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Le Rat Mort | 75,683,830 | 1900-1920s | The bisexual writer Colette frequented the cafe and once described a young female music hall dancer wearing a masculine hat as having 'that particular Rat Mort elegance.' |
Le Rat Mort | 75,683,830 | 1900-1920s | Painters Maxime Dethomas and Vlaminck Maurice both did portraits of women at the Rat Mort, and Auguste Chabaud depicted a couple entering the club. |
Le Rat Mort | 75,683,830 | 1900-1920s | During World War I, some cafes and nightclubs of Montmartre emptied out as the intellectuals and artists that frequented them were conscripted into the war. |
Le Rat Mort | 75,683,830 | 1900-1920s | At the same time, Black Americans discovered the cultural life of the district when some came to France as soldiers. These Americans stayed or returned after the war to work as musicians and performers, creating a thriving jazz scene in 1920s Montmartre. |
Le Rat Mort | 75,683,830 | 1900-1920s | Josephine Baker was a regular performer at Le Rat Mort, after she finished her gig with La Revue Negre. Another Black American performer, Lydia Jones said, "We made lots of tips at the Rat Mort, it was a naughty place." At the time, the club was managed by members of the Corsican Mafia. The Prince of Wales was also a frequent visitor during the 1920s. |
Le Rat Mort | 75,683,830 | 1900-1920s | By 1926 the cafe/restaurant was described in a guidebook as a cabaret that was "Open from midnight to dawn" with "a celebrated orchestra, lots of beautiful women wanting customers to pay them to dance with them." |
Le Rat Mort | 75,683,830 | Closure and Legacy | By the middle of the 20th century, Le Rat Mort had closed, and various other nightclubs had taken its place. As of 2023, the building where it once stood was a bank. But the site continued in the 21st century to attract visitors curious about the bohemian history of Paris. |
Le Rat Mort | 75,683,830 | Closure and Legacy | Modern scholars have discussed the significance of Le Rat Mort to the history of art, literature, gender and LGBTQ studies. |
Le Rat Mort | 75,683,830 | Closure and Legacy | The singer and musician Manu Chao imagines a scene in the Rat Mort in his early 21st century song La Ventura: |
Le Rat Mort | 75,683,830 | Closure and Legacy | "Un claque à filles de mauvaise vie ù/ que Stafanì y blessa par baile/ Angelo le mafioso/ L'a eu de la chance ce vieux saloud!/ d' s'en tirer comme ca sans trop d'accrocs/ ENTRE CHIENS ET LOUPS/ QUAND TOMBE LA NUIT" |
Le Rat Mort | 75,683,830 | Closure and Legacy | "It's at the Dead Rat in Pigalle,/ a house of ill repute,/ that Stafani by dancing wounded/ Angelo the mafioso./ That old bastard got lucky!/ To get away with it like that without too many hitches,/ between dogs and wolves/ when the night falls." |
Le Rat Mort | 75,683,830 | Further Reading | Montmartre Secret (in French) |
Second Star To The Left | 75,683,877 | Second Star To The Left is a British animated television film produced by Hibbert Ralph Entertainment and Link Entertainment and first aired on the BBC on 24 December 2001. It was directed by Graham Ralph and written by Jimmy Hibbert. It features the voices of Hugh Laurie, Barbara Windsor and Mark Williams. |
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Second Star To The Left | 75,683,877 | Plot | A rabbit, a hamster and a guinea pig strive to deliver a missing present from Santa Claus to a little girl's house, in time for Christmas day. |
Battle of Colonia del Sacramento (1807) | 75,683,891 | The Battle of Colonia del Sacramento took place in the night of 21/22 April 1807, during the British invasions of the River Plate. A force of 1,500 militias led by Colonel Francisco Javier de Eíío was repelled by 1,000 British infantry and cavalry troops holding the fortress of Colonia del Sacramento and commanded by Colonel Dennis Pack. |
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Battle of Colonia del Sacramento (1807) | 75,683,891 | Background | After the conquest of Montevideo by the British expedition under the command of Lieutenant General John Whitelock on 3 February 1807, Rear-Admiral Stirling dispatched the frigate HMS Pheasant to support the capture of the Spanish stronghold of Colonia del Sacramento, that was carried out on 16 March by infantrymen of the 2nd Battalion 95th Rifles without resistance. The commander of the fortress, Colonel Ramón del Pino, had evacuated his troops and artillery just a few hours before. |
Battle of Colonia del Sacramento (1807) | 75,683,891 | Background | The commander of the Rifles, Captain Dennis Pack, deployed groups of 200 or 300 men on several key points around the fortress and mounted chevauls de frise to improve the stronghold defenses. del Pino had meanwhile established his camp on the shores of Colla creek and sent local mounted guerrilas to harass comunications between Colonia and Montevideo. |
Battle of Colonia del Sacramento (1807) | 75,683,891 | Expedition from Buenos Aires | Francisco Javier de Elío, the military commander of the Banda Oriental, managed to flee Montevideo and reached Buenos Aires, where he summoned the main Spanish officers to a war council which decided to gather 500 volunteers, most of them from the Patricios Regiment. de Elìo also received four cannons and two howitzers and funds up to $ 12000. |
Battle of Colonia del Sacramento (1807) | 75,683,891 | Expedition from Buenos Aires | The expedition was eventually composed of 900 men under the supreme command of de Elío. The naval forces and the transport fleet would be led by Captain Juan Gutiérrez de la Concha and the artillery corps by Colonel Felipe Sentenach. Besides the Patricios, several militias joined de Elìo's, army, among them the Batallion of Pardos y Morenos, the Batallion of Arribeños and the tercio of Miñones of Catalonya. The fleet departed from Buenos Aires on 13 April, reaching Nueva Palmira (then Las Higueritas) on 16 April. The next day the expedition marched on foot to Calera de las Huèrfanas, where they mounted a camp. The army was reinforced by Spanish stragglers from Montevideo. |
Battle of Colonia del Sacramento (1807) | 75,683,891 | The battle | On 21 April, when the expedition reached Real San Carlos, de Elío learned that the British army had made a thrust to the northwest in the believe that incoming Spanish forces were approaching from that direction. de Elío, confident that the British garrison would be exhausted after a full day of march, ordered his troops to move to Colonia through the countryside at night, crossing ravines and reedbeds. The artillery train was left in Real San Carlos. The advance was, in the opinion of a good number of historians, unprofessional at best. No forward parties were sent to sweep the terrain, no previous reconnaissance was performed before the assault. To make things worse, a member of the Catalonian regiment accidentally discharged his rifle, putting the British on alert. Notwithstanding this incident, the Spanish infantry was able to overwhelm a British post, but no further progress was possible because the assaulting troops scattered into the settlement instead of concentrate their efforts on the enemy's positions. This manoeuver allowed a British company to attack the flanks and rout the main Spanish force. de Elìo withdrew to Real San Carlos to protect his artillery and ordered a general retreat to Calera de las Huèrfanas, 70 kilometres (43 mi) away. The Spanish expedition lost eight men and suffered 16 wounded, while one soldier from the British garrison was killed and two officers injured. |
Battle of Colonia del Sacramento (1807) | 75,683,891 | Aftermath | de Elìo was heavily criticized by his conduct of the action against Colonia. He was accused of mounting a reckless and harebrained assault without previous knowledge of the terrain, giving the enemy more than enough time to react. de Elío established his headquarters at San Pedro, where the expeditionary army was once again attacked by the British and forced to retreat to Buenos Aires, where they prepared a last ditch defense of the city. |
Iqbal Preet Singh Sahota | 75,683,905 | Iqbal Preet Singh Sahota, IPS, is the former DGP and State Police Chief of Punjab. He was the third Dalit Chief of Punjab Police since Independence. |
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Iqbal Preet Singh Sahota | 75,683,905 | Professional and personal life | Mr. Sahota is a native of Jalandhar and the son of a deceased bureaucrat, Mr. NS Sahota. He is a 1988 batch IPS and has served in various capacities, from the rank of ACP to DGP, during his around 34-year-long stint in police service. Master’s in political science, Sahota served as SSP Hoshiarpur, Tarn Taran, Ludhiana, Fatehgarh Sahib, Amritsar Rural, and Barnala and also remained the Commandant of the 1st IRB. He also held significant responsibilities as DIG at Patiala, Ferozepur, and the Border Range. He also served as IG at the Punjab State Human Rights Commission, Commando Training Centre, Bahadurgarh, Lokpal Punjab Border Range Amritsar, Punjab Police Headquarters, etc. He was also awarded the police medal for gallantry, the Kathin Seva Medal, the police medal for meritorious services, and the police medal for distinguished service in various capacities. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | The Fort Wayne Railroaders were a minor league baseball team based in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Between 1903 and 1915, Fort Wayne teams played primarily as members of the Class B level Central League, with single seasons in the 1901 Class A level Western Association and 1906 Class C level Interstate Association. Fort Wayne won league championships in 1903, 1905, 1906 and 1912. Besides the "Railroaders" nickname, Fort Wayne played under four nicknames, as teams were known as the "Billikens" from 1908 to 1910, the "Brakies' in 1911, the "Champs" in 1914 and the "Cubs" in 1915. |
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Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | The Fort Wayne teams hosted all home minor league games at The Grand Dutchess. |
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Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The first professional team in Fort Wayne was the major league level Fort Wayne Kekiongas, who played the 1871 season as members of the National Association. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | Minor league baseball began in Terre Haute in 1883, when the Fort Wayne Hoosiers teeam played as members of the Independent level Northwestern League. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | After beginning play in the 1896 Interstate League, the 1900 Fort Wayne "Indians" ended a five-year tenure in the Interstate League and immediately preceded the Railroaders in minor league play. The Interstate League folded following the 1900 season, and Fort Wayne continued play in 1901 in a new league, known by a new nickname. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The Fort Wayne "Railroaders" continued minor league play in 1901, The Railroaders became members of the eight-team Class A level Western Association. Playing their first season in the new league, Fort Wayne placed fourth with a record of 73–67 and finished 12.0 games behind the first place Dayton Veterans. The Railroaders were managed by Doggie Miller, as No playoffs were held. Natty Nattress of Fort Wayne led the Western Association with 124 runs scored. The Western Association folded and did not return to play in 1902. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The Fort Wayne Railroaders won the league championship as charter members of the Class B level Central League in 1903. With a record of 89–49, Fort Wayne finished 1.0 game ahead of the second place South Bend Greens, followed by the Anderson/Grand Rapids Orphans (48–92), Dayton Veterans (61–76) Evansville River Rats (64–68), Marion Oilworkers (71–65), Terre Haute Hottentots (58–80) and Wheeling Stogies (69–68) teams in the final standings. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The Fort Wayne Railroaders successfully defended their championship in the 1904 Central League. Fort Wayne again placed first in the league standings. The Railroaders finished with a record of 87–51 in the eight-team Class B level Central League, continuing under manager Bade Myers. The Railroaders finished 10.5 games ahead on the second place Fort Wayne Hottentots in the final league standings. Bert Dennis of Fort Wayne led the Central league with 92 runs scored. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | In 1905, the defending champion Fort Wayne Railroaders began the season continuing play in the eight-team Class B level Central League, before relocating during the season. On July 10, 1905, Fort Wayne had a record of 31–41, when the team moved to Canton, Ohio, finishing the season as the Canton Red Stockings. Managed by Bade Myers, George Williams, the Red Stockings compiled a record of 25–35 while based in Canton. The Fort Wayne/Canton team placed third in the league with an overall record of 56–79 regular season record. South Bend finished 5.5 games behind the first place Wheeling Stogies. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The Fort Wayne Railroaders did not return to the Central League in 1907 and instead became charter members of the short-lived Class C level Interstate League, winning a league championship in a shortened season. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The 1906 Interstate Association was an eight–team league that began play on April 26, 1906. The league was formed with the Anderson, Indiana, Bay City, Michigan, Flint Vehicles, Lima Lees, Marion Mogul, Muncie Fruit Jars and Saginaw, Michigan teams joining Fort Wayne beginning play on April 26, 1906. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | During the 1906 season, Muncie and Bay city disbanded on May 18, Saginaw moved to Marion, Ohio on June 21 before folding and Flint disbanded on July 2, 1906. The Interstate Association, with four remaining teams, permanently disbanded on July 8, 1906. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The Fort Wayne Railroaders were in first place when the Interstate Association folded on July 8, 1906. Fort Wayne finished with a record of 37–22, playing under managers Louie Heilbroner and Jack Hardy. Fort Wayne was followed by the Marion (36–24,), Anderson (30–31) and Lima (26–36) teams in the final league standings. The Interstate Association did not reform as a minor league in 1907 after folding in 1906, leaving Fort Wayne without a leaguee . |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | After not playing in 1907, Fort Wayne resumed minor league play in the 1908 season. The Fort Wayne Billikens finished in third place in the Central League final standings. With a record of 75–65 under manager Jack Hendricks, Fort Wayne finished 9.0 games behind the first place Evansville River Rats and 3.0 games ahead of the third place Dayton Veterans. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The 1909 Billikens placed third in the eight-team Central League, as Jack Hendricks returned to manager Fort Wayne. The Billikens ended the season with a final record of 77–66. Fort Wayne finished 14.0 games behind the league champion Wheeling Stooges. Billiken Curley Blount led the Central League with 92 runs scored. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | In the 1910 season, the Fort Wayne Billikens continued play in the eight-team Central League and placed second in the final standings. The Billikens finished with a regular season record 79–58, playing the season under manager Jimmy Burke. Fort Wayne was 8.5 games behind the first place South Bend Bronchos in the final league standings of league, which held no playoffs. Pitcher Willim Robertson of Fort Wayne had a 20–5 record to lead the Central Association. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The Fort Wayne team was known at the "Brakies" in the 1911 season, as the team finished as runner-up in the eight-team Central league. The Brakies ended the finished with a record of 88–54, placing second in the Central League, playing the season under manager Doc Casey. Fort Wayne ended the season 3.0 games behind the first place Dayton Veterans in the final standings Joe Connolly, who was traded from Zanesville/ to Terre Haute during the season, won the Central League batting title, hitting .355. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The Class B Central League expanded by four teams in 1912, as Fort Wayne continued league play, again becoming known by the "Railroaders" nickname. The Akron Rubbermen, Canton Statesmen, Erie Sailors and Youngstown Steelmen teams joined the league increasing it to twelve teams. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | On the field, the Railroaders won the championship of the 12–team Central League, after the league had expanded. Fort Wayne ended the season with a record of 77–51, finishing 2.5 games ahead of the second place Youngstown Steelmen. Shag Shaughnessy managed the Railroaders to the title The 12–team league held no playoffs. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | After their championship the previous season, the 1913 team was known as the Fort Wayne "Champs." The Champs continued play in the 1913 Central League, as the Central League reduced from twelve teams to six teams and remained a Class B level league. Placing second in the final standings of the six-team league, the Champs had an overall record of 77–63, playing the season under manager Jimmy Burke. Fort Wayne finished 15.0 games behind the first place Grand Rapids Bill-eds (92–48) in the final standings. The league held no playoffs. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The Fort Wayne "Railroaders" 1914 placed fourth as the Class B Central League played the season with six teams. It was the only season that Fort Wayne finished beylw .500 in Central League play. Harry Martin managed Fort Wayne to a 64–70 record. After the Springfield Reapers team folded on August 8, the Central League continued play to the end of the season with five teams, concluding the season September 7, 1914. The Railroaders ended the season 21.0 games behind the first place Dayton Veterans, with no league playoffs held. Jack Sheehan of Terre Haute won the Central League batting title with a .340 average and also led the league with 179 total hits. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The Fort Wayne "Cubs" as the 1915 Central League continued play, expanding to an eight-team league from a six-team league. With a 62–60 record, Fort Wayne placed sixth, playing the season under manager Bade Myers. Fort Wayne finished 10.0 games behind the first place Evansville River Rats in the eight–team league final standings. Pitcher Earl Ainsworth led the Central League with 24 wins, while Cubs teammate Red Smyth of Fort Wayne led the league with 84 runs scored. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | The Central League continued play in 1916, as the "Chiefs" played in the eight-team league. The Chiefs would later play in the Central League in the 1928 to 1930, 1932 and 1934 seasons. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | History | Today, Fort Wayne hosts the Fort Wayne TinCaps, who play as a member of the Class A level Midwest League. The franchise begam Midwest League play in 1993. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | The ballpark | The Fort Wayne minor league teams hosted minor league home games at "The Grand Dutchess." The Grand Dutchess was the nickname given to the grandstands at the Hamilton Park site in 1871, so named because of their extravagant construction for the era. Hamilton Field first hosted baseball beginning in 1862. Besides Hamilton Park, the ballpark site was also known as Calhoun Street Park, Lincoln Life Field and League Park. In 1913, a flood forced the team to begin the season on the road, as the clubhouse and the bleachers were destroyed, and the filed was covered in mud. The ballpark was demolished in 1940. The site was bordered by Lewis Street, South Calhoun Street, South Clinton Streets and Douglas Avenue in Fort Wayne. |
Fort Wayne Railroaders | 75,683,919 | Notable alumni | Fort Wayne Railroaders players Fort Wayne Billikens players Fort Wayne Brakies players Fort Wayne Champs players Fort Wayne Cubs players Sports in Fort Wayne, Indiana |
York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority | 75,683,939 | The York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority is the combined authority for York and North Yorkshire in England. |
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York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority | 75,683,939 | History | The authority encompassing the unitary authority areas of the City of York and North Yorkshire. |
York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority | 75,683,939 | History | The first mayor of York and North Yorkshire will be elected in the 2024 York and North Yorkshire mayoral election. |
Matt Clifford | 75,683,951 | Matthew Philip Clifford MBE is an British entrepreneur. Along with Alice Bentinck, he is the co-founder of Entrepreneur First, a London-based startup accelerator started in 2011. |
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Matt Clifford | 75,683,951 | He is also the Chair of the UK's Advanced Research and Invention Agency. |
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Matt Clifford | 75,683,951 | In August 2023, Clifford was appointed to lead the preparatory work for the 2023 AI Safety Summit, along with the UK's former Deputy National Security Adviser Jonathan Black. |
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Vasconcelos (footballer) | 75,683,955 | Wálter Vasconcelos Fernandes (25 March 1930 – 22 January 1983), simply known as Vasconcelos, was a Brazilian professional footballer who played as a forward. |
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Vasconcelos (footballer) | 75,683,955 | Career | Born in Belo Horizonte, Vasoncelos began his professional career at Vasco da Gama, being part of the champion team at the end of the 40s. He arrived at Santos in 1953 and stood out there with 111 goals in 175 appearances, being the team's greatest striker until his arrival of Pelé. His career changed, however, on 9 December 1956, after breaking his leg in an accidental throw. He was unable to repeat his great level of performance. He also played for São Paulo, Jabaquara, Náutico and Apucarana. He became an alcoholic and died as a result of his addiction at the age of 52. |
Withania frutescens | 75,683,972 | Withania frutescens, (in Spanish: oroval or bufera), is an Ibero-African Solanaceae that can be found in the south and east of the Iberian Peninsula (Andalusia, Murcia and Valencia), the Balearic Islands, Morocco and Algeria. |
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Withania frutescens | 75,683,972 | Description | It is a shrub that can reach up to three meters in height, although it usually reaches a meter and a half. |
Withania frutescens | 75,683,972 | Description | It flowers from May to June and loses its leaves in summer. The berries are greenish and measure between 7 and 8 mm in diameter. |
Withania frutescens | 75,683,972 | Taxonomy | Withania frutescens was described by Linnaeus Pauquy and published in De la Belladone . . . Paris 14, in 1825. |
Samuel Barber (disambiguation) | 75,683,989 | Samuel Barber (1910–1981) was an American composer. |
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Samuel Barber (disambiguation) | 75,683,989 | Samuel Barber may also refer to: |
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Light Academia | 75,684,009 | Light academia is an internet aesthetic and subculture, with an emphasis on visually light aesthetics and positive themes, including optimism, joy and friendship. Accordingly, light academia is often considered to be the visually and emotionally lighter counterpart to dark academia. The term light academia was coined on Tumblr in 2019 and gained popularity during the early 2020s. |
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Light Academia | 75,684,009 | History | The term light academia was coined on Tumblr in 2019 by the user 'plantaires', who wrote: |
Light Academia | 75,684,009 | History | "You’ve heard of ‘dark academia’, now its time for ‘light’ academia… wearing light linen sundresses in foreign countries, eating picnics and pastries in the afternoon sun while reading poetry and laughing with your friends, the burning passion and excitement when you finally make a breakthrough in your research, falling asleep in your lovers arms sunkissed and happy… everything is beautiful and hopeful and no one dies". |
Light Academia | 75,684,009 | History | Comparing it to dark academia, Tumblr trend analyser Amanda Brennan has stated that light academia "still embodies the love of learning, but with an airier, less doom-focused feel that shows that knowledge brings light and happiness in the outdoors rather than a gothic darkness seen curled up in a corner". |
Light Academia | 75,684,009 | History | By the end of 2020, light academia was ranked seventh for Tumblr's top ten aesthetics. By the end of 2021, light academia was the third most popular aesthetic on Tumblr. |
Light Academia | 75,684,009 | History | On Pinterest, the number of users tagging the terms 'Light Academia clothing" and "Light Academia clothes" increased 236-fold by December 2022, compared to December 2021. |
Light Academia | 75,684,009 | History | On Depop, searches for "Light Academia" increased by 900% by October 2022. |
Light Academia | 75,684,009 | Visual aesthetics | Light academia utilises a neutral and earthy colour palette consisting of white, beige and brown. Clothing items associated with light academia include pleated skirts, dress shirts, sweater vests and hair ribbons. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | The Gnadenhütten massacre was an attack during the French and Indian War in which Native allies of the French killed 11 Moravian missionaries at Gnadenhütten, Pennsylvania (modern day Lehighton, Pennsylvania) on 24 November 1755. They destroyed the mission village, and only four of the sixteen residents escaped. Following the attack, Benjamin Franklin was commissioned by the Pennsylvania Provincial Council to construct forts in the area, and in other parts of the Province of Pennsylvania, to defend against Native American attacks, which were becoming increasingly frequent due to the French and Indian War. |
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Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Background | Moravian missionaries first established a mission at Friedenshütten ("Tents of Peace"), near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in 1744, but in 1745 decided to move some distance northwest of Bethlehem, to a site they named Gnadenhütten ("Tents of Grace," often written Gnadenhuetten and sometimes referred to as "Gnadenhütten on the Mahoney" to distinguish it from Gnadenhutten in Ohio), near the junction of the Mahoning Creek and Lehigh River. The new community grew rapidly, and in 1751 the missionaries were able to convert 61 residents from a nearby Lenape village called Meniolagameka. The missionaries began translating hymns and "several parts of the Scriptures" into the Mohican language and the Mohawk language. A nearby plot of land was purchased and planted with crops, and a sawmill and a gristmill were built in 1747. The community was visited by Bishop August Gottlieb Spangenberg, Bishop John F. Cammerhoff, David Zeisberger, and Christian Frederick Post. By May 1749, over 500 Native American converts were attending church services in Gnadenhütten. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Background | In 1752, representatives from the Nanticokes and Shawnee came to Gnadenhütten "to establish a covenant with the Brethren." Secretly, however, contact was made with Native American converts living in the community, and they were advised to move to Wyomick (Wyoming, Pennsylvania), as plans were being made, by Indians sympathetic to the French, to attack Gnadenhütten. In April 1754, 65 converts moved to Wyomick. Concerned for their safety, another 49 Lenape converts moved to Gnadenhütten from the village of Meniolagameka. In June 1755, most of the community of Gnadenhütten relocated to "New Gnadenhütten," to the north of the Lehigh River, although many of the Lenape and Mohican converts remained south of the river. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Background | Following General Edward Braddock's defeat on 9 July 1755 at the Battle of the Monongahela, Pennsylvania was left without a professional military force. Lenape chiefs Shingas and Captain Jacobs launched dozens of Shawnee and Delaware raids against British colonial settlements, killing and capturing hundreds of colonists and destroying settlements across western and central Pennsylvania. In October and early November 1755, the communities of Penn's Creek and Great Cove were attacked and destroyed by Lenape and Shawnee warriors. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Background | During 1755, the Shawnee living in Wyomick had been affected by hunger, as game was becoming scarce due to overhunting. Gnadenhütten was also affected by food shortages after a May frost devastated the wheat crop, and the Moravians had to rely on a hundred bushels of corn sent from Philadelphia, however "deserters from the Moravian Indian congregation," who had moved to Wyomick, reported that there was "good living at Gnadenhuetten and abundant food to be had by all." This may have been a contributing motivation for the attack. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Massacre | The attack on Gnadenhütten was initiated late in the evening on 24 November, when about a dozen warriors surrounded a mission house in which 16 people lived: |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Massacre | An article in the Pennsylvania Gazette of 4 December reports that the Shawnee attackers were only "about twelve in number," and that five people died in the burning house. A sixth man was killed trying to escape. A boy escaped by jumping from a window, and another man had left the house immediately prior to the attack, having gone to lock the chapel door, and was unharmed. Altogether, eleven missionaries are reported to have died. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Massacre | None of the Native American converts were harmed, however they prepared to attack the assailants until a missionary told them to flee instead. David Zeisberger, who was on his way from Bethlehem to Gnadenhütten, heard the shooting from a distance, initially thought nothing of it, until he observed the house in flames. He alerted the militia commander in Bethlehem, but as they had no idea how many attackers they were facing, they chose to wait until daylight to investigate. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Massacre | Susanna Nitschman, Martin's wife, escaped from the burning building, and was captured and held prisoner in Tioga County, Pennsylvania for six months until her death. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Aftermath | Colonel John Anderson arrived from New Jersey that night with a company of militia, but after being informed that over 500 Indians had swarmed the settlement, he waited until the following day to approach Gnadenhütten. A number of the Native American converts fled to Wyoming, while others were sent to Bethlehem to live with Moravians there. Throughout the French and Indian War they experienced significant poverty, and discrimination by the people of Bethlehem. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Aftermath | Governor Robert Hunter Morris ordered a company of soldiers from Northampton County, under the command of Captain Hays, to guard the abandoned property at Gnadenhütten until it was safe for the residents to return. They built a small stockade for security, but on 1 January 1756, a number of these troops were lured into a trap, ambushed and killed. The remaining 18 soldiers fled and the stockade was burned. This led to generalized panic among settlers in the area, and Benjamin Franklin was commissioned in Philadelphia to investigate the situation and devise a plan for the defense of Pennsylvania against further attacks. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Aftermath | On 14 April 1756, Pennsylvania Governor Morris officially declared war on the Delaware Nation, offering a bounty of $130 for the scalp of every Lenape male over ten years of age and $50 for a Lenape woman's scalp, or $150 for a male Lenape prisoner and $130 for a female one, although an exception was made for the Native American converts. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Aftermath | Victims of the attack are buried in the Lehighton Cemetery. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Fort Allen | In late 1755, Colonel John Armstrong wrote to Governor Robert Hunter Morris: "I am of the opinion that no other means of defense than a chain of blockhouses along or near the south side of the Kittatinny Mountains from the Susquehanna to the temporary line, can secure the lives and property of the inhabitants of this country." Benjamin Franklin visited Gnadenhütten in January 1756 to supervise the construction of Fort Allen. In his biography, he wrote that the Moravians had returned to Gnadenhütten and had made preparations to defend it against further attacks: |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Fort Allen | Franklin and his men then built Fort Allen in less than a week. It was essentially a stockade surrounding a well, a barracks, a storeroom, and a gunpowder magazine. It was named for Judge William Allen, father of James Allen who laid out Allentown in 1762. Franklin also supervised the construction of Fort Franklin and Fort Lebanon before commissioning William Clapham to build several other forts which proved essential to the defense of Pennsylvania during the French and Indian War. |
Gnadenhütten massacre (Pennsylvania) | 75,684,011 | Memorialization | A memorial stone, listing the names of the missionaries who died in the massacre, was placed at the site on 10 December, 1788. A historical marker was erected in 2005 by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, in downtown Lehighton, Pennsylvania. |
Jack Potts | 75,684,046 | John Maxwell Potts (21 February 1936 — 1 June 2023) was an Australian rugby union international. |
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Jack Potts | 75,684,046 | Potts, a Waverley College product, played rugby for Sydney University while studying law and in 1956 was a member of the Australian Universities team that toured Japan. |
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Jack Potts | 75,684,046 | A tall centre who had a high striding gait, Potts was capped five times for the Wallabies, beginning with two Tests against the visiting All Blacks in 1957. He gained a further two caps on the 1957–58 tour of Britain, Ireland and France, then in 1959 played against the British Lions in Brisbane. |
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Jack Potts | 75,684,046 | Potts was the first-grade coach of Sydney University in 1975. |
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2023 APAN Star Awards | 75,684,051 | The 9th APAN Star Awards (Korean: 제9회 에이판 스타 어워즈) ceremony took place on December 30, 2023, at Dongdaemun Design Plaza (DDP) in Jung-gu, Seoul. The awards ceremony integrates content from all channels, including domestic terrestrial broadcasting, general programming, cable, OTT, and web dramas. This year's award show sponsored by Seoul Leaguer Co, is part of '2023 Seoul Con' held from December 30 to January 1, 2024. |
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2023 APAN Star Awards | 75,684,051 | In the award ceremony Lee Jun-ho won 5 awards including the Grand Award for his role in King the Land. |
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2023 APAN Star Awards | 75,684,051 | Winners and nominees | Nominations were announced on December 19. |
Meraviglioso amore mio | 75,684,055 | "Meraviglioso amore mio" (lit. 'Wonderful my love') is a song by Italian singer Arisa. It was written by Giuseppe Anastasi and produced by Mauro Pagani. It was released by Warner Music Italy on 26 October 2012 as a single from her live album Amami Tour. |
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Meraviglioso amore mio | 75,684,055 | The song was included in the soundtrack of the 2013 film Pazze di me by Fausto Brizzi. |
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Meraviglioso amore mio | 75,684,055 | Music video | The music video of "Meraviglioso amore mio" was directed by Gaetano Morbioli and released onto YouTube on 14 November 2012. |
Johnny Hotshot | 75,684,058 | Johnny Hotshot is an arcade shoot 'em up developed and published by UFO Interactive Games for Nintendo 3DS' now-defunct Nintendo eShop in 2012. It is the second game in the Johnny series. |
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Johnny Hotshot | 75,684,058 | Reception | The game received "unfavorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. |
Sundasciurus natunensis | 75,684,082 | The Natuna squirrel (Sundasciurus natunensis) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. Endemic to Sundaland and the Philippines, this species was first documented by Thomas, O in 1895 in a paper titled "Revised determinations of three of the natuna rodents." |
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