 2007 ''Natural Born Komics'' Herself ''Kickin' It Old Skool'' Roxanna Jackson ''Motives 2'' Constance Simms Also producer ''Cover'' Zahara Milton ''Father of Lies'' Barbara Robinson ''Three Can Play That Game'' Shante SmithAlso producer 2008 ''San Saba'' Kate ''Unstable Fables: Tortoise vs. Hare'' Dotty Tortoise Voice ''Private Valentine: Blonde & Dangerous'' Sergeant Louisa Morely 2009 ''The Slammin' Salmon'' Nutella ''There's a Stranger in my House'' Harmony's Mother ''Shark City'' Veronica Wolf 2010 ''Junkyard Dog'' Samantha Deatherage ''Miss Nobody'' Nan Wilder ''Trapped: Haitian Nights'' Violet Martin ''Love Chronicles: Secrets Revealed'' Janet ''The Land of the Astronauts'' Studio Executive 2011 ''Black Gold'' Jackie ''Hollywood & Wine'' Jackie Johnson ''Lord, All Men Can't Be Dogs'' Lisa ''A Holiday Heist'' Dean Erma ''Cheaper to Keep Her'' Morgan Mays Video ''Searching for Angels'' Nurse Carter ''1 Out of 7'' Devon 2012 ''The Marriage Chronicles'' Leeah McDaniels ''Black November'' Angela ''In the Hive'' Billie ''Solid State'' Agent Fox ''Cool Cat Stops Bullying'' Herself 2013 ''Crosstown'' Gabrielle ''Caught on Tape'' Nadine ''The Pastor and Mrs. Jones'' Mrs. Jones ''Doctor Bello'' Chloe Durant ''Line of Duty'' Agent Montelongo ''Home Run'' Helene ''Queen City'' Lady Midnight ''Cool Cat Finds a Gun'' Celebrity PSA ''Scooby-Doo!",
"Stage Fright'' Lotte Lavoie (voice) ''It's Not You, It's Me'' Gina ''The Power of Love'' PJ Payton ''So This Is Christmas'' Sharon ''A Christmas Wedding'' Sharon Douglas 2014 ''Mercenaries'' Donna \"Raven\" Ravena ''30 Days in Atlanta'' Wilson's Wife ''Whatever She Wants'' Vivian Wolf 2015 ''Celebrity Apprentice: Pillow Fight'' Herself Short ''Cool Cat Saves the Kids'' Herself ''Chocolate City'' Katherine McCoy ''Terms & Conditions'' The Target ''6 Ways to Die'' Veronica Smith ''The Good, the Bad and the Dead'' Imani Cole ''Golden Shoes'' Mary ''Carter High'' Mrs. James 2016 ''Gibby'' Director ''Independence Day: Resurgence'' Jasmine Dubrow 2017 ''Garlic & Gunpowder'' Mayor Brown ''Fat Camp'' Barb ''Chocolate City: Vegas Strip'' Katherine McCoy ''Bring It On: Worldwide Cheersmack'' Cheer Goddess ''Explosion Jones'' Mrs. Jones ''True to the Game'' Shoog Also associate producer ''My Christmas Grandpa'' Madison Short ''Providence Island'' Grandma ''Jason's Letter'' Sammi Brooks 2018 ''The Sky Princess'' Moon Queen ''Mr.",
"Malevolent'' Chris ''Kinky'' Marshalla ''Cool Cat Kids Superhero'' Herself 2019 ''Crossbreed'' President Ellen Henricksen ''Caretakers'' Dr. Sherry Cooper ''Dead End'' ''Fire and Rain'' Casey ''2nd Chance for Christmas'' Death 2020 ''The Bible Collection: Solomon'' Queen of Sheba ''Hooking Up'' Cindy Brighton ''Arkansas'' Her ''Rev'' Detective Reid ''A Beautiful Distraction'' Claire ''Illicit'' Linda Steele ''True to the Game 2'' Shoog Also associate producer 2021 ''Secret Society'' Charles' Mom ''Aquarium of the Dead'' Eddie 'Clu' Cluwirth ''True to the Game 3'' Shoog Also associate producer 2022 ''Due Season'' Gwen Waters ''Secret Society 2: Never Enough'' Celess' Mom ''A Marriage Made in Heaven'' Patty Jensen ''Bobcat Moretti'' Joanne 'Jo' Wallis Also executive producer ''Holiday Hideaway'' Angela ''Twisted Vines'' Sheryl Wright Also producer2023''First Lady of BMF: The Tonesa Welch Story''Director 2024 ''Bosco'' Willa''Not Another Church Movie'' TBA ''Masha's Mushroom'' Nyx Also producerTBA''Every Day'' Morgan Post-productionTBA''Break the Cycle''Post-production===Television films=== Year Title Role Notes 1995 ''The Tuskegee Airmen'' Charlene TV movie 2000 ''Hendrix'' Faye Pridgeon TV movie2003 ''Kim Possible: A Sitch in Time'' Future Monique (voice) TV movie2006 ''Keith Barry: Extraordinary'' Herself TV movie2009 ''Degrassi Goes Hollywood'' Herself TV movie2010 ''Farewell Mr. Kringle'' Zoe Marsden TV movie2011 ''The Cookout 2'' Hot Female Messenger TV movie2011 ''Annie Claus is Coming to Town '' Lucy TV movie2014 ''Looking for Mr.",
"Right'' Della TV movie ''Sharknado 2: The Second One'' Skye TV movie ''Blaq Gold'' Mayor Morgan Hardaway TV movie ''A Royal Family Holiday'' Mona Levi TV movie ''Royal Family Christmas'' Mona Levi TV movie2016 ''The Wrong Roommate'' Detective Valdez TV movie ''The Wrong Child'' Renee TV movie ''Summer in the City'' Alyssa TV movie ''A Husband for Christmas'' Brooke Harris TV movie2017 ''The Wrong Student'' Gibson TV movie ''The Wrong Crush'' Gwen TV movie ''Bobbi Kristina'' Pat Houston TV movie ''A Christmas Cruise'' Pam Stevenson TV movie ''The Wrong Man'' Jen Bennington TV movie2018 ''The Wrong Cruise'' Claire Tanner TV movie ''The Last Sharknado: It's About Time'' Skye TV movie ''The Wrong Friend'' Principal Atkins TV movie ''Christmas with a View'' Lydia TV movie ''A Wedding for Christmas'' Ms. Reynolds TV movie ''The Wrong Teacher'' Ms. Burns TV movie2019 ''The Wrong Stepmother'' Ms. Price TV movie ''The Wrong Boy Next Door'' Detective Watkins TV movie ''The Wrong Mommy'' Samantha TV movie ''The Wrong Tutor'' Carol TV movie ''The Wrong Cheerleader'' Coach Flynn TV movie ''Christmas Matchmakers'' Kate TV movie2020 ''The Wrong Housesitter'' Debbie TV movie ''The Wrong Wedding Planner'' Detective Jones TV movie ''The Wrong Stepfather'' Principal Higgins TV movie ''The Wrong Cheerleader Coach'' Coach Burke TV movie ''Joy & Hope'' Amanda Parkington TV movie ''Christmas Together'' Deb TV movie ''A Christmas for Mary'' Vivian TV movie2021 ''The Wrong Real Estate Agent'' Julie TV movie ''The Wrong Fiancé'' Charlotte TV movie ''The Wrong Mr.",
"Right'' Sandra TV movie ''The Wrong Prince Charming'' Bridget TV movie ''The Wrong Valentine'' Ms. Connelly TV movie ''The Wrong Cheer Captain'' Carol TV movie ''The Christmas Thief'' Robin TV movie 2022 ''The Wrong Blind Date'' Beth TV movie ''The Wrong High School Sweetheart'' Dee Kressley TV movie ''Harmony in Paradise'' Madelyn TV movie ''A Cozy Christmas Inn'' Sharon TV movie ''Dognapped: Hound for the Holidays'' DD Ward TV movie ''A New Diva’s Christmas Carol'' Bastia TV movie 2023 ''Twisted House Sitter 2'' Pamela TV movie ''Sworn Justice: Taken Before Christmas'' Laila Porter TV movie ''A Christmas Intern'' Charlotte TV movie 2024 ''The Wrong Life Coach'' Tara Gerrity TV movie===Television=== Year Title Role Notes 1988 ''Days of Our Lives'' Carmen Silva Regular Cast ''China Beach'' Toffee Candette Episode: \"Lost and Found: Part 1 & 2\" 1989 ''Who's the Boss?''",
"Emily Franklin Episode: \"Living Dolls\" ''Generations'' Maya Reubens Main Cast 1991 ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' Janet Episode: \"It Had to Be You\" ''Beverly Hills, 90210'' Sherice Ashe Episode: \"Ashes to Ashes\" 1992 ''Family Matters'' Halawna Episode: \"Jailhouse Blues\" 1993 ''Matlock'' Celebrity Patient at Clinic Episode: \"The Obsession\" 1992–93 ''Out All Night'' Charisse Chamberlain Main Cast 1994–95 ''The Young and the Restless'' Stephanie Simmons Regular Cast 1995 ''Martin'' Patrice Episode: \"The Ex-Files\" ''The Watcher'' Elizabeth Episode: \"Second Chances: Last Time Around/Jack Flash/Hit Man\" 1996 ''Soul Train'' Herself/Guest Host Episode: \"MC Hammer/Skillz\" ''Living Single'' Tina Episode: \"Do You Take This Man's Wallet?\"",
"''Jungle Cubs'' Lima (voice) Episode: \"Treasure of the Middle Jungle\" 1997 ''Soul Train'' Herself/Guest Host Episode: \"Zhane/Horace Brown/Jeru the Damaja\" ''Arsenio'' Vicki Atwood Main Cast 1998 ''MADtv'' Herself Episode: \"Vivica A.",
"Fox\" ''Getting Personal'' Robyn Buckley Main Cast ''Essence Awards'' Herself/Co-Host Main Co-Host 1999 ''Mysteries and Scandals'' Herself Episode: \"Frankie Lymon\" ''Cosby'' Anita Episode: \"War Stories\" ''The Hughleys'' Regina Recurring Cast: Season 1, Guest: Season 2 1999–04 ''Hollywood Squares'' Herself/Panelist Recurring Panelist 2000 ''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire'' Herself/Contestant Episode: \"Celebrity Millionaire 2, Show 1 & 3-4\" ''City of Angels'' Dr. Lillian Price Main Cast: Season 1 2001 ''The Proud Family'' Margaret (voice) Episode: \"Seven Days of Kwanzaa\" 2001–02 ''Intimate Portrait'' Herself 2 episodes 2002 ''MADtv'' Herself/Special Guest Episode: \"Episode #7.24\" ''My Wife and Kids'' Kelly Kyle Episode: \"Sister Story\" 2003 ''Jeopardy!''",
"Herself/Celebrity Contestant Episode: \"2003 Celebrity Jeopardy!",
"Game 2\" ''America's Most Talented Kid'' Herself/Judge Main Judge ''The Twilight Zone'' Adelaide Tyler Episode: \"Memphis\" ''Tremors'' Delores Episode: \"The Key\" ''Ozzy & Drix'' Ellen Patella (voice) Recurring Cast ''The Parkers'' Claire Episode: \"Kimmie Has Two Moms\" 2004 ''Punk'd'' Herself Episode: \"Episode #3.2\" ''Hip Hop Honors'' Herself/Co-Host Main Co-Host ''Alias'' Toni Cummings 2 episodes 2004–06 ''1-800-Missing'' FBI Agent Nicole Scott Main Cast: Seasons 2–3 2005 ''Eve'' Herself Episode: \"Kung Fu Divas\" ''Steve Harvey's Big Time Challenge'' Herself Episode: \"Episode #2.17\" ''The Starlet'' Herself/Judge Main Judge ''Independent Lens'' Herself Episode: \"Double Dare/Piki and Poko: Taking the Dare!\"",
"''Hi-Jinks'' Herself Episode: \"Vivica Fox\" ''Loonatics Unleashed'' Black Velvet (voice) Episode: \"The Cloak of Black Velvet\" 2006 ''Soul Train Music Awards'' Herself/Co-Host Main Co-Host ''Icons'' Herself Episode: \"Jamie Kennedy\" ''TV Land's Top Ten'' Herself Episode: \"Top Ten Musical Moments\" ''Dancing with the Stars'' Herself/Contestant Contestant: Season 3 ''All of Us'' Beverly Hunter Episode: \"Surprise, Surprise: Part 1 & 2\" 2007 ''The Game'' Herself Episode: \"When the Chickens Come Home to Roost: Part 1\" ''Real Life Divas'' Herself Episode: \"Vivica A.",
"Fox\" 2007–09 ''Curb Your Enthusiasm'' Loretta Black Recurring Cast: Seasons 6–7 2008 ''Keeping Up with the Kardashians'' Herself Episode: \"A New Perspective in New Orleans\" ''Battleground Earth'' Herself Episode: \"You've Got Junk Mail\" ''The First Annual Worldwide Fido Awards'' Herself/Judge Main Judge ''Glam God with Vivica A.",
"Fox'' Herself/Host Main Host ''Little Britain USA'' The First Lady Episode: \"Episode #1.2\" ''Law & Order'' Kate Tenny Episode: \"Sweetie\" 2008–21 ''Celebrity Family Feud'' Herself/Contestant Recurring Guest 2009 ''Degrassi: The Next Generation'' Herself Episode: \"Paradise City, Pt.",
"2\" ''The Cougar'' Herself/Host Main Host ''Make My Day'' Herself Episode: \"Fashionista\" ''Cake Boss'' Herself Episode: \"Painters, Pool & Pink\" ''Da Kink in My Hair'' Karen Episode: \"Oil's Well That Ends Well\" '''Til Death'' Sarah Episode: \"The Courtship of Eddie's Parents\" 2010 ''Miss America'' Herself/Judge Main Judge ''Running Russell Simmons'' Herself Episode: \"You Only Live Once\" ''True Jackson, VP'' True's Mom Episode: \"Pajama Party\" ''Drop Dead Diva'' Maria Ellis Episode: \"The Long Road to Napa\" 2010–13 ''Scooby-Doo!",
"Mystery Incorporated'' Recurring Cast 2011 ''Miss Universe'' Herself/Judge Main Judge ''Who Wants to Be a Millionaire'' Herself/Contestant Episode: \"Celebrity Week for Alzheimer's 2\" ''Melissa & Joey'' Tasha Episode: \"Toledo's Next Top Model\" ''The Protector'' Captain Lisa Novak Episode: \"Ghosts\" 2011–12 ''Jerseylicious'' Herself Episode: \"Wild and Untamed Part 1 & 2\" & \"The Reunion Special\" 2012 ''Unsung'' Herself Episode: \"Vesta Williams\" ''Face Off'' Herself/Guest Judge Episode: \"Dangerous Beauty\" ''Prank My Mom'' Herself/Host Main Host ''Raising Hope'' Sara Louise Episode: \"Hogging All the Glory\" ''Femme Fatales'' Dean Vera Rutledge Episode: \"Extracurricular Activities\" 2012–15 ''Mr.",
"Box Office'' Casandra Washington Main Cast 2013 ''Big Rich Texas'' Herself/Host Episode: \"Reunion Special: Part 1 & 2\" ''L.A.",
"Hair'' Herself Episode: \"She Wet the Wig\" ''The Eric Andre Show'' Herself Episode: \"Jodie Sweetin; Vivica A.",
"Fox\" ''Belle's'' Herself Episode: \"Birthday Party\" 2014 ''Oprah: Where Are They Now?''",
"Herself ''The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills'' Herself Episode: \"Star Sighting\" 2014–16 ''Unsung Hollywood'' Herself Recurring Guest 2014–17 ''Celebrity Name Game'' Herself/Celebrity Player Recurring Guest 2015 ''The Apprentice'' Herself/Contestant Contestant: Season 14 ''Sofia the First'' Carol (voice) Episode: \"Carol of the Arrow\" 2015–16 ''Mann & Wife'' Michelle Mann Recurring Cast: Seasons 1–2 2015–20 ''Empire'' Candace Mason Recurring Cast: Seasons 2–5, Main Cast: Season 6 2016 ''Kocktails with Khloé'' Herself Episode: \"Eat, Drink, Pray\" ''RuPaul's Drag Race'' Herself/Guest Judge Episode: \"Shady Politics\" ''Gay Skit Happens'' Herself Main Cast ''Mr.",
"Pickles'' Poison (voice) Recurring Cast: Season 2 2017 ''Vivica's Black Magic'' Herself/Judge Main Judge ''Hip Hop Squares'' Herself/Panelist 2 episodes ''Battle of the Network Stars'' Herself/Contestant Episode: \"TV Lifeguards vs. Trouble Makers\" ''Worst Cooks in America'' Herself/Contestant Contestant: Season 11: Celebrity Edition 3 ''50 Central'' Curtis' Ex-Girlfriend Episode: \"A New Superhero\" 2017–21 ''Match Game'' Herself/Celebrity Panelist Recurring Panelist 2018 ''The Real Housewives of Atlanta'' Herself Episode: \"Nightmare on Peachtree Street\" ''Pyramid'' Herself/Celebrity Player Episode: \"Ross Mathews vs. Vivica A.",
"Fox and Kelly Osbourne vs. Matt McGorry\" 2018–19 ''Face the Truth'' Herself/Host Main Host ''Funny You Should Ask'' Herself/Celebrity Panelist Recurring Panelist: 44 episodes ''The Bay'' Dr. Angela Foster Recurring Cast: Season 4, Guest: Season 5 2019 ''Hollywood and African Prestigious Awards'' Herself/Host Main Host 2019–21 ''To Tell the Truth'' Herself/Celebrity Panelist Recurring Panelist 2020 ''Stuck with You'' Terry Parker Episode: \"It Was All A Dream\" ''Beat Bobby Flay'' Herself/Celebrity Judge Episode: \"So Much Shade\" ''Celebrity Call Center'' Herself Episode: \"The Shift With the Gen X Tik Tok\" & \"The Shift With the Ice Cream Fetish\" ''Love & Listings'' Herself Recurring Cast: Season 2 ''I Love New York'' Herself/Host Episode: \"Reunion\" 2020–23 ''Cocktails with Queens'' Herself/Co-Host Main Co-Host 2021 ''25 Words or Less'' Herself/Contestant Recurring Guest ''Overserved with Lisa Vanderpump'' Herself Episode: \"An Evening in Provence: Lance Bass & Vivica A.",
"Fox\" ''Celebrity Wheel of Fortune'' Herself/Contestant Episode: \"Vivica A.",
"Fox, Michelle Trachtenberg, Jason Mraz\" ''For Real: The Story of Reality TV'' Herself Episode: \"Make It Work\" ''The Masked Singer'' Mother Nature Contestant: Season 6 2021–22 ''Keeping Up with the Joneses'' Robin Jones Main Cast 2022 ''Black-ish'' Herself Episode: \"My Work-Friend's Wedding\" ''The Wendy Williams Show'' Herself/Co-Host Recurring Co-Host: Season 14 ''The Wheel'' Herself/Soap Opera Expert Episode: \"Boats, Soaps & Wrestling Ropes\" ''American Reality Television Awards'' Herself/Host Main Host 2023 Herself\t Recurring Guest ''Celebrity Game Face'' Herself/Contestant Episode: \"Chloe and Halle Bury Kevin Under the Sea\" ''Miss USA 2023'' Herself/Judge\t Main Judge ''See It Loud: The History of Black Television'' Herself Recurring Guest ''Pictionary'' Herself Recurring Guest===Video games=== Year Title Role Notes 2012 ''Hitman: Absolution'' Lasandra Dixon ===Music videos=== Year Title Artist 1985 \"Meeting in the Ladies Room\" Klymaxx \"Glow\" Rick James 1989 \"Perpetrators\" Randy & the Gypsys \"Rhythm Nation\" Janet Jackson 1991 \"Strictly Business\" LL Cool J 1992 \"Remember the Time\" Michael Jackson 1994 \"Papa'z Song\" 2Pac \"Honey\" Aretha Franklin 1996 \"You're Makin Me High\" Toni Braxton 1997 \"Been Around the World\" Puff Daddy & the Family \"Big Bad Mamma\" Foxy Brown 2000 \"As We Lay\" Kelly Price 2003 \"Shoulda, Woulda, Coulda\" Brian McKnight \"Girlfriend\" B2K 2010 \"Do You Think About Me\" 50 Cent 2013 \"Age Ain't A Factor\" Jaheim 2021 \"Friends and Family\" The Isley Brothers featuring Snoop Dogg 2023 \"Kill Bill\" SZA===Documentary=== Year Title 2005 ''Ultimate Super Heroes, Vixens & Villains'' 2006 ''The Hard Corps: Call to Action'' ''Pam Grier Super Foxy'' ''Blaxploitation to Hip Hop'' 2007 ''Testimonies of Faith: Humble Journey's'' ''Conversations 2'' 2009 ''My Nappy Roots: A Journey Through Black Hair-itage'' ''11-04-08: The Day of Change'' ''Secrets of Life'' 2012 ''Burning Hope: The Making of Hitman Absolution'' 2013 ''Whitney Houston Legend'' 2015 ''Boulevard Warriors''"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Vattappalai Kannaki Amman Kovil"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Vattappalai Kannaki Amman Kovil''' is a prominent Hindu temple located in Vattappalai, Mullaitivu District.",
"Interestingly, the annual festival at the Vattappalai Kannaki Amman Kovil is celebrated with devotees lighting lamps with sea water instead of using oil.",
"Vaikasi Pongal is a common phenomenon at the Vattappalai Kannaki Amman Kovil and it is celebrated in a grand manner."
],
[
"History",
"As per the mythology, it is believed that goddess Kannagi arrived in Sri Lanka and stayed in 10 different locations, especially after she burned the Madurai Kingdom in anger according to historic epic Cilappatikaram as a result of not gaining justice for her husband Kovalan's planned assassination.",
"As per the history, it is widely acknowledged that the tenth place where Kannaki stayed was later known to be \"Vattappalai\".There is a backstory regarding the origin story of Vattappalai Kannaki Amman Kovil.",
"Once upon a time, an old woman visited the eastern part of Vattappalai village with the intention of taking some rest after being exhausted from a long journey.",
"Reportedly, a few children who were looking after a herd of cattle in that particular area had identified and noticed that an old lady was taking some rest, and the children reached towards her to inquire about her health.",
"Apparently, the children prepared pongal and delivered it to her in order for her to eat.",
"The old lady later revealed that she came from the Chola Empire, and she also insisted the children worship her, especially during Vaikasi Visakham (Vaisakha), and make pongal on such occasions.",
"She then eventually disappeared away, and it was later believed that it was goddess Amman who reprised the role of an old lady.",
"The children spread the news all over the village, and that was how people came to know about the turn of events, and they built the kovil, as we call it now."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Hillat Al Sharqiyah"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Hillat Al-Sharqiyah''' () was a quarter and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located west of Dakhna and east of Muraighib in the southwestern part of the walled town.",
"It included the Sharqiyah Mosque, Khalid bin Saud Mosque, Souq Sidrah and al-Jufrah Mosque.Al-Sharqiyah was named after an old well owned by a family named al-Dhafran and was bounded by Dakhna Street to the east, al-Muraighib Street to the west and al-Hukm Palace to the north."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Giacomo Nani (admiral)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The Bey of Tripoli comes before Giacomo Nani in 1766, sketch by Giuseppe Gatteri'''Jacopo''' or '''Giacomo Nani''' (31 January 1725 – 3 April 1797) was an admiral and politician active during the last decades of the Republic of Venice."
],
[
"Sources",
"* * * *"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"The Will for the Deed"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''The Will for the Deed''''' is an 1804 comedy play by the British writer Thomas Dibdin.",
"It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London on 24 March 1804.The original cast included Joseph Shepherd Munden as Old Harebrain, William Thomas Lewis as Harry Harebreain, William Blanchard as Antimony, Samuel Simmons as Capias, John Fawcett as Motto, Charles Farley as Reference, John Emery as Acorn, William Chapman as Manly and Mary Ann Davenport as Mrs. Reference."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* Greene, John C. ''Theatre in Dublin, 1745-1820: A Calendar of Performances, Volume 6''.",
"Lexington Books, 2011.",
"* Nicoll, Allardyce.",
"''A History of English Drama 1660–1900: Volume IV''.",
"Cambridge University Press, 2009."
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Brief History of a Family"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Brief History of a Family''''' (), is a 2024 mystery thriller film written and directed by Lin Jianjie on his directorial debut.",
"The film starring Zu Feng, Guo Keyu, Sun Xilun and Lin Muran depicts a middle-class Chinese family in post one-child policy regime, who takes in their only son's mysterious new friend, triggering buried family tensions as secrets and feelings surface.An international co-production, the film was selected in the Panorama section at the 74th Berlin International Film Festival and was screened on 17 February 2024 for its European premiere."
],
[
"Synopsis",
"In the film, the writer and director Lin Jianjie, unfolds a captivating narrative.",
"Beneath the veneer of family dinners, courteous manners, and everyday school routines, profound secrets and suppressed desires simmer, ready to burst forth.",
"The film explores the lives of a middle-class family in post one-child policy China, delving into unspoken truths, unmet expectations, and raw emotions.Wei, an outgoing young man and the only son of a prosperous Chinese family, shares an unexpected bond with Shuo, his quiet and observant classmate, after an incident at their high school.",
"This mysterious connection draws them closer, intertwining their lives.",
"He introduces Shuo to his parents—a cell biologist father and a former flight attendant mother.",
"Intrigued by Shuo's enigmatic charm, Wei's parents encourage him to spend more time with their family.",
"As Shuo becomes increasingly integrated into their lives, he uncovers hidden layers beneath their seemingly comfortable existence.",
"However, a tragic event shatters the fragile equilibrium, revealing old wounds and current fears.",
"The family's facade begins to crack, and the true complexities of their relationships come to light."
],
[
"Cast",
"* Zu Feng as Wei's father* Guo Keyu as Wei's mother* Sun Xilun as Yan Shuo* Lin Muran as Tu Wei"
],
[
"Production",
"In the production phase, the project was presented at the industry event European Work in Progress, as part of the Film Festival Cologne 2022, where it won the mm filmpresse Award worth 7,500 for international festival public relations.",
"The film made with a budget of million was financed by Doha Film Institute Qatar, Torino Lab and Films du Milieu.",
"It was shot in Chengdu, Hangzhou and Beijing."
],
[
"Release",
"''Brief History of a Family'' had its premiere in World Cinema Dramatic Competition at 2024 Sundance Film Festival on 19 January 2024.It had its European premiere on 17 February 2024, as part of the 74th Berlin International Film Festival, in Panorama.Films Boutique has acquired the sales rights of the film."
],
[
"Reception",
"On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes website, the film has an approval rating of 94% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10.On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100 based on 7 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".Elena Lazic of Cineuropa reviewing the film at Sundance Film Festival praised the director writing, \"the debut feature from Chinese director Lin Jianjie, skillfully builds up suspense and a fascinating, morbid intensity by showing in minute detail how easy it can be to let societal demands for excellence threaten even the most sacred bonds.\"",
"Concluding her review Lazic wrote, \"An assured debut displaying a fantastic control of craft and a remarkably nuanced understanding of human psychology, the film dares to expose the serious strain that social and economic expectations put on a structure once meant to be a haven of love and support.\"",
"James Mottram of South China Morning Post rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote, \"There are moments of real subtlety sewn into the fabric.",
"The performances are rightly understated too, with Lin also smartly capturing the glistening urban backdrops – everything has a cold, impersonal sheen.\"",
"Mottram compared the film to British actress-director Emerald Fennell’s 2023 black comedy psychological thriller film ''Saltburn'', which incidentally also \"features an interloper penetrating the confines of a well-to-do family.\"",
"In end Mottram wrote, \"''Brief History of a Family'' is a film that leaves viewers with a disquieting feeling as the credits roll.",
"\"Carlos Aguilar, reviewing at the Sundance Film Festival for ''Variety'', wrote, \"Elevated by its consistent visual inventiveness... the closer we observe, the more it reveals itself as a tale of wish fulfillment for everyone involved.\"",
"John Berra of ''ScreenDaily'' giving positive review wrote that the film has \"elusive quality and uniquely disquieting tone\".",
"Berra opined thar the \"ambiguity is maintained through a finely modulated quartet of performances which are in-synch with the film’s technical elements.\"",
"Concluding he wrote, that the film \"is not so much of a critique of China’s middle-class as the conditions that have shaped its evolution.\""
],
[
"Accolades",
" Award Date Category Recipient Result Sundance Film Festival 26 January 2024 Grand Jury Prize – World Cinema Dramatic''Brief History of a Family'' Berlin International Film Festival25 February 2024 Panorama Audience Award for Best Feature Film"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* * * ''Brief History of a Family'' at Sundance * ''Brief History of a Family'' at Berlinale"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Djibouti women's national under-17 football team"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Djibouti women's national under-17 football team''' is a youth association football team operated under the auspices of Djiboutian Football Federation.",
"Its primary role is the development of players in preparation for the senior Djibouti women's national football team."
],
[
"Competitive record",
"===FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup record===FIFA U-17 Women's World CupYearResult * 2008''Did not enter'' 2010 2012 2014 2016''Did not qualify'' 2018 2022 2024Total"
],
[
"See also",
"* Djibouti women's national football team* Djibouti women's national under-20 football team"
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2006–07 Irish First Division"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2006–07 Irish First Division''' was the twelfth season of second-tier football in Northern Ireland under the league system at the time.",
"The 2006–07 First Division consisted of 12 clubs.Institute were the champions and were promoted to the 2007–08 Irish Premier League.",
"Bangor finished second and entered the promotion play-off, but lost 1–0 on aggregated to Glenavon who retained their place in the top tier.",
"Ballinamallard United and Moyola Park were relegated to the Irish Second Division."
],
[
"League table"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Waja Pullain Baloch"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Waja Pullain Baloch''' (), is a Pakistani politician who is member-elect of the National Assembly of Pakistan."
],
[
"Political career",
"Baloch won the 2024 Pakistani general election from NA-258 Panjgur-cum-Kech as a National Party candidate.",
"He received 22,261 votes while runner up Noor Ahmed Adil of Balochistan National Party (Awami) received 13,762 votes."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Thomas Dewhurst"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The Blackburn Olympic Cup-winning side in 1883.Dewhurst is standing third from the left in the top row'''Thomas \"Tom\" Dewhurst''' (20 December 1862 - 20 January 1940) was an association footballer who won the FA Cup as a player for Blackburn Olympic in 1883."
],
[
"Early life",
"Like most of the Olympic side, generally considered \"not high enough on the social scale\", Dewhurst was of solid working-class stock; his father (also Thomas) was a spinning master at a Blackburn cotton mill, and Dewhurst also became a weaver."
],
[
"Football career",
"===Blackburn Olympic===Dewhurst had been scouted by the Olympic after showing form for the Black Prince junior side, and, after a period with the reserves, was promoted to the first team in an emergency for a match against Church in 1882; once in the side, he became a near-permanent fixture on the right-wing.His competitive debut for the club came in the first round of the 1882–83 FA Cup, making one of the goals in Olympic's 6–3 win over Accrington.",
"He made two goals, and scored one himself, in the 8–1 win over Lower Darwen in the second round, and scored the opening goal in the semi-final against Old Carthusians inside the first five minutes.",
"His, and Olympic's, season reached a climax in beating the Old Etonians in the final, the winning goal coming in the second half of extra time after Dewhurst crossed for James Costley to finish.It was the club's final trophy.",
"Dewhurst was part of the Olympic side which lost the Lancashire Senior Cup final in 1884.At the start of the 1884–85 season, Dewhurst was found in Burnley colours, despite an expectation that he would join Bolton Wanderers.",
"His stint with Burnley however only lasted one match; he promptly returned to Olympic for the season, and scored a hat-trick in the 12–0 win at Oswaldtwistle Rovers, but his season ended after he broke his arm in a match against Darwen.",
"His final full season with Olympic in 1885–86 was a disappointment, the opinion being that he had become \"downright lazy\", although he scored in two of the three matches Olympic played against Church in the 1885–86 FA Cup, which ended in the Olympians' defeat.===Dropped by England===Dewhurst was selected to play for the England national football team for the match against Ireland in 1884, but was dropped from the squad after an incident in the 1883–84 FA Cup fifth round tie against Northwich Victoria; the Olympic, dominating the opponents, \"played pranks with them to the amusement of the spectators\", and, after a report that Dewhurst had thrown mud at one of the Victoria players, the Football Association notified Dewhurst his services were no longer required.===Post-Olympic=== In 1886, Dewhurst moved to Halliwell, which had also recruited players from Great Lever in an attempt to step up in the national game.",
"Unfortunately for the Halliwellians, its move came too late, as its new players were not registered in time to play in the 1886–87 FA Cup, so it scratched from its first round tie with Blackburn Rovers.",
"A sign of the potential was that Halliwell instead played out a friendly, which ended 3–3, Dewhurst scoring twice.",
"However the Halliwell project fell apart; Dewhurst was out of form in the Halliwellians' Lancashire Cup defeat to Higher Walton and fell ill during a match with Preston North End in sodden conditions in October.",
"By December 1887, Dewhurst had \"been discharged\" by Halliwell, and returned to Olympic, where he showed \"flashes of his old form\".In 1888, Dewhurst joined Nelson, along with former team-mate Costley, but the arrangement did not seem to last long, and Dewhurst finished his career in 1891–92 playing for Higher Walton."
],
[
"Personal life",
"Dewhurst married Mary Neville on 21 October 1884, at St John the Evangelist Church in Blackburn.",
"The couple had one daughter.",
"In later life, following an injury, he became a publican.",
"He was the last surviving member of the Olympic Cup-winning side, dying after a short illness in Penwortham in 1940."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Five Miles Off"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Five Miles Off''''' is an 1806 comedy play by the British writer Thomas Dibdin.",
"It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket in London on 9 July 1806.The original cast included William Chapman as Squire Flail, John Fawcett as Kalendar, Vincent De Camp as Luckless, Charles Mathews as Spriggins, John Liston as Flourish, Jane Powell as Mrs Prue, Sarah Liston as Laura Luckless, and Maria Gibbs as Jenny.",
"Its Irish premiere took place at the Crow Street Theatre in Dublin on 2 August 1816"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Bibliography",
"* Greene, John C. ''Theatre in Dublin, 1745-1820: A Calendar of Performances, Volume 6''.",
"Lexington Books, 2011.",
"* Nicoll, Allardyce.",
"''A History of English Drama 1660–1900: Volume IV''.",
"Cambridge University Press, 2009."
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Gee Bernard"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Gwendolyn Enid''' \"'''Gee'''\" '''Bernard''' was the first Black councillor for Croydon in London for the Labour Party.Bernard was born in 1934 in Jamaica.",
"She later moved to England and studied at the University of North London and East London College, qualifying as a social worker.",
"In 1980, she worked in the education department of Tower Hamlets Council and was elected a member of the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) in 1981.In 1996, she was elected to Croydon Council for West Thornton ward, and was its councillor for 16 years.",
"She was founder of the Croydon African Caribbean Family Association in 1993.She died on 6 December 2016."
],
[
"See also",
"* Jay Bernard (writer), grandchild of Gee Bernard"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Queen Elizabeth''''' is a 2023 Indian Malayalam-language film directed by M Padmakumar and produced by Ranjith Manambarakkat, M. Padmakumar and Sreeram Manambarakkar.",
"It features Meera Jasmine in the title role.",
"The film is a fun, slightly unconventional tale centered around an urban woman, who faces some lows in her life.",
"The rest of the cast includes Narain, Shweta Menon, Johny Antony, Neena Kurup, Jude Anthany Joseph, Manju Pathros and VK Prakash.",
"Queen Elizabeth released theatrically on December 29, 2023.Subsequently, it premiered on ZEE5 on February 14, 2024."
],
[
"Story",
"A light-hearted entertainer set in an urban backdrop.",
"It is about a headstrong unmarried woman named Elizabeth, who leads a simple life.",
"While her character is frowned upon by the people around her, Alex is in a pursuit to win her over.",
"Things change when Elizabeth goes to Coimbatore for a business meeting.",
"She is diagnosed with pancreatic cancer 3rd stage.",
"Elizabeth finds out that she has just 3 more months to live and changes her character.",
"She befriends her employees and molds her relationship with her family.",
"She befriends Alex and slowly falls in love with him.",
"Towards the end, Elizabeth reveals about her disease to Alex and they visit Dr Vysakh.",
"It is revealed that the doctor who consulted Elizabeth was suffering from mental disorder due to her child's death suffering from pancreatic cancer and Elizabeth is not suffering from cancer.",
"Climax shows that Elizabeth has married Alex and is living happily."
],
[
"Cast",
"*Meera Jasmine as Elizabeth Angel Simon*Narain as Alex*Shweta Menon as Dr Shanti Krishna*Johny Antony as Varghese Pothan*Neena Kurup as Salomi*Jude Anthany Joseph as Abin*Manju Pathrose as Sheeba*V. K. Prakash as Simon*Ramesh Pisharody as Abhilash*Vineeth Vishwam as Sumesh*Mallika Sukumaran as Gracy *Arya as Sangeetha*Shruthi Rajanikanth as Roshni*Saniya Babu as Rose*Anjana Appukuttan as Sindhu*Renji Panicker as Dr Vysakh*Master Vashisht as Jagan*Chithra Nair as Arya*Pearle Maaney as celebrity"
],
[
"Production",
"The film saw the lead cast Meera Jasmine and Narain reuniting after 17 years, after they were seen together in ''Achuvinte Amma'' (2005) and ''Minnaminnikoottam'' (2008).",
"The shoots of Queen Elizabeth started in Kochi in April 2023.And it was wrapped by May 1, 2023."
],
[
"Reception",
"The movie generated positive reviews.",
"OnManorama commented, “The movie is quite charming and will work for those who prefer watching films in the romantic comedy genre.",
"Malayalam Samayam rated it 3 out of 5.",
"''OTT Play'' also rated it 3 out of 5 while commenting, “The movie satisfies the criteria for a family entertainer.”"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* * ''Queen Elizabeth'' on ZEE5"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Angelina Mango discography"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The discography of Italian singer and songwriter Angelina Mango consists of two extended plays and nine singles as primary artist."
],
[
"Extended plays",
"+List of extended plays, with chart positions and certifications Title Details Peak chart positions Certifications ITA''Monolocale''* Released: 13 November 2020* Label: Disincanto* Format: CD, digital download, streaming ―''Voglia di vivere'' * Released: 19 May 2023* Label: 21CO, BMG* Format: CD, digital download, streaming 2* FIMI: Gold"
],
[
"Singles",
"===As lead artist===+ Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album ITA SWI \"Formica\" 2022 — — \"Walkman\" — — \"Rituali\" — — \"Voglia di vivere\" 2023 87 — * FIMI: Gold ''Voglia di vivere'' \"Mani vuote\" — — \"Ci pensiamo domani\" 7 — * FIMI: 3× Platinum \"Che t'o dico a fa'\" 2 — * FIMI: Platinum \"Fila indiana\" 37 — \"La noia\" 2024 4 11* FIMI: Gold \"—\" denotes a single that did not chart or was not released."
],
[
"Guest appearances",
"+ List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name Title Year Other performer(s) Album \"Get Back\" 2013 Mango ''L'amore è invisibile''"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"This Is the ABC"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''This Is the ABC''''' is a 1955 Australian documentary from the Department of the Interior about the Australian Broadcasting Commission.",
"It was directed by Shan Benson.The documentary focused on the ABC's radio operations (television did not start until 1956) and included scenes of such shows as the news, ''Blue Hills'' and Eugene Goossens with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.Some interior scenes were shot at Supreme Studios in North Sydney."
],
[
"Reception",
"The film was screened at the 1955 Melbourne Film Festival.",
"''The Age'' called it \"a highly diverting romp\".The film was given a limited cinema release through Hoyts.It was also screened on the first night the ABC broadcast television in Sydney.",
"Reviewing it on television, the ''Australian Woman's Weekly'' called it \"a good film, but I saw it twelve months ago in a Brisbane cinema.\""
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* This is the ABC at IMDB* This is the ABC at NFSA* Complete film at NFSA YouTube"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Al Ghanaiy"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Al-Qanaiʼy''' (), or in Najdi vernacular pronunciation as '''al-Ghanaiy''', was a quarter and a douar within the city walls in the erstwhile fortress-city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, located between Mugailiyah and Muraighib in the northwestern part of the walled town.The quarter was attributed to the family of al-Qanaiʼy, who owned the land in the area and hosted two small markets, Qaisiriya Ibn Qulaib (later Souq al-Ushaiger) and Qaisiriya Prince Saad bin Abdullah."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Story"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Story''' is given by the ''Fakt Marathi'' television network as part of its annual awards for Marathi Cinemas.",
"The winners are selected by the jury members.",
"The award was first given in 2022.Here is a list of the award winners and the nominees of the respective years."
],
[
"Winner and nominees",
" Year Writer Film '''2022''' '''Vishwas Patil''' '''''Chandramukhi''''' Makarand Mane ''Soyrik'' Nikhil Mahajan ''June'' Pravin Tarde ''Dharmaveer'' Swapnila Gupta, Vishal Furia ''Bali'''''2023''' '''Madhugandha Kulkarni, Paresh Mokashi''' '''''Vaalvi''''' Nitin Supekar ''Sarla Ek Koti'' Pratap Phad ''Ananya'' Shantanu Rode ''Goshta Eka Paithanichi'' Nitin Nandan ''Baalbhaarti'' Hemant Awtade, Nagraj Manjule ''Ghar Banduk Biryani''"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Mount Ōbami"
],
[
"Introduction",
", also known as '''Mount Ōbamidake''', is a mountain situated in Japan's southern Hida Mountains, on the border between the cities of Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, and Takayama, Gifu Prefecture.",
"It is also located south of Mount Yari.The name of the mountain is said to have come from the fact that it was called ``Big Eat'' by hunters because the herds of animals gathered around this area and devoured the mountain grass.",
"Mount Ōbami is part of Chūbu-Sangaku National Park.Nearby Mount Ōbami, Mount Yari has a ridgeline extending from north to south, east and west, and is called Kitakama-one, Higashi-kama-one, and Nishikama-one.The south side is not called Kama-one, but it has a series of peaks over 3,000 m, and along the way there are Mt.",
"Okumidate, as well as Mount Naka (3,084 m) and Mount Minami (3,033 m), and continues to the Hotaka Mountain Range via Oquilet.",
"These are the result of the valley topography and ground uplift caused by ice erosion."
],
[
"History",
"In August 1909, a party including Masao Udono, accompanied by Kamonji Kamijo, climbed the mountain while traversing from Mt.",
"Okuhotaka to Mt.",
"Yarigatake.",
"The area near the summit is a sandy gravel area at the treeline, which is a habitat for grouse, and alpine plants can be seen in the surrounding area, such as Japanese porcupine, Iwagikyou, Chōnosukeso, Eurasian lily, Aquarium japonica, Eurasian algae, and Aquilegia."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Dialogue"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Dialogue''' is given by the ''Fakt Marathi'' television network as part of its annual awards for Marathi Cinemas.",
"The winners are selected by the jury members.",
"The award was first given in 2022.Here is a list of the award winners and the nominees of the respective years."
],
[
"Winner and nominees",
" Year Writer Film '''2022''' '''Pravin Tarde''' '''''Dharmaveer''''' Chinmay Mandlekar ''Chandramukhi'' Makarand Mane ''Soyrik'' Iravati Karnik ''Medium Spicy'' Ganesh Matkari ''Panghrun'''''2023''' '''Hemant Awtade, Nagraj Manjule''' '''''Ghar Banduk Biryani''''' Mrinal Kulkarni ''Saheli Re'' Madhugandha Kulkarni, Paresh Mokashi ''Vaalvi'' Pratap Phad ''Ananya'' Prajakt Deshmukh ''Ved'' Kalyani Pathare, Aditya Ingle ''Butterfly''"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Sports broadcasting contracts in the Dominican Republic"
],
[
"Introduction",
"This is a list of sports events in the Dominican Republic, showing the companies holding broadcasting rights under contract.",
"This list only shows Spanish language broadcasting rights.",
"Broadcasters in other languages are shown if they are the only broadcasters in the country."
],
[
"Yachting",
"*ESPN: America's Cup, America's Cup Qualifiers and Challenger Playoffs and America's Cup World Series"
],
[
"Association football",
"===European tournaments===Country/RegionCompetition/TournamentBroadcasterUEFA Champions LeagueESPN (All matches)Antena 7 (One match)UEFA Europa LeagueESPNUEFA Europa Conference League UEFA Super CupUEFA Youth LeagueUEFA European ChampionshipUEFA European QualifiersUEFA Nations LeaguePremier LeagueParamount+ (All matches)Pluto TV (One match per week)English Football League ChampionshipESPNEFL CupFA CupFA Community ShieldEFL League OneStar+EFL League TwoLigue 1ESPNTrophée des ChampionsBundesligaSky Sports2.BundesligaDFL-SupercupDFB-PokalESPNSerie AESPNCoppa ItaliaSupercoppa ItalianaEredivisieESPNKNVB BekerGol TVJohan Cruyff ShieldPrimeira LigaGol TVTaça de PortugalESPNSupertaça Cândido de OliveiraTaça da LigaClaro SportsLa LigaSky SportsSegunda DivisiónCopa del ReySupercopa de EspañaSüper LigESPN=== Latin American tournaments ======Other leagues and tournaments===Country/RegionCompetition/TournamentBroadcasterMajor League SoccerApple TV+ (MLS Season Pass)USL ChampionshipStar+USL League OneUSL League Two National Women's Soccer League ESPN"
],
[
"Basketball",
"Country/RegionCompetition/TournamentBroadcasterNBAESPNNBA TV InternationalCDN Deportes NBL Live Now"
],
[
"Combat sports",
"*King of Kings: DAZN: October 2022 to October 2025, all fights*Bushido MMA: DAZN: October 2022 to October 2025, all fights*Dream Boxing: DAZN: October 2022 to October 2025, all fights"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Alvania doliolum"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Alvania doliolum''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae."
],
[
"Distribution",
"Fossils were found in Late Oligocene strata in the Landes, France."
],
[
"References",
"* Lozouet P. (2015).",
"Nouvelles espèces de gastéropodes (Mollusca: Gastropoda) de l'Oligocène et du Miocène inférieur d'Aquitaine (Sud-Ouest de la France).",
"Partie 5.Cossmanniana.",
"17: 15–84."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Screenplay"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Screenplay''' is given by the ''Fakt Marathi'' television network as part of its annual awards for Marathi Cinemas.",
"The winners are selected by the jury members.",
"The award was first given in 2022.Here is a list of the award winners and the nominees of the respective years."
],
[
"Winner and nominees",
" Year Writer Film '''2022''' '''Makarand Mane''' '''''Soyrik''''' Chinmay Mandlekar ''Chandramukhi'' Ganesh Matkari ''Panghrun'' Pravin Tarde ''Dharmaveer'' Swapnila Gupta, Vishal Furia ''Bali'''''2023''' '''Madhugandha Kulkarni, Paresh Mokashi''' '''''Vaalvi''''' Shantanu Rode ''Goshta Eka Paithanichi'' Hemant Awtade, Nagraj Manjule ''Ghar Banduk Biryani'' Pratap Phad ''Ananya'' Rushikesh Turai, Sandeep Patil, Riteish Deshmukh ''Ved'' Machchindra Bugade, Chandrakant Kanse ''Daagadi Chawl 2''"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Elie Raterink"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Elie Raterink''' (born 14 May 2004) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a striker for club De Graafschap."
],
[
"Career",
"Born in Winterswijk, Gelderland, Raterink started playing youth football career at hometown club FC Trias before moving to the youth academy of Twente in 2016.After failing to break through at Twente, he returned to FC Trias before moving to De Graafschap's youth academy.Laterink made his professional debut on 24 February 2023, replacing Devin Haen in the 61st minute of a 4–0 away victory against Eindhoven.",
"Notably, he marked his first-team debut with a goal.",
"In March 2023, he signed his first professional contract with De Graafschap, securing a three-year deal.",
"He remained a backup striker to Haen for the remainder of the season.Following reduced playing time in the 2023–24 season after the signing of Ralf Seuntjens, Raterink went on a trial with German Regionalliga club SG Barockstadt Fulda-Lehnerz.",
"He participated in a friendly match against SpVgg Greuther Fürth II on 23 January 2024.However, despite his efforts, he was unable to secure a transfer and consequently remained at De Graafschap."
],
[
"Career statistics",
"+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competitionClubSeasonLeagueKNVB CupOtherTotalDivisionAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsDe Graafschap2022–23Eerste Divisie10110001112023–24Eerste Divisie6010—70Career total1612000181"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel''' ('''NCA''') was a professional association for medical laboratory professionals.",
"It was founded 1978 by members of American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science to enable members of the medical laboratory profession to control the certification process.",
"In 2009, NCA was acquired by American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP)."
],
[
"Certifications",
"The following certifications were offered and accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA).",
"Name Abbr.",
"Notes Clinical Laboratory Specialist in Cytogenetics CLSp(CG) Certified Laboratory Specialist in Molecular Biology CLSp(MB) Phlebotomy CLPlb Clinical Laboratory Technician CLT Clinical Laboratory Scientist CLS Clinical Laboratory Director CLDir Clinical Laboratory Supervisor CLSup CLS Categorical in Chemistry CLS Categorical in Hematology CLS Categorical in Immunohematology CLS Categorical in Microbiology"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Alvania falsivenus"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Alvania falsivenus''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae."
],
[
"Distribution",
"Fossils were found in Oligocene strata in the Landes, France."
],
[
"References",
"* Lozouet P. (2015).",
"Nouvelles espèces de gastéropodes (Mollusca: Gastropoda) de l'Oligocène et du Miocène inférieur d'Aquitaine (Sud-Ouest de la France).",
"Partie 5.Cossmanniana.",
"17: 15–84."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Mole people (fiction)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Mole men from the 1951 film ''Superman and the Mole Men''In fiction, '''mole people''' are stock characters who spend their lives underground, often posing a real or potential threat to those who live on the surface."
],
[
"Subterranean societies",
"The Time Machine''A famous example of \"mole people\" who live under the ground are the Morlocks, who appear in H.G.",
"Wells's 1895 novel ''The Time Machine''.Other socially isolated, often oppressed and sometimes forgotten subterranean societies, exist in science fiction.",
"Examples include ''Demolition Man'', ''Futurama'' (in the form of \"Sewer Mutants\"), ''C.H.U.D.",
"'', ''The IT Crowd'', ''Us'', ''Deus Ex'', ''The Matrix'' and ''Death Line''.In Marvel comics, the Morlocks are a society of mutant outcasts, named after the subterranean race from ''The Time Machine'', that live in the abandoned tunnels and sewers beneath New York City."
],
[
"Humanoid moles",
"Literal races of humanoid moles in fiction include ''Superman and the Mole Men'', ''The Mole People'' (1956), ''Underdog'', ''Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle'', ''ThunderCats'', ''Johnny Test'', and ''Saul of the Mole Men''.In Marvel Comics, The Moloids (or Mole People) are inhabitants of Subterranea, a fictional cavernous realm far beneath the Earth's surface where various species of subterranean humanoids exist.",
"Moloids usually serve as soldiers for the Mole Man, a human from the surface world who discovered Subterranea and subsequently became ruler of the Moloids.",
"Mole Man is frequently an antagonist of the Fantastic Four."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Voglia di vivere (song)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"\"'''Voglia di vivere'''\" is a song by Italian singer Angelina Mango.",
"It was released as a digital download and for streaming on 11 January 2023 by La Tarma Records and BMG Rights Management.",
"It was written by Mango and Giorgio Pesenti, and produced by Michelangelo."
],
[
"Personnel",
"Credits adapted from Tidal.",
"* Angelina Mango – composer, writer and vocals* Michelangelo – producer, bass, engineer, keyboards, programmer and synthesizer* Giorgio Pesenti – composer and writer"
],
[
"Charts",
"+ Chart performance for \"Voglia di vivere\" Chart (2023) Peakposition"
],
[
"Certifications"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Cinematographer"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Cinematographer''' is given by the ''Fakt Marathi'' television network as part of its annual awards for Marathi Cinemas.",
"The winners are selected by the jury members.",
"The award was first given in 2022.Here is a list of the award winners and the nominees of the respective years."
],
[
"Winner and nominees",
" Year Cinematographer Film '''2022''' '''Sanjay Memane''' '''''Chandramukhi''''' Karan B Ravan ''Panghrun'' Lawrence Dcunha ''Zombivli'' Mahesh Limaye ''Sarsenapati Hambirrao'' Rajan Sohani ''Bali'''''2023''' '''Mahesh Limaye''' '''''Jaggu Ani Juliet''''' Vasudeo Rane ''Maharashtra Shahir'' ''Daagadi Chawl 2'' Arjun Sarote ''Ananya'' Sanjay Jadhav ''Ravrambha'' Vikram Amladi ''Ghar Banduk Biryani''"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Waseem Qadir"
],
[
"Introduction",
" '''Chaudhary Waseem Qadir''' (), is a Pakistani politician who is member-elect of the National Assembly of Pakistan."
],
[
"Political career",
"Qadir won the 2024 Pakistani general election from NA-121 Lahore-V as an Independent candidate.",
"He received 78,703 votes while runner up Sheikh Rohail Asghar of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML (N)) received 70,597 votes.",
"He joined PML (N) after winning the election."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Alvania subgaleodinopsis"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Alvania subgaleodinopsis''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae."
],
[
"Distribution",
"Fossils were found in Oligocene strata in the Landes, France."
],
[
"References",
"* Lozouet P. (2015).",
"Nouvelles espèces de gastéropodes (Mollusca: Gastropoda) de l'Oligocène et du Miocène inférieur d'Aquitaine (Sud-Ouest de la France).",
"Partie 5.Cossmanniana.",
"17: 15–84."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Pedro Beltrán (actor)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Pedro Beltrán Rentero''' (20 April 1927 - 9 March 2007) was a Spanish screenwriter and actor.He was born in Cartagena, Murcia on 20 April 1927.His father was a sales agent for Heraclio Fournieren Cartagena and founder of Unión Republicana.",
"They moved to Valencia and he studied for being a dancer, actor, singer, poet, screenwriter and torero, and worked as a nurse.He started as an actor in ''Bajo el cielo de España'' (1953), directed by Miguel Contreras Torres.",
"He collaborated with Luis García Berlanga in ''Calabuch'' (1956), ''El verdugo'' (1963), ''La vaquilla'' (1985) and ''Patrimonio Nacional'' (1981).",
"In 1964 he debuted as a screenwriter in ''El extraño viaje'', directed by Fernando Fernán Gómez, ''¡Bruja, más que bruja!''",
"(1977), and ''Mambrú se fue a la guerra'' (1986), for which he was nominated to the 1st Goya Awards.His other credits includes He died on 9 March 2007 in Madrid at the age of 79, suffering from economic problems.",
"His corp was found by Gabino Diego."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Fatal Opera"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Fatal Opera''' was an American thrash metal and progressive metal band, founded by drummer Gar Samuelson, who after being fired from Megadeth in 1987 had relocated to Orange City, Florida.",
"Other members of the band included Gar's brother Stew Samuelson on guitar, Travis Karcher on bass, David Inman on vocals, and Jeff Bloom on guitar.",
"Bloom left the band after the recording of the first demo and Inman after the first album.",
"Their replacements on guitar and vocals were Bill Brehme and Andy Freeman.During the 1990s, Fatal Opera released two albums on Massacre Records, ''Fatal Opera'' and ''The Eleventh Hour''.",
"They were reissued in the 2020s by Divebomb Records, both with previously unreleased bonus tracks.",
"Reviewing the debut album in 2018, Erik Akos, writing for ''Metal Temple Magazine'', gave it a 9 out of 10 rating, praising its songwriting, dynamics, and musicianship, while viewing the vocals and the production less favorably.In 2022, ''Fatal Opera III'' was released, which contains material the band started working on before Gar Samuelson's death in 1999.",
"''Fatal Opera III'' was released by Combat Records and featured guest musicians Chris Poland, and David Ellefson, both former bandmates of Samuleson in Megadeth.",
"Another guest appearance was made by Robbie \"Pags\" Pagliari, bass player in Samuelson's and Poland's fusion band The New Yorkers, active during the late 1970s and early 1980s."
],
[
"Discography",
"* ''Fatal Opera'' (1995)* ''The Eleventh Hour'' (1997)* ''Fatal Opera III'' (2022)"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"The Traitors"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''The Traitors''''' is a reality game show franchise created by the All3Media company IDTV which originally aired on RTL 4 in the Netherlands in 2021."
],
[
"Gameplay",
"The players are divided into two groups: the \"Faithfuls\" and the \"Traitors,\" with only the latter group having knowledge of each other's group affiliation.",
"The Faithfuls must work together to identify and eliminate the Traitors through banishment before the end of the game, while the Traitors' objective is to remain undetected and escape banishment.On most nights, the Traitors come together and decide upon one Faithful contestant to \"murder\" – and that person will leave the game immediately.",
"The remaining Faithful contestants will not know who has been eliminated until the following day when that person does not enter the room for breakfast.",
"The group then take part in a mission to win money for the prize fund.",
"In some versions, the missions offered an opportunity for players to visit the armoury – during which players will randomly and secretly be awarded the shield.",
"In other versions, the shield is only available to obtain during the missions.",
"Holding a shield awards a player immunity from being murdered, but not from the Banishment Vote.",
"An attempted murder on the shield holder will result in no player being eliminated by Murder.At the end of most days, the players will participate in a Round Table, where the players discuss who to vote out before individually voting for a player to be banished.",
"Players cast their votes privately before revealing their votes in turn to everyone once all votes are locked-in and may give a brief rationale for their vote.",
"The person who received the most votes for banishment is banished from the game and must reveal which group (Faithfuls or Traitors) they belonged to.",
"During the game, if the amount of remaining Traitors drops to two, they will be given the option to recruit a Faithful to join them in lieu of committing a murder.",
"The Faithful will have the option to decline, and declining may or may not result in them being murdered immediately.",
"If the Faithful accepts, they become a Traitor from that point on.After the final round table, the remaining players vote whether to end the game or to continue the game.",
"A unanimous vote to end the game is required; if there is at least one vote to continue, another banishment vote is immediately conducted, before repeating the vote to end the game with the remaining players.",
"When a unanimous vote to end the game occurs, or when there are only two players left, the remaining players reveal whether they are a Faithful or a Traitor.",
"If the remaining players are Faithfuls, they will share the prize fund; but if any Traitors make it to the end, they will win the full prize fund instead.The amount of players varies season to season and from franchise to franchise.",
"The amount of Traitors that start the game also varies season to season.",
"In some versions, the players are celebrities."
],
[
"International versions",
": Currently airing: Upcoming seasons: Unknown status: Awaiting confirmation: No longer in productionCountry/RegionLocal titleNetwork(s)WinnersHost(s)Australia''The Traitors''Network 10 ('''Traitor''')Season 2, 2023: ''No winner''Rodger CorserBelgium (Flemish)''''VTMSeason 1, 2022: Bart Kaëll, , Niels Albert and ('''Faithfuls''')Season 2, 2023: and ('''Traitors''')Season 3, 2024: ''Upcoming season''Belgium (French)''''RTL-TVI Season 1, 2021–22: Philippe Scofield and Pholien Systermans ('''Faithfuls''')Season 2, 2023: Vanessa Matagne ('''Traitor''')Season 3, TBD: ''Upcoming season''Frédéric EtherlinckCanada (English)''The Traitors Canada''CTVSeason 1, 2023: Mike D'Urzo ('''Traitor''')Karine VanasseCanada (French)''''NoovoSeason 1, 2024: ''Upcoming season''Czech Republic''Zrádci''PrimaSeason 1, 2024: ''Upcoming season''Denmark''''TV2Season 1, 2023: ('''Traitor''')Season 2, 2024: ''Upcoming season''Season 3, TBC: ''Announced''Lise RønneFinland ''''NelonenSeason 1, 2023: Heikki Sorsa and ('''Traitors''')France'''' M6Season 1, 2022: Clémence Castel and David Douillet ('''Traitors''')Season 2, 2023: ('''Traitor''')Season 3, TBD: ''Upcoming season''Éric AntoineGermany''''RTLSeason 1, 2023: and ('''Traitors''')Sonja ZietlowGreece''Oi Prodotes''ANT1Season 1, 2023: Giorgos Talias ('''Traitor''')Season 2, TBC: ''Upcoming season''Konstantinos MarkoulakisHungary''''RTLSeason 1, 2023: Ágnes \"Ági\" Szabados, Orsi Tapasztó and Tamás \"Moha\" Mohai ('''Faithfuls''')Season 2, TBC: ''Upcoming season''Ireland''The Traitors''RTÉ OneSeason 1, TBD: ''Upcoming season''Israel'''' Channel 12Season 1, 2024: ''Upcoming season''Assi Azar and Rotem SelaNetherlands''De Verraders''RTL 4Season 1, 2021: Chatilla van Grinsven ('''Faithful''') and ('''Traitor''')Season 2, 2022: , and Toine van Peperstraten ('''Faithfuls''')Season 3, 2023: Billy Dans, and Noor Omrani ('''Faithfuls''')Season 4, 2024: ''Current season''Tijl BeckandNetherlands (special)''De Verraders''VideolandVideoland Edition, 2021: and ('''Traitors''')Halloween Season 1, 2022: Bastiaan Ragas, Bobbi Eden and Famke Louise ('''Faithfuls''')Halloween Season 2, 2023: ('''Traitor''')Art Rooijakkers (''Videoland Edition'') (''Halloween'')New Zealand''The Traitors NZ''ThreeSeason 1, 2023: Anna Reeve and Sam Smith ('''Faithfuls''')Season 2, TBD: ''Upcoming season''Paul HenryNorway''''TV2Season 1, 2022: and Karina Hollekim ('''Traitors''')Season 2, 2023: Aslak Maurstad ('''Traitor''')Season 3, 2023: and ('''Faithfuls''')Season 4, TBC: ''Upcoming season''Mads HansenPoland''The Traitors.",
"Zdrajcy''TVNSeason 1, 2024: ''Upcoming season''Portugal''''SICSeason 1, 2023: Carolina de Brito Palma and Júlio Ferreira ('''Traitors''')Daniela RuahRussia '''' TV-3Season 1, 2022: Igor Oznobikhin ('''Faithful''') and Svetlana Romashina ('''Traitor''')Lyasan UtyashevaSpain''''HBO MaxSeason 1, 2023: Joana Pastrana and Leo Margets ('''Faithfuls''')Sergio Peris-MenchetaSweden''''TV4Season 1, 2023: ('''Traitor''')Season 2, 2024: ''Upcoming season''Dragomir MrsicUnited Kingdom''The Traitors''BBC OneSeries 1, 2022: Aaron Evans, Hannah Byczkowski and Meryl Williams ('''Faithfuls''')Series 2, 2024: Harry Clark ('''Traitor''')Series 3, TBA: ''Upcoming season''Claudia WinklemanUnited States''The Traitors''Peacock Season 1, 2023: Cirie Fields ('''Traitor''')Season 2, 2024: ''Current season''Season 3, TBA: ''Upcoming Season''Alan Cumming"
],
[
"See also",
"* Mafia (party game)"
],
[
"Notes"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024 European Wrestling Championships – Men's Greco-Roman 130 kg"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Men's Greco-Roman 130 kg''' is a competition featured at the 2024 European Wrestling Championships, and will held in Bucharest, Romania on February 12 and 13."
],
[
"Medalists",
"'''Gold''' Sergey Semenov '''Silver''''''Bronze'''"
],
[
"Results",
"; Legend* '''F''' — Won by fall===Final======Top half======Bottom half======Repechage==="
],
[
"Final standing",
"RankAthlete Sergey Semenov 5578 Dzmitry Zarubski 910111213141516171819"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Draw"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"List of teams and cyclists in the 2024 Tour de France"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The following is a list of teams and cyclists who will participate in the 2024 Tour de France."
],
[
"Teams",
"'''UCI WorldTeams'''* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '''UCI ProTeams'''* * * *"
],
[
"Cyclists",
"+ Legend No.",
"Starting number worn by the rider during the Tour Pos.",
"Position in the general classification Time Deficit to the winner of the general classification ‡ Denotes riders born on or after 1 January 1999 eligible for the young rider classification Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the points classification Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification (eligibility indicated by ‡) Denotes riders that represent the winner of the team classification 20px Denotes the winner of the super-combativity award DNS Denotes a rider who did not start a stage, followed by the stage before which he withdrew DNF Denotes a rider who did not finish a stage, followed by the stage in which he withdrew DSQ Denotes a rider who was disqualified from the race, followed by the stage in which this occurred OTL Denotes a rider finished outside the time limit, followed by the stage in which they did so COV Denotes a rider who withdrawn because of COVID-19 either because he tested positive or two members of team tested positive, followed by the stage before which he withdrew ''Ages correct as of Saturday 29 June 2024, the date on which the Tour begins''=== By starting number === No.",
"Name Nationality Team Age Time Felix Gall Victor Lafay Jasper Philipsen Arnaud Démare Kévin Vauquelin ‡ Davide Ballerini Cees Bol Mark Cavendish Michael Mørkøv Phil Bauhaus Pello Bilbao Matej Mohorič Wout Poels Nico Denz Jai Hindley Lennard Kämna Daniel Martínez Primož Roglič Matteo Sobrero Danny van Poppel Aleksandr Vlasov Bryan Coquard Guillaume Martin Stefano Oldani Axel Zingle Richard Carapaz Neilson Powless David Gaudu Romain Grégoire ‡ Stefan Küng Valentin Madouas Michał Kwiatkowski Thomas Pidcock ‡ Carlos Rodríguez ‡ Geraint Thomas Biniam Girmay ‡ Louis Meintjes Hugo Page ‡ Laurenz Rex ‡ Mike Teunissen Georg Zimmermann Tiesj Benoot Matteo Jorgenson ‡ Steven Kruijswijk Sepp Kuss Christophe Laporte Jan Tratnik Dylan van Baarle Jonas Vingegaard Tao Geoghegan Hart Alex Kirsch Mads Pedersen Rémi Cavagna Enric Mas Remco Evenepoel ‡ Mikel Landa Romain Bardet Warren Barguil Fabio Jakobsen Dylan Groenewegen Luka Mezgec Elmar Reinders Simon Yates João Almeida Juan Ayuso ‡ Tadej Pogačar Nils Politt Pavel Sivakov Marc Soler Tim Wellens Adam Yates Chris Froome Jakob Fuglsang Victor Campenaerts Arnaud De Lie ‡ Maxim Van Gils ‡ Magnus Cort Andreas Leknessund ‡"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Museum of Contraception and Abortion"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Museum of Contraception and Abortion''' ('''', MUVS) is a museum in Vienna, Austria, founded by gynaecologist in 2003.It details historic forms of birth control and was created to encourage contraceptive use and family planning techniques."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Museo di Storia Naturale, Piacenza"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Museo di Storia Naturale''' is the Natural History museum located Via Scalabrini 107 in Piacenza, Italy.",
"The museum was established in a former abbatoir or Macello.",
"The area also houses the ''Polo Territoriale di Piacenza del Politecnico di Milano'' or the branch of the Milanese public scientific-technological university.",
"The local branch is focused on technology useful for architectural design, including model building."
],
[
"History",
"The former abbatoir had been built in the early 19th century and the structures altered in late 19th century under the designs of the engineers Diofebo Negrotti and Giovanni Perreau.",
"The museum incorporates some of the machines used for the production of ice and refrigeration.",
"Refurbishment of the site into a museum started in 1984 and was completed in 1991.The museum was previously hosted at the Palazzo Scotti da Fombio on via Taverna."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Musei di Palazzo Farnese and Museo di Storia Naturale - official site"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Lê Thị Riêng Park"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Lê Thị Riêng Park''' () is a park located in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, within District 10.The park is named after a fighter associated with Viet Cong, who was buried in this area when it was a cemetery before the Fall of Saigon."
],
[
"Design",
"The park is surrounded by Cach Mang Thang 8 Street, Bac Hai Street, and Truong Son Street, covering an area of approximately in District 10, opposite of District 3.Within the park, there is a lake that used to be a canal connected to the Nhieu Loc–Thi Nghe Channel via the Vanh Dai Canal.",
"Near the park entrance, there is a communist propaganda house and a memorial plaque commemorating the events of the Tet Offensive.",
"The park is the site of the tomb of Lê Thị Riêng, a member of the committee of the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam, better known as Viet Cong.",
"Additionally, there is a memorial plaque for Trần Phú, the first General Secretary of the Indochinese Communist Party, marking the discovery of his tomb in 1999.This park allocates 20% of its land area for commercial leasing, including a children's playground area (known as White Rabbit Amusement Park) covering , a bookstore area, and food stalls."
],
[
"History",
"During the Republic of Vietnam era, this area was a cemetery known as Chi Hoa Cemetery (previously called Do Thanh Cemetery, literally \"Capital City Cemetery\").",
"Nearby this area is the Chi Hoa Prison, and further away is the Phu Tho National Technical Center.",
"In 1968, after significant casualties on both South Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces during the Tet Offensive, the Saigon municipal government excavated large pits in the cemetery to bury thousands of bodies, which led to various superstitious rumors.In response, the Long Hoa Saigon Buddhist Association built a temple and a statue of Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva in the cemetery.",
"The statue, made of nearly 10 tons of black Italian marble and crafted by sculptor Mai Lan, measures wide and stands on a pedestal.",
"In 1983, as part of efforts to renovate the urban landscape, authorities cleared the Chi Hoa Cemetery to build the park.",
"On August 23, 1986, the statue of Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva was dismantled and relocated to Quan Am Pagoda in Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province."
],
[
"Public transport",
"At present, there are bus routes available to Lê Thị Riêng Park.",
"In the future, commuters will be able to utilize Line 2 of Ho Chi Minh City Metro, disembarking at Le Thi Rieng Station."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Fila indiana"
],
[
"Introduction",
"\"'''Fila indiana'''\" (, ) is a song by Italian singer Angelina Mango.",
"It was released as a digital download and for streaming on 1 December 2023 by La Tarma Records and BMG Rights Management.The song was included in the soundtrack of the Rai 2 television series ''Noi siamo leggenda''."
],
[
"Personnel",
"Credits adapted from Tidal.",
"* Angelina Mango – composer, writer and vocals* E.D.D.",
"– producer* Antonio Cirigliano – producer, bass, guitars, keyboards, programmer and synthesizer* Giovanni Pallotti – bass, engineer, keyboards, programmer and synthesizer* Andrea Suriani – engineer* Filippo Slaverio – engineer"
],
[
"Music video",
"A music video to accompany the release of \"Fila indiana\" was first released onto YouTube on 1 December 2023.The video was edited by Francesco Cerbini with clips from Mango's \"Voglia di vivere Tour\"."
],
[
"Charts",
"+ Chart performance for \"Fila indiana\" Chart (2023) Peakposition"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Assassination of Guillem Agulló"
],
[
"Introduction",
"Sticker of Maulets, the anti-fascist organization to which Agulló belonged, showing the popular slogan \"Guillem Agulló, ni oblit, ni perdó\".",
"'''Guillem Agulló i Salvador''' (Burjasot, Valencia; 1974-Montanejos, Castellón; 11 April 1993) was a spanish anti-fascist activist who was assassinated on 11 April 1993, by the neo-nazi Pedro Cuevas, in Montanejos.",
"Agulló was a member of the leftist organization Maulets, and of SHARP.",
"His assassination, along with the assassination of Carlos Palomino, is a very famous case in Spain, where Agulló has become a symbol of anti-fascism and anti-racism.",
"The slogal \"Guillem Agulló, ni oblit, ni perdó\" (from Catalan,\"Guillem Agulló, nor obliviousness, nor forgiveness\"), has become a popular anti-fascist slogan."
],
[
"Attack",
"On the morning of 11 April 1993, Guillem Agulló was in Montanejos, when they were attacked by a group of young fascists shouting \"Sieg Heil\" and \"Viva España\" and one of them stabbed him in the heart, causing his death.",
"The attackers left singing the Spanish fascist anthem \"Cara al Sol\".",
"The assassination was perpetrated by the fascist group \"Komando Marchalenes IV Reich\", named in honor of the Nazi regime, which was composed of Pedro Cuevas (the material perpetrator of the assassination), Gerardo Mora, Juan Manuel Sánchez, José Cuñat, and Francisco Garcia.Family members and left-wing and pro-independence organizations denounced that the motive for the crime had been political, since the young people who intervened in the murder were known for their Spanish and fascist ideology and that they also knew of the anti-fascist ideology of Agulló."
],
[
"The trial",
"The only condemned person was Cuevas, who was condemned to 14 years in prison.",
"The other members were dismissed.",
"Cuevas left prison 4 years after for \"good conduct\"."
],
[
"After the trial",
"In 2005 Cuevas was arrested during \"Operación Panzer\" for being a member of the neo-nazism group Frente Antisistema (FAS).",
"The Guardia Civil found 40 bracelets with Nazi swastikas, one knife with Nazi symbols, and brass knuckles.In 2007, Pedro Cuevas was a candidate for the municipal elections for Alianza Nacional (a far-right party) in Chiva, where he only earned 23 votes."
],
[
"Legacy and political significance",
"Guillem Agulló has become a symbol of anti-fascism and anti-racism in Spain.",
"Multiple homages have happened.",
"Several demonstrations commemorate the anniversaries of his assassination.",
"Several streets have been named after him: in Vic, Barcelona, Valencia, Vilassar de Dalt and Burjassot.",
"The Corts Valencianes created the Guillem Agulló Prize to commemorate «the prominent people and initiatives in the fight against xenophobia, racism, and hate crimes».",
"In 2019 the Senate of Spain approved the creation of the Guillem Agulló fund to help the families of victims of hate crimes."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Ship of Fools (short story)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''“Ship of Fools”''' is a 1999 short story by Ted Kaczynski.",
"The story is a parable demonstrating Kaczynski's views that identity politics within liberalism is a distraction from the issue of environmental collapse and that revolutionary violence is justified."
],
[
"About",
"''Ship of Fools'' was written for ''Off!",
"'', a student magazine at State University of New York (SUNY) in Binghamton, New York.",
"It was written at the request of Tom LaPietra, a student at SUNY.",
"The story also appeared on the website for Context Books.",
"It is 11 pages long.",
"Kaczynski wrote the parable from prison.",
"The short story is about a ship that is headed north to the Arctic Ocean.",
"Rather than turn back the ship to avoid collisions with icebergs, the crew argues among themselves about various injustices on the ship.",
"The crew includes a Mexican sailor, a Native American sailor, a gay bosun, an animal rights activist, and a female passenger.",
"The Mexican sailor asks for more food, the Native American sailor asks for reparations for being forced to be on the ship, the gay bosun objects to homophobic slurs and asks for the \"right to suck cocks without being called names for it\", the animal rights activist objects to the mistreatment of the dog on the ship, and the female passenger asks for more blankets.",
"Only the cabin boy, a representation of Kaczynski, suggests turning the ship around.",
"The cabin boy also suggests killing the crew if they do not comply.",
"Rather than turn back, the ship continues to sail north until it is crushed between two icebergs.",
"The ship sinks and everyone drowns.The manuscript for ''Ship of Fools'' is included with \"The Writings of Ted Kaczynski\" in the Kaczynski Papers collection at the University of Michigan Library."
],
[
"Reception",
"The short story has been noted for its use of \"colorful\" racial and sexual stereotypes.",
"The text is also noted for its justification of revolutionary violence.",
"Tom LaPietra has said the parable is about Kaczynski's belief that \"People who are leftist shouldn't waste their time with what he calls reform, such as equal wages and equal treatment for women...The main issue is we have to stop the industrial machine before it takes away all of our humanity.\""
],
[
"Legacy",
"In 2006 the Norwegian artist Gardar Eide Einarsson staged a play based on ''Ship of Fools'' at the Palais de Tokyo in Paris."
],
[
"See also",
"*Class reductionism*Ship of fools*Intersectionality"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Ship of Fools, The Anarchist Library"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"SPX Capital"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''SPX Capital''' (SPX) is a Brazilian multi-strategy hedge fund management firm headquartered in Rio de Janeiro.",
"It has a focus on global macro although it also has strategies in both traditional and alternative investment asset classes.",
"It is one of the biggest independent fund managers in Brazil.",
"SPX has additional offices in São Paulo, New York, London, Cascais and Singapore."
],
[
"Background",
"SPX was co-founded in 2010 by former Banco BBM employees Rogério Xavier, Bruno Pandolfi and Daniel Schneider.",
"The firm's name is an acronym formed from Schneider, Pandolfi and Xavier.",
"SPX initially focused on global macro strategies based on fundamental analysis which the three co-founders built during their time at Banco BBM.",
"In 2012, another Banco BBM employee, Leonardo Linhares joined SPX to lead its equity strategies.In February 2019, two senior portfolio managers left SPX.",
"Sources speculated the moves was caused by the firm's culture which had little corporate fluidity among partners and was borderline bullying when it came to demanding results.",
"SPX's four founding partners had 72.8% ownership of the firm and because the firm had become so large, it became very expensive for other partners to buy into it.",
"In addition employees were abused by their bosses if they were losing money.",
"Xavier has stated SPX needed to preserve equity for its further expansion plans.",
"He also stated while there was a harsh environment there was no routine for people to curse each other every day.",
"It was not to humiliate but to make one do better.In May 2021, The Carlyle Group entered a partnership agreement with SPX to enter the Brazilian market.",
"Members of Carlyle's team would join SPX to establish its private equity strategy.",
"SPX would become a subadvisor to Carlyle's $776 million buyout fund focused on South America.",
"At the same time, SPX also entered a partnership agreement with Cyrela Commercial Properties to create a joint venture that would invest in real assets.In November 2022, the SPX Raptor fund - a more aggressive version of the firm's flagship global macro fund, Nimitz reported a 11% loss.",
"It had been the firm's best performing fund for the past two years and this was its first double-digit monthly loss since its inception in December 2010.Main contributors were rates and foreign currency bets.",
"In July 2023, SPX apologized to its Raptor funholders as its perform for the first half of the year was 9.7% which was lower than all of its peers.",
"Xavier stated it was caused by bullish bets on Brazil with Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva being elected.",
"However the leader's rherotic led to a sharp selloff in Brazil securities.",
"However other SPX funds such as its equities strategy had a return of 12.8% in the same timeframe which was the best performance among its peers.",
"Overall SPX had a return of 4.9% for the first half of 2023.In February 2023, SPX, XP Inc. and several other asset management firms were appointed as committee members to represent Lojas Americanas bondholders after the company filed for bankruptcy, days after 20 billion reais ($3.9 billion) of \"accounting inconsistencies\" were discovered.SPX has expanded outside Brazil by setting up additional offices in other countries and has also diversified its investment strategies further.",
"Xavier who is based in London has stated the Brazilian market is too small and SPX has the potential to become the largest asset manager in the world."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Leonard Rickhard"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Leonard Rickhard''' (12 May 1945 – 7 January 2024) was a Norwegian painter."
],
[
"Personal life",
"Rickhard was born in Tvedestrand on 12 May 1945, a son of Birgit Andreassen and Leif Rickhard..",
"He was married to Berit Sundby."
],
[
"Career",
"Rickhard studied at the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry from 1966 to 1967, and at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts from 1967 to 1971.He is represented at the National Museum of Norway, which has 13 of his works, as well as at museums in Stockholm, Bergen, Stavanger and Kristiansand.",
"He was awarded the Prince Eugen Medal in 2000.Rickhard died in Arendal on 7 January 2024."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"List of women footballers with 300 or more goals"
],
[
"Introduction",
"In women's association football competitions, 44 players have scored 300 or more goals over the course of their career in both club and international football, according to research by Independent Football Data (IFD), an organisation ran independently by an English man.",
"FIFA, the international governing body of football, has never released a list detailing the highest women's goalscorers and does not keep official records.As part of the article List of footballers with 500 or more goals, two women had entered the list; Patrizia Panico with 863 goals in 790 games and Anita Pádár with 661 goals in 447 games.",
"However, with no source to back up this claim, it was removed from the article."
],
[
"Footballers with 300 or more goals",
":+ indicates player may have scored and played more.RankPlayerGoalsMatchesRatioCareer span1 Lily Parr'''986+'''1919–19512 Silvi Jan'''981+'''1995-20123 Ann Jansson'''876'''1972-19844 Anastassia Morkovkina'''844'''1995-20175 Megi Doci'''792+'''2010-6 Patrizia Panico'''763'''1993-20167 Anita Pádár'''660'''1993-20168 Carolina Morace'''655+'''1978-19989 Irma Cuevas'''639'''1997-202310 Rannvá Andreasen'''634'''1995-11 Susanne Augustesen'''604'''267+ 1970-199512 Maria Gstöttner'''604+'''1998-202213 Elisabetta Vignotto'''574'''1971-199014 Margrét Lára Viðarsdóttir'''557'''2000-201915 Julie Fleeting'''546+'''1996-201615 Mateja Zver'''534'''2001–16 Inka Grings'''533+'''1995-201417 Angeles Parejo'''495'''1988-201118 Mari Paz Vilas'''485+'''2002-19 Katrin Loo'''481'''2006-202020 Ave Pajo'''478'''1999-201621 Olga Færseth'''463'''1991-201022 Nina Burger'''460+'''2001-23 Natalia Pablos'''461'''2000-201824 Olga Letyushova'''458'''1990-200925 Christine Sinclair'''449'''2001-26 Eugenie Le Sommer'''446'''2004-27 Fanny Vágó'''442'''2006-27 Lotta Schelin'''437'''2001-201828 Marta'''424'''2000-202329 Lorena Balić'''421'''2013-30 Lena Videkull'''414'''1981-199831 Birgit Prinz'''414'''1993-201132 Melania Gabbiadini'''409'''2000-201733 Cosmina Dusa'''396'''2007-34 Vivianne Miedema'''395'''2011-35 Izabela Lojna'''394'''2009-37 Heidi Sevdal'''385'''2005-38 Tjasa Tibaut'''381'''2004-39 Ada Hegerberg'''375'''2009-40 Pernille Harder'''373'''2007-40 Anja Mittag'''372+'''200141 Sabina Khatun'''368'''2009-41 Florrie Redford'''368'''1917-192542 Marta Cubí'''360'''1997-201843 Malena Josephsen'''354'''1994-201544 Conny Pohlers'''354'''1994-201345 Abby Wambach'''350'''1998-201446 Marie-Laure Delie'''349'''2005-202047 Mariana Larroquette'''341'''2008-47 Tanja Vrabel'''336'''2006-201548 Kim Little'''331'''2006-49 Valentina Boni'''328+'''1998-202150 Sam Kerr'''325'''2008-51 Krystyna Freda'''320'''2011-52 Yagmur Uraz'''318'''2008-53 Monika Conjar'''318'''2011-201954 Hanna Ljungberg'''317'''1994-200955 Natalia Barbashina'''312'''1992-201056 Valentina Giacinti'''300'''2009-"
],
[
"By confederation",
" ConfederationCountriesPlayers AFC '''2''' '''2''' UEFA '''23''' '''52''' CONMEBOL '''2''' '''2''' CAF '''0''' '''0''' CONCACAF '''2''' '''3''' OFC '''1''' '''1''' Total 30 60No CAF player has scored 300 goals in their career.",
"The current player with the most goals is Malawi player Tabitha Chawinga, with 239 goals in 210 matches."
],
[
"See also",
"* List of women's footballers with 100 or more international goals* List of top international men's football goalscorers by country* List of footballers who achieved hat-trick records* List of world association football records* List of goalscoring goalkeepers* Lists of hat-tricks in football"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Alvania dumasi"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Alvania dumasi''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae."
],
[
"Description",
"The length of the shell attains 3¼ mm, its diameter 2 mm."
],
[
"Distribution",
"Fossils were found in Eocene strata in the Lower Loire basin, France."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Cossmann, M. (1899).",
"Mollusques éocèniques de la Loire-inférieure.",
"Tome 2e.",
"Premier fascicule.",
"Bulletin de la Société des Sciences naturelles de l'Ouest de la France.",
"9(4): 307-360, pl.",
"23-26* Cossmann, M. (1919).",
"Supplément aux mollusques éocéniques de la Loire-Inférieure.",
"I.",
"— Gastropodes et scaphopodes.",
"Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France.",
"série 3, 5: 53-141, pls 1-4."
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024 European Wrestling Championships – Men's Greco-Roman 55 kg"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Men's Greco-Roman 55 kg''' is a competition featured at the 2024 European Wrestling Championships, and will held in ?",
"on February 12 and 13."
],
[
"Medalists",
"'''Gold''''''Silver''''''Bronze'''"
],
[
"Results",
"; Legend* '''F''' — Won by fall===Main bracket======Repechage==="
],
[
"Final standing",
"RankAthlete557 Amaiak Osipov 89"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Draw"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2023 Davis Cup Europe Zone Group III"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Europe Zone''' was the unique zone within Group 3 of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2023.The zone's competition was held in round robin format in Larnaca, Cyprus, from 14 to 17 June 2023."
],
[
"Participating nations"
],
[
"Draw",
"Date: 14–17 June 2023Location: Herodotou Tennis Academy, Larnaca, Cyprus (Hard)Format: Round-robin basis.",
"One pool of four teams and one pool of three teams and nations will play each team once in their group.",
"Nations finishing first in each group will be promoted to World Group II play-offs in 2024.Nations finishing second in each group will enter a promotion play-off and the winner will be promoted to World Group II play-offs in 2024.Nations finishing third in each group will enter a relegation play-off and the lost team as well as the fourth team in Pool B will be relegated to Europe Zone Group IV in 2024.===Seeding===Pot NationRank1Seed123*1Davis Cup Rankings as of ===Round Robin=======Pool A========Pool B====''Standings are determined by: 1.number of wins; 2.number of matches; 3.in two-team ties, head-to-head records; 4.in three-team ties, (a) percentage of sets won (head-to-head records if two teams remain tied), then (b) percentage of games won (head-to-head records if two teams remain tied), then (c) Davis Cup rankings.",
"''===Playoffs===PlacingA TeamScoreB TeamFirst '''''' 2–0 Promotional 0–2 ''''''Relegation '''' 1–2 ''''''Seventh ''''*'''''', '''''' and '''''' were promoted to 2024 Davis Cup World Group II play-offs.",
"*'''' and '''' were relegated to 2024 Davis Cup Europe Zone Group IV."
],
[
"Round Robin",
"===Pool A=======Estonia vs. Montenegro========San Marino vs. Montenegro========Estonia vs. San Marino=======Pool B=======Cyprus vs. Moldova========North Macedonia vs. Malta========Cyprus vs. Malta========North Macedonia vs. Moldova========Cyprus vs. North Macedonia========Malta vs. Moldova===="
],
[
"Play-offs",
"===First place play-off=======Estonia vs. Moldova=======Promotional play-off=======Montenegro vs. Cyprus=======Relegation play-off=======San Marino vs. North Macedonia===="
],
[
"Final placements",
"'''Placing''''''Teams''''''Promoted/First''''''''''''Promoted/Second''''''''''''Promoted/Third''''''''''''Fourth''''''Fifth''''''Relegated/Sixth''''''''''Relegated/Seventh'''''''*'''''', '''''' and '''''' were promoted to 2024 Davis Cup World Group II play-offs.",
"*'''' and '''' were relegated to 2024 Davis Cup Europe Zone Group IV."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Official Website"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Clarence Noland"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Clarence D. Noland Jr.''' (June 11, 1937 – December 15, 2014) was an American politician from Kentucky who was a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1982 to 1997.Noland was first elected in 1981, defeating incumbent Republican representative Lloyd McKinney for renomination.",
"In 1996 he was redistricted to the 36th district and lost the Republican primary to Lonnie Napier.He died in December 2014 at age 77."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Micheál Mullins"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Micheál Mullins''' (born 2003) is an Irish hurler.",
"At club level he plays with Whitechurch and at inter-county level with the Cork senior hurling team."
],
[
"Career",
"Mullins first played hurling at juvenile and underage levels with the Whitechurch club.",
"He also lined out as a schoolboy with Gaelcholáiste Mhuire AG in the Harty Cup.",
"Mullins has also earned selection to the Seandún divisional team.Mullins first appeared on the inter-county scene as a member of the Cork minor hurling team beaten by Limerick in the 2020 Munster semi-final.",
"He immediately progressed onto the Cork under-20 team and won an All-Ireland U20HC title after coming on as a substitute in the 4–19 to 2–14 defeat of Galway in the 2021 All-Ireland U20 final.",
"Mullins captained the team to a second All-Ireland U20HC title in three seasons in hsi third and final year with the team in 2023.Mullins first played for the senior team during the 2024 National Hurling League."
],
[
"Personal life",
"His father, Mickey Mullins, was a member of the Cork panel when they won the All-Ireland SHC title in 1990."
],
[
"Honours",
";Cork*All-Ireland Under-20 Hurling Championship: 2021, 2023 (c)*Munster Under-20 Hurling Championship: 2021, 2023 (c)"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024 Utah State Auditor election"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 Utah State Auditor election''' will take place on November 5, 2024, to elect the next Utah State Auditor.",
"Incumbent Republican Auditor John Dougall is not seeking re-election, instead opting to run for U.S. House.",
"Primary elections will take place on May 14, 2024."
],
[
"Republican primary",
"===Candidates=======Declared====*Tina Cannon, former Morgan County councilor and candidate for in 2020 and 2022*Ricky Hatch, Weber County Clerk/Auditor====Declined====*John Dougall, incumbent state auditor ''(running for U.S. House)''"
],
[
"Democratic primary",
"===Candidates=======Presumptive nominee====*Catherine Voutaz, accountant"
],
[
"Constitution convention",
"===Candidates=======Presumptive nominee====*Jeffery Ostler, businessman and perennial candidate"
],
[
"General election",
"===Results==="
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
";Official campaign websites* Tina Cannon (R) for State Auditor* Ricky Hatch (R) for State Auditor* Catherine Voutaz (D) for State Auditor"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2005–06 Irish First Division"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2005–06 Irish First Division''' was the eleventh season of second-tier football in Northern Ireland under the league system at the time.",
"The 2005–06 First Division consisted of 12 clubs.Crusaders were the champions and were promoted to the 2006–07 Irish Premier League.",
"Donegal Celtic finished second and entered the promotion play-off, defeating Institute 3–1 on aggregate and gaining promotion.",
"Ballyclare Comrades and Ballymoney United were relegated to the Irish Second Division."
],
[
"League table"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Rick Young"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Rick Young''' (born March 3, 1934), also known as '''the Ragin' Cajun''', is an American rodeo clown and bullfighter."
],
[
"Life and career",
"Young was born in Houston, Texas.",
"He began his rodeo career in 1959.Young was a rodeo clown and bullfighter for 35 years.In 2022, Young was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Patrick Woods-Toth"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Patrick Woods-Toth''' is a Canadian racing driver who currently competes in the Formula Regional Oceania Championship for Kiwi Motorsport.",
"He was the 2023 Formula 4 United States Championship champion."
],
[
"Career",
"===Early career and karting===After losing his parents as a young boy, Woods-Toth was raised by his grandparents and developed his passion for motorsports from his grandfather, with whom he'd drive ATVs and snowmobiles for a number of years.",
"At the age of 14, Woods-Toth joined the Ron Fellows Karting Championship, and he would go onto win the 2022 edition of the championship alongside the Canadian Karting Championship and the Canadian Open Championship.",
"At the conclusion of 2022, Woods-Toth attended the Radford Racing School in Arizona thanks to the F4 US Scholarship Award, which he earned from his performances in Fellows' local karting championship.===Formula 4 United States Championship===In 2023, Woods-Toth graduated to Formula 4 competition, competing in the Formula 4 United States Championship with Crosslink Kiwi Motorsport.",
"In his debut race, he claimed a podium finish, falling short to race-winner Carl Bennett.",
"During the second race meeting, at Road America, Woods-Toth claimed his first career F4 race victory.",
"He would claim three more over the course of the season, adding another during the Road America weekend alongside one each at Mid-Ohio and Circuit of the Americas.",
"Across the 18-race season, Woods-Toth stood on the podium 14 times, culminating in him earning the championship title at season's end.",
"Alongside his championship victory, Woods-Toth earned a scholarship to compete in the Formula Regional Americas Championship in 2024.===Formula Regional Oceania Championship===In January 2024, Woods-Toth traveled to New Zealand to take part in the Formula Regional Oceania Championship, competing for his 2023 F4 team Kiwi Motorsport.",
"Over the course of the 15-race season, he claimed four podium finishes and a season-high second during the reverse grid race at Highlands Motorsport Park, finishing third in the championship and claiming rookie of the year honors."
],
[
"Personal life",
"Woods-Toth attended John Abbott College, pursuing a degree in engineering during his racing career."
],
[
"Racing record",
"===Career summary===SeasonSeriesTeamRacesWinsPolesF/LapsPodiumsPointsPosition2023 Formula 4 United States Championship Crosslink/Kiwi Motorsport1851214263.5'''1st'''2024 Formula Regional Oceania Championship Kiwi Motorsport150004255'''3rd'''=== Complete Formula 4 United States Championship results ===(key) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap)YearTeam123456789101112131415161718PosPoints 2023 Crosslink/Kiwi MotorsportNOL1NOL2NOL3''ROA1''ROA2ROA3'''MOH1'''MOH2''MOH3''NJM1NJM2NJM3VIR1VIR2VIR3COA1COA2COA3 1st 263.5=== Complete Formula Regional Oceania Championship Results ===(key) (Races in '''bold''' indicate pole position) (Races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) Year Team 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 DC Points 2024 Kiwi MotorsportTAU1TAU2TAU3MAN1MAN2MAN3HMP1HMP2HMP3CHR1CHR2CHR3HIG1 HIG2HIG3 3rd 255"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Voglia di vivere (EP)"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Voglia di vivere''''' is an extended play by Italian singer Angelina Mango.",
"It was released on 19 May 2023 and peaked at number 2 on the Italian Albums Chart.The EP includes the hit single \"Ci pensiamo domani\", which was certified triple platinum in Italy."
],
[
"Track listing"
],
[
"Charts",
"===Weekly charts===+ Weekly chart performance for ''Voglia di vivere'' Chart (2023) Peakposition===Year-end charts===+ Year-end chart performance for ''Voglia di vivere'' Chart (2023) PositionItalian Albums (FIMI)47"
],
[
"Certifications"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"BNN Breaking"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''BNN Breaking''' is a news website based in Hong Kong launched in 2022 by Indian-American entrepreneur Gurbaksh Chahal.",
"It has been criticised for posting large numbers of misleading and inaccurate news stories, potentially using AI-driven content aggregation."
],
[
"Reception",
"The BNN Breaking website claims to have an extensive network of reporters on the ground that supply information to major news outlets.",
"However, it has been described by others as a news aggregator, and has also been accused of using artificial intelligence to extract and summarize news from other sources, often resulting in misleading and inaccurate coverage.",
"For example, it has been noted that purported journalists credited by the site publish dozens of articles a day, indicating a potential use of AI-driven content aggregation.",
"It has also been accused of spreading misinformation about prominent politicians and celebrities.",
"''The San Francisco Standard'' has described BNN Breaking as \"a purported news website that somehow publishes hundreds articles per day from virtually every country on Earth.",
"\"===Fake news===In October 2023, BNN Breaking published three articles that were critical of San Francisco Supervisor Dean Preston, all of which contained misleading or false information.",
"One of the articles described Preston as \"arguably the most attention-seeking, spineless, and downright insufferable politician the city has ever seen.\"",
"The same article included a comment by BNN Breaking founder Gurbaksh Chahal which asserted that the network maintains a \"commitment to impartiality\".The first article included fake quotes attributed to Preston and the inaccurate claim that he had resigned from his District 5 office after a Twitter exchange with Elon Musk; an apparent error by the article's author Geetha Pillai in aggregating news that he had in fact left Twitter after Musk suggested he should be jailed and pledged $100,000 for a campaign to oust him from office.",
"This misinformation was then picked up by Microsoft's news aggregation site MSN.",
"The article was finally modified over 18 hours after it first went live to reflect that Preston's departure was from Twitter and not his political office.",
"However, it did not acknowledge that the correction had been made and retained multiple fake quotes attributed to Preston.",
"Gurbaksh Chahal also minimized the impact of the false claims made by BNN Breaking, describing it as a \"small oversight\" and \"a mistake that was promptly corrected\".",
"He then falsely claimed that Preston has not approached BNN Breaking for clarification, and accused him of \"leveraging the San Francisco Chronicle for a personal attack against me, the founder.",
"\"A second article blamed Preston's policies for a spike in homelessness between 2017 and 2019, despite the fact that he had only assumed office in mid-December 2019.A further article claimed that an effort to get Preston recalled from office had gathered enough signatures to be put on the ballot, although no such effort existed.",
"Preston responded to the incident by stating: \"People deserve reliable news sources, I sincerely hope that this is not a preview of what’s to come and that we never normalize this kind of disinformation.",
"\"On 11 October 2023, an article published by BNN Breaking featured an image of Irish broadcaster Dave Fanning alongside the headline that a prominent Irish broadcaster was on trial for alleged sexual misconduct.",
"The trial in question was unrelated to Fanning, and the article was taken down the day after it was published.",
"In January 2024, Fanning launched legal action against BNN Breaking for defamation.===Twitter suspension===In June 2022, Twitter permanently suspended BNN Breaking and all associated accounts, which had previously been verified by Twitter.",
"Despite being officially established in 2022, the BNN Breaking Twitter account @BNNBreaking dates back to 2015 and experienced a surge in followers during the COVID-19 pandemic starting in 2020.The account was previously owned by Netherlands-based BNO News, but was purchased and renamed by Chahal.",
"BNN Breaking had up to 80 associated accounts on Twitter by the time they were permanently suspended for violations of Twitter's policy on spam and platform manipulation.",
"Chahal accused Business Insider of \"engineering\" Twitter's enforcement of its policies against his company."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024 European Wrestling Championships – Men's Greco-Roman 87 kg"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Men's Greco-Roman 87 kg''' is a competition featured at the 2024 European Wrestling Championships, and will held in ?",
"on February 12 and 13."
],
[
"Medalists",
"'''Gold''''''Silver''''''Bronze''' Kiryl Maskevich"
],
[
"Results",
"; Legend* '''C''' — Won by 3 cautions given to the opponent* '''F''' — Won by fall* '''WO''' — Won by walkover===Final======Top half======Bottom half======Repechage==="
],
[
"Final standing",
"RankAthlete Kiryl Maskevich 5578 Alan Ostaev 910111213141516171819202122"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Draw"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Alvania dingdensis"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Alvania dingdensis''''' is an extinct species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae."
],
[
"Distribution",
"Fossils were found in Miocene strata near Dingden, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany."
],
[
"References",
"* Janssen, A. W. (1967).",
"Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Miocäns von Dingden und seiner Molluskenfauna 1.Geologica et Paleontologica.",
"1: 115–173."
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Timeline of fish evolution"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The evolution of fishes took place over a timeline which spans the Cambrian to the Cenozoic, including during that time in particular the Devonian, which has been dubbed the \"age of fishes\" for the many changes during that period.The Late Devonian extinctions played a crucial role in shaping the evolution of fish, or vertebrates in general.",
"Fishes evolved during the Early Paleozoic; by the Devonian, all modern groups (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes) were already present.",
"Devonian aquatic environments were also marked by placoderms and acanthodians, which are only known from fossils, however.",
"After suffering large losses during the Late Devonian extinctions, cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) and the Actinopterygii among the bony fishes (Osteichthyes) diversified.The sections below describe the pre-Devonian origin of fish, their Devonian radiation, including the conquest of land by early tetrapods, and the post-Devonian evolution of fishes."
],
[
"Pre Devonian: Origin of fish",
" Cambrian Cambrian (541–485 Ma): The beginning of the Cambrian was marked by the Cambrian explosion, the sudden appearance of nearly all of the invertebrate animal phyla (molluscs, jellyfish, worms and arthropods, such as crustaceans) in great abundance.",
"The first vertebrates appeared in the form of primitive fish, which were subsequently greatly diversified in the Silurian and Devonian.",
"140px ''Pikaia'' Although ''Pikaia'' is not actually \"first vertebrate\" or \"first fish\", this is still an important organism to show the early forms of chordates.",
"''Pikaia'' is a genus that appeared about 530 Ma during the Cambrian explosion of multicellular life.",
"It is traditionally considered as transitional fossil between invertebrates and vertebrates, and considered as stem-group chordate in 2012.It was a primitive creature with no evidence of eyes, without a well defined head, and less than 2 inches (5 centimetres) long.",
"''Pikaia'' was a sideways-flattened, leaf-shaped animal that swam by throwing its body into a series of S-shaped, zig-zag curves, similar to movement of snakes.",
"Fish inherited the same swimming movement, but they generally have stiffer backbones.",
"It had a pair of large head tentacles and a series of short appendages, which may be linked to gill slits, on either side of its head.",
"The flattened body is divided into pairs of segmented muscle blocks, seen as faint vertical lines.",
"The muscles lie on either side of a flexible structure resembling a rod that runs from the tip of the head to the tip of the tail.",
"140px ''Haikouichthys'' ''Haikouichthys'' ''(fish from Haikou)'' is a genus that also appears in the fossil record about 530 Ma, and marks the transition from invertebrate to vertebrates.",
"''Haikouichthys'' is craniates (animals with backbones and distinct heads).",
"Unlike ''Pikaia'', they had eyes.",
"They also had a defined skull and other characteristics that have led paleontologists to label it a true craniate, and even to be popularly characterized as one of the earliest fishes.",
"Cladistic analysis indicates that the animal is probably a basal chordate or a basal craniate; but it does not possess sufficient features to be included uncontroversially even in either stem group.",
"140px ''Myllokunmingia'' ''Myllokunmingia'' is a genus that appeared about 530 Ma.",
"It is a chordate, and it has been argued that it is a vertebrate, It is 28 mm long and 6 mm high, and is among the oldest possible craniates.",
"140px Conodont Conodonts ''(cone-teeth)'' resembled primitive eels.",
"They appeared 495 Ma and were wiped out 200 Ma.",
"Initially they were known only from tooth-like microfossils called ''conodont elements''.",
"These \"teeth\" have been variously interpreted as filter-feeding apparatuses or as a \"grasping and crushing array\".",
"Conodonts ranged in length from a centimeter to the 40 cm ''Promissum''.",
"Their large eyes had a lateral position of which makes a predatory role unlikely.",
"The preserved musculature hints that some conodonts (''Promissum'' at least) were efficient cruisers but incapable of bursts of speed.",
"In 2012 researchers classify the conodonts in the phylum Chordata on the basis of their fins with fin rays, chevron-shaped muscles and notochord.",
"Some researchers see them as vertebrates similar in appearance to modern hagfish and lampreys, though phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are more derived than either of these groups.",
"140px Ostracoderms Ostracoderms ''(shell-skinned)'' are any of several groups of extinct, primitive, jawless fishes that were covered in an armour of bony plates.",
"They appeared in the Cambrian, about 510 million years ago, and became extinct towards the end of the Devonian, about 377 million years ago.",
"Initially Ostracoderms had poorly formed fins, and paired fins, or limbs, first evolved within this group.",
"They were covered with a bony armour or scales and were often less than long.",
"Ordov-ician Ordovician (485–443 Ma): Fish, the world's first true vertebrates, continued to evolve, and those with jaws (Gnathostomata) may have first appeared late in this period.",
"Life had yet to diversify on land.",
"140px ''Arandaspis'' ''Arandaspis'' are jawless fish that lived in the early Ordovician period, about 480–470 Ma.",
"It was about long, with a streamlined body covered in rows of knobbly armoured scutes.",
"The front of the body and the head were protected by hard plates with openings for the eyes, nostrils and gills.",
"Although it was jawless, ''Arandaspis'' might have had some moveable plates in its mouth, serving as lips, sucking in food particles.",
"The low position of its mouth suggests it foraged the ocean floor.",
"It is not known how its trunk and caudal fin looked like.",
"110px ''Astraspis'' ''Astraspis'' ''(star shield)'' is an extinct genus of primitive jawless fish related to other Ordovician fishes, such as ''Sacabambaspis'' and ''Arandaspis''.",
"Fossils show clear evidence of a sensory structure (lateral line system).",
"The arrangement of these organs in regular lines allows the fish to detect the direction and distance from which a disturbance in the water is coming.",
"''Arandaspis'' are thought to have had a mobile tail covered with small protective plates and a head region covered with larger plates.",
"A specimen described by Sansom ''et al.''",
"had relatively large, lateral eyes and a series of eight gill openings on each side.",
"140px Pteraspidomorphi Pteraspidomorphi is an extinct class of early jawless fish.",
"The fossils show extensive shielding of the head.",
"Many had hypocercal tails to generate lift to increase ease of movement through the water for their armoured bodies, which were covered in dermal bone.",
"They also had sucking mouth parts and some species may have lived in fresh water.",
"125px Thelodonts Thelodonts ''(nipple teeth)'' are a class of small, extinct jawless fishes with distinctive scales instead of large plates of armour.",
"There is debate over whether these represent a monophyletic grouping, or disparate stem groups to the major lines of jawless and jawed fish.",
"Thelodonts are united by their characteristic \"thelodont scales\".",
"This defining character is not necessarily a result of shared ancestry, as it may have been evolved independently by different groups.",
"Thus the thelodonts are generally thought to represent a polyphyletic group.",
"If they are monophyletic, there is no firm evidence on what their ancestral state was.",
"These scales were easily dispersed after death; their small size and resilience makes them the most common vertebrate fossil of their time.",
"The fish lived in both freshwater and marine environments, first appearing during the Ordovician, and perishing during the Frasnian–Famennian extinction event of the Late Devonian.",
"They were predominantly deposit-feeding bottom dwellers, although some species may have been pelagic.",
"The Ordovician ended with the Ordovician–Silurian extinction event (450–440 Ma).",
"Two events occurred that killed off 27% of all families, 57% of all genera and 60% to 70% of all species.",
"Together they are ranked by many scientists as the second largest of the five major extinctions in Earth's history in terms of percentage of genera that became extinct.",
"Silurian Silurian (443–419 Ma): Many evolutionary milestones occurred during this period, including the appearance of armoured jawless fish, jawed fish, spiny sharks and ray-finned fish.",
"140px While it is traditional to refer to the Devonian as the age of fishes, recent findings have shown the Silurian was also a period of considerable diversification.",
"Jawed fish developed movable jaws, adapted from the supports of the front two or three gill arches 140px Anaspida Anaspida ''(without shield)'' is an extinct class of primitive jawless vertebrates that lived during the Silurian and Devonian periods.",
"Anaspids were small, primarily marine agnathans that lacked heavy bony shield and paired fins, but have highly exaggerated hypocercal tails.",
"They first appeared in the Early Silurian, and flourished until the Late Devonian extinction, where most species, save for lampreys, became extinct.",
"Unusually for an agnathan, anaspids did not possess a bony shield or armour.",
"The head is instead covered in an array of smaller, weakly mineralised scales.",
"140px Osteostraci Osteostraci (\"bony shields\") was a class of bony-armored jawless fish that lived from the Middle Silurian to Late Devonian.",
"Anatomically speaking, the osteostracans, especially the Devonian species, were among the most advanced of all known agnathans.",
"This is due to the development of paired fins, and their complicated cranial anatomy.",
"The osteostracans were more similar to lampreys than to jawed vertebrates in possessing two pairs of semicircular canals in the inner ear, as opposed to the three pairs found in the inner ears of jawed vertebrates.",
"Most osteostracans had a massive cephalothorac shield, but all Middle and Late Devonian species appear to have had a reduced, thinner, and often micromeric dermal skeleton.",
"They were probably relatively good swimmers, possessing dorsal fins, paired pectoral fins, and a strong tail.",
"140px Spiny sharks Spiny sharks, more formally called \"Acanthodians\" ''(having spines)'', constitute the class Acanthodii.",
"They first appeared by the late Silurian ~420 Ma, and were among the first fishes to evolve jaws.",
"They share features with both cartilaginous fish and bony fish, but they are not true sharks, though leading to them.",
"They became extinct before the end of the Permian ~250 Ma.",
"However, scales and teeth attributed to this group, as well as more derived jawed fish, such as cartilaginous and bony fish, date from the Ordovician ~460 Ma.",
"Acanthodians were generally small shark-like fishes varying from toothless filter-feeders to toothed predators.",
"They were once often classified as an order of the class Placodermi, but recent authorities tend to place the acanthodians as a paraphyletic assemblage leading to modern cartilaginous fish.",
"They are distinguished in two respects: they were the earliest known jawed vertebrates, and they had stout spines supporting all their fins, fixed in place and non-movable (like a shark's dorsal fin), an important defensive adaptation.",
"Their fossils are extremely rare.",
"140px Placoderms Placoderms, ''(plate-like skin)'', are a group of armoured jawed fishes, of the class Placodermi.",
"The oldest fossils appeared during the late Silurian, and became extinct at the end of the Devonian.",
"Recent studies suggest that the placoderms are possibly a paraphyletic group of basal jawed fishes, and the closest relatives of all living jawed vertebrates.",
"Some placoderms were small, flattened bottom-dwellers, such as antiarchs.",
"However many, particularly the arthrodires, were active midwater predators.",
"''Dunkleosteus'', which appeared later in the Devonian below, was the largest and most famous of these.",
"The upper jaw was firmly fused to the skull, but there was a hinge joint between the skull and the bony plating of the trunk region.",
"This allowed the upper part of the head to be thrown back and, in arthrodires, allowed them to take larger bites.",
"140px ''Megamastax'' ''Megamastax'', ''(big mouth)'', is a genus of lobe-finned fish which lived during the late Silurian period, about 423 million years ago, in China.",
"Before the discovery of ''Megamastax'', it was thought that jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) were limited in size and variation before the Devonian period.",
"''Megamastax'' is known only from jaw bones and it is estimated that it reached about long.",
"140px ''Guiyu oneiros'' ''Guiyu oneiros'', the earliest known bony fish.",
"It has the combination of both ray-finned and lobe-finned features, although analysis of the totality of its features place it closer to lobe-finned fish.",
"''Andreolepis'' The extinct genus ''Andreolepis'' includes the earliest known ray finned fish ''Andreolepis hedei'', which appeared in the late Silurian, around 420 Ma."
],
[
"Devonian: Age of fishes",
"The Devonian period is broken into the Early, Middle and Late stages.",
"By the start of the Early Devonian 419 mya, jawed fishes had divided into four distinct clades: the placoderms and spiny sharks, both of which are now extinct, and the cartilaginous and bony fishes, both of which are still extant.",
"The modern bony fish, class Osteichthyes, appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago.",
"Both the cartilaginous and bony fish may have arisen from either the placoderms or the spiny sharks.",
"A subclass of bony fish, the ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), have become the dominant group in the post-Paleozoic and modern world, with some 30,000 living species.Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high.",
"Marine faunas were dominated by bryozoa, diverse and abundant brachiopods, the enigmatic hederelloids, microconchids and corals.",
"Lily-like crinoids were abundant, and trilobites were still fairly common.",
"Among vertebrates, jawless armoured fish (ostracoderms) declined in diversity, while the jawed fish (gnathostomes) simultaneously increased in both the sea and fresh water.",
"Armoured placoderms were numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period but became extinct in the Late Devonian, perhaps because of competition for food against the other fish species.",
"Early cartilaginous (Chondrichthyes) and bony fish (Osteichthyes) also become diverse and played a large role within the Devonian seas.",
"The first abundant genus of shark, ''Cladoselache'', appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period.",
"The great diversity of fish around at the time have led to the Devonian being given the name \"The Age of Fish\" in popular culture.The first ray-finned and lobe-finned bony fish appeared in the Devonian, while the placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment.",
"However, another subclass of Osteichthyes, the Sarcopterygii, including lobe-finned fish including coelacanths and lungfish) and tetrapods, was the most diverse group of bony fish in the Devonian.",
"Sarcopterygians are basally characterized by internal nostrils, lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton, and cosmoid scales.During the Middle Devonian 393–383 Ma, the armoured jawless ostracoderm fish were declining in diversity; the jawed fish were thriving and increasing in diversity in both the oceans and freshwater.",
"The shallow, warm, oxygen-depleted waters of Devonian inland lakes, surrounded by primitive plants, provided the environment necessary for certain early fish to develop essential characteristics such as well developed lungs and the ability to crawl out of the water and onto the land for short periods of time.",
"Cartilaginous fish, class Chondrichthyes, consisting of sharks, rays and chimaeras, appeared by about 395 million years ago, in the middle DevonianDuring the Late Devonian the first forests were taking shape on land.",
"The first tetrapods appear in the fossil record over a period, the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events.",
"This lasted until the end of the Devonian 359 mya.",
"The ancestors of all tetrapods began adapting to walking on land, their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs (see ''Tiktaalik'').",
"In the oceans, primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and the late Ordovician.",
"The first ammonite mollusks appeared.",
"Trilobites, the mollusk-like brachiopods and the great coral reefs, were still common.The Late Devonian extinction occurred at the beginning of the last phase of the Devonian period, the Famennian faunal stage, (the Frasnian-Famennian boundary), about Ma.",
"Many fossil agnathan fish, save for the psammosteid heterostracans, make their last appearance shortly before this event.",
"The Late Devonian extinction crisis primarily affected the marine community, and selectively affected shallow warm-water organisms rather than cool-water organisms.",
"The most important group affected by this extinction event were the reef-builders of the great Devonian reef-systems.A second extinction pulse, the Hangenberg event closed the Devonian period and had a dramatic impact on vertebrate faunas.",
"Placoderms mostly became extinct during this event, as did most members of other groups including lobe-finned fish, acanthodians and early tetrapods in both marine and terrestrial habitats, leaving only a handful of survivors.",
"This event has been related to glaciation in the temperate and polar zones as well as euxinia and anoxia in the seas.",
"Devonian (419–359 mya): The start of Devonian saw the first appearance of lobe-finned fish, precursors to the tetrapods (animals with four limbs).",
"Major groups of fish evolved during this period, often referred to as the '''age of fish'''.",
"See :Category:Devonian fish.",
"Devonian EarlyDevonian Early Devonian (419–393 Ma): 140px ''Psarolepis'' ''Psarolepis'' ''(speckled scale)'' is a genus of extinct lobe-finned fish that lived around 397 to 418 Ma.",
"Fossils of ''Psarolepis'' have been found mainly in South China and described by paleontologist Xiaobo Yu in 1998.It is not known for certain which group ''Psarolepis'' belongs to, but paleontologists agree that it is close to the common ancestor of lobe-finned and ray-finned fishes.",
"140px ''Holoptychius'' ''Holoptychius'' is an extinct genus from the order of porolepiform lobe-finned fish, extant from 416 to 359 Ma.",
"It was a streamlined predator about long (though it could grow up to 2.5 m), which fed on other bony fish.",
"Its rounded scales and body form indicate that it could have swum quickly through the water to catch prey.",
"Similar to other rhipidistians, it had fang-like teeth on its palate in addition to smaller teeth on the jaws.",
"Its asymmetrical tail sported a caudal fin on its lower end.",
"To compensate for the downward push caused by this fin placement, ''Holoptychius''s pectoral fins were placed high on the body.",
"100px Ptyctodontida The ptyctodontids (''beak-teeth'') are an extinct monotypic order of unarmored placoderms, containing only one family.",
"They were extant from the start to the end of the Devonian.",
"With their big heads, big eyes, and long bodies, the ptyctodontids bore a strong resemblance to modern day chimaeras (Holocephali).",
"Their armor was reduced to a pattern of small plates around the head and neck.",
"Like the extinct and related acanthothoracids, and the living and unrelated holocephalians, most of the ptyctodontids are thought to have lived near the sea bottom and preyed on shellfish.",
"100px Petalichthyida The Petalichthyida was an order of small, flattened placoderms that existed from the beginning of the Devonian to the Late Devonian.",
"They were typified by splayed fins and numerous tubercles that decorated all of the plates and scales of their armour.",
"They reached a peak in diversity during the Early Devonian and were found throughout the world.",
"Because they had compressed body forms, it is supposed they were bottom-dwellers that chased after or ambushed smaller fish.",
"Their diet is not clear, as none of the fossil specimens found have preserved mouth parts.",
"100px ''Laccognathus'' ''Laccognathus'' ''(pitted jaw)'' was a genus of amphibious lobe-finned fish that existed 398–360 Ma.",
"They were characterized by the three large pits (fossae) on the external surface of the lower jaw, which may have had sensory functions.",
"''Laccognathus'' grew to in length.",
"They had very short dorsoventrally flattened heads, less than one-fifth the length of the body.",
"The skeleton was structured so large areas of skin were stretched over solid plates of bone.",
"This bone was composed of particularly dense fibers – so dense that exchange of oxygen through the skin was unlikely.",
"Rather, the dense ossifications served to retain water inside the body as ''Laccognathus'' traveled on land between bodies of water.",
"MiddleDevonian Middle Devonian (393–383 Ma): Cartilaginous fish, consisting of sharks, rays and chimaeras, appeared about 395 Ma.",
"140px ''Cheirolepis'' ''Cheirolepis'' ''(hand fin)'' was a genus of ray-finned fishes.",
"It was among the most basal of the Devonian ray-finned fish and is considered the first to possess the \"standard\" dermal cranial bones seen in later ray-finned fish.",
"It was a predatory freshwater fish about long, and based on the size of its eyes it hunted by sight.",
"140px ''Coccosteus'' ''Coccosteus'' ''(seed bone)'' is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm.",
"The majority of fossils have been found in freshwater sediments, though they may have been able to enter saltwater.",
"They grew up to long.",
"Like all other arthrodires, ''Coccosteus'' had a joint between the armour of the body and skull.",
"It also had an internal joint between its neck vertebrae and the back of the skull, allowing it to open its mouth even wider.",
"Along with the longer jaws, this allowed ''Coccosteus'' to feed on fairly large prey.",
"As with all other arthrodires, ''Coccosteus'' had bony dental plates embedded in its jaws, forming a beak.",
"The beak was kept sharp by having the edges of the dental plates grind away at each other.",
"120px ''Bothriolepis'' ''Bothriolepis'' ''(pitted scale)'' was the most successful genus of antiarch placoderms, if not the most successful genus of any placoderm, with over 100 species spread across Middle to Late Devonian strata across every continent.",
"80px Pituriaspida Pituriaspida ''(hallucinogenic shield)'' is a class containing two bizarre species of armoured jawless fish with tremendous nose-like rostrums.",
"They lived in estuaries around 390 Ma.",
"The paleontologist Gavin Young, named the class after the hallucinogenic drug pituri, since he thought he might be hallucinating upon viewing the bizarre forms.",
"The better studied species looked like a throwing-dart-like, with an elongate headshield and spear-like rostrum.",
"The other species looked like a guitar pick with a tail, with a smaller and shorter rostrum and a more triangular headshield.",
"Late Devonian extinction: 375–360 Ma.",
"A prolonged series of extinctions eliminated about 19% of all families, 50% of all genera and 70% of all species.",
"This extinction event lasted perhaps as long as 20 Ma, and there is evidence for a series of extinction pulses within this period.",
"LateDevonian Late Devonian (383–359 Ma): 140px ''Cladoselache'' ''Cladoselache'' was the first abundant genus of early chondrichthyan, related to modern sharks (though probably closer to holocephalans like chimaeras), appearing about 370 Ma.",
"It grew to long, with anatomical features similar to modern mackerel sharks.",
"It had a streamlined body almost entirely devoid of scales, with five to seven gill slits and a short, rounded snout that had a terminal mouth opening at the front of the skull.",
"It had a very weak jaw joint compared with modern-day sharks, but it compensated for that with very strong jaw-closing muscles.",
"Its teeth were multi-cusped and smooth-edged, making them suitable for grasping, but not tearing or chewing.",
"''Cladoselache'' therefore probably seized prey by the tail and swallowed it whole.",
"It had powerful keels that extended onto the side of the tail stalk and a semi-lunate tail fin, with the superior lobe about the same size as the inferior.",
"This combination helped with its speed and agility, which was useful when trying to outswim its probable predator, the heavily armoured long placoderm fish ''Dunkleosteus''.",
"140px ''Dipterus'' ''Dipterus'' ''(two wings)'' is an extinct genus of lungfish from 376 to 361 Ma.",
"It was about long, mostly ate invertebrates, and had lungs, not an air bladder.",
"Like its ancestor ''Dipnorhynchus'' it had tooth-like plates on its palate instead of real teeth.",
"However, unlike its modern relatives, in which the dorsal, caudal, and anal fin are fused into one, its fins were still separated.",
"Otherwise ''Dipterus'' closely resembled modern lungfish.",
"140px ''Dunkleosteus'' ''Dunkleosteus'' is a genus of arthrodire placoderms that existed from 380 to 360 Ma.",
"It grew up to long and weighed up to 3.6 tonnes.",
"It was a hypercarnivorous apex predator.",
"Apart from its contemporary ''Titanichthys'' (below), no other placoderm rivalled it in size.",
"Instead of teeth, ''Dunkleosteus'' had two pairs of sharp bony plates, which formed a beak-like structure.",
"Apart from megalodon, it had the most powerful bite of any fish, generating bite forces in the same league as ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' and the modern crocodile.",
"140px ''Titanichthys'' ''Titanichthys'' is a genus of giant, aberrant marine placoderm that lived in shallow seas.",
"Many of the species approached ''Dunkleosteus'' in size and build.",
"Unlike its relative, however, the various species of ''Titanichys'' had small, ineffective-looking mouth-plates that lacked a sharp cutting edge.",
"It is assumed that ''Titanichthys'' was a filter feeder that used its capacious mouth to swallow or inhale schools of small, anchovy-like fish, or possibly krill-like zooplankton, and that the mouth-plates retained the prey while allowing the water to escape as it closed its mouth.",
"140px ''Materpiscis'' ''Materpiscis'' ''(mother fish)'' is a genus of ptyctodontid placoderm from about 380 Ma.",
"Known from only one specimen, it is unique in having an unborn embryo present inside, and with remarkable preservation of a mineralised placental feeding structure (umbilical cord).",
"This makes ''Materpiscis'' the first known vertebrate to show viviparity, or giving birth to live young.",
"The specimen was named ''Materpiscis attenboroughi'' in honour of David Attenborough.",
"140px Hyneria Hyneria is a genus of predatory lobe-finned fish, about long, that lived 360 million years ago.",
"140px Rhizodonts Rhizodonts were an order of lobe-finned fish that survived to the end of the Carboniferous, 377–310 Ma.",
"They reached huge sizes.",
"The largest known species, ''Rhizodus hibberti'' grew up to 7 metres in length, making it the largest freshwater fish known."
],
[
"Fish to tetrapods",
"A cladogram of the evolution of tetrapods showing some of the best-known transitional fossils.",
"It starts with ''Eusthenopteron'' at the bottom, indisputably still a fish, through ''Panderichthys'', ''Tiktaalik'', ''Acanthostega'' and ''Ichthyostega'' to ''Pederpes'' at the top, indisputably a tetrapod From fins to limbsThe first tetrapods are four-legged, air-breathing, terrestrial animals from which the land vertebrates descended, including humans.",
"They evolved from lobe-finned fish of the clade Sarcopterygii, appearing in coastal water in the middle Devonian, and giving rise to the first amphibians.The group of lobe-finned fishes that were the ancestors of the tetrapod are grouped together as the Rhipidistia, and the first tetrapods evolved from these fish over the relatively short timespan 385–360 Ma.",
"The early tetrapod groups themselves are grouped as Labyrinthodontia.",
"They retained aquatic, fry-like tadpoles, a system still seen in modern amphibians.",
"From the 1950s to the early 1980s it was thought that tetrapods evolved from fish that had already acquired the ability to crawl on land, possibly so they could go from a pool that was drying out to one that was deeper.",
"However, in 1987, nearly complete fossils of ''Acanthostega'' from about showed that this Late Devonian transitional animal had legs and both lungs and gills, but could never have survived on land: its limbs and its wrist and ankle joints were too weak to bear its weight; its ribs were too short to prevent its lungs from being squeezed flat by its weight; its fish-like tail fin would have been damaged by dragging on the ground.",
"The current hypothesis is that ''Acanthostega'', which was about long, was a wholly aquatic predator that hunted in shallow water.",
"Its skeleton differed from that of most fish, in ways that enabled it to raise its head to breathe air while its body remained submerged, including: its jaws show modifications that would have enabled it to gulp air; the bones at the back of its skull are locked together, providing strong attachment points for muscles that raised its head; the head is not joined to the shoulder girdle and it has a distinct neck.Until the 1980s early transitional lobe-finned fishes, such as the ''Eusthenopteron'' shown here, were depicted as emerging onto land.",
"Paleontologists now widely agree this did not happen, and they were strictly aquatic.The Devonian proliferation of land plants may help to explain why air-breathing would have been an advantage: leaves falling into streams and rivers would have encouraged the growth of aquatic vegetation; this would have attracted grazing invertebrates and small fish that preyed on them; they would have been attractive prey but the environment was unsuitable for the big marine predatory fish; air-breathing would have been necessary because these waters would have been short of oxygen, since warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cooler marine water and since the decomposition of vegetation would have used some of the oxygen.There are three major hypotheses as to how tetrapods evolved their stubby fins (proto-limbs).",
"The traditional explanation is the \"shrinking waterhole hypothesis\" or \"desert hypothesis\" posited by the American paleontologist Alfred Romer.",
"He believed limbs and lungs may have evolved from the necessity of having to find new bodies of water as old waterholes dried up.The second hypothesis is the \"inter-tidal hypothesis\" put forward in 2010 by a team of Polish paleontologists led by Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki.",
"They argued that sarcopterygians may have first emerged unto land from intertidal zones rather than inland bodies of water.",
"Their hypothesis is based on the discovery of the 395 million-year-old Zachełmie tracks in Zachełmie, Poland, the oldest ever discovered fossil evidence of tetrapods.The third hypothesis, the \"woodland hypothesis\", was proposed by the American paleontologist Gregory J. Retallack in 2011.He argues that limbs may have developed in shallow bodies of water in woodlands as a means of navigating in environments filled with roots and vegetation.",
"He based his conclusions on the evidence that transitional tetrapod fossils are consistently found in habitats that were formerly humid and wooded floodplains.Research by Jennifer A. Clack and her colleagues showed that the very earliest tetrapods, animals similar to ''Acanthostega'', were wholly aquatic and quite unsuited to life on land.",
"This is in contrast to the earlier view that fish had first invaded the land — either in search of prey (like modern mudskippers) or to find water when the pond they lived in dried out — and later evolved legs, lungs, etc.Two ideas about the homology of arms, hands and digits have existed in the past 130 years.",
"First that digits are unique to tetrapods and second that antecedents were present in the fins of early sarcopterygian fish.",
"Until recently it was believed that \"genetic and fossil data support the hypothesis that digits are evolutionary novelties\".p.",
"640.However new research that created a three-dimensional reconstruction of Panderichthys, a coastal fish from the Devonian period 385 million years ago, shows that these animals already had many of the homologous bones present in the forelimbs of limbed vertebrates.",
"For example, they had radial bones similar to rudimentary fingers but positioned in the arm-like base of their fins.",
"Thus there was in the evolution of tetrapods a shift such that the outermost part of the fins were lost and eventually replaced by early digits.",
"This change is consistent with additional evidence from the study of actinopterygians, sharks and lungfish that the digits of tetrapods arose from pre-existing distal radials present in more primitive fish.",
"Controversy still exists since Tiktaalik, a vertebrate often considered the missing link between fishes and land-living animals, had stubby leg-like limbs that lacked the finger-like radial bones found in the Panderichthys.",
"The researchers of the paper commented that it \"is difficult to say whether this character distribution implies that Tiktaalik is autapomorphic, that Panderichthys and tetrapods are convergent, or that Panderichthys is closer to tetrapods than Tiktaalik.",
"At any rate, it demonstrates that the fish–tetrapod transition was accompanied by significant character incongruence in functionally important structures.\".p.",
"638.From the end of the Devonian to the Mid Carboniferous a 30 million year gap occurs in the fossil record.",
"This gap, called Romer's gap, is marked by the absence of ancestral tetrapod fossils and fossils of other vertebrates that look well-adapted for life on land.",
"Transition from lobe-finned fishes to tetrapods 140px~385 Ma ''Eusthenopteron'' Genus of extinct lobe-finned fishes that has attained an iconic status from its close relationships to tetrapods.",
"Early depictions of this animal show it emerging onto land, however paleontologists now widely agree that it was a strictly aquatic animal.",
"The genus ''Eusthenopteron'' is known from several species that lived during the Late Devonian period, about 385 Ma.",
"It was the object of intense study from the 1940s to the 1990s by the paleoichthyologist Erik Jarvik.",
"140px ''Gogonasus'' ''Gogonasus (snout from Gogo)'' was a lobe-finned fish known from 3-dimensionally preserved 380 million-year-old fossils found in the Gogo Formation.",
"It was a small fish reaching in length.",
"Its skeleton shows several tetrapod-like features.",
"They included the structure of its middle ear, and its fins show the precursors of the forearm bones, the radius and ulna.",
"Researchers believe it used its forearm-like fins to dart out of the reef to catch prey.",
"''Gogonasus'' was first described in 1985 by John A.",
"Long.",
"For almost 100 years ''Eusthenopteron'' has been the role model for demonstrating stages in the evolution of lobe-finned fishes to tetrapods.",
"''Gogonasus'' now replaces ''Eusthenopteron'' in being a better preserved representative without any ambiguity in interpreting its anatomy.",
"140px~385 Ma ''Panderichthys'' Adapted to muddy shallows, and capable of some kind of shallow water or terrestrial body flexion locomotion.",
"Had the ability to prop itself up.",
"They had large tetrapod-like heads, and are thought to be the most crownward stem fish-tetrapod with paired fins.",
"140px~375 Ma ''Tiktaalik'' A fish with limb-like fins that could take it onto land.",
"It is an example from several lines of ancient sarcopterygian fish developing adaptations to the oxygen-poor shallow-water habitats of its time, which led to the evolution of tetrapods.",
"Paleontologists suggest that it is representative of the transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates (fish) such as ''Panderichthys'', known from fossils 380 million years old, and early tetrapods such as ''Acanthostega'' and ''Ichthyostega'', known from fossils about 365 million years old.",
"Its mixture of primitive fish and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers, Neil Shubin, to characterize ''Tiktaalik'' as a \"fishapod\".",
"140px365 Ma ''Acanthostega'' A fish-like early labyrinthodont that occupied swamps and changed views about the early evolution of tetrapods.",
"It had eight digits on each hand (the number of digits on the feet is unclear) linked by webbing, it lacked wrists, and was generally poorly adapted to come onto land.",
"Subsequent discoveries revealed earlier transitional forms between ''Acanthostega'' and completely fish-like animals.",
"140px374–359 Ma ''Ichthyostega'' Until finds of other early tetrapods and closely related fishes in the late 20th century, ''Ichthyostega'' stood alone as the transitional fossil between fish and tetrapods, combining a fishlike tail and gills with an amphibian skull and limbs.",
"It possessed lungs and limbs with seven digits that helped it navigate through shallow water in swamps.",
"140px359–345 Ma ''Pederpes'' ''Pederpes'' is the earliest known fully terrestrial tetrapod.",
"It is included here to complete the transition of lobe-finned fishes to tetrapods, even though ''Pederpes'' is no longer a fish.By the late Devonian, land plants had stabilized freshwater habitats, allowing the first wetland ecosystems to develop, with increasingly complex food webs that afforded new opportunities.",
"Freshwater habitats were not the only places to find water filled with organic matter and choked with plants with dense vegetation near the water's edge.",
"Swampy habitats like shallow wetlands, coastal lagoons and large brackish river deltas also existed at this time, and there is much to suggest that this is the kind of environment in which the tetrapods evolved.",
"Early fossil tetrapods have been found in marine sediments, and because fossils of primitive tetrapods in general are found scattered all around the world, they must have spread by following the coastal lines — they could not have lived in freshwater only.",
"* Fossil Illuminates Evolution of Limbs from Fins ''Scientific American'', 2 2 April 2004."
],
[
"Post Devonian",
"* During the Carboniferous period, fish diversity seemingly declined and reached low levels during the Permian period.",
"* The Mesozoic Era began about 252 million years ago in the wake of the Permian-Triassic event, the largest mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended about 66 million years ago with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction that killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species.",
"It is often referred to as the ''Age of Reptiles'' because reptiles were the dominant vertebrates of the time.",
"The Mesozoic witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses.",
"The climate alternated between warming and cooling periods; overall the Earth was hotter than it is today.",
"Bony fishes remained largely unaffected by the Permian-Triassic extinction event.",
"*The Mesozoic saw the diversification of neopterygian fishes, the clade that consists of holostean and teleost fishes.",
"Most of them belong were small in size.",
"The diversity of body shape variety in Triassic, Jurassic, and Early Cretaceous neopterygian fishes has been documented, revealing that the accumulation of novel body shapes in teleost fishes was predominantly gradual throughout this 150 million year period (250Mya - 100Mya).",
"Holostean fishes appear to accumulate body shape variety (so called disparity) between the early Triassic and Toarcian, after which the amount of variety seen among their body shapes remained stable until the end of the Early Cretaceous.",
"Carbon-iferous Carboniferous (359–299 Ma): Sharks underwent a major evolutionary radiation during the Carboniferous.",
"It is believed that this evolutionary radiation occurred because the decline of the placoderms at the end of the Devonian period caused many environmental niches to become unoccupied and allowed new organisms to evolve and fill these niches.",
"140px ''Stethacanthus'' rightAs a result of the evolutionary radiation, carboniferous cartilaginous fishes assumed a wide variety of bizarre shapes—including cartilaginous fishes (holocephalian, relative of modern ratfishes) of the family Stethacanthidae, which possessed a flat brush-like dorsal fin with a patch of denticles on its top.",
"''Stethacanthus''s unusual fin may have been used in mating rituals.",
"Apart from the fins, Stethacanthidae resembled ''Falcatus'' (below).",
"140px ''Falcatus'' ''Falcatus'' is a genus of small cladodont-toothed cartilaginous fishes that lived 335–318 Ma.",
"They were about long.",
"They are characterised by the prominent fin spines that curved anteriorly over their heads.",
"140px ''Belantsea'' ''Belantsea'' is a representative of the Carboniferous to Permian order Petalodontiformes.",
"Petalodontiforms are characterized by their peculiar teeth.",
"The group became extinct in the late Permian (Wuchiapingian).",
"One of the last survivors was ''Janassa'', which superficially looked like modern rays, though it is not closely related with them.",
"140px ''Orodus'' ''Orodus'' is another cartilaginous fish of the Carboniferous, a genus from the family Orodontidae that lived into the early Permian from 303 to 295 Ma.",
"It grew to in length.",
"140px ''Chondrenchelys'' ''Chondrenchelys'' is an extinct genus of cartilaginous fish from the Carboniferous period.",
"It had an elongate, eel-like body.",
"''Chondrenchelys'' is a holocephalan and a distant relative of modern ratfishes.",
"140px ''Edestus'' Tooth whorl''Edestus'' is a genus of the extinct eugeneodontid order, a group of cartilaginous fishes that is related with modern chimerids (ratfishes).",
"Other Carboniferous genera aare ''Bobbodus'', ''Campodus'', and ''Ornithoprion''.",
"Eugeneodontids were common during the Carboniferous period.",
"Members of this order typically had tooth whorls, mostly formed by their lower jaws.",
"In ''Edestus'', both the upper and lower jaws formed a tooth whorl.",
"Some species of ''Edestus'' could reach body lengths of .",
"Permian Permian (298–252 Ma): 140px ''Helicoprion'' Tooth whorl''Helicoprion'' is arguably the most iconic genus of the extinct Eugeneodontida.",
"This order of cartilaginous fishes is related with extant chimerids (ratfishes).",
"Eugeneodontids disappeared during the Permian period, with only a few genera surviving into the earliest Triassic (''Caseodus'', ''Fadenia'').",
"Typically, members of this group had tooth whorls.",
"Species of ''Helicoprion'' could reach between in size.",
"140px ''Triodus'' ''Triodus'' is a genus of xenacanthid cartilaginous fish.",
"The order Xenacanthida existed during the Carboniferous to Triassic period, and is well known from many complete skeletons from the early Permian.",
"They typically had a prominent dorsal fin spine, which in some species was attached to the back of their skull, while in others it was located more posteriorly.",
"Xenacanthids were ferocious freshwater predators.",
"140px ''Acanthodes'' ''Acanthodes'' is an extinct genus of spiny shark (Acanthodii).",
"It had gills but no teeth, and was presumably a filter feeder.",
"''Acanthodes'' had only two skull bones and were covered in cubical scales.",
"Each paired pectoral and pelvic fins had one spine, as did the single anal and dorsal fins, giving it a total of six spines, less than half that of many other spiny sharks.",
"Acanthodians share qualities of both bony fish (osteichthyes) and cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyes), and it has been suggested that they may have been stem chondrichthyans and stem gnathostomes.",
"Spiny sharks became extinct in the Permian.",
"140px ''Palatinichthys'' Megalichthyids are an extinct family of lobe-finned fish.",
"They are tetrapodomorphs, a group of lobe-finned fish that is closely related with land-living vertebrates.",
"Megalichthyids survived into the Permian, but became extinct during this period.",
"''Palatinichthys'' from the early Permian of Germany was one of the last survivors of this clade.",
"140px ''Acrolepis'' ''Acrolepis'' is a genus of palaeoniscoid ray-finned fish that existed during the Carboniferous to Triassic period.",
"It had elongate jaws and its eyes were located in the front of the skull.",
"''Acrolepis'' had a heterocercal tail fin and fusiform body.",
"The body was covered in thick ganoid scales.",
"This morphology is typical for many late Palaeozoic ray-fins.",
"The Permian ended with the most extensive extinction event recorded in paleontology: the '''Permian-Triassic extinction event'''.",
"90% to 95% of marine species became extinct, as well as 70% of all land organisms.",
"It is also the only known mass extinction of insects.",
"Recovery from the Permian-Triassic extinction event was protracted; land ecosystems took 30M years to recover, and marine ecosystems took even longer.",
"However, bony fishes were mostly not affected by this extinction event.",
"Triassic Triassic (252–201 Ma): The fish fauna of the Early Triassic was remarkably uniform, reflecting the fact that the surviving families dispersed globally after the Permian-Triassic extinction.",
"A considerable radiation of ray-finned fishes occurred during the Triassic, laying the foundation for many modern fishes.",
"''See :Category:Triassic fish.''",
"140px ''Foreyia'' ''Ticinepomis''The Middle Triassic ''Foreyia'', along with ''Ticinepomis'', is one of the earliest known members of the family Latimeriidae, which also includes the extant coelacanth ''Latimeria''.",
"''Foreyia'' had an atypical body shape for a coelacanth, a group that is otherwise known for their conservative morphology.",
"''Rebellatrix'' is another Triassic coelacanth with an aberrant morphology.",
"This genus is characterized by a forked caudal fin, suggesting that ''Rebellatrix'' was a fast swimmer.",
"Coelacanths had one of their highest post-Devonian diversity during the Early Triassic.",
"140px ''Saurichthys'' Gravid femaleSaurichthyiformes are an extinct clade of ray-finned fish that evolved shortly before the Permian-Triassic extinction, and that rapidly diversified after the event.",
"The Triassic genus ''Saurichthys'' comprises over 50 species, some reaching up to in length.",
"Some Middle Triassic species show evidence for viviparity in the form of embryos that are preserved in females, and gonopodia in males.",
"This is the earliest case of a viviparous ray-finned fish.",
"''Saurichthys'' was also the first ray-fin to show adaptations for ambush predation.",
"140px ''Perleidus'' ''Colobodus'' jaws''Perleidus'' was a ray-finned fish from the Middle Triassic.",
"About in length, it was a marine predatory fish with jaws that hung vertically under the braincase, allowing them to open wide.",
"The Triassic Perleidiformes were very diverse in shape and showed distinct feeding specializations in their teeth.",
"''Colobodus'', for example, had strong, button-like teeth.",
"Some perleidiforms, such as ''Thoracopterus'', were the first ray-fins to glide over water, much like extant flying fish, with which they are only distantly related.",
"140px ''Robustichthys'' ''Robustichthys'' is a Middle Triassic ionoscopiform ray-finned fish.",
"They belong to the clade Halecomorphi, which were once diverse during the Mesozoic Era, but which are today represented by only a single species, the bowfin.",
"Halecomorphs are holosteans, a clade which first appeared in the fossil record during the Triassic.",
"140px ''Semionotus'' Thick scalesSemionotiformes are an extinct order of holostean ray-finned fish that existed from during the Mesozoic Era.",
"They were characterized by thick scales and specialized jaws.",
"They are relatives of modern gars, both belonging to the clade Ginglymodi.",
"This clade first appears in the fossil record during the Triassic.",
"Once diverse, they are only represented by a few species today.",
"140px ''Pholidophorus'' ''Pholidophorus'' was an extinct genus of teleost, around long, from about 240–140 Ma.",
"Although not closely related to the modern herring, it was somewhat like herring in appearance and niche.",
"It had a single dorsal fin, a symmetrical tail, and an anal fin placed towards the rear of the body.",
"It had large eyes and was probably a fast swimming predator, hunting planktonic crustaceans and smaller fish.",
"A very early teleost/teleosteomorph, ''Pholidophorus'' had many primitive characteristics such as ganoid scales and a spine that was partially composed of cartilage, rather than bone.",
"Teleosts first appeared in the fossil record during the Triassic.",
"One of the earliest members is ''Prohalecites'' (Ladinian).",
"The Triassic ended with the '''Triassic–Jurassic extinction event'''.",
"About 23% of all families, 48% of all genera (20% of marine families and 55% of marine genera) and 70% to 75% of all species became extinct.",
"Ray-finned fishes, however, remained largely unaffected by this extinction event.",
"Non-dinosaurian archosaurs continued to dominate aquatic environments, while non-archosaurian diapsids continued to dominate marine environments.",
"Jurassic Jurassic (201–145 Ma): During the Jurassic period, the primary vertebrates living in the seas were fish and marine reptiles.",
"The latter include ichthyosaurs who were at the peak of their diversity, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs, and marine crocodiles of the families Teleosauridae and Metriorhynchidae.",
"Numerous turtles could be found in lakes and rivers.",
"''See :Category:Jurassic fish.''",
"140px Pachycormiformes ''Hypsocormus''Pachycormiformes are an extinct order of ray-finned fish that existed from the Early Jurassic to the K-Pg extinction (below).",
"They were characterized by serrated pectoral fins, reduced pelvic fins and a bony rostrum.",
"Their relations with other fish are unclear.",
"140px ''Leedsichthys'' Along with its close pachycormid relatives ''Bonnerichthys'' and ''Rhinconichthys'', ''Leedsichthys'' is part of a lineage of large-sized filter-feeders that swam the Mesozoic seas for over 100 million years, from the middle Jurassic until the end of the Cretaceous period.",
"Pachycormids might represent an early branch of Teleostei, the group most modern bony fishes belong to; in that case ''Leedsichthys'' is the largest known teleost fish.",
"In 2003, a fossil specimen long was unearthed.",
"140px Ichthyodectiformes This fossil Ichthyodectiform from the Lower Jurassic is one of the best conserved fossil fishes worldwideThe order Ichthyodectiformes (literally \"fish-biters\") was a family of marine actinopterygian fish.",
"They first appeared 156 Ma during the Late Jurassic and disappeared during the K-Pg extinction event 66 Ma.",
"They were most diverse throughout the Cretaceous period.",
"Most ichthyodectids ranged between in length.",
"All known taxa were predators, feeding on smaller fish; in several cases, larger Ichthyodectidae preyed on smaller members of the family.",
"Some species had remarkably large teeth, though others, such as ''Gillicus arcuatus'', had small ones and sucked in their prey.",
"The largest ''Xiphactinus'' was 20 feet long, and appeared in the Late Cretaceous (below).",
"Cret-aceous Cretaceous (145–66 Ma): ''See :Category:Cretaceous fish.''",
"140px Sturgeon True sturgeons appear in the fossil record during the Upper Cretaceous.",
"Since that time, sturgeons have undergone remarkably little morphological change, indicating their evolution has been exceptionally slow and earning them informal status as living fossils.",
"This is explained in part by the long generation interval, tolerance for wide ranges of temperature and salinity, lack of predators due to size, and the abundance of prey items in the benthic environment.",
"150px ''Cretoxyrhina''''Cretoxyrhina mantelli'' was a large shark that lived about 100 to 82 million years ago, during the mid Cretaceous period.",
"It is commonly known as the Ginsu Shark.This shark was first identified by a famous Swiss Naturalist, Louis Agassiz in 1843, as ''Cretoxyhrina mantelli''.",
"However, the most complete specimen of this shark was discovered in 1890, by the fossil hunter Charles H. Sternberg, who published his findings in 1907.The specimen consisted of a nearly complete associated vertebral column and over 250 associated teeth.",
"This kind of exceptional preservation of fossil sharks is rare because a shark's skeleton is made of cartilage, which is not prone to fossilization.",
"Charles dubbed the specimen ''Oxyrhina mantelli''.",
"This specimen represented a shark.",
"140px ''Enchodus''''Enchodus'' is an extinct genus of bony fish.",
"It flourished during the Upper Cretaceous and was small to medium in size.",
"One of the genus' most notable attributes are the large \"fangs\" at the front of the upper and lower jaws and on the palatine bones, leading to its misleading nickname among fossil hunters and paleoichthyologists, \"the saber-toothed herring\".",
"These fangs, along with a long sleek body and large eyes, suggest ''Enchodus'' was a predatory species.",
"140px ''Xiphactinus'' ''Xiphactinus'' is an extinct genus of large predatory marine bony fish of the Late Cretaceous.",
"They grew more than long.",
"140px ''Ptychodus'' ''Ptychodus'' is a genus of extinct shark (previously considered as hybodontiformes but later denied) that lived from the late Cretaceous to the Paleogene.",
"''Ptychodus mortoni'' ''(pictured)'' was about long and was unearthed in Kansas, United States.",
"The end of the Cretaceous was marked by the '''Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (K-Pg extinction)'''.",
"There are substantial fossil records of jawed fishes across the K–T boundary, which provides good evidence of extinction patterns of these classes of marine vertebrates.",
"Within cartilaginous fish, approximately 80% of the sharks, rays, and skates families survived the extinction event, and more than 90% of teleost fish (bony fish) families survived.",
"There is evidence of a mass kill of bony fishes at a fossil site immediately above the K–T boundary layer on Seymour Island near Antarctica, apparently precipitated by the K–Pg extinction event.",
"However, the marine and freshwater environments of fishes mitigated environmental effects of the extinction event, and evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the extinction, apparently due to the elimination of their ammonite competitors (there was no similar change in shark populations across the boundary).",
"CenozoicEra Cenozoic Era (66 Ma to present): The current era has seen great diversification of bony fishes.",
"Over half of all living vertebrate species (about 32,000 species) are fishes (non-tetrapod craniates), a diverse set of lineages that inhabit all the world's aquatic ecosystems, from snow minnows (Cypriniformes) in Himalayan lakes at elevations over to flatfishes (order Pleuronectiformes) in the Challenger Deep, the deepest ocean trench at about .",
"Fishes of myriad varieties are the main predators in most of the world's water bodies, both freshwater and marine.",
"140px ''Amphistium'' ''Amphistium'' is a 50-million-year-old fossil fish that has been identified as an early relative of the flatfish, and as a transitional fossil.",
"In a typical modern flatfish, the head is asymmetric with both eyes on one side of the head.",
"In ''Amphistium'', the transition from the typical symmetric head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top of the head.",
"140px ''Otodus megalodon'' Megalodon is an extinct species of shark that lived about 28 to 1.5 Ma.",
"It looked much like a stocky version of the great white shark, but was much larger with estimated length reaching up to .",
"Found in all oceans it was one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history, and probably had a profound impact on marine life."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"Sources",
"* * * * * * * * * * *"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"I Think of You Often"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''I Think of You Often''''' is a Canadian short documentary film, directed by Scott Barrie and released in 1983.The film blends archival footage of World War I with narrated excerpts from three letters written by a Canadian soldier to his girlfriend.The film premiered at the 1983 Yorkton Film Festival, where Paul Fox won the award for Best Editing and Barrie was awarded a certificate of merit.",
"It received a Genie Award nomination for Best Theatrical Short Film at the 6th Genie Awards in 1985."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Paul H. Roberts"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Paul Harry Roberts''' FRS was a British physicist who specialized in theoretical physics, particularly in the area of astrophysics and magnetohydrodynamics."
],
[
"Biography",
"Paul Roberts was born in Aberystwyth in Wales.",
"Paul started his PhD with Hermann Bondi, but then in the third year his advisor was changed to Keith Runcorn.",
"He completed his PhD in 1954.He worked with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar at the Yerkes Observatory for the following year, before returning to UK to finish his national service at the AWRE.",
"From 1956 to 1961, he was appointed at the faculty of Newcastle University.",
"In 1961, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar invited Paul to join the faculty at the University of Chicago which he did until 1963 before returning to the Newcastle University in 1963.He remained in the later place until his retirement in 1986.Not happy with the forced retirement in the UK, he accepted the joint-appointment offer from the University of California, Los Angeles and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and hold the position until his death in November 2022."
],
[
"Research",
"In his research career, Paul has made seminal contributions in the field of astrophysics, magnetohydrodynamics, fluid dynamics, superfluidity and dynamo theory."
],
[
"Awards and honours",
"Roberts was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1955 and the Royal Society in 1979.He was elected as a fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 1987 and American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2001.He is the recipient of John Adam Fleming medal in 1999."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"*"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"List of teams and cyclists in the 2024 Vuelta a España"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The following is a list of teams and cyclists who will participate in the 2024 Vuelta a España."
],
[
"Teams",
"'''UCI WorldTeams'''* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * '''UCI ProTeams'''*"
],
[
"Cyclists",
"+ Legend No.",
"Starting number worn by the rider during the Vuelta Pos.",
"Position in the general classification Time Deficit to the winner of the general classification ‡ Denotes riders born on or after 1 January 1999, and thus eligible for the young rider classification Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the points classification Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification Denotes the winner of the team classification Denotes the winner of the combativity award DNS Denotes a rider who did not start, followed by the stage before which he withdrew DNF Denotes a rider who did not finish, followed by the stage in which he withdrew DSQ Denotes a rider who was disqualified from the race, followed by the stage in which this occurred OTL Denotes a rider who finished outside the time limit, followed by the stage in which he did so COV Denotes a rider who withdrew because of COVID-19 either because he tested positive or team members tested positive, followed by the stage before which he withdrew ''Ages correct as of Saturday 17 August 2024, the date on which the Vuelta begins''=== By starting number === No.",
"Name Nationality Team Age Time Thomas De Gendt Harm Vanhoucke Lennert Van Eetvelt ‡ Maxim Van Gils ‡ Nans Peters Valentin Retailleau ‡ Jordi Meeus Jesús Herrada Jonathan Lastra Guillaume Martin David Gaudu Lenny Martinez ‡ Egan Bernal Michał Kwiatkowski Arne Marit ‡ Boy van Poppel Robert Gesink Steven Kruijswijk Sepp Kuss Ben Tulett ‡ Wout van Aert Jonas Vingegaard Alex Kirsch Mads Pedersen Mattias Skjelmose ‡ Mathias Vacek ‡ Otto Vergaerde Enric Mas Nairo Quintana Mikel Landa Max Poole ‡ Caleb Ewan Luka Mezgec Campbell Stewart Max Walscheid João Almeida Marc Soler Jay Vine Adam Yates"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2023 Kamila Skolimowska Memorial"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2023 Kamila Skolimowska Memorial''' was the 15th edition of the annual outdoor track and field meeting in Chorzów, Poland.",
"Held on 16 July at the Silesian Stadium, it was the 8th leg of the 2023 Diamond League.The meeting was highlighted by reigning Olympic champion Jakob Ingebrigtsen running a 3:27.14 personal best to win the 1500 metres.",
"In addition, Sha'Carri Richardson won an anticipated race against Shericka Jackson, maintaining a perfect season in the 100 m after winning the 2023 Doha Diamond League earlier in the year."
],
[
"Results",
"===Diamond Discipline===+Men's 100m Place Athlete Country Time Points Akani Simbine 9.97 8 Fred Kerley 9.98 7 Emmanuel Eseme 9.98 6 4 Cravont Charleston 9.99 5 5 Yohan Blake 10.01 4 6 Marvin Bracy 10.10 3 7 Ackeem Blake 10.15 2 8 Pjai Austin 10.23 1 9 Jeremiah Azu 10.31 +Men's 400m Place Athlete Country Time Points Wayde van Niekerk 44.08 8 Bayapo Ndori 44.61 7 Alison dos Santos 44.73 6 4 Zakithi Nene 44.74 5 5 Ryan Willie 44.77 4 6 Bryce Deadmon 44.81 3 7 Vernon Norwood 44.88 2 8 Karol Zalewski 45.87 1 Muzala Samukonga DNF +Men's 1500m Place Athlete Country Time Points Jakob Ingebrigtsen 3:27.14 8 Abel Kipsang 3:29.11 7 Reynold Cheruiyot 3:30.30 6 4 Andrew Coscoran 3:30.42 5 5 Sam Tanner 3:31.24 4 6 Vincent Kibet Keter 3:31.28 3 7 Isaac Nader 3:31.49 2 8 George Mills 3:31.54 1 9 Azeddine Habz 3:31.61 10 Elliot Giles 3:33.00 11 Cameron Myers 3:33.26 12 Charles Philibert-Thiboutot 3:33.29 13 Adrián Ben 3:33.50 14 Sam Prakel 3:40.09 Stewart McSweyn DNF Erik Sowinski DNF Mounir Akbache DNF +Men's 3000mSC Place Athlete Country Time Points Soufiane El Bakkali 8:03.16 8 Abraham Kibiwot 8:08.03 7 Leonard Bett 8:09.45 6 4 Abrham Sime 8:10.68 5 5 Benjamin Kigen 8:11.12 4 6 Avinash Sable 8:11.63 3 7 Amos Serem 8:14.53 2 8 Mohamed Tindouft 8:15.02 1 9 Hailemariyam Amare 8:25.10 10 Amos Kirui 8:26.17 11 8:30.01 12 Fernando Carro 8:33.59 13 El Mehdi Aboujanah 8:33.90 14 Mohamed Amin Jhinaoui 8:40.84 Mohammed Msaad DNF Getnet Wale DNF DNF +Men's High Jump Place Athlete Country Mark Points Mutaz Barsham 8 Gianmarco Tamberi 7 Tobias Potye 6 4 Brandon Starc 5 5 Norbert Kobielski 4 6 Luis Zayas 3 7 Donald Thomas 2 8 Hamish Kerr 1 9 Thomas Carmoy 10 Andriy Protsenko +Men's Pole Vault Place Athlete Country Mark Points Armand Duplantis 8 Sam Kendricks 7 Chris Nilsen 6 4 Piotr Lisek 5 5 Bo Kanda Lita Baehre 4 6 Thiago Braz 3 7 Kurtis Marschall 2 8 Zach McWhorter 1 9 Sondre Guttormsen 10 Menno Vloon +Men's Shot Put Place Athlete Country Mark Points Ryan Crouser 8 Payton Otterdahl 7 Tom Walsh 6 4 Filip Mihaljević 5 5 Josh Awotunde 4 6 Jacko Gill 3 7 Joe Kovacs 2 8 Leonardo Fabbri 1 Michał Haratyk NM Tomáš Staněk NM +Women's 100m Place Athlete Country Time Points Sha'Carri Richardson 10.76 8 Shericka Jackson 10.78 7 Ewa Swoboda 10.94 6 4 Twanisha Terry 10.99 5 5 Daryll Neita 11.01 4 6 Anthonique Strachan 11.05 3 7 Gina Lückenkemper 11.09 2 8 Zoe Hobbs 11.15 1 9 Shashalee Forbes 11.18 +Women's 400m Place Athlete Country Time Points Natalia Kaczmarek 49.48 8 Lieke Klaver 49.81 7 Marileidy Paulino 50.00 6 4 Candice McLeod 50.19 5 5 Sada Williams 50.34 4 6 Victoria Ohuruogu 50.48 3 7 Lynna Irby 50.92 2 8 Martina Weil 51.07 1+Women's 800m Place Athlete Country Time Points Mary Moraa 1:56.85 8 Halimah Nakaayi 1:57.78 7 Natoya Goule 1:57.90 6 4 Sage Hurta 1:58.09 5 5 Abbey Caldwell 1:58.48 4 6 Anita Horvat 1:58.94 3 7 Rénelle Lamote 1:59.30 2 8 Sofia Ennaoui 1:59.82 1 9 Elena Bellò 2:00.61 10 Camille Laus 2:01.35 11 2:02.09 Aneta Lemiesz DNF Catriona Bisset DNF +Women's 3000m Place Athlete Country Time Points Freweyni Hailu 8:26.61 8 Lilian Kasait Rengeruk 8:27.80 7 Lemlem Hailu 8:29.43 6 4 Teresia Muthoni Gateri 8:29.48 5 5 Margaret Akidor 8:31.45 4 6 Sarah Chelangat 8:35.82 3 7 Agate Caune 8:39.78 2 8 Mekedes Alemeshete 8:41.57 1 9 Elly Henes 8:42.81 10 Joselyn Brea 8:43.26 11 Aimee Pratt 8:44.15 12 Viktória Wagner-Gyürkés 8:50.40 13 Lemlem Nibret 8:50.95 14 Klara Lukan 8:51.45 15 Lauren Ryan 9:06.70 16 Tigist Gezahagn 9:06.89 Kinga Królik DNF +Women's 100mH Place Athlete Country Time Points Tobi Amusan 12.34 8 Kendra Harrison 12.35 7 Nia Ali 12.38 6 4 Megan Tapper 12.49 5 5 Danielle Williams 12.55 4 6 Tia Jones 12.57 3 7 Alaysha Johnson 12.58 2 8 Pia Skrzyszowska 12.67 1 9 Marione Fourie 12.73 +Women's High Jump Place Athlete Country Mark Points Iryna Herashchenko 8 Nicola Olyslagers 7 Yuliya Levchenko 6 4 Angelina Topić 5 5 Morgan Lake 4 6 Lamara Distin 3 7 Nadezhda Dubovitskaya 2 8 Kateryna Tabashnyk 1 9 Eleanor Patterson +Women's Triple Jump Place Athlete Country Mark Wind Points Yulimar Rojas 8 Maryna Bekh-Romanchuk 7 Leyanis Pérez 6 4 Liadagmis Povea 5 5 Shanieka Ricketts 4 6 Thea LaFond 3 7 Keturah Orji 2 8 Tori Franklin 1+Women's Javelin Throw Place Athlete Country Mark Points Haruka Kitaguchi 8 Mackenzie Little 7 Tori Peeters 6 4 Nikola Ogrodníková 5 5 Liveta Jasiūnaitė 4 6 Sigrid Borge 3 7 Kelsey-Lee Barber 2 8 Adriana Vilagoš 1===Promotional Events===+Men's Hammer Throw Place Athlete Country Mark Wojciech Nowicki Rudy Winkler Eivind Henriksen 4 Christos Frantzeskakis 5 Paweł Fajdek +Women's Hammer Throw Place Athlete Country Mark Brooke Andersen Janee' Kassanavoid Sara Fantini 4 Bianca Ghelber 5 Malwina Kopron +Men's 110mH Place Athlete Country Time Roger Iribarne 13.25 Just Kwaou-Mathey 13.26 Tyler Mason 13.29 4 Trey Cunningham 13.36 5 Joshua Zeller 13.43 6 Eric Edwards Jr. 13.54 7 Daniel Roberts 13.90 Robert Dunning DNS Milan Trajkovic DQ+Men's 110mH Round 1 Place Athlete Country Time Heat 1 Roger Iribarne 13.21 1 2 Daniel Roberts 13.24 2 3 Just Kwaou-Mathey 13.27 1 4 Tyler Mason 13.28 2 5 Trey Cunningham 13.31 1 6 Milan Trajkovic 13.34 2 7 Eric Edwards Jr. 13.36 1 8 Robert Dunning 13.38 1 9 Joshua Zeller 13.40 1 10 Antonio Alkana 13.44 1 11 Aurel Manga 13.45 2 12 Rafael Pereira 13.50 2 13 Damion Thomas 13.53 1 14 Michael Dickson 13.57 2 15 Pascal Martinot-Lagarde 13.59 2 16 13.64 2 17 Damian Czykier 13.65 1+Women's 1500m Place Athlete Country Time Hirut Meshesha 3:54.87 Birke Haylom 3:54.93 Diribe Welteji 3:55.08 4 Worknesh Mesele 3:57.00 5 Linden Hall 3:57.27 6 Melissa Courtney-Bryant 3:58.01 7 Jemma Reekie 3:58.65 8 Gaia Sabbatini 4:01.24 9 Katharina Trost 4:02.32 10 Kristiina Mäki 4:03.27 11 Claudia Bobocea 4:03.80 12 Agathe Guillemot 4:05.89 13 4:06.29 14 Eliza Megger 4:08.66 15 Weronika Lizakowska 4:14.86 DNF"
],
[
"References",
"; Results*"
],
[
"External links",
"* Meeting website"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''2024 Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship''' is scheduled to be the 130th staging of the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship since its establishment by the Kilkenny County Board in 1887.The championship is scheduled to run from September to October 2024.O'Loughlin Gaels will be the defending champions."
],
[
"Team changes",
"===To Championship===Promoted from the Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship*Thomastown===From Championship===Relegated to the Kilkenny Intermediate Hurling Championship*Danesfort"
],
[
"Knockout stage",
"===First round======Relegation playoff======Quarter-finals======Semi-finals======Final==="
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External link",
"* Kilkenny GAA website"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2024 European Wrestling Championships – Men's Greco-Roman 77 kg"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Men's Greco-Roman 77 kg''' is a competition featured at the 2024 European Wrestling Championships, and will held in ?",
"on February 12 and 13."
],
[
"Medalists",
"'''Gold''''''Silver''''''Bronze'''"
],
[
"Results",
"; Legend* '''F''' — Won by fall===Final======Top half======Bottom half======Repechage==="
],
[
"Final standing",
"RankAthlete Adlet Tiuliubaev 557891011121314151617181920212223 Shuai Mamedau 2425"
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Draw"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Oh My School!"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''''Oh My School!'''''",
"() is a 2023 Chinese 3D computer-animated Comedy Drama film directed by Mingze Xia and Kai Yan.",
"The film features the voices of Xing Yuanyuan, Wang Bowen, Yuheng Gao, Huang Heng, Guo Hongjin."
],
[
"Plot",
"Unexpectedly, \"irritable class teacher\" Shi Miaona and junior high school class 3's most irresponsible \"rascal\" Wang Qiang swapped bodies.",
"Wang Qiang, who was persecuted for a long time, defeated the habit of being a class instructor, and Shi Miaona also suffered the taste of being a \"ball of mud\".",
"Xi Miaona's public class competition is approaching, and the two desperately need to figure out how to trade their bodies, yet they face various obstacles."
],
[
"Voice cast",
"*Xing Yuanyuan*Wang Bowen*Yuheng Gao*Huang Heng*Guo Hongjin"
],
[
"Production",
"The film is an adaptation of a network animation series set in a junior high school in Changchun, Northeast China that ran between 2014 and 2018."
],
[
"Release",
"The film was released in China on July 14, 2023."
],
[
"Reception",
"Douban, the influential Chinese film reviews website, gave the drama 8 out of 10 points, one of the highest for wide-release animated films, second only to Chang'an."
],
[
"Box office",
"'''“Oh My School”''' debuted fifth in China and tenth in the global box-office charts with an opening weekend gross of $12.8 million.The film grossed $52.6 million in its life time."
],
[
"See also",
"*List of Chinese animated films*List of Chinese animated series"
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Lalla Fatima Zahra bint Hassan"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Lalla Fatima Zohra''' (died in 1894) was an Alawi Princess who went down in history as a learned woman.",
"She was the daughter of Moulay Hassan I, Sultan of Morocco (1836–1894)."
],
[
"Biography",
"Princess Lalla Fatima Zahra was the daughter of Sultan Moulay Hassan I, the identity of her mother was not preserved.",
"The princess was a woman of letters and ''faqīha'' who donated a large part of her princely literary collection for the benefit of the library of the University of al-Qarawiyyin in Fes.",
"Her collection contained 273 volumes.She charitably endowed (''waqf'') her literary collection to the ''hizana'' of al-Qarawiyyin.",
"Among the books was ''kitab ihtisar al-nihaya wa l'Tamam fi ma'rifat al-wathaiq wa al-ahkam li Ibn Harun'' (Summary of the end and completion of knowledge of documents and rulings by Ibn Harun), by Ali Ibn Abdullah al-Matety."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Khondkar Moazzamuddin Hossain"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Khondkar Moazzamuddin Hossain''' is the 5th Comptroller and Auditor General of Bangladesh."
],
[
"Early life",
"Hossain was born in 1936.After completing his bachelor's and master's in Islamic History and Culture from the University of Dhaka, he joined the Pakistan Railway Accounts Service."
],
[
"Career",
"Hossain was appointed deputy secretary of the Ministry of Finance in Independent Bangladesh.On 7 March 1992, Hossain was appointed Bangladesh's Comptroller and Auditor General replacing Gholam Kibria.",
"In 1993, the government of Bangladesh nominated Hossain to be an external auditor of UNESCO.On 3 April 1996, M Hafizuddin Khan replaced Hossain as the Comptroller and Auditor General."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Mian Khan Mondrani"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Mian Khan Mondrani''' (), is a Pakistani politician who is member-elect of the National Assembly of Pakistan."
],
[
"Political career",
"Mondrani won the 2024 Pakistani general election from NA-253 Ziarat-cum-Harnai-cum-Sibbi-cum-Kohlu-cum-Dera Bugti as an Independent candidate.",
"He received 46,683 votes while runner up Mir Dostin Khan Dumki of Pakistan Muslim League (N) received 44,643 votes."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"2023 Davis Cup Africa Zone Group III"
],
[
"Introduction",
"The '''Africa Zone''' was the unique zone within Group 3 of the regional Davis Cup competition in 2023.The zone's competition was held in round robin format in Pretoria, South Africa, from 9 to 12 August 2023."
],
[
"Participating nations"
],
[
"Draw",
"Date: 9–12 August 2023Location: University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (Hard)Format: Round-robin basis.",
"Two pools of four teams and nations will play each team once in their group.",
"Nations finishing first in each group will be promoted to World Group II play-offs in 2024.Nations finishing second in each group will enter a promotion play-off and the winner will be promoted to World Group II play-offs in 2024.Nations finishing in the bottom two of each group will enter relegation play-offs, with the third of Group A facing the fourth of Group B, and the third of Group B facing the fourth of Group A and the two lost teams will be relegated to Africa Zone Group IV in 2024.===Seeding===Pot NationRank1Seed1234*1Davis Cup Rankings as of ===Round Robin=======Pool A========Pool B====''Standings are determined by: 1.number of wins; 2.number of matches; 3.in two-team ties, head-to-head records; 4.in three-team ties, (a) percentage of sets won (head-to-head records if two teams remain tied), then (b) percentage of games won (head-to-head records if two teams remain tied), then (c) Davis Cup rankings.",
"''===Playoffs===PlacingA TeamScoreB TeamFirst '''''' 3–0 Promotional '''''' 2–1 Relegation '''''' 2–0 ''''Relegation '''''' 2–1 ''''*'''''', '''''' and '''''' were promoted to 2024 Davis Cup World Group II play-offs.",
"*'''' and '''' were relegated to 2024 Davis Cup Africa Zone Group IV."
],
[
"Round Robin",
"===Pool A=======South Africa vs. Algeria========Ivory Coast vs. Togo========South Africa vs. Ivory Coast========Algeria vs. Togo========South Africa vs. Togo========Ivory Coast vs. Algeria=======Pool B=======Zimbabwe vs. Namibia========Benin vs. Senegal========Zimbabwe vs. Benin========Namibia vs. Senegal========Zimbabwe vs. Senegal========Benin vs. Namibia===="
],
[
"Play-offs",
"===First place play-off=======South Africa vs. Zimbabwe=======Promotional play-off=======Togo vs. Benin=======Relegation play-offs=======Ivory Coast vs. Senegal========Namibia vs. Algeria===="
],
[
"Final placements",
"'''Placing''''''Teams''''''Promoted/First''''''''''''Promoted/Second''''''''''''Promoted/Third''''''''''''Fourth''''''Fifth''''''Relegated/Seventh'''''''''''*'''''', '''''' and '''''' were promoted to 2024 Davis Cup World Group II play-offs.",
"*'''' and '''' were relegated to 2024 Davis Cup Africa Zone Group IV."
],
[
"References"
],
[
"External links",
"* Official Website"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Hoàng Văn Thụ Park"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Hoàng Văn Thụ Park''' () is a park located in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, to the south of Tan Son Nhat International Airport."
],
[
"Design",
"The park is a green space in the shape of a triangle, covering an area of approximately , bounded by Hoàng Văn Thụ, Phan Dinh Giot, and Tran Quoc Hoan streets.",
"It is intersected by Phan Thuc Duyen Street.",
"Adjacent to the park are the Lang Cha Ca Roundabout and the 7th Military Region Stadium.Within the park, there is a recreational fishing lake covering an area of .",
"Additionally, there is a children's playground area covering , inaugurated in 2012.Around mid-2023, a portion of the park was diminished by roughly to facilitate the building of an underpass at the nearby busy intersection, aiming to alleviate traffic congestion in the airport gateway vicinity.",
"Once the project concludes, nearly will be allocated for tree replanting by the construction team, while the rest will be utilized for sidewalk enhancement."
],
[
"History",
"Previously, the park's land belonged to the helipad of the 3rd Field Hospital of the United States Army during the Vietnam War.",
"After the Fall of Saigon, it came under the management of 7th Military Region of Vietnam People's Army.",
"The park was established in 1989 and is currently managed by the Tan Binh District Public Service Single-member LLC."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
[
[
"Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation"
],
[
"Introduction",
"'''Leukoencephalopathy with Brainstem and Spinal Cord Involvement and Lactate Elevation (LBSL)''' is a rare, hereditary neurodegenerative disease.",
"The disease is characterized by slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia and spasticity with dorsal column dysfunction (decreased position and vibration sense) in most individuals.",
"While tendon reflexes are retained, neurological dysfunction occurs in the arms and the legs with the latter being more affected.",
"Onset of the disease arises in early childhood while some cases may arise in adulthood."
],
[
"Signs and symptoms",
"The most common symptoms experienced in LBSL are:*Spasticity of the muscles*Dysarthria*Problems with Proprioception*Hand tremors*Nystagmus*Seizures"
],
[
"Cause",
"LBSL is caused by an abnormal variant on in the DARS2 gene.",
"Genes provide instructions for creating proteins that play a critical role in many functions of the body."
],
[
"References"
]
]
| wikipedia |
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