targets
sequence | level
stringclasses 2
values | question
stringlengths 32
133
| idx
stringlengths 16
91
| context
stringlengths 899
129k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Newport County"
] | easy | Which team did Byron Anthony play for from 2012 to 2014? | /wiki/Byron_Anthony#P54#3 | Byron Anthony Byron Joseph Anthony ( born 20 September 1984 ) is a Welsh former professional footballer . Born in Newport , he began his career with Cardiff City , progressing through the clubs youth system after signing in 2000 . He made his professional debut for the club at the age of 20 in 2004 but only made one further senior appearance before being released following a brief loan spell with Forest Green Rovers . He joined Bristol Rovers , helping the club win promotion to League One after winning the 2007 Football League Two play-off Final . He remained in the first team for several years , making over 150 appearances in all competitions for the club before joining Hereford United in 2012 after an initial loan spell . However , he was released by Hereford after making just two league appearances following his permanent transfer . He instead joined his hometown club Newport County in November 2012 but suffered a serious double break in his ankle during a match in August 2013 . Although he made a brief return to playing , the injury would eventually result in his retirement from playing after struggling to regain fitness . Following his retirement , he was appointed as a youth coach at Newport and was eventually promoted to academy manager after a spell as the interim manager . Early life . Growing up in Newport , Wales , Anthony attended St Josephs Roman Catholic High School . As well as playing football , Anthony was a keen rugby player and was part of a Newport under-16 side that toured France . His father , Derek Redwood , was also a footballer and played for Newport County and Barry Town . Club career . Cardiff City . Having played for local amateur club Cromwell , Anthony was invited for a trial with his hometown club Newport County at the age of fifteen but was forced to cancel . He was later invited to a trial with Cardiff City , joining the club in 2000 . He was part of the clubs youth side that won the 2002 Welsh Youth Cup , defeating Llanelli 3–2 in the final , and captained the side the following season . He was called up to the Wales U19 squad for the Milk Cup in 2003 and captained the side in six of his seven appearances . He was also capped eight times by Wales at Under-21 level . Having signed junior forms with Cardiff at the age of sixteen , in May 2004 , Anthony signed his first professional contract at the club . After captaining the clubs reserve side , Anthony was called into the senior team for several pre-season friendlies at the start of the 2004–05 season , featuring in a match against Chester City . After being an unused substitute for a league match against Stoke City , on 21 September 2004 , Anthony made his professional debut , being named in the starting line-up in a 4–1 victory over Milton Keynes Dons in the Football League Cup after Rhys Weston pulled out due to injury . He scored Cardiffs fourth goal of the match , heading in from a Paul Parry corner . Following this , Anthony signed a contract with the club in late October 2004 . In February 2006 , Anthony joined Football Conference side Forest Green Rovers on a one-month emergency loan deal , He made his debut in a 3–2 defeat to Morecambe . He made three further league appearances for the club before returning to Cardiff at the end of his loan spell . At the end of the 2005–06 season , Anthony was released by Cardiff . Bristol Rovers . After being released by Cardiff , he joined Bristol Rovers on 1 July 2006 , linking up with former Cardiff manager Lennie Lawrence . After being an unused substitute for the first three matches , Anthony made his Rovers debut in a 1–0 victory over Grimsby Town in a League Two match on 12 August 2006 . On 17 October 2006 , he scored his first goal for Bristol Rovers against Torquay United in the first round of Football League Trophy . Despite being restricted to twenty-three appearances in his first season , due to a knee injury , Anthony signed a contract extension with Rovers , keeping him at the club until 2009 . Forming a partnership with the clubs established defensive players Craig Hinton and Steve Elliott , Anthony was part of a Rovers defence that conceded fewer goals at home than any other League Two side during the 2006–07 season . Finishing in sixth place , the team won promotion after defeating Shrewsbury Town in the 2007 Football League Two play-off Final . Anthony remained a regular in the first team following the clubs promotion and scored his first and only goal of the 2007–08 season on 1 September 2007 , at home in 2–2 draw with Nottingham Forest . However , he suffered a setback at the start of Rovers 2007–08 campaign in League One in October when he sustained a broken metatarsal in the clubs match against AFC Bournemouth in the Football League Trophy and was ruled out for twelve weeks . However , he did not make his return from injury until 12 March 2008 , in a 1–1 draw against Northampton Town . He made a total of 23 appearances in all competitions during the season . In the 2008–09 season , Anthony remained ever present until he received the first red card of his professional career , in a 3–1 home defeat against Walsall . After serving a suspension , Anthony returned to the first team until he was once again sent-off in the first round of the FA Cup , during a 1–0 loss against Bournemouth . After serving his second suspension of the season , he fell out of favour before making a goalscoring return to the starting line-up , in a 2–0 home victory against Oldham Athletic on 24 February 2009 . Anthony made thirty appearance for the club in the 2008–09 season . On 13 March 2010 , in a match against Tranmere Rovers , Anthony was involved in a challenge with Bas Savage , resulting in Anthony being stretchered off just before half-time . Following an X-ray , it was later confirmed that Anthony had not suffered any serious injury . He soon returned to the first team and , despite serving a two match suspension , Anthony made 40 appearances for Rovers in the 2009–10 season . Anthony scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a late winner against local rivals Yeovil Town , in a 2–1 victory on 27 August 2010 . Two months later on 23 October 2010 , Anthony scored his second goal of this season with another late goal , an equaliser in a 2–2 draw with Hartlepool United , in the 90th minute . Anthony suffered an ankle injury in late February and made his first team return on 25 March 2011 against Peterborough United , setting up a goal for Jo Kuffour but also scoring an own goal , in a 2–2 draw . Anthony finished the season with 42 appearances for the club in all competitions during the 2010–11 season , as Rovers suffered relegation to League Two after finishing in 22nd position . In the 2011–12 season , Anthony scored in his second appearance during a 2–1 defeat to local rivals Torquay United . Having initially retained his place in the side , scoring his second goal of the season in the 6–1 rout against AFC Totton , he was dropped by new manager Mark McGhee who had been appointed as Paul Buckles permanent replacement in January 2012 . He made no further appearances for the club under McGhee , being sent out on loan to Hereford United . Even after his return , Anthonys future at Bristol Rovers looked slim , as he was not offered a new contract by the club . This was later confirmed by the club on 18 May 2012 , as Anthony was among seven players to be released by the club , ending his six year association with Bristol Rovers . Following his release , Anthony publicly criticised McGhee , stating He said he would give everyone an opportunity but he didnt give me the chance to show what I could do . Hereford United . On 17 February 2012 , Anthony joined fellow Football League Two side Hereford United on a month-long loan deal . He made his debut for Hereford in a 2–1 loss against Swindon Town the next day , and scored his first goal for the club seven days later , in a 2–2 draw against Bradford City at Valley Parade . His loan spell with Hereford was later extended until the end of the season. , finishing the season with fifteen appearances for the club as they suffered relegation from the Football League . On 13 September 2012 , Anthony returned to Hereford , signing non-contract terms . On 15 September 2012 , he made his début for Hereford United in a match against Dartford , which saw Hereford lose 4–0 . However , in his next game against Cambridge United , Anthony received a red card during a 4–2 victory . The dismissal resulted in a three-match suspension and four days after the game , on 26 September 2012 , he was released from his contract with the club in order for a loan replacement to be signed . Newport County . Following his release , Anthony joined his home town club Newport County on trial before signing a permanent deal on 16 November 2012 . He made his debut for Newport on 22 September 2012 , against Forest Green Rovers . Anthony scored his first goal for the club on 9 February 2013 , in a 2–2 draw at home with Tamworth . In the 2012–13 season he was part of the Newport team that finished third in the league , reaching the Conference National playoffs . They went on to win the playoff final against Wrexham at Wembley Stadium 2–0 to return to the Football League after a 25-year absence with promotion to Football League Two . Following the end of the season , Anthony was offered a new contract by the club , and signed a contract a few days later . On 6 August 2013 , Anthony suffered a double ankle break during Newports 3–1 Football League Cup victory at Brighton & Hove Albion after a tackle by Iñigo Calderón . Calderón received a straight red card for the foul but Newport manager Justin Edinburgh stated his belief that no malice was involved and dedicated the clubs victory to Anthony . After five months on the sidelines , Anthony made his return to training in late January . Weeks later , Anthony played his first match in seven months , when he appeared for the clubs reserve team against Bristol Rovers . Anthony returned to the team and played a number of games towards the end of the 2013–14 season but Edinburgh later admitted that there were still concerns over his recovery after he developed back problems , commenting I think theres always a doubt in terms of the severity of the injury . His contract renewal for the 2014–15 season was delayed whilst he underwent fitness tests which were ultimately unsuccessful . Anthony announced his retirement from playing on 1 December 2014 , revealing that he had been playing in pain following his return and stating Ive tried to get back to full fitness but I was never quite there . Coaching career . Upon announcing his retirement from playing , Anthony took up a role coaching the Newport County under 16s and under 18s . In March 2016 , Newport announced that academy manager Grant Kalahar would leave his role at the end of the 2015–16 season with Anthony being appointed interim academy manager until the end of the 2015–16 season . After two months in the role , Newport appointed Anthony as academy manager on a full-time basis . Anthony resigned from his position at Newport in November 2018 . Honours . Bristol Rovers - Football League Two play-off winner : 2007 Newport County - Football Conference play-off winner : 2013 |
[
"Google"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Hugo Barra work for from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Hugo_Barra#P108#0 | Hugo Barra Hugo Barra ( born 28 October 1976 in Belo Horizonte , Brazil ) is a Brazilian computer scientist , technology executive and entrepreneur . From 2008 to 2013 , he served in a number of product management roles at Google in London and California , including Vice President and product spokesman of Googles Android division . He was vice president of the Chinese electronics company , Xiaomi , from 2014 to 2017 . As of January 2017 , he is Vice President of Virtual Reality at Facebook , which he joined shortly after his departure from Xiaomi . Early life and education . Barra attended primary and secondary schools at local Colégio Pitágoras in Belo Horizonte , Brazil , and in 1995 enrolled at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais ( UFMG ) , majoring in Electrical Engineering . In 1996 , Barra transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , graduating with a bachelors degree in management science and masters in electrical engineering and computer science . He was class president of the class of 2000 and student keynote speaker at MIT commencement 2000 . Career . Google . Barra joined American technology company Google in London in March 2008 as Group Product Manager for the Google Mobile team . In 2010 Barra joined the Android team . From 2010 to 2013 , Barras role expanded to include product spokesperson for the Android team , speaking at both press conferences and Google I/O , Googles annual developer-focused conference . Barras product involvement included the entire Android ecosystem of software and hardware , including Honeycomb , Ice Cream Sandwich , Jelly Bean and KitKat operating system launches , the Nexus 4 and Nexus 5 smartphones , the Nexus 7 and Nexus 10 tablets , and other related products such as Google Now , selected in 2013 as Popular Sciences Innovation of the Year , and Google Voice Search , Googles speech recognition service . He was promoted to Vice President in 2012 . Xiaomi . In September 2013 , Barra left Google for Chinese electronics company Xiaomi , serving as Vice President of International . The move was considered a ‘significant hire’ for Xiaomi , one of the fastest growing manufacturers in China , enhancing international legitimacy to the company by adding a key former Google Android executive to its senior management . In December 2013 , Barra spoke at LeWeb tech conference in Paris , France about his impressions of the Chinese economy and the opportunity it represented for tech companies such as Xiaomi , citing Chinas 600 million internet users , high market caps of recent Chinese IPOs , the massive scale of the top Chinese apps monthly active users , and the size of companies such as Alibabas Taobao , a shopping site more than double the size of eBay and Amazon combined . The talk was widely cited throughout the industry . In February 2014 , Barra announced the launch of the new Redmi and Mi3 smartphones in Singapore , then in India . Global expansion outside of China into surrounding emerging markets is a key initiative for Xiaomi , given the companys business model to release high performance smartphone products at an affordable consumer price , generating revenue not only from the hardware itself , but the software and internet services provided to the consumer . According to Xiaomi co-founder and president Lei Jun , it is entirely Barra’s job to figure out which region that we should enter next and how . Barra has stated intentions to expand next into various countries . In March 2014 , Barra visited Foxconn , a Taiwanese manufacturing company with plants in Brazil and Mexico responsible for assembling products for various tech brands , indicating plans for Xiaomi to expand into Latin America . In May 2014 , Barra announced the launch of the Mi Pad , a 7.9 inch tablet . We spent four years working up to the point where we thought we had the right hardware design and software capability to build a world-class tablet , Barra said . We think we are there , finally . Barra described the release as part of Xiaomis overall strategy to expand both its product lineup and into new international markets including Hong Kong , Taiwan , and Singapore . Barra also indicated eventual plans to enter the U.S . market . In January 2017 , Barra announced his departure from Xiaomi . Barra explained his decision had been strongly motivated by a feeling of detachment from his family and the life he had built up in Silicon Valley . What Ive realized is that the last few years of living in such a singular environment have taken a huge toll on my life and started affecting my health . My friends , what I consider to be my home , and my life are back in Silicon Valley , which is also much closer to my family . Seeing how much Ive left behind these past few years , it is clear to me that the time has come to return . There are reports that quoted Barra saying that his resignation was prompted by health reasons and some analysts noted that the departure came amid Xiaomis declining sales in China . On the other hand , global expansion has been successful . Around the time of his resignation , Xiaomi announced that it has exceeded US$1 billion in revenue from the Indian market alone . Facebook . He announced in a Facebook post on 25 January 2017 that he would be joining Facebook as Vice President of virtual reality , writing : I’m excited to share my next adventure as I return to Silicon Valley—in a couple of months Ill be joining Facebook as VP of virtual reality ( VPVR! ) and lead the Oculus team . Xiaomi CEO Lei Jun always says that the highest calling of an engineer is to make technology breakthroughs quickly and readily available to the widest possible spectrum of humanity . That will be my mission at Facebook and I look forward to building the future of immersive technology with Mark Zuckerberg , Brendan Trexler Iribe , Mike Schroepfer , and the visionaries in the Oculus team.Based on his early pronouncements , Barra appears to be focusing on the development of standalone VR headsets as well as social VR . During an appearance at the 2018 Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ) , he described the technology as a product category that will help us bring the most number of people into VR and really start unlocking these opportunities for social presence . During the event , Barra announced Oculus standalone VR headset called Oculus Go , with Xiaomi as global hardware partner . Honors and awards . In 2011 , Barra was ranked #23 in Wired Magazines Wired 100 . In 2013 , Business Insiders Silicon Valley 100 included Barra at #92 . Brazils Época magazine ranked Barra among the most influential Brazilians in both 2011 and 2013 . |
[
"Xiaomi"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Hugo Barra work for from 2013 to 2017? | /wiki/Hugo_Barra#P108#1 | Hugo Barra Hugo Barra ( born 28 October 1976 in Belo Horizonte , Brazil ) is a Brazilian computer scientist , technology executive and entrepreneur . From 2008 to 2013 , he served in a number of product management roles at Google in London and California , including Vice President and product spokesman of Googles Android division . He was vice president of the Chinese electronics company , Xiaomi , from 2014 to 2017 . As of January 2017 , he is Vice President of Virtual Reality at Facebook , which he joined shortly after his departure from Xiaomi . Early life and education . Barra attended primary and secondary schools at local Colégio Pitágoras in Belo Horizonte , Brazil , and in 1995 enrolled at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais ( UFMG ) , majoring in Electrical Engineering . In 1996 , Barra transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , graduating with a bachelors degree in management science and masters in electrical engineering and computer science . He was class president of the class of 2000 and student keynote speaker at MIT commencement 2000 . Career . Google . Barra joined American technology company Google in London in March 2008 as Group Product Manager for the Google Mobile team . In 2010 Barra joined the Android team . From 2010 to 2013 , Barras role expanded to include product spokesperson for the Android team , speaking at both press conferences and Google I/O , Googles annual developer-focused conference . Barras product involvement included the entire Android ecosystem of software and hardware , including Honeycomb , Ice Cream Sandwich , Jelly Bean and KitKat operating system launches , the Nexus 4 and Nexus 5 smartphones , the Nexus 7 and Nexus 10 tablets , and other related products such as Google Now , selected in 2013 as Popular Sciences Innovation of the Year , and Google Voice Search , Googles speech recognition service . He was promoted to Vice President in 2012 . Xiaomi . In September 2013 , Barra left Google for Chinese electronics company Xiaomi , serving as Vice President of International . The move was considered a ‘significant hire’ for Xiaomi , one of the fastest growing manufacturers in China , enhancing international legitimacy to the company by adding a key former Google Android executive to its senior management . In December 2013 , Barra spoke at LeWeb tech conference in Paris , France about his impressions of the Chinese economy and the opportunity it represented for tech companies such as Xiaomi , citing Chinas 600 million internet users , high market caps of recent Chinese IPOs , the massive scale of the top Chinese apps monthly active users , and the size of companies such as Alibabas Taobao , a shopping site more than double the size of eBay and Amazon combined . The talk was widely cited throughout the industry . In February 2014 , Barra announced the launch of the new Redmi and Mi3 smartphones in Singapore , then in India . Global expansion outside of China into surrounding emerging markets is a key initiative for Xiaomi , given the companys business model to release high performance smartphone products at an affordable consumer price , generating revenue not only from the hardware itself , but the software and internet services provided to the consumer . According to Xiaomi co-founder and president Lei Jun , it is entirely Barra’s job to figure out which region that we should enter next and how . Barra has stated intentions to expand next into various countries . In March 2014 , Barra visited Foxconn , a Taiwanese manufacturing company with plants in Brazil and Mexico responsible for assembling products for various tech brands , indicating plans for Xiaomi to expand into Latin America . In May 2014 , Barra announced the launch of the Mi Pad , a 7.9 inch tablet . We spent four years working up to the point where we thought we had the right hardware design and software capability to build a world-class tablet , Barra said . We think we are there , finally . Barra described the release as part of Xiaomis overall strategy to expand both its product lineup and into new international markets including Hong Kong , Taiwan , and Singapore . Barra also indicated eventual plans to enter the U.S . market . In January 2017 , Barra announced his departure from Xiaomi . Barra explained his decision had been strongly motivated by a feeling of detachment from his family and the life he had built up in Silicon Valley . What Ive realized is that the last few years of living in such a singular environment have taken a huge toll on my life and started affecting my health . My friends , what I consider to be my home , and my life are back in Silicon Valley , which is also much closer to my family . Seeing how much Ive left behind these past few years , it is clear to me that the time has come to return . There are reports that quoted Barra saying that his resignation was prompted by health reasons and some analysts noted that the departure came amid Xiaomis declining sales in China . On the other hand , global expansion has been successful . Around the time of his resignation , Xiaomi announced that it has exceeded US$1 billion in revenue from the Indian market alone . Facebook . He announced in a Facebook post on 25 January 2017 that he would be joining Facebook as Vice President of virtual reality , writing : I’m excited to share my next adventure as I return to Silicon Valley—in a couple of months Ill be joining Facebook as VP of virtual reality ( VPVR! ) and lead the Oculus team . Xiaomi CEO Lei Jun always says that the highest calling of an engineer is to make technology breakthroughs quickly and readily available to the widest possible spectrum of humanity . That will be my mission at Facebook and I look forward to building the future of immersive technology with Mark Zuckerberg , Brendan Trexler Iribe , Mike Schroepfer , and the visionaries in the Oculus team.Based on his early pronouncements , Barra appears to be focusing on the development of standalone VR headsets as well as social VR . During an appearance at the 2018 Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ) , he described the technology as a product category that will help us bring the most number of people into VR and really start unlocking these opportunities for social presence . During the event , Barra announced Oculus standalone VR headset called Oculus Go , with Xiaomi as global hardware partner . Honors and awards . In 2011 , Barra was ranked #23 in Wired Magazines Wired 100 . In 2013 , Business Insiders Silicon Valley 100 included Barra at #92 . Brazils Época magazine ranked Barra among the most influential Brazilians in both 2011 and 2013 . |
[
"Facebook"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Hugo Barra work for from 2017 to 2018? | /wiki/Hugo_Barra#P108#2 | Hugo Barra Hugo Barra ( born 28 October 1976 in Belo Horizonte , Brazil ) is a Brazilian computer scientist , technology executive and entrepreneur . From 2008 to 2013 , he served in a number of product management roles at Google in London and California , including Vice President and product spokesman of Googles Android division . He was vice president of the Chinese electronics company , Xiaomi , from 2014 to 2017 . As of January 2017 , he is Vice President of Virtual Reality at Facebook , which he joined shortly after his departure from Xiaomi . Early life and education . Barra attended primary and secondary schools at local Colégio Pitágoras in Belo Horizonte , Brazil , and in 1995 enrolled at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais ( UFMG ) , majoring in Electrical Engineering . In 1996 , Barra transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , graduating with a bachelors degree in management science and masters in electrical engineering and computer science . He was class president of the class of 2000 and student keynote speaker at MIT commencement 2000 . Career . Google . Barra joined American technology company Google in London in March 2008 as Group Product Manager for the Google Mobile team . In 2010 Barra joined the Android team . From 2010 to 2013 , Barras role expanded to include product spokesperson for the Android team , speaking at both press conferences and Google I/O , Googles annual developer-focused conference . Barras product involvement included the entire Android ecosystem of software and hardware , including Honeycomb , Ice Cream Sandwich , Jelly Bean and KitKat operating system launches , the Nexus 4 and Nexus 5 smartphones , the Nexus 7 and Nexus 10 tablets , and other related products such as Google Now , selected in 2013 as Popular Sciences Innovation of the Year , and Google Voice Search , Googles speech recognition service . He was promoted to Vice President in 2012 . Xiaomi . In September 2013 , Barra left Google for Chinese electronics company Xiaomi , serving as Vice President of International . The move was considered a ‘significant hire’ for Xiaomi , one of the fastest growing manufacturers in China , enhancing international legitimacy to the company by adding a key former Google Android executive to its senior management . In December 2013 , Barra spoke at LeWeb tech conference in Paris , France about his impressions of the Chinese economy and the opportunity it represented for tech companies such as Xiaomi , citing Chinas 600 million internet users , high market caps of recent Chinese IPOs , the massive scale of the top Chinese apps monthly active users , and the size of companies such as Alibabas Taobao , a shopping site more than double the size of eBay and Amazon combined . The talk was widely cited throughout the industry . In February 2014 , Barra announced the launch of the new Redmi and Mi3 smartphones in Singapore , then in India . Global expansion outside of China into surrounding emerging markets is a key initiative for Xiaomi , given the companys business model to release high performance smartphone products at an affordable consumer price , generating revenue not only from the hardware itself , but the software and internet services provided to the consumer . According to Xiaomi co-founder and president Lei Jun , it is entirely Barra’s job to figure out which region that we should enter next and how . Barra has stated intentions to expand next into various countries . In March 2014 , Barra visited Foxconn , a Taiwanese manufacturing company with plants in Brazil and Mexico responsible for assembling products for various tech brands , indicating plans for Xiaomi to expand into Latin America . In May 2014 , Barra announced the launch of the Mi Pad , a 7.9 inch tablet . We spent four years working up to the point where we thought we had the right hardware design and software capability to build a world-class tablet , Barra said . We think we are there , finally . Barra described the release as part of Xiaomis overall strategy to expand both its product lineup and into new international markets including Hong Kong , Taiwan , and Singapore . Barra also indicated eventual plans to enter the U.S . market . In January 2017 , Barra announced his departure from Xiaomi . Barra explained his decision had been strongly motivated by a feeling of detachment from his family and the life he had built up in Silicon Valley . What Ive realized is that the last few years of living in such a singular environment have taken a huge toll on my life and started affecting my health . My friends , what I consider to be my home , and my life are back in Silicon Valley , which is also much closer to my family . Seeing how much Ive left behind these past few years , it is clear to me that the time has come to return . There are reports that quoted Barra saying that his resignation was prompted by health reasons and some analysts noted that the departure came amid Xiaomis declining sales in China . On the other hand , global expansion has been successful . Around the time of his resignation , Xiaomi announced that it has exceeded US$1 billion in revenue from the Indian market alone . Facebook . He announced in a Facebook post on 25 January 2017 that he would be joining Facebook as Vice President of virtual reality , writing : I’m excited to share my next adventure as I return to Silicon Valley—in a couple of months Ill be joining Facebook as VP of virtual reality ( VPVR! ) and lead the Oculus team . Xiaomi CEO Lei Jun always says that the highest calling of an engineer is to make technology breakthroughs quickly and readily available to the widest possible spectrum of humanity . That will be my mission at Facebook and I look forward to building the future of immersive technology with Mark Zuckerberg , Brendan Trexler Iribe , Mike Schroepfer , and the visionaries in the Oculus team.Based on his early pronouncements , Barra appears to be focusing on the development of standalone VR headsets as well as social VR . During an appearance at the 2018 Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ) , he described the technology as a product category that will help us bring the most number of people into VR and really start unlocking these opportunities for social presence . During the event , Barra announced Oculus standalone VR headset called Oculus Go , with Xiaomi as global hardware partner . Honors and awards . In 2011 , Barra was ranked #23 in Wired Magazines Wired 100 . In 2013 , Business Insiders Silicon Valley 100 included Barra at #92 . Brazils Época magazine ranked Barra among the most influential Brazilians in both 2011 and 2013 . |
[
"Sông Lam Nghệ An F.C"
] | easy | Nguyễn Trọng Hoàng played for which team from 2007 to 2009? | /wiki/Nguyễn_Trọng_Hoàng#P54#0 | Nguyễn Trọng Hoàng Nguyễn Trọng Hoàng ( born 14 April 1989 ) is a Vietnamese footballer who is currently playing midfielder for Viettel of the V-League ( Vietnam ) and Vietnam national football team . He is widely considered by the Vietnamese press as one of the most promising talents of his generation . Club career . After the departure of Le Cong Vinh to Hà Nội T&T F.C . in 2009 , Hoang was given Vinhs number 9 and since then , he has become an important part of Sông Lam Nghệ An . His performance helped SLNA win third place in the 2009 V-League season and 2010 Vietnamese Cup title . In the financial turmoil that affected most V-League clubs after the 2012 season , SLNA was unable to arrange a financial contract with Nguyen . The contract between Nguyen and SLNA expired on 2 January 2012 . International career . In 2007 , Hoang was in Alfred Riedls plan for the 2007 Southeast Asian Games . However , he was left out because he had to take the final exam for his high school studies . In 2009 , Hoang was again chosen to play in the 2009 Southeast Asian Games by Henrique Calisto . Hoang scored in the third game of the tournament against Malaysia . However , he was injured when he played against Cambodia , which prevented him from playing in the semi-final . In the tournaments final , Hoang came on as the substitute but the team lost against Malaysia in the final and received the silver medal . Despite the loss , the teams performance in the tournament was impressive enough that Hoang is one of the few players who were called up to play in the national team . In 2010 , he was again chosen to play in the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou , in which he scored two goals against Turkmenistan and Bahrain to help Vietnam proceed into the second round for the first time in history . The team lost to North Korea , but he was then selected to play in the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup . In the first game , Hoang scored two goals against Myanmar after he came on at the 72–minute . The team came on to win 7–1 . Honour . Club . Sông Lam Nghệ An F.C . - Champions V.League 1 : 2011 - Champions Vietnamese Super Cup : 2011 - Champions Vietnamese National Cup : 2010 Becamex Bình Dương F.C . - Champions V.League 1 : 2014 , 2015 - Champions Vietnamese Super Cup : 2014 , 2015 - Champions Vietnamese National Cup : 2015 - Runner-up Vietnamese National Cup : 2014 Viettel FC - Champions V.League 1 : 2020 International . Vietnam - AFF Championship : - Kings Cup : Vietnam Olympic |
[
"Vietnam Olympic",
"Vietnam national football team"
] | easy | Which team did the player Nguyễn Trọng Hoàng belong to from 2009 to 2012? | /wiki/Nguyễn_Trọng_Hoàng#P54#1 | Nguyễn Trọng Hoàng Nguyễn Trọng Hoàng ( born 14 April 1989 ) is a Vietnamese footballer who is currently playing midfielder for Viettel of the V-League ( Vietnam ) and Vietnam national football team . He is widely considered by the Vietnamese press as one of the most promising talents of his generation . Club career . After the departure of Le Cong Vinh to Hà Nội T&T F.C . in 2009 , Hoang was given Vinhs number 9 and since then , he has become an important part of Sông Lam Nghệ An . His performance helped SLNA win third place in the 2009 V-League season and 2010 Vietnamese Cup title . In the financial turmoil that affected most V-League clubs after the 2012 season , SLNA was unable to arrange a financial contract with Nguyen . The contract between Nguyen and SLNA expired on 2 January 2012 . International career . In 2007 , Hoang was in Alfred Riedls plan for the 2007 Southeast Asian Games . However , he was left out because he had to take the final exam for his high school studies . In 2009 , Hoang was again chosen to play in the 2009 Southeast Asian Games by Henrique Calisto . Hoang scored in the third game of the tournament against Malaysia . However , he was injured when he played against Cambodia , which prevented him from playing in the semi-final . In the tournaments final , Hoang came on as the substitute but the team lost against Malaysia in the final and received the silver medal . Despite the loss , the teams performance in the tournament was impressive enough that Hoang is one of the few players who were called up to play in the national team . In 2010 , he was again chosen to play in the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou , in which he scored two goals against Turkmenistan and Bahrain to help Vietnam proceed into the second round for the first time in history . The team lost to North Korea , but he was then selected to play in the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup . In the first game , Hoang scored two goals against Myanmar after he came on at the 72–minute . The team came on to win 7–1 . Honour . Club . Sông Lam Nghệ An F.C . - Champions V.League 1 : 2011 - Champions Vietnamese Super Cup : 2011 - Champions Vietnamese National Cup : 2010 Becamex Bình Dương F.C . - Champions V.League 1 : 2014 , 2015 - Champions Vietnamese Super Cup : 2014 , 2015 - Champions Vietnamese National Cup : 2015 - Runner-up Vietnamese National Cup : 2014 Viettel FC - Champions V.League 1 : 2020 International . Vietnam - AFF Championship : - Kings Cup : Vietnam Olympic |
[
"Vietnam national football team"
] | easy | Which team did the player Nguyễn Trọng Hoàng belong to from 2012 to 2015? | /wiki/Nguyễn_Trọng_Hoàng#P54#2 | Nguyễn Trọng Hoàng Nguyễn Trọng Hoàng ( born 14 April 1989 ) is a Vietnamese footballer who is currently playing midfielder for Viettel of the V-League ( Vietnam ) and Vietnam national football team . He is widely considered by the Vietnamese press as one of the most promising talents of his generation . Club career . After the departure of Le Cong Vinh to Hà Nội T&T F.C . in 2009 , Hoang was given Vinhs number 9 and since then , he has become an important part of Sông Lam Nghệ An . His performance helped SLNA win third place in the 2009 V-League season and 2010 Vietnamese Cup title . In the financial turmoil that affected most V-League clubs after the 2012 season , SLNA was unable to arrange a financial contract with Nguyen . The contract between Nguyen and SLNA expired on 2 January 2012 . International career . In 2007 , Hoang was in Alfred Riedls plan for the 2007 Southeast Asian Games . However , he was left out because he had to take the final exam for his high school studies . In 2009 , Hoang was again chosen to play in the 2009 Southeast Asian Games by Henrique Calisto . Hoang scored in the third game of the tournament against Malaysia . However , he was injured when he played against Cambodia , which prevented him from playing in the semi-final . In the tournaments final , Hoang came on as the substitute but the team lost against Malaysia in the final and received the silver medal . Despite the loss , the teams performance in the tournament was impressive enough that Hoang is one of the few players who were called up to play in the national team . In 2010 , he was again chosen to play in the 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou , in which he scored two goals against Turkmenistan and Bahrain to help Vietnam proceed into the second round for the first time in history . The team lost to North Korea , but he was then selected to play in the 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup . In the first game , Hoang scored two goals against Myanmar after he came on at the 72–minute . The team came on to win 7–1 . Honour . Club . Sông Lam Nghệ An F.C . - Champions V.League 1 : 2011 - Champions Vietnamese Super Cup : 2011 - Champions Vietnamese National Cup : 2010 Becamex Bình Dương F.C . - Champions V.League 1 : 2014 , 2015 - Champions Vietnamese Super Cup : 2014 , 2015 - Champions Vietnamese National Cup : 2015 - Runner-up Vietnamese National Cup : 2014 Viettel FC - Champions V.League 1 : 2020 International . Vietnam - AFF Championship : - Kings Cup : Vietnam Olympic |
[
"titular archbishop of Thebes and Apostolic Internuncio to Central America"
] | easy | What was the position of Angelo Rotta in Oct 1922? | /wiki/Angelo_Rotta#P39#0 | Angelo Rotta Angelo Rotta ( 9 August 1872 – 1 February 1965 ) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church . As the Apostolic Nuncio in Budapest at the end of World War II , he was involved in the rescue of the Jews of Budapest from the Nazi Holocaust . He is a significant figure in Catholic resistance to Nazism . Early years . Rotta was born in Milan , Italy , on 9 August 1872 . He was ordained a priest on 10 February 1895 . On 16 October 1922 , Pope Pius XI named him titular archbishop of Thebes and Apostolic Internuncio to Central America , which then covered Costa Rica , El Salvador , Honduras , and Nicaragua . He received his episcopal consecration from Cardinal Pietro Gasparri , the Vatican Secretary of State , on 1 November 1922 . He was named Apostolic Internuncio to Panama as well on 21 September 1923 even as his responsibilities toward other countries in Central America continued . On 9 May 1925 , Pope Pius appointed him Apostolic Delegate to Turkey . During his diplomatic service in Bulgaria , he saved many Bulgarian Jews by issuing them baptismal certificates and safe conducts for the trip to Palestine . Nuncio to Hungary . On 20 March 1930 , Pope Pius named him Apostolic Nuncio to Hungary , a position he held for fifteen years . As Papal Nuncio representing Pope Pius XII in Hungary , Rotta actively protested Hungarys mistreatment of the Jews , and helped persuade Pope Pius XII to lobby the Hungarian leader Admiral Horthy to stop their deportation . According to historian of the Holocaust Martin Gilbert , With Arrow Cross members killing Jews in the streets of Budapest , Angelo Rotta , the senior Vatican representative in Budapest , took a lead in establishing an International Ghetto , consisting of several dozen modern apartment buildings to which large numbers of Jews - eventually 25,000 - were brought and to which the Swiss , Swedish , Portuguese , and Spanish legations , as well as the Vatican , affixed their emblems . Rotta also got permission from the Vatican to begin issuing protective passes to Jewish converts - and was eventually able to distribute more than 15,000 such protective passes , while instructing the drafters of the documents not to examine the recipients credentials too closely . A Red Cross official asked Rotta for pre-signed blank identity papers , to offer to the sick and needy fleeing the Arrow Cross , and was given the documents with Rottas blessing . Rotta encouraged Hungarian church leaders to help their Jewish brothers , and directed Fr Tibor Baranszky to go to the forced marches and distribute letters of immunity to as many Jews as he could . In 1944 - 1945 Rotta contributed greatly to the saving action of the Neutral Powers ( Portugal , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , the Vatican ) and the International Red Cross Committee in Budapest ( initiated by Carl Lutz , and led , among others , by Giorgio Perlasca , Friedrich Born , Raoul Wallenberg , Angel Sanz Briz ) . As the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps , he vehemently protested several times to the Hungarian Governments against the Jewish Deportations . On 15 November 1944 , the Hungarian Government established the Big Ghetto for 69,000 Jews , while a further 30,000 with protective documents went to the International Ghetto . On 19 November 1944 , the Vatican joined the four other neutral powers - Sweden , Spain , Portugal and Switzerland - in a further collective protest to the Hungarian Government calling for the suspension of deportations of the Jews . The government complied , and banned the death marches - but Budapest was by that stage near anarchy , and deportations continued from 21 November . The Arrow Cross continued their orgy of violence , raiding the international Ghetto and murdering Jews , as Soviet forces approached the city . Rotta and Wallenberg were among the few diplomats to remain in Budapest . Following the Soviet conquest of the city , Wallenberg was seized by the Russians and taken to Moscow , from where he was never released . Gilbert wrote that of the hundred and fifty thousand Jews who had been in Budapest when the Germans arrived in March 1944 , almost 120,000 survived to liberation - 69,000 from the Big Ghetto , 25,000 in the International Ghetto and a further 25,000 hiding out in Christian homes and religious institutes across the city . Post-war . Rotta retired from diplomacy in 1957 . Pope Paul VI paid him a surprise visit at his Vatican residence on Easter Sunday in March 1964 . He was recognized as Righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem in 1997 . External links . - A short biography - A short biography - budapestvacationservice.com |
[
"titular archbishop of Thebes and Apostolic Internuncio to Central America",
"Apostolic Internuncio to Panama"
] | easy | What position did Angelo Rotta take from Nov 1922 to Feb 1930? | /wiki/Angelo_Rotta#P39#1 | Angelo Rotta Angelo Rotta ( 9 August 1872 – 1 February 1965 ) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church . As the Apostolic Nuncio in Budapest at the end of World War II , he was involved in the rescue of the Jews of Budapest from the Nazi Holocaust . He is a significant figure in Catholic resistance to Nazism . Early years . Rotta was born in Milan , Italy , on 9 August 1872 . He was ordained a priest on 10 February 1895 . On 16 October 1922 , Pope Pius XI named him titular archbishop of Thebes and Apostolic Internuncio to Central America , which then covered Costa Rica , El Salvador , Honduras , and Nicaragua . He received his episcopal consecration from Cardinal Pietro Gasparri , the Vatican Secretary of State , on 1 November 1922 . He was named Apostolic Internuncio to Panama as well on 21 September 1923 even as his responsibilities toward other countries in Central America continued . On 9 May 1925 , Pope Pius appointed him Apostolic Delegate to Turkey . During his diplomatic service in Bulgaria , he saved many Bulgarian Jews by issuing them baptismal certificates and safe conducts for the trip to Palestine . Nuncio to Hungary . On 20 March 1930 , Pope Pius named him Apostolic Nuncio to Hungary , a position he held for fifteen years . As Papal Nuncio representing Pope Pius XII in Hungary , Rotta actively protested Hungarys mistreatment of the Jews , and helped persuade Pope Pius XII to lobby the Hungarian leader Admiral Horthy to stop their deportation . According to historian of the Holocaust Martin Gilbert , With Arrow Cross members killing Jews in the streets of Budapest , Angelo Rotta , the senior Vatican representative in Budapest , took a lead in establishing an International Ghetto , consisting of several dozen modern apartment buildings to which large numbers of Jews - eventually 25,000 - were brought and to which the Swiss , Swedish , Portuguese , and Spanish legations , as well as the Vatican , affixed their emblems . Rotta also got permission from the Vatican to begin issuing protective passes to Jewish converts - and was eventually able to distribute more than 15,000 such protective passes , while instructing the drafters of the documents not to examine the recipients credentials too closely . A Red Cross official asked Rotta for pre-signed blank identity papers , to offer to the sick and needy fleeing the Arrow Cross , and was given the documents with Rottas blessing . Rotta encouraged Hungarian church leaders to help their Jewish brothers , and directed Fr Tibor Baranszky to go to the forced marches and distribute letters of immunity to as many Jews as he could . In 1944 - 1945 Rotta contributed greatly to the saving action of the Neutral Powers ( Portugal , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , the Vatican ) and the International Red Cross Committee in Budapest ( initiated by Carl Lutz , and led , among others , by Giorgio Perlasca , Friedrich Born , Raoul Wallenberg , Angel Sanz Briz ) . As the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps , he vehemently protested several times to the Hungarian Governments against the Jewish Deportations . On 15 November 1944 , the Hungarian Government established the Big Ghetto for 69,000 Jews , while a further 30,000 with protective documents went to the International Ghetto . On 19 November 1944 , the Vatican joined the four other neutral powers - Sweden , Spain , Portugal and Switzerland - in a further collective protest to the Hungarian Government calling for the suspension of deportations of the Jews . The government complied , and banned the death marches - but Budapest was by that stage near anarchy , and deportations continued from 21 November . The Arrow Cross continued their orgy of violence , raiding the international Ghetto and murdering Jews , as Soviet forces approached the city . Rotta and Wallenberg were among the few diplomats to remain in Budapest . Following the Soviet conquest of the city , Wallenberg was seized by the Russians and taken to Moscow , from where he was never released . Gilbert wrote that of the hundred and fifty thousand Jews who had been in Budapest when the Germans arrived in March 1944 , almost 120,000 survived to liberation - 69,000 from the Big Ghetto , 25,000 in the International Ghetto and a further 25,000 hiding out in Christian homes and religious institutes across the city . Post-war . Rotta retired from diplomacy in 1957 . Pope Paul VI paid him a surprise visit at his Vatican residence on Easter Sunday in March 1964 . He was recognized as Righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem in 1997 . External links . - A short biography - A short biography - budapestvacationservice.com |
[
"Apostolic Nuncio to Hungary"
] | easy | Which position did Angelo Rotta hold from Feb 1930 to Feb 1931? | /wiki/Angelo_Rotta#P39#2 | Angelo Rotta Angelo Rotta ( 9 August 1872 – 1 February 1965 ) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church . As the Apostolic Nuncio in Budapest at the end of World War II , he was involved in the rescue of the Jews of Budapest from the Nazi Holocaust . He is a significant figure in Catholic resistance to Nazism . Early years . Rotta was born in Milan , Italy , on 9 August 1872 . He was ordained a priest on 10 February 1895 . On 16 October 1922 , Pope Pius XI named him titular archbishop of Thebes and Apostolic Internuncio to Central America , which then covered Costa Rica , El Salvador , Honduras , and Nicaragua . He received his episcopal consecration from Cardinal Pietro Gasparri , the Vatican Secretary of State , on 1 November 1922 . He was named Apostolic Internuncio to Panama as well on 21 September 1923 even as his responsibilities toward other countries in Central America continued . On 9 May 1925 , Pope Pius appointed him Apostolic Delegate to Turkey . During his diplomatic service in Bulgaria , he saved many Bulgarian Jews by issuing them baptismal certificates and safe conducts for the trip to Palestine . Nuncio to Hungary . On 20 March 1930 , Pope Pius named him Apostolic Nuncio to Hungary , a position he held for fifteen years . As Papal Nuncio representing Pope Pius XII in Hungary , Rotta actively protested Hungarys mistreatment of the Jews , and helped persuade Pope Pius XII to lobby the Hungarian leader Admiral Horthy to stop their deportation . According to historian of the Holocaust Martin Gilbert , With Arrow Cross members killing Jews in the streets of Budapest , Angelo Rotta , the senior Vatican representative in Budapest , took a lead in establishing an International Ghetto , consisting of several dozen modern apartment buildings to which large numbers of Jews - eventually 25,000 - were brought and to which the Swiss , Swedish , Portuguese , and Spanish legations , as well as the Vatican , affixed their emblems . Rotta also got permission from the Vatican to begin issuing protective passes to Jewish converts - and was eventually able to distribute more than 15,000 such protective passes , while instructing the drafters of the documents not to examine the recipients credentials too closely . A Red Cross official asked Rotta for pre-signed blank identity papers , to offer to the sick and needy fleeing the Arrow Cross , and was given the documents with Rottas blessing . Rotta encouraged Hungarian church leaders to help their Jewish brothers , and directed Fr Tibor Baranszky to go to the forced marches and distribute letters of immunity to as many Jews as he could . In 1944 - 1945 Rotta contributed greatly to the saving action of the Neutral Powers ( Portugal , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , the Vatican ) and the International Red Cross Committee in Budapest ( initiated by Carl Lutz , and led , among others , by Giorgio Perlasca , Friedrich Born , Raoul Wallenberg , Angel Sanz Briz ) . As the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps , he vehemently protested several times to the Hungarian Governments against the Jewish Deportations . On 15 November 1944 , the Hungarian Government established the Big Ghetto for 69,000 Jews , while a further 30,000 with protective documents went to the International Ghetto . On 19 November 1944 , the Vatican joined the four other neutral powers - Sweden , Spain , Portugal and Switzerland - in a further collective protest to the Hungarian Government calling for the suspension of deportations of the Jews . The government complied , and banned the death marches - but Budapest was by that stage near anarchy , and deportations continued from 21 November . The Arrow Cross continued their orgy of violence , raiding the international Ghetto and murdering Jews , as Soviet forces approached the city . Rotta and Wallenberg were among the few diplomats to remain in Budapest . Following the Soviet conquest of the city , Wallenberg was seized by the Russians and taken to Moscow , from where he was never released . Gilbert wrote that of the hundred and fifty thousand Jews who had been in Budapest when the Germans arrived in March 1944 , almost 120,000 survived to liberation - 69,000 from the Big Ghetto , 25,000 in the International Ghetto and a further 25,000 hiding out in Christian homes and religious institutes across the city . Post-war . Rotta retired from diplomacy in 1957 . Pope Paul VI paid him a surprise visit at his Vatican residence on Easter Sunday in March 1964 . He was recognized as Righteous among the Nations by Yad Vashem in 1997 . External links . - A short biography - A short biography - budapestvacationservice.com |
[
""
] | easy | What citizenship did Sam Hui hold from Sep 1948 to Jun 1997? | /wiki/Sam_Hui#P27#0 | Sam Hui Samuel Hui Koon-kit ( born 6 September 1948 ) , usually known as Sam Hui , is a Hong Kong musician , singer , songwriter and actor . He is credited with popularising Cantopop both via the infusion of Western-style music and his usage of vernacular Cantonese rather than written vernacular Chinese in biting lyrics that addressed contemporary problems and concerns . Hui is considered by some to be the first major superstar of Cantopop , known as the God of Song . As an actor , he is well-known for portraying the main character King Kong in five installments of Aces Go Places film series . Early life . Hui was born in Guangzhou in 1948 . His parents were both musicians ; his father was a traditional Chinese musician while his mother was a Chinese opera singer . In 1950 , along with his three older brothers , Michael , Ricky , and Stanley , Hui and his parents arrived in Hong Kong as refugees in 1950 , originally living in Diamond Hill . Hui graduated from the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Hong Kong , Ying Wa College and St . Francis Xaviers College in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Hui and his two older brothers , Michael and Ricky , worked on several comedies in the early 1970s . Hui has also gained credit for popularising Cantopop , by incorporating the idiosyncrasies of Western popular music into the old Cantopop genre . Career . Singer . In 1960s , Hui began his singing career . In 1967 , Hui joined record label Diamond Records . Hui started his television career as a host on a youth music TV show on the TVB network . Hui and his brother Michael Hui became hosts in Hui Brothers Show ( ) , which premiered on April 23 , 1971 . Hui became the lead musician of a band The Lotus . In the 1970s , Hui performed English songs that were popular in Britain and the United States . He wrote the theme songs for the comedies produced by his brother , Michael Hui , and started performing Cantonese songs . Sam Huis first Cantonese hit , Eiffel Tower Above the Clouds ( ) -- originally titled Here and Now ( ) -- was first played on the Hui Brothers Show in April 1972 . Hui signed a contract with Polydor and produced his first single in English , April Lady . Huis first Cantonese album , Games Gamblers Play ( ) , was the partial soundtrack to the Michael Hui-directed film of the same name . This album became popular , selling 200,000 copies , and was one of the major musical works that helped to start the popularity of Cantopop . Huis music gained popular appeal , particularly with the working class , for its simplicity and the relevance of the lyrics . A prolific songwriter , a noted recurring theme in his music is that it often describes or humorously satirises Hong Kong society and events . In 1976 , Huis singing and acting career took off after the release of the breakout album The Private Eyes , the soundtrack to the 1976 film The Private Eyes . In the album The Private Eyes , it humorously reflected on the harsh realities of middle and lower-income Hong Kongers . Others such as Song of Water Use ( ) , which referenced the days of water rationing during the 1960s , and Could Not Care Less About 1997 ( 話知你97 ) , which encouraged Hong Kong people to adopt a carpe diem attitude instead of worrying about the imminent handover to the Peoples Republic of China on 1 July 1997 , were more topical in nature and referenced local events . While some of his songs are lighthearted , others carried philosophical messages brought out through artful use of Chinese words that have multiple symbolism . Examples can be seen in his farewell song in 1992 and From the Heart of a Loafer ( ) , where for Cantopop , the sophisticated language and messages were rare in the lyrics of contemporary artists . On June 17 , 1979 , Hui became the first singer from Hong Kong to perform at the Tokyo Music Festival . Film . Hui signed a contract with Golden Harvest in 1971 . On a personal note , Hui is closer to his middle brother Ricky ( deceased 8 November 2011 ) than to their oldest brother Michael . Sam and Michael reportedly fell out with each other after their pre-1985 successes . However , in Michaels Chicken and Duck Talk ( 1988 ) , Hui appeared in a short 1-minute cameo , playing the role of himself as master of ceremonies at the grand opening of Dannys Chicken , and contributed to its theme song for its end credits entitled You Have Your Say ( ) . Then in 1990 , the three brothers reunited in Front Page , a lampoon on Hong Kongs sometimes over-zealous entertainment news industry . Hui also collaborated with several popular singers such as Leslie Cheung both musically and on-screen culminating in the hit single written by Hui and composed by Cheung entitled Silence is Golden ( ) , which Cheung also sung as a solo track on his 1987 album , Hot Summer , as well as the catchy tune , Ive Never Been Afraid ( ) in 1989 as the end theme for . Hui also starred in the Aces Go Places , a series of Hong Kong action–comedies in the 1980s , with Karl Maka . He was once seriously injured while filming The Legend of Wisely in Tibet due to lack of oxygen , thereafter falling very ill and many of his fans pointed out that this near fatal accident may have been pivotal on his decision to retire as they superstitiously believed that he was haunted by a spirit . Retirement . During the late 1980s , Huis father advised him to retire to avoid the stresses he endured from hosting concerts . Huis lack of oxygen suffered on a previous film , was actually carbon monoxide poisoning . His mother purportedly also had reservations about his performing , including that he might injure himself on stage . A Hong Kong concert in 1990 supposedly marked his early retirement , however Hui then agreed to host a 42-show concert series . Around the time of the 30th show , Huis father died but despite his grief , he continued to host . Farewell concerts . In 1991 to 1992 , Hui held a many farewell concerts . Hui hosted a total of 14 shows in Hong Kong preempting his actual retirement . Hui is known as the Canto-pop godfather and the Elvis Presley of Hong Kong . Hui also hosted shows in Canada , in Vancouver , at the Pacific Coliseum , and Toronto , Ontario , which he dedicated to his late father . Despite reiterating his plans for retirement , Hui came back for a short stint in the movie Winner Takes All co-starring Nicholas Tse and Ruby Lin . This he maintained , was a result of being unable to ignore his hearts desire . Widely acclaimed as the God of Song in Hong Kong ( the first singer to be so acknowledged ) , he decided to come out of retirement in 2004 and held multiple comeback concerts in which he was welcomed by a Hong Kong public at sell-out shows . In these concerts , he paid tribute to his recent passed close colleagues , Leslie Cheung and Anita Mui in 2003 and claimed that their deaths had influenced his decision to return to performing , culminating in his 2004 comeback song 04 Bless You ( 04 祝福你 ) . Hui performed in a concert in Kuala Lumpur on 19 and 20 February 2005 with his brother , Ricky Hui , and sons but has not made active plans for any follow-ups . He also performed in Vancouver on 15 December 2005 and in Singapore on 29 March 2008 . In 2007 , Hui signed with EC Music and released his first album in 17 years , named Life is Good ( ) . Personal life . In December 1971 , Hui married Rebecca Rebu Fleming , a Filipino-American . They have two sons , Ryan Hui and Scott Hui . Hui and his family live in Hong Kong . Ryan Hui is a singer-songwriter and has released several albums , and Scott Hui is a film director . Discography . Cantonese albums . - 1974 - 1975 The Last Message - 1976 The Private Eyes - 1978 - 1978 The Contract ( ) - 1979 - 1980 - 1981 Security Unlimited ( ) - 1982 - 1983 - 1983 - 1984 - 1985 - 1986 - 1986 - 1987 Band - 1987 - 1988 Sam and Friends - 1989 - 1990 - 1990 - 2004 - 2007 English albums . - 1971 Time of The Season - 1974 Morning After - 197t Interlude - 1977 Came Travelling Filmography . Films . - 1973 Back Alley Princess ( 馬路小英雄 ) - 1973 The Tattooed Dragon ( 龍虎金剛 ) - 1974 Chinatown Capers ( 小英雄大鬧唐人街 ) - 1974 Naughty ! Naughty ! ( 綽頭狀元 ) - Wu Te-chuan , a conman . - 1974 Games Gamblers Play ( 鬼馬雙星 ) - 1975 The Last Message ( 天才與白痴 ) - 1976 The Private Eyes ( 半斤八兩 ) - 1978 The Contract ( 賣身契 ) - 1981 Security Unlimited ( 摩登保鑣 ) - 1982 Aces Go Places ( 最佳拍檔 ) - 1983 Aces Go Places 2 ( 最佳拍檔大顯神通 ) - 1984 Aces Go Places 3 ( 最佳拍檔之女皇密令 ) - 1984 A Family Affair ( 全家福 ) - 1985 Working Class ( 打工皇帝 ) - 1986 Aces Go Places IV ( 最佳拍檔千里救差婆 ) - 1987 The Legend of Wisely ( 衛斯理傳奇 ) - as Producer . - 1988 Chicken and Duck Talk ( 雞同鴨講 ) - Cameo - 1989 ( 新最佳拍檔 ) - 1990 The Dragon from Russia ( 紅場飛龍 ) - 1990 The Swordsman ( 笑傲江湖 ) - Ling Wu Chung - 1990 Front Page ( 新半斤八兩 ) - 1993 Laughter of the Water Margins ( 水滸笑傳 ) - 1993 Alls Well , Ends Well Too ( 花田囍事 ) - 2000 Winner Takes All ( 大贏家 ) |
[
""
] | easy | What was the nationality of Sam Hui from Jul 1997 to Jul 1998? | /wiki/Sam_Hui#P27#1 | Sam Hui Samuel Hui Koon-kit ( born 6 September 1948 ) , usually known as Sam Hui , is a Hong Kong musician , singer , songwriter and actor . He is credited with popularising Cantopop both via the infusion of Western-style music and his usage of vernacular Cantonese rather than written vernacular Chinese in biting lyrics that addressed contemporary problems and concerns . Hui is considered by some to be the first major superstar of Cantopop , known as the God of Song . As an actor , he is well-known for portraying the main character King Kong in five installments of Aces Go Places film series . Early life . Hui was born in Guangzhou in 1948 . His parents were both musicians ; his father was a traditional Chinese musician while his mother was a Chinese opera singer . In 1950 , along with his three older brothers , Michael , Ricky , and Stanley , Hui and his parents arrived in Hong Kong as refugees in 1950 , originally living in Diamond Hill . Hui graduated from the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Hong Kong , Ying Wa College and St . Francis Xaviers College in the late 1960s and early 1970s . Hui and his two older brothers , Michael and Ricky , worked on several comedies in the early 1970s . Hui has also gained credit for popularising Cantopop , by incorporating the idiosyncrasies of Western popular music into the old Cantopop genre . Career . Singer . In 1960s , Hui began his singing career . In 1967 , Hui joined record label Diamond Records . Hui started his television career as a host on a youth music TV show on the TVB network . Hui and his brother Michael Hui became hosts in Hui Brothers Show ( ) , which premiered on April 23 , 1971 . Hui became the lead musician of a band The Lotus . In the 1970s , Hui performed English songs that were popular in Britain and the United States . He wrote the theme songs for the comedies produced by his brother , Michael Hui , and started performing Cantonese songs . Sam Huis first Cantonese hit , Eiffel Tower Above the Clouds ( ) -- originally titled Here and Now ( ) -- was first played on the Hui Brothers Show in April 1972 . Hui signed a contract with Polydor and produced his first single in English , April Lady . Huis first Cantonese album , Games Gamblers Play ( ) , was the partial soundtrack to the Michael Hui-directed film of the same name . This album became popular , selling 200,000 copies , and was one of the major musical works that helped to start the popularity of Cantopop . Huis music gained popular appeal , particularly with the working class , for its simplicity and the relevance of the lyrics . A prolific songwriter , a noted recurring theme in his music is that it often describes or humorously satirises Hong Kong society and events . In 1976 , Huis singing and acting career took off after the release of the breakout album The Private Eyes , the soundtrack to the 1976 film The Private Eyes . In the album The Private Eyes , it humorously reflected on the harsh realities of middle and lower-income Hong Kongers . Others such as Song of Water Use ( ) , which referenced the days of water rationing during the 1960s , and Could Not Care Less About 1997 ( 話知你97 ) , which encouraged Hong Kong people to adopt a carpe diem attitude instead of worrying about the imminent handover to the Peoples Republic of China on 1 July 1997 , were more topical in nature and referenced local events . While some of his songs are lighthearted , others carried philosophical messages brought out through artful use of Chinese words that have multiple symbolism . Examples can be seen in his farewell song in 1992 and From the Heart of a Loafer ( ) , where for Cantopop , the sophisticated language and messages were rare in the lyrics of contemporary artists . On June 17 , 1979 , Hui became the first singer from Hong Kong to perform at the Tokyo Music Festival . Film . Hui signed a contract with Golden Harvest in 1971 . On a personal note , Hui is closer to his middle brother Ricky ( deceased 8 November 2011 ) than to their oldest brother Michael . Sam and Michael reportedly fell out with each other after their pre-1985 successes . However , in Michaels Chicken and Duck Talk ( 1988 ) , Hui appeared in a short 1-minute cameo , playing the role of himself as master of ceremonies at the grand opening of Dannys Chicken , and contributed to its theme song for its end credits entitled You Have Your Say ( ) . Then in 1990 , the three brothers reunited in Front Page , a lampoon on Hong Kongs sometimes over-zealous entertainment news industry . Hui also collaborated with several popular singers such as Leslie Cheung both musically and on-screen culminating in the hit single written by Hui and composed by Cheung entitled Silence is Golden ( ) , which Cheung also sung as a solo track on his 1987 album , Hot Summer , as well as the catchy tune , Ive Never Been Afraid ( ) in 1989 as the end theme for . Hui also starred in the Aces Go Places , a series of Hong Kong action–comedies in the 1980s , with Karl Maka . He was once seriously injured while filming The Legend of Wisely in Tibet due to lack of oxygen , thereafter falling very ill and many of his fans pointed out that this near fatal accident may have been pivotal on his decision to retire as they superstitiously believed that he was haunted by a spirit . Retirement . During the late 1980s , Huis father advised him to retire to avoid the stresses he endured from hosting concerts . Huis lack of oxygen suffered on a previous film , was actually carbon monoxide poisoning . His mother purportedly also had reservations about his performing , including that he might injure himself on stage . A Hong Kong concert in 1990 supposedly marked his early retirement , however Hui then agreed to host a 42-show concert series . Around the time of the 30th show , Huis father died but despite his grief , he continued to host . Farewell concerts . In 1991 to 1992 , Hui held a many farewell concerts . Hui hosted a total of 14 shows in Hong Kong preempting his actual retirement . Hui is known as the Canto-pop godfather and the Elvis Presley of Hong Kong . Hui also hosted shows in Canada , in Vancouver , at the Pacific Coliseum , and Toronto , Ontario , which he dedicated to his late father . Despite reiterating his plans for retirement , Hui came back for a short stint in the movie Winner Takes All co-starring Nicholas Tse and Ruby Lin . This he maintained , was a result of being unable to ignore his hearts desire . Widely acclaimed as the God of Song in Hong Kong ( the first singer to be so acknowledged ) , he decided to come out of retirement in 2004 and held multiple comeback concerts in which he was welcomed by a Hong Kong public at sell-out shows . In these concerts , he paid tribute to his recent passed close colleagues , Leslie Cheung and Anita Mui in 2003 and claimed that their deaths had influenced his decision to return to performing , culminating in his 2004 comeback song 04 Bless You ( 04 祝福你 ) . Hui performed in a concert in Kuala Lumpur on 19 and 20 February 2005 with his brother , Ricky Hui , and sons but has not made active plans for any follow-ups . He also performed in Vancouver on 15 December 2005 and in Singapore on 29 March 2008 . In 2007 , Hui signed with EC Music and released his first album in 17 years , named Life is Good ( ) . Personal life . In December 1971 , Hui married Rebecca Rebu Fleming , a Filipino-American . They have two sons , Ryan Hui and Scott Hui . Hui and his family live in Hong Kong . Ryan Hui is a singer-songwriter and has released several albums , and Scott Hui is a film director . Discography . Cantonese albums . - 1974 - 1975 The Last Message - 1976 The Private Eyes - 1978 - 1978 The Contract ( ) - 1979 - 1980 - 1981 Security Unlimited ( ) - 1982 - 1983 - 1983 - 1984 - 1985 - 1986 - 1986 - 1987 Band - 1987 - 1988 Sam and Friends - 1989 - 1990 - 1990 - 2004 - 2007 English albums . - 1971 Time of The Season - 1974 Morning After - 197t Interlude - 1977 Came Travelling Filmography . Films . - 1973 Back Alley Princess ( 馬路小英雄 ) - 1973 The Tattooed Dragon ( 龍虎金剛 ) - 1974 Chinatown Capers ( 小英雄大鬧唐人街 ) - 1974 Naughty ! Naughty ! ( 綽頭狀元 ) - Wu Te-chuan , a conman . - 1974 Games Gamblers Play ( 鬼馬雙星 ) - 1975 The Last Message ( 天才與白痴 ) - 1976 The Private Eyes ( 半斤八兩 ) - 1978 The Contract ( 賣身契 ) - 1981 Security Unlimited ( 摩登保鑣 ) - 1982 Aces Go Places ( 最佳拍檔 ) - 1983 Aces Go Places 2 ( 最佳拍檔大顯神通 ) - 1984 Aces Go Places 3 ( 最佳拍檔之女皇密令 ) - 1984 A Family Affair ( 全家福 ) - 1985 Working Class ( 打工皇帝 ) - 1986 Aces Go Places IV ( 最佳拍檔千里救差婆 ) - 1987 The Legend of Wisely ( 衛斯理傳奇 ) - as Producer . - 1988 Chicken and Duck Talk ( 雞同鴨講 ) - Cameo - 1989 ( 新最佳拍檔 ) - 1990 The Dragon from Russia ( 紅場飛龍 ) - 1990 The Swordsman ( 笑傲江湖 ) - Ling Wu Chung - 1990 Front Page ( 新半斤八兩 ) - 1993 Laughter of the Water Margins ( 水滸笑傳 ) - 1993 Alls Well , Ends Well Too ( 花田囍事 ) - 2000 Winner Takes All ( 大贏家 ) |
[
"Culver Military Academy"
] | easy | Which school did Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator) go to from 1982 to 1983? | /wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(U.S._senator)#P69#0 | Dan Sullivan ( U.S . senator ) Daniel Scott Sullivan ( born November 13 , 1964 ) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States Senator for Alaska since 2015 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Sullivan was in active duty for the United States Marine Corps from 1993 to 1997 , 2004 to 2006 , and in 2009 and 2013 . Between 1997 and 1999 , he clerked for judges on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and the Alaska Supreme Court . After working as an attorney in private practice in Anchorage , Alaska from 2000 to 2002 , Sullivan moved to Maryland to work for the Bush administration ; he worked with the National Economic Council and the National Security Council and later served as Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs . He was Alaska Attorney General from 2009 to 2010 and Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources from 2010 to 2013 . Sullivan ran in the 2014 election for the U.S . Senate seat held by Democratic incumbent Mark Begich . In August 2014 , he won the Republican primary , defeating Alaska Lieutenant Governor Mead Treadwell and 2010 Senate nominee Joe Miller . Sullivan defeated Begich in the general election , 47.96% to 45.83% , a margin of 6,014 votes out of 282,400 cast . He was reelected in 2020 , defeating independent challenger Al Gross by about 13 percentage points . Early life and education . Sullivan was born and raised in Fairview Park , Ohio , the son of Sandra ( née Simmons ) and Thomas C . Sullivan , now the president and CEO of RPM International , a holding company founded by his father , Frank C . Sullivan . He graduated from Culver Military Academy in Indiana in 1983 . In 1987 , Sullivan graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University with a Bachelor of Arts in economics . In 1993 , he earned joint J.D . and M.S.F.S . degrees cum laude from Georgetown University . He was a member of the Georgetown Law Journal and interned for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . Early career . Military service . Sullivan has served in the United States Marine Corps since 1993 , both on active duty and in the reserves . Sullivan , who has spent several years with a reconnaissance battalion based in Anchorage , initially left active duty in 1997 when he first moved to Alaska , but has since been recalled to active duty three times : from 2004 to 2006 , again in early 2009 , and for a six-week tour in Afghanistan in July 2013 . In 2011 he was recommended for promotion to lieutenant colonel by then-retired General John Abizaid , a board member of the Sullivan family-based RPM International corporation since 2008 . Sullivan is now a colonel in the U.S . Marine Corps Reserve . He is a recipient of the Defense Meritorious Service Medal . Early legal career . Sullivan served as a judicial law clerk for Judge Andrew Kleinfeld of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Fairbanks from 1997 to 1998 . He then clerked for Chief Justice Warren Matthews of the Alaska Supreme Court in Anchorage in 1998–99 . In 2000 , Sullivan joined the Anchorage office of the Perkins Coie law firm , focusing on commercial law and corporate law . He joined the Alaska bar that same year . White House and State Department . In 2002 , Sullivan headed the International Economics Directorate of the National Economic Council and National Security Council staffs at the White House . He advised President George W . Bush and the National Security Advisor and NEC chairman . He left the White House in 2004 . In 2006 , Bush appointed Sullivan United States Assistant Secretary of State for Economic , Energy , and Business Affairs . The United States Senate unanimously confirmed Sullivan in May of that year . He served in this capacity until January 2009 . While serving as Assistant Secretary of State he owned a house in Anchorage and continued to vote in Alaska elections by absentee ballot , while claiming Bethesda , Maryland , as his primary residence for tax purposes . Alaska Attorney General . Alaska Attorney General Talis Colberg resigned in February 2009 over the Alaska Public Safety Commissioner dismissal scandal . Governor Sarah Palin nominated Wayne Anthony Ross for attorney general , but the Alaska Legislature rejected Ross . Palin then nominated Sullivan . He was sworn into office in June 2009 , while the Alaska Legislature was out of session . The Alaska Legislature unanimously confirmed Sullivans appointment on April 9 , 2010 . Sullivan , who had been retained by Governor Sean Parnell , stepped down as attorney general on December 5 , 2010 , to be replaced by John J . Burns . Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources Alaska . On November 18 , 2010 , shortly after being elected , Alaska Governor Sean Parnell appointed Sullivan Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources , replacing former Commissioner Thomas E . Irwin . In 2013 , during his term in office , Sullivan was deployed to Afghanistan for six weeks , in his role as the executive officer of the 4th Marine Divisions Anti-Terrorism Battalion . United States Senate . Elections . 2014 . On October 15 , 2013 , Sullivan announced his candidacy for the U.S . Senate seat held by Democratic incumbent Mark Begich in the 2014 election . He was endorsed by the Club for Growth . On June 10 , 2014 , Sullivan offered Begich the Alaska Agreement . This was a modified version of the Peoples Pledge . This tactic had previously been used in the Massachusetts 2012 U.S . Senate race between Elizabeth Warren and Scott Brown to drastically limit outside , third-party spending . Begich rejected the agreement . According to Ballotpedia , outside spending in the race hit nearly $40 million . Despite Sarah Palins late-race endorsement of 2010 party nominee Joe Miller , Sullivan won the August 19 Republican primary with 40% of the vote to and Millers 32% and Treadwells 25% . On November 12 , 2014 , the Associated Press and CNN declared that Sullivan had defeated Begich in the general election by about 8,000 votes—48.6 to 45.4 percent . At the time , there were approximately 31,000 votes left to count and Begich refused to concede . Begich conceded on November 17 . Final results showed that Sullivan defeated Begich 47.96% to 45.83% , a margin of 6,014 votes out of 282,400 cast . 2020 . In the 2020 election , after running unopposed in the Republican primary election , Sullivan faced independent candidate Al Gross , an orthopedic surgeon and former commercial fisherman who had been nominated by the Alaska Democratic Party . The race was considered unexpectedly close , with some polls indicating that the two candidates were neck-and-neck . Gross touted his deep roots in the state and published several campaign videos that received national attention . In addition to the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committees funding of Grosss candidacy , Gross reportedly did an excellent job fundraising , outraising Sullivan between July 1 and the end of September 2019 . While the race was considered too early to call for several days after the November 3 election , Gross called Sullivan to concede on November 13 . Ultimately , Sullivan defeated Gross 54% to 41% , with Alaskan Independence Party nominee John Howe receiving nearly 5% of the vote . Tenure . Sullivan was sworn into office on January 6 , 2015 , by Vice President Joe Biden . Committee assignments . - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Airland - Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation - Subcommittee on Aviation Operations , Safety , and Security - Subcommittee on Communications , Technology , Innovation , and the Internet - Subcommittee on Oceans , Atmosphere , Fisheries , and Coast Guard - Subcommittee on Space , Science and Competitiveness - Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure , Safety , and Security - Committee on Environment and Public Works - Subcommittee on Fisheries , Water and Wildlife ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Superfund , Waste Management , and Regulatory Oversight - Committee on Veterans Affairs Caucuses - Senate Republican Conference Political positions . According to FiveThirtyEight , Sullivan voted in line with President Donald Trumps position 91.5% of the time . According to the American Conservative Unions Center for Legislative Accountability , Sullivan had a lifetime conservative rating of 79.5 . Americans for Democratic Action gave Sullivan a zero on their liberalism score in 2019 . Donald Trump . Sullivan opposed Trump during the 2016 presidential race , releasing a statement that said , We need national leaders who can lead by example on issues of sexual assault and violence against women . Sullivan added , The reprehensible revelations about Donald Trump have shown that he cant . Therefore , I am withdrawing my support for his candidacy . Sullivan voted to acquit Trump at the conclusion of his impeachment trial . During Sullivans reelection bid , Trump endorsed him , saying Sullivan supported Trumps agenda . By October 6 , 2020 , Sullivan announced that he would be voting for Trump , saying the choice was very clear . Environment . Sullivan rejects that there is a scientific consensus on climate change . He has argued that the verdict is still out on the human contribution to climate change ; the scientific consensus is that human activity is a primary contributor to climate change . In October 2020 , the Environmental Investigation Agency recorded and published conversations between undercover actors , who pretended to be potential investors in Pebble Mine in Alaska , and corporate executives . In these recordings , the corporate executives make clear that they intend to expand the mine far beyond previously stated intentions , and that they believe Sullivan would quietly support this project after the election . In response , Sullivan expressed his opposition to the project . Sullivan has stated that he plans to donate campaign contributions received from Pebble Mine executives to charity . Sullivan has lobbied the Trump administration to open up the Tongass National Forest in Alaska to logging and other forms of development . In October 2020 , the Trump administration permitted such projects , stripping protections that had been in place for nearly two decades . Foreign policy . In July 2017 , Sullivan co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act ( s . 720 ) , which made it a federal crime for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government . Gun policy . In the 2014 Senate campaign in Alaska , the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) declined to make an endorsement . The NRA gave Begich an A- rating and Sullivan an A-q rating , the q indicating the rating was qualified because Sullivan had no voting record at the time . Health care and public health . Sullivan opposes the Affordable Care Act and voted to repeal it . On November 17 , 2020 , during the COVID-19 pandemic , Sullivan did not wear a mask while presiding over the Senate . Senator Sherrod Brown asked him to please wear a mask as he speaks . Sullivan told Brown he was not taking instructions from Brown and later called Brown a far-left senator . Senator Ted Cruz called Brown an ass for making the request and suggested it was virtue signaling . CDC guidelines at the time stated that people should wear face masks while indoors . Judiciary . In 2016 , Sullivan defended the Republican refusal to hold a hearing for President Barack Obamas Supreme Court nominee , Merrick Garland , on the basis that the nomination was made in the midst of an important national election . Sullivan said it was not about the individual , its about the principle and Alaskans deserve to have a voice in that direction through their vote , and we will ensure that they have one . In October 2020 , in the last few weeks before the 2020 presidential election , Sullivan defended Trumps decision to nominate a Supreme Court justice—saying he was well within his constitutional authority—and voted to confirm the nominee , Amy Coney Barrett . Missile defense system . In 2017 , after North Korean leader Kim Jong-un threatened the United States with an intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) strike and conducted an ICBM test in which its missile landed about off the coast of Japan , Sullivan called for improvements to the U.S . missile defense system . Social policy . Sullivan has not made social issues a major part of his platform . He opposes abortion , except in cases of rape , incest , or threat to the life of the mother . He opposes same-sex marriage . Sullivan introduced the bipartisan criminal justice reform legislation , the FIRST STEP Act , but opposed the act after incurring amendments by the House of Representatives . The amended bill passed the Senate 87–12 on December 18 , 2018 . Trump signed the bill into law 3 days later . Sullivan has cosponsored the bipartisan STATES Act proposed in the 115th U.S . Congress by Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren and Colorado Senator Cory Gardner that would exempt individuals or corporations in compliance with state cannabis laws from federal enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act . 2021 National Defense Authorization Act . In December 2020 , during his lame-duck period , Trump vetoed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 . The veto left new Coast Guard cutters that were scheduled to be homeported in Alaska without port facilities to maintain them . Sullivan questioned the veto , because it put in question whether the cutters could be placed in Alaska . 2021 storming of the United States Capitol . On May 28 , 2021 , Sullivan voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the January 6 insurrection . Personal life . While at Georgetown , Sullivan met fellow law student Julie Fate , a staffer for U.S . Senator Ted Stevens . Sullivan and Fate married and had three daughters . Fate is the daughter of retired dentist and former Alaska State Representative Hugh Bud Fate and Mary Jane Fate , who was once the co-chair of the Alaska Federation of Natives . External links . - Senator Dan Sullivan official U.S . Senate website - Dan Sullivan for Senate |
[
"Georgetown University"
] | easy | Which school did Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator) go to from 1987 to 1993? | /wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(U.S._senator)#P69#1 | Dan Sullivan ( U.S . senator ) Daniel Scott Sullivan ( born November 13 , 1964 ) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States Senator for Alaska since 2015 . He is a member of the Republican Party . Sullivan was in active duty for the United States Marine Corps from 1993 to 1997 , 2004 to 2006 , and in 2009 and 2013 . Between 1997 and 1999 , he clerked for judges on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit and the Alaska Supreme Court . After working as an attorney in private practice in Anchorage , Alaska from 2000 to 2002 , Sullivan moved to Maryland to work for the Bush administration ; he worked with the National Economic Council and the National Security Council and later served as Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs . He was Alaska Attorney General from 2009 to 2010 and Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources from 2010 to 2013 . Sullivan ran in the 2014 election for the U.S . Senate seat held by Democratic incumbent Mark Begich . In August 2014 , he won the Republican primary , defeating Alaska Lieutenant Governor Mead Treadwell and 2010 Senate nominee Joe Miller . Sullivan defeated Begich in the general election , 47.96% to 45.83% , a margin of 6,014 votes out of 282,400 cast . He was reelected in 2020 , defeating independent challenger Al Gross by about 13 percentage points . Early life and education . Sullivan was born and raised in Fairview Park , Ohio , the son of Sandra ( née Simmons ) and Thomas C . Sullivan , now the president and CEO of RPM International , a holding company founded by his father , Frank C . Sullivan . He graduated from Culver Military Academy in Indiana in 1983 . In 1987 , Sullivan graduated magna cum laude from Harvard University with a Bachelor of Arts in economics . In 1993 , he earned joint J.D . and M.S.F.S . degrees cum laude from Georgetown University . He was a member of the Georgetown Law Journal and interned for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . Early career . Military service . Sullivan has served in the United States Marine Corps since 1993 , both on active duty and in the reserves . Sullivan , who has spent several years with a reconnaissance battalion based in Anchorage , initially left active duty in 1997 when he first moved to Alaska , but has since been recalled to active duty three times : from 2004 to 2006 , again in early 2009 , and for a six-week tour in Afghanistan in July 2013 . In 2011 he was recommended for promotion to lieutenant colonel by then-retired General John Abizaid , a board member of the Sullivan family-based RPM International corporation since 2008 . Sullivan is now a colonel in the U.S . Marine Corps Reserve . He is a recipient of the Defense Meritorious Service Medal . Early legal career . Sullivan served as a judicial law clerk for Judge Andrew Kleinfeld of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in Fairbanks from 1997 to 1998 . He then clerked for Chief Justice Warren Matthews of the Alaska Supreme Court in Anchorage in 1998–99 . In 2000 , Sullivan joined the Anchorage office of the Perkins Coie law firm , focusing on commercial law and corporate law . He joined the Alaska bar that same year . White House and State Department . In 2002 , Sullivan headed the International Economics Directorate of the National Economic Council and National Security Council staffs at the White House . He advised President George W . Bush and the National Security Advisor and NEC chairman . He left the White House in 2004 . In 2006 , Bush appointed Sullivan United States Assistant Secretary of State for Economic , Energy , and Business Affairs . The United States Senate unanimously confirmed Sullivan in May of that year . He served in this capacity until January 2009 . While serving as Assistant Secretary of State he owned a house in Anchorage and continued to vote in Alaska elections by absentee ballot , while claiming Bethesda , Maryland , as his primary residence for tax purposes . Alaska Attorney General . Alaska Attorney General Talis Colberg resigned in February 2009 over the Alaska Public Safety Commissioner dismissal scandal . Governor Sarah Palin nominated Wayne Anthony Ross for attorney general , but the Alaska Legislature rejected Ross . Palin then nominated Sullivan . He was sworn into office in June 2009 , while the Alaska Legislature was out of session . The Alaska Legislature unanimously confirmed Sullivans appointment on April 9 , 2010 . Sullivan , who had been retained by Governor Sean Parnell , stepped down as attorney general on December 5 , 2010 , to be replaced by John J . Burns . Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources Alaska . On November 18 , 2010 , shortly after being elected , Alaska Governor Sean Parnell appointed Sullivan Commissioner of the Alaska Department of Natural Resources , replacing former Commissioner Thomas E . Irwin . In 2013 , during his term in office , Sullivan was deployed to Afghanistan for six weeks , in his role as the executive officer of the 4th Marine Divisions Anti-Terrorism Battalion . United States Senate . Elections . 2014 . On October 15 , 2013 , Sullivan announced his candidacy for the U.S . Senate seat held by Democratic incumbent Mark Begich in the 2014 election . He was endorsed by the Club for Growth . On June 10 , 2014 , Sullivan offered Begich the Alaska Agreement . This was a modified version of the Peoples Pledge . This tactic had previously been used in the Massachusetts 2012 U.S . Senate race between Elizabeth Warren and Scott Brown to drastically limit outside , third-party spending . Begich rejected the agreement . According to Ballotpedia , outside spending in the race hit nearly $40 million . Despite Sarah Palins late-race endorsement of 2010 party nominee Joe Miller , Sullivan won the August 19 Republican primary with 40% of the vote to and Millers 32% and Treadwells 25% . On November 12 , 2014 , the Associated Press and CNN declared that Sullivan had defeated Begich in the general election by about 8,000 votes—48.6 to 45.4 percent . At the time , there were approximately 31,000 votes left to count and Begich refused to concede . Begich conceded on November 17 . Final results showed that Sullivan defeated Begich 47.96% to 45.83% , a margin of 6,014 votes out of 282,400 cast . 2020 . In the 2020 election , after running unopposed in the Republican primary election , Sullivan faced independent candidate Al Gross , an orthopedic surgeon and former commercial fisherman who had been nominated by the Alaska Democratic Party . The race was considered unexpectedly close , with some polls indicating that the two candidates were neck-and-neck . Gross touted his deep roots in the state and published several campaign videos that received national attention . In addition to the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committees funding of Grosss candidacy , Gross reportedly did an excellent job fundraising , outraising Sullivan between July 1 and the end of September 2019 . While the race was considered too early to call for several days after the November 3 election , Gross called Sullivan to concede on November 13 . Ultimately , Sullivan defeated Gross 54% to 41% , with Alaskan Independence Party nominee John Howe receiving nearly 5% of the vote . Tenure . Sullivan was sworn into office on January 6 , 2015 , by Vice President Joe Biden . Committee assignments . - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Airland - Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Strategic Forces - Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation - Subcommittee on Aviation Operations , Safety , and Security - Subcommittee on Communications , Technology , Innovation , and the Internet - Subcommittee on Oceans , Atmosphere , Fisheries , and Coast Guard - Subcommittee on Space , Science and Competitiveness - Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure , Safety , and Security - Committee on Environment and Public Works - Subcommittee on Fisheries , Water and Wildlife ( Chair ) - Subcommittee on Superfund , Waste Management , and Regulatory Oversight - Committee on Veterans Affairs Caucuses - Senate Republican Conference Political positions . According to FiveThirtyEight , Sullivan voted in line with President Donald Trumps position 91.5% of the time . According to the American Conservative Unions Center for Legislative Accountability , Sullivan had a lifetime conservative rating of 79.5 . Americans for Democratic Action gave Sullivan a zero on their liberalism score in 2019 . Donald Trump . Sullivan opposed Trump during the 2016 presidential race , releasing a statement that said , We need national leaders who can lead by example on issues of sexual assault and violence against women . Sullivan added , The reprehensible revelations about Donald Trump have shown that he cant . Therefore , I am withdrawing my support for his candidacy . Sullivan voted to acquit Trump at the conclusion of his impeachment trial . During Sullivans reelection bid , Trump endorsed him , saying Sullivan supported Trumps agenda . By October 6 , 2020 , Sullivan announced that he would be voting for Trump , saying the choice was very clear . Environment . Sullivan rejects that there is a scientific consensus on climate change . He has argued that the verdict is still out on the human contribution to climate change ; the scientific consensus is that human activity is a primary contributor to climate change . In October 2020 , the Environmental Investigation Agency recorded and published conversations between undercover actors , who pretended to be potential investors in Pebble Mine in Alaska , and corporate executives . In these recordings , the corporate executives make clear that they intend to expand the mine far beyond previously stated intentions , and that they believe Sullivan would quietly support this project after the election . In response , Sullivan expressed his opposition to the project . Sullivan has stated that he plans to donate campaign contributions received from Pebble Mine executives to charity . Sullivan has lobbied the Trump administration to open up the Tongass National Forest in Alaska to logging and other forms of development . In October 2020 , the Trump administration permitted such projects , stripping protections that had been in place for nearly two decades . Foreign policy . In July 2017 , Sullivan co-sponsored the Israel Anti-Boycott Act ( s . 720 ) , which made it a federal crime for Americans to encourage or participate in boycotts against Israel and Israeli settlements in the occupied territories if protesting actions by the Israeli government . Gun policy . In the 2014 Senate campaign in Alaska , the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) declined to make an endorsement . The NRA gave Begich an A- rating and Sullivan an A-q rating , the q indicating the rating was qualified because Sullivan had no voting record at the time . Health care and public health . Sullivan opposes the Affordable Care Act and voted to repeal it . On November 17 , 2020 , during the COVID-19 pandemic , Sullivan did not wear a mask while presiding over the Senate . Senator Sherrod Brown asked him to please wear a mask as he speaks . Sullivan told Brown he was not taking instructions from Brown and later called Brown a far-left senator . Senator Ted Cruz called Brown an ass for making the request and suggested it was virtue signaling . CDC guidelines at the time stated that people should wear face masks while indoors . Judiciary . In 2016 , Sullivan defended the Republican refusal to hold a hearing for President Barack Obamas Supreme Court nominee , Merrick Garland , on the basis that the nomination was made in the midst of an important national election . Sullivan said it was not about the individual , its about the principle and Alaskans deserve to have a voice in that direction through their vote , and we will ensure that they have one . In October 2020 , in the last few weeks before the 2020 presidential election , Sullivan defended Trumps decision to nominate a Supreme Court justice—saying he was well within his constitutional authority—and voted to confirm the nominee , Amy Coney Barrett . Missile defense system . In 2017 , after North Korean leader Kim Jong-un threatened the United States with an intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) strike and conducted an ICBM test in which its missile landed about off the coast of Japan , Sullivan called for improvements to the U.S . missile defense system . Social policy . Sullivan has not made social issues a major part of his platform . He opposes abortion , except in cases of rape , incest , or threat to the life of the mother . He opposes same-sex marriage . Sullivan introduced the bipartisan criminal justice reform legislation , the FIRST STEP Act , but opposed the act after incurring amendments by the House of Representatives . The amended bill passed the Senate 87–12 on December 18 , 2018 . Trump signed the bill into law 3 days later . Sullivan has cosponsored the bipartisan STATES Act proposed in the 115th U.S . Congress by Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren and Colorado Senator Cory Gardner that would exempt individuals or corporations in compliance with state cannabis laws from federal enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act . 2021 National Defense Authorization Act . In December 2020 , during his lame-duck period , Trump vetoed the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 . The veto left new Coast Guard cutters that were scheduled to be homeported in Alaska without port facilities to maintain them . Sullivan questioned the veto , because it put in question whether the cutters could be placed in Alaska . 2021 storming of the United States Capitol . On May 28 , 2021 , Sullivan voted against creating an independent commission to investigate the January 6 insurrection . Personal life . While at Georgetown , Sullivan met fellow law student Julie Fate , a staffer for U.S . Senator Ted Stevens . Sullivan and Fate married and had three daughters . Fate is the daughter of retired dentist and former Alaska State Representative Hugh Bud Fate and Mary Jane Fate , who was once the co-chair of the Alaska Federation of Natives . External links . - Senator Dan Sullivan official U.S . Senate website - Dan Sullivan for Senate |
[
"the mathematical laboratory of Vladimir Keilis-Borok"
] | easy | Who did Andrei Zelevinsky work for from 1977 to 1980? | /wiki/Andrei_Zelevinsky#P108#0 | Andrei Zelevinsky Andrei Vladlenovich Zelevinsky ( ; 30 January 1953 – 10 April 2013 ) was a Russian-American mathematician who made important contributions to algebra , combinatorics , and representation theory , among other areas . Biography . Zelevinsky graduated in 1969 from the . After winning a silver medal as a member of the USSR team at the International Mathematical Olympiad he was admitted without examination to the mathematics department of Moscow State University where he obtained his PhD in 1978 under the mentorship of Joseph Bernstein , Alexandre Kirillov and Israel Gelfand . He worked in the mathematical laboratory of Vladimir Keilis-Borok at the ( 1977–85 ) , and at the Council for Cybernetics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences ( 1985–90 ) . In the early 1980s , at a great personal risk , he taught at the Jewish Peoples University , an unofficial organization offering first-class mathematics education to talented students denied admission to Moscow State Universitys math department . In 1990–91 , Zelevinsky was a visiting professor at Cornell University , and from 1991 until his death was on faculty at Northeastern University , Boston . With his wife , Galina , he had a son and a daughter ; he also had several grandchildren . Zelevinsky is a relative of the physicists Vladimir Zelevinsky and Tanya Zelevinsky . Research . Zelevinskys most notable achievement is the discovery ( with Sergey Fomin ) of cluster algebras . His other contributions include : - Bernstein–Zelevinsky classification of representations of p-adic groups ; - introduction ( jointly with Israel Gelfand and Mikhail Kapranov ) of A-systems of hypergeometric equations ( also known as GKZ-systems ) and development of the theory of hyperdeterminants ; - generalization of the Littlewood–Richardson rule and Robinson–Schensted correspondence using the combinatorics of pictures ; - work ( jointly with Arkady Berenstein and Sergey Fomin ) on total positivity ; - work ( with Sergey Fomin ) on the Laurent phenomenon , including its applications to Somos sequences . Awards and recognition . - Invited lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians ( Berlin , 1998 ) - Humboldt Research Award ( 2004 ) - Fellow ( 2012 ) of the American Mathematical Society - University Distinguished Professorship ( 2013 ) at Northeastern University - Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research ( 2018 ) External links . - Home page of Andrei Zelevinsky ( including CV ) - Conference in memory of Andrei Zelevinsky - Publications of Andrei Zelevinsky ( in Russian ) - Publications of Andrei Zelevinsky ( in English ) - Research Focus : Andrei Zelevinskys Cluster Algebras - Live journal run by Andrei Zelevinsky from 2007 to 2013 |
[
"Jewish Peoples University"
] | easy | Who did Andrei Zelevinsky work for from 1980 to 1982? | /wiki/Andrei_Zelevinsky#P108#1 | Andrei Zelevinsky Andrei Vladlenovich Zelevinsky ( ; 30 January 1953 – 10 April 2013 ) was a Russian-American mathematician who made important contributions to algebra , combinatorics , and representation theory , among other areas . Biography . Zelevinsky graduated in 1969 from the . After winning a silver medal as a member of the USSR team at the International Mathematical Olympiad he was admitted without examination to the mathematics department of Moscow State University where he obtained his PhD in 1978 under the mentorship of Joseph Bernstein , Alexandre Kirillov and Israel Gelfand . He worked in the mathematical laboratory of Vladimir Keilis-Borok at the ( 1977–85 ) , and at the Council for Cybernetics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences ( 1985–90 ) . In the early 1980s , at a great personal risk , he taught at the Jewish Peoples University , an unofficial organization offering first-class mathematics education to talented students denied admission to Moscow State Universitys math department . In 1990–91 , Zelevinsky was a visiting professor at Cornell University , and from 1991 until his death was on faculty at Northeastern University , Boston . With his wife , Galina , he had a son and a daughter ; he also had several grandchildren . Zelevinsky is a relative of the physicists Vladimir Zelevinsky and Tanya Zelevinsky . Research . Zelevinskys most notable achievement is the discovery ( with Sergey Fomin ) of cluster algebras . His other contributions include : - Bernstein–Zelevinsky classification of representations of p-adic groups ; - introduction ( jointly with Israel Gelfand and Mikhail Kapranov ) of A-systems of hypergeometric equations ( also known as GKZ-systems ) and development of the theory of hyperdeterminants ; - generalization of the Littlewood–Richardson rule and Robinson–Schensted correspondence using the combinatorics of pictures ; - work ( jointly with Arkady Berenstein and Sergey Fomin ) on total positivity ; - work ( with Sergey Fomin ) on the Laurent phenomenon , including its applications to Somos sequences . Awards and recognition . - Invited lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians ( Berlin , 1998 ) - Humboldt Research Award ( 2004 ) - Fellow ( 2012 ) of the American Mathematical Society - University Distinguished Professorship ( 2013 ) at Northeastern University - Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research ( 2018 ) External links . - Home page of Andrei Zelevinsky ( including CV ) - Conference in memory of Andrei Zelevinsky - Publications of Andrei Zelevinsky ( in Russian ) - Publications of Andrei Zelevinsky ( in English ) - Research Focus : Andrei Zelevinskys Cluster Algebras - Live journal run by Andrei Zelevinsky from 2007 to 2013 |
[
"Cornell University"
] | easy | Who did Andrei Zelevinsky work for from 1990 to 1991? | /wiki/Andrei_Zelevinsky#P108#2 | Andrei Zelevinsky Andrei Vladlenovich Zelevinsky ( ; 30 January 1953 – 10 April 2013 ) was a Russian-American mathematician who made important contributions to algebra , combinatorics , and representation theory , among other areas . Biography . Zelevinsky graduated in 1969 from the . After winning a silver medal as a member of the USSR team at the International Mathematical Olympiad he was admitted without examination to the mathematics department of Moscow State University where he obtained his PhD in 1978 under the mentorship of Joseph Bernstein , Alexandre Kirillov and Israel Gelfand . He worked in the mathematical laboratory of Vladimir Keilis-Borok at the ( 1977–85 ) , and at the Council for Cybernetics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences ( 1985–90 ) . In the early 1980s , at a great personal risk , he taught at the Jewish Peoples University , an unofficial organization offering first-class mathematics education to talented students denied admission to Moscow State Universitys math department . In 1990–91 , Zelevinsky was a visiting professor at Cornell University , and from 1991 until his death was on faculty at Northeastern University , Boston . With his wife , Galina , he had a son and a daughter ; he also had several grandchildren . Zelevinsky is a relative of the physicists Vladimir Zelevinsky and Tanya Zelevinsky . Research . Zelevinskys most notable achievement is the discovery ( with Sergey Fomin ) of cluster algebras . His other contributions include : - Bernstein–Zelevinsky classification of representations of p-adic groups ; - introduction ( jointly with Israel Gelfand and Mikhail Kapranov ) of A-systems of hypergeometric equations ( also known as GKZ-systems ) and development of the theory of hyperdeterminants ; - generalization of the Littlewood–Richardson rule and Robinson–Schensted correspondence using the combinatorics of pictures ; - work ( jointly with Arkady Berenstein and Sergey Fomin ) on total positivity ; - work ( with Sergey Fomin ) on the Laurent phenomenon , including its applications to Somos sequences . Awards and recognition . - Invited lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians ( Berlin , 1998 ) - Humboldt Research Award ( 2004 ) - Fellow ( 2012 ) of the American Mathematical Society - University Distinguished Professorship ( 2013 ) at Northeastern University - Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research ( 2018 ) External links . - Home page of Andrei Zelevinsky ( including CV ) - Conference in memory of Andrei Zelevinsky - Publications of Andrei Zelevinsky ( in Russian ) - Publications of Andrei Zelevinsky ( in English ) - Research Focus : Andrei Zelevinskys Cluster Algebras - Live journal run by Andrei Zelevinsky from 2007 to 2013 |
[
"Northeastern University"
] | easy | Who did Andrei Zelevinsky work for from 1991 to 1992? | /wiki/Andrei_Zelevinsky#P108#3 | Andrei Zelevinsky Andrei Vladlenovich Zelevinsky ( ; 30 January 1953 – 10 April 2013 ) was a Russian-American mathematician who made important contributions to algebra , combinatorics , and representation theory , among other areas . Biography . Zelevinsky graduated in 1969 from the . After winning a silver medal as a member of the USSR team at the International Mathematical Olympiad he was admitted without examination to the mathematics department of Moscow State University where he obtained his PhD in 1978 under the mentorship of Joseph Bernstein , Alexandre Kirillov and Israel Gelfand . He worked in the mathematical laboratory of Vladimir Keilis-Borok at the ( 1977–85 ) , and at the Council for Cybernetics of the Soviet Academy of Sciences ( 1985–90 ) . In the early 1980s , at a great personal risk , he taught at the Jewish Peoples University , an unofficial organization offering first-class mathematics education to talented students denied admission to Moscow State Universitys math department . In 1990–91 , Zelevinsky was a visiting professor at Cornell University , and from 1991 until his death was on faculty at Northeastern University , Boston . With his wife , Galina , he had a son and a daughter ; he also had several grandchildren . Zelevinsky is a relative of the physicists Vladimir Zelevinsky and Tanya Zelevinsky . Research . Zelevinskys most notable achievement is the discovery ( with Sergey Fomin ) of cluster algebras . His other contributions include : - Bernstein–Zelevinsky classification of representations of p-adic groups ; - introduction ( jointly with Israel Gelfand and Mikhail Kapranov ) of A-systems of hypergeometric equations ( also known as GKZ-systems ) and development of the theory of hyperdeterminants ; - generalization of the Littlewood–Richardson rule and Robinson–Schensted correspondence using the combinatorics of pictures ; - work ( jointly with Arkady Berenstein and Sergey Fomin ) on total positivity ; - work ( with Sergey Fomin ) on the Laurent phenomenon , including its applications to Somos sequences . Awards and recognition . - Invited lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians ( Berlin , 1998 ) - Humboldt Research Award ( 2004 ) - Fellow ( 2012 ) of the American Mathematical Society - University Distinguished Professorship ( 2013 ) at Northeastern University - Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research ( 2018 ) External links . - Home page of Andrei Zelevinsky ( including CV ) - Conference in memory of Andrei Zelevinsky - Publications of Andrei Zelevinsky ( in Russian ) - Publications of Andrei Zelevinsky ( in English ) - Research Focus : Andrei Zelevinskys Cluster Algebras - Live journal run by Andrei Zelevinsky from 2007 to 2013 |
[
"Sansovino"
] | easy | Maurizio Sarri was the coach of which team from Jul 2000 to Jun 2003? | /wiki/Maurizio_Sarri#P6087#0 | Maurizio Sarri Maurizio Sarri ( ; born 10 January 1959 ) is an Italian professional football manager who most recently managed club Juventus . Sarri did not play football professionally , taking part as an amateur centre back and coach while working as a banker . In 2005 , he had his first Serie B job at Pescara . In 2014 , Sarri won promotion to Serie A with Empoli , and after preserving their place in the top flight he was hired by Napoli . He won several individual awards while managing the Naples-based club ; after finishing as league runners-up in 2017–18 , Sarri moved to English club Chelsea , where he won the UEFA Europa League in his only season with the club . He returned to Italy to coach Juventus in 2019 , with whom he went on to win the Serie A title in his first season , becoming the oldest manager to ever win the Serie A . Early life . Sarri was born in the Bagnoli district of Naples to workers at Italsider . He was raised in Castro ( province of Bergamo ) and then in Faella ( municipality of Castelfranco Piandiscò , in the province of Arezzo ) , where he divided his time as an amateur footballer and banker for Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena in Tuscany . His work as a banker saw him travel Europe , working in London , Zürich and Luxembourg . A centre back , He completed the Italian Liceo classico in Figline Valdarno , having David Ermini as his deskmate . Sarri played only at an amateur level , in Figlines local team , having failed trials with Torino and Fiorentina . At the age of 19 , Montevarchi was close to signing Sarri but Figline asked for a compensation of 50 million lire , and the deal eventually collapsed . He later refused a move to Pontedera , and subsequently retired with Figline after struggling with injuries . Sarri used to work in the bank in the morning , and trained and played in games in the afternoon and evening . In 1990 , aged 30 , he transitioned into coaching , following the same schedule he adhered to for his entire work life . After gaining employment with minor side Tegoleto , he decided to quit his job to devote himself exclusively to his coaching career . Managerial career . Early career . Sarris first club as manager was U.S.D . Stia 1925 , whom he started coaching in 1990 in Seconda Categoria . In the following year he was appointed manager of fellow league team U.S . Faellese , and took the club up to the Promozione . Sarri subsequently worked for U.S.D . Cavriglia and U.S . Antella , taking both sides to the Eccellenza . In 1998 he was named manager of fellow league team A.C . Valdema , but was fired the following January . He took over U.S.D . Tegoleto in the same division in September 1999 . In 2000 , Sarri signed for Sansovino in Eccellenza , and achieved promotion to Serie D with the side in his first season ; he would remain two further seasons in charge of the club , reaching the play-offs in his last season . His successes with Sansovino caused Serie C2 side Sangiovannese to sign him in 2003 , where he remained for two seasons and took the club to Serie C1 in his first campaign . On 18 June 2005 , Sarri resigned from Sangiovannese , and was appointed manager of Serie B side Pescara on 9 July . After avoiding relegation , he left the club on 30 June 2006 and was appointed at the helm of fellow second division side Arezzo on 1 November , in the place of the sacked Antonio Conte . On 13 March 2007 , he was relieved from his duties , and Conte returned to the post . On 18 July 2007 Sarri joined Avellino in the second tier , but resigned on 23 August after severe altercations with the clubs board . On 31 December he replaced fired Davide Pellegrini at the helm of Hellas Verona , but was himself sacked the following 28 February after winning only one point during his six matches in charge . On 23 September 2008 , Sarri was named Perugia manager in the place of Giovanni Pagliari . Sacked on 15 February of the following year , he only returned to coaching duties on 24 March 2010 with Grosseto . On 6 July of that year Sarri was appointed manager of Alessandria in Lega Pro Prima Divisione , and reached the promotion play-offs , being knocked out in the semifinals by Salernitana . Sarri resigned from Alessandria on 24 June 2011 , and on 6 July 2011 , he was appointed at the helm of Sorrento . He coached the club through the first months of the season until the mid-season break , playing an attractive , slick brand of attacking football . Despite the clubs being in sixth place , he was dismissed on 13 December . Empoli . On 25 June 2012 , Tuscan Serie B club Empoli hired Sarri as their new coach . In his first season , he led the club to fourth place and the playoff final , before losing to local rivals Livorno . The following season , Sarri guided Empoli to second place in the final table and direct promotion to Serie A after six years away . In the 2014–15 Serie A , Empoli avoided relegation by coming 15th . Napoli . On 11 June 2015 , Sarri left Empoli and signed for the club of his city of birth , Napoli , replacing Rafael Benítez , who left after missing out on a UEFA Champions League place . In his first season , Sarri brought in Elseid Hysaj , Pepe Reina , and Allan . The trio would go on to be first-team stalwarts for the following campaign , as Napoli finished runners-up to Juventus . Sarri extended his stay at the club until 2020 on 27 May 2016 . Two months later , Juventus would manage to sign Gonzalo Higuaín from Napoli for €90 million in the summer , who had managed to equal the record for most goals scored in a singular Serie A season , with 36 . However , Sarri vetoed the possibility of spending the money on a like-for-like replacement , instead , spending sparingly on weaker positions in the side to improve on depth , while tinkering with his squad to compensate for the loss of Higuaín . This was achieved through the positional change of Dries Mertens , originally a wide-forward , who was played more centrally the following season . This worked to great effect , as the Belgian netted 28 goals as the club finished third in 2017 , while Sarri was voted the leagues coach of the year , and received the Enzo Bearzot Award . Sarri , whose Napoli side had concluded the first half of the 2015–16 season Serie A in first place , gained the title Campioni dInverno ( Winter Champions ) for the first time in 26 years . Although Napoli ultimately ended the season in third place , the teams results in the first half of the season led him to believe he had constructed a side capable of winning the league the following season . Napoli would begin the 2017–18 season in hot form , setting a team record for most consecutive league victories , with 8 . It also took the club until December to register a league defeat , while waiting three months for another , registering ten straight victories in the process . The club also regained the title of Campioni dInverno from the previous campaign . Napoli finished the 2017–18 Serie A season in second place , four points behind Juventus . On 23 May 2018 , Sarri was replaced as head coach by Carlo Ancelotti . Chelsea . On 14 July 2018 , Sarri was appointed head coach of Chelsea , replacing Antonio Conte who was sacked the day before . In his first competitive game on 5 August , the team lost the Community Shield 2–0 to Manchester City at Wembley Stadium . The following week , he recorded his first win as Chelsea manager in a 3–0 league win away to Huddersfield Town . Sarri became the first head coach or manager to remain undefeated throughout his first 12 Premier League fixtures , until 24 November , where they lost 3–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . During the 2019 EFL Cup Final against cup holders Manchester City , with the match at 0–0 and a penalty shootout imminent , Sarri called for goalkeeper Kepa Arrizabalaga to be substituted off for Willy Caballero ; formerly of City , and whose penalty saves won City the same competition in 2016 . However , Arrizabalaga refused to be substituted . An irate Sarri nearly stormed into the stadium tunnel , and was later held back by Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger from confronting the keeper . Chelsea went on to lose the shoot-out 3–4 . After the game , both Arrizabalaga and Sarri said that the situation was a misunderstanding , with Sarri believing that Arrizabalaga was too injured with a cramp to continue , but Arrizabalaga felt okay to continue . On 29 May , Sarri won his first major trophy as a manager after Chelsea beat Arsenal 4–1 in the 2019 UEFA Europa League Final in Baku . Chelsea managed to win the title undefeated throughout the entirety of the Europa League campaign . At the end of the 2018–19 season , Chelsea announced that Sarri was departing to become manager of Juventus , with the club statement also mentioning his desire to be closer to his elderly parents in Italy . Juventus . On 16 June 2019 , Juventus announced the signing of Sarri on a three-year contract . In August 2019 , he was treated for pneumonia ; he would miss the first two matches of the 2019–20 season over Parma and Napoli . Under Sarris management , Juventus participated in the 2019 Supercoppa Italiana on 22 December following their league title victory in the previous season , where they lost 1–3 against Lazio at the King Saud University Stadium in Riyadh . On 17 June 2020 , Juventus suffered a 4–2 penalty shoot defeat to Sarris former club Napoli in the Coppa Italia Final , following a 0–0 draw after regulation time . On 26 July , Juventus secured a ninth straight Serie A title with a 2–0 home win over Sampdoria . The result saw Sarri win his first major trophy in Italian football , also saw him become the oldest manager to win the Serie A at the age of , breaking the previous record set by Nils Liedholm with Roma in 1982–83 ( 60 years and 219 days ) . On 8 August 2020 , one day after Juventus were eliminated from the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League in the round of 16 by Lyon , Sarri was sacked by the club . Style of management . From a tactical standpoint , Sarri is known for his intelligence , attention to detail , and his meticulous approach as a manager when it comes to preparing matches during weekly training sessions . He often has his team prepare many different plays on set-pieces . One of the main trademarks of his highly organised system is a four-man back-line ; his teams usually play a high defensive line and adopt the offside trap and a zonal marking system , as he requires his defensive players to be synchronised in their movements , anticipate plays , and look at the ball as a point of reference , not their opponents . Other key elements of Sarris line-up are the presence of a deep-lying playmaker who dictates play in front of the back-line , such as Jorginho , and overlapping attacking full backs , in order to provide width to his team , as his players often attack from the flank , looking to play quick exchanges and make runs in behind into the box rather than deliver crosses into the area , however . As such , he favours dynamic wingers in his team , as well as defenders and goalkeepers who are comfortable on the ball , in order to help his team retain possession , and hard-working players who can implement his high pressing game . On the ball , Sarris teams are known for playing an attractive , exciting , and attacking-minded brand of football , based on retaining possession , movement off the ball , and many quick , short passes on the ground ; this style has come to be known as Sarri-ball or liquid football in the media , while LÉquipe has described it as vertical tiki-taka . The Italian encyclopaedia Treccani instead coined the term Sarrismo to describe the offensive and spectacular style of football that Sarris teams play . Sarris teams modern , innovative , and creative playing style , as well as their mentality , ability to move up the pitch quickly on counter-attacks and score many goals , has won praise from several pundits , players , and managers , including Pep Guardiola and Cesc Fàbregas ; in 2018 , former manager Arrigo Sacchi praised the style employed by Sarris Napoli side as the most important thing seen in Italy in the last 20 years . However , despite receiving plaudits for his tactical approach to the game , he also initially came under criticism from some in the sport for his failure to win a title as a manager , until leading Chelsea to victory in the Europa League in 2019 ; he has also been accused in the media of being stubborn and tactically inflexible at times . When defending off the ball , Sarris teams often employ an aggressive use of energetic pressing , tight lines , and pressure high up the pitch in order to win back the ball quickly . Throughout his coaching career , Sarri has adopted several formations , such as the 4–3–1–2 or the 4–2–3–1 , but he later came to be known for using a free-flowing , possession based 4–3–3 system during his time with Napoli . During the 2016–17 season , following the departure of Gonzalo Higuaín to rivals Juventus and an injury to the clubs main striker Arkadiusz Milik , Sarri frequently deployed Dries Mertens in a false nine role , seemingly positioned as a lone centre-forward , rather than as a left winger , where he had previously faced competition from Lorenzo Insigne for a starting role ; as a result of Sarris tactical change , Mertenss goalscoring output increased dramatically . Sarri received his coaching diploma in 2006 through the Technical Centre of Coverciano ; the title of his thesis was La preparazione settimanale della partita ( The weekly preparation of a match ) . One of his major influences as a coach is Arrigo Sacchi . Aside from his tactical prowess , Sarri is known for his outspokenness as a manager . He has also stood out for his attire ; unlike many other managers who wore suits in Italian football , he usually wore a tracksuit during matches . At Chelsea , he also adopted a more relaxed approach than his predecessor Antonio Conte when it came to his players diets and curfew before matches , which along with the changes in tactics to a more offensive-minded , possession game based on passing , helped create a more positive team environment ; Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger has praised Sarri for the changes he implemented at the team . Regarding his management style , Sarri commented in his first press conference with Chelsea : My goal is to have fun as long as I am here and be competitive in all competitions until the end . Ours is not a sport but a game , and anybody who plays a game starts doing that when theyre young . It is fun . The child in each of us must be nurtured because this often makes us the best . I think if a team has fun often , the fans do too . This is very important , and then there are the high-level objectives , but we must start by having fun . This is important for us and our fans . Personal life . Sarri is a smoker and in 2018 , Napolis UEFA Europa League opponents , RB Leipzig , built a special smoking section in the locker-room area of their stadium , Red Bull Arena , specifically for him . He often chews on cigarette butts while on the touch-line . In addition to his native Italian , Sarri also speaks English albeit with the help of an interpreter in some English interviews . Controversy . During the 2015–16 season , Sarri found himself embroiled in a heated exchange with Roberto Mancini , then head coach of Inter Milan , in the final minutes of a Coppa Italia match on 20 January 2016 , where Mancini accused Sarri of directing a homophobic slur at him . Sarri responded to the accusations by saying that he was not a homophobe , stating what happens on the field , stays on the field . Sarri was consequently fined €20,000 and banned for two Coppa Italia matches by Lega Serie A for directing extremely insulting epithets at the coach of the opposing team . In March 2018 , Sarri came under further criticism in the media when he was accused of making sexist comments when responding to female reporter Titti Improta of Canale 21 , who had asked him in a post-match interview if he thought that Napolis title challenge had been compromised ; he subsequently apologised , later also adding that he had been joking . When asked about these two incidents in his first press conference with Chelsea in 2018 , Sarri expressed regret regarding his behaviour , commenting : These were mistakes , that is for sure . I think that those who know me very well cannot define me in this way – not homophobic or sexist or racist , absolutely not . I am an extremely open person , and I do not have these kinds of problems , and I hope to show this when I work here and live here . Honours . Manager . Sansovino - Coppa Italia Serie D : 2002–03 Empoli - Serie B runner-up : 2013–14 Chelsea - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 Juventus - Serie A : 2019–20 - Coppa Italia runner-up : 2019–20 - Supercoppa Italiana runner-up : 2019 Individual - Panchina dArgento : 2013–14 - Panchina dOro : 2015–16 - Enzo Bearzot Award : 2017 - Serie A Coach of the Year : 2016–17 |
[
"Avellino"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Maurizio Sarri in Jun 2007? | /wiki/Maurizio_Sarri#P6087#1 | Maurizio Sarri Maurizio Sarri ( ; born 10 January 1959 ) is an Italian professional football manager who most recently managed club Juventus . Sarri did not play football professionally , taking part as an amateur centre back and coach while working as a banker . In 2005 , he had his first Serie B job at Pescara . In 2014 , Sarri won promotion to Serie A with Empoli , and after preserving their place in the top flight he was hired by Napoli . He won several individual awards while managing the Naples-based club ; after finishing as league runners-up in 2017–18 , Sarri moved to English club Chelsea , where he won the UEFA Europa League in his only season with the club . He returned to Italy to coach Juventus in 2019 , with whom he went on to win the Serie A title in his first season , becoming the oldest manager to ever win the Serie A . Early life . Sarri was born in the Bagnoli district of Naples to workers at Italsider . He was raised in Castro ( province of Bergamo ) and then in Faella ( municipality of Castelfranco Piandiscò , in the province of Arezzo ) , where he divided his time as an amateur footballer and banker for Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena in Tuscany . His work as a banker saw him travel Europe , working in London , Zürich and Luxembourg . A centre back , He completed the Italian Liceo classico in Figline Valdarno , having David Ermini as his deskmate . Sarri played only at an amateur level , in Figlines local team , having failed trials with Torino and Fiorentina . At the age of 19 , Montevarchi was close to signing Sarri but Figline asked for a compensation of 50 million lire , and the deal eventually collapsed . He later refused a move to Pontedera , and subsequently retired with Figline after struggling with injuries . Sarri used to work in the bank in the morning , and trained and played in games in the afternoon and evening . In 1990 , aged 30 , he transitioned into coaching , following the same schedule he adhered to for his entire work life . After gaining employment with minor side Tegoleto , he decided to quit his job to devote himself exclusively to his coaching career . Managerial career . Early career . Sarris first club as manager was U.S.D . Stia 1925 , whom he started coaching in 1990 in Seconda Categoria . In the following year he was appointed manager of fellow league team U.S . Faellese , and took the club up to the Promozione . Sarri subsequently worked for U.S.D . Cavriglia and U.S . Antella , taking both sides to the Eccellenza . In 1998 he was named manager of fellow league team A.C . Valdema , but was fired the following January . He took over U.S.D . Tegoleto in the same division in September 1999 . In 2000 , Sarri signed for Sansovino in Eccellenza , and achieved promotion to Serie D with the side in his first season ; he would remain two further seasons in charge of the club , reaching the play-offs in his last season . His successes with Sansovino caused Serie C2 side Sangiovannese to sign him in 2003 , where he remained for two seasons and took the club to Serie C1 in his first campaign . On 18 June 2005 , Sarri resigned from Sangiovannese , and was appointed manager of Serie B side Pescara on 9 July . After avoiding relegation , he left the club on 30 June 2006 and was appointed at the helm of fellow second division side Arezzo on 1 November , in the place of the sacked Antonio Conte . On 13 March 2007 , he was relieved from his duties , and Conte returned to the post . On 18 July 2007 Sarri joined Avellino in the second tier , but resigned on 23 August after severe altercations with the clubs board . On 31 December he replaced fired Davide Pellegrini at the helm of Hellas Verona , but was himself sacked the following 28 February after winning only one point during his six matches in charge . On 23 September 2008 , Sarri was named Perugia manager in the place of Giovanni Pagliari . Sacked on 15 February of the following year , he only returned to coaching duties on 24 March 2010 with Grosseto . On 6 July of that year Sarri was appointed manager of Alessandria in Lega Pro Prima Divisione , and reached the promotion play-offs , being knocked out in the semifinals by Salernitana . Sarri resigned from Alessandria on 24 June 2011 , and on 6 July 2011 , he was appointed at the helm of Sorrento . He coached the club through the first months of the season until the mid-season break , playing an attractive , slick brand of attacking football . Despite the clubs being in sixth place , he was dismissed on 13 December . Empoli . On 25 June 2012 , Tuscan Serie B club Empoli hired Sarri as their new coach . In his first season , he led the club to fourth place and the playoff final , before losing to local rivals Livorno . The following season , Sarri guided Empoli to second place in the final table and direct promotion to Serie A after six years away . In the 2014–15 Serie A , Empoli avoided relegation by coming 15th . Napoli . On 11 June 2015 , Sarri left Empoli and signed for the club of his city of birth , Napoli , replacing Rafael Benítez , who left after missing out on a UEFA Champions League place . In his first season , Sarri brought in Elseid Hysaj , Pepe Reina , and Allan . The trio would go on to be first-team stalwarts for the following campaign , as Napoli finished runners-up to Juventus . Sarri extended his stay at the club until 2020 on 27 May 2016 . Two months later , Juventus would manage to sign Gonzalo Higuaín from Napoli for €90 million in the summer , who had managed to equal the record for most goals scored in a singular Serie A season , with 36 . However , Sarri vetoed the possibility of spending the money on a like-for-like replacement , instead , spending sparingly on weaker positions in the side to improve on depth , while tinkering with his squad to compensate for the loss of Higuaín . This was achieved through the positional change of Dries Mertens , originally a wide-forward , who was played more centrally the following season . This worked to great effect , as the Belgian netted 28 goals as the club finished third in 2017 , while Sarri was voted the leagues coach of the year , and received the Enzo Bearzot Award . Sarri , whose Napoli side had concluded the first half of the 2015–16 season Serie A in first place , gained the title Campioni dInverno ( Winter Champions ) for the first time in 26 years . Although Napoli ultimately ended the season in third place , the teams results in the first half of the season led him to believe he had constructed a side capable of winning the league the following season . Napoli would begin the 2017–18 season in hot form , setting a team record for most consecutive league victories , with 8 . It also took the club until December to register a league defeat , while waiting three months for another , registering ten straight victories in the process . The club also regained the title of Campioni dInverno from the previous campaign . Napoli finished the 2017–18 Serie A season in second place , four points behind Juventus . On 23 May 2018 , Sarri was replaced as head coach by Carlo Ancelotti . Chelsea . On 14 July 2018 , Sarri was appointed head coach of Chelsea , replacing Antonio Conte who was sacked the day before . In his first competitive game on 5 August , the team lost the Community Shield 2–0 to Manchester City at Wembley Stadium . The following week , he recorded his first win as Chelsea manager in a 3–0 league win away to Huddersfield Town . Sarri became the first head coach or manager to remain undefeated throughout his first 12 Premier League fixtures , until 24 November , where they lost 3–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . During the 2019 EFL Cup Final against cup holders Manchester City , with the match at 0–0 and a penalty shootout imminent , Sarri called for goalkeeper Kepa Arrizabalaga to be substituted off for Willy Caballero ; formerly of City , and whose penalty saves won City the same competition in 2016 . However , Arrizabalaga refused to be substituted . An irate Sarri nearly stormed into the stadium tunnel , and was later held back by Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger from confronting the keeper . Chelsea went on to lose the shoot-out 3–4 . After the game , both Arrizabalaga and Sarri said that the situation was a misunderstanding , with Sarri believing that Arrizabalaga was too injured with a cramp to continue , but Arrizabalaga felt okay to continue . On 29 May , Sarri won his first major trophy as a manager after Chelsea beat Arsenal 4–1 in the 2019 UEFA Europa League Final in Baku . Chelsea managed to win the title undefeated throughout the entirety of the Europa League campaign . At the end of the 2018–19 season , Chelsea announced that Sarri was departing to become manager of Juventus , with the club statement also mentioning his desire to be closer to his elderly parents in Italy . Juventus . On 16 June 2019 , Juventus announced the signing of Sarri on a three-year contract . In August 2019 , he was treated for pneumonia ; he would miss the first two matches of the 2019–20 season over Parma and Napoli . Under Sarris management , Juventus participated in the 2019 Supercoppa Italiana on 22 December following their league title victory in the previous season , where they lost 1–3 against Lazio at the King Saud University Stadium in Riyadh . On 17 June 2020 , Juventus suffered a 4–2 penalty shoot defeat to Sarris former club Napoli in the Coppa Italia Final , following a 0–0 draw after regulation time . On 26 July , Juventus secured a ninth straight Serie A title with a 2–0 home win over Sampdoria . The result saw Sarri win his first major trophy in Italian football , also saw him become the oldest manager to win the Serie A at the age of , breaking the previous record set by Nils Liedholm with Roma in 1982–83 ( 60 years and 219 days ) . On 8 August 2020 , one day after Juventus were eliminated from the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League in the round of 16 by Lyon , Sarri was sacked by the club . Style of management . From a tactical standpoint , Sarri is known for his intelligence , attention to detail , and his meticulous approach as a manager when it comes to preparing matches during weekly training sessions . He often has his team prepare many different plays on set-pieces . One of the main trademarks of his highly organised system is a four-man back-line ; his teams usually play a high defensive line and adopt the offside trap and a zonal marking system , as he requires his defensive players to be synchronised in their movements , anticipate plays , and look at the ball as a point of reference , not their opponents . Other key elements of Sarris line-up are the presence of a deep-lying playmaker who dictates play in front of the back-line , such as Jorginho , and overlapping attacking full backs , in order to provide width to his team , as his players often attack from the flank , looking to play quick exchanges and make runs in behind into the box rather than deliver crosses into the area , however . As such , he favours dynamic wingers in his team , as well as defenders and goalkeepers who are comfortable on the ball , in order to help his team retain possession , and hard-working players who can implement his high pressing game . On the ball , Sarris teams are known for playing an attractive , exciting , and attacking-minded brand of football , based on retaining possession , movement off the ball , and many quick , short passes on the ground ; this style has come to be known as Sarri-ball or liquid football in the media , while LÉquipe has described it as vertical tiki-taka . The Italian encyclopaedia Treccani instead coined the term Sarrismo to describe the offensive and spectacular style of football that Sarris teams play . Sarris teams modern , innovative , and creative playing style , as well as their mentality , ability to move up the pitch quickly on counter-attacks and score many goals , has won praise from several pundits , players , and managers , including Pep Guardiola and Cesc Fàbregas ; in 2018 , former manager Arrigo Sacchi praised the style employed by Sarris Napoli side as the most important thing seen in Italy in the last 20 years . However , despite receiving plaudits for his tactical approach to the game , he also initially came under criticism from some in the sport for his failure to win a title as a manager , until leading Chelsea to victory in the Europa League in 2019 ; he has also been accused in the media of being stubborn and tactically inflexible at times . When defending off the ball , Sarris teams often employ an aggressive use of energetic pressing , tight lines , and pressure high up the pitch in order to win back the ball quickly . Throughout his coaching career , Sarri has adopted several formations , such as the 4–3–1–2 or the 4–2–3–1 , but he later came to be known for using a free-flowing , possession based 4–3–3 system during his time with Napoli . During the 2016–17 season , following the departure of Gonzalo Higuaín to rivals Juventus and an injury to the clubs main striker Arkadiusz Milik , Sarri frequently deployed Dries Mertens in a false nine role , seemingly positioned as a lone centre-forward , rather than as a left winger , where he had previously faced competition from Lorenzo Insigne for a starting role ; as a result of Sarris tactical change , Mertenss goalscoring output increased dramatically . Sarri received his coaching diploma in 2006 through the Technical Centre of Coverciano ; the title of his thesis was La preparazione settimanale della partita ( The weekly preparation of a match ) . One of his major influences as a coach is Arrigo Sacchi . Aside from his tactical prowess , Sarri is known for his outspokenness as a manager . He has also stood out for his attire ; unlike many other managers who wore suits in Italian football , he usually wore a tracksuit during matches . At Chelsea , he also adopted a more relaxed approach than his predecessor Antonio Conte when it came to his players diets and curfew before matches , which along with the changes in tactics to a more offensive-minded , possession game based on passing , helped create a more positive team environment ; Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger has praised Sarri for the changes he implemented at the team . Regarding his management style , Sarri commented in his first press conference with Chelsea : My goal is to have fun as long as I am here and be competitive in all competitions until the end . Ours is not a sport but a game , and anybody who plays a game starts doing that when theyre young . It is fun . The child in each of us must be nurtured because this often makes us the best . I think if a team has fun often , the fans do too . This is very important , and then there are the high-level objectives , but we must start by having fun . This is important for us and our fans . Personal life . Sarri is a smoker and in 2018 , Napolis UEFA Europa League opponents , RB Leipzig , built a special smoking section in the locker-room area of their stadium , Red Bull Arena , specifically for him . He often chews on cigarette butts while on the touch-line . In addition to his native Italian , Sarri also speaks English albeit with the help of an interpreter in some English interviews . Controversy . During the 2015–16 season , Sarri found himself embroiled in a heated exchange with Roberto Mancini , then head coach of Inter Milan , in the final minutes of a Coppa Italia match on 20 January 2016 , where Mancini accused Sarri of directing a homophobic slur at him . Sarri responded to the accusations by saying that he was not a homophobe , stating what happens on the field , stays on the field . Sarri was consequently fined €20,000 and banned for two Coppa Italia matches by Lega Serie A for directing extremely insulting epithets at the coach of the opposing team . In March 2018 , Sarri came under further criticism in the media when he was accused of making sexist comments when responding to female reporter Titti Improta of Canale 21 , who had asked him in a post-match interview if he thought that Napolis title challenge had been compromised ; he subsequently apologised , later also adding that he had been joking . When asked about these two incidents in his first press conference with Chelsea in 2018 , Sarri expressed regret regarding his behaviour , commenting : These were mistakes , that is for sure . I think that those who know me very well cannot define me in this way – not homophobic or sexist or racist , absolutely not . I am an extremely open person , and I do not have these kinds of problems , and I hope to show this when I work here and live here . Honours . Manager . Sansovino - Coppa Italia Serie D : 2002–03 Empoli - Serie B runner-up : 2013–14 Chelsea - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 Juventus - Serie A : 2019–20 - Coppa Italia runner-up : 2019–20 - Supercoppa Italiana runner-up : 2019 Individual - Panchina dArgento : 2013–14 - Panchina dOro : 2015–16 - Enzo Bearzot Award : 2017 - Serie A Coach of the Year : 2016–17 |
[
"Hellas Verona"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Maurizio Sarri in Dec 2007? | /wiki/Maurizio_Sarri#P6087#2 | Maurizio Sarri Maurizio Sarri ( ; born 10 January 1959 ) is an Italian professional football manager who most recently managed club Juventus . Sarri did not play football professionally , taking part as an amateur centre back and coach while working as a banker . In 2005 , he had his first Serie B job at Pescara . In 2014 , Sarri won promotion to Serie A with Empoli , and after preserving their place in the top flight he was hired by Napoli . He won several individual awards while managing the Naples-based club ; after finishing as league runners-up in 2017–18 , Sarri moved to English club Chelsea , where he won the UEFA Europa League in his only season with the club . He returned to Italy to coach Juventus in 2019 , with whom he went on to win the Serie A title in his first season , becoming the oldest manager to ever win the Serie A . Early life . Sarri was born in the Bagnoli district of Naples to workers at Italsider . He was raised in Castro ( province of Bergamo ) and then in Faella ( municipality of Castelfranco Piandiscò , in the province of Arezzo ) , where he divided his time as an amateur footballer and banker for Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena in Tuscany . His work as a banker saw him travel Europe , working in London , Zürich and Luxembourg . A centre back , He completed the Italian Liceo classico in Figline Valdarno , having David Ermini as his deskmate . Sarri played only at an amateur level , in Figlines local team , having failed trials with Torino and Fiorentina . At the age of 19 , Montevarchi was close to signing Sarri but Figline asked for a compensation of 50 million lire , and the deal eventually collapsed . He later refused a move to Pontedera , and subsequently retired with Figline after struggling with injuries . Sarri used to work in the bank in the morning , and trained and played in games in the afternoon and evening . In 1990 , aged 30 , he transitioned into coaching , following the same schedule he adhered to for his entire work life . After gaining employment with minor side Tegoleto , he decided to quit his job to devote himself exclusively to his coaching career . Managerial career . Early career . Sarris first club as manager was U.S.D . Stia 1925 , whom he started coaching in 1990 in Seconda Categoria . In the following year he was appointed manager of fellow league team U.S . Faellese , and took the club up to the Promozione . Sarri subsequently worked for U.S.D . Cavriglia and U.S . Antella , taking both sides to the Eccellenza . In 1998 he was named manager of fellow league team A.C . Valdema , but was fired the following January . He took over U.S.D . Tegoleto in the same division in September 1999 . In 2000 , Sarri signed for Sansovino in Eccellenza , and achieved promotion to Serie D with the side in his first season ; he would remain two further seasons in charge of the club , reaching the play-offs in his last season . His successes with Sansovino caused Serie C2 side Sangiovannese to sign him in 2003 , where he remained for two seasons and took the club to Serie C1 in his first campaign . On 18 June 2005 , Sarri resigned from Sangiovannese , and was appointed manager of Serie B side Pescara on 9 July . After avoiding relegation , he left the club on 30 June 2006 and was appointed at the helm of fellow second division side Arezzo on 1 November , in the place of the sacked Antonio Conte . On 13 March 2007 , he was relieved from his duties , and Conte returned to the post . On 18 July 2007 Sarri joined Avellino in the second tier , but resigned on 23 August after severe altercations with the clubs board . On 31 December he replaced fired Davide Pellegrini at the helm of Hellas Verona , but was himself sacked the following 28 February after winning only one point during his six matches in charge . On 23 September 2008 , Sarri was named Perugia manager in the place of Giovanni Pagliari . Sacked on 15 February of the following year , he only returned to coaching duties on 24 March 2010 with Grosseto . On 6 July of that year Sarri was appointed manager of Alessandria in Lega Pro Prima Divisione , and reached the promotion play-offs , being knocked out in the semifinals by Salernitana . Sarri resigned from Alessandria on 24 June 2011 , and on 6 July 2011 , he was appointed at the helm of Sorrento . He coached the club through the first months of the season until the mid-season break , playing an attractive , slick brand of attacking football . Despite the clubs being in sixth place , he was dismissed on 13 December . Empoli . On 25 June 2012 , Tuscan Serie B club Empoli hired Sarri as their new coach . In his first season , he led the club to fourth place and the playoff final , before losing to local rivals Livorno . The following season , Sarri guided Empoli to second place in the final table and direct promotion to Serie A after six years away . In the 2014–15 Serie A , Empoli avoided relegation by coming 15th . Napoli . On 11 June 2015 , Sarri left Empoli and signed for the club of his city of birth , Napoli , replacing Rafael Benítez , who left after missing out on a UEFA Champions League place . In his first season , Sarri brought in Elseid Hysaj , Pepe Reina , and Allan . The trio would go on to be first-team stalwarts for the following campaign , as Napoli finished runners-up to Juventus . Sarri extended his stay at the club until 2020 on 27 May 2016 . Two months later , Juventus would manage to sign Gonzalo Higuaín from Napoli for €90 million in the summer , who had managed to equal the record for most goals scored in a singular Serie A season , with 36 . However , Sarri vetoed the possibility of spending the money on a like-for-like replacement , instead , spending sparingly on weaker positions in the side to improve on depth , while tinkering with his squad to compensate for the loss of Higuaín . This was achieved through the positional change of Dries Mertens , originally a wide-forward , who was played more centrally the following season . This worked to great effect , as the Belgian netted 28 goals as the club finished third in 2017 , while Sarri was voted the leagues coach of the year , and received the Enzo Bearzot Award . Sarri , whose Napoli side had concluded the first half of the 2015–16 season Serie A in first place , gained the title Campioni dInverno ( Winter Champions ) for the first time in 26 years . Although Napoli ultimately ended the season in third place , the teams results in the first half of the season led him to believe he had constructed a side capable of winning the league the following season . Napoli would begin the 2017–18 season in hot form , setting a team record for most consecutive league victories , with 8 . It also took the club until December to register a league defeat , while waiting three months for another , registering ten straight victories in the process . The club also regained the title of Campioni dInverno from the previous campaign . Napoli finished the 2017–18 Serie A season in second place , four points behind Juventus . On 23 May 2018 , Sarri was replaced as head coach by Carlo Ancelotti . Chelsea . On 14 July 2018 , Sarri was appointed head coach of Chelsea , replacing Antonio Conte who was sacked the day before . In his first competitive game on 5 August , the team lost the Community Shield 2–0 to Manchester City at Wembley Stadium . The following week , he recorded his first win as Chelsea manager in a 3–0 league win away to Huddersfield Town . Sarri became the first head coach or manager to remain undefeated throughout his first 12 Premier League fixtures , until 24 November , where they lost 3–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . During the 2019 EFL Cup Final against cup holders Manchester City , with the match at 0–0 and a penalty shootout imminent , Sarri called for goalkeeper Kepa Arrizabalaga to be substituted off for Willy Caballero ; formerly of City , and whose penalty saves won City the same competition in 2016 . However , Arrizabalaga refused to be substituted . An irate Sarri nearly stormed into the stadium tunnel , and was later held back by Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger from confronting the keeper . Chelsea went on to lose the shoot-out 3–4 . After the game , both Arrizabalaga and Sarri said that the situation was a misunderstanding , with Sarri believing that Arrizabalaga was too injured with a cramp to continue , but Arrizabalaga felt okay to continue . On 29 May , Sarri won his first major trophy as a manager after Chelsea beat Arsenal 4–1 in the 2019 UEFA Europa League Final in Baku . Chelsea managed to win the title undefeated throughout the entirety of the Europa League campaign . At the end of the 2018–19 season , Chelsea announced that Sarri was departing to become manager of Juventus , with the club statement also mentioning his desire to be closer to his elderly parents in Italy . Juventus . On 16 June 2019 , Juventus announced the signing of Sarri on a three-year contract . In August 2019 , he was treated for pneumonia ; he would miss the first two matches of the 2019–20 season over Parma and Napoli . Under Sarris management , Juventus participated in the 2019 Supercoppa Italiana on 22 December following their league title victory in the previous season , where they lost 1–3 against Lazio at the King Saud University Stadium in Riyadh . On 17 June 2020 , Juventus suffered a 4–2 penalty shoot defeat to Sarris former club Napoli in the Coppa Italia Final , following a 0–0 draw after regulation time . On 26 July , Juventus secured a ninth straight Serie A title with a 2–0 home win over Sampdoria . The result saw Sarri win his first major trophy in Italian football , also saw him become the oldest manager to win the Serie A at the age of , breaking the previous record set by Nils Liedholm with Roma in 1982–83 ( 60 years and 219 days ) . On 8 August 2020 , one day after Juventus were eliminated from the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League in the round of 16 by Lyon , Sarri was sacked by the club . Style of management . From a tactical standpoint , Sarri is known for his intelligence , attention to detail , and his meticulous approach as a manager when it comes to preparing matches during weekly training sessions . He often has his team prepare many different plays on set-pieces . One of the main trademarks of his highly organised system is a four-man back-line ; his teams usually play a high defensive line and adopt the offside trap and a zonal marking system , as he requires his defensive players to be synchronised in their movements , anticipate plays , and look at the ball as a point of reference , not their opponents . Other key elements of Sarris line-up are the presence of a deep-lying playmaker who dictates play in front of the back-line , such as Jorginho , and overlapping attacking full backs , in order to provide width to his team , as his players often attack from the flank , looking to play quick exchanges and make runs in behind into the box rather than deliver crosses into the area , however . As such , he favours dynamic wingers in his team , as well as defenders and goalkeepers who are comfortable on the ball , in order to help his team retain possession , and hard-working players who can implement his high pressing game . On the ball , Sarris teams are known for playing an attractive , exciting , and attacking-minded brand of football , based on retaining possession , movement off the ball , and many quick , short passes on the ground ; this style has come to be known as Sarri-ball or liquid football in the media , while LÉquipe has described it as vertical tiki-taka . The Italian encyclopaedia Treccani instead coined the term Sarrismo to describe the offensive and spectacular style of football that Sarris teams play . Sarris teams modern , innovative , and creative playing style , as well as their mentality , ability to move up the pitch quickly on counter-attacks and score many goals , has won praise from several pundits , players , and managers , including Pep Guardiola and Cesc Fàbregas ; in 2018 , former manager Arrigo Sacchi praised the style employed by Sarris Napoli side as the most important thing seen in Italy in the last 20 years . However , despite receiving plaudits for his tactical approach to the game , he also initially came under criticism from some in the sport for his failure to win a title as a manager , until leading Chelsea to victory in the Europa League in 2019 ; he has also been accused in the media of being stubborn and tactically inflexible at times . When defending off the ball , Sarris teams often employ an aggressive use of energetic pressing , tight lines , and pressure high up the pitch in order to win back the ball quickly . Throughout his coaching career , Sarri has adopted several formations , such as the 4–3–1–2 or the 4–2–3–1 , but he later came to be known for using a free-flowing , possession based 4–3–3 system during his time with Napoli . During the 2016–17 season , following the departure of Gonzalo Higuaín to rivals Juventus and an injury to the clubs main striker Arkadiusz Milik , Sarri frequently deployed Dries Mertens in a false nine role , seemingly positioned as a lone centre-forward , rather than as a left winger , where he had previously faced competition from Lorenzo Insigne for a starting role ; as a result of Sarris tactical change , Mertenss goalscoring output increased dramatically . Sarri received his coaching diploma in 2006 through the Technical Centre of Coverciano ; the title of his thesis was La preparazione settimanale della partita ( The weekly preparation of a match ) . One of his major influences as a coach is Arrigo Sacchi . Aside from his tactical prowess , Sarri is known for his outspokenness as a manager . He has also stood out for his attire ; unlike many other managers who wore suits in Italian football , he usually wore a tracksuit during matches . At Chelsea , he also adopted a more relaxed approach than his predecessor Antonio Conte when it came to his players diets and curfew before matches , which along with the changes in tactics to a more offensive-minded , possession game based on passing , helped create a more positive team environment ; Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger has praised Sarri for the changes he implemented at the team . Regarding his management style , Sarri commented in his first press conference with Chelsea : My goal is to have fun as long as I am here and be competitive in all competitions until the end . Ours is not a sport but a game , and anybody who plays a game starts doing that when theyre young . It is fun . The child in each of us must be nurtured because this often makes us the best . I think if a team has fun often , the fans do too . This is very important , and then there are the high-level objectives , but we must start by having fun . This is important for us and our fans . Personal life . Sarri is a smoker and in 2018 , Napolis UEFA Europa League opponents , RB Leipzig , built a special smoking section in the locker-room area of their stadium , Red Bull Arena , specifically for him . He often chews on cigarette butts while on the touch-line . In addition to his native Italian , Sarri also speaks English albeit with the help of an interpreter in some English interviews . Controversy . During the 2015–16 season , Sarri found himself embroiled in a heated exchange with Roberto Mancini , then head coach of Inter Milan , in the final minutes of a Coppa Italia match on 20 January 2016 , where Mancini accused Sarri of directing a homophobic slur at him . Sarri responded to the accusations by saying that he was not a homophobe , stating what happens on the field , stays on the field . Sarri was consequently fined €20,000 and banned for two Coppa Italia matches by Lega Serie A for directing extremely insulting epithets at the coach of the opposing team . In March 2018 , Sarri came under further criticism in the media when he was accused of making sexist comments when responding to female reporter Titti Improta of Canale 21 , who had asked him in a post-match interview if he thought that Napolis title challenge had been compromised ; he subsequently apologised , later also adding that he had been joking . When asked about these two incidents in his first press conference with Chelsea in 2018 , Sarri expressed regret regarding his behaviour , commenting : These were mistakes , that is for sure . I think that those who know me very well cannot define me in this way – not homophobic or sexist or racist , absolutely not . I am an extremely open person , and I do not have these kinds of problems , and I hope to show this when I work here and live here . Honours . Manager . Sansovino - Coppa Italia Serie D : 2002–03 Empoli - Serie B runner-up : 2013–14 Chelsea - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 Juventus - Serie A : 2019–20 - Coppa Italia runner-up : 2019–20 - Supercoppa Italiana runner-up : 2019 Individual - Panchina dArgento : 2013–14 - Panchina dOro : 2015–16 - Enzo Bearzot Award : 2017 - Serie A Coach of the Year : 2016–17 |
[
"Perugia"
] | easy | Maurizio Sarri was the coach of which team from Aug 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Maurizio_Sarri#P6087#3 | Maurizio Sarri Maurizio Sarri ( ; born 10 January 1959 ) is an Italian professional football manager who most recently managed club Juventus . Sarri did not play football professionally , taking part as an amateur centre back and coach while working as a banker . In 2005 , he had his first Serie B job at Pescara . In 2014 , Sarri won promotion to Serie A with Empoli , and after preserving their place in the top flight he was hired by Napoli . He won several individual awards while managing the Naples-based club ; after finishing as league runners-up in 2017–18 , Sarri moved to English club Chelsea , where he won the UEFA Europa League in his only season with the club . He returned to Italy to coach Juventus in 2019 , with whom he went on to win the Serie A title in his first season , becoming the oldest manager to ever win the Serie A . Early life . Sarri was born in the Bagnoli district of Naples to workers at Italsider . He was raised in Castro ( province of Bergamo ) and then in Faella ( municipality of Castelfranco Piandiscò , in the province of Arezzo ) , where he divided his time as an amateur footballer and banker for Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena in Tuscany . His work as a banker saw him travel Europe , working in London , Zürich and Luxembourg . A centre back , He completed the Italian Liceo classico in Figline Valdarno , having David Ermini as his deskmate . Sarri played only at an amateur level , in Figlines local team , having failed trials with Torino and Fiorentina . At the age of 19 , Montevarchi was close to signing Sarri but Figline asked for a compensation of 50 million lire , and the deal eventually collapsed . He later refused a move to Pontedera , and subsequently retired with Figline after struggling with injuries . Sarri used to work in the bank in the morning , and trained and played in games in the afternoon and evening . In 1990 , aged 30 , he transitioned into coaching , following the same schedule he adhered to for his entire work life . After gaining employment with minor side Tegoleto , he decided to quit his job to devote himself exclusively to his coaching career . Managerial career . Early career . Sarris first club as manager was U.S.D . Stia 1925 , whom he started coaching in 1990 in Seconda Categoria . In the following year he was appointed manager of fellow league team U.S . Faellese , and took the club up to the Promozione . Sarri subsequently worked for U.S.D . Cavriglia and U.S . Antella , taking both sides to the Eccellenza . In 1998 he was named manager of fellow league team A.C . Valdema , but was fired the following January . He took over U.S.D . Tegoleto in the same division in September 1999 . In 2000 , Sarri signed for Sansovino in Eccellenza , and achieved promotion to Serie D with the side in his first season ; he would remain two further seasons in charge of the club , reaching the play-offs in his last season . His successes with Sansovino caused Serie C2 side Sangiovannese to sign him in 2003 , where he remained for two seasons and took the club to Serie C1 in his first campaign . On 18 June 2005 , Sarri resigned from Sangiovannese , and was appointed manager of Serie B side Pescara on 9 July . After avoiding relegation , he left the club on 30 June 2006 and was appointed at the helm of fellow second division side Arezzo on 1 November , in the place of the sacked Antonio Conte . On 13 March 2007 , he was relieved from his duties , and Conte returned to the post . On 18 July 2007 Sarri joined Avellino in the second tier , but resigned on 23 August after severe altercations with the clubs board . On 31 December he replaced fired Davide Pellegrini at the helm of Hellas Verona , but was himself sacked the following 28 February after winning only one point during his six matches in charge . On 23 September 2008 , Sarri was named Perugia manager in the place of Giovanni Pagliari . Sacked on 15 February of the following year , he only returned to coaching duties on 24 March 2010 with Grosseto . On 6 July of that year Sarri was appointed manager of Alessandria in Lega Pro Prima Divisione , and reached the promotion play-offs , being knocked out in the semifinals by Salernitana . Sarri resigned from Alessandria on 24 June 2011 , and on 6 July 2011 , he was appointed at the helm of Sorrento . He coached the club through the first months of the season until the mid-season break , playing an attractive , slick brand of attacking football . Despite the clubs being in sixth place , he was dismissed on 13 December . Empoli . On 25 June 2012 , Tuscan Serie B club Empoli hired Sarri as their new coach . In his first season , he led the club to fourth place and the playoff final , before losing to local rivals Livorno . The following season , Sarri guided Empoli to second place in the final table and direct promotion to Serie A after six years away . In the 2014–15 Serie A , Empoli avoided relegation by coming 15th . Napoli . On 11 June 2015 , Sarri left Empoli and signed for the club of his city of birth , Napoli , replacing Rafael Benítez , who left after missing out on a UEFA Champions League place . In his first season , Sarri brought in Elseid Hysaj , Pepe Reina , and Allan . The trio would go on to be first-team stalwarts for the following campaign , as Napoli finished runners-up to Juventus . Sarri extended his stay at the club until 2020 on 27 May 2016 . Two months later , Juventus would manage to sign Gonzalo Higuaín from Napoli for €90 million in the summer , who had managed to equal the record for most goals scored in a singular Serie A season , with 36 . However , Sarri vetoed the possibility of spending the money on a like-for-like replacement , instead , spending sparingly on weaker positions in the side to improve on depth , while tinkering with his squad to compensate for the loss of Higuaín . This was achieved through the positional change of Dries Mertens , originally a wide-forward , who was played more centrally the following season . This worked to great effect , as the Belgian netted 28 goals as the club finished third in 2017 , while Sarri was voted the leagues coach of the year , and received the Enzo Bearzot Award . Sarri , whose Napoli side had concluded the first half of the 2015–16 season Serie A in first place , gained the title Campioni dInverno ( Winter Champions ) for the first time in 26 years . Although Napoli ultimately ended the season in third place , the teams results in the first half of the season led him to believe he had constructed a side capable of winning the league the following season . Napoli would begin the 2017–18 season in hot form , setting a team record for most consecutive league victories , with 8 . It also took the club until December to register a league defeat , while waiting three months for another , registering ten straight victories in the process . The club also regained the title of Campioni dInverno from the previous campaign . Napoli finished the 2017–18 Serie A season in second place , four points behind Juventus . On 23 May 2018 , Sarri was replaced as head coach by Carlo Ancelotti . Chelsea . On 14 July 2018 , Sarri was appointed head coach of Chelsea , replacing Antonio Conte who was sacked the day before . In his first competitive game on 5 August , the team lost the Community Shield 2–0 to Manchester City at Wembley Stadium . The following week , he recorded his first win as Chelsea manager in a 3–0 league win away to Huddersfield Town . Sarri became the first head coach or manager to remain undefeated throughout his first 12 Premier League fixtures , until 24 November , where they lost 3–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . During the 2019 EFL Cup Final against cup holders Manchester City , with the match at 0–0 and a penalty shootout imminent , Sarri called for goalkeeper Kepa Arrizabalaga to be substituted off for Willy Caballero ; formerly of City , and whose penalty saves won City the same competition in 2016 . However , Arrizabalaga refused to be substituted . An irate Sarri nearly stormed into the stadium tunnel , and was later held back by Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger from confronting the keeper . Chelsea went on to lose the shoot-out 3–4 . After the game , both Arrizabalaga and Sarri said that the situation was a misunderstanding , with Sarri believing that Arrizabalaga was too injured with a cramp to continue , but Arrizabalaga felt okay to continue . On 29 May , Sarri won his first major trophy as a manager after Chelsea beat Arsenal 4–1 in the 2019 UEFA Europa League Final in Baku . Chelsea managed to win the title undefeated throughout the entirety of the Europa League campaign . At the end of the 2018–19 season , Chelsea announced that Sarri was departing to become manager of Juventus , with the club statement also mentioning his desire to be closer to his elderly parents in Italy . Juventus . On 16 June 2019 , Juventus announced the signing of Sarri on a three-year contract . In August 2019 , he was treated for pneumonia ; he would miss the first two matches of the 2019–20 season over Parma and Napoli . Under Sarris management , Juventus participated in the 2019 Supercoppa Italiana on 22 December following their league title victory in the previous season , where they lost 1–3 against Lazio at the King Saud University Stadium in Riyadh . On 17 June 2020 , Juventus suffered a 4–2 penalty shoot defeat to Sarris former club Napoli in the Coppa Italia Final , following a 0–0 draw after regulation time . On 26 July , Juventus secured a ninth straight Serie A title with a 2–0 home win over Sampdoria . The result saw Sarri win his first major trophy in Italian football , also saw him become the oldest manager to win the Serie A at the age of , breaking the previous record set by Nils Liedholm with Roma in 1982–83 ( 60 years and 219 days ) . On 8 August 2020 , one day after Juventus were eliminated from the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League in the round of 16 by Lyon , Sarri was sacked by the club . Style of management . From a tactical standpoint , Sarri is known for his intelligence , attention to detail , and his meticulous approach as a manager when it comes to preparing matches during weekly training sessions . He often has his team prepare many different plays on set-pieces . One of the main trademarks of his highly organised system is a four-man back-line ; his teams usually play a high defensive line and adopt the offside trap and a zonal marking system , as he requires his defensive players to be synchronised in their movements , anticipate plays , and look at the ball as a point of reference , not their opponents . Other key elements of Sarris line-up are the presence of a deep-lying playmaker who dictates play in front of the back-line , such as Jorginho , and overlapping attacking full backs , in order to provide width to his team , as his players often attack from the flank , looking to play quick exchanges and make runs in behind into the box rather than deliver crosses into the area , however . As such , he favours dynamic wingers in his team , as well as defenders and goalkeepers who are comfortable on the ball , in order to help his team retain possession , and hard-working players who can implement his high pressing game . On the ball , Sarris teams are known for playing an attractive , exciting , and attacking-minded brand of football , based on retaining possession , movement off the ball , and many quick , short passes on the ground ; this style has come to be known as Sarri-ball or liquid football in the media , while LÉquipe has described it as vertical tiki-taka . The Italian encyclopaedia Treccani instead coined the term Sarrismo to describe the offensive and spectacular style of football that Sarris teams play . Sarris teams modern , innovative , and creative playing style , as well as their mentality , ability to move up the pitch quickly on counter-attacks and score many goals , has won praise from several pundits , players , and managers , including Pep Guardiola and Cesc Fàbregas ; in 2018 , former manager Arrigo Sacchi praised the style employed by Sarris Napoli side as the most important thing seen in Italy in the last 20 years . However , despite receiving plaudits for his tactical approach to the game , he also initially came under criticism from some in the sport for his failure to win a title as a manager , until leading Chelsea to victory in the Europa League in 2019 ; he has also been accused in the media of being stubborn and tactically inflexible at times . When defending off the ball , Sarris teams often employ an aggressive use of energetic pressing , tight lines , and pressure high up the pitch in order to win back the ball quickly . Throughout his coaching career , Sarri has adopted several formations , such as the 4–3–1–2 or the 4–2–3–1 , but he later came to be known for using a free-flowing , possession based 4–3–3 system during his time with Napoli . During the 2016–17 season , following the departure of Gonzalo Higuaín to rivals Juventus and an injury to the clubs main striker Arkadiusz Milik , Sarri frequently deployed Dries Mertens in a false nine role , seemingly positioned as a lone centre-forward , rather than as a left winger , where he had previously faced competition from Lorenzo Insigne for a starting role ; as a result of Sarris tactical change , Mertenss goalscoring output increased dramatically . Sarri received his coaching diploma in 2006 through the Technical Centre of Coverciano ; the title of his thesis was La preparazione settimanale della partita ( The weekly preparation of a match ) . One of his major influences as a coach is Arrigo Sacchi . Aside from his tactical prowess , Sarri is known for his outspokenness as a manager . He has also stood out for his attire ; unlike many other managers who wore suits in Italian football , he usually wore a tracksuit during matches . At Chelsea , he also adopted a more relaxed approach than his predecessor Antonio Conte when it came to his players diets and curfew before matches , which along with the changes in tactics to a more offensive-minded , possession game based on passing , helped create a more positive team environment ; Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger has praised Sarri for the changes he implemented at the team . Regarding his management style , Sarri commented in his first press conference with Chelsea : My goal is to have fun as long as I am here and be competitive in all competitions until the end . Ours is not a sport but a game , and anybody who plays a game starts doing that when theyre young . It is fun . The child in each of us must be nurtured because this often makes us the best . I think if a team has fun often , the fans do too . This is very important , and then there are the high-level objectives , but we must start by having fun . This is important for us and our fans . Personal life . Sarri is a smoker and in 2018 , Napolis UEFA Europa League opponents , RB Leipzig , built a special smoking section in the locker-room area of their stadium , Red Bull Arena , specifically for him . He often chews on cigarette butts while on the touch-line . In addition to his native Italian , Sarri also speaks English albeit with the help of an interpreter in some English interviews . Controversy . During the 2015–16 season , Sarri found himself embroiled in a heated exchange with Roberto Mancini , then head coach of Inter Milan , in the final minutes of a Coppa Italia match on 20 January 2016 , where Mancini accused Sarri of directing a homophobic slur at him . Sarri responded to the accusations by saying that he was not a homophobe , stating what happens on the field , stays on the field . Sarri was consequently fined €20,000 and banned for two Coppa Italia matches by Lega Serie A for directing extremely insulting epithets at the coach of the opposing team . In March 2018 , Sarri came under further criticism in the media when he was accused of making sexist comments when responding to female reporter Titti Improta of Canale 21 , who had asked him in a post-match interview if he thought that Napolis title challenge had been compromised ; he subsequently apologised , later also adding that he had been joking . When asked about these two incidents in his first press conference with Chelsea in 2018 , Sarri expressed regret regarding his behaviour , commenting : These were mistakes , that is for sure . I think that those who know me very well cannot define me in this way – not homophobic or sexist or racist , absolutely not . I am an extremely open person , and I do not have these kinds of problems , and I hope to show this when I work here and live here . Honours . Manager . Sansovino - Coppa Italia Serie D : 2002–03 Empoli - Serie B runner-up : 2013–14 Chelsea - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 Juventus - Serie A : 2019–20 - Coppa Italia runner-up : 2019–20 - Supercoppa Italiana runner-up : 2019 Individual - Panchina dArgento : 2013–14 - Panchina dOro : 2015–16 - Enzo Bearzot Award : 2017 - Serie A Coach of the Year : 2016–17 |
[
"Grosseto"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Maurizio Sarri from Feb 2010 to May 2010? | /wiki/Maurizio_Sarri#P6087#4 | Maurizio Sarri Maurizio Sarri ( ; born 10 January 1959 ) is an Italian professional football manager who most recently managed club Juventus . Sarri did not play football professionally , taking part as an amateur centre back and coach while working as a banker . In 2005 , he had his first Serie B job at Pescara . In 2014 , Sarri won promotion to Serie A with Empoli , and after preserving their place in the top flight he was hired by Napoli . He won several individual awards while managing the Naples-based club ; after finishing as league runners-up in 2017–18 , Sarri moved to English club Chelsea , where he won the UEFA Europa League in his only season with the club . He returned to Italy to coach Juventus in 2019 , with whom he went on to win the Serie A title in his first season , becoming the oldest manager to ever win the Serie A . Early life . Sarri was born in the Bagnoli district of Naples to workers at Italsider . He was raised in Castro ( province of Bergamo ) and then in Faella ( municipality of Castelfranco Piandiscò , in the province of Arezzo ) , where he divided his time as an amateur footballer and banker for Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena in Tuscany . His work as a banker saw him travel Europe , working in London , Zürich and Luxembourg . A centre back , He completed the Italian Liceo classico in Figline Valdarno , having David Ermini as his deskmate . Sarri played only at an amateur level , in Figlines local team , having failed trials with Torino and Fiorentina . At the age of 19 , Montevarchi was close to signing Sarri but Figline asked for a compensation of 50 million lire , and the deal eventually collapsed . He later refused a move to Pontedera , and subsequently retired with Figline after struggling with injuries . Sarri used to work in the bank in the morning , and trained and played in games in the afternoon and evening . In 1990 , aged 30 , he transitioned into coaching , following the same schedule he adhered to for his entire work life . After gaining employment with minor side Tegoleto , he decided to quit his job to devote himself exclusively to his coaching career . Managerial career . Early career . Sarris first club as manager was U.S.D . Stia 1925 , whom he started coaching in 1990 in Seconda Categoria . In the following year he was appointed manager of fellow league team U.S . Faellese , and took the club up to the Promozione . Sarri subsequently worked for U.S.D . Cavriglia and U.S . Antella , taking both sides to the Eccellenza . In 1998 he was named manager of fellow league team A.C . Valdema , but was fired the following January . He took over U.S.D . Tegoleto in the same division in September 1999 . In 2000 , Sarri signed for Sansovino in Eccellenza , and achieved promotion to Serie D with the side in his first season ; he would remain two further seasons in charge of the club , reaching the play-offs in his last season . His successes with Sansovino caused Serie C2 side Sangiovannese to sign him in 2003 , where he remained for two seasons and took the club to Serie C1 in his first campaign . On 18 June 2005 , Sarri resigned from Sangiovannese , and was appointed manager of Serie B side Pescara on 9 July . After avoiding relegation , he left the club on 30 June 2006 and was appointed at the helm of fellow second division side Arezzo on 1 November , in the place of the sacked Antonio Conte . On 13 March 2007 , he was relieved from his duties , and Conte returned to the post . On 18 July 2007 Sarri joined Avellino in the second tier , but resigned on 23 August after severe altercations with the clubs board . On 31 December he replaced fired Davide Pellegrini at the helm of Hellas Verona , but was himself sacked the following 28 February after winning only one point during his six matches in charge . On 23 September 2008 , Sarri was named Perugia manager in the place of Giovanni Pagliari . Sacked on 15 February of the following year , he only returned to coaching duties on 24 March 2010 with Grosseto . On 6 July of that year Sarri was appointed manager of Alessandria in Lega Pro Prima Divisione , and reached the promotion play-offs , being knocked out in the semifinals by Salernitana . Sarri resigned from Alessandria on 24 June 2011 , and on 6 July 2011 , he was appointed at the helm of Sorrento . He coached the club through the first months of the season until the mid-season break , playing an attractive , slick brand of attacking football . Despite the clubs being in sixth place , he was dismissed on 13 December . Empoli . On 25 June 2012 , Tuscan Serie B club Empoli hired Sarri as their new coach . In his first season , he led the club to fourth place and the playoff final , before losing to local rivals Livorno . The following season , Sarri guided Empoli to second place in the final table and direct promotion to Serie A after six years away . In the 2014–15 Serie A , Empoli avoided relegation by coming 15th . Napoli . On 11 June 2015 , Sarri left Empoli and signed for the club of his city of birth , Napoli , replacing Rafael Benítez , who left after missing out on a UEFA Champions League place . In his first season , Sarri brought in Elseid Hysaj , Pepe Reina , and Allan . The trio would go on to be first-team stalwarts for the following campaign , as Napoli finished runners-up to Juventus . Sarri extended his stay at the club until 2020 on 27 May 2016 . Two months later , Juventus would manage to sign Gonzalo Higuaín from Napoli for €90 million in the summer , who had managed to equal the record for most goals scored in a singular Serie A season , with 36 . However , Sarri vetoed the possibility of spending the money on a like-for-like replacement , instead , spending sparingly on weaker positions in the side to improve on depth , while tinkering with his squad to compensate for the loss of Higuaín . This was achieved through the positional change of Dries Mertens , originally a wide-forward , who was played more centrally the following season . This worked to great effect , as the Belgian netted 28 goals as the club finished third in 2017 , while Sarri was voted the leagues coach of the year , and received the Enzo Bearzot Award . Sarri , whose Napoli side had concluded the first half of the 2015–16 season Serie A in first place , gained the title Campioni dInverno ( Winter Champions ) for the first time in 26 years . Although Napoli ultimately ended the season in third place , the teams results in the first half of the season led him to believe he had constructed a side capable of winning the league the following season . Napoli would begin the 2017–18 season in hot form , setting a team record for most consecutive league victories , with 8 . It also took the club until December to register a league defeat , while waiting three months for another , registering ten straight victories in the process . The club also regained the title of Campioni dInverno from the previous campaign . Napoli finished the 2017–18 Serie A season in second place , four points behind Juventus . On 23 May 2018 , Sarri was replaced as head coach by Carlo Ancelotti . Chelsea . On 14 July 2018 , Sarri was appointed head coach of Chelsea , replacing Antonio Conte who was sacked the day before . In his first competitive game on 5 August , the team lost the Community Shield 2–0 to Manchester City at Wembley Stadium . The following week , he recorded his first win as Chelsea manager in a 3–0 league win away to Huddersfield Town . Sarri became the first head coach or manager to remain undefeated throughout his first 12 Premier League fixtures , until 24 November , where they lost 3–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . During the 2019 EFL Cup Final against cup holders Manchester City , with the match at 0–0 and a penalty shootout imminent , Sarri called for goalkeeper Kepa Arrizabalaga to be substituted off for Willy Caballero ; formerly of City , and whose penalty saves won City the same competition in 2016 . However , Arrizabalaga refused to be substituted . An irate Sarri nearly stormed into the stadium tunnel , and was later held back by Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger from confronting the keeper . Chelsea went on to lose the shoot-out 3–4 . After the game , both Arrizabalaga and Sarri said that the situation was a misunderstanding , with Sarri believing that Arrizabalaga was too injured with a cramp to continue , but Arrizabalaga felt okay to continue . On 29 May , Sarri won his first major trophy as a manager after Chelsea beat Arsenal 4–1 in the 2019 UEFA Europa League Final in Baku . Chelsea managed to win the title undefeated throughout the entirety of the Europa League campaign . At the end of the 2018–19 season , Chelsea announced that Sarri was departing to become manager of Juventus , with the club statement also mentioning his desire to be closer to his elderly parents in Italy . Juventus . On 16 June 2019 , Juventus announced the signing of Sarri on a three-year contract . In August 2019 , he was treated for pneumonia ; he would miss the first two matches of the 2019–20 season over Parma and Napoli . Under Sarris management , Juventus participated in the 2019 Supercoppa Italiana on 22 December following their league title victory in the previous season , where they lost 1–3 against Lazio at the King Saud University Stadium in Riyadh . On 17 June 2020 , Juventus suffered a 4–2 penalty shoot defeat to Sarris former club Napoli in the Coppa Italia Final , following a 0–0 draw after regulation time . On 26 July , Juventus secured a ninth straight Serie A title with a 2–0 home win over Sampdoria . The result saw Sarri win his first major trophy in Italian football , also saw him become the oldest manager to win the Serie A at the age of , breaking the previous record set by Nils Liedholm with Roma in 1982–83 ( 60 years and 219 days ) . On 8 August 2020 , one day after Juventus were eliminated from the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League in the round of 16 by Lyon , Sarri was sacked by the club . Style of management . From a tactical standpoint , Sarri is known for his intelligence , attention to detail , and his meticulous approach as a manager when it comes to preparing matches during weekly training sessions . He often has his team prepare many different plays on set-pieces . One of the main trademarks of his highly organised system is a four-man back-line ; his teams usually play a high defensive line and adopt the offside trap and a zonal marking system , as he requires his defensive players to be synchronised in their movements , anticipate plays , and look at the ball as a point of reference , not their opponents . Other key elements of Sarris line-up are the presence of a deep-lying playmaker who dictates play in front of the back-line , such as Jorginho , and overlapping attacking full backs , in order to provide width to his team , as his players often attack from the flank , looking to play quick exchanges and make runs in behind into the box rather than deliver crosses into the area , however . As such , he favours dynamic wingers in his team , as well as defenders and goalkeepers who are comfortable on the ball , in order to help his team retain possession , and hard-working players who can implement his high pressing game . On the ball , Sarris teams are known for playing an attractive , exciting , and attacking-minded brand of football , based on retaining possession , movement off the ball , and many quick , short passes on the ground ; this style has come to be known as Sarri-ball or liquid football in the media , while LÉquipe has described it as vertical tiki-taka . The Italian encyclopaedia Treccani instead coined the term Sarrismo to describe the offensive and spectacular style of football that Sarris teams play . Sarris teams modern , innovative , and creative playing style , as well as their mentality , ability to move up the pitch quickly on counter-attacks and score many goals , has won praise from several pundits , players , and managers , including Pep Guardiola and Cesc Fàbregas ; in 2018 , former manager Arrigo Sacchi praised the style employed by Sarris Napoli side as the most important thing seen in Italy in the last 20 years . However , despite receiving plaudits for his tactical approach to the game , he also initially came under criticism from some in the sport for his failure to win a title as a manager , until leading Chelsea to victory in the Europa League in 2019 ; he has also been accused in the media of being stubborn and tactically inflexible at times . When defending off the ball , Sarris teams often employ an aggressive use of energetic pressing , tight lines , and pressure high up the pitch in order to win back the ball quickly . Throughout his coaching career , Sarri has adopted several formations , such as the 4–3–1–2 or the 4–2–3–1 , but he later came to be known for using a free-flowing , possession based 4–3–3 system during his time with Napoli . During the 2016–17 season , following the departure of Gonzalo Higuaín to rivals Juventus and an injury to the clubs main striker Arkadiusz Milik , Sarri frequently deployed Dries Mertens in a false nine role , seemingly positioned as a lone centre-forward , rather than as a left winger , where he had previously faced competition from Lorenzo Insigne for a starting role ; as a result of Sarris tactical change , Mertenss goalscoring output increased dramatically . Sarri received his coaching diploma in 2006 through the Technical Centre of Coverciano ; the title of his thesis was La preparazione settimanale della partita ( The weekly preparation of a match ) . One of his major influences as a coach is Arrigo Sacchi . Aside from his tactical prowess , Sarri is known for his outspokenness as a manager . He has also stood out for his attire ; unlike many other managers who wore suits in Italian football , he usually wore a tracksuit during matches . At Chelsea , he also adopted a more relaxed approach than his predecessor Antonio Conte when it came to his players diets and curfew before matches , which along with the changes in tactics to a more offensive-minded , possession game based on passing , helped create a more positive team environment ; Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger has praised Sarri for the changes he implemented at the team . Regarding his management style , Sarri commented in his first press conference with Chelsea : My goal is to have fun as long as I am here and be competitive in all competitions until the end . Ours is not a sport but a game , and anybody who plays a game starts doing that when theyre young . It is fun . The child in each of us must be nurtured because this often makes us the best . I think if a team has fun often , the fans do too . This is very important , and then there are the high-level objectives , but we must start by having fun . This is important for us and our fans . Personal life . Sarri is a smoker and in 2018 , Napolis UEFA Europa League opponents , RB Leipzig , built a special smoking section in the locker-room area of their stadium , Red Bull Arena , specifically for him . He often chews on cigarette butts while on the touch-line . In addition to his native Italian , Sarri also speaks English albeit with the help of an interpreter in some English interviews . Controversy . During the 2015–16 season , Sarri found himself embroiled in a heated exchange with Roberto Mancini , then head coach of Inter Milan , in the final minutes of a Coppa Italia match on 20 January 2016 , where Mancini accused Sarri of directing a homophobic slur at him . Sarri responded to the accusations by saying that he was not a homophobe , stating what happens on the field , stays on the field . Sarri was consequently fined €20,000 and banned for two Coppa Italia matches by Lega Serie A for directing extremely insulting epithets at the coach of the opposing team . In March 2018 , Sarri came under further criticism in the media when he was accused of making sexist comments when responding to female reporter Titti Improta of Canale 21 , who had asked him in a post-match interview if he thought that Napolis title challenge had been compromised ; he subsequently apologised , later also adding that he had been joking . When asked about these two incidents in his first press conference with Chelsea in 2018 , Sarri expressed regret regarding his behaviour , commenting : These were mistakes , that is for sure . I think that those who know me very well cannot define me in this way – not homophobic or sexist or racist , absolutely not . I am an extremely open person , and I do not have these kinds of problems , and I hope to show this when I work here and live here . Honours . Manager . Sansovino - Coppa Italia Serie D : 2002–03 Empoli - Serie B runner-up : 2013–14 Chelsea - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 Juventus - Serie A : 2019–20 - Coppa Italia runner-up : 2019–20 - Supercoppa Italiana runner-up : 2019 Individual - Panchina dArgento : 2013–14 - Panchina dOro : 2015–16 - Enzo Bearzot Award : 2017 - Serie A Coach of the Year : 2016–17 |
[
"Alessandria"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Maurizio Sarri from Jun 2010 to May 2011? | /wiki/Maurizio_Sarri#P6087#5 | Maurizio Sarri Maurizio Sarri ( ; born 10 January 1959 ) is an Italian professional football manager who most recently managed club Juventus . Sarri did not play football professionally , taking part as an amateur centre back and coach while working as a banker . In 2005 , he had his first Serie B job at Pescara . In 2014 , Sarri won promotion to Serie A with Empoli , and after preserving their place in the top flight he was hired by Napoli . He won several individual awards while managing the Naples-based club ; after finishing as league runners-up in 2017–18 , Sarri moved to English club Chelsea , where he won the UEFA Europa League in his only season with the club . He returned to Italy to coach Juventus in 2019 , with whom he went on to win the Serie A title in his first season , becoming the oldest manager to ever win the Serie A . Early life . Sarri was born in the Bagnoli district of Naples to workers at Italsider . He was raised in Castro ( province of Bergamo ) and then in Faella ( municipality of Castelfranco Piandiscò , in the province of Arezzo ) , where he divided his time as an amateur footballer and banker for Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena in Tuscany . His work as a banker saw him travel Europe , working in London , Zürich and Luxembourg . A centre back , He completed the Italian Liceo classico in Figline Valdarno , having David Ermini as his deskmate . Sarri played only at an amateur level , in Figlines local team , having failed trials with Torino and Fiorentina . At the age of 19 , Montevarchi was close to signing Sarri but Figline asked for a compensation of 50 million lire , and the deal eventually collapsed . He later refused a move to Pontedera , and subsequently retired with Figline after struggling with injuries . Sarri used to work in the bank in the morning , and trained and played in games in the afternoon and evening . In 1990 , aged 30 , he transitioned into coaching , following the same schedule he adhered to for his entire work life . After gaining employment with minor side Tegoleto , he decided to quit his job to devote himself exclusively to his coaching career . Managerial career . Early career . Sarris first club as manager was U.S.D . Stia 1925 , whom he started coaching in 1990 in Seconda Categoria . In the following year he was appointed manager of fellow league team U.S . Faellese , and took the club up to the Promozione . Sarri subsequently worked for U.S.D . Cavriglia and U.S . Antella , taking both sides to the Eccellenza . In 1998 he was named manager of fellow league team A.C . Valdema , but was fired the following January . He took over U.S.D . Tegoleto in the same division in September 1999 . In 2000 , Sarri signed for Sansovino in Eccellenza , and achieved promotion to Serie D with the side in his first season ; he would remain two further seasons in charge of the club , reaching the play-offs in his last season . His successes with Sansovino caused Serie C2 side Sangiovannese to sign him in 2003 , where he remained for two seasons and took the club to Serie C1 in his first campaign . On 18 June 2005 , Sarri resigned from Sangiovannese , and was appointed manager of Serie B side Pescara on 9 July . After avoiding relegation , he left the club on 30 June 2006 and was appointed at the helm of fellow second division side Arezzo on 1 November , in the place of the sacked Antonio Conte . On 13 March 2007 , he was relieved from his duties , and Conte returned to the post . On 18 July 2007 Sarri joined Avellino in the second tier , but resigned on 23 August after severe altercations with the clubs board . On 31 December he replaced fired Davide Pellegrini at the helm of Hellas Verona , but was himself sacked the following 28 February after winning only one point during his six matches in charge . On 23 September 2008 , Sarri was named Perugia manager in the place of Giovanni Pagliari . Sacked on 15 February of the following year , he only returned to coaching duties on 24 March 2010 with Grosseto . On 6 July of that year Sarri was appointed manager of Alessandria in Lega Pro Prima Divisione , and reached the promotion play-offs , being knocked out in the semifinals by Salernitana . Sarri resigned from Alessandria on 24 June 2011 , and on 6 July 2011 , he was appointed at the helm of Sorrento . He coached the club through the first months of the season until the mid-season break , playing an attractive , slick brand of attacking football . Despite the clubs being in sixth place , he was dismissed on 13 December . Empoli . On 25 June 2012 , Tuscan Serie B club Empoli hired Sarri as their new coach . In his first season , he led the club to fourth place and the playoff final , before losing to local rivals Livorno . The following season , Sarri guided Empoli to second place in the final table and direct promotion to Serie A after six years away . In the 2014–15 Serie A , Empoli avoided relegation by coming 15th . Napoli . On 11 June 2015 , Sarri left Empoli and signed for the club of his city of birth , Napoli , replacing Rafael Benítez , who left after missing out on a UEFA Champions League place . In his first season , Sarri brought in Elseid Hysaj , Pepe Reina , and Allan . The trio would go on to be first-team stalwarts for the following campaign , as Napoli finished runners-up to Juventus . Sarri extended his stay at the club until 2020 on 27 May 2016 . Two months later , Juventus would manage to sign Gonzalo Higuaín from Napoli for €90 million in the summer , who had managed to equal the record for most goals scored in a singular Serie A season , with 36 . However , Sarri vetoed the possibility of spending the money on a like-for-like replacement , instead , spending sparingly on weaker positions in the side to improve on depth , while tinkering with his squad to compensate for the loss of Higuaín . This was achieved through the positional change of Dries Mertens , originally a wide-forward , who was played more centrally the following season . This worked to great effect , as the Belgian netted 28 goals as the club finished third in 2017 , while Sarri was voted the leagues coach of the year , and received the Enzo Bearzot Award . Sarri , whose Napoli side had concluded the first half of the 2015–16 season Serie A in first place , gained the title Campioni dInverno ( Winter Champions ) for the first time in 26 years . Although Napoli ultimately ended the season in third place , the teams results in the first half of the season led him to believe he had constructed a side capable of winning the league the following season . Napoli would begin the 2017–18 season in hot form , setting a team record for most consecutive league victories , with 8 . It also took the club until December to register a league defeat , while waiting three months for another , registering ten straight victories in the process . The club also regained the title of Campioni dInverno from the previous campaign . Napoli finished the 2017–18 Serie A season in second place , four points behind Juventus . On 23 May 2018 , Sarri was replaced as head coach by Carlo Ancelotti . Chelsea . On 14 July 2018 , Sarri was appointed head coach of Chelsea , replacing Antonio Conte who was sacked the day before . In his first competitive game on 5 August , the team lost the Community Shield 2–0 to Manchester City at Wembley Stadium . The following week , he recorded his first win as Chelsea manager in a 3–0 league win away to Huddersfield Town . Sarri became the first head coach or manager to remain undefeated throughout his first 12 Premier League fixtures , until 24 November , where they lost 3–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . During the 2019 EFL Cup Final against cup holders Manchester City , with the match at 0–0 and a penalty shootout imminent , Sarri called for goalkeeper Kepa Arrizabalaga to be substituted off for Willy Caballero ; formerly of City , and whose penalty saves won City the same competition in 2016 . However , Arrizabalaga refused to be substituted . An irate Sarri nearly stormed into the stadium tunnel , and was later held back by Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger from confronting the keeper . Chelsea went on to lose the shoot-out 3–4 . After the game , both Arrizabalaga and Sarri said that the situation was a misunderstanding , with Sarri believing that Arrizabalaga was too injured with a cramp to continue , but Arrizabalaga felt okay to continue . On 29 May , Sarri won his first major trophy as a manager after Chelsea beat Arsenal 4–1 in the 2019 UEFA Europa League Final in Baku . Chelsea managed to win the title undefeated throughout the entirety of the Europa League campaign . At the end of the 2018–19 season , Chelsea announced that Sarri was departing to become manager of Juventus , with the club statement also mentioning his desire to be closer to his elderly parents in Italy . Juventus . On 16 June 2019 , Juventus announced the signing of Sarri on a three-year contract . In August 2019 , he was treated for pneumonia ; he would miss the first two matches of the 2019–20 season over Parma and Napoli . Under Sarris management , Juventus participated in the 2019 Supercoppa Italiana on 22 December following their league title victory in the previous season , where they lost 1–3 against Lazio at the King Saud University Stadium in Riyadh . On 17 June 2020 , Juventus suffered a 4–2 penalty shoot defeat to Sarris former club Napoli in the Coppa Italia Final , following a 0–0 draw after regulation time . On 26 July , Juventus secured a ninth straight Serie A title with a 2–0 home win over Sampdoria . The result saw Sarri win his first major trophy in Italian football , also saw him become the oldest manager to win the Serie A at the age of , breaking the previous record set by Nils Liedholm with Roma in 1982–83 ( 60 years and 219 days ) . On 8 August 2020 , one day after Juventus were eliminated from the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League in the round of 16 by Lyon , Sarri was sacked by the club . Style of management . From a tactical standpoint , Sarri is known for his intelligence , attention to detail , and his meticulous approach as a manager when it comes to preparing matches during weekly training sessions . He often has his team prepare many different plays on set-pieces . One of the main trademarks of his highly organised system is a four-man back-line ; his teams usually play a high defensive line and adopt the offside trap and a zonal marking system , as he requires his defensive players to be synchronised in their movements , anticipate plays , and look at the ball as a point of reference , not their opponents . Other key elements of Sarris line-up are the presence of a deep-lying playmaker who dictates play in front of the back-line , such as Jorginho , and overlapping attacking full backs , in order to provide width to his team , as his players often attack from the flank , looking to play quick exchanges and make runs in behind into the box rather than deliver crosses into the area , however . As such , he favours dynamic wingers in his team , as well as defenders and goalkeepers who are comfortable on the ball , in order to help his team retain possession , and hard-working players who can implement his high pressing game . On the ball , Sarris teams are known for playing an attractive , exciting , and attacking-minded brand of football , based on retaining possession , movement off the ball , and many quick , short passes on the ground ; this style has come to be known as Sarri-ball or liquid football in the media , while LÉquipe has described it as vertical tiki-taka . The Italian encyclopaedia Treccani instead coined the term Sarrismo to describe the offensive and spectacular style of football that Sarris teams play . Sarris teams modern , innovative , and creative playing style , as well as their mentality , ability to move up the pitch quickly on counter-attacks and score many goals , has won praise from several pundits , players , and managers , including Pep Guardiola and Cesc Fàbregas ; in 2018 , former manager Arrigo Sacchi praised the style employed by Sarris Napoli side as the most important thing seen in Italy in the last 20 years . However , despite receiving plaudits for his tactical approach to the game , he also initially came under criticism from some in the sport for his failure to win a title as a manager , until leading Chelsea to victory in the Europa League in 2019 ; he has also been accused in the media of being stubborn and tactically inflexible at times . When defending off the ball , Sarris teams often employ an aggressive use of energetic pressing , tight lines , and pressure high up the pitch in order to win back the ball quickly . Throughout his coaching career , Sarri has adopted several formations , such as the 4–3–1–2 or the 4–2–3–1 , but he later came to be known for using a free-flowing , possession based 4–3–3 system during his time with Napoli . During the 2016–17 season , following the departure of Gonzalo Higuaín to rivals Juventus and an injury to the clubs main striker Arkadiusz Milik , Sarri frequently deployed Dries Mertens in a false nine role , seemingly positioned as a lone centre-forward , rather than as a left winger , where he had previously faced competition from Lorenzo Insigne for a starting role ; as a result of Sarris tactical change , Mertenss goalscoring output increased dramatically . Sarri received his coaching diploma in 2006 through the Technical Centre of Coverciano ; the title of his thesis was La preparazione settimanale della partita ( The weekly preparation of a match ) . One of his major influences as a coach is Arrigo Sacchi . Aside from his tactical prowess , Sarri is known for his outspokenness as a manager . He has also stood out for his attire ; unlike many other managers who wore suits in Italian football , he usually wore a tracksuit during matches . At Chelsea , he also adopted a more relaxed approach than his predecessor Antonio Conte when it came to his players diets and curfew before matches , which along with the changes in tactics to a more offensive-minded , possession game based on passing , helped create a more positive team environment ; Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger has praised Sarri for the changes he implemented at the team . Regarding his management style , Sarri commented in his first press conference with Chelsea : My goal is to have fun as long as I am here and be competitive in all competitions until the end . Ours is not a sport but a game , and anybody who plays a game starts doing that when theyre young . It is fun . The child in each of us must be nurtured because this often makes us the best . I think if a team has fun often , the fans do too . This is very important , and then there are the high-level objectives , but we must start by having fun . This is important for us and our fans . Personal life . Sarri is a smoker and in 2018 , Napolis UEFA Europa League opponents , RB Leipzig , built a special smoking section in the locker-room area of their stadium , Red Bull Arena , specifically for him . He often chews on cigarette butts while on the touch-line . In addition to his native Italian , Sarri also speaks English albeit with the help of an interpreter in some English interviews . Controversy . During the 2015–16 season , Sarri found himself embroiled in a heated exchange with Roberto Mancini , then head coach of Inter Milan , in the final minutes of a Coppa Italia match on 20 January 2016 , where Mancini accused Sarri of directing a homophobic slur at him . Sarri responded to the accusations by saying that he was not a homophobe , stating what happens on the field , stays on the field . Sarri was consequently fined €20,000 and banned for two Coppa Italia matches by Lega Serie A for directing extremely insulting epithets at the coach of the opposing team . In March 2018 , Sarri came under further criticism in the media when he was accused of making sexist comments when responding to female reporter Titti Improta of Canale 21 , who had asked him in a post-match interview if he thought that Napolis title challenge had been compromised ; he subsequently apologised , later also adding that he had been joking . When asked about these two incidents in his first press conference with Chelsea in 2018 , Sarri expressed regret regarding his behaviour , commenting : These were mistakes , that is for sure . I think that those who know me very well cannot define me in this way – not homophobic or sexist or racist , absolutely not . I am an extremely open person , and I do not have these kinds of problems , and I hope to show this when I work here and live here . Honours . Manager . Sansovino - Coppa Italia Serie D : 2002–03 Empoli - Serie B runner-up : 2013–14 Chelsea - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 Juventus - Serie A : 2019–20 - Coppa Italia runner-up : 2019–20 - Supercoppa Italiana runner-up : 2019 Individual - Panchina dArgento : 2013–14 - Panchina dOro : 2015–16 - Enzo Bearzot Award : 2017 - Serie A Coach of the Year : 2016–17 |
[
"Sorrento"
] | easy | Maurizio Sarri was the coach of which team from Jun 2011 to Nov 2011? | /wiki/Maurizio_Sarri#P6087#6 | Maurizio Sarri Maurizio Sarri ( ; born 10 January 1959 ) is an Italian professional football manager who most recently managed club Juventus . Sarri did not play football professionally , taking part as an amateur centre back and coach while working as a banker . In 2005 , he had his first Serie B job at Pescara . In 2014 , Sarri won promotion to Serie A with Empoli , and after preserving their place in the top flight he was hired by Napoli . He won several individual awards while managing the Naples-based club ; after finishing as league runners-up in 2017–18 , Sarri moved to English club Chelsea , where he won the UEFA Europa League in his only season with the club . He returned to Italy to coach Juventus in 2019 , with whom he went on to win the Serie A title in his first season , becoming the oldest manager to ever win the Serie A . Early life . Sarri was born in the Bagnoli district of Naples to workers at Italsider . He was raised in Castro ( province of Bergamo ) and then in Faella ( municipality of Castelfranco Piandiscò , in the province of Arezzo ) , where he divided his time as an amateur footballer and banker for Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena in Tuscany . His work as a banker saw him travel Europe , working in London , Zürich and Luxembourg . A centre back , He completed the Italian Liceo classico in Figline Valdarno , having David Ermini as his deskmate . Sarri played only at an amateur level , in Figlines local team , having failed trials with Torino and Fiorentina . At the age of 19 , Montevarchi was close to signing Sarri but Figline asked for a compensation of 50 million lire , and the deal eventually collapsed . He later refused a move to Pontedera , and subsequently retired with Figline after struggling with injuries . Sarri used to work in the bank in the morning , and trained and played in games in the afternoon and evening . In 1990 , aged 30 , he transitioned into coaching , following the same schedule he adhered to for his entire work life . After gaining employment with minor side Tegoleto , he decided to quit his job to devote himself exclusively to his coaching career . Managerial career . Early career . Sarris first club as manager was U.S.D . Stia 1925 , whom he started coaching in 1990 in Seconda Categoria . In the following year he was appointed manager of fellow league team U.S . Faellese , and took the club up to the Promozione . Sarri subsequently worked for U.S.D . Cavriglia and U.S . Antella , taking both sides to the Eccellenza . In 1998 he was named manager of fellow league team A.C . Valdema , but was fired the following January . He took over U.S.D . Tegoleto in the same division in September 1999 . In 2000 , Sarri signed for Sansovino in Eccellenza , and achieved promotion to Serie D with the side in his first season ; he would remain two further seasons in charge of the club , reaching the play-offs in his last season . His successes with Sansovino caused Serie C2 side Sangiovannese to sign him in 2003 , where he remained for two seasons and took the club to Serie C1 in his first campaign . On 18 June 2005 , Sarri resigned from Sangiovannese , and was appointed manager of Serie B side Pescara on 9 July . After avoiding relegation , he left the club on 30 June 2006 and was appointed at the helm of fellow second division side Arezzo on 1 November , in the place of the sacked Antonio Conte . On 13 March 2007 , he was relieved from his duties , and Conte returned to the post . On 18 July 2007 Sarri joined Avellino in the second tier , but resigned on 23 August after severe altercations with the clubs board . On 31 December he replaced fired Davide Pellegrini at the helm of Hellas Verona , but was himself sacked the following 28 February after winning only one point during his six matches in charge . On 23 September 2008 , Sarri was named Perugia manager in the place of Giovanni Pagliari . Sacked on 15 February of the following year , he only returned to coaching duties on 24 March 2010 with Grosseto . On 6 July of that year Sarri was appointed manager of Alessandria in Lega Pro Prima Divisione , and reached the promotion play-offs , being knocked out in the semifinals by Salernitana . Sarri resigned from Alessandria on 24 June 2011 , and on 6 July 2011 , he was appointed at the helm of Sorrento . He coached the club through the first months of the season until the mid-season break , playing an attractive , slick brand of attacking football . Despite the clubs being in sixth place , he was dismissed on 13 December . Empoli . On 25 June 2012 , Tuscan Serie B club Empoli hired Sarri as their new coach . In his first season , he led the club to fourth place and the playoff final , before losing to local rivals Livorno . The following season , Sarri guided Empoli to second place in the final table and direct promotion to Serie A after six years away . In the 2014–15 Serie A , Empoli avoided relegation by coming 15th . Napoli . On 11 June 2015 , Sarri left Empoli and signed for the club of his city of birth , Napoli , replacing Rafael Benítez , who left after missing out on a UEFA Champions League place . In his first season , Sarri brought in Elseid Hysaj , Pepe Reina , and Allan . The trio would go on to be first-team stalwarts for the following campaign , as Napoli finished runners-up to Juventus . Sarri extended his stay at the club until 2020 on 27 May 2016 . Two months later , Juventus would manage to sign Gonzalo Higuaín from Napoli for €90 million in the summer , who had managed to equal the record for most goals scored in a singular Serie A season , with 36 . However , Sarri vetoed the possibility of spending the money on a like-for-like replacement , instead , spending sparingly on weaker positions in the side to improve on depth , while tinkering with his squad to compensate for the loss of Higuaín . This was achieved through the positional change of Dries Mertens , originally a wide-forward , who was played more centrally the following season . This worked to great effect , as the Belgian netted 28 goals as the club finished third in 2017 , while Sarri was voted the leagues coach of the year , and received the Enzo Bearzot Award . Sarri , whose Napoli side had concluded the first half of the 2015–16 season Serie A in first place , gained the title Campioni dInverno ( Winter Champions ) for the first time in 26 years . Although Napoli ultimately ended the season in third place , the teams results in the first half of the season led him to believe he had constructed a side capable of winning the league the following season . Napoli would begin the 2017–18 season in hot form , setting a team record for most consecutive league victories , with 8 . It also took the club until December to register a league defeat , while waiting three months for another , registering ten straight victories in the process . The club also regained the title of Campioni dInverno from the previous campaign . Napoli finished the 2017–18 Serie A season in second place , four points behind Juventus . On 23 May 2018 , Sarri was replaced as head coach by Carlo Ancelotti . Chelsea . On 14 July 2018 , Sarri was appointed head coach of Chelsea , replacing Antonio Conte who was sacked the day before . In his first competitive game on 5 August , the team lost the Community Shield 2–0 to Manchester City at Wembley Stadium . The following week , he recorded his first win as Chelsea manager in a 3–0 league win away to Huddersfield Town . Sarri became the first head coach or manager to remain undefeated throughout his first 12 Premier League fixtures , until 24 November , where they lost 3–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . During the 2019 EFL Cup Final against cup holders Manchester City , with the match at 0–0 and a penalty shootout imminent , Sarri called for goalkeeper Kepa Arrizabalaga to be substituted off for Willy Caballero ; formerly of City , and whose penalty saves won City the same competition in 2016 . However , Arrizabalaga refused to be substituted . An irate Sarri nearly stormed into the stadium tunnel , and was later held back by Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger from confronting the keeper . Chelsea went on to lose the shoot-out 3–4 . After the game , both Arrizabalaga and Sarri said that the situation was a misunderstanding , with Sarri believing that Arrizabalaga was too injured with a cramp to continue , but Arrizabalaga felt okay to continue . On 29 May , Sarri won his first major trophy as a manager after Chelsea beat Arsenal 4–1 in the 2019 UEFA Europa League Final in Baku . Chelsea managed to win the title undefeated throughout the entirety of the Europa League campaign . At the end of the 2018–19 season , Chelsea announced that Sarri was departing to become manager of Juventus , with the club statement also mentioning his desire to be closer to his elderly parents in Italy . Juventus . On 16 June 2019 , Juventus announced the signing of Sarri on a three-year contract . In August 2019 , he was treated for pneumonia ; he would miss the first two matches of the 2019–20 season over Parma and Napoli . Under Sarris management , Juventus participated in the 2019 Supercoppa Italiana on 22 December following their league title victory in the previous season , where they lost 1–3 against Lazio at the King Saud University Stadium in Riyadh . On 17 June 2020 , Juventus suffered a 4–2 penalty shoot defeat to Sarris former club Napoli in the Coppa Italia Final , following a 0–0 draw after regulation time . On 26 July , Juventus secured a ninth straight Serie A title with a 2–0 home win over Sampdoria . The result saw Sarri win his first major trophy in Italian football , also saw him become the oldest manager to win the Serie A at the age of , breaking the previous record set by Nils Liedholm with Roma in 1982–83 ( 60 years and 219 days ) . On 8 August 2020 , one day after Juventus were eliminated from the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League in the round of 16 by Lyon , Sarri was sacked by the club . Style of management . From a tactical standpoint , Sarri is known for his intelligence , attention to detail , and his meticulous approach as a manager when it comes to preparing matches during weekly training sessions . He often has his team prepare many different plays on set-pieces . One of the main trademarks of his highly organised system is a four-man back-line ; his teams usually play a high defensive line and adopt the offside trap and a zonal marking system , as he requires his defensive players to be synchronised in their movements , anticipate plays , and look at the ball as a point of reference , not their opponents . Other key elements of Sarris line-up are the presence of a deep-lying playmaker who dictates play in front of the back-line , such as Jorginho , and overlapping attacking full backs , in order to provide width to his team , as his players often attack from the flank , looking to play quick exchanges and make runs in behind into the box rather than deliver crosses into the area , however . As such , he favours dynamic wingers in his team , as well as defenders and goalkeepers who are comfortable on the ball , in order to help his team retain possession , and hard-working players who can implement his high pressing game . On the ball , Sarris teams are known for playing an attractive , exciting , and attacking-minded brand of football , based on retaining possession , movement off the ball , and many quick , short passes on the ground ; this style has come to be known as Sarri-ball or liquid football in the media , while LÉquipe has described it as vertical tiki-taka . The Italian encyclopaedia Treccani instead coined the term Sarrismo to describe the offensive and spectacular style of football that Sarris teams play . Sarris teams modern , innovative , and creative playing style , as well as their mentality , ability to move up the pitch quickly on counter-attacks and score many goals , has won praise from several pundits , players , and managers , including Pep Guardiola and Cesc Fàbregas ; in 2018 , former manager Arrigo Sacchi praised the style employed by Sarris Napoli side as the most important thing seen in Italy in the last 20 years . However , despite receiving plaudits for his tactical approach to the game , he also initially came under criticism from some in the sport for his failure to win a title as a manager , until leading Chelsea to victory in the Europa League in 2019 ; he has also been accused in the media of being stubborn and tactically inflexible at times . When defending off the ball , Sarris teams often employ an aggressive use of energetic pressing , tight lines , and pressure high up the pitch in order to win back the ball quickly . Throughout his coaching career , Sarri has adopted several formations , such as the 4–3–1–2 or the 4–2–3–1 , but he later came to be known for using a free-flowing , possession based 4–3–3 system during his time with Napoli . During the 2016–17 season , following the departure of Gonzalo Higuaín to rivals Juventus and an injury to the clubs main striker Arkadiusz Milik , Sarri frequently deployed Dries Mertens in a false nine role , seemingly positioned as a lone centre-forward , rather than as a left winger , where he had previously faced competition from Lorenzo Insigne for a starting role ; as a result of Sarris tactical change , Mertenss goalscoring output increased dramatically . Sarri received his coaching diploma in 2006 through the Technical Centre of Coverciano ; the title of his thesis was La preparazione settimanale della partita ( The weekly preparation of a match ) . One of his major influences as a coach is Arrigo Sacchi . Aside from his tactical prowess , Sarri is known for his outspokenness as a manager . He has also stood out for his attire ; unlike many other managers who wore suits in Italian football , he usually wore a tracksuit during matches . At Chelsea , he also adopted a more relaxed approach than his predecessor Antonio Conte when it came to his players diets and curfew before matches , which along with the changes in tactics to a more offensive-minded , possession game based on passing , helped create a more positive team environment ; Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger has praised Sarri for the changes he implemented at the team . Regarding his management style , Sarri commented in his first press conference with Chelsea : My goal is to have fun as long as I am here and be competitive in all competitions until the end . Ours is not a sport but a game , and anybody who plays a game starts doing that when theyre young . It is fun . The child in each of us must be nurtured because this often makes us the best . I think if a team has fun often , the fans do too . This is very important , and then there are the high-level objectives , but we must start by having fun . This is important for us and our fans . Personal life . Sarri is a smoker and in 2018 , Napolis UEFA Europa League opponents , RB Leipzig , built a special smoking section in the locker-room area of their stadium , Red Bull Arena , specifically for him . He often chews on cigarette butts while on the touch-line . In addition to his native Italian , Sarri also speaks English albeit with the help of an interpreter in some English interviews . Controversy . During the 2015–16 season , Sarri found himself embroiled in a heated exchange with Roberto Mancini , then head coach of Inter Milan , in the final minutes of a Coppa Italia match on 20 January 2016 , where Mancini accused Sarri of directing a homophobic slur at him . Sarri responded to the accusations by saying that he was not a homophobe , stating what happens on the field , stays on the field . Sarri was consequently fined €20,000 and banned for two Coppa Italia matches by Lega Serie A for directing extremely insulting epithets at the coach of the opposing team . In March 2018 , Sarri came under further criticism in the media when he was accused of making sexist comments when responding to female reporter Titti Improta of Canale 21 , who had asked him in a post-match interview if he thought that Napolis title challenge had been compromised ; he subsequently apologised , later also adding that he had been joking . When asked about these two incidents in his first press conference with Chelsea in 2018 , Sarri expressed regret regarding his behaviour , commenting : These were mistakes , that is for sure . I think that those who know me very well cannot define me in this way – not homophobic or sexist or racist , absolutely not . I am an extremely open person , and I do not have these kinds of problems , and I hope to show this when I work here and live here . Honours . Manager . Sansovino - Coppa Italia Serie D : 2002–03 Empoli - Serie B runner-up : 2013–14 Chelsea - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 Juventus - Serie A : 2019–20 - Coppa Italia runner-up : 2019–20 - Supercoppa Italiana runner-up : 2019 Individual - Panchina dArgento : 2013–14 - Panchina dOro : 2015–16 - Enzo Bearzot Award : 2017 - Serie A Coach of the Year : 2016–17 |
[
"Empoli"
] | easy | Which team was coached by Maurizio Sarri from May 2012 to May 2015? | /wiki/Maurizio_Sarri#P6087#7 | Maurizio Sarri Maurizio Sarri ( ; born 10 January 1959 ) is an Italian professional football manager who most recently managed club Juventus . Sarri did not play football professionally , taking part as an amateur centre back and coach while working as a banker . In 2005 , he had his first Serie B job at Pescara . In 2014 , Sarri won promotion to Serie A with Empoli , and after preserving their place in the top flight he was hired by Napoli . He won several individual awards while managing the Naples-based club ; after finishing as league runners-up in 2017–18 , Sarri moved to English club Chelsea , where he won the UEFA Europa League in his only season with the club . He returned to Italy to coach Juventus in 2019 , with whom he went on to win the Serie A title in his first season , becoming the oldest manager to ever win the Serie A . Early life . Sarri was born in the Bagnoli district of Naples to workers at Italsider . He was raised in Castro ( province of Bergamo ) and then in Faella ( municipality of Castelfranco Piandiscò , in the province of Arezzo ) , where he divided his time as an amateur footballer and banker for Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena in Tuscany . His work as a banker saw him travel Europe , working in London , Zürich and Luxembourg . A centre back , He completed the Italian Liceo classico in Figline Valdarno , having David Ermini as his deskmate . Sarri played only at an amateur level , in Figlines local team , having failed trials with Torino and Fiorentina . At the age of 19 , Montevarchi was close to signing Sarri but Figline asked for a compensation of 50 million lire , and the deal eventually collapsed . He later refused a move to Pontedera , and subsequently retired with Figline after struggling with injuries . Sarri used to work in the bank in the morning , and trained and played in games in the afternoon and evening . In 1990 , aged 30 , he transitioned into coaching , following the same schedule he adhered to for his entire work life . After gaining employment with minor side Tegoleto , he decided to quit his job to devote himself exclusively to his coaching career . Managerial career . Early career . Sarris first club as manager was U.S.D . Stia 1925 , whom he started coaching in 1990 in Seconda Categoria . In the following year he was appointed manager of fellow league team U.S . Faellese , and took the club up to the Promozione . Sarri subsequently worked for U.S.D . Cavriglia and U.S . Antella , taking both sides to the Eccellenza . In 1998 he was named manager of fellow league team A.C . Valdema , but was fired the following January . He took over U.S.D . Tegoleto in the same division in September 1999 . In 2000 , Sarri signed for Sansovino in Eccellenza , and achieved promotion to Serie D with the side in his first season ; he would remain two further seasons in charge of the club , reaching the play-offs in his last season . His successes with Sansovino caused Serie C2 side Sangiovannese to sign him in 2003 , where he remained for two seasons and took the club to Serie C1 in his first campaign . On 18 June 2005 , Sarri resigned from Sangiovannese , and was appointed manager of Serie B side Pescara on 9 July . After avoiding relegation , he left the club on 30 June 2006 and was appointed at the helm of fellow second division side Arezzo on 1 November , in the place of the sacked Antonio Conte . On 13 March 2007 , he was relieved from his duties , and Conte returned to the post . On 18 July 2007 Sarri joined Avellino in the second tier , but resigned on 23 August after severe altercations with the clubs board . On 31 December he replaced fired Davide Pellegrini at the helm of Hellas Verona , but was himself sacked the following 28 February after winning only one point during his six matches in charge . On 23 September 2008 , Sarri was named Perugia manager in the place of Giovanni Pagliari . Sacked on 15 February of the following year , he only returned to coaching duties on 24 March 2010 with Grosseto . On 6 July of that year Sarri was appointed manager of Alessandria in Lega Pro Prima Divisione , and reached the promotion play-offs , being knocked out in the semifinals by Salernitana . Sarri resigned from Alessandria on 24 June 2011 , and on 6 July 2011 , he was appointed at the helm of Sorrento . He coached the club through the first months of the season until the mid-season break , playing an attractive , slick brand of attacking football . Despite the clubs being in sixth place , he was dismissed on 13 December . Empoli . On 25 June 2012 , Tuscan Serie B club Empoli hired Sarri as their new coach . In his first season , he led the club to fourth place and the playoff final , before losing to local rivals Livorno . The following season , Sarri guided Empoli to second place in the final table and direct promotion to Serie A after six years away . In the 2014–15 Serie A , Empoli avoided relegation by coming 15th . Napoli . On 11 June 2015 , Sarri left Empoli and signed for the club of his city of birth , Napoli , replacing Rafael Benítez , who left after missing out on a UEFA Champions League place . In his first season , Sarri brought in Elseid Hysaj , Pepe Reina , and Allan . The trio would go on to be first-team stalwarts for the following campaign , as Napoli finished runners-up to Juventus . Sarri extended his stay at the club until 2020 on 27 May 2016 . Two months later , Juventus would manage to sign Gonzalo Higuaín from Napoli for €90 million in the summer , who had managed to equal the record for most goals scored in a singular Serie A season , with 36 . However , Sarri vetoed the possibility of spending the money on a like-for-like replacement , instead , spending sparingly on weaker positions in the side to improve on depth , while tinkering with his squad to compensate for the loss of Higuaín . This was achieved through the positional change of Dries Mertens , originally a wide-forward , who was played more centrally the following season . This worked to great effect , as the Belgian netted 28 goals as the club finished third in 2017 , while Sarri was voted the leagues coach of the year , and received the Enzo Bearzot Award . Sarri , whose Napoli side had concluded the first half of the 2015–16 season Serie A in first place , gained the title Campioni dInverno ( Winter Champions ) for the first time in 26 years . Although Napoli ultimately ended the season in third place , the teams results in the first half of the season led him to believe he had constructed a side capable of winning the league the following season . Napoli would begin the 2017–18 season in hot form , setting a team record for most consecutive league victories , with 8 . It also took the club until December to register a league defeat , while waiting three months for another , registering ten straight victories in the process . The club also regained the title of Campioni dInverno from the previous campaign . Napoli finished the 2017–18 Serie A season in second place , four points behind Juventus . On 23 May 2018 , Sarri was replaced as head coach by Carlo Ancelotti . Chelsea . On 14 July 2018 , Sarri was appointed head coach of Chelsea , replacing Antonio Conte who was sacked the day before . In his first competitive game on 5 August , the team lost the Community Shield 2–0 to Manchester City at Wembley Stadium . The following week , he recorded his first win as Chelsea manager in a 3–0 league win away to Huddersfield Town . Sarri became the first head coach or manager to remain undefeated throughout his first 12 Premier League fixtures , until 24 November , where they lost 3–1 to Tottenham Hotspur . During the 2019 EFL Cup Final against cup holders Manchester City , with the match at 0–0 and a penalty shootout imminent , Sarri called for goalkeeper Kepa Arrizabalaga to be substituted off for Willy Caballero ; formerly of City , and whose penalty saves won City the same competition in 2016 . However , Arrizabalaga refused to be substituted . An irate Sarri nearly stormed into the stadium tunnel , and was later held back by Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger from confronting the keeper . Chelsea went on to lose the shoot-out 3–4 . After the game , both Arrizabalaga and Sarri said that the situation was a misunderstanding , with Sarri believing that Arrizabalaga was too injured with a cramp to continue , but Arrizabalaga felt okay to continue . On 29 May , Sarri won his first major trophy as a manager after Chelsea beat Arsenal 4–1 in the 2019 UEFA Europa League Final in Baku . Chelsea managed to win the title undefeated throughout the entirety of the Europa League campaign . At the end of the 2018–19 season , Chelsea announced that Sarri was departing to become manager of Juventus , with the club statement also mentioning his desire to be closer to his elderly parents in Italy . Juventus . On 16 June 2019 , Juventus announced the signing of Sarri on a three-year contract . In August 2019 , he was treated for pneumonia ; he would miss the first two matches of the 2019–20 season over Parma and Napoli . Under Sarris management , Juventus participated in the 2019 Supercoppa Italiana on 22 December following their league title victory in the previous season , where they lost 1–3 against Lazio at the King Saud University Stadium in Riyadh . On 17 June 2020 , Juventus suffered a 4–2 penalty shoot defeat to Sarris former club Napoli in the Coppa Italia Final , following a 0–0 draw after regulation time . On 26 July , Juventus secured a ninth straight Serie A title with a 2–0 home win over Sampdoria . The result saw Sarri win his first major trophy in Italian football , also saw him become the oldest manager to win the Serie A at the age of , breaking the previous record set by Nils Liedholm with Roma in 1982–83 ( 60 years and 219 days ) . On 8 August 2020 , one day after Juventus were eliminated from the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League in the round of 16 by Lyon , Sarri was sacked by the club . Style of management . From a tactical standpoint , Sarri is known for his intelligence , attention to detail , and his meticulous approach as a manager when it comes to preparing matches during weekly training sessions . He often has his team prepare many different plays on set-pieces . One of the main trademarks of his highly organised system is a four-man back-line ; his teams usually play a high defensive line and adopt the offside trap and a zonal marking system , as he requires his defensive players to be synchronised in their movements , anticipate plays , and look at the ball as a point of reference , not their opponents . Other key elements of Sarris line-up are the presence of a deep-lying playmaker who dictates play in front of the back-line , such as Jorginho , and overlapping attacking full backs , in order to provide width to his team , as his players often attack from the flank , looking to play quick exchanges and make runs in behind into the box rather than deliver crosses into the area , however . As such , he favours dynamic wingers in his team , as well as defenders and goalkeepers who are comfortable on the ball , in order to help his team retain possession , and hard-working players who can implement his high pressing game . On the ball , Sarris teams are known for playing an attractive , exciting , and attacking-minded brand of football , based on retaining possession , movement off the ball , and many quick , short passes on the ground ; this style has come to be known as Sarri-ball or liquid football in the media , while LÉquipe has described it as vertical tiki-taka . The Italian encyclopaedia Treccani instead coined the term Sarrismo to describe the offensive and spectacular style of football that Sarris teams play . Sarris teams modern , innovative , and creative playing style , as well as their mentality , ability to move up the pitch quickly on counter-attacks and score many goals , has won praise from several pundits , players , and managers , including Pep Guardiola and Cesc Fàbregas ; in 2018 , former manager Arrigo Sacchi praised the style employed by Sarris Napoli side as the most important thing seen in Italy in the last 20 years . However , despite receiving plaudits for his tactical approach to the game , he also initially came under criticism from some in the sport for his failure to win a title as a manager , until leading Chelsea to victory in the Europa League in 2019 ; he has also been accused in the media of being stubborn and tactically inflexible at times . When defending off the ball , Sarris teams often employ an aggressive use of energetic pressing , tight lines , and pressure high up the pitch in order to win back the ball quickly . Throughout his coaching career , Sarri has adopted several formations , such as the 4–3–1–2 or the 4–2–3–1 , but he later came to be known for using a free-flowing , possession based 4–3–3 system during his time with Napoli . During the 2016–17 season , following the departure of Gonzalo Higuaín to rivals Juventus and an injury to the clubs main striker Arkadiusz Milik , Sarri frequently deployed Dries Mertens in a false nine role , seemingly positioned as a lone centre-forward , rather than as a left winger , where he had previously faced competition from Lorenzo Insigne for a starting role ; as a result of Sarris tactical change , Mertenss goalscoring output increased dramatically . Sarri received his coaching diploma in 2006 through the Technical Centre of Coverciano ; the title of his thesis was La preparazione settimanale della partita ( The weekly preparation of a match ) . One of his major influences as a coach is Arrigo Sacchi . Aside from his tactical prowess , Sarri is known for his outspokenness as a manager . He has also stood out for his attire ; unlike many other managers who wore suits in Italian football , he usually wore a tracksuit during matches . At Chelsea , he also adopted a more relaxed approach than his predecessor Antonio Conte when it came to his players diets and curfew before matches , which along with the changes in tactics to a more offensive-minded , possession game based on passing , helped create a more positive team environment ; Chelsea defender Antonio Rüdiger has praised Sarri for the changes he implemented at the team . Regarding his management style , Sarri commented in his first press conference with Chelsea : My goal is to have fun as long as I am here and be competitive in all competitions until the end . Ours is not a sport but a game , and anybody who plays a game starts doing that when theyre young . It is fun . The child in each of us must be nurtured because this often makes us the best . I think if a team has fun often , the fans do too . This is very important , and then there are the high-level objectives , but we must start by having fun . This is important for us and our fans . Personal life . Sarri is a smoker and in 2018 , Napolis UEFA Europa League opponents , RB Leipzig , built a special smoking section in the locker-room area of their stadium , Red Bull Arena , specifically for him . He often chews on cigarette butts while on the touch-line . In addition to his native Italian , Sarri also speaks English albeit with the help of an interpreter in some English interviews . Controversy . During the 2015–16 season , Sarri found himself embroiled in a heated exchange with Roberto Mancini , then head coach of Inter Milan , in the final minutes of a Coppa Italia match on 20 January 2016 , where Mancini accused Sarri of directing a homophobic slur at him . Sarri responded to the accusations by saying that he was not a homophobe , stating what happens on the field , stays on the field . Sarri was consequently fined €20,000 and banned for two Coppa Italia matches by Lega Serie A for directing extremely insulting epithets at the coach of the opposing team . In March 2018 , Sarri came under further criticism in the media when he was accused of making sexist comments when responding to female reporter Titti Improta of Canale 21 , who had asked him in a post-match interview if he thought that Napolis title challenge had been compromised ; he subsequently apologised , later also adding that he had been joking . When asked about these two incidents in his first press conference with Chelsea in 2018 , Sarri expressed regret regarding his behaviour , commenting : These were mistakes , that is for sure . I think that those who know me very well cannot define me in this way – not homophobic or sexist or racist , absolutely not . I am an extremely open person , and I do not have these kinds of problems , and I hope to show this when I work here and live here . Honours . Manager . Sansovino - Coppa Italia Serie D : 2002–03 Empoli - Serie B runner-up : 2013–14 Chelsea - UEFA Europa League : 2018–19 - EFL Cup runner-up : 2018–19 Juventus - Serie A : 2019–20 - Coppa Italia runner-up : 2019–20 - Supercoppa Italiana runner-up : 2019 Individual - Panchina dArgento : 2013–14 - Panchina dOro : 2015–16 - Enzo Bearzot Award : 2017 - Serie A Coach of the Year : 2016–17 |
[
"Magdalen College , Oxford"
] | easy | Norman Davies went to which school from 1961 to 1962? | /wiki/Norman_Davies#P69#0 | Norman Davies Ivor Norman Richard Davies ( born 8 June 1939 ) is a Welsh-Polish historian known for his publications on the history of Europe , Poland and the United Kingdom . He has a special interest in Central and Eastern Europe and is UNESCO Professor at the Jagiellonian University , professor emeritus at University College London , a visiting professor at the Collège dEurope , and an honorary fellow at St Antonys College , Oxford . He was granted Polish citizenship in 2014 . Academic career . Davies was born to Richard and Elizabeth Davies in Bolton , Lancashire . He is of Welsh descent . He studied in Grenoble , France , from 1957 to 1958 and then under A . J . P . Taylor at Magdalen College , Oxford , where he earned a BA in history in 1962 . He was awarded an MA at the University of Sussex in 1966 and also studied in Perugia , Italy . Davies intended to study for a PhD in the Soviet Union but was denied an entry visa , so instead he went to Kraków , Poland , to study at the Jagiellonian University and did research on the Polish–Soviet War . As this war was denied in the official communist Polish historiography of that time , he was obliged to change the title of his dissertation to The British Foreign Policy towards Poland , 1919–20 . After he obtained his PhD in Kraków in 1968 , the English text was published in 1972 under the title White Eagle , Red Star . The Polish–Soviet War 1919–20 . From 1971 , Davies taught Polish history at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of University College London , where he was professor from 1985 to 1996 , when he retired . He subsequently became Supernumerary Fellow at Wolfson College , Oxford , from 1997 to 2006 . Throughout his career , Davies has lectured in many countries , including the United States , Canada , Australia , Japan , China , Poland and in most of the rest of Europe as well . Stanford Universitys history department denied Davies a tenured faculty position in 1986 ( on an 11 against , 10 for and 1 abstaining , vote ) . The decision was described as the closest , most acrimonious tenure decision of recent years . After failing to arrange a formal review hearing of the decision , Davies filed a lawsuit against History Professor Harold Kahn and 29 other Stanford professors . This case was dismissed when Davies was unable to depose Kahn . Davies subsequently sought to obtain $3 million in damages from the university , arguing he had been the victim of discrimination on the grounds of his political views ( with the claim being defamation , breach of contract and tortious interference with a business ) . The court ruled that because of Californias right of privacy even if we assume that.. . a candidate may be denied tenure for improper [ e.g. , defamatory ] reasons , we are of the opinion that the right of a faculty member to discuss with his colleagues the candidates qualifications thoroughly and candidly , in confidence and without fear of compelled disclosure , is of such paramount value that it ought not to be impaired . The court upheld the universitys right to decide on faculty appointments on the basis of any criteria . Davies is a visiting professor at the Collège dEurope . Work . Davies first book , White Eagle , Red Star : The Polish-Soviet War , 1919–20 was published in 1972 . His 1981 book Gods Playground , a comprehensive overview of Polish history , was published officially in Poland only after the fall of communism . In 1984 , Davies published Heart of Europe , a briefer history of Poland , in which the chapters are arranged in reverse chronological order . In the 1990s , Davies published ( 1996 ) and ( 1999 ) , about Europe and the islands of Great Britain and Ireland , respectively . Each book is a narrative interlarded with numerous sidepanel discussions of microtopics . In 2000 , Davies Polish publishers Znak published a collection of his essays and articles under the title Smok wawelski nad Tamizą ( The Wawel Dragon on the Thames ) . In 2002 , at the suggestion of the citys mayor , Bogdan Zdrojewski , Davies and his former research assistant , Roger Moorhouse , co-wrote a history of Wrocław / Breslau , a Silesian city . Titled , the book was published simultaneously in English , Polish and German , and was later translated to Czech , French and Italian . Davies also writes essays and articles for the mass media . Among others , he has worked for the BBC as well as British and American magazines and newspapers , such as The Times , The New York Review of Books and The Independent . In Poland , his articles appeared in the liberal Catholic weekly Tygodnik Powszechny . Davies book Rising 44 . The Battle for Warsaw describes the Warsaw Uprising . It was followed by Europe at War 1939–1945 : No Simple Victory ( 2006 ) . In 2008 Davies participated in the documentary film The Soviet Story . Davies disagrees with the historical policy of the Law and Justice party . He stated in 2017 that PiS wants to politicize history to a degree unseen in the last 25 years . Reviews . Stefan Berger has approached The Isles as a major reinterpretation of British history . He states that Davies , seeks to liberate the national histories of Ireland , Scotland and Wales from the fading grip of Britishness...Davies is about destroying the old national master narrative for Britain in order to liberate national master narratives for the four constituent parts of the Isles . Historian Lucy Dawidowicz and writer Abraham Brumberg objected to Davies historical treatment of the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland . They accused him of minimising historic antisemitism , and of promoting an idea that academic views of the Holocaust in international historiography largely overlook the suffering of non-Jewish Poles . Davies himself argues that Holocaust scholars need have no fears that rational comparisons might threaten that uniqueness . Quite the opposite . and that one needs to re-construct mentally the fuller picture in order to comprehend the true enormity of Polands wartime cataclysm , and then to say with absolute conviction Never Again . Davies manner and substance of academic interpretation of the Holocaust was cited as a factor in a controversy at Stanford University in which Davies was denied a tenured faculty position for scientific flaws . Awards and distinctions . Davies holds a number of honorary titles and memberships , including honorary doctorates from the universities of the Jagiellonian University ( since 2003 ) , Lublin , Gdańsk and Warsaw ( since 2007 ) , memberships in the Polish Academy of Learning ( PAU ) , the Academia Scientiarum et Artium Europaea , and the International Honorary Council of the European Academy of Diplomacy , and fellowships of the British Academy and the Royal Historical Society . Davies received an honorary DLitt degree from his alma mater the University of Sussex . Davies is also an honorary citizen of Polish cities of Warsaw , Wrocław , Lublin and Kraków . He is a member of the committee for the Order of the Smile . Edward Bernard Raczyński , President of the Polish government-in-exile , decorated Davies with the Order of Polonia Restituta . On 22 December 1998 President of Poland Aleksander Kwaśniewski awarded him the Grand Cross ( 1st class ) of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland . Finally , on 11 November 2012 , Davies was decorated with the Order of the White Eagle , Polands highest civilian award . In 2001 , Davies was made a companion of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George for service to Central European history . Davies has been appointed to the Advisory Board of the European Association of History Educators—EUROCLIO . In 2008 , he was awarded the Order of the Cross of St Marys Land 3rd Class by the Republic of Estonia . Davies also received Knight of Freedom Award in 2006 for his promotion of Polish history and the values represented by General Casimir Pulaski . In 2012 , he received the Aleksander Gieysztor Prize for his promotion of Polish cultural heritage abroad . In 2019 he was accepted by Swedish Academy to the list of literature Nobel Prize candidates . The information was announced during authors meeting in Gniezno , Poland . Personal life . Davies married Maria Korzeniewicz , a Polish scholar born in Dąbrowa Tarnowska . He lives in Oxford and Kraków , and has two sons . His uncle Donny died in the Munich air disaster . Books . - 1972 : White Eagle , Red Star : The Polish–Soviet War , 1919–20 . ( 2004 edition : ) - 1977 : Poland , Past and Present : A Select Bibliography of Works in English . - 1981 : Gods Playground : A History of Poland . Vol . 1 : The Origins to 1795 , Vol . 2 : 1795 to the Present . Oxford : Oxford University Press . / - 1984 : Heart of Europe : A Short History of Poland . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - 2001 : Heart of Europe : The Past in Polands Present . Oxford University Press , USA ; New edition - 1991 : Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR , 1939–46 . Palgrave Macmillan . - 1996 : . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - 1997 : Auschwitz and the Second World War in Poland : A lecture given at the Representations of Auschwitz international conference at the Jagiellonian University . Universitas . - 1999 : Red Winds from the North . Able Publishing . - 1999 : . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - 2002 ( with Roger Moorhouse ) : London : Jonathan Cape . - 2004 : Rising 44 : The Battle for Warsaw . London : Pan Books . - 2006 : Europe East and West : A Collection of Essays on European History . Jonathan Cape . - 2006 : . Macmillan . - 2008 : To and From . Modern Poland : A Journey Through Postal History . Rosikon Press . - 2011 : Vanished Kingdoms : The History of Half-Forgotten Europe . Allen Lane . - 2015 : Trail of Hope : The Anders Army , An Odyssey Across Three Continents . Osprey Publishing . - 2017 : Beneath Another Sky : A Global Journey into History . Allen Lane Further reading . - Berger , Stefan . Rising Like a Phoenix… The Renaissance of National History Writing in Germany and Britain Since the 1980s . in Nationalizing the Past ( Palgrave Macmillan , London , 2010 ) pp . 426–451 . online - Snowman , Daniel Norman Davies pp . 36–38 from History Today , Volume 55 , Issue 7 , July 2005 . - America , 18 December 1982 , p . 394 . - American Historical Review , April 1991 , p . 520 . - American Scholar , Fall , 1997 , p . 624 . - Booklist , 15 September 1996 , p . 214 ; 1 February 2000 , p . 1006 ; 1 May 2004 , Jay Freeman , review of Rising 44 : The Battle of Warsaw , p . 1538 . - Commentary , March 1987 , p . 66 . - Current History , November 1984 , p . 385 . - Economist , 6 March 1982 , p . 104 ; 10 February 1990 , p . 92 ; 16 November 1996 , p . S3 ; 4 December 1999 , p . 8 ; 27 April 2002 , Whats in a Name : Central European History . - History Today , May 1983 , p . 54 ; March 2000 , Robert Pearce , The Isles : A History , p . 55 . - Kirkus Reviews , 15 March 2004 , review of Rising 44 , p . 256 . - Library Journal , 15 March 1997 , p . 73 ; 1 February 2000 , p . 100 . - Nation , 21 November 1987 , p . 584 . - National Review , 5 June 2000 , John Derbyshire , Disunited Kingdom ; 17 May 2004 , David Pryce-Jones , Remember Them , p . 46 . - New Republic , 15 November 1982 , p . 25 ; 22 September 1997 , p . 36 . - New Statesman , 21 May 1982 , p . 21 ; 31 August 1984 , p . 26 . - New Statesman & Society , 20 December 1996 , Norman Davies , How I Conquered Europe , pp . 36–38 ; 17 October 1997 , David Herman , review of Europe : A History , pp . 30–32 ; 15 May 1998 , Michael Pinto-Duschinsky , The Hunted , Not the Hunters , p . 35 . 15 November 1999 , Alistair Moffat , Jobs and Foxes Will Flee to England , p . 35 ; 13 December 1999 , Geoffrey Wheatcroft , Forging Our History , p . 57 . - New York Review of Books , 29 September 1983 , p . 18 ; 15 May 1997 , p . 30 . - New York Times Book Review , 5 December 1982 , p . 52 ; 4 March 1984 , p . 34 ; 23 December 1984 , p . 5 ; 22 June 1986 , p . 34 ; 7 December 1986 , p . 84 ; 1 December 1996 , p . 15 . - Observer ( London , England ) , 10 October 1999 , Andrew Marr , A History Lesson for Wee Willie , p . 29 . - Publishers Weekly , 26 August 1996 , p . 83 ; 24 November 1997 , A History of Europe , p . 64 ; 24 January 2000 , p . 301 . - Sunday Times ( London , England ) , 17 October 1999 , Niall Ferguson , Breaking up Is Hard to Do if Youre British , p . NR4 . - Times ( London , England ) , 30 October 1999 , Richard Morrison , Britain Dies as Mr . Tough Rewrites the Past , p . 21 . - Wilson Library Bulletin , October 1986 , p . 68 . - World and I , August 2004 , Richard M . Watt , The Warsaw Insurrection : How Polish Capital Ferociously Resisted World War II Occupiers.* External links . - Small English homepage at www.normandavies.com - Review of Europe at War - Britain and the Warsaw Rising . Essay , 2004 . - Official press release on the case of Davies vs . Stanford University - A Polish site about Norman Davies ( in Polish ) , includes a gallery and parts of translated text - Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures : Polands Heritage - BBC Interview with audio and transcript |
[
"University of Sussex"
] | easy | Where was Norman Davies educated from 1962 to 1966? | /wiki/Norman_Davies#P69#1 | Norman Davies Ivor Norman Richard Davies ( born 8 June 1939 ) is a Welsh-Polish historian known for his publications on the history of Europe , Poland and the United Kingdom . He has a special interest in Central and Eastern Europe and is UNESCO Professor at the Jagiellonian University , professor emeritus at University College London , a visiting professor at the Collège dEurope , and an honorary fellow at St Antonys College , Oxford . He was granted Polish citizenship in 2014 . Academic career . Davies was born to Richard and Elizabeth Davies in Bolton , Lancashire . He is of Welsh descent . He studied in Grenoble , France , from 1957 to 1958 and then under A . J . P . Taylor at Magdalen College , Oxford , where he earned a BA in history in 1962 . He was awarded an MA at the University of Sussex in 1966 and also studied in Perugia , Italy . Davies intended to study for a PhD in the Soviet Union but was denied an entry visa , so instead he went to Kraków , Poland , to study at the Jagiellonian University and did research on the Polish–Soviet War . As this war was denied in the official communist Polish historiography of that time , he was obliged to change the title of his dissertation to The British Foreign Policy towards Poland , 1919–20 . After he obtained his PhD in Kraków in 1968 , the English text was published in 1972 under the title White Eagle , Red Star . The Polish–Soviet War 1919–20 . From 1971 , Davies taught Polish history at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of University College London , where he was professor from 1985 to 1996 , when he retired . He subsequently became Supernumerary Fellow at Wolfson College , Oxford , from 1997 to 2006 . Throughout his career , Davies has lectured in many countries , including the United States , Canada , Australia , Japan , China , Poland and in most of the rest of Europe as well . Stanford Universitys history department denied Davies a tenured faculty position in 1986 ( on an 11 against , 10 for and 1 abstaining , vote ) . The decision was described as the closest , most acrimonious tenure decision of recent years . After failing to arrange a formal review hearing of the decision , Davies filed a lawsuit against History Professor Harold Kahn and 29 other Stanford professors . This case was dismissed when Davies was unable to depose Kahn . Davies subsequently sought to obtain $3 million in damages from the university , arguing he had been the victim of discrimination on the grounds of his political views ( with the claim being defamation , breach of contract and tortious interference with a business ) . The court ruled that because of Californias right of privacy even if we assume that.. . a candidate may be denied tenure for improper [ e.g. , defamatory ] reasons , we are of the opinion that the right of a faculty member to discuss with his colleagues the candidates qualifications thoroughly and candidly , in confidence and without fear of compelled disclosure , is of such paramount value that it ought not to be impaired . The court upheld the universitys right to decide on faculty appointments on the basis of any criteria . Davies is a visiting professor at the Collège dEurope . Work . Davies first book , White Eagle , Red Star : The Polish-Soviet War , 1919–20 was published in 1972 . His 1981 book Gods Playground , a comprehensive overview of Polish history , was published officially in Poland only after the fall of communism . In 1984 , Davies published Heart of Europe , a briefer history of Poland , in which the chapters are arranged in reverse chronological order . In the 1990s , Davies published ( 1996 ) and ( 1999 ) , about Europe and the islands of Great Britain and Ireland , respectively . Each book is a narrative interlarded with numerous sidepanel discussions of microtopics . In 2000 , Davies Polish publishers Znak published a collection of his essays and articles under the title Smok wawelski nad Tamizą ( The Wawel Dragon on the Thames ) . In 2002 , at the suggestion of the citys mayor , Bogdan Zdrojewski , Davies and his former research assistant , Roger Moorhouse , co-wrote a history of Wrocław / Breslau , a Silesian city . Titled , the book was published simultaneously in English , Polish and German , and was later translated to Czech , French and Italian . Davies also writes essays and articles for the mass media . Among others , he has worked for the BBC as well as British and American magazines and newspapers , such as The Times , The New York Review of Books and The Independent . In Poland , his articles appeared in the liberal Catholic weekly Tygodnik Powszechny . Davies book Rising 44 . The Battle for Warsaw describes the Warsaw Uprising . It was followed by Europe at War 1939–1945 : No Simple Victory ( 2006 ) . In 2008 Davies participated in the documentary film The Soviet Story . Davies disagrees with the historical policy of the Law and Justice party . He stated in 2017 that PiS wants to politicize history to a degree unseen in the last 25 years . Reviews . Stefan Berger has approached The Isles as a major reinterpretation of British history . He states that Davies , seeks to liberate the national histories of Ireland , Scotland and Wales from the fading grip of Britishness...Davies is about destroying the old national master narrative for Britain in order to liberate national master narratives for the four constituent parts of the Isles . Historian Lucy Dawidowicz and writer Abraham Brumberg objected to Davies historical treatment of the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland . They accused him of minimising historic antisemitism , and of promoting an idea that academic views of the Holocaust in international historiography largely overlook the suffering of non-Jewish Poles . Davies himself argues that Holocaust scholars need have no fears that rational comparisons might threaten that uniqueness . Quite the opposite . and that one needs to re-construct mentally the fuller picture in order to comprehend the true enormity of Polands wartime cataclysm , and then to say with absolute conviction Never Again . Davies manner and substance of academic interpretation of the Holocaust was cited as a factor in a controversy at Stanford University in which Davies was denied a tenured faculty position for scientific flaws . Awards and distinctions . Davies holds a number of honorary titles and memberships , including honorary doctorates from the universities of the Jagiellonian University ( since 2003 ) , Lublin , Gdańsk and Warsaw ( since 2007 ) , memberships in the Polish Academy of Learning ( PAU ) , the Academia Scientiarum et Artium Europaea , and the International Honorary Council of the European Academy of Diplomacy , and fellowships of the British Academy and the Royal Historical Society . Davies received an honorary DLitt degree from his alma mater the University of Sussex . Davies is also an honorary citizen of Polish cities of Warsaw , Wrocław , Lublin and Kraków . He is a member of the committee for the Order of the Smile . Edward Bernard Raczyński , President of the Polish government-in-exile , decorated Davies with the Order of Polonia Restituta . On 22 December 1998 President of Poland Aleksander Kwaśniewski awarded him the Grand Cross ( 1st class ) of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland . Finally , on 11 November 2012 , Davies was decorated with the Order of the White Eagle , Polands highest civilian award . In 2001 , Davies was made a companion of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George for service to Central European history . Davies has been appointed to the Advisory Board of the European Association of History Educators—EUROCLIO . In 2008 , he was awarded the Order of the Cross of St Marys Land 3rd Class by the Republic of Estonia . Davies also received Knight of Freedom Award in 2006 for his promotion of Polish history and the values represented by General Casimir Pulaski . In 2012 , he received the Aleksander Gieysztor Prize for his promotion of Polish cultural heritage abroad . In 2019 he was accepted by Swedish Academy to the list of literature Nobel Prize candidates . The information was announced during authors meeting in Gniezno , Poland . Personal life . Davies married Maria Korzeniewicz , a Polish scholar born in Dąbrowa Tarnowska . He lives in Oxford and Kraków , and has two sons . His uncle Donny died in the Munich air disaster . Books . - 1972 : White Eagle , Red Star : The Polish–Soviet War , 1919–20 . ( 2004 edition : ) - 1977 : Poland , Past and Present : A Select Bibliography of Works in English . - 1981 : Gods Playground : A History of Poland . Vol . 1 : The Origins to 1795 , Vol . 2 : 1795 to the Present . Oxford : Oxford University Press . / - 1984 : Heart of Europe : A Short History of Poland . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - 2001 : Heart of Europe : The Past in Polands Present . Oxford University Press , USA ; New edition - 1991 : Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR , 1939–46 . Palgrave Macmillan . - 1996 : . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - 1997 : Auschwitz and the Second World War in Poland : A lecture given at the Representations of Auschwitz international conference at the Jagiellonian University . Universitas . - 1999 : Red Winds from the North . Able Publishing . - 1999 : . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - 2002 ( with Roger Moorhouse ) : London : Jonathan Cape . - 2004 : Rising 44 : The Battle for Warsaw . London : Pan Books . - 2006 : Europe East and West : A Collection of Essays on European History . Jonathan Cape . - 2006 : . Macmillan . - 2008 : To and From . Modern Poland : A Journey Through Postal History . Rosikon Press . - 2011 : Vanished Kingdoms : The History of Half-Forgotten Europe . Allen Lane . - 2015 : Trail of Hope : The Anders Army , An Odyssey Across Three Continents . Osprey Publishing . - 2017 : Beneath Another Sky : A Global Journey into History . Allen Lane Further reading . - Berger , Stefan . Rising Like a Phoenix… The Renaissance of National History Writing in Germany and Britain Since the 1980s . in Nationalizing the Past ( Palgrave Macmillan , London , 2010 ) pp . 426–451 . online - Snowman , Daniel Norman Davies pp . 36–38 from History Today , Volume 55 , Issue 7 , July 2005 . - America , 18 December 1982 , p . 394 . - American Historical Review , April 1991 , p . 520 . - American Scholar , Fall , 1997 , p . 624 . - Booklist , 15 September 1996 , p . 214 ; 1 February 2000 , p . 1006 ; 1 May 2004 , Jay Freeman , review of Rising 44 : The Battle of Warsaw , p . 1538 . - Commentary , March 1987 , p . 66 . - Current History , November 1984 , p . 385 . - Economist , 6 March 1982 , p . 104 ; 10 February 1990 , p . 92 ; 16 November 1996 , p . S3 ; 4 December 1999 , p . 8 ; 27 April 2002 , Whats in a Name : Central European History . - History Today , May 1983 , p . 54 ; March 2000 , Robert Pearce , The Isles : A History , p . 55 . - Kirkus Reviews , 15 March 2004 , review of Rising 44 , p . 256 . - Library Journal , 15 March 1997 , p . 73 ; 1 February 2000 , p . 100 . - Nation , 21 November 1987 , p . 584 . - National Review , 5 June 2000 , John Derbyshire , Disunited Kingdom ; 17 May 2004 , David Pryce-Jones , Remember Them , p . 46 . - New Republic , 15 November 1982 , p . 25 ; 22 September 1997 , p . 36 . - New Statesman , 21 May 1982 , p . 21 ; 31 August 1984 , p . 26 . - New Statesman & Society , 20 December 1996 , Norman Davies , How I Conquered Europe , pp . 36–38 ; 17 October 1997 , David Herman , review of Europe : A History , pp . 30–32 ; 15 May 1998 , Michael Pinto-Duschinsky , The Hunted , Not the Hunters , p . 35 . 15 November 1999 , Alistair Moffat , Jobs and Foxes Will Flee to England , p . 35 ; 13 December 1999 , Geoffrey Wheatcroft , Forging Our History , p . 57 . - New York Review of Books , 29 September 1983 , p . 18 ; 15 May 1997 , p . 30 . - New York Times Book Review , 5 December 1982 , p . 52 ; 4 March 1984 , p . 34 ; 23 December 1984 , p . 5 ; 22 June 1986 , p . 34 ; 7 December 1986 , p . 84 ; 1 December 1996 , p . 15 . - Observer ( London , England ) , 10 October 1999 , Andrew Marr , A History Lesson for Wee Willie , p . 29 . - Publishers Weekly , 26 August 1996 , p . 83 ; 24 November 1997 , A History of Europe , p . 64 ; 24 January 2000 , p . 301 . - Sunday Times ( London , England ) , 17 October 1999 , Niall Ferguson , Breaking up Is Hard to Do if Youre British , p . NR4 . - Times ( London , England ) , 30 October 1999 , Richard Morrison , Britain Dies as Mr . Tough Rewrites the Past , p . 21 . - Wilson Library Bulletin , October 1986 , p . 68 . - World and I , August 2004 , Richard M . Watt , The Warsaw Insurrection : How Polish Capital Ferociously Resisted World War II Occupiers.* External links . - Small English homepage at www.normandavies.com - Review of Europe at War - Britain and the Warsaw Rising . Essay , 2004 . - Official press release on the case of Davies vs . Stanford University - A Polish site about Norman Davies ( in Polish ) , includes a gallery and parts of translated text - Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures : Polands Heritage - BBC Interview with audio and transcript |
[
"Perugia , Italy",
"Jagiellonian University"
] | easy | Norman Davies went to which school from 1966 to 1968? | /wiki/Norman_Davies#P69#2 | Norman Davies Ivor Norman Richard Davies ( born 8 June 1939 ) is a Welsh-Polish historian known for his publications on the history of Europe , Poland and the United Kingdom . He has a special interest in Central and Eastern Europe and is UNESCO Professor at the Jagiellonian University , professor emeritus at University College London , a visiting professor at the Collège dEurope , and an honorary fellow at St Antonys College , Oxford . He was granted Polish citizenship in 2014 . Academic career . Davies was born to Richard and Elizabeth Davies in Bolton , Lancashire . He is of Welsh descent . He studied in Grenoble , France , from 1957 to 1958 and then under A . J . P . Taylor at Magdalen College , Oxford , where he earned a BA in history in 1962 . He was awarded an MA at the University of Sussex in 1966 and also studied in Perugia , Italy . Davies intended to study for a PhD in the Soviet Union but was denied an entry visa , so instead he went to Kraków , Poland , to study at the Jagiellonian University and did research on the Polish–Soviet War . As this war was denied in the official communist Polish historiography of that time , he was obliged to change the title of his dissertation to The British Foreign Policy towards Poland , 1919–20 . After he obtained his PhD in Kraków in 1968 , the English text was published in 1972 under the title White Eagle , Red Star . The Polish–Soviet War 1919–20 . From 1971 , Davies taught Polish history at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies of University College London , where he was professor from 1985 to 1996 , when he retired . He subsequently became Supernumerary Fellow at Wolfson College , Oxford , from 1997 to 2006 . Throughout his career , Davies has lectured in many countries , including the United States , Canada , Australia , Japan , China , Poland and in most of the rest of Europe as well . Stanford Universitys history department denied Davies a tenured faculty position in 1986 ( on an 11 against , 10 for and 1 abstaining , vote ) . The decision was described as the closest , most acrimonious tenure decision of recent years . After failing to arrange a formal review hearing of the decision , Davies filed a lawsuit against History Professor Harold Kahn and 29 other Stanford professors . This case was dismissed when Davies was unable to depose Kahn . Davies subsequently sought to obtain $3 million in damages from the university , arguing he had been the victim of discrimination on the grounds of his political views ( with the claim being defamation , breach of contract and tortious interference with a business ) . The court ruled that because of Californias right of privacy even if we assume that.. . a candidate may be denied tenure for improper [ e.g. , defamatory ] reasons , we are of the opinion that the right of a faculty member to discuss with his colleagues the candidates qualifications thoroughly and candidly , in confidence and without fear of compelled disclosure , is of such paramount value that it ought not to be impaired . The court upheld the universitys right to decide on faculty appointments on the basis of any criteria . Davies is a visiting professor at the Collège dEurope . Work . Davies first book , White Eagle , Red Star : The Polish-Soviet War , 1919–20 was published in 1972 . His 1981 book Gods Playground , a comprehensive overview of Polish history , was published officially in Poland only after the fall of communism . In 1984 , Davies published Heart of Europe , a briefer history of Poland , in which the chapters are arranged in reverse chronological order . In the 1990s , Davies published ( 1996 ) and ( 1999 ) , about Europe and the islands of Great Britain and Ireland , respectively . Each book is a narrative interlarded with numerous sidepanel discussions of microtopics . In 2000 , Davies Polish publishers Znak published a collection of his essays and articles under the title Smok wawelski nad Tamizą ( The Wawel Dragon on the Thames ) . In 2002 , at the suggestion of the citys mayor , Bogdan Zdrojewski , Davies and his former research assistant , Roger Moorhouse , co-wrote a history of Wrocław / Breslau , a Silesian city . Titled , the book was published simultaneously in English , Polish and German , and was later translated to Czech , French and Italian . Davies also writes essays and articles for the mass media . Among others , he has worked for the BBC as well as British and American magazines and newspapers , such as The Times , The New York Review of Books and The Independent . In Poland , his articles appeared in the liberal Catholic weekly Tygodnik Powszechny . Davies book Rising 44 . The Battle for Warsaw describes the Warsaw Uprising . It was followed by Europe at War 1939–1945 : No Simple Victory ( 2006 ) . In 2008 Davies participated in the documentary film The Soviet Story . Davies disagrees with the historical policy of the Law and Justice party . He stated in 2017 that PiS wants to politicize history to a degree unseen in the last 25 years . Reviews . Stefan Berger has approached The Isles as a major reinterpretation of British history . He states that Davies , seeks to liberate the national histories of Ireland , Scotland and Wales from the fading grip of Britishness...Davies is about destroying the old national master narrative for Britain in order to liberate national master narratives for the four constituent parts of the Isles . Historian Lucy Dawidowicz and writer Abraham Brumberg objected to Davies historical treatment of the Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland . They accused him of minimising historic antisemitism , and of promoting an idea that academic views of the Holocaust in international historiography largely overlook the suffering of non-Jewish Poles . Davies himself argues that Holocaust scholars need have no fears that rational comparisons might threaten that uniqueness . Quite the opposite . and that one needs to re-construct mentally the fuller picture in order to comprehend the true enormity of Polands wartime cataclysm , and then to say with absolute conviction Never Again . Davies manner and substance of academic interpretation of the Holocaust was cited as a factor in a controversy at Stanford University in which Davies was denied a tenured faculty position for scientific flaws . Awards and distinctions . Davies holds a number of honorary titles and memberships , including honorary doctorates from the universities of the Jagiellonian University ( since 2003 ) , Lublin , Gdańsk and Warsaw ( since 2007 ) , memberships in the Polish Academy of Learning ( PAU ) , the Academia Scientiarum et Artium Europaea , and the International Honorary Council of the European Academy of Diplomacy , and fellowships of the British Academy and the Royal Historical Society . Davies received an honorary DLitt degree from his alma mater the University of Sussex . Davies is also an honorary citizen of Polish cities of Warsaw , Wrocław , Lublin and Kraków . He is a member of the committee for the Order of the Smile . Edward Bernard Raczyński , President of the Polish government-in-exile , decorated Davies with the Order of Polonia Restituta . On 22 December 1998 President of Poland Aleksander Kwaśniewski awarded him the Grand Cross ( 1st class ) of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland . Finally , on 11 November 2012 , Davies was decorated with the Order of the White Eagle , Polands highest civilian award . In 2001 , Davies was made a companion of the Order of Saint Michael and Saint George for service to Central European history . Davies has been appointed to the Advisory Board of the European Association of History Educators—EUROCLIO . In 2008 , he was awarded the Order of the Cross of St Marys Land 3rd Class by the Republic of Estonia . Davies also received Knight of Freedom Award in 2006 for his promotion of Polish history and the values represented by General Casimir Pulaski . In 2012 , he received the Aleksander Gieysztor Prize for his promotion of Polish cultural heritage abroad . In 2019 he was accepted by Swedish Academy to the list of literature Nobel Prize candidates . The information was announced during authors meeting in Gniezno , Poland . Personal life . Davies married Maria Korzeniewicz , a Polish scholar born in Dąbrowa Tarnowska . He lives in Oxford and Kraków , and has two sons . His uncle Donny died in the Munich air disaster . Books . - 1972 : White Eagle , Red Star : The Polish–Soviet War , 1919–20 . ( 2004 edition : ) - 1977 : Poland , Past and Present : A Select Bibliography of Works in English . - 1981 : Gods Playground : A History of Poland . Vol . 1 : The Origins to 1795 , Vol . 2 : 1795 to the Present . Oxford : Oxford University Press . / - 1984 : Heart of Europe : A Short History of Poland . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - 2001 : Heart of Europe : The Past in Polands Present . Oxford University Press , USA ; New edition - 1991 : Jews in Eastern Poland and the USSR , 1939–46 . Palgrave Macmillan . - 1996 : . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - 1997 : Auschwitz and the Second World War in Poland : A lecture given at the Representations of Auschwitz international conference at the Jagiellonian University . Universitas . - 1999 : Red Winds from the North . Able Publishing . - 1999 : . Oxford : Oxford University Press . - 2002 ( with Roger Moorhouse ) : London : Jonathan Cape . - 2004 : Rising 44 : The Battle for Warsaw . London : Pan Books . - 2006 : Europe East and West : A Collection of Essays on European History . Jonathan Cape . - 2006 : . Macmillan . - 2008 : To and From . Modern Poland : A Journey Through Postal History . Rosikon Press . - 2011 : Vanished Kingdoms : The History of Half-Forgotten Europe . Allen Lane . - 2015 : Trail of Hope : The Anders Army , An Odyssey Across Three Continents . Osprey Publishing . - 2017 : Beneath Another Sky : A Global Journey into History . Allen Lane Further reading . - Berger , Stefan . Rising Like a Phoenix… The Renaissance of National History Writing in Germany and Britain Since the 1980s . in Nationalizing the Past ( Palgrave Macmillan , London , 2010 ) pp . 426–451 . online - Snowman , Daniel Norman Davies pp . 36–38 from History Today , Volume 55 , Issue 7 , July 2005 . - America , 18 December 1982 , p . 394 . - American Historical Review , April 1991 , p . 520 . - American Scholar , Fall , 1997 , p . 624 . - Booklist , 15 September 1996 , p . 214 ; 1 February 2000 , p . 1006 ; 1 May 2004 , Jay Freeman , review of Rising 44 : The Battle of Warsaw , p . 1538 . - Commentary , March 1987 , p . 66 . - Current History , November 1984 , p . 385 . - Economist , 6 March 1982 , p . 104 ; 10 February 1990 , p . 92 ; 16 November 1996 , p . S3 ; 4 December 1999 , p . 8 ; 27 April 2002 , Whats in a Name : Central European History . - History Today , May 1983 , p . 54 ; March 2000 , Robert Pearce , The Isles : A History , p . 55 . - Kirkus Reviews , 15 March 2004 , review of Rising 44 , p . 256 . - Library Journal , 15 March 1997 , p . 73 ; 1 February 2000 , p . 100 . - Nation , 21 November 1987 , p . 584 . - National Review , 5 June 2000 , John Derbyshire , Disunited Kingdom ; 17 May 2004 , David Pryce-Jones , Remember Them , p . 46 . - New Republic , 15 November 1982 , p . 25 ; 22 September 1997 , p . 36 . - New Statesman , 21 May 1982 , p . 21 ; 31 August 1984 , p . 26 . - New Statesman & Society , 20 December 1996 , Norman Davies , How I Conquered Europe , pp . 36–38 ; 17 October 1997 , David Herman , review of Europe : A History , pp . 30–32 ; 15 May 1998 , Michael Pinto-Duschinsky , The Hunted , Not the Hunters , p . 35 . 15 November 1999 , Alistair Moffat , Jobs and Foxes Will Flee to England , p . 35 ; 13 December 1999 , Geoffrey Wheatcroft , Forging Our History , p . 57 . - New York Review of Books , 29 September 1983 , p . 18 ; 15 May 1997 , p . 30 . - New York Times Book Review , 5 December 1982 , p . 52 ; 4 March 1984 , p . 34 ; 23 December 1984 , p . 5 ; 22 June 1986 , p . 34 ; 7 December 1986 , p . 84 ; 1 December 1996 , p . 15 . - Observer ( London , England ) , 10 October 1999 , Andrew Marr , A History Lesson for Wee Willie , p . 29 . - Publishers Weekly , 26 August 1996 , p . 83 ; 24 November 1997 , A History of Europe , p . 64 ; 24 January 2000 , p . 301 . - Sunday Times ( London , England ) , 17 October 1999 , Niall Ferguson , Breaking up Is Hard to Do if Youre British , p . NR4 . - Times ( London , England ) , 30 October 1999 , Richard Morrison , Britain Dies as Mr . Tough Rewrites the Past , p . 21 . - Wilson Library Bulletin , October 1986 , p . 68 . - World and I , August 2004 , Richard M . Watt , The Warsaw Insurrection : How Polish Capital Ferociously Resisted World War II Occupiers.* External links . - Small English homepage at www.normandavies.com - Review of Europe at War - Britain and the Warsaw Rising . Essay , 2004 . - Official press release on the case of Davies vs . Stanford University - A Polish site about Norman Davies ( in Polish ) , includes a gallery and parts of translated text - Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures : Polands Heritage - BBC Interview with audio and transcript |
[
"West Ham United",
"Torquay United"
] | easy | Which team did Daryl McMahon play for from 2002 to 2004? | /wiki/Daryl_McMahon#P54#0 | Daryl McMahon Daryl McMahon ( born 10 October 1983 ) is an Irish former football player and manager who is now manager of National League club Dagenham & Redbridge . McMahon represented the Republic of Ireland Under-16 team at the 2000 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship . Starting as a midfielder his career at West Ham United , he switched to Port Vale in 2004 after failing to make a first team appearance for West Ham . Later in the year he moved on to Leyton Orient , where he would remain for three years . He then spent two seasons at Stevenage Borough , moving on to Cambridge United and then Farnborough in 2009 . Two years later he moved on to Boreham Wood , and seven months later to Eastleigh . He has also played for Torquay United and Notts County on loan . He switched to Dover Athletic in September 2012 , before signing for Ebbsfleet United in June 2013 . He rejoined Boreham Wood in January 2015 before returning to Ebbsfleet as manager three months later . He managed Ebbsfleet from April 2015 to November 2018 and won promotion out of the National League South play-offs in 2017 . He was appointed as manager of English Football League side Macclesfield Town in August 2019 , but tendered his resignation in January 2020 amidst a financial crisis at the club . He then took charge at National League side Dagenham & Redbridge . Playing career . West Ham United . McMahon started his youth career at the age of seven with Neilstown Rangers , before moving on to Cherry Orchard and then Belvedere . McMahon then began his career as a trainee with West Ham United , turning professional in August 2002 . In need of first team experience , he joined League Two Torquay United on loan in March 2004 , making his debut as a late substitute for Martin Gritton in the 2–2 home draw with Yeovil Town on 3 April 2004 . However , that was to be his only game for the Gulls as he returned to West Ham two weeks early , seemingly at his own request . Port Vale . He was released by West Ham at the end of the 2003–04 season and joined Martin Foyles League One Port Vale on non-contract terms in September 2004 . He struggled to establish himself at Vale Park and dropped down a division to join Leyton Orient on a free transfer two months later , after rejecting a further short-term deal at Port Vale . Teammate Dean Smith had set up the move to Brisbane Road and would himself join Orient soon after . Leyton Orient . After impressing on a non-contract basis , he signed a six-month deal with Leyton Orient in January 2005 . He played 33 games of the Os promotion winning campaign of 2005–06 but fell out of favour the following season and joined Notts County , back in League Two , on loan in November 2006 . After his loan spell finished the following January , McMahon joined Conference National club Stevenage Borough . Non-league . A fairly regular member of the first team at Broadhall Way , he was a sub in the FA Trophy final at Wembley . In May 2008 he signed a two-year contract with the club . On 26 November 2008 , he was transfer listed by Borough , along with teammate John Martin , and in the January 2009 transfer window McMahon agreed to join fellow Conference Premier club Cambridge United . He made his debut in a 4–1 win over Woking at the Abbey Stadium , but struggled to hold down a place in the team . He was an unused substitute in the 2009 Conference Premier play-off Final , as he watched his United teammates lose their second play-off final in as many years . On 16 July 2009 , caretaker Cambridge United manager , Paul Carden , announced that McMahon has left the club . He then joined Farnborough for a two-year stay . He enjoyed promotion to the Conference South with the club , as they were crowned champions of the Southern Football League Premier Division in 2009–10 . The following year he helped the club to the Conference South play-off final , where they were defeated 4–2 by Ebbsfleet United . In June 2011 , he signed for Boreham Wood as a player-coach on a two-year contract . McMahons stay at Boreham Wood lasted seven months , as in January 2012 he signed for fellow Conference South club Eastleigh for an undisclosed fee . The Spitfires went on to post a mid-table finish in 2011–12 . He was sold to league rivals Dover Athletic for an undisclosed fee in September 2012 . Eastleigh manager Richard Hill had rejected two bids from the Whites , before Dover boss Nicky Forster put in a bid that Eastleigh director Stewart Donald felt matched our valuation and represented good value . He played in the 3–2 play-off final defeat to Salisbury City on 12 May 2013 . In June 2013 , he signed for Ebbsfleet United for a fee of £13,000 . He became a key part of the clubs passing style , but credited the clubs success to manager Steve Brown . The Fleet finished fourth in 2013–14 and reached the play-off final , where they were beaten 1–0 by Dover Athletic ; this was McMahons fourth play-off final defeat in six years . He did though play in the Kent Senior Cup final , which ended in a 4–0 victory over Dover . He re-signed with Boreham Wood in January 2015 on a contract lasting until summer 2017 . He was also coaching at Tottenham Hotspur and managing Ebbsfleet United , before he retired as a player at the end of the 2014–15 season . Management career . Ebbsfleet United . McMahon took charge at Conference South club Ebbsfleet United on a caretaker basis for three games in November 2014 , winning two games and drawing one game in the period following the departure of Steve Brown and the appointment of Jamie Day . He was given a two-year management contract at the club in April 2015 . He led the club to a second-place finish in the 2015–16 season , however his record of play-off disappointment continued into his management career as Ebbfleet went on to lose to Maidstone United on penalties in the play-off final . The Fleet again finished second in the 2016–17 season , finishing only two points behind champions Maidenhead United . However they made up for their previous seasons defeat and justified their 96-point finish after coming from 1–0 down with ten men to record a 2–1 victory over Chelmsford City in the play-off final at Stonebridge Road . He signed a new five-year contract with the club in May 2017 . He was named as National League Manager of the Month for February 2018 after four successive victories took them to the cusp of the play-offs . However after a poor March he admitted that the focus had turned to building a promotion campaign for the following season . A late surge saw the qualify for the play-offs at the end of the 2017–18 season , though they were then beaten 4–2 by Tranmere Rovers at the semi-final stage . He left the club by mutual consent on 7 November 2018 . Macclesfield Town . On 19 August 2019 , McMahon was appointed as manager of EFL League Two club Macclesfield Town , succeeding Sol Campbell . He got off to a good start on the pitch , however the Silkmen squad released a statement to say they had gone unpaid for the month of September as HM Revenue and Customs delivered the club a winding up petition . He resigned on 2 January 2020 after financial problems resulted in players striking , which left the club unable to fulfill fixtures and punished with a six point deduction . Dagenham & Redbridge . Within 24 hours of leaving Macclesfield , McMahon was appointed as manager of National League side Dagenham & Redbridge . The season was suspended on 26 March due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England and no further matches were played ; Dagenham were 18th in the table at the time . They finished the 2020–21 season in 12th-place , which McMahon saw as evidence the club was building in the right direction . Personal life . McMahon is married to Alex , a stockbroker , and has two children . Honours . Playing honours . Leyton Orient - League Two 3rd-place promotion : 2005–06 Stevenage Borough - FA Trophy : 2006–07 Farnborough - Southern Football League Premier Division : 2009–10 Ebbsfleet United - Kent Senior Cup : 2014 Managerial honours . Individual - National League Manager of the Month : February 2018 Ebbsfleet United - National League South play-offs : 2017 |
[
"Leyton Orient"
] | easy | Daryl McMahon played for which team from 2004 to 2006? | /wiki/Daryl_McMahon#P54#1 | Daryl McMahon Daryl McMahon ( born 10 October 1983 ) is an Irish former football player and manager who is now manager of National League club Dagenham & Redbridge . McMahon represented the Republic of Ireland Under-16 team at the 2000 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship . Starting as a midfielder his career at West Ham United , he switched to Port Vale in 2004 after failing to make a first team appearance for West Ham . Later in the year he moved on to Leyton Orient , where he would remain for three years . He then spent two seasons at Stevenage Borough , moving on to Cambridge United and then Farnborough in 2009 . Two years later he moved on to Boreham Wood , and seven months later to Eastleigh . He has also played for Torquay United and Notts County on loan . He switched to Dover Athletic in September 2012 , before signing for Ebbsfleet United in June 2013 . He rejoined Boreham Wood in January 2015 before returning to Ebbsfleet as manager three months later . He managed Ebbsfleet from April 2015 to November 2018 and won promotion out of the National League South play-offs in 2017 . He was appointed as manager of English Football League side Macclesfield Town in August 2019 , but tendered his resignation in January 2020 amidst a financial crisis at the club . He then took charge at National League side Dagenham & Redbridge . Playing career . West Ham United . McMahon started his youth career at the age of seven with Neilstown Rangers , before moving on to Cherry Orchard and then Belvedere . McMahon then began his career as a trainee with West Ham United , turning professional in August 2002 . In need of first team experience , he joined League Two Torquay United on loan in March 2004 , making his debut as a late substitute for Martin Gritton in the 2–2 home draw with Yeovil Town on 3 April 2004 . However , that was to be his only game for the Gulls as he returned to West Ham two weeks early , seemingly at his own request . Port Vale . He was released by West Ham at the end of the 2003–04 season and joined Martin Foyles League One Port Vale on non-contract terms in September 2004 . He struggled to establish himself at Vale Park and dropped down a division to join Leyton Orient on a free transfer two months later , after rejecting a further short-term deal at Port Vale . Teammate Dean Smith had set up the move to Brisbane Road and would himself join Orient soon after . Leyton Orient . After impressing on a non-contract basis , he signed a six-month deal with Leyton Orient in January 2005 . He played 33 games of the Os promotion winning campaign of 2005–06 but fell out of favour the following season and joined Notts County , back in League Two , on loan in November 2006 . After his loan spell finished the following January , McMahon joined Conference National club Stevenage Borough . Non-league . A fairly regular member of the first team at Broadhall Way , he was a sub in the FA Trophy final at Wembley . In May 2008 he signed a two-year contract with the club . On 26 November 2008 , he was transfer listed by Borough , along with teammate John Martin , and in the January 2009 transfer window McMahon agreed to join fellow Conference Premier club Cambridge United . He made his debut in a 4–1 win over Woking at the Abbey Stadium , but struggled to hold down a place in the team . He was an unused substitute in the 2009 Conference Premier play-off Final , as he watched his United teammates lose their second play-off final in as many years . On 16 July 2009 , caretaker Cambridge United manager , Paul Carden , announced that McMahon has left the club . He then joined Farnborough for a two-year stay . He enjoyed promotion to the Conference South with the club , as they were crowned champions of the Southern Football League Premier Division in 2009–10 . The following year he helped the club to the Conference South play-off final , where they were defeated 4–2 by Ebbsfleet United . In June 2011 , he signed for Boreham Wood as a player-coach on a two-year contract . McMahons stay at Boreham Wood lasted seven months , as in January 2012 he signed for fellow Conference South club Eastleigh for an undisclosed fee . The Spitfires went on to post a mid-table finish in 2011–12 . He was sold to league rivals Dover Athletic for an undisclosed fee in September 2012 . Eastleigh manager Richard Hill had rejected two bids from the Whites , before Dover boss Nicky Forster put in a bid that Eastleigh director Stewart Donald felt matched our valuation and represented good value . He played in the 3–2 play-off final defeat to Salisbury City on 12 May 2013 . In June 2013 , he signed for Ebbsfleet United for a fee of £13,000 . He became a key part of the clubs passing style , but credited the clubs success to manager Steve Brown . The Fleet finished fourth in 2013–14 and reached the play-off final , where they were beaten 1–0 by Dover Athletic ; this was McMahons fourth play-off final defeat in six years . He did though play in the Kent Senior Cup final , which ended in a 4–0 victory over Dover . He re-signed with Boreham Wood in January 2015 on a contract lasting until summer 2017 . He was also coaching at Tottenham Hotspur and managing Ebbsfleet United , before he retired as a player at the end of the 2014–15 season . Management career . Ebbsfleet United . McMahon took charge at Conference South club Ebbsfleet United on a caretaker basis for three games in November 2014 , winning two games and drawing one game in the period following the departure of Steve Brown and the appointment of Jamie Day . He was given a two-year management contract at the club in April 2015 . He led the club to a second-place finish in the 2015–16 season , however his record of play-off disappointment continued into his management career as Ebbfleet went on to lose to Maidstone United on penalties in the play-off final . The Fleet again finished second in the 2016–17 season , finishing only two points behind champions Maidenhead United . However they made up for their previous seasons defeat and justified their 96-point finish after coming from 1–0 down with ten men to record a 2–1 victory over Chelmsford City in the play-off final at Stonebridge Road . He signed a new five-year contract with the club in May 2017 . He was named as National League Manager of the Month for February 2018 after four successive victories took them to the cusp of the play-offs . However after a poor March he admitted that the focus had turned to building a promotion campaign for the following season . A late surge saw the qualify for the play-offs at the end of the 2017–18 season , though they were then beaten 4–2 by Tranmere Rovers at the semi-final stage . He left the club by mutual consent on 7 November 2018 . Macclesfield Town . On 19 August 2019 , McMahon was appointed as manager of EFL League Two club Macclesfield Town , succeeding Sol Campbell . He got off to a good start on the pitch , however the Silkmen squad released a statement to say they had gone unpaid for the month of September as HM Revenue and Customs delivered the club a winding up petition . He resigned on 2 January 2020 after financial problems resulted in players striking , which left the club unable to fulfill fixtures and punished with a six point deduction . Dagenham & Redbridge . Within 24 hours of leaving Macclesfield , McMahon was appointed as manager of National League side Dagenham & Redbridge . The season was suspended on 26 March due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England and no further matches were played ; Dagenham were 18th in the table at the time . They finished the 2020–21 season in 12th-place , which McMahon saw as evidence the club was building in the right direction . Personal life . McMahon is married to Alex , a stockbroker , and has two children . Honours . Playing honours . Leyton Orient - League Two 3rd-place promotion : 2005–06 Stevenage Borough - FA Trophy : 2006–07 Farnborough - Southern Football League Premier Division : 2009–10 Ebbsfleet United - Kent Senior Cup : 2014 Managerial honours . Individual - National League Manager of the Month : February 2018 Ebbsfleet United - National League South play-offs : 2017 |
[
"Notts County",
"Stevenage Borough"
] | easy | Daryl McMahon played for which team from 2006 to 2007? | /wiki/Daryl_McMahon#P54#2 | Daryl McMahon Daryl McMahon ( born 10 October 1983 ) is an Irish former football player and manager who is now manager of National League club Dagenham & Redbridge . McMahon represented the Republic of Ireland Under-16 team at the 2000 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship . Starting as a midfielder his career at West Ham United , he switched to Port Vale in 2004 after failing to make a first team appearance for West Ham . Later in the year he moved on to Leyton Orient , where he would remain for three years . He then spent two seasons at Stevenage Borough , moving on to Cambridge United and then Farnborough in 2009 . Two years later he moved on to Boreham Wood , and seven months later to Eastleigh . He has also played for Torquay United and Notts County on loan . He switched to Dover Athletic in September 2012 , before signing for Ebbsfleet United in June 2013 . He rejoined Boreham Wood in January 2015 before returning to Ebbsfleet as manager three months later . He managed Ebbsfleet from April 2015 to November 2018 and won promotion out of the National League South play-offs in 2017 . He was appointed as manager of English Football League side Macclesfield Town in August 2019 , but tendered his resignation in January 2020 amidst a financial crisis at the club . He then took charge at National League side Dagenham & Redbridge . Playing career . West Ham United . McMahon started his youth career at the age of seven with Neilstown Rangers , before moving on to Cherry Orchard and then Belvedere . McMahon then began his career as a trainee with West Ham United , turning professional in August 2002 . In need of first team experience , he joined League Two Torquay United on loan in March 2004 , making his debut as a late substitute for Martin Gritton in the 2–2 home draw with Yeovil Town on 3 April 2004 . However , that was to be his only game for the Gulls as he returned to West Ham two weeks early , seemingly at his own request . Port Vale . He was released by West Ham at the end of the 2003–04 season and joined Martin Foyles League One Port Vale on non-contract terms in September 2004 . He struggled to establish himself at Vale Park and dropped down a division to join Leyton Orient on a free transfer two months later , after rejecting a further short-term deal at Port Vale . Teammate Dean Smith had set up the move to Brisbane Road and would himself join Orient soon after . Leyton Orient . After impressing on a non-contract basis , he signed a six-month deal with Leyton Orient in January 2005 . He played 33 games of the Os promotion winning campaign of 2005–06 but fell out of favour the following season and joined Notts County , back in League Two , on loan in November 2006 . After his loan spell finished the following January , McMahon joined Conference National club Stevenage Borough . Non-league . A fairly regular member of the first team at Broadhall Way , he was a sub in the FA Trophy final at Wembley . In May 2008 he signed a two-year contract with the club . On 26 November 2008 , he was transfer listed by Borough , along with teammate John Martin , and in the January 2009 transfer window McMahon agreed to join fellow Conference Premier club Cambridge United . He made his debut in a 4–1 win over Woking at the Abbey Stadium , but struggled to hold down a place in the team . He was an unused substitute in the 2009 Conference Premier play-off Final , as he watched his United teammates lose their second play-off final in as many years . On 16 July 2009 , caretaker Cambridge United manager , Paul Carden , announced that McMahon has left the club . He then joined Farnborough for a two-year stay . He enjoyed promotion to the Conference South with the club , as they were crowned champions of the Southern Football League Premier Division in 2009–10 . The following year he helped the club to the Conference South play-off final , where they were defeated 4–2 by Ebbsfleet United . In June 2011 , he signed for Boreham Wood as a player-coach on a two-year contract . McMahons stay at Boreham Wood lasted seven months , as in January 2012 he signed for fellow Conference South club Eastleigh for an undisclosed fee . The Spitfires went on to post a mid-table finish in 2011–12 . He was sold to league rivals Dover Athletic for an undisclosed fee in September 2012 . Eastleigh manager Richard Hill had rejected two bids from the Whites , before Dover boss Nicky Forster put in a bid that Eastleigh director Stewart Donald felt matched our valuation and represented good value . He played in the 3–2 play-off final defeat to Salisbury City on 12 May 2013 . In June 2013 , he signed for Ebbsfleet United for a fee of £13,000 . He became a key part of the clubs passing style , but credited the clubs success to manager Steve Brown . The Fleet finished fourth in 2013–14 and reached the play-off final , where they were beaten 1–0 by Dover Athletic ; this was McMahons fourth play-off final defeat in six years . He did though play in the Kent Senior Cup final , which ended in a 4–0 victory over Dover . He re-signed with Boreham Wood in January 2015 on a contract lasting until summer 2017 . He was also coaching at Tottenham Hotspur and managing Ebbsfleet United , before he retired as a player at the end of the 2014–15 season . Management career . Ebbsfleet United . McMahon took charge at Conference South club Ebbsfleet United on a caretaker basis for three games in November 2014 , winning two games and drawing one game in the period following the departure of Steve Brown and the appointment of Jamie Day . He was given a two-year management contract at the club in April 2015 . He led the club to a second-place finish in the 2015–16 season , however his record of play-off disappointment continued into his management career as Ebbfleet went on to lose to Maidstone United on penalties in the play-off final . The Fleet again finished second in the 2016–17 season , finishing only two points behind champions Maidenhead United . However they made up for their previous seasons defeat and justified their 96-point finish after coming from 1–0 down with ten men to record a 2–1 victory over Chelmsford City in the play-off final at Stonebridge Road . He signed a new five-year contract with the club in May 2017 . He was named as National League Manager of the Month for February 2018 after four successive victories took them to the cusp of the play-offs . However after a poor March he admitted that the focus had turned to building a promotion campaign for the following season . A late surge saw the qualify for the play-offs at the end of the 2017–18 season , though they were then beaten 4–2 by Tranmere Rovers at the semi-final stage . He left the club by mutual consent on 7 November 2018 . Macclesfield Town . On 19 August 2019 , McMahon was appointed as manager of EFL League Two club Macclesfield Town , succeeding Sol Campbell . He got off to a good start on the pitch , however the Silkmen squad released a statement to say they had gone unpaid for the month of September as HM Revenue and Customs delivered the club a winding up petition . He resigned on 2 January 2020 after financial problems resulted in players striking , which left the club unable to fulfill fixtures and punished with a six point deduction . Dagenham & Redbridge . Within 24 hours of leaving Macclesfield , McMahon was appointed as manager of National League side Dagenham & Redbridge . The season was suspended on 26 March due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England and no further matches were played ; Dagenham were 18th in the table at the time . They finished the 2020–21 season in 12th-place , which McMahon saw as evidence the club was building in the right direction . Personal life . McMahon is married to Alex , a stockbroker , and has two children . Honours . Playing honours . Leyton Orient - League Two 3rd-place promotion : 2005–06 Stevenage Borough - FA Trophy : 2006–07 Farnborough - Southern Football League Premier Division : 2009–10 Ebbsfleet United - Kent Senior Cup : 2014 Managerial honours . Individual - National League Manager of the Month : February 2018 Ebbsfleet United - National League South play-offs : 2017 |
[
"Cambridge United",
"Farnborough"
] | easy | Daryl McMahon played for which team from 2009 to 2011? | /wiki/Daryl_McMahon#P54#3 | Daryl McMahon Daryl McMahon ( born 10 October 1983 ) is an Irish former football player and manager who is now manager of National League club Dagenham & Redbridge . McMahon represented the Republic of Ireland Under-16 team at the 2000 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship . Starting as a midfielder his career at West Ham United , he switched to Port Vale in 2004 after failing to make a first team appearance for West Ham . Later in the year he moved on to Leyton Orient , where he would remain for three years . He then spent two seasons at Stevenage Borough , moving on to Cambridge United and then Farnborough in 2009 . Two years later he moved on to Boreham Wood , and seven months later to Eastleigh . He has also played for Torquay United and Notts County on loan . He switched to Dover Athletic in September 2012 , before signing for Ebbsfleet United in June 2013 . He rejoined Boreham Wood in January 2015 before returning to Ebbsfleet as manager three months later . He managed Ebbsfleet from April 2015 to November 2018 and won promotion out of the National League South play-offs in 2017 . He was appointed as manager of English Football League side Macclesfield Town in August 2019 , but tendered his resignation in January 2020 amidst a financial crisis at the club . He then took charge at National League side Dagenham & Redbridge . Playing career . West Ham United . McMahon started his youth career at the age of seven with Neilstown Rangers , before moving on to Cherry Orchard and then Belvedere . McMahon then began his career as a trainee with West Ham United , turning professional in August 2002 . In need of first team experience , he joined League Two Torquay United on loan in March 2004 , making his debut as a late substitute for Martin Gritton in the 2–2 home draw with Yeovil Town on 3 April 2004 . However , that was to be his only game for the Gulls as he returned to West Ham two weeks early , seemingly at his own request . Port Vale . He was released by West Ham at the end of the 2003–04 season and joined Martin Foyles League One Port Vale on non-contract terms in September 2004 . He struggled to establish himself at Vale Park and dropped down a division to join Leyton Orient on a free transfer two months later , after rejecting a further short-term deal at Port Vale . Teammate Dean Smith had set up the move to Brisbane Road and would himself join Orient soon after . Leyton Orient . After impressing on a non-contract basis , he signed a six-month deal with Leyton Orient in January 2005 . He played 33 games of the Os promotion winning campaign of 2005–06 but fell out of favour the following season and joined Notts County , back in League Two , on loan in November 2006 . After his loan spell finished the following January , McMahon joined Conference National club Stevenage Borough . Non-league . A fairly regular member of the first team at Broadhall Way , he was a sub in the FA Trophy final at Wembley . In May 2008 he signed a two-year contract with the club . On 26 November 2008 , he was transfer listed by Borough , along with teammate John Martin , and in the January 2009 transfer window McMahon agreed to join fellow Conference Premier club Cambridge United . He made his debut in a 4–1 win over Woking at the Abbey Stadium , but struggled to hold down a place in the team . He was an unused substitute in the 2009 Conference Premier play-off Final , as he watched his United teammates lose their second play-off final in as many years . On 16 July 2009 , caretaker Cambridge United manager , Paul Carden , announced that McMahon has left the club . He then joined Farnborough for a two-year stay . He enjoyed promotion to the Conference South with the club , as they were crowned champions of the Southern Football League Premier Division in 2009–10 . The following year he helped the club to the Conference South play-off final , where they were defeated 4–2 by Ebbsfleet United . In June 2011 , he signed for Boreham Wood as a player-coach on a two-year contract . McMahons stay at Boreham Wood lasted seven months , as in January 2012 he signed for fellow Conference South club Eastleigh for an undisclosed fee . The Spitfires went on to post a mid-table finish in 2011–12 . He was sold to league rivals Dover Athletic for an undisclosed fee in September 2012 . Eastleigh manager Richard Hill had rejected two bids from the Whites , before Dover boss Nicky Forster put in a bid that Eastleigh director Stewart Donald felt matched our valuation and represented good value . He played in the 3–2 play-off final defeat to Salisbury City on 12 May 2013 . In June 2013 , he signed for Ebbsfleet United for a fee of £13,000 . He became a key part of the clubs passing style , but credited the clubs success to manager Steve Brown . The Fleet finished fourth in 2013–14 and reached the play-off final , where they were beaten 1–0 by Dover Athletic ; this was McMahons fourth play-off final defeat in six years . He did though play in the Kent Senior Cup final , which ended in a 4–0 victory over Dover . He re-signed with Boreham Wood in January 2015 on a contract lasting until summer 2017 . He was also coaching at Tottenham Hotspur and managing Ebbsfleet United , before he retired as a player at the end of the 2014–15 season . Management career . Ebbsfleet United . McMahon took charge at Conference South club Ebbsfleet United on a caretaker basis for three games in November 2014 , winning two games and drawing one game in the period following the departure of Steve Brown and the appointment of Jamie Day . He was given a two-year management contract at the club in April 2015 . He led the club to a second-place finish in the 2015–16 season , however his record of play-off disappointment continued into his management career as Ebbfleet went on to lose to Maidstone United on penalties in the play-off final . The Fleet again finished second in the 2016–17 season , finishing only two points behind champions Maidenhead United . However they made up for their previous seasons defeat and justified their 96-point finish after coming from 1–0 down with ten men to record a 2–1 victory over Chelmsford City in the play-off final at Stonebridge Road . He signed a new five-year contract with the club in May 2017 . He was named as National League Manager of the Month for February 2018 after four successive victories took them to the cusp of the play-offs . However after a poor March he admitted that the focus had turned to building a promotion campaign for the following season . A late surge saw the qualify for the play-offs at the end of the 2017–18 season , though they were then beaten 4–2 by Tranmere Rovers at the semi-final stage . He left the club by mutual consent on 7 November 2018 . Macclesfield Town . On 19 August 2019 , McMahon was appointed as manager of EFL League Two club Macclesfield Town , succeeding Sol Campbell . He got off to a good start on the pitch , however the Silkmen squad released a statement to say they had gone unpaid for the month of September as HM Revenue and Customs delivered the club a winding up petition . He resigned on 2 January 2020 after financial problems resulted in players striking , which left the club unable to fulfill fixtures and punished with a six point deduction . Dagenham & Redbridge . Within 24 hours of leaving Macclesfield , McMahon was appointed as manager of National League side Dagenham & Redbridge . The season was suspended on 26 March due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England and no further matches were played ; Dagenham were 18th in the table at the time . They finished the 2020–21 season in 12th-place , which McMahon saw as evidence the club was building in the right direction . Personal life . McMahon is married to Alex , a stockbroker , and has two children . Honours . Playing honours . Leyton Orient - League Two 3rd-place promotion : 2005–06 Stevenage Borough - FA Trophy : 2006–07 Farnborough - Southern Football League Premier Division : 2009–10 Ebbsfleet United - Kent Senior Cup : 2014 Managerial honours . Individual - National League Manager of the Month : February 2018 Ebbsfleet United - National League South play-offs : 2017 |
[
"Boreham Wood"
] | easy | Which team did the player Daryl McMahon belong to from 2011 to 2012? | /wiki/Daryl_McMahon#P54#4 | Daryl McMahon Daryl McMahon ( born 10 October 1983 ) is an Irish former football player and manager who is now manager of National League club Dagenham & Redbridge . McMahon represented the Republic of Ireland Under-16 team at the 2000 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship . Starting as a midfielder his career at West Ham United , he switched to Port Vale in 2004 after failing to make a first team appearance for West Ham . Later in the year he moved on to Leyton Orient , where he would remain for three years . He then spent two seasons at Stevenage Borough , moving on to Cambridge United and then Farnborough in 2009 . Two years later he moved on to Boreham Wood , and seven months later to Eastleigh . He has also played for Torquay United and Notts County on loan . He switched to Dover Athletic in September 2012 , before signing for Ebbsfleet United in June 2013 . He rejoined Boreham Wood in January 2015 before returning to Ebbsfleet as manager three months later . He managed Ebbsfleet from April 2015 to November 2018 and won promotion out of the National League South play-offs in 2017 . He was appointed as manager of English Football League side Macclesfield Town in August 2019 , but tendered his resignation in January 2020 amidst a financial crisis at the club . He then took charge at National League side Dagenham & Redbridge . Playing career . West Ham United . McMahon started his youth career at the age of seven with Neilstown Rangers , before moving on to Cherry Orchard and then Belvedere . McMahon then began his career as a trainee with West Ham United , turning professional in August 2002 . In need of first team experience , he joined League Two Torquay United on loan in March 2004 , making his debut as a late substitute for Martin Gritton in the 2–2 home draw with Yeovil Town on 3 April 2004 . However , that was to be his only game for the Gulls as he returned to West Ham two weeks early , seemingly at his own request . Port Vale . He was released by West Ham at the end of the 2003–04 season and joined Martin Foyles League One Port Vale on non-contract terms in September 2004 . He struggled to establish himself at Vale Park and dropped down a division to join Leyton Orient on a free transfer two months later , after rejecting a further short-term deal at Port Vale . Teammate Dean Smith had set up the move to Brisbane Road and would himself join Orient soon after . Leyton Orient . After impressing on a non-contract basis , he signed a six-month deal with Leyton Orient in January 2005 . He played 33 games of the Os promotion winning campaign of 2005–06 but fell out of favour the following season and joined Notts County , back in League Two , on loan in November 2006 . After his loan spell finished the following January , McMahon joined Conference National club Stevenage Borough . Non-league . A fairly regular member of the first team at Broadhall Way , he was a sub in the FA Trophy final at Wembley . In May 2008 he signed a two-year contract with the club . On 26 November 2008 , he was transfer listed by Borough , along with teammate John Martin , and in the January 2009 transfer window McMahon agreed to join fellow Conference Premier club Cambridge United . He made his debut in a 4–1 win over Woking at the Abbey Stadium , but struggled to hold down a place in the team . He was an unused substitute in the 2009 Conference Premier play-off Final , as he watched his United teammates lose their second play-off final in as many years . On 16 July 2009 , caretaker Cambridge United manager , Paul Carden , announced that McMahon has left the club . He then joined Farnborough for a two-year stay . He enjoyed promotion to the Conference South with the club , as they were crowned champions of the Southern Football League Premier Division in 2009–10 . The following year he helped the club to the Conference South play-off final , where they were defeated 4–2 by Ebbsfleet United . In June 2011 , he signed for Boreham Wood as a player-coach on a two-year contract . McMahons stay at Boreham Wood lasted seven months , as in January 2012 he signed for fellow Conference South club Eastleigh for an undisclosed fee . The Spitfires went on to post a mid-table finish in 2011–12 . He was sold to league rivals Dover Athletic for an undisclosed fee in September 2012 . Eastleigh manager Richard Hill had rejected two bids from the Whites , before Dover boss Nicky Forster put in a bid that Eastleigh director Stewart Donald felt matched our valuation and represented good value . He played in the 3–2 play-off final defeat to Salisbury City on 12 May 2013 . In June 2013 , he signed for Ebbsfleet United for a fee of £13,000 . He became a key part of the clubs passing style , but credited the clubs success to manager Steve Brown . The Fleet finished fourth in 2013–14 and reached the play-off final , where they were beaten 1–0 by Dover Athletic ; this was McMahons fourth play-off final defeat in six years . He did though play in the Kent Senior Cup final , which ended in a 4–0 victory over Dover . He re-signed with Boreham Wood in January 2015 on a contract lasting until summer 2017 . He was also coaching at Tottenham Hotspur and managing Ebbsfleet United , before he retired as a player at the end of the 2014–15 season . Management career . Ebbsfleet United . McMahon took charge at Conference South club Ebbsfleet United on a caretaker basis for three games in November 2014 , winning two games and drawing one game in the period following the departure of Steve Brown and the appointment of Jamie Day . He was given a two-year management contract at the club in April 2015 . He led the club to a second-place finish in the 2015–16 season , however his record of play-off disappointment continued into his management career as Ebbfleet went on to lose to Maidstone United on penalties in the play-off final . The Fleet again finished second in the 2016–17 season , finishing only two points behind champions Maidenhead United . However they made up for their previous seasons defeat and justified their 96-point finish after coming from 1–0 down with ten men to record a 2–1 victory over Chelmsford City in the play-off final at Stonebridge Road . He signed a new five-year contract with the club in May 2017 . He was named as National League Manager of the Month for February 2018 after four successive victories took them to the cusp of the play-offs . However after a poor March he admitted that the focus had turned to building a promotion campaign for the following season . A late surge saw the qualify for the play-offs at the end of the 2017–18 season , though they were then beaten 4–2 by Tranmere Rovers at the semi-final stage . He left the club by mutual consent on 7 November 2018 . Macclesfield Town . On 19 August 2019 , McMahon was appointed as manager of EFL League Two club Macclesfield Town , succeeding Sol Campbell . He got off to a good start on the pitch , however the Silkmen squad released a statement to say they had gone unpaid for the month of September as HM Revenue and Customs delivered the club a winding up petition . He resigned on 2 January 2020 after financial problems resulted in players striking , which left the club unable to fulfill fixtures and punished with a six point deduction . Dagenham & Redbridge . Within 24 hours of leaving Macclesfield , McMahon was appointed as manager of National League side Dagenham & Redbridge . The season was suspended on 26 March due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England and no further matches were played ; Dagenham were 18th in the table at the time . They finished the 2020–21 season in 12th-place , which McMahon saw as evidence the club was building in the right direction . Personal life . McMahon is married to Alex , a stockbroker , and has two children . Honours . Playing honours . Leyton Orient - League Two 3rd-place promotion : 2005–06 Stevenage Borough - FA Trophy : 2006–07 Farnborough - Southern Football League Premier Division : 2009–10 Ebbsfleet United - Kent Senior Cup : 2014 Managerial honours . Individual - National League Manager of the Month : February 2018 Ebbsfleet United - National League South play-offs : 2017 |
[
"Eastleigh",
"Dover Athletic"
] | easy | Which team did the player Daryl McMahon belong to from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Daryl_McMahon#P54#5 | Daryl McMahon Daryl McMahon ( born 10 October 1983 ) is an Irish former football player and manager who is now manager of National League club Dagenham & Redbridge . McMahon represented the Republic of Ireland Under-16 team at the 2000 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship . Starting as a midfielder his career at West Ham United , he switched to Port Vale in 2004 after failing to make a first team appearance for West Ham . Later in the year he moved on to Leyton Orient , where he would remain for three years . He then spent two seasons at Stevenage Borough , moving on to Cambridge United and then Farnborough in 2009 . Two years later he moved on to Boreham Wood , and seven months later to Eastleigh . He has also played for Torquay United and Notts County on loan . He switched to Dover Athletic in September 2012 , before signing for Ebbsfleet United in June 2013 . He rejoined Boreham Wood in January 2015 before returning to Ebbsfleet as manager three months later . He managed Ebbsfleet from April 2015 to November 2018 and won promotion out of the National League South play-offs in 2017 . He was appointed as manager of English Football League side Macclesfield Town in August 2019 , but tendered his resignation in January 2020 amidst a financial crisis at the club . He then took charge at National League side Dagenham & Redbridge . Playing career . West Ham United . McMahon started his youth career at the age of seven with Neilstown Rangers , before moving on to Cherry Orchard and then Belvedere . McMahon then began his career as a trainee with West Ham United , turning professional in August 2002 . In need of first team experience , he joined League Two Torquay United on loan in March 2004 , making his debut as a late substitute for Martin Gritton in the 2–2 home draw with Yeovil Town on 3 April 2004 . However , that was to be his only game for the Gulls as he returned to West Ham two weeks early , seemingly at his own request . Port Vale . He was released by West Ham at the end of the 2003–04 season and joined Martin Foyles League One Port Vale on non-contract terms in September 2004 . He struggled to establish himself at Vale Park and dropped down a division to join Leyton Orient on a free transfer two months later , after rejecting a further short-term deal at Port Vale . Teammate Dean Smith had set up the move to Brisbane Road and would himself join Orient soon after . Leyton Orient . After impressing on a non-contract basis , he signed a six-month deal with Leyton Orient in January 2005 . He played 33 games of the Os promotion winning campaign of 2005–06 but fell out of favour the following season and joined Notts County , back in League Two , on loan in November 2006 . After his loan spell finished the following January , McMahon joined Conference National club Stevenage Borough . Non-league . A fairly regular member of the first team at Broadhall Way , he was a sub in the FA Trophy final at Wembley . In May 2008 he signed a two-year contract with the club . On 26 November 2008 , he was transfer listed by Borough , along with teammate John Martin , and in the January 2009 transfer window McMahon agreed to join fellow Conference Premier club Cambridge United . He made his debut in a 4–1 win over Woking at the Abbey Stadium , but struggled to hold down a place in the team . He was an unused substitute in the 2009 Conference Premier play-off Final , as he watched his United teammates lose their second play-off final in as many years . On 16 July 2009 , caretaker Cambridge United manager , Paul Carden , announced that McMahon has left the club . He then joined Farnborough for a two-year stay . He enjoyed promotion to the Conference South with the club , as they were crowned champions of the Southern Football League Premier Division in 2009–10 . The following year he helped the club to the Conference South play-off final , where they were defeated 4–2 by Ebbsfleet United . In June 2011 , he signed for Boreham Wood as a player-coach on a two-year contract . McMahons stay at Boreham Wood lasted seven months , as in January 2012 he signed for fellow Conference South club Eastleigh for an undisclosed fee . The Spitfires went on to post a mid-table finish in 2011–12 . He was sold to league rivals Dover Athletic for an undisclosed fee in September 2012 . Eastleigh manager Richard Hill had rejected two bids from the Whites , before Dover boss Nicky Forster put in a bid that Eastleigh director Stewart Donald felt matched our valuation and represented good value . He played in the 3–2 play-off final defeat to Salisbury City on 12 May 2013 . In June 2013 , he signed for Ebbsfleet United for a fee of £13,000 . He became a key part of the clubs passing style , but credited the clubs success to manager Steve Brown . The Fleet finished fourth in 2013–14 and reached the play-off final , where they were beaten 1–0 by Dover Athletic ; this was McMahons fourth play-off final defeat in six years . He did though play in the Kent Senior Cup final , which ended in a 4–0 victory over Dover . He re-signed with Boreham Wood in January 2015 on a contract lasting until summer 2017 . He was also coaching at Tottenham Hotspur and managing Ebbsfleet United , before he retired as a player at the end of the 2014–15 season . Management career . Ebbsfleet United . McMahon took charge at Conference South club Ebbsfleet United on a caretaker basis for three games in November 2014 , winning two games and drawing one game in the period following the departure of Steve Brown and the appointment of Jamie Day . He was given a two-year management contract at the club in April 2015 . He led the club to a second-place finish in the 2015–16 season , however his record of play-off disappointment continued into his management career as Ebbfleet went on to lose to Maidstone United on penalties in the play-off final . The Fleet again finished second in the 2016–17 season , finishing only two points behind champions Maidenhead United . However they made up for their previous seasons defeat and justified their 96-point finish after coming from 1–0 down with ten men to record a 2–1 victory over Chelmsford City in the play-off final at Stonebridge Road . He signed a new five-year contract with the club in May 2017 . He was named as National League Manager of the Month for February 2018 after four successive victories took them to the cusp of the play-offs . However after a poor March he admitted that the focus had turned to building a promotion campaign for the following season . A late surge saw the qualify for the play-offs at the end of the 2017–18 season , though they were then beaten 4–2 by Tranmere Rovers at the semi-final stage . He left the club by mutual consent on 7 November 2018 . Macclesfield Town . On 19 August 2019 , McMahon was appointed as manager of EFL League Two club Macclesfield Town , succeeding Sol Campbell . He got off to a good start on the pitch , however the Silkmen squad released a statement to say they had gone unpaid for the month of September as HM Revenue and Customs delivered the club a winding up petition . He resigned on 2 January 2020 after financial problems resulted in players striking , which left the club unable to fulfill fixtures and punished with a six point deduction . Dagenham & Redbridge . Within 24 hours of leaving Macclesfield , McMahon was appointed as manager of National League side Dagenham & Redbridge . The season was suspended on 26 March due to the COVID-19 pandemic in England and no further matches were played ; Dagenham were 18th in the table at the time . They finished the 2020–21 season in 12th-place , which McMahon saw as evidence the club was building in the right direction . Personal life . McMahon is married to Alex , a stockbroker , and has two children . Honours . Playing honours . Leyton Orient - League Two 3rd-place promotion : 2005–06 Stevenage Borough - FA Trophy : 2006–07 Farnborough - Southern Football League Premier Division : 2009–10 Ebbsfleet United - Kent Senior Cup : 2014 Managerial honours . Individual - National League Manager of the Month : February 2018 Ebbsfleet United - National League South play-offs : 2017 |
[
"International Master of Chess Composition"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Leopold Mitrofanov in 1980? | /wiki/Leopold_Mitrofanov#P2962#0 | Leopold Mitrofanov Leopold Adamovich Mitrofanov ( July 2 , 1932November 26 , 1992 ) was a Russian chess composer , an International Judge of Chess Composition ( awarded 1971 ) and an International Master of Chess Composition ( awarded 1980 ) . He was born in Leningrad ( now St . Petersburg ) and , by profession , was a chemical engineer . Beginning in the 1950s , Mitrofanov published over 300 endgame studies , 40 of which were awarded first prizes in competitions . Between 1955 and 1992 , he participated in the finals of eight USSR Championships for chess composition . In FIDE competitions , he and Vladimir Korolkov were jointly awarded 3 gold medals . Mitrofanov composed a number of studies jointly with grandmaster Alexander Beliavsky . In 1967 , Mitrofanovs most celebrated chess study was awarded first prize from 250 entries to a tournament commemorating the twelfth-century Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli . Former world champion Mikhail Tal was among the judges . Their report stated that Mitrofanovs entry doesnt look like any other , and is beyond the rest of the studies . Another judge , composer Alexander Herbstmann , said : Immediately after the first preview , Mitrofanovs masterpiece created a tremendous impression by the intensity and novelty of the idea . The ranking of the other studies was designated by us beginning with the second place . Famous study . Unfortunately , Mitrofanovs original study ( as below , but with Blacks knight on f3 rather than g2 ) was subsequently found to have a cook , a miraculous defense that enabled Black either to obtain perpetual check or reach a drawn ending . After correction , the study remains notable . According to Tim Krabbé , [ i ] t would be my candidate for study of the millennium . From the position at above left : - 1.b6+ Ka8 : Allows Blacks bishop to interpose on b8 after White queens his g-pawn.If 1...Kb8 , then 2.g7 Kc8 3.g8 ( Q ) + Kd7 4.Qe6+ Kd8 5.Qxd6+ Ke8 6.Rxe5+ Kf7 7.Qg6+ Kf8 8.Re8# . - 2.Re1 ! : Sacrifices the rook to avoid checks along the first rank from Blacks soon-to-be-created queen on h1.If 2.g7 , then draws ; all other 2nd moves lose for White . - 2...Nxe1 : If 2...Nc4+ , then 3.Kb5 winning . - 3.g7 h1 ( Q ) : If 3...Nc4+ , then 4.Kb5 h1 ( Q ) 5.g8 ( Q ) + Bb8 6.a7 Qh2 ( 6...Nd6+ 7.Kc6 Qxd5+ 8.Kxd5 Kb7 9.axb8 ( Q ) + Ka6 10.Kxd6 Kb5 11.Qb3+ Ka6 12.Qa8# ) 7.axb8 ( Q ) + Qxb8 8.Qxb8+ Kxb8 9.Kxc4 +- ) Na3+ 7.Kc6 Qh2 8.axb8 ( Q ) + Qxb8 9.b7+ Ka7 10.Qg1+ Ka6 11.Qb6# . - 4.g8 ( Q ) + Bb85.a7 Nc6+ : Since 5...Qxd5+ ? is met by 6.Qxd5 Nc6+ 7.Qxc6# , Black must sacrifice the knight in order to enable his queen to give check.5...Nd7 is rebutted by 6.Qe6 Nc5 7.axb8 ( Q ) + Kxb8 8.Qd6+ Ka8 9.Qd8+ Kb7 10.Qc7+ Ka8 11.Qa7# . - 6.dxc6 Qxh5+ : ( see position at above right ) Now what ? If 7 . Ka4 Qh4+ or 7.Ka6 Qe2+ or 7.Kb4 Qh4+ , Black will keep checking . - 7.Qg5! ! : Mitrofanovs amazing conception . Having previously sacrificed the rook in order to avoid horizontal checks by Blacks queen , White now sacrifices the queen , with check , solely to avoid diagonal checks from Blacks queen . At first blush , the move looks like a misprint . Upon being shown this move , grandmaster Leonid Yudasin reportedly said : What? ! The queen is given for nothingand with check ! Victor Charusin , an ICCF International Master and author of the book Mitrofanovs Deflection , called it a move from another world . Krabbé observed : White lifts his mating threat , the pin of [ the bishop on b8 ] , lets his Queen be captured with check on an unguarded square , remains with a few pawns against Queen , Bishop and Knightand wins . - 7...Qxg5+ : 7...Qe8 8.b7+ ! Kxa7 9.Qc5# - 8.Ka6 : Threatens 9.b7# - 8...Bxa7 : If 8...Qb5+ , then 9.Kxb5 Nc2 10.c7 ! Na3+ ( or 10...Nd4+ ) 11.Ka6 and mate next move.If 8...Qa5+ , then 9.Kxa5 Bxa7 10.c7! ! and the winning method is as shown in the main line.Following 8...Bxa7 , 9.b7+ ? only draws ( 9...Kb8 10.c7+ Kxc7 11.b8 ( Q ) + = ( 11...B ( K ) xb8 is stalemate ) ) and after 9.bxa7? ? Qc5 it is mate in 4 . - 9.c7! ! : ( see diagram below ) An incredible position . Black , with a queen , bishop , and knight against Whites two connected passed pawns , is helpless against the dual threats of 10.b7# and 10.c8 ( Q ) + . Note that if the queen were on any other square of the board where it is not already giving check , Black would easily win . Only on g5 does Black have no checks that do not lose the queen . - 9...Qa5+ : 9...Qd5 10.c8 ( Q ) + Bb8 11.b7+ Qxb7+ 12.Qxb7# and 9...Qg6 10.c8 ( Q ) + Bb8 11.Qb7# lose even quicker . - 10.Kxa5 Kb7 : All other Black moves result in mate in two . The paradoxical nature of this problem is highlighted by the fact that Black is now losing because of the two minor pieces . Without the knight , Black draws with 10...Bxb6+ 11.Kxb6 stalemate ; without the bishop , Black draws with 10...Kb7 followed by Nd3-e5-d7xb6 . - 11.bxa7 1-0 : One of the pawns will queen ; White mates in ( at most ) 11 more moves . External links . - Tim Krabbé , A Genius Bad Luck |
[
"USSR Championships for chess composition"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Leopold Mitrofanov in 1961? | /wiki/Leopold_Mitrofanov#P2962#1 | Leopold Mitrofanov Leopold Adamovich Mitrofanov ( July 2 , 1932November 26 , 1992 ) was a Russian chess composer , an International Judge of Chess Composition ( awarded 1971 ) and an International Master of Chess Composition ( awarded 1980 ) . He was born in Leningrad ( now St . Petersburg ) and , by profession , was a chemical engineer . Beginning in the 1950s , Mitrofanov published over 300 endgame studies , 40 of which were awarded first prizes in competitions . Between 1955 and 1992 , he participated in the finals of eight USSR Championships for chess composition . In FIDE competitions , he and Vladimir Korolkov were jointly awarded 3 gold medals . Mitrofanov composed a number of studies jointly with grandmaster Alexander Beliavsky . In 1967 , Mitrofanovs most celebrated chess study was awarded first prize from 250 entries to a tournament commemorating the twelfth-century Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli . Former world champion Mikhail Tal was among the judges . Their report stated that Mitrofanovs entry doesnt look like any other , and is beyond the rest of the studies . Another judge , composer Alexander Herbstmann , said : Immediately after the first preview , Mitrofanovs masterpiece created a tremendous impression by the intensity and novelty of the idea . The ranking of the other studies was designated by us beginning with the second place . Famous study . Unfortunately , Mitrofanovs original study ( as below , but with Blacks knight on f3 rather than g2 ) was subsequently found to have a cook , a miraculous defense that enabled Black either to obtain perpetual check or reach a drawn ending . After correction , the study remains notable . According to Tim Krabbé , [ i ] t would be my candidate for study of the millennium . From the position at above left : - 1.b6+ Ka8 : Allows Blacks bishop to interpose on b8 after White queens his g-pawn.If 1...Kb8 , then 2.g7 Kc8 3.g8 ( Q ) + Kd7 4.Qe6+ Kd8 5.Qxd6+ Ke8 6.Rxe5+ Kf7 7.Qg6+ Kf8 8.Re8# . - 2.Re1 ! : Sacrifices the rook to avoid checks along the first rank from Blacks soon-to-be-created queen on h1.If 2.g7 , then draws ; all other 2nd moves lose for White . - 2...Nxe1 : If 2...Nc4+ , then 3.Kb5 winning . - 3.g7 h1 ( Q ) : If 3...Nc4+ , then 4.Kb5 h1 ( Q ) 5.g8 ( Q ) + Bb8 6.a7 Qh2 ( 6...Nd6+ 7.Kc6 Qxd5+ 8.Kxd5 Kb7 9.axb8 ( Q ) + Ka6 10.Kxd6 Kb5 11.Qb3+ Ka6 12.Qa8# ) 7.axb8 ( Q ) + Qxb8 8.Qxb8+ Kxb8 9.Kxc4 +- ) Na3+ 7.Kc6 Qh2 8.axb8 ( Q ) + Qxb8 9.b7+ Ka7 10.Qg1+ Ka6 11.Qb6# . - 4.g8 ( Q ) + Bb85.a7 Nc6+ : Since 5...Qxd5+ ? is met by 6.Qxd5 Nc6+ 7.Qxc6# , Black must sacrifice the knight in order to enable his queen to give check.5...Nd7 is rebutted by 6.Qe6 Nc5 7.axb8 ( Q ) + Kxb8 8.Qd6+ Ka8 9.Qd8+ Kb7 10.Qc7+ Ka8 11.Qa7# . - 6.dxc6 Qxh5+ : ( see position at above right ) Now what ? If 7 . Ka4 Qh4+ or 7.Ka6 Qe2+ or 7.Kb4 Qh4+ , Black will keep checking . - 7.Qg5! ! : Mitrofanovs amazing conception . Having previously sacrificed the rook in order to avoid horizontal checks by Blacks queen , White now sacrifices the queen , with check , solely to avoid diagonal checks from Blacks queen . At first blush , the move looks like a misprint . Upon being shown this move , grandmaster Leonid Yudasin reportedly said : What? ! The queen is given for nothingand with check ! Victor Charusin , an ICCF International Master and author of the book Mitrofanovs Deflection , called it a move from another world . Krabbé observed : White lifts his mating threat , the pin of [ the bishop on b8 ] , lets his Queen be captured with check on an unguarded square , remains with a few pawns against Queen , Bishop and Knightand wins . - 7...Qxg5+ : 7...Qe8 8.b7+ ! Kxa7 9.Qc5# - 8.Ka6 : Threatens 9.b7# - 8...Bxa7 : If 8...Qb5+ , then 9.Kxb5 Nc2 10.c7 ! Na3+ ( or 10...Nd4+ ) 11.Ka6 and mate next move.If 8...Qa5+ , then 9.Kxa5 Bxa7 10.c7! ! and the winning method is as shown in the main line.Following 8...Bxa7 , 9.b7+ ? only draws ( 9...Kb8 10.c7+ Kxc7 11.b8 ( Q ) + = ( 11...B ( K ) xb8 is stalemate ) ) and after 9.bxa7? ? Qc5 it is mate in 4 . - 9.c7! ! : ( see diagram below ) An incredible position . Black , with a queen , bishop , and knight against Whites two connected passed pawns , is helpless against the dual threats of 10.b7# and 10.c8 ( Q ) + . Note that if the queen were on any other square of the board where it is not already giving check , Black would easily win . Only on g5 does Black have no checks that do not lose the queen . - 9...Qa5+ : 9...Qd5 10.c8 ( Q ) + Bb8 11.b7+ Qxb7+ 12.Qxb7# and 9...Qg6 10.c8 ( Q ) + Bb8 11.Qb7# lose even quicker . - 10.Kxa5 Kb7 : All other Black moves result in mate in two . The paradoxical nature of this problem is highlighted by the fact that Black is now losing because of the two minor pieces . Without the knight , Black draws with 10...Bxb6+ 11.Kxb6 stalemate ; without the bishop , Black draws with 10...Kb7 followed by Nd3-e5-d7xb6 . - 11.bxa7 1-0 : One of the pawns will queen ; White mates in ( at most ) 11 more moves . External links . - Tim Krabbé , A Genius Bad Luck |
[
"International Judge of Chess Composition"
] | easy | Which title was conferred to Leopold Mitrofanov in 1971? | /wiki/Leopold_Mitrofanov#P2962#2 | Leopold Mitrofanov Leopold Adamovich Mitrofanov ( July 2 , 1932November 26 , 1992 ) was a Russian chess composer , an International Judge of Chess Composition ( awarded 1971 ) and an International Master of Chess Composition ( awarded 1980 ) . He was born in Leningrad ( now St . Petersburg ) and , by profession , was a chemical engineer . Beginning in the 1950s , Mitrofanov published over 300 endgame studies , 40 of which were awarded first prizes in competitions . Between 1955 and 1992 , he participated in the finals of eight USSR Championships for chess composition . In FIDE competitions , he and Vladimir Korolkov were jointly awarded 3 gold medals . Mitrofanov composed a number of studies jointly with grandmaster Alexander Beliavsky . In 1967 , Mitrofanovs most celebrated chess study was awarded first prize from 250 entries to a tournament commemorating the twelfth-century Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli . Former world champion Mikhail Tal was among the judges . Their report stated that Mitrofanovs entry doesnt look like any other , and is beyond the rest of the studies . Another judge , composer Alexander Herbstmann , said : Immediately after the first preview , Mitrofanovs masterpiece created a tremendous impression by the intensity and novelty of the idea . The ranking of the other studies was designated by us beginning with the second place . Famous study . Unfortunately , Mitrofanovs original study ( as below , but with Blacks knight on f3 rather than g2 ) was subsequently found to have a cook , a miraculous defense that enabled Black either to obtain perpetual check or reach a drawn ending . After correction , the study remains notable . According to Tim Krabbé , [ i ] t would be my candidate for study of the millennium . From the position at above left : - 1.b6+ Ka8 : Allows Blacks bishop to interpose on b8 after White queens his g-pawn.If 1...Kb8 , then 2.g7 Kc8 3.g8 ( Q ) + Kd7 4.Qe6+ Kd8 5.Qxd6+ Ke8 6.Rxe5+ Kf7 7.Qg6+ Kf8 8.Re8# . - 2.Re1 ! : Sacrifices the rook to avoid checks along the first rank from Blacks soon-to-be-created queen on h1.If 2.g7 , then draws ; all other 2nd moves lose for White . - 2...Nxe1 : If 2...Nc4+ , then 3.Kb5 winning . - 3.g7 h1 ( Q ) : If 3...Nc4+ , then 4.Kb5 h1 ( Q ) 5.g8 ( Q ) + Bb8 6.a7 Qh2 ( 6...Nd6+ 7.Kc6 Qxd5+ 8.Kxd5 Kb7 9.axb8 ( Q ) + Ka6 10.Kxd6 Kb5 11.Qb3+ Ka6 12.Qa8# ) 7.axb8 ( Q ) + Qxb8 8.Qxb8+ Kxb8 9.Kxc4 +- ) Na3+ 7.Kc6 Qh2 8.axb8 ( Q ) + Qxb8 9.b7+ Ka7 10.Qg1+ Ka6 11.Qb6# . - 4.g8 ( Q ) + Bb85.a7 Nc6+ : Since 5...Qxd5+ ? is met by 6.Qxd5 Nc6+ 7.Qxc6# , Black must sacrifice the knight in order to enable his queen to give check.5...Nd7 is rebutted by 6.Qe6 Nc5 7.axb8 ( Q ) + Kxb8 8.Qd6+ Ka8 9.Qd8+ Kb7 10.Qc7+ Ka8 11.Qa7# . - 6.dxc6 Qxh5+ : ( see position at above right ) Now what ? If 7 . Ka4 Qh4+ or 7.Ka6 Qe2+ or 7.Kb4 Qh4+ , Black will keep checking . - 7.Qg5! ! : Mitrofanovs amazing conception . Having previously sacrificed the rook in order to avoid horizontal checks by Blacks queen , White now sacrifices the queen , with check , solely to avoid diagonal checks from Blacks queen . At first blush , the move looks like a misprint . Upon being shown this move , grandmaster Leonid Yudasin reportedly said : What? ! The queen is given for nothingand with check ! Victor Charusin , an ICCF International Master and author of the book Mitrofanovs Deflection , called it a move from another world . Krabbé observed : White lifts his mating threat , the pin of [ the bishop on b8 ] , lets his Queen be captured with check on an unguarded square , remains with a few pawns against Queen , Bishop and Knightand wins . - 7...Qxg5+ : 7...Qe8 8.b7+ ! Kxa7 9.Qc5# - 8.Ka6 : Threatens 9.b7# - 8...Bxa7 : If 8...Qb5+ , then 9.Kxb5 Nc2 10.c7 ! Na3+ ( or 10...Nd4+ ) 11.Ka6 and mate next move.If 8...Qa5+ , then 9.Kxa5 Bxa7 10.c7! ! and the winning method is as shown in the main line.Following 8...Bxa7 , 9.b7+ ? only draws ( 9...Kb8 10.c7+ Kxc7 11.b8 ( Q ) + = ( 11...B ( K ) xb8 is stalemate ) ) and after 9.bxa7? ? Qc5 it is mate in 4 . - 9.c7! ! : ( see diagram below ) An incredible position . Black , with a queen , bishop , and knight against Whites two connected passed pawns , is helpless against the dual threats of 10.b7# and 10.c8 ( Q ) + . Note that if the queen were on any other square of the board where it is not already giving check , Black would easily win . Only on g5 does Black have no checks that do not lose the queen . - 9...Qa5+ : 9...Qd5 10.c8 ( Q ) + Bb8 11.b7+ Qxb7+ 12.Qxb7# and 9...Qg6 10.c8 ( Q ) + Bb8 11.Qb7# lose even quicker . - 10.Kxa5 Kb7 : All other Black moves result in mate in two . The paradoxical nature of this problem is highlighted by the fact that Black is now losing because of the two minor pieces . Without the knight , Black draws with 10...Bxb6+ 11.Kxb6 stalemate ; without the bishop , Black draws with 10...Kb7 followed by Nd3-e5-d7xb6 . - 11.bxa7 1-0 : One of the pawns will queen ; White mates in ( at most ) 11 more moves . External links . - Tim Krabbé , A Genius Bad Luck |
[
"Cardinal-Bishop"
] | easy | Cardinal de Bouillon took which position in Oct 1689? | /wiki/Cardinal_de_Bouillon#P39#0 | Cardinal de Bouillon Emmanuel-Théodose de La Tour dAuvergne , cardinal de Bouillon ( 24 August 1643 – 2 March 1715 , Rome ) was a French prelate and diplomat . Biography . Originally known as the Duc dAlbret , he was the son of Frédéric Maurice de La Tour dAuvergne , Duc de Bouillon and his wife Éléonor de Bergh . He was the nephew of Maréchal de Turenne . As a member of the House of La Tour dAuvergne , he claimed to be a Foreign Prince . In 1658 , he was appointed a canon of Liège ; in 1667 doctor of the Sorbonne . He played some part in Turennes conversion to Catholicism in 1668 and had an important rôle as intermediary between his uncle and Louis XIV . Created a cardinal in 1669 , at the early age of twenty-four , he was provided with several rich benefices . In particular he was made Grand Almoner of France in 1671 and became Supreme Abbot of the Cluniac Order in 1683 . On 19 Oct 1689 , he was appointed as Cardinal-Bishop of Albano and consecrated on 20 Nov 1689 by Flavio Chigi , Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina , with Giambattista Rubini , Bishop of Vicenza , and Francesco Juste Giusti , Bishop of Nepi e Sutri , serving as co-consecrators . His brother Godefroy Maurice de La Tour dAuvergne was the next Duke of Bouillon . His oldest sister Élisabeth , married Charles III , Duke of Elbeuf , son of Charles II , Duke of Elbeuf and Catherine Henriette de Bourbon . Louvois , the powerful minister of Louis XIV , inspired by enmity to the house of Turenne , successfully opposed certain of his demands on the king for the benefit of members of his family , and the cardinals disappointment vented itself in a bitter satire on his royal master . This was used to effect Bouillons downfall at court . He carried out the nuptials between Philippe dOrléans , Duke of Chartres and Françoise-Marie de Bourbon , Mademoiselle de Blois at Versailles on 18 February 1692 . Mademoiselle de Blois was an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan . Bouillon had previously refused to take part in the marriage of Louise-Françoise de Bourbon , Mademoiselle de Nantes ( sister of Mademoiselle de Blois ) to the Duke of Bourbon in 1685 and was subsequently exiled then recalled to perform the formal ceremony . The cardinal then put forth great efforts to obtain the vacant Prince-Bishopric of Liège , but could not overcome the opposition of Louvois , who secured the dignity for Clement Joseph of Bavaria . He eventually regained the royal favour and was sent as ambassador to Rome . While there , Bouillon employed the sculptor Pierre Le Gros to carve the main components of the tomb he planned to erect for his parents at the Abbey of Cluny ( the sculptures were finished by 1707 and arrived at Cluny in 1709 ) . Contrary to the wishes of his king , he championed the cause of Fénelon against that of Bossuet and did all he could to prevent the condemnation of Fénelons Explication des maximes des Saints . He was recalled to France , but he hesitated to obey the Royal order since he was next in line for the office of Dean of the Sacred College and consequently Bishop of Ostia ( his presence at the time of the imminent death of the current Dean was required to secure his succession ) . The death of the pope and the subsequent conclave further delayed departure and Bouillons property in France was then seized . When he eventually submitted and returned to France , he was first exiled to his Abbey of Tournus , soon given a little more freedom of movement , but forbidden to enter Paris . This prevented him from defending himself against the monks of Cluny who sought a parliament ruling against Bouillons rule over them . With similar motives in mind as for his tomb project in Cluny , i.e . as contributing factors to a grander scheme of establishing his family as sovereign princes , the cardinal employed Étienne Baluze to compose an Histoire généalogique de la maison dAuvergne ( 1708 , 2 vols . in fol. ) , partly based on falsifications . After losing his appeal to uphold his rule over the Cluniac monks in 1710 , Bouillon wrote a deeply insulting letter to the king and fled to Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Low Countries . A warrant for his arrest was issued by the Royal Parliament , and his possessions again confiscated . Only now , because of the dynastic pretensions expressed in them , Baluzes Histoire was banned and the building of the tomb at Cluny prevented . Bouillon soon went to take up his residence at Rome , where he spent his last days as a guest of the Jesuits in the Jesuit novitiate at SantAndrea al Quirinale , where he was eventually buried . While bishop , he was the principal consecrator of : - Uldericus Nardi , Bishop of Bagnoregio ( 1698 ) ; - Giulio Dalla Rosa , Bishop of Borgo San Donnino ( 1698 ) ; and - Giovanni Francesco Albani , Pope of Rome ( 1700 ) . References . - De Feller-Pérennès , Biogr . Gener . ( Paris , 1834 ) , II , 470 . - Felix Reyssié , Le cardinal de Bouillon ( 1643–1715 ) , Paris 1899 . |
[
"Bishop of Albano",
"Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina"
] | easy | What was the position of Cardinal de Bouillon from Nov 1689 to 1700? | /wiki/Cardinal_de_Bouillon#P39#1 | Cardinal de Bouillon Emmanuel-Théodose de La Tour dAuvergne , cardinal de Bouillon ( 24 August 1643 – 2 March 1715 , Rome ) was a French prelate and diplomat . Biography . Originally known as the Duc dAlbret , he was the son of Frédéric Maurice de La Tour dAuvergne , Duc de Bouillon and his wife Éléonor de Bergh . He was the nephew of Maréchal de Turenne . As a member of the House of La Tour dAuvergne , he claimed to be a Foreign Prince . In 1658 , he was appointed a canon of Liège ; in 1667 doctor of the Sorbonne . He played some part in Turennes conversion to Catholicism in 1668 and had an important rôle as intermediary between his uncle and Louis XIV . Created a cardinal in 1669 , at the early age of twenty-four , he was provided with several rich benefices . In particular he was made Grand Almoner of France in 1671 and became Supreme Abbot of the Cluniac Order in 1683 . On 19 Oct 1689 , he was appointed as Cardinal-Bishop of Albano and consecrated on 20 Nov 1689 by Flavio Chigi , Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina , with Giambattista Rubini , Bishop of Vicenza , and Francesco Juste Giusti , Bishop of Nepi e Sutri , serving as co-consecrators . His brother Godefroy Maurice de La Tour dAuvergne was the next Duke of Bouillon . His oldest sister Élisabeth , married Charles III , Duke of Elbeuf , son of Charles II , Duke of Elbeuf and Catherine Henriette de Bourbon . Louvois , the powerful minister of Louis XIV , inspired by enmity to the house of Turenne , successfully opposed certain of his demands on the king for the benefit of members of his family , and the cardinals disappointment vented itself in a bitter satire on his royal master . This was used to effect Bouillons downfall at court . He carried out the nuptials between Philippe dOrléans , Duke of Chartres and Françoise-Marie de Bourbon , Mademoiselle de Blois at Versailles on 18 February 1692 . Mademoiselle de Blois was an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan . Bouillon had previously refused to take part in the marriage of Louise-Françoise de Bourbon , Mademoiselle de Nantes ( sister of Mademoiselle de Blois ) to the Duke of Bourbon in 1685 and was subsequently exiled then recalled to perform the formal ceremony . The cardinal then put forth great efforts to obtain the vacant Prince-Bishopric of Liège , but could not overcome the opposition of Louvois , who secured the dignity for Clement Joseph of Bavaria . He eventually regained the royal favour and was sent as ambassador to Rome . While there , Bouillon employed the sculptor Pierre Le Gros to carve the main components of the tomb he planned to erect for his parents at the Abbey of Cluny ( the sculptures were finished by 1707 and arrived at Cluny in 1709 ) . Contrary to the wishes of his king , he championed the cause of Fénelon against that of Bossuet and did all he could to prevent the condemnation of Fénelons Explication des maximes des Saints . He was recalled to France , but he hesitated to obey the Royal order since he was next in line for the office of Dean of the Sacred College and consequently Bishop of Ostia ( his presence at the time of the imminent death of the current Dean was required to secure his succession ) . The death of the pope and the subsequent conclave further delayed departure and Bouillons property in France was then seized . When he eventually submitted and returned to France , he was first exiled to his Abbey of Tournus , soon given a little more freedom of movement , but forbidden to enter Paris . This prevented him from defending himself against the monks of Cluny who sought a parliament ruling against Bouillons rule over them . With similar motives in mind as for his tomb project in Cluny , i.e . as contributing factors to a grander scheme of establishing his family as sovereign princes , the cardinal employed Étienne Baluze to compose an Histoire généalogique de la maison dAuvergne ( 1708 , 2 vols . in fol. ) , partly based on falsifications . After losing his appeal to uphold his rule over the Cluniac monks in 1710 , Bouillon wrote a deeply insulting letter to the king and fled to Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Low Countries . A warrant for his arrest was issued by the Royal Parliament , and his possessions again confiscated . Only now , because of the dynastic pretensions expressed in them , Baluzes Histoire was banned and the building of the tomb at Cluny prevented . Bouillon soon went to take up his residence at Rome , where he spent his last days as a guest of the Jesuits in the Jesuit novitiate at SantAndrea al Quirinale , where he was eventually buried . While bishop , he was the principal consecrator of : - Uldericus Nardi , Bishop of Bagnoregio ( 1698 ) ; - Giulio Dalla Rosa , Bishop of Borgo San Donnino ( 1698 ) ; and - Giovanni Francesco Albani , Pope of Rome ( 1700 ) . References . - De Feller-Pérennès , Biogr . Gener . ( Paris , 1834 ) , II , 470 . - Felix Reyssié , Le cardinal de Bouillon ( 1643–1715 ) , Paris 1899 . |
[
""
] | easy | What was the position of Cardinal de Bouillon from 1700 to 1716? | /wiki/Cardinal_de_Bouillon#P39#2 | Cardinal de Bouillon Emmanuel-Théodose de La Tour dAuvergne , cardinal de Bouillon ( 24 August 1643 – 2 March 1715 , Rome ) was a French prelate and diplomat . Biography . Originally known as the Duc dAlbret , he was the son of Frédéric Maurice de La Tour dAuvergne , Duc de Bouillon and his wife Éléonor de Bergh . He was the nephew of Maréchal de Turenne . As a member of the House of La Tour dAuvergne , he claimed to be a Foreign Prince . In 1658 , he was appointed a canon of Liège ; in 1667 doctor of the Sorbonne . He played some part in Turennes conversion to Catholicism in 1668 and had an important rôle as intermediary between his uncle and Louis XIV . Created a cardinal in 1669 , at the early age of twenty-four , he was provided with several rich benefices . In particular he was made Grand Almoner of France in 1671 and became Supreme Abbot of the Cluniac Order in 1683 . On 19 Oct 1689 , he was appointed as Cardinal-Bishop of Albano and consecrated on 20 Nov 1689 by Flavio Chigi , Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina , with Giambattista Rubini , Bishop of Vicenza , and Francesco Juste Giusti , Bishop of Nepi e Sutri , serving as co-consecrators . His brother Godefroy Maurice de La Tour dAuvergne was the next Duke of Bouillon . His oldest sister Élisabeth , married Charles III , Duke of Elbeuf , son of Charles II , Duke of Elbeuf and Catherine Henriette de Bourbon . Louvois , the powerful minister of Louis XIV , inspired by enmity to the house of Turenne , successfully opposed certain of his demands on the king for the benefit of members of his family , and the cardinals disappointment vented itself in a bitter satire on his royal master . This was used to effect Bouillons downfall at court . He carried out the nuptials between Philippe dOrléans , Duke of Chartres and Françoise-Marie de Bourbon , Mademoiselle de Blois at Versailles on 18 February 1692 . Mademoiselle de Blois was an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan . Bouillon had previously refused to take part in the marriage of Louise-Françoise de Bourbon , Mademoiselle de Nantes ( sister of Mademoiselle de Blois ) to the Duke of Bourbon in 1685 and was subsequently exiled then recalled to perform the formal ceremony . The cardinal then put forth great efforts to obtain the vacant Prince-Bishopric of Liège , but could not overcome the opposition of Louvois , who secured the dignity for Clement Joseph of Bavaria . He eventually regained the royal favour and was sent as ambassador to Rome . While there , Bouillon employed the sculptor Pierre Le Gros to carve the main components of the tomb he planned to erect for his parents at the Abbey of Cluny ( the sculptures were finished by 1707 and arrived at Cluny in 1709 ) . Contrary to the wishes of his king , he championed the cause of Fénelon against that of Bossuet and did all he could to prevent the condemnation of Fénelons Explication des maximes des Saints . He was recalled to France , but he hesitated to obey the Royal order since he was next in line for the office of Dean of the Sacred College and consequently Bishop of Ostia ( his presence at the time of the imminent death of the current Dean was required to secure his succession ) . The death of the pope and the subsequent conclave further delayed departure and Bouillons property in France was then seized . When he eventually submitted and returned to France , he was first exiled to his Abbey of Tournus , soon given a little more freedom of movement , but forbidden to enter Paris . This prevented him from defending himself against the monks of Cluny who sought a parliament ruling against Bouillons rule over them . With similar motives in mind as for his tomb project in Cluny , i.e . as contributing factors to a grander scheme of establishing his family as sovereign princes , the cardinal employed Étienne Baluze to compose an Histoire généalogique de la maison dAuvergne ( 1708 , 2 vols . in fol. ) , partly based on falsifications . After losing his appeal to uphold his rule over the Cluniac monks in 1710 , Bouillon wrote a deeply insulting letter to the king and fled to Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Low Countries . A warrant for his arrest was issued by the Royal Parliament , and his possessions again confiscated . Only now , because of the dynastic pretensions expressed in them , Baluzes Histoire was banned and the building of the tomb at Cluny prevented . Bouillon soon went to take up his residence at Rome , where he spent his last days as a guest of the Jesuits in the Jesuit novitiate at SantAndrea al Quirinale , where he was eventually buried . While bishop , he was the principal consecrator of : - Uldericus Nardi , Bishop of Bagnoregio ( 1698 ) ; - Giulio Dalla Rosa , Bishop of Borgo San Donnino ( 1698 ) ; and - Giovanni Francesco Albani , Pope of Rome ( 1700 ) . References . - De Feller-Pérennès , Biogr . Gener . ( Paris , 1834 ) , II , 470 . - Felix Reyssié , Le cardinal de Bouillon ( 1643–1715 ) , Paris 1899 . |
[
"Polish"
] | easy | What was the nationality of Andrzej Panufnik from Apr 1926 to Apr 1927? | /wiki/Andrzej_Panufnik#P27#0 | Andrzej Panufnik Sir Andrzej Panufnik ( 24 September 1914 – 27 October 1991 ) was a Polish composer and conductor . He became established as one of the leading Polish composers , and as a conductor he was instrumental in the re-establishment of the Warsaw Philharmonic orchestra after World War II . After his increasing frustration with the extra-musical demands made on him by the countrys regime , he defected to the United Kingdom in 1954 , and took up British citizenship . In 1957 , he became chief conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra , a post he relinquished after two years to devote all his time to composition . Biography . Childhood and studies . Panufnik was born in Warsaw , the second son of a violinist mother and an amateur ( but renowned ) violin-maker father . From an early age he was torn between an interest in music and a fascination with the mechanics of aeroplanes . His grandmother gave him piano lessons , but although he showed talent his studies were erratic . As a schoolboy he composed some successful popular tunes , but his father did not approve of his sons pursuing a musical career . Eventually his father relented , permitting the boy to study music provided he matriculated . By this time , Panufnik was too old to take the piano entrance examination for the Warsaw Conservatory , but succeeded in gaining admission as a percussion student . He soon left the percussion class to concentrate on studying composition and conducting ; he worked hard and completed the course in much less time than normal . After graduating with distinction in 1936 , his plans to travel to Vienna to study conducting for a year under Felix Weingartner were delayed by his being called up for National Service . Panufnik recalled how , on the night before his medical , he heard the national Polish medieval chant Bogurodzica on the wireless . This entirely captivated him , and he sat up late into the night drinking copious quantities of black coffee . The result of this was that he failed his medical examination and was excused from military duties . Instead he used the years hiatus earning money and reputation composing film music . Panufnik travelled to Vienna in 1937 for his studies with Weingartner . He also fulfilled his intention of studying music by the composers of the Second Viennese School , but while he applauded Arnold Schoenbergs imposition of constraints to give artistic unity to a composition , dodecaphonic music did not appeal to him . Panufnik returned to Poland before the end of his planned year-long stay , leaving shortly after the Anschluss when the political situation caused Weingartner to be removed from the Academy . Panufnik also lived for some months in Paris and London , where he studied privately and composed his first symphony . He met Weingartner again in London , and the older conductor urged him to stay in England to avoid the consequences of the worsening international situation . Panufnik was determined , however , to return to Poland . Panufniks war . During the German occupation of Warsaw during World War II Panufnik formed a piano duo with his friend and fellow composer Witold Lutosławski , and they performed in cafés in Warsaw . This was the only way in which Poles could legitimately hear live music , as arranging concerts was impossible because the occupying forces had banned organised gatherings . Panufnik also composed some illegal Songs of Underground Resistance , especially Warsaw Children which became popular among the defiant Polish community . During this period he composed a Tragic Overture and a second symphony . Later , Panufnik was able to conduct a couple of charity concerts , at one of which his Tragic Overture was first performed . He fled from Warsaw with his ailing mother , leaving all his music behind in his apartment , just before the Warsaw uprising in 1944 . When Panufnik returned to the ruins of the city in the spring of 1945 , to bury his brothers body and recover his own manuscripts , he discovered that despite having survived the widespread destruction , all of his scores had been discarded onto a bonfire by a stranger who had taken over his rooms . Socialist realism . After World War II , Panufnik moved to Kraków where he found work composing film music for the Army Film Unit . Some of this inevitably was for propaganda films ; Panufnik later recounted how for one film , The Electrification of the Villages , the director was unable to find a house without a supply of electricity , and had to demolish pylons and remove infrastructure to film it being built . Panufnik accepted the post of Principal Conductor with the Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra . He reconstructed some of his music that had been lost , starting with the Tragic Overture which was still fresh in his mind . Encouraged by this he also reconstructed his Piano Trio and Polish Peasant Songs . However , his first symphony did not prove so easy and , disappointed with the result , Panufnik decided that he would thereafter concentrate on composing new works . Appointed Music Director of the defunct Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra , traditionally Polands leading orchestra , Panufnik set about engaging musicians and finding premises . When bureaucratic obstacles made the reconstitution of the orchestra difficult ( for example , the lack of available living accommodation for the musicians ) he resigned in protest . At this time he also fulfilled conducting engagements abroad , including guest conductor with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra . He was instructed to include his Tragic Overture as a reminder to Germany of their recent actions in Warsaw . Around this time he started composing again , writing his Circle of Fifths for piano ( later published as Twelve Miniature Studies ) . His Lullaby for string orchestra and two harps was inspired by the combination of the River Thames and the night sky , when he saw dark clouds drifting across a brilliant full moon , as viewed from Waterloo Bridge , while he was visiting London . In its use of quarter tones and dense textures this broke new ground , both for Panufnik and for Polish music . Panufnik also composed a Sinfonia Rustica , deciding to give it a name rather than the designation Symphony No . 1 out of feeling for his two lost works in the genre . Panufnik became Vice-President of the newly constituted ( ZKP—Związek Kompozytorów Polskich ) , accepting the post after being urged to do so by his colleagues . However , in this capacity he found himself manoeuvred into positions which he did not support , at conferences whose nature was political rather than musical . At one of these conferences he met Zoltán Kodály who privately expressed a similar feeling of artistic helplessness to Panufniks . He also encountered composers such as the English Alan Bush , who were sympathetic to the aims of Stalinist Socialism , and other composers on the political far-left such as Benjamin Frankel . Adding to Panufniks discomfiture , in the post-war period the government became increasingly interventionist in the arts . As a consequence of events in the Soviet Union , particularly the Zhdanov decree in 1948 , it was dictated that composers should follow Soviet Realism , and that musical compositions , like all works of art , should reflect the realities of Socialist Life . Panufnik later mused on the nebulous nature of Soviet Realism , quoting a Polish joke of the time that it was like a mosquito : everyone knew it had a prick , but no-one had seen it . In this climate Panufnik , who was not a member of the Communist Party , attempted to tread an acceptable path by composing works based on historical Polish music ; to this end he wrote his Old Polish Suite . His Nocturne was singled out for criticism , and later General Włodzimierz Sokorski , Secretary of Culture , announced that Panufniks Sinfonia Rustica had ceased to exist . Panufnik later described the symphony as a patently innocent work , and he found it particularly galling that one of the panel that decided on the works proscription had earlier been on the panel that had awarded it first prize in the Chopin Composition Competition . The work was nevertheless published by the State Publishing House and , as Adrian Thomas has shown , performances of the work continued sporadically in Poland . While his compositions were branded at home as formalist , Panufnik was promoted abroad as a cultural export , both as composer and conductor . The authorities awarded him their highest accolade , Standard of Labour First Class . In 1950 , Panufnik visited the Soviet Union as part of a Polish delegation to study Soviet teaching methods . He met Dmitri Shostakovich , whom he had befriended at previous conferences , and Aram Khachaturian . During conversations with lesser composers , Panufnik was pressed to say what he was working on . Having to say something acceptable , he casually mentioned that he had an idea for a Symphony of Peace . This was seized upon , and on returning to Poland he was granted a stay in quiet surroundings so that he could finish the piece ( Panufnik interpreted this as an order to complete it ) . He wrote a three movement work , ending with a setting of words by his friend , the poet Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz . Panufnik hoped to work his own conception of peace into the composition , rather than the official Soviet ideology . The piece was not a success with the authorities . While he was writing the Symphony of Peace , he was struck by the beauty of an Irish woman he met , Marie Elizabeth OMahoney , who was known as Scarlett because of her likeness ( both physical and temperamental ) to Scarlett OHara from Margaret Mitchells novel Gone with the Wind . Even though she was honeymooning with her third husband , she and Panufnik started an affair . Panufnik soon discovered she was epileptic , but in spite of his doubts the couple were married in 1951 and soon had a baby daughter , Oonagh . Panufnik now had a young family to support , and so threw himself into his lucrative work for the Film Unit . For one film he again turned to old Polish music , and he eventually adapted this score for the concert work Concerto in modo antico . In 1952 Panufnik composed a Heroic Overture , based on an idea he had conceived in 1939 inspired by the struggle of Poland against Nazi oppression . He submitted this work ( without divulging its true meaning ) for the 1952 pre-Olympic music competition in Helsinki , and it won . However , at home this overture was also branded formalist . In the spring of 1953 , Panufnik was sent , with the Chamber Orchestra of the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra , on a tour of China , where he met prime-minister Zhou Enlai and , briefly , Chairman Mao . In his first days there , he heard devastating news that his adored Oonagh had been drowned while Scarlett had an epileptic attack while she was bathing her . After returning to Warsaw he was asked to write a letter that the government could send to western musicians , ostensibly from Panufnik , to sound them out as to their sympathies with the Polish Peace Movement . Panufnik described this as effectively an order to spy for Moscow , and as the last in a succession of final straws . Thus in 1954 Panufnik no longer felt able to reconcile his patriotic desire to remain a Polish composer in Poland with his contempt for the musical and political demands of the government . He decided to migrate to Britain to highlight the conditions in which Polish composers were being forced to work . Bernard Jacobson described the events of Panufniks escape from Poland as being straight out of a John le Carré novel . Scarlett , whose father lived in Britain , easily obtained permission to travel to London , and while she was there she covertly asked Polish émigré friends to help . They contrived a conducting engagement in Switzerland as cover . Panufnik was anxious not to arouse suspicion by appearing too eager to accept the invitation when it arrived . While Panufnik was fulfilling the engagement , the Polish Legation in Switzerland became aware of his impending escape , and urgently recalled him to the Polish Embassy . Panufnik gave members of the Secret Police who were following him the slip during an alarming night-time taxi-ride through Zürich . He eventually boarded a flight for London , and was granted political asylum on arrival . His defection made international headlines . The Polish government branded him a traitor , immediately suppressing his music and any record of his conducting achievements , publicising numerous calumnies against him . Although a few subsequent Polish performances nevertheless did occur ( as shown by the Panufnik scholar Adrian Thomas ) , with his defection Panufnik became a nonperson , and remained so until 1977 . Life in the West . Having left Poland without any money or possessions , income from occasional conducting engagements made it hard for Panufnik to make ends meet . He received financial support from fellow composers including Ralph Vaughan Williams and Arthur Benjamin ; Panufnik was as heartened by the gesture of professional solidarity as by the money . His old friend the pianist Witold Małcużyński also helped by finding for Panufnik a wealthy patron . Scarlett Panufnik published a book about Panufniks life in Poland and his escape , but its surmises and inaccuracies distressed Panufnik ; Panufnik and Scarlett drifted apart , as she craved excitement and society while he wanted only peace and quiet for composing . In 1960 , Panufnik visited the United States to visit Leopold Stokowski . Stokowski had given the American premiere of the Symphony of Peace in 1953 , and in 1957 he conducted the world premiere of Panufniks revised version of the symphony , entitled Sinfonia Elegiaca , which is dedicated to all the victims of World War II . Stokowski gave American premieres also of Panufniks Katyń Epitaph , his Universal Prayer and Sinfonia Sacra . Panufnik continued to find it frustratingly difficult to get permission to travel to the States . In the wake of McCarthyism , the staff at the American Embassy in London were unhelpful , and treated him with suspicion : Panufnik was surprised to have to supply fingerprints , and he was pointedly asked more than once whether he had ever been a member of the Polish United Workers Party . The irony of this difficulty , after his recent public defection to the west , was not lost on Panufnik . Shortly after settling in Britain Panufnik was given an exclusive publishing contract with the prestigious firm of Boosey & Hawkes . They could get no answer from the Polish State publishers as to their long-term intentions for Panufniks existing works , all of which had appeared under their imprint . Panufnik was therefore advised to introduce small revisions into all his existing works to avoid copyright problems when Boosey & Hawkes took these works into their catalogue . Just after he completed this task , he heard that the Polish State Publishers had finally confirmed that they had no further interest in their catalogue of Panufniks music . Panufnik bemoaned the time wasted , and indeed the surviving original scores ( copies of which had already been sent to some libraries in the West , including Harvard University ) show that Panufniks revisions excised some of the more radical passages in these works . Nevertheless , all the music he wrote before 1955 continues to be performed in the revised editions . For two years from 1957 to 1959 Panufniks financial situation eased slightly when he was appointed Principal Conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra . The orchestra was keen to keep him , but preparing for fifty concerts a year prevented Panufnik from devoting enough time to composing . In 1959 , Panufnik became romantically involved with Winsome Ward , who was diagnosed with cancer the following year . During this time , Panufnik , who had been composing his Autumn Music with poetic intentions , changed it into a work with tragic connotations . He still had to complete his Piano Concerto for Birmingham and to fulfil his commission for his Sinfonia Sacra . In 1960 he met author and photographer Camilla Jessel , then aged twenty-two , who had worked as a personal assistant in the United States , and whose brother , Toby Jessel , was in politics . The British MP Neil Marten ( who had been the person at the British Foreign Office responsible for looking after Panufniks defection ) suggested that Camilla Jessel could help him with his correspondence . Panufnik accepted , and she rapidly discovered that he had not replied to letters offering conducting engagements and enquiring about commissions . Accepting these engagements and commissions gave Panufnik the resources to allow him to devote more time to composition . In 1963 , Panufnik entered his newly completed Sinfonia Sacra for a prestigious international competition in Monaco for the best orchestral work : it won first prize . He became a British citizen in 1961 . After Winsome Ward died in 1962 , Panufnik and Jessel were drawn increasingly together , and they were married in November 1963 . They moved into a house near the Thames in Twickenham , Greater London , where at last Panufnik had the peace to concentrate entirely on composition . His works were in demand by such major figures as Leopold Stokowski , Seiji Ozawa , André Previn and Sir Georg Solti , as well as Yehudi Menuhin who commissioned a violin concerto , and Mstislav Rostropovich who commissioned a cello concerto . He also received 3 commissions from the London Symphony Orchestra and commissions for Centenary symphonies from both Boston and Chicago . The Royal Philharmonic Society commissioned his Ninth Symphony , Sinfonia di Speranza . Panufnik refused to return to Poland until democracy was restored in 1990 . He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1991 . He died in Twickenham , aged 77 , and was buried in Richmond Cemetery . His daughter Roxanna ( b . 1968 ) , by his second wife Camilla , is also a composer . Legacy . Panufnik was posthumously awarded the Order of Polonia Restituta by Poland . Following his death Sir Georg Solti wrote that he was an important composer and first-class conductor , the finest protagonist of the European tradition of music making . In 2014 , his centenary year , a number of celebratory concerts and events took place . Highlights included symphony performances , in February , by the London Symphony Orchestra and Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra , two orchestras that had particularly close associations with Panufnik . A special concert on 24 September , his birthday , by the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra included performances of the Piano Concerto and Sinfonia Elegiaca . A Panufnik day , on 30 November , at Kings Place in London featured the Brodsky Quartet . In November , the São Paulo Symphony Orchestra gave two performances of the Tragic Overture with Stanislaw Skrowaczewski conducting . Also in 2014 , the German record label Classic Produktion Osnabruck completed the publication of an eight-volume cycle of Panufniks symphonic works , conducted by Łukasz Borowicz . Works . The manuscripts and parts of a number of early compositions were lost as a consequence of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944 . Panufnik reconstructed some of these in 1945 . Orchestral . - Symphonies - ( First Symphony : 1939 , lost 1944 , reconstructed 1945 , later withdrawn and destroyed by the composer ) - ( Second Symphony : 1941 , lost 1944 ) - Sinfonia Rustica ( Symphony No . 1 ) ( 1948 , revised 1955 ) - Sinfonia Elegiaca ( Symphony No . 2 ) ( 1957 , revised 1966 , incorporates material from the discarded Symphony of Peace ) - Sinfonia Sacra ( Symphony No . 3 ) ( 1963 ) - Sinfonia Concertante ( Symphony No . 4 ) , for flute , harp and small string orchestra ( 1973 ) - Sinfonia di Sfere ( Symphony No . 5 ) ( 1974–75 ) - Sinfonia Mistica ( Symphony No . 6 ) ( 1977 ) - Metasinfonia ( Symphony No . 7 ) , for solo organ , timpani and string orchestra ( 1978 ) - Sinfonia Votiva ( Symphony No . 8 ) ( 1981 , revised 1984 ) - Symphony No . 9 , Sinfonia di Speranza ( 1986 , revised 1990 ) - Symphony No . 10 ( 1988 , revised 1990 ) - Symphonic Variations ( 1935–36 , lost 1944 ) - Symphonic Allegro ( 1936 , lost 1944 ) - Symphonic Image ( 1936 , lost 1944 ) - Little Overture ( c . 1937 , lost 1944 ) - Tragic Overture ( 1942 , lost 1944 , reconstructed 1945 , revised 1955 ) - Divertimento for Strings ( adapted from music by Feliks Janiewicz , 1947 , revised 1955 ) - Lullaby ( 1947 , revised 1955 ) - Nocturne ( 1947 , revised 1955 ) - Old Polish Suite , based on 16th and 17th century Polish works ( 1950 , revised 1955 ) - Heroic Overture ( 1952 , revised 1969 ) - Rhapsody ( 1956 ) - Polonia ( 1959 ) - Autumn Music , for three flutes , three clarinets , percussion , celesta , piano , harp , violas , cellos , and double basses ( 1962 , revised 1965 ) - Landscape , for string orchestra ( 1962 , revised 1965 ) - Jagiellonian Triptych , for string orchestra ( based on early Polish works , 1966 ) - Katyń Epitaph ( 1967 . revised 1969 ) - Concerto Festivo , for orchestra [ without conductor ] ( 1979 ) - Paean , for brass ensemble ( 1980 ) - Arbor Cosmica , for twelve string soloists or string orchestra ( 1983 ) - Harmony , for chamber orchestra ( 1989 ) Concertante . - Concerto in modo antico , for solo trumpet , two harps , harpsichord and string orchestra [ originally titled Koncert Gotycki , Gothic Concerto ] ( based on early Polish works , 1951 , revised 1955 ) - Piano Concerto ( 1962 , revised 1970 , re-composed 1972 , first movement Intrada added 1982 ) - Hommage à Chopin , for flute and small string orchestra ( 1966 arrangement of 1949 vocal work ) - Violin Concerto ( 1971 ) - Concertino for timpani , percussion and string orchestra ( 1979–80 ) - Bassoon Concerto ( 1985 ) - Cello Concerto ( 1991 ) Vocal . - Psalm , for soloist , chorus and orchestra ( 1936 , Panufniks diploma piece , lost 1944 ) - Five Polish Peasant Songs , for sopranos or trebles , two flutes , two clarinets and bass clarinet ( 1940 , lost 1944 , reconstructed 1945 , anonymous Polish text ) - Four Underground Resistance Songs , for voice or unison voices and piano ( 1943–44 , Polish text by Stanisław Ryszard Dobrowolski ) - Hommage à Chopin , vocalises for soprano and piano , originally titled Suita Polska ( 1949 , revised 1955 ) - Symphony of Peace , for chorus and orchestra ( 1951 , subsequently withdrawn and not included in the composers symphonic canon , setting of Polish text by Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz ) - Song to the Virgin Mary , for unaccompanied chorus or six solo voices ( 1964 , revised 1969 , anonymous Latin text ) - Universal Prayer , for soprano , alto , tenor and bass soloists , chorus , three harps and organ ( 1968–69 , setting of English text by Alexander Pope ) - Invocation for Peace , for trebles , two trumpets and two trombones ( 1972 ) - Winter Solstice , for soprano and baritone soloists , chorus , three trumpets , three trombones , timpani and glockenspiel ( 1972 , English text by Camilla Jessel ) - Love Song , for mezzo-soprano and harp or piano ( 1976 , optional string orchestra part added in 1991 , setting of English text by Sir Philip Sidney ) - Dreamscape , for mezzo-soprano and piano ( 1977 , wordless ) - Prayer to the Virgin of Skempe , for solo voice or unison chorus , organ and instrumental ensemble ( 1990 , setting of Polish text by Jerzy Peterkiewicz ) Ballets . While Panufniks music has been used often for dance , two ballet scores were prepared by the composer using adaptations of existing works with new material . - Cain and Abel ( 1968 , a reworking of Sinfonia Sacra and Tragic Overture with new material ) - Miss Julie ( 1970 , a reworking of Nocturne , Rhapsody , Autumn Music and Polonia with new material ) Chamber . - Classical Suite , for string quartet ( 1933 , lost 1944 ) - Piano Trio ( 1934 , lost 1944 , reconstructed 1945 , revised 1977 ) - Quintetto Accademico , for flute , oboe , clarinet , horn and bassoon ( 1953 , revised 1956 , lost , was rediscovered in 1994 ) - Triangles , for three flutes and three cellos ( 1972 ) - String Quartet No . 1 ( 1976 ) - String Quartet No . 2 Messages ( 1980 ) - Song to the Virgin Mary , for string sextet ( 1987 arrangement of 1964 vocal work ) - String Sextet Train of Thoughts ( 1987 ) - String Quartet No . 3 Wycinanki ( Cutouts ) ( 1990 ) Instrumental . - Variations , for piano ( 1933 , lost 1944 ) - Twelve Miniature Studies , for piano , originally titled Circle of Fifths ( 1947 , Book I revised 1955 , Book II revised 1964 ) - Reflections , for piano ( 1968 ) - Pentasonata , for piano ( 1984 ) Pieces for young players . - Two Lyric Pieces [ 1 : woodwind and brass , 2 : strings ] ( 1963 ) - Thames Pageant , cantata for young players and singers ( 1969 , English text by Camilla Jessel ) - A Procession for Peace ( 1982–83 ) |
[
"British citizenship"
] | easy | What was the nationality of Andrzej Panufnik from 1961 to 1962? | /wiki/Andrzej_Panufnik#P27#1 | Andrzej Panufnik Sir Andrzej Panufnik ( 24 September 1914 – 27 October 1991 ) was a Polish composer and conductor . He became established as one of the leading Polish composers , and as a conductor he was instrumental in the re-establishment of the Warsaw Philharmonic orchestra after World War II . After his increasing frustration with the extra-musical demands made on him by the countrys regime , he defected to the United Kingdom in 1954 , and took up British citizenship . In 1957 , he became chief conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra , a post he relinquished after two years to devote all his time to composition . Biography . Childhood and studies . Panufnik was born in Warsaw , the second son of a violinist mother and an amateur ( but renowned ) violin-maker father . From an early age he was torn between an interest in music and a fascination with the mechanics of aeroplanes . His grandmother gave him piano lessons , but although he showed talent his studies were erratic . As a schoolboy he composed some successful popular tunes , but his father did not approve of his sons pursuing a musical career . Eventually his father relented , permitting the boy to study music provided he matriculated . By this time , Panufnik was too old to take the piano entrance examination for the Warsaw Conservatory , but succeeded in gaining admission as a percussion student . He soon left the percussion class to concentrate on studying composition and conducting ; he worked hard and completed the course in much less time than normal . After graduating with distinction in 1936 , his plans to travel to Vienna to study conducting for a year under Felix Weingartner were delayed by his being called up for National Service . Panufnik recalled how , on the night before his medical , he heard the national Polish medieval chant Bogurodzica on the wireless . This entirely captivated him , and he sat up late into the night drinking copious quantities of black coffee . The result of this was that he failed his medical examination and was excused from military duties . Instead he used the years hiatus earning money and reputation composing film music . Panufnik travelled to Vienna in 1937 for his studies with Weingartner . He also fulfilled his intention of studying music by the composers of the Second Viennese School , but while he applauded Arnold Schoenbergs imposition of constraints to give artistic unity to a composition , dodecaphonic music did not appeal to him . Panufnik returned to Poland before the end of his planned year-long stay , leaving shortly after the Anschluss when the political situation caused Weingartner to be removed from the Academy . Panufnik also lived for some months in Paris and London , where he studied privately and composed his first symphony . He met Weingartner again in London , and the older conductor urged him to stay in England to avoid the consequences of the worsening international situation . Panufnik was determined , however , to return to Poland . Panufniks war . During the German occupation of Warsaw during World War II Panufnik formed a piano duo with his friend and fellow composer Witold Lutosławski , and they performed in cafés in Warsaw . This was the only way in which Poles could legitimately hear live music , as arranging concerts was impossible because the occupying forces had banned organised gatherings . Panufnik also composed some illegal Songs of Underground Resistance , especially Warsaw Children which became popular among the defiant Polish community . During this period he composed a Tragic Overture and a second symphony . Later , Panufnik was able to conduct a couple of charity concerts , at one of which his Tragic Overture was first performed . He fled from Warsaw with his ailing mother , leaving all his music behind in his apartment , just before the Warsaw uprising in 1944 . When Panufnik returned to the ruins of the city in the spring of 1945 , to bury his brothers body and recover his own manuscripts , he discovered that despite having survived the widespread destruction , all of his scores had been discarded onto a bonfire by a stranger who had taken over his rooms . Socialist realism . After World War II , Panufnik moved to Kraków where he found work composing film music for the Army Film Unit . Some of this inevitably was for propaganda films ; Panufnik later recounted how for one film , The Electrification of the Villages , the director was unable to find a house without a supply of electricity , and had to demolish pylons and remove infrastructure to film it being built . Panufnik accepted the post of Principal Conductor with the Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra . He reconstructed some of his music that had been lost , starting with the Tragic Overture which was still fresh in his mind . Encouraged by this he also reconstructed his Piano Trio and Polish Peasant Songs . However , his first symphony did not prove so easy and , disappointed with the result , Panufnik decided that he would thereafter concentrate on composing new works . Appointed Music Director of the defunct Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra , traditionally Polands leading orchestra , Panufnik set about engaging musicians and finding premises . When bureaucratic obstacles made the reconstitution of the orchestra difficult ( for example , the lack of available living accommodation for the musicians ) he resigned in protest . At this time he also fulfilled conducting engagements abroad , including guest conductor with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra . He was instructed to include his Tragic Overture as a reminder to Germany of their recent actions in Warsaw . Around this time he started composing again , writing his Circle of Fifths for piano ( later published as Twelve Miniature Studies ) . His Lullaby for string orchestra and two harps was inspired by the combination of the River Thames and the night sky , when he saw dark clouds drifting across a brilliant full moon , as viewed from Waterloo Bridge , while he was visiting London . In its use of quarter tones and dense textures this broke new ground , both for Panufnik and for Polish music . Panufnik also composed a Sinfonia Rustica , deciding to give it a name rather than the designation Symphony No . 1 out of feeling for his two lost works in the genre . Panufnik became Vice-President of the newly constituted ( ZKP—Związek Kompozytorów Polskich ) , accepting the post after being urged to do so by his colleagues . However , in this capacity he found himself manoeuvred into positions which he did not support , at conferences whose nature was political rather than musical . At one of these conferences he met Zoltán Kodály who privately expressed a similar feeling of artistic helplessness to Panufniks . He also encountered composers such as the English Alan Bush , who were sympathetic to the aims of Stalinist Socialism , and other composers on the political far-left such as Benjamin Frankel . Adding to Panufniks discomfiture , in the post-war period the government became increasingly interventionist in the arts . As a consequence of events in the Soviet Union , particularly the Zhdanov decree in 1948 , it was dictated that composers should follow Soviet Realism , and that musical compositions , like all works of art , should reflect the realities of Socialist Life . Panufnik later mused on the nebulous nature of Soviet Realism , quoting a Polish joke of the time that it was like a mosquito : everyone knew it had a prick , but no-one had seen it . In this climate Panufnik , who was not a member of the Communist Party , attempted to tread an acceptable path by composing works based on historical Polish music ; to this end he wrote his Old Polish Suite . His Nocturne was singled out for criticism , and later General Włodzimierz Sokorski , Secretary of Culture , announced that Panufniks Sinfonia Rustica had ceased to exist . Panufnik later described the symphony as a patently innocent work , and he found it particularly galling that one of the panel that decided on the works proscription had earlier been on the panel that had awarded it first prize in the Chopin Composition Competition . The work was nevertheless published by the State Publishing House and , as Adrian Thomas has shown , performances of the work continued sporadically in Poland . While his compositions were branded at home as formalist , Panufnik was promoted abroad as a cultural export , both as composer and conductor . The authorities awarded him their highest accolade , Standard of Labour First Class . In 1950 , Panufnik visited the Soviet Union as part of a Polish delegation to study Soviet teaching methods . He met Dmitri Shostakovich , whom he had befriended at previous conferences , and Aram Khachaturian . During conversations with lesser composers , Panufnik was pressed to say what he was working on . Having to say something acceptable , he casually mentioned that he had an idea for a Symphony of Peace . This was seized upon , and on returning to Poland he was granted a stay in quiet surroundings so that he could finish the piece ( Panufnik interpreted this as an order to complete it ) . He wrote a three movement work , ending with a setting of words by his friend , the poet Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz . Panufnik hoped to work his own conception of peace into the composition , rather than the official Soviet ideology . The piece was not a success with the authorities . While he was writing the Symphony of Peace , he was struck by the beauty of an Irish woman he met , Marie Elizabeth OMahoney , who was known as Scarlett because of her likeness ( both physical and temperamental ) to Scarlett OHara from Margaret Mitchells novel Gone with the Wind . Even though she was honeymooning with her third husband , she and Panufnik started an affair . Panufnik soon discovered she was epileptic , but in spite of his doubts the couple were married in 1951 and soon had a baby daughter , Oonagh . Panufnik now had a young family to support , and so threw himself into his lucrative work for the Film Unit . For one film he again turned to old Polish music , and he eventually adapted this score for the concert work Concerto in modo antico . In 1952 Panufnik composed a Heroic Overture , based on an idea he had conceived in 1939 inspired by the struggle of Poland against Nazi oppression . He submitted this work ( without divulging its true meaning ) for the 1952 pre-Olympic music competition in Helsinki , and it won . However , at home this overture was also branded formalist . In the spring of 1953 , Panufnik was sent , with the Chamber Orchestra of the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra , on a tour of China , where he met prime-minister Zhou Enlai and , briefly , Chairman Mao . In his first days there , he heard devastating news that his adored Oonagh had been drowned while Scarlett had an epileptic attack while she was bathing her . After returning to Warsaw he was asked to write a letter that the government could send to western musicians , ostensibly from Panufnik , to sound them out as to their sympathies with the Polish Peace Movement . Panufnik described this as effectively an order to spy for Moscow , and as the last in a succession of final straws . Thus in 1954 Panufnik no longer felt able to reconcile his patriotic desire to remain a Polish composer in Poland with his contempt for the musical and political demands of the government . He decided to migrate to Britain to highlight the conditions in which Polish composers were being forced to work . Bernard Jacobson described the events of Panufniks escape from Poland as being straight out of a John le Carré novel . Scarlett , whose father lived in Britain , easily obtained permission to travel to London , and while she was there she covertly asked Polish émigré friends to help . They contrived a conducting engagement in Switzerland as cover . Panufnik was anxious not to arouse suspicion by appearing too eager to accept the invitation when it arrived . While Panufnik was fulfilling the engagement , the Polish Legation in Switzerland became aware of his impending escape , and urgently recalled him to the Polish Embassy . Panufnik gave members of the Secret Police who were following him the slip during an alarming night-time taxi-ride through Zürich . He eventually boarded a flight for London , and was granted political asylum on arrival . His defection made international headlines . The Polish government branded him a traitor , immediately suppressing his music and any record of his conducting achievements , publicising numerous calumnies against him . Although a few subsequent Polish performances nevertheless did occur ( as shown by the Panufnik scholar Adrian Thomas ) , with his defection Panufnik became a nonperson , and remained so until 1977 . Life in the West . Having left Poland without any money or possessions , income from occasional conducting engagements made it hard for Panufnik to make ends meet . He received financial support from fellow composers including Ralph Vaughan Williams and Arthur Benjamin ; Panufnik was as heartened by the gesture of professional solidarity as by the money . His old friend the pianist Witold Małcużyński also helped by finding for Panufnik a wealthy patron . Scarlett Panufnik published a book about Panufniks life in Poland and his escape , but its surmises and inaccuracies distressed Panufnik ; Panufnik and Scarlett drifted apart , as she craved excitement and society while he wanted only peace and quiet for composing . In 1960 , Panufnik visited the United States to visit Leopold Stokowski . Stokowski had given the American premiere of the Symphony of Peace in 1953 , and in 1957 he conducted the world premiere of Panufniks revised version of the symphony , entitled Sinfonia Elegiaca , which is dedicated to all the victims of World War II . Stokowski gave American premieres also of Panufniks Katyń Epitaph , his Universal Prayer and Sinfonia Sacra . Panufnik continued to find it frustratingly difficult to get permission to travel to the States . In the wake of McCarthyism , the staff at the American Embassy in London were unhelpful , and treated him with suspicion : Panufnik was surprised to have to supply fingerprints , and he was pointedly asked more than once whether he had ever been a member of the Polish United Workers Party . The irony of this difficulty , after his recent public defection to the west , was not lost on Panufnik . Shortly after settling in Britain Panufnik was given an exclusive publishing contract with the prestigious firm of Boosey & Hawkes . They could get no answer from the Polish State publishers as to their long-term intentions for Panufniks existing works , all of which had appeared under their imprint . Panufnik was therefore advised to introduce small revisions into all his existing works to avoid copyright problems when Boosey & Hawkes took these works into their catalogue . Just after he completed this task , he heard that the Polish State Publishers had finally confirmed that they had no further interest in their catalogue of Panufniks music . Panufnik bemoaned the time wasted , and indeed the surviving original scores ( copies of which had already been sent to some libraries in the West , including Harvard University ) show that Panufniks revisions excised some of the more radical passages in these works . Nevertheless , all the music he wrote before 1955 continues to be performed in the revised editions . For two years from 1957 to 1959 Panufniks financial situation eased slightly when he was appointed Principal Conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra . The orchestra was keen to keep him , but preparing for fifty concerts a year prevented Panufnik from devoting enough time to composing . In 1959 , Panufnik became romantically involved with Winsome Ward , who was diagnosed with cancer the following year . During this time , Panufnik , who had been composing his Autumn Music with poetic intentions , changed it into a work with tragic connotations . He still had to complete his Piano Concerto for Birmingham and to fulfil his commission for his Sinfonia Sacra . In 1960 he met author and photographer Camilla Jessel , then aged twenty-two , who had worked as a personal assistant in the United States , and whose brother , Toby Jessel , was in politics . The British MP Neil Marten ( who had been the person at the British Foreign Office responsible for looking after Panufniks defection ) suggested that Camilla Jessel could help him with his correspondence . Panufnik accepted , and she rapidly discovered that he had not replied to letters offering conducting engagements and enquiring about commissions . Accepting these engagements and commissions gave Panufnik the resources to allow him to devote more time to composition . In 1963 , Panufnik entered his newly completed Sinfonia Sacra for a prestigious international competition in Monaco for the best orchestral work : it won first prize . He became a British citizen in 1961 . After Winsome Ward died in 1962 , Panufnik and Jessel were drawn increasingly together , and they were married in November 1963 . They moved into a house near the Thames in Twickenham , Greater London , where at last Panufnik had the peace to concentrate entirely on composition . His works were in demand by such major figures as Leopold Stokowski , Seiji Ozawa , André Previn and Sir Georg Solti , as well as Yehudi Menuhin who commissioned a violin concerto , and Mstislav Rostropovich who commissioned a cello concerto . He also received 3 commissions from the London Symphony Orchestra and commissions for Centenary symphonies from both Boston and Chicago . The Royal Philharmonic Society commissioned his Ninth Symphony , Sinfonia di Speranza . Panufnik refused to return to Poland until democracy was restored in 1990 . He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1991 . He died in Twickenham , aged 77 , and was buried in Richmond Cemetery . His daughter Roxanna ( b . 1968 ) , by his second wife Camilla , is also a composer . Legacy . Panufnik was posthumously awarded the Order of Polonia Restituta by Poland . Following his death Sir Georg Solti wrote that he was an important composer and first-class conductor , the finest protagonist of the European tradition of music making . In 2014 , his centenary year , a number of celebratory concerts and events took place . Highlights included symphony performances , in February , by the London Symphony Orchestra and Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra , two orchestras that had particularly close associations with Panufnik . A special concert on 24 September , his birthday , by the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra included performances of the Piano Concerto and Sinfonia Elegiaca . A Panufnik day , on 30 November , at Kings Place in London featured the Brodsky Quartet . In November , the São Paulo Symphony Orchestra gave two performances of the Tragic Overture with Stanislaw Skrowaczewski conducting . Also in 2014 , the German record label Classic Produktion Osnabruck completed the publication of an eight-volume cycle of Panufniks symphonic works , conducted by Łukasz Borowicz . Works . The manuscripts and parts of a number of early compositions were lost as a consequence of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944 . Panufnik reconstructed some of these in 1945 . Orchestral . - Symphonies - ( First Symphony : 1939 , lost 1944 , reconstructed 1945 , later withdrawn and destroyed by the composer ) - ( Second Symphony : 1941 , lost 1944 ) - Sinfonia Rustica ( Symphony No . 1 ) ( 1948 , revised 1955 ) - Sinfonia Elegiaca ( Symphony No . 2 ) ( 1957 , revised 1966 , incorporates material from the discarded Symphony of Peace ) - Sinfonia Sacra ( Symphony No . 3 ) ( 1963 ) - Sinfonia Concertante ( Symphony No . 4 ) , for flute , harp and small string orchestra ( 1973 ) - Sinfonia di Sfere ( Symphony No . 5 ) ( 1974–75 ) - Sinfonia Mistica ( Symphony No . 6 ) ( 1977 ) - Metasinfonia ( Symphony No . 7 ) , for solo organ , timpani and string orchestra ( 1978 ) - Sinfonia Votiva ( Symphony No . 8 ) ( 1981 , revised 1984 ) - Symphony No . 9 , Sinfonia di Speranza ( 1986 , revised 1990 ) - Symphony No . 10 ( 1988 , revised 1990 ) - Symphonic Variations ( 1935–36 , lost 1944 ) - Symphonic Allegro ( 1936 , lost 1944 ) - Symphonic Image ( 1936 , lost 1944 ) - Little Overture ( c . 1937 , lost 1944 ) - Tragic Overture ( 1942 , lost 1944 , reconstructed 1945 , revised 1955 ) - Divertimento for Strings ( adapted from music by Feliks Janiewicz , 1947 , revised 1955 ) - Lullaby ( 1947 , revised 1955 ) - Nocturne ( 1947 , revised 1955 ) - Old Polish Suite , based on 16th and 17th century Polish works ( 1950 , revised 1955 ) - Heroic Overture ( 1952 , revised 1969 ) - Rhapsody ( 1956 ) - Polonia ( 1959 ) - Autumn Music , for three flutes , three clarinets , percussion , celesta , piano , harp , violas , cellos , and double basses ( 1962 , revised 1965 ) - Landscape , for string orchestra ( 1962 , revised 1965 ) - Jagiellonian Triptych , for string orchestra ( based on early Polish works , 1966 ) - Katyń Epitaph ( 1967 . revised 1969 ) - Concerto Festivo , for orchestra [ without conductor ] ( 1979 ) - Paean , for brass ensemble ( 1980 ) - Arbor Cosmica , for twelve string soloists or string orchestra ( 1983 ) - Harmony , for chamber orchestra ( 1989 ) Concertante . - Concerto in modo antico , for solo trumpet , two harps , harpsichord and string orchestra [ originally titled Koncert Gotycki , Gothic Concerto ] ( based on early Polish works , 1951 , revised 1955 ) - Piano Concerto ( 1962 , revised 1970 , re-composed 1972 , first movement Intrada added 1982 ) - Hommage à Chopin , for flute and small string orchestra ( 1966 arrangement of 1949 vocal work ) - Violin Concerto ( 1971 ) - Concertino for timpani , percussion and string orchestra ( 1979–80 ) - Bassoon Concerto ( 1985 ) - Cello Concerto ( 1991 ) Vocal . - Psalm , for soloist , chorus and orchestra ( 1936 , Panufniks diploma piece , lost 1944 ) - Five Polish Peasant Songs , for sopranos or trebles , two flutes , two clarinets and bass clarinet ( 1940 , lost 1944 , reconstructed 1945 , anonymous Polish text ) - Four Underground Resistance Songs , for voice or unison voices and piano ( 1943–44 , Polish text by Stanisław Ryszard Dobrowolski ) - Hommage à Chopin , vocalises for soprano and piano , originally titled Suita Polska ( 1949 , revised 1955 ) - Symphony of Peace , for chorus and orchestra ( 1951 , subsequently withdrawn and not included in the composers symphonic canon , setting of Polish text by Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz ) - Song to the Virgin Mary , for unaccompanied chorus or six solo voices ( 1964 , revised 1969 , anonymous Latin text ) - Universal Prayer , for soprano , alto , tenor and bass soloists , chorus , three harps and organ ( 1968–69 , setting of English text by Alexander Pope ) - Invocation for Peace , for trebles , two trumpets and two trombones ( 1972 ) - Winter Solstice , for soprano and baritone soloists , chorus , three trumpets , three trombones , timpani and glockenspiel ( 1972 , English text by Camilla Jessel ) - Love Song , for mezzo-soprano and harp or piano ( 1976 , optional string orchestra part added in 1991 , setting of English text by Sir Philip Sidney ) - Dreamscape , for mezzo-soprano and piano ( 1977 , wordless ) - Prayer to the Virgin of Skempe , for solo voice or unison chorus , organ and instrumental ensemble ( 1990 , setting of Polish text by Jerzy Peterkiewicz ) Ballets . While Panufniks music has been used often for dance , two ballet scores were prepared by the composer using adaptations of existing works with new material . - Cain and Abel ( 1968 , a reworking of Sinfonia Sacra and Tragic Overture with new material ) - Miss Julie ( 1970 , a reworking of Nocturne , Rhapsody , Autumn Music and Polonia with new material ) Chamber . - Classical Suite , for string quartet ( 1933 , lost 1944 ) - Piano Trio ( 1934 , lost 1944 , reconstructed 1945 , revised 1977 ) - Quintetto Accademico , for flute , oboe , clarinet , horn and bassoon ( 1953 , revised 1956 , lost , was rediscovered in 1994 ) - Triangles , for three flutes and three cellos ( 1972 ) - String Quartet No . 1 ( 1976 ) - String Quartet No . 2 Messages ( 1980 ) - Song to the Virgin Mary , for string sextet ( 1987 arrangement of 1964 vocal work ) - String Sextet Train of Thoughts ( 1987 ) - String Quartet No . 3 Wycinanki ( Cutouts ) ( 1990 ) Instrumental . - Variations , for piano ( 1933 , lost 1944 ) - Twelve Miniature Studies , for piano , originally titled Circle of Fifths ( 1947 , Book I revised 1955 , Book II revised 1964 ) - Reflections , for piano ( 1968 ) - Pentasonata , for piano ( 1984 ) Pieces for young players . - Two Lyric Pieces [ 1 : woodwind and brass , 2 : strings ] ( 1963 ) - Thames Pageant , cantata for young players and singers ( 1969 , English text by Camilla Jessel ) - A Procession for Peace ( 1982–83 ) |
[
""
] | easy | Which team did Leon Osman play for from 2000 to 2002? | /wiki/Leon_Osman#P54#0 | Leon Osman Leon Osman ( born 17 May 1981 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He spent almost all of his career at Everton , making 433 appearances and scoring 57 goals . Earlier in his career he spent time on loan at Football League clubs Carlisle United and Derby County . Osman earned two international caps for the England national team , making his debut at the age of 31 . Early life . Osman was born in Wigan , Greater Manchester and raised in Skelmersdale , Lancashire . He attended Up Holland High School and Winstanley College . Club career . Early career and loans . Osman joined the Everton Academy as a boy , and was part of the team that won the 1998 FA Youth Cup . Following the cup victory , he sustained a knee injury which kept him from playing for a year . He was loaned to Carlisle United of the Third Division in October 2002 , making his first-team debut on the 5th by playing the full 90 minutes of a 2–1 home defeat to Torquay United . He scored once for the team in a league fixture against Macclesfield Town on 19 October to ensure a 2–2 draw at Moss Rose , and twice against Oldham Athletic in the Football League Trophy three days later in a 4–3 away victory . On returning to Everton in January , he made his Premier League debut in a 4–3 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur on 12 January 2003 , replacing Li Tie in added time . His only other Everton appearance of the season was his Goodison Park debut on 26 April , replacing Steve Watson at the end of a 2–1 win over Aston Villa . Osman was granted a one-year extension to his Everton contract in the summer of 2003 , but failed to break into the first team until the end of the 2003–04 season . Instead , he was again loaned out , this time to Derby County in the First Division . He had an integral role in Derbys successful bid to avoid relegation , and manager George Burley tried to buy him from Everton . Instead , Osman returned to his parent club with three matches remaining in Evertons season . Manager David Moyes gave Osman his first start on 1 May 2004 at Wolverhampton Wanderers , and he headed Everton into the lead within three minutes from a James McFadden cross , although they eventually lost 2–1 . First-team breakthrough . Osman became a first-team regular in 2004–05 , playing on the right wing of a 4–1–4–1 formation . He finished the season with seven goals including two in a match against Aston Villa . In the 2005–06 season , Osmans place in the Evertons first team was challenged by the new signing Simon Davies . However , Osman was able to establish himself as a first-team regular by 2006–07 , a season in which made 37 appearances and scored three goals . His start to the 2007–08 season began with two goals in consecutive wins against Wigan Athletic and Tottenham Hotspur . His appearance in the starting 11 for Everton was threatened by the arrival of South African loan-signing Steven Pienaar . Osman scored his first goal in a UEFA competition on 25 October 2007 , Evertons second in a 3–1 UEFA Cup group stage win over Greek club Larissa at Goodison Park . His shot from 22 yards helped Everton to the top of the group and was voted Evertons Goal of the Season . Osman scored both goals in Evertons 2–0 win over Fulham on the final day of the season to secure Everton 5th place in the Premier League for 2008–09 . At the end of the season , he started in the 2009 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium , being replaced by Dan Gosling in the 82nd minute of the 2–1 defeat to Chelsea . The following season Osman captained Everton for the first time in a League Cup match away to Hull City scoring once in the 4–0 victory . In April 2010 , Osman was named man of the match in two consecutive matches . He also ended the 2010–11 Premier League season with four goals . In March 2013 , in a match against reigning champions Manchester City , Osman made his 300th Everton start . A long-range goal scored in the match was his eighth of the season , a personal record , and his 50th goal for the club . In December , Osman also scored on his 300th Premier League appearance during a 4–1 win over Fulham . Later in the same month he broke David Unsworths Everton Premier League appearance record , reaching 303 appearances . He featured in every league match in the 2013–14 season , the first under manager Roberto Martínez , the only Everton player to do so . To mark his long service , a testimonial match against FC Porto was held as part of Evertons pre-season schedule for the 2014–15 season . On 6 November 2014 , he signed a one-year contract extension to keep him at Everton until the summer of 2016 . Later that day , he opened the scoring in Evertons 3–0 UEFA Europa League group stage win against Lille . He scored on his 400th appearance for the club , netting the winner in a 2–1 victory over West Ham United His contract expired at the end of 2015–16 , and Osman was released by Everton . He retired from playing soon after . International career . Osman represented England at U16 level in the 1997–98 season . On 14 November 2012 , at the age of 31 , Osman earned his first senior call-up to the England squad for a friendly fixture against Sweden . Osman started in central midfield for his country in a 4–2 defeat against Sweden , in which he played the full 90 minutes . On 31 January 2013 , Osman was named in the England squad for the second time for the friendly fixture against Brazil on 6 February 2013 , though he was left on the substitutes bench for the match . Osman received his first competitive international call up after being named in the England squad on 14 March 2013 for the World Cup qualifiers against San Marino and Montenegro . Osman made his competitive England debut against San Marino . After football . Since retiring from football Osman has been a pundit for Sky Sports News , BT Sport and BBC Radio Five Live . Honours . Everton - FA Youth Cup : 1997–98 - FA Cup runner-up : 2008–09 Individual - Everton Goal of the Season : 2007–08 |
[
"Carlisle United"
] | easy | Which team did the player Leon Osman belong to from 2002 to 2003? | /wiki/Leon_Osman#P54#1 | Leon Osman Leon Osman ( born 17 May 1981 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He spent almost all of his career at Everton , making 433 appearances and scoring 57 goals . Earlier in his career he spent time on loan at Football League clubs Carlisle United and Derby County . Osman earned two international caps for the England national team , making his debut at the age of 31 . Early life . Osman was born in Wigan , Greater Manchester and raised in Skelmersdale , Lancashire . He attended Up Holland High School and Winstanley College . Club career . Early career and loans . Osman joined the Everton Academy as a boy , and was part of the team that won the 1998 FA Youth Cup . Following the cup victory , he sustained a knee injury which kept him from playing for a year . He was loaned to Carlisle United of the Third Division in October 2002 , making his first-team debut on the 5th by playing the full 90 minutes of a 2–1 home defeat to Torquay United . He scored once for the team in a league fixture against Macclesfield Town on 19 October to ensure a 2–2 draw at Moss Rose , and twice against Oldham Athletic in the Football League Trophy three days later in a 4–3 away victory . On returning to Everton in January , he made his Premier League debut in a 4–3 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur on 12 January 2003 , replacing Li Tie in added time . His only other Everton appearance of the season was his Goodison Park debut on 26 April , replacing Steve Watson at the end of a 2–1 win over Aston Villa . Osman was granted a one-year extension to his Everton contract in the summer of 2003 , but failed to break into the first team until the end of the 2003–04 season . Instead , he was again loaned out , this time to Derby County in the First Division . He had an integral role in Derbys successful bid to avoid relegation , and manager George Burley tried to buy him from Everton . Instead , Osman returned to his parent club with three matches remaining in Evertons season . Manager David Moyes gave Osman his first start on 1 May 2004 at Wolverhampton Wanderers , and he headed Everton into the lead within three minutes from a James McFadden cross , although they eventually lost 2–1 . First-team breakthrough . Osman became a first-team regular in 2004–05 , playing on the right wing of a 4–1–4–1 formation . He finished the season with seven goals including two in a match against Aston Villa . In the 2005–06 season , Osmans place in the Evertons first team was challenged by the new signing Simon Davies . However , Osman was able to establish himself as a first-team regular by 2006–07 , a season in which made 37 appearances and scored three goals . His start to the 2007–08 season began with two goals in consecutive wins against Wigan Athletic and Tottenham Hotspur . His appearance in the starting 11 for Everton was threatened by the arrival of South African loan-signing Steven Pienaar . Osman scored his first goal in a UEFA competition on 25 October 2007 , Evertons second in a 3–1 UEFA Cup group stage win over Greek club Larissa at Goodison Park . His shot from 22 yards helped Everton to the top of the group and was voted Evertons Goal of the Season . Osman scored both goals in Evertons 2–0 win over Fulham on the final day of the season to secure Everton 5th place in the Premier League for 2008–09 . At the end of the season , he started in the 2009 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium , being replaced by Dan Gosling in the 82nd minute of the 2–1 defeat to Chelsea . The following season Osman captained Everton for the first time in a League Cup match away to Hull City scoring once in the 4–0 victory . In April 2010 , Osman was named man of the match in two consecutive matches . He also ended the 2010–11 Premier League season with four goals . In March 2013 , in a match against reigning champions Manchester City , Osman made his 300th Everton start . A long-range goal scored in the match was his eighth of the season , a personal record , and his 50th goal for the club . In December , Osman also scored on his 300th Premier League appearance during a 4–1 win over Fulham . Later in the same month he broke David Unsworths Everton Premier League appearance record , reaching 303 appearances . He featured in every league match in the 2013–14 season , the first under manager Roberto Martínez , the only Everton player to do so . To mark his long service , a testimonial match against FC Porto was held as part of Evertons pre-season schedule for the 2014–15 season . On 6 November 2014 , he signed a one-year contract extension to keep him at Everton until the summer of 2016 . Later that day , he opened the scoring in Evertons 3–0 UEFA Europa League group stage win against Lille . He scored on his 400th appearance for the club , netting the winner in a 2–1 victory over West Ham United His contract expired at the end of 2015–16 , and Osman was released by Everton . He retired from playing soon after . International career . Osman represented England at U16 level in the 1997–98 season . On 14 November 2012 , at the age of 31 , Osman earned his first senior call-up to the England squad for a friendly fixture against Sweden . Osman started in central midfield for his country in a 4–2 defeat against Sweden , in which he played the full 90 minutes . On 31 January 2013 , Osman was named in the England squad for the second time for the friendly fixture against Brazil on 6 February 2013 , though he was left on the substitutes bench for the match . Osman received his first competitive international call up after being named in the England squad on 14 March 2013 for the World Cup qualifiers against San Marino and Montenegro . Osman made his competitive England debut against San Marino . After football . Since retiring from football Osman has been a pundit for Sky Sports News , BT Sport and BBC Radio Five Live . Honours . Everton - FA Youth Cup : 1997–98 - FA Cup runner-up : 2008–09 Individual - Everton Goal of the Season : 2007–08 |
[
""
] | easy | Leon Osman played for which team from 2003 to 2012? | /wiki/Leon_Osman#P54#2 | Leon Osman Leon Osman ( born 17 May 1981 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He spent almost all of his career at Everton , making 433 appearances and scoring 57 goals . Earlier in his career he spent time on loan at Football League clubs Carlisle United and Derby County . Osman earned two international caps for the England national team , making his debut at the age of 31 . Early life . Osman was born in Wigan , Greater Manchester and raised in Skelmersdale , Lancashire . He attended Up Holland High School and Winstanley College . Club career . Early career and loans . Osman joined the Everton Academy as a boy , and was part of the team that won the 1998 FA Youth Cup . Following the cup victory , he sustained a knee injury which kept him from playing for a year . He was loaned to Carlisle United of the Third Division in October 2002 , making his first-team debut on the 5th by playing the full 90 minutes of a 2–1 home defeat to Torquay United . He scored once for the team in a league fixture against Macclesfield Town on 19 October to ensure a 2–2 draw at Moss Rose , and twice against Oldham Athletic in the Football League Trophy three days later in a 4–3 away victory . On returning to Everton in January , he made his Premier League debut in a 4–3 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur on 12 January 2003 , replacing Li Tie in added time . His only other Everton appearance of the season was his Goodison Park debut on 26 April , replacing Steve Watson at the end of a 2–1 win over Aston Villa . Osman was granted a one-year extension to his Everton contract in the summer of 2003 , but failed to break into the first team until the end of the 2003–04 season . Instead , he was again loaned out , this time to Derby County in the First Division . He had an integral role in Derbys successful bid to avoid relegation , and manager George Burley tried to buy him from Everton . Instead , Osman returned to his parent club with three matches remaining in Evertons season . Manager David Moyes gave Osman his first start on 1 May 2004 at Wolverhampton Wanderers , and he headed Everton into the lead within three minutes from a James McFadden cross , although they eventually lost 2–1 . First-team breakthrough . Osman became a first-team regular in 2004–05 , playing on the right wing of a 4–1–4–1 formation . He finished the season with seven goals including two in a match against Aston Villa . In the 2005–06 season , Osmans place in the Evertons first team was challenged by the new signing Simon Davies . However , Osman was able to establish himself as a first-team regular by 2006–07 , a season in which made 37 appearances and scored three goals . His start to the 2007–08 season began with two goals in consecutive wins against Wigan Athletic and Tottenham Hotspur . His appearance in the starting 11 for Everton was threatened by the arrival of South African loan-signing Steven Pienaar . Osman scored his first goal in a UEFA competition on 25 October 2007 , Evertons second in a 3–1 UEFA Cup group stage win over Greek club Larissa at Goodison Park . His shot from 22 yards helped Everton to the top of the group and was voted Evertons Goal of the Season . Osman scored both goals in Evertons 2–0 win over Fulham on the final day of the season to secure Everton 5th place in the Premier League for 2008–09 . At the end of the season , he started in the 2009 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium , being replaced by Dan Gosling in the 82nd minute of the 2–1 defeat to Chelsea . The following season Osman captained Everton for the first time in a League Cup match away to Hull City scoring once in the 4–0 victory . In April 2010 , Osman was named man of the match in two consecutive matches . He also ended the 2010–11 Premier League season with four goals . In March 2013 , in a match against reigning champions Manchester City , Osman made his 300th Everton start . A long-range goal scored in the match was his eighth of the season , a personal record , and his 50th goal for the club . In December , Osman also scored on his 300th Premier League appearance during a 4–1 win over Fulham . Later in the same month he broke David Unsworths Everton Premier League appearance record , reaching 303 appearances . He featured in every league match in the 2013–14 season , the first under manager Roberto Martínez , the only Everton player to do so . To mark his long service , a testimonial match against FC Porto was held as part of Evertons pre-season schedule for the 2014–15 season . On 6 November 2014 , he signed a one-year contract extension to keep him at Everton until the summer of 2016 . Later that day , he opened the scoring in Evertons 3–0 UEFA Europa League group stage win against Lille . He scored on his 400th appearance for the club , netting the winner in a 2–1 victory over West Ham United His contract expired at the end of 2015–16 , and Osman was released by Everton . He retired from playing soon after . International career . Osman represented England at U16 level in the 1997–98 season . On 14 November 2012 , at the age of 31 , Osman earned his first senior call-up to the England squad for a friendly fixture against Sweden . Osman started in central midfield for his country in a 4–2 defeat against Sweden , in which he played the full 90 minutes . On 31 January 2013 , Osman was named in the England squad for the second time for the friendly fixture against Brazil on 6 February 2013 , though he was left on the substitutes bench for the match . Osman received his first competitive international call up after being named in the England squad on 14 March 2013 for the World Cup qualifiers against San Marino and Montenegro . Osman made his competitive England debut against San Marino . After football . Since retiring from football Osman has been a pundit for Sky Sports News , BT Sport and BBC Radio Five Live . Honours . Everton - FA Youth Cup : 1997–98 - FA Cup runner-up : 2008–09 Individual - Everton Goal of the Season : 2007–08 |
[
"England"
] | easy | Which team did Leon Osman play for from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Leon_Osman#P54#3 | Leon Osman Leon Osman ( born 17 May 1981 ) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder . He spent almost all of his career at Everton , making 433 appearances and scoring 57 goals . Earlier in his career he spent time on loan at Football League clubs Carlisle United and Derby County . Osman earned two international caps for the England national team , making his debut at the age of 31 . Early life . Osman was born in Wigan , Greater Manchester and raised in Skelmersdale , Lancashire . He attended Up Holland High School and Winstanley College . Club career . Early career and loans . Osman joined the Everton Academy as a boy , and was part of the team that won the 1998 FA Youth Cup . Following the cup victory , he sustained a knee injury which kept him from playing for a year . He was loaned to Carlisle United of the Third Division in October 2002 , making his first-team debut on the 5th by playing the full 90 minutes of a 2–1 home defeat to Torquay United . He scored once for the team in a league fixture against Macclesfield Town on 19 October to ensure a 2–2 draw at Moss Rose , and twice against Oldham Athletic in the Football League Trophy three days later in a 4–3 away victory . On returning to Everton in January , he made his Premier League debut in a 4–3 defeat at Tottenham Hotspur on 12 January 2003 , replacing Li Tie in added time . His only other Everton appearance of the season was his Goodison Park debut on 26 April , replacing Steve Watson at the end of a 2–1 win over Aston Villa . Osman was granted a one-year extension to his Everton contract in the summer of 2003 , but failed to break into the first team until the end of the 2003–04 season . Instead , he was again loaned out , this time to Derby County in the First Division . He had an integral role in Derbys successful bid to avoid relegation , and manager George Burley tried to buy him from Everton . Instead , Osman returned to his parent club with three matches remaining in Evertons season . Manager David Moyes gave Osman his first start on 1 May 2004 at Wolverhampton Wanderers , and he headed Everton into the lead within three minutes from a James McFadden cross , although they eventually lost 2–1 . First-team breakthrough . Osman became a first-team regular in 2004–05 , playing on the right wing of a 4–1–4–1 formation . He finished the season with seven goals including two in a match against Aston Villa . In the 2005–06 season , Osmans place in the Evertons first team was challenged by the new signing Simon Davies . However , Osman was able to establish himself as a first-team regular by 2006–07 , a season in which made 37 appearances and scored three goals . His start to the 2007–08 season began with two goals in consecutive wins against Wigan Athletic and Tottenham Hotspur . His appearance in the starting 11 for Everton was threatened by the arrival of South African loan-signing Steven Pienaar . Osman scored his first goal in a UEFA competition on 25 October 2007 , Evertons second in a 3–1 UEFA Cup group stage win over Greek club Larissa at Goodison Park . His shot from 22 yards helped Everton to the top of the group and was voted Evertons Goal of the Season . Osman scored both goals in Evertons 2–0 win over Fulham on the final day of the season to secure Everton 5th place in the Premier League for 2008–09 . At the end of the season , he started in the 2009 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium , being replaced by Dan Gosling in the 82nd minute of the 2–1 defeat to Chelsea . The following season Osman captained Everton for the first time in a League Cup match away to Hull City scoring once in the 4–0 victory . In April 2010 , Osman was named man of the match in two consecutive matches . He also ended the 2010–11 Premier League season with four goals . In March 2013 , in a match against reigning champions Manchester City , Osman made his 300th Everton start . A long-range goal scored in the match was his eighth of the season , a personal record , and his 50th goal for the club . In December , Osman also scored on his 300th Premier League appearance during a 4–1 win over Fulham . Later in the same month he broke David Unsworths Everton Premier League appearance record , reaching 303 appearances . He featured in every league match in the 2013–14 season , the first under manager Roberto Martínez , the only Everton player to do so . To mark his long service , a testimonial match against FC Porto was held as part of Evertons pre-season schedule for the 2014–15 season . On 6 November 2014 , he signed a one-year contract extension to keep him at Everton until the summer of 2016 . Later that day , he opened the scoring in Evertons 3–0 UEFA Europa League group stage win against Lille . He scored on his 400th appearance for the club , netting the winner in a 2–1 victory over West Ham United His contract expired at the end of 2015–16 , and Osman was released by Everton . He retired from playing soon after . International career . Osman represented England at U16 level in the 1997–98 season . On 14 November 2012 , at the age of 31 , Osman earned his first senior call-up to the England squad for a friendly fixture against Sweden . Osman started in central midfield for his country in a 4–2 defeat against Sweden , in which he played the full 90 minutes . On 31 January 2013 , Osman was named in the England squad for the second time for the friendly fixture against Brazil on 6 February 2013 , though he was left on the substitutes bench for the match . Osman received his first competitive international call up after being named in the England squad on 14 March 2013 for the World Cup qualifiers against San Marino and Montenegro . Osman made his competitive England debut against San Marino . After football . Since retiring from football Osman has been a pundit for Sky Sports News , BT Sport and BBC Radio Five Live . Honours . Everton - FA Youth Cup : 1997–98 - FA Cup runner-up : 2008–09 Individual - Everton Goal of the Season : 2007–08 |
[
"Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic"
] | easy | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa took which position from Jun 1975 to Apr 1976? | /wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa#P39#0 | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousa ( ; born 12 December 1948 ) is a Portuguese politician and academic . He is the 20th and current president of Portugal , since 9 March 2016 . A member of the Social Democratic Party ( though he suspended his party membership for the duration of his presidency ) , Rebelo de Sousa has served as a government minister , parliamentarian in the Assembly of the Portuguese Republic , legal scholar , journalist , political analyst , law professor and pundit gaining him nationwide recognition prior to his election . Early life . Born in Lisbon , he is the eldest son of Baltasar Rebelo de Sousa ( 1921–2001 ) and his wife Maria das Neves Fernandes Duarte ( 1921–2003 ) . He has said that his mother had Jewish ancestry . He is named after his godfather , Marcelo Caetano , the last prime minister of the Estado Novo regime . Rebelo de Sousa is a professor and publicist specialized in constitutional law and administrative law , earning his doctorate at University of Lisbon , where he taught law . Party politics and academic career . Rebelo de Sousa started his career during the Estado Novo as a lawyer , and later as a journalist . He joined the Popular Democratic Party , becoming a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic . During that time , he helped draft Portugals constitution in 1976 . Later he rose to Adjoint Minister of Prime Minister Francisco Pinto Balsemão . Together with him he was a co-founder , Director and Administrator of the Expresso newspaper , owned by Pinto Balsemão . He was also the founder of Sedes and the founder and President of the Administration Council of another newspaper , Semanário . He started as a political analyst and pundit on TSF radio with his Exams , in which he gave marks ( 0 to 20 ) to the main political players . In 1989 he ran for President of the Municipal Chamber of Lisbon ( Mayor of Lisbon ) but lost to Jorge Sampaio , though he did win a seat as City Councilor ( Vereador ) . In that campaign he took a plunge into the waters of the Tagus River to prove they were not polluted despite claims to the contrary . In other local elections , he also became the President of the Municipal Assembly of Cascais ( 1979–1982 ) and the President of the Municipal Assembly of Celorico de Basto ( 1997–2009 ) . Leader of the PSD , 1996–1999 . Rebelo de Sousa was leader of the Social Democratic Party from 29 March 1996 to 27 May 1999 ( some weeks before his election as party leader , he declared he would not be a leadership candidate , not even if Christ came down to Earth ) . He created a center-right coalition , the Democratic Alliance , with the Peoples Party in 1998 . He became , however , the Vice-President of the European Peoples Party–European Democrats . The coalition did not please large parts of its own party , due to the role the Peoples Party leader , Paulo Portas , had in undermining Aníbal Cavaco Silvas government while director of the weekly O Independente . Rebelo de Sousa resigned after Portas , in a TV interview , described a private talk they had had concerning this matter . Portas claimed Marcelo , as an anonymous source for O Independente , described in great detail a dinner where he was not present , down to the menu ( which included vichyssoise , a cold soup ) ; when Paulo Portas later reneged on the decision of the coalition established between their parties — which was made before that dinner — the term vichyssoise became a reference to that revenge served cold . For these and other inconsistencies , he was called by Manuel Maria Carrilho political gelatin . A speech , in which he condemned the Portuguese habit of expecting a Messiah and a Dom Sebastião , was not well taken . The failure of the coalition led to his public and televised demission . Post-leadership . He had a weekly program of political analysis every Sunday on public TV station RTP after previously having a similar program on the private TV station TVI , where he was introduced as being the wisest and most perspicacious political analyst of current times . His comments covered everything from politics to sports , including his famous presentations and comments on the newest published books , and they were sometimes controversial , some of the comments being seen as personal and political attacks . In his analysis , still in TVI , he often attacked Pedro Santana Lopes , accusing him of being truculent , a cudgeller and resentful , and not having the profile to be a President of the Republic . This animosity remained until after Santana Lopes became Prime Minister , with a particular commentary on his performance finishing with the statement that he was worse than the worst Guterres and that he was making Guterres look better and pushing them to Belém , leading to a response from Santana Lopes Government Speaker Rui Gomes da Silva , who accused him of an involuntary cabal . The president of the network , Miguel Pais do Amaral , asked in a private dinner that Marcelo be more moderate in his attacks , something that Marcelo took as a form of censorship , leading to his exit from the program and the channel . It was after that episode that he was hired by RTP . Partially in consequence of these events , President Jorge Sampaio dissolved the Assembly of the Republic , a move that also meant dismissing the Government at a time when it had a stable coalition majority , and calling for anticipated elections , which led to the defeat of Santana Lopes and the election of the Socialists under José Sócrates . In 2010 , he left RTP and returned to TVI to do the same program that he had before . He was made a Member of the Council of State , by President Aníbal Cavaco Silva , and was sworn in on 6 April 2006 . He was a leading figure on the pro-life side of the 2007 abortion referendum . He even founded a website titled Assim Não ( Not like this ) , which was divulged with a famous introductory video . It became so well known that it was parodied in Saturday Night Live-fashion by famous humour group Gato Fedorento . President of Portugal , 2016–present . On 24 January 2016 , Rebelo de Sousa was elected as President of Portugal in the first round of voting . He stood as an independent , appealing for moderation and cross-party consensus . During his election campaign , he promised to repair political divisions and the hardship of Portugals 2011–14 bailout . Unlike his predecessor , Aníbal Cavaco Silva , he had never previously held a top state position . In March 2020 , Rebelo de Sousa asked parliament to authorize a state of emergency to contain the COVID-19 pandemic ; this marked the first time the country declared a state of emergency nationwide in 46 years of democratic history . In December 2020 , Rebelo de Sousa announced his intention to run for office again in the 2021 Portuguese presidential election . Marcelo was re-elected president in January 2021 , with 60.7% of the votes , the third highest vote margin ever in presidential elections in Portugal since the Carnation Revolution . He was also the first candidate ever to win the vote in all municipalities . Ranging from 51.3% in the Beja District and 72.16% in Madeira . State visits . Rebelo de Sousa , as President of Portugal , has visited the Vatican , Spain , Mozambique , Morocco , Brazil , Switzerland , Cuba , United Kingdom , Greece , United States of America and Angola . The first visit was to the Vatican City to meet the Pope Francis and the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin . In 2019 , he joined President Emmanuel Macron for the traditional Bastille Day military parade in Paris , which honoured European military cooperation and the European Intervention Initiative that year . Health . On 28 December 2017 , Rebelo de Sousa was admitted at Curry Cabral Hospital , in Lisbon , where he was subjected to a surgery to treat an umbilical hernia . The procedure was performed by , a veteran surgeon who is also a close friend of the President since early childhood . After the surgery , Barroso informed the press that all went well and that Marcelos condition had been known for at least six years , also referring that the surgery was initially due to occur on 4 January 2018 . However , on the morning of 28 December , the President felt abdominal pain , and an examination by his official physician , Daniel Matos , revealed that the hernia was incarcerated and required immediate surgery . On 29 December , the Presidency official website published a clinical report , informing that Marcelo was cheerful and recovering well . Rebelo de Sousa was discharged from hospital on 31 December by 12:45 PM , and left the premises by his own foot , while greeted and applauded by some hospital staff and other patients . He lauded the Portuguese National Health Service , considering it an important conquest of democracy . On 23 June 2018 , Rebelo de Sousa felt indisposed and collapsed after a visit to Bom Jesus do Monte sanctuary in Braga , in a day where temperatures were close to 40 °C . He was transported to the hospital where , after several exams , it was revealed the incident was caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure alongside an acute gastroenteritis . He was discharged from hospital later on the same day and was told to rest for some days . On 8 March 2020 , Rebelo de Sousa suspended all his public agenda and returned to his private home in Cascais , entering a voluntary quarantine period for 14 days after being revealed that a group of students from Felgueiras , who had visited Belém Palace some days before , had also been quarantined after a positive case of COVID-19 was detected in their school . On the next day , Marcelo was tested for the virus and returned a negative result ; he himself showed up on a balcony of his home to announce the result to the reporters waiting on the outside . Despite the quarantine , he didnt suspend his functions and continued working from home . A second test for the virus was made on 17 March , also returning a negative result . He returned to Belém Palace on the next day but maintained social distancing practices , conducting a meeting of the Council of State through videotelephony . Marcelo would only fully resume his public agenda on 23 March 2020 , receiving the Minister of Finance , Mário Centeno , for a meeting at Belém Palace . On 7 April 2020 , Rebelo de Sousa revealed that he had taken a serological test , which returned a negative result , therefore concluding that he had not been exposed to the virus . On 11 January 2021 , Rebelo de Sousa tested positive for COVID-19 ; he was reportedly asymptomatic , and canceled his appointments , opting to remain in self-isolation at Belém Palace . Personal life . On 27 July 1972 , Rebelo de Sousa married Ana Cristina da Gama Caeiro da Mota Veiga in the parish of São Bento do Mato in Évora . The bride , born on 4 June 1950 in the Santos-o-Velho parish of Lisbon , is the daughter of António da Mota Veiga and Maria Emília da Gama Caeiro and current widow without issue of Jorge Manuel Vassalo Sors Lagrifa ( 7 May 1948 – 2 February 2005 ; maternal grandson of Manuel António Vassalo e Silva ) . In the following years , Sousa and Mota Veiga had two children : - Nuno da Mota Veiga Rebelo de Sousa ( b . São Sebastião da Pedreira , Lisbon , 8 August 1973 ) and - Sofia da Mota Veiga Rebelo de Sousa ( b . São Sebastião da Pedreira , Lisbon , 27 September 1976 ) . The couple separated in 1980 but never got divorced , with Sousa citing his Roman Catholic faith as the reason behind his wish to keep up the marital bond . He started dating his former student Rita Amaral Cabral in the 1980s , who at the time was his fellow lecturer at the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon . They continue to entertain a casual relationship , but live separately . Rebelo de Sousa claims to sleep only four to five hours a night and to read two books a day . He is an avid surfer at Guincho Beach in Cascais , on the Portuguese Riviera , and has stated to be a fan of classical music , especially of Giuseppe Verdi . Honours and awards . National orders . Insignia of Office . - Grand Master of the Honorific Orders of Portugal ( 2016 – present ) Personal orders . - Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry ( 9 June 2005 ) - Commander of the Order of Saint James of the Sword ( 9 June 1994 ) Foreign orders . - Recipient of the Order of Agostinho Neto ( 6 March 2019 ) - Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria ( 18 June 2019 ) - Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold ( 22 October 2018 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Stara Planina ( 30 January 2019 ) - 1st Class of the Amílcar Cabral Order ( 10 April 2017 ) - Collar of the Order of Merit ( 30 March 2017 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Boyaca ( 13 November 2017 ) - Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav of the Republic of Croatia ( 4 May 2018 ) - Collar of the Order of the Nile ( 21 November 2016 ) - Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana ( 10 April 2019 ) - Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of the French Republic ( 26 August 2016 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer of Greece ( 21 April 2017 ) - Knight Grand Cross with Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2017 ) - Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast ( 2017 ) - Knight ( single order ) of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ( 23 May 2017 ) - Honorary Companion of Honour with Collar of The National Order of Merit of the Republic of Malta ( 15 May 2018 ) - Member Special Class of the Order of Muhammad of the Kingdom of Morocco ( 27 June 2016 ) - Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle ( 17 July 2017 ) - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 10 October 2017 ) - Collar of the National Order of Merit ( Paraguay ) ( 11 May 2017 ) - Grand Cross with diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru ( 25 February 2019 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Republic of Serbia ( 25 January 2017 ) - Recipient of the Order for Exceptional Merits ( Slovenia ) ( 31 May 2021 ) - Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic of the Kingdom of Spain ( 25 November 2016 ) - Collar of the Order of Charles III of the Kingdom of Spain ( 13 April 2018 ) - Knight with the Collar of the Order of Pius IX of the Vatican City State ( Vatican , 7 July 2016 ) References . - Costados Alentejanos , II , António Luís de Torres Cordovil Pestana de Vasconcelos , Edição do Author , Évora 2006 , N.º 41 External links . - Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousas genealogy in a Portuguese genealogical site |
[
""
] | easy | Which position did Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa hold from Jun 1982 to Jun 1983? | /wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa#P39#1 | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousa ( ; born 12 December 1948 ) is a Portuguese politician and academic . He is the 20th and current president of Portugal , since 9 March 2016 . A member of the Social Democratic Party ( though he suspended his party membership for the duration of his presidency ) , Rebelo de Sousa has served as a government minister , parliamentarian in the Assembly of the Portuguese Republic , legal scholar , journalist , political analyst , law professor and pundit gaining him nationwide recognition prior to his election . Early life . Born in Lisbon , he is the eldest son of Baltasar Rebelo de Sousa ( 1921–2001 ) and his wife Maria das Neves Fernandes Duarte ( 1921–2003 ) . He has said that his mother had Jewish ancestry . He is named after his godfather , Marcelo Caetano , the last prime minister of the Estado Novo regime . Rebelo de Sousa is a professor and publicist specialized in constitutional law and administrative law , earning his doctorate at University of Lisbon , where he taught law . Party politics and academic career . Rebelo de Sousa started his career during the Estado Novo as a lawyer , and later as a journalist . He joined the Popular Democratic Party , becoming a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic . During that time , he helped draft Portugals constitution in 1976 . Later he rose to Adjoint Minister of Prime Minister Francisco Pinto Balsemão . Together with him he was a co-founder , Director and Administrator of the Expresso newspaper , owned by Pinto Balsemão . He was also the founder of Sedes and the founder and President of the Administration Council of another newspaper , Semanário . He started as a political analyst and pundit on TSF radio with his Exams , in which he gave marks ( 0 to 20 ) to the main political players . In 1989 he ran for President of the Municipal Chamber of Lisbon ( Mayor of Lisbon ) but lost to Jorge Sampaio , though he did win a seat as City Councilor ( Vereador ) . In that campaign he took a plunge into the waters of the Tagus River to prove they were not polluted despite claims to the contrary . In other local elections , he also became the President of the Municipal Assembly of Cascais ( 1979–1982 ) and the President of the Municipal Assembly of Celorico de Basto ( 1997–2009 ) . Leader of the PSD , 1996–1999 . Rebelo de Sousa was leader of the Social Democratic Party from 29 March 1996 to 27 May 1999 ( some weeks before his election as party leader , he declared he would not be a leadership candidate , not even if Christ came down to Earth ) . He created a center-right coalition , the Democratic Alliance , with the Peoples Party in 1998 . He became , however , the Vice-President of the European Peoples Party–European Democrats . The coalition did not please large parts of its own party , due to the role the Peoples Party leader , Paulo Portas , had in undermining Aníbal Cavaco Silvas government while director of the weekly O Independente . Rebelo de Sousa resigned after Portas , in a TV interview , described a private talk they had had concerning this matter . Portas claimed Marcelo , as an anonymous source for O Independente , described in great detail a dinner where he was not present , down to the menu ( which included vichyssoise , a cold soup ) ; when Paulo Portas later reneged on the decision of the coalition established between their parties — which was made before that dinner — the term vichyssoise became a reference to that revenge served cold . For these and other inconsistencies , he was called by Manuel Maria Carrilho political gelatin . A speech , in which he condemned the Portuguese habit of expecting a Messiah and a Dom Sebastião , was not well taken . The failure of the coalition led to his public and televised demission . Post-leadership . He had a weekly program of political analysis every Sunday on public TV station RTP after previously having a similar program on the private TV station TVI , where he was introduced as being the wisest and most perspicacious political analyst of current times . His comments covered everything from politics to sports , including his famous presentations and comments on the newest published books , and they were sometimes controversial , some of the comments being seen as personal and political attacks . In his analysis , still in TVI , he often attacked Pedro Santana Lopes , accusing him of being truculent , a cudgeller and resentful , and not having the profile to be a President of the Republic . This animosity remained until after Santana Lopes became Prime Minister , with a particular commentary on his performance finishing with the statement that he was worse than the worst Guterres and that he was making Guterres look better and pushing them to Belém , leading to a response from Santana Lopes Government Speaker Rui Gomes da Silva , who accused him of an involuntary cabal . The president of the network , Miguel Pais do Amaral , asked in a private dinner that Marcelo be more moderate in his attacks , something that Marcelo took as a form of censorship , leading to his exit from the program and the channel . It was after that episode that he was hired by RTP . Partially in consequence of these events , President Jorge Sampaio dissolved the Assembly of the Republic , a move that also meant dismissing the Government at a time when it had a stable coalition majority , and calling for anticipated elections , which led to the defeat of Santana Lopes and the election of the Socialists under José Sócrates . In 2010 , he left RTP and returned to TVI to do the same program that he had before . He was made a Member of the Council of State , by President Aníbal Cavaco Silva , and was sworn in on 6 April 2006 . He was a leading figure on the pro-life side of the 2007 abortion referendum . He even founded a website titled Assim Não ( Not like this ) , which was divulged with a famous introductory video . It became so well known that it was parodied in Saturday Night Live-fashion by famous humour group Gato Fedorento . President of Portugal , 2016–present . On 24 January 2016 , Rebelo de Sousa was elected as President of Portugal in the first round of voting . He stood as an independent , appealing for moderation and cross-party consensus . During his election campaign , he promised to repair political divisions and the hardship of Portugals 2011–14 bailout . Unlike his predecessor , Aníbal Cavaco Silva , he had never previously held a top state position . In March 2020 , Rebelo de Sousa asked parliament to authorize a state of emergency to contain the COVID-19 pandemic ; this marked the first time the country declared a state of emergency nationwide in 46 years of democratic history . In December 2020 , Rebelo de Sousa announced his intention to run for office again in the 2021 Portuguese presidential election . Marcelo was re-elected president in January 2021 , with 60.7% of the votes , the third highest vote margin ever in presidential elections in Portugal since the Carnation Revolution . He was also the first candidate ever to win the vote in all municipalities . Ranging from 51.3% in the Beja District and 72.16% in Madeira . State visits . Rebelo de Sousa , as President of Portugal , has visited the Vatican , Spain , Mozambique , Morocco , Brazil , Switzerland , Cuba , United Kingdom , Greece , United States of America and Angola . The first visit was to the Vatican City to meet the Pope Francis and the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin . In 2019 , he joined President Emmanuel Macron for the traditional Bastille Day military parade in Paris , which honoured European military cooperation and the European Intervention Initiative that year . Health . On 28 December 2017 , Rebelo de Sousa was admitted at Curry Cabral Hospital , in Lisbon , where he was subjected to a surgery to treat an umbilical hernia . The procedure was performed by , a veteran surgeon who is also a close friend of the President since early childhood . After the surgery , Barroso informed the press that all went well and that Marcelos condition had been known for at least six years , also referring that the surgery was initially due to occur on 4 January 2018 . However , on the morning of 28 December , the President felt abdominal pain , and an examination by his official physician , Daniel Matos , revealed that the hernia was incarcerated and required immediate surgery . On 29 December , the Presidency official website published a clinical report , informing that Marcelo was cheerful and recovering well . Rebelo de Sousa was discharged from hospital on 31 December by 12:45 PM , and left the premises by his own foot , while greeted and applauded by some hospital staff and other patients . He lauded the Portuguese National Health Service , considering it an important conquest of democracy . On 23 June 2018 , Rebelo de Sousa felt indisposed and collapsed after a visit to Bom Jesus do Monte sanctuary in Braga , in a day where temperatures were close to 40 °C . He was transported to the hospital where , after several exams , it was revealed the incident was caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure alongside an acute gastroenteritis . He was discharged from hospital later on the same day and was told to rest for some days . On 8 March 2020 , Rebelo de Sousa suspended all his public agenda and returned to his private home in Cascais , entering a voluntary quarantine period for 14 days after being revealed that a group of students from Felgueiras , who had visited Belém Palace some days before , had also been quarantined after a positive case of COVID-19 was detected in their school . On the next day , Marcelo was tested for the virus and returned a negative result ; he himself showed up on a balcony of his home to announce the result to the reporters waiting on the outside . Despite the quarantine , he didnt suspend his functions and continued working from home . A second test for the virus was made on 17 March , also returning a negative result . He returned to Belém Palace on the next day but maintained social distancing practices , conducting a meeting of the Council of State through videotelephony . Marcelo would only fully resume his public agenda on 23 March 2020 , receiving the Minister of Finance , Mário Centeno , for a meeting at Belém Palace . On 7 April 2020 , Rebelo de Sousa revealed that he had taken a serological test , which returned a negative result , therefore concluding that he had not been exposed to the virus . On 11 January 2021 , Rebelo de Sousa tested positive for COVID-19 ; he was reportedly asymptomatic , and canceled his appointments , opting to remain in self-isolation at Belém Palace . Personal life . On 27 July 1972 , Rebelo de Sousa married Ana Cristina da Gama Caeiro da Mota Veiga in the parish of São Bento do Mato in Évora . The bride , born on 4 June 1950 in the Santos-o-Velho parish of Lisbon , is the daughter of António da Mota Veiga and Maria Emília da Gama Caeiro and current widow without issue of Jorge Manuel Vassalo Sors Lagrifa ( 7 May 1948 – 2 February 2005 ; maternal grandson of Manuel António Vassalo e Silva ) . In the following years , Sousa and Mota Veiga had two children : - Nuno da Mota Veiga Rebelo de Sousa ( b . São Sebastião da Pedreira , Lisbon , 8 August 1973 ) and - Sofia da Mota Veiga Rebelo de Sousa ( b . São Sebastião da Pedreira , Lisbon , 27 September 1976 ) . The couple separated in 1980 but never got divorced , with Sousa citing his Roman Catholic faith as the reason behind his wish to keep up the marital bond . He started dating his former student Rita Amaral Cabral in the 1980s , who at the time was his fellow lecturer at the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon . They continue to entertain a casual relationship , but live separately . Rebelo de Sousa claims to sleep only four to five hours a night and to read two books a day . He is an avid surfer at Guincho Beach in Cascais , on the Portuguese Riviera , and has stated to be a fan of classical music , especially of Giuseppe Verdi . Honours and awards . National orders . Insignia of Office . - Grand Master of the Honorific Orders of Portugal ( 2016 – present ) Personal orders . - Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry ( 9 June 2005 ) - Commander of the Order of Saint James of the Sword ( 9 June 1994 ) Foreign orders . - Recipient of the Order of Agostinho Neto ( 6 March 2019 ) - Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria ( 18 June 2019 ) - Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold ( 22 October 2018 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Stara Planina ( 30 January 2019 ) - 1st Class of the Amílcar Cabral Order ( 10 April 2017 ) - Collar of the Order of Merit ( 30 March 2017 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Boyaca ( 13 November 2017 ) - Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav of the Republic of Croatia ( 4 May 2018 ) - Collar of the Order of the Nile ( 21 November 2016 ) - Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana ( 10 April 2019 ) - Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of the French Republic ( 26 August 2016 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer of Greece ( 21 April 2017 ) - Knight Grand Cross with Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2017 ) - Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast ( 2017 ) - Knight ( single order ) of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ( 23 May 2017 ) - Honorary Companion of Honour with Collar of The National Order of Merit of the Republic of Malta ( 15 May 2018 ) - Member Special Class of the Order of Muhammad of the Kingdom of Morocco ( 27 June 2016 ) - Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle ( 17 July 2017 ) - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 10 October 2017 ) - Collar of the National Order of Merit ( Paraguay ) ( 11 May 2017 ) - Grand Cross with diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru ( 25 February 2019 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Republic of Serbia ( 25 January 2017 ) - Recipient of the Order for Exceptional Merits ( Slovenia ) ( 31 May 2021 ) - Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic of the Kingdom of Spain ( 25 November 2016 ) - Collar of the Order of Charles III of the Kingdom of Spain ( 13 April 2018 ) - Knight with the Collar of the Order of Pius IX of the Vatican City State ( Vatican , 7 July 2016 ) References . - Costados Alentejanos , II , António Luís de Torres Cordovil Pestana de Vasconcelos , Edição do Author , Évora 2006 , N.º 41 External links . - Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousas genealogy in a Portuguese genealogical site |
[
"Grand Master of the Honorific Orders of Portugal"
] | easy | Which position did Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa hold from Mar 2016 to Mar 2017? | /wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa#P39#2 | Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousa ( ; born 12 December 1948 ) is a Portuguese politician and academic . He is the 20th and current president of Portugal , since 9 March 2016 . A member of the Social Democratic Party ( though he suspended his party membership for the duration of his presidency ) , Rebelo de Sousa has served as a government minister , parliamentarian in the Assembly of the Portuguese Republic , legal scholar , journalist , political analyst , law professor and pundit gaining him nationwide recognition prior to his election . Early life . Born in Lisbon , he is the eldest son of Baltasar Rebelo de Sousa ( 1921–2001 ) and his wife Maria das Neves Fernandes Duarte ( 1921–2003 ) . He has said that his mother had Jewish ancestry . He is named after his godfather , Marcelo Caetano , the last prime minister of the Estado Novo regime . Rebelo de Sousa is a professor and publicist specialized in constitutional law and administrative law , earning his doctorate at University of Lisbon , where he taught law . Party politics and academic career . Rebelo de Sousa started his career during the Estado Novo as a lawyer , and later as a journalist . He joined the Popular Democratic Party , becoming a Deputy to the Assembly of the Republic . During that time , he helped draft Portugals constitution in 1976 . Later he rose to Adjoint Minister of Prime Minister Francisco Pinto Balsemão . Together with him he was a co-founder , Director and Administrator of the Expresso newspaper , owned by Pinto Balsemão . He was also the founder of Sedes and the founder and President of the Administration Council of another newspaper , Semanário . He started as a political analyst and pundit on TSF radio with his Exams , in which he gave marks ( 0 to 20 ) to the main political players . In 1989 he ran for President of the Municipal Chamber of Lisbon ( Mayor of Lisbon ) but lost to Jorge Sampaio , though he did win a seat as City Councilor ( Vereador ) . In that campaign he took a plunge into the waters of the Tagus River to prove they were not polluted despite claims to the contrary . In other local elections , he also became the President of the Municipal Assembly of Cascais ( 1979–1982 ) and the President of the Municipal Assembly of Celorico de Basto ( 1997–2009 ) . Leader of the PSD , 1996–1999 . Rebelo de Sousa was leader of the Social Democratic Party from 29 March 1996 to 27 May 1999 ( some weeks before his election as party leader , he declared he would not be a leadership candidate , not even if Christ came down to Earth ) . He created a center-right coalition , the Democratic Alliance , with the Peoples Party in 1998 . He became , however , the Vice-President of the European Peoples Party–European Democrats . The coalition did not please large parts of its own party , due to the role the Peoples Party leader , Paulo Portas , had in undermining Aníbal Cavaco Silvas government while director of the weekly O Independente . Rebelo de Sousa resigned after Portas , in a TV interview , described a private talk they had had concerning this matter . Portas claimed Marcelo , as an anonymous source for O Independente , described in great detail a dinner where he was not present , down to the menu ( which included vichyssoise , a cold soup ) ; when Paulo Portas later reneged on the decision of the coalition established between their parties — which was made before that dinner — the term vichyssoise became a reference to that revenge served cold . For these and other inconsistencies , he was called by Manuel Maria Carrilho political gelatin . A speech , in which he condemned the Portuguese habit of expecting a Messiah and a Dom Sebastião , was not well taken . The failure of the coalition led to his public and televised demission . Post-leadership . He had a weekly program of political analysis every Sunday on public TV station RTP after previously having a similar program on the private TV station TVI , where he was introduced as being the wisest and most perspicacious political analyst of current times . His comments covered everything from politics to sports , including his famous presentations and comments on the newest published books , and they were sometimes controversial , some of the comments being seen as personal and political attacks . In his analysis , still in TVI , he often attacked Pedro Santana Lopes , accusing him of being truculent , a cudgeller and resentful , and not having the profile to be a President of the Republic . This animosity remained until after Santana Lopes became Prime Minister , with a particular commentary on his performance finishing with the statement that he was worse than the worst Guterres and that he was making Guterres look better and pushing them to Belém , leading to a response from Santana Lopes Government Speaker Rui Gomes da Silva , who accused him of an involuntary cabal . The president of the network , Miguel Pais do Amaral , asked in a private dinner that Marcelo be more moderate in his attacks , something that Marcelo took as a form of censorship , leading to his exit from the program and the channel . It was after that episode that he was hired by RTP . Partially in consequence of these events , President Jorge Sampaio dissolved the Assembly of the Republic , a move that also meant dismissing the Government at a time when it had a stable coalition majority , and calling for anticipated elections , which led to the defeat of Santana Lopes and the election of the Socialists under José Sócrates . In 2010 , he left RTP and returned to TVI to do the same program that he had before . He was made a Member of the Council of State , by President Aníbal Cavaco Silva , and was sworn in on 6 April 2006 . He was a leading figure on the pro-life side of the 2007 abortion referendum . He even founded a website titled Assim Não ( Not like this ) , which was divulged with a famous introductory video . It became so well known that it was parodied in Saturday Night Live-fashion by famous humour group Gato Fedorento . President of Portugal , 2016–present . On 24 January 2016 , Rebelo de Sousa was elected as President of Portugal in the first round of voting . He stood as an independent , appealing for moderation and cross-party consensus . During his election campaign , he promised to repair political divisions and the hardship of Portugals 2011–14 bailout . Unlike his predecessor , Aníbal Cavaco Silva , he had never previously held a top state position . In March 2020 , Rebelo de Sousa asked parliament to authorize a state of emergency to contain the COVID-19 pandemic ; this marked the first time the country declared a state of emergency nationwide in 46 years of democratic history . In December 2020 , Rebelo de Sousa announced his intention to run for office again in the 2021 Portuguese presidential election . Marcelo was re-elected president in January 2021 , with 60.7% of the votes , the third highest vote margin ever in presidential elections in Portugal since the Carnation Revolution . He was also the first candidate ever to win the vote in all municipalities . Ranging from 51.3% in the Beja District and 72.16% in Madeira . State visits . Rebelo de Sousa , as President of Portugal , has visited the Vatican , Spain , Mozambique , Morocco , Brazil , Switzerland , Cuba , United Kingdom , Greece , United States of America and Angola . The first visit was to the Vatican City to meet the Pope Francis and the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin . In 2019 , he joined President Emmanuel Macron for the traditional Bastille Day military parade in Paris , which honoured European military cooperation and the European Intervention Initiative that year . Health . On 28 December 2017 , Rebelo de Sousa was admitted at Curry Cabral Hospital , in Lisbon , where he was subjected to a surgery to treat an umbilical hernia . The procedure was performed by , a veteran surgeon who is also a close friend of the President since early childhood . After the surgery , Barroso informed the press that all went well and that Marcelos condition had been known for at least six years , also referring that the surgery was initially due to occur on 4 January 2018 . However , on the morning of 28 December , the President felt abdominal pain , and an examination by his official physician , Daniel Matos , revealed that the hernia was incarcerated and required immediate surgery . On 29 December , the Presidency official website published a clinical report , informing that Marcelo was cheerful and recovering well . Rebelo de Sousa was discharged from hospital on 31 December by 12:45 PM , and left the premises by his own foot , while greeted and applauded by some hospital staff and other patients . He lauded the Portuguese National Health Service , considering it an important conquest of democracy . On 23 June 2018 , Rebelo de Sousa felt indisposed and collapsed after a visit to Bom Jesus do Monte sanctuary in Braga , in a day where temperatures were close to 40 °C . He was transported to the hospital where , after several exams , it was revealed the incident was caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure alongside an acute gastroenteritis . He was discharged from hospital later on the same day and was told to rest for some days . On 8 March 2020 , Rebelo de Sousa suspended all his public agenda and returned to his private home in Cascais , entering a voluntary quarantine period for 14 days after being revealed that a group of students from Felgueiras , who had visited Belém Palace some days before , had also been quarantined after a positive case of COVID-19 was detected in their school . On the next day , Marcelo was tested for the virus and returned a negative result ; he himself showed up on a balcony of his home to announce the result to the reporters waiting on the outside . Despite the quarantine , he didnt suspend his functions and continued working from home . A second test for the virus was made on 17 March , also returning a negative result . He returned to Belém Palace on the next day but maintained social distancing practices , conducting a meeting of the Council of State through videotelephony . Marcelo would only fully resume his public agenda on 23 March 2020 , receiving the Minister of Finance , Mário Centeno , for a meeting at Belém Palace . On 7 April 2020 , Rebelo de Sousa revealed that he had taken a serological test , which returned a negative result , therefore concluding that he had not been exposed to the virus . On 11 January 2021 , Rebelo de Sousa tested positive for COVID-19 ; he was reportedly asymptomatic , and canceled his appointments , opting to remain in self-isolation at Belém Palace . Personal life . On 27 July 1972 , Rebelo de Sousa married Ana Cristina da Gama Caeiro da Mota Veiga in the parish of São Bento do Mato in Évora . The bride , born on 4 June 1950 in the Santos-o-Velho parish of Lisbon , is the daughter of António da Mota Veiga and Maria Emília da Gama Caeiro and current widow without issue of Jorge Manuel Vassalo Sors Lagrifa ( 7 May 1948 – 2 February 2005 ; maternal grandson of Manuel António Vassalo e Silva ) . In the following years , Sousa and Mota Veiga had two children : - Nuno da Mota Veiga Rebelo de Sousa ( b . São Sebastião da Pedreira , Lisbon , 8 August 1973 ) and - Sofia da Mota Veiga Rebelo de Sousa ( b . São Sebastião da Pedreira , Lisbon , 27 September 1976 ) . The couple separated in 1980 but never got divorced , with Sousa citing his Roman Catholic faith as the reason behind his wish to keep up the marital bond . He started dating his former student Rita Amaral Cabral in the 1980s , who at the time was his fellow lecturer at the Faculty of Law of the University of Lisbon . They continue to entertain a casual relationship , but live separately . Rebelo de Sousa claims to sleep only four to five hours a night and to read two books a day . He is an avid surfer at Guincho Beach in Cascais , on the Portuguese Riviera , and has stated to be a fan of classical music , especially of Giuseppe Verdi . Honours and awards . National orders . Insignia of Office . - Grand Master of the Honorific Orders of Portugal ( 2016 – present ) Personal orders . - Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry ( 9 June 2005 ) - Commander of the Order of Saint James of the Sword ( 9 June 1994 ) Foreign orders . - Recipient of the Order of Agostinho Neto ( 6 March 2019 ) - Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria ( 18 June 2019 ) - Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold ( 22 October 2018 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of Stara Planina ( 30 January 2019 ) - 1st Class of the Amílcar Cabral Order ( 10 April 2017 ) - Collar of the Order of Merit ( 30 March 2017 ) - Grand Collar of the Order of Boyaca ( 13 November 2017 ) - Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav of the Republic of Croatia ( 4 May 2018 ) - Collar of the Order of the Nile ( 21 November 2016 ) - Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana ( 10 April 2019 ) - Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour of the French Republic ( 26 August 2016 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer of Greece ( 21 April 2017 ) - Knight Grand Cross with Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( 29 November 2017 ) - Grand Cross of the National Order of the Ivory Coast ( 2017 ) - Knight ( single order ) of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ( 23 May 2017 ) - Honorary Companion of Honour with Collar of The National Order of Merit of the Republic of Malta ( 15 May 2018 ) - Member Special Class of the Order of Muhammad of the Kingdom of Morocco ( 27 June 2016 ) - Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle ( 17 July 2017 ) - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 10 October 2017 ) - Collar of the National Order of Merit ( Paraguay ) ( 11 May 2017 ) - Grand Cross with diamonds of the Order of the Sun of Peru ( 25 February 2019 ) - Grand Cross of the Order of the Republic of Serbia ( 25 January 2017 ) - Recipient of the Order for Exceptional Merits ( Slovenia ) ( 31 May 2021 ) - Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic of the Kingdom of Spain ( 25 November 2016 ) - Collar of the Order of Charles III of the Kingdom of Spain ( 13 April 2018 ) - Knight with the Collar of the Order of Pius IX of the Vatican City State ( Vatican , 7 July 2016 ) References . - Costados Alentejanos , II , António Luís de Torres Cordovil Pestana de Vasconcelos , Edição do Author , Évora 2006 , N.º 41 External links . - Marcelo Nuno Duarte Rebelo de Sousas genealogy in a Portuguese genealogical site |
[
"Bauhaus Dessau"
] | easy | Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp worked in which location from 1925 to 1929? | /wiki/Lou_Scheper-Berkenkamp#P937#0 | Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp née Hermine Luise Berkenkamp ( 15 May 1901 – 11 April 1976 ) was a German painter , colour designer , the avant-garde author of childrens books , fairy-tale illustrator and costume designer . Early life . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp was born in Wesel and was the daughter of Adalbert Berkenkamp ( 1868-1947 ) and his wife Laura Johanna Katharina Darmstädter ( 1872-1956 ) . She had two brothers Alfred ( 1896-1917 ) and Walter ( 1910-1994 ) . Her father and her uncle Heinrich , managed the paper and paper bag factory in Wesel which had been founded by her grandfather Heinrich Berkenkamp in 1865 . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp graduated from elementary school , then attended a grammar school for four years and went on to attend the Viktoria-Schule in Essen , a girls grammar school with progressive teaching . Through the art teacher Margarete Schall ( 1896-1939 ) her talent for colours and painting was discovered . Hermine Louise Berkenkamp originally wanted to study medicine or German philologie . But Margarete Schall , who herself later enrolled in the Bauhaus for a semester , suggested she study at the art school as it was known for its progressive teaching methods . The Bauhaus period . After graduating from high school in 1920 , Lou Berkenkamp enrolled at the Bauhaus in Weimar and studied under Johannes Itten , Lyonel Feininger , Paul Klee and Georg Muche . She became acquainted with Hinnerk Scheper , a classmate in the mural painting workshop there and married him on December 24 , 1922 in Weimar . Berkenkamp lived with her parents in Wesel during the first years of her marriage , with their son Jan Gisbert , born in November 1923 . During this time the first pictures letters were created . In 1922 the couple left the Bauhaus Weimar and while Lou focused on her artistic work , Hinnerk Scheper worked as a colour designer . In 1925 , he was called to the Bauhaus in Dessau as a master of the mural painting workshop at the Bauhaus Dessau . In 1926 their daughter Britta was born in Dessau . After Georg Muche , master woodcarver , left for Berlin in 1927 , a semi-detached house became available and the Scheper family was able to move in . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp worked - without matriculation - in the stage workshop of the Bauhaus under the direction of Oskar Schlemmer . Lou supported an important area of Schlemmers work with the development of costumes , choreographies , sets and puppets for Triadisches Ballett , premiere 1922 in Stuttgart , further developed by Oskar Schlemmer in 1926 with music by Hindemith . She designed and directed costumes and sets for the plays Ojdar“ and Circus and directed . In the group exhibition Junge Bauhausmaler ( Young Bauhaus Painter ) , in Halle ( Saale ) , she took 1928 part . She also created also a number of childrens books until the couples 1929 departure from Dessau . Family Scheper remained associated with the Bauhaus until its closure in 1933 and beyond . Moscow 1929 to 1931 . From July 1929 to August 1930 the Schepers followed a call to Moscow . Hinnerk Scheper , a specialist in colour design , was to set up a Consultation Centre for Colour in Architecture and Cityscapes ( Russian Maljarstroj ) for the entire Soviet Union . Together they worked on the colour plans . During this time Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp wrote articles for the German-language weekly Moskauer Rundschau ( Moscow Review ) In her contributions she captured the everyday life of people in the big city with an artistic hand and in a socially critical manner . In the service of her husband , she did not publish her own works in Moscow and supported Hinnerk in organizational problems . Inspired by the figures of the Triadic Ballet , she created collages of the basic forms circle , triangle and square . With her abstract work she critically opposed the standardization of architecture and the Soviet citizens . She painted Moscows street life with ink and opaque colours . This resulted in ironic text and skillful picture designs . The National Socialism period . After another shorter stay in Moscow in 1931 , the Schepers returned to the Bauhaus in Dessau under the new director Ludwig Mies van der Rohe . When the Bauhaus moved in 1932 , they also moved to the capital Berlin . Due to the worsening political situation in Germany in 1932 , further cooperation with Soviet colleagues was no longer conceivable . The right-wing magistrate in Dessau , the leading faction in the city council since 1931 , cut all funding for the Bauhaus . On October 1 , 1932 , the Bauhaus Dessau closed down involuntarily and under high political pressure . The building was used as the Gauführerschule of the NSDAP . Mies van der Rohe wanted to continue the Bauhaus in Berlin with his own funds under the title Free Teaching and Research Institute in the former Steglitz telephone factory , but the fascists forced him to close the institute on 20 July 1933 . From then on , the teachers had to secure their livelihood with casual jobs . Some Bauhaus artists emigrated to Palestine and the USA . Since the closure of the Bauhaus in 1933 , Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp worked as a freelance painter in Berlin . Between 1933 and 1945 , Scheper-Berkenkamp designed a number of childrens books , many of which were published following the Second World War by the publisher Ernst Wunderlich , Leipzig . Her son Dirk was born in Berlin in 1938 . Lou accompanied Hinnerk on his Norddeutsche Reportage-Reisen and wrote texts for his various landscape photo series of landscapes . Repressions in 1934 against her husband Hinnerk , who was forbidden by the Nazis to join the Reich Association of German Photojournalists , also cut off this source of income for the family . So they concentrated on the colour design of public houses , murals and restoration work . Hinnerk Scheper did military service in Germany from 1942 to 1945 . During this time , Lou provided for the family alone . She invented picture stories , which were not published as childrens books until by Ernst Wunderlich Verlag in Leipzig . The family survived the war years in complete seclusion . After World War II . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp and her children Britta , Jan Giesbert , Dirk and her parents , whose house in Wesel was destroyed by the war , had experienced the end of the war in Badbergen . In 1945 the Berlin magistrate appointed Hinnerk Scheper as a monument conservator and state curator of Berlin and his wife supported him in his work . From now on she devoted herself again to her artistic work and looked for a way to publish childrens books . In the publisher Ernst Wunderlich from Leipzig she found the right contact person , with the best technical possibilities of offset printing and a great supporter . In 1950/51 she took part in exhibitions of picture book originals . Her works were shown in America Houses in Kassel , Darmstadt , Frankfurt , Gießen , Marburg and Wiesbaden . These American institutions were established around 1950 in West Germany in the spirit of democratic educational work by the Allies . In the open , democratic and friendly atmosphere of these houses , Lous timelessly artistic picture stories were able to unfold the narrative stream flow of their art . The Ring 1951 Berlin Artists Association Exhibitions and new projects . In 1951 Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp was one of the co-founders of the Berlin artists association The Ring , of which she was a member of the board until 1970 . The members included Erhard Groß ( 1926- 2011 Berlin ) , Wilhelm Peter August Helmstedt ( * September 3 , 1904 in Wilhelmshaven ; † 10 . March 1976 in Berlin ) , Arno Mohr , Arthur Fauser , Peter Steinforth , Alfred Kubin , Wolf Röhricht , Siegmund Lympasik , Ulrich Knispel , Otto Eglau , Erich Waske , Georg von Stryk ( Gory ) ( * 30 . Au gust Dorpat ; † 14 December Berlin ) , Walter Wellenstein ( * 21 May 1898 Dortmund ; † 17 October 1970 Berlin ) , Erich Fritz Reuter , Gerhart Schreiter and Hans Szym . She exhibited with her artist colleagues for several years in the Haus am Waldsee in Berlin-Zehlendorf . Besides numerous participations in exhibitions in BRD and partly also abroad , Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp was actively involved in the „Professional association of visual artists“ in Berlin until 1970 . Between 1956 and 1969 she was jointly responsible for the annual [ [ Great Berlin Art Exhibition ] Great Berlin Art Exhibition. ] After Hinnerk Schepers death in 1957 , Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp took over his tasks in the field of colour design in the Berlin architectural scene . Among other things , she was involved in the colour design of the interiors of the last project realized by [ [ Otto Bartning ] ] , a Berlin childrens home , the [ [ Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra|Berlin Philharmonic Hall ] ] by [ [ Hans Scharoun ] ] , the [ [ Egyptian Museum of Berlin|Egyptian Museum ] ] , various buildings by [ [ Walter Gropius ] ] in Berlin [ [ Britz ] ] , [ [ Buckow ] ] , [ [ Rudow ] ] and the [ [ Airport Tegel|Airport Building Berlin-Tegel ] ] . Until her death on 11 April 1976 Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp worked on the colour concepts for the [ [ Berlin State Library ] ] of Scharoun . [ [ File:Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf Hinnerk und Lou Scheper.jpg|thumb|Scheper-Berkenkamps grave in [ [ Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf ] ] Cemetery , Berlin ] ] Following the death of her husband in 1957 , Scheper-Berkenkamp worked as an architectural colorist , participating in a number of major projects , including [ [ Berliner Philharmonie ] ] by [ [ Hans Scharoun ] ] , [ [ Egyptian Museum of Berlin ] ] , and [ [ Berlin Tegel Airport ] ] . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp died on 11 April 1976 in Berlin . The couples joint grave is in the cemetery Zehlendorf . The Scheper family . 22 December 1922 she married husband [ [ Hinnerk Scheper ] ] ( Gerhard Hermann Heinrich Scheper ) in the town church of [ [ St . Peter und Paul , Weimar|St . Peter and Paul in Weimar ] ] . The following children resulted from the marriage : Jan Gisbert ( * November 7 , 1923 ) Britta ( * 28 March 1926 ; † 14 January 2012 ) Dirk ( * 21 August 1938 ) Her daughter-in-law became the wife of son Dirk , Renate Scheper . Own literary works . - Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp art exhibition May–June 1948 ; Staatl . Schlossmuseum Rudolstadt Author : Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ; Publisher : Rudolstadt Heidecksburg Directorate of the Staatliches Schlossmuseum 1948 - Lou Scheper : witnessed and helped to shape - from the bauhaus to today . In : I-Dot COLOUR . Düsseldorf 3/1964 . - Scheper , Lou : Review . In : Neumann , Eckhard ( Ed. ) : Bauhaus and Bauhäusler . Memories and Confessions . Dumont Paperbacks . Cologne : DuMont 1985 ( EA Bern , Stuttgart 1971 ) . - The Narkomfin Community House in Moscow , 1928-2012 : Dom Narkomfina ( Russian Дом Наркомфина ) - the House of the Peoples Commissariat of Finance : and the ICOMOS - ISC 20C - Madrid Document 2011 Author : Moissei Jakowlewitsch Ginsburg ; Hinnerk Scheper ; Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ; Johannes Cramer ; Anke Zalivako ; et al . - Phantastics : the Bauhäusler Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp Authors : Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ; Annemarie Jaeggi ; [ [ Edzard Reuter ] ] ; Dirk Scheper ; Renate Scheper ; All authors Verlag Bramsche : Rasch , 2012 . - Ways to preserve the architectural heritage of the 20th century : Authors M IA . Ginzburg ; Hinnerk Scheper ; Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ; Johannes Cramer ; Anke Zalivako ; et al . Verlag : Petersberg : Michael Imhof , cop . 2013 . Picture letters Lou Scheper to Marie-Luise Betlheim 1922-1936 and Hinnerk Scheper . - Picture Letters : Bauhäusler Lou Scheper to Marie-Luise Betlheim : Weimar , Dessau , Berlin , 1922-1936 = ( Croatian Ilustrirana pisma : Baushausovka Lou Scheper za Marie-Luise Betlheim : Weimar , Dessau , Berlin , 1922-1936 . author Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ) Publisher : [ [ Zagreb ] ] : UPI2M PLUS and Museum of Contemporary Art , 2015 . - Map of the illustrated letters from Lou Scheper to Marie-Luise Betlheim ( Croatian Mapa ilustriranih pisama Lou Scheper za Marie-Luise Betlheim ) Author : Korana Sutlić Objavljeno ( Published ) : 10.06.2015 at 07:18 - Picture Letters for Hinnerk Scheper Bauhaus Women : A Global Perspective from Elizabeth Otto & Patrick Rössler publisher HERBERT PRESS 2019 Published picture books . - Knirps , ein ganz kleines Ding Ernst Wunderlich , 1st-25th district , Ts . 1948 . six-coloured [ [ offset printing ] ] , 16 pp . 10.5×14.8 cm . Stapled . Reprint : Berlin : Bauhaus Archive 2012 . - Doll Lenchen . Leipzig : Ernst Wunderlich 1st-25th pp . 1948 . six-colour offset print,16 pp . 10.5×14.8 cm . Stapled . Reprint : Berlin : Bauhaus Archive 2012 . - Tönnchen , Knöpfchen und andere . Leipzig : Ernst Wunderlich 1948 . six-colour offset print , 12 pp . 10,5×14,8 cm . Stapled . - The stories of Jan and Jon and of their pilot fish . Leipzig : Ernst Wunderlich 1948 . eight-colour offset print , 20 p . 29,7×21 cm . Paperback Unpublished childrens book manuscripts . - Bälkchen erzählt seine Geschichte 1948 . Up 15,000 . Liz . 154.20 pg . 29.7×21 cm ( announced In preparation ) . - Die ernsthafte Geschichte von den vertriebenen und wieder versöhnten Gestirnen . For children from 8–14 years and for their parents , as far as they are not yet too grown up . Printing permission of the Cultural Advisory Council for Publishing of April 1948 . ed . 20.000 . 48 p . 29,7×21 cm ( announced In preparation ) . - The blotter children and their dog . 16 S . ( announced in 1948 ) . - Blümchens Abenteuer , eine wunderliche Geschichte . 14 S . ( announced in 1948 ) . - The Vain Little Girl Story ( created c . 1949 ) . - Sonderbare Reise eines kleinen Mädchens namens Tüttchen und eines namenlosen aber goldenen Kirchturmhahnes ( design c . 1949 ) . - Carnival ( design c.1949 ) . - The story of a childs last dream ( design c.1949 ) Literature . - Canon Constitution and Canon Change in Childrens Literature edited by Bettina Kümmerling-Meibauer , Anja Muller / Routledge New Yorg an London 2017 ( hbk ) ( ebk ) <rfe>Avant-garde Echoes : Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp and the Aestethics of the Bauhaus p . 130</ref ) - Dirk Scheper : Biographical data on the life of Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp , Berlin 1987 , Bauhaus Archive Berlin - Ulrike Müller : Bauhaus women . Masters in Art , Craft and Design , Munich 2009 - Barbara Murken : Actually , Id rather sit as the crow flies than in a chair.. . The magical world of images of the Bauhaus artist Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp , in : The Book Castle . News from the International Youth Library 2009 , Munich 2010 , pp . 77–84 - Bauhaus Archive Berlin / Museum of Design , Fantastics : The Bauhäusler Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp , Berlin 2012 - Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp . In : Elizabeth Otto , Patrick Rösler ( Ed. ) : Women at the * Bauhaus . Pioneering women artists of the modern age . Knesebeck , Munich 2019 . . pp . 44–45 . - Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp . Catalogue of the Staatl . Schlossmuseum Rudolstadt . Text : Suse Wintgen . Rudolstadt 1948 . - Detlef Hoffmann : History of dolls . In : Doderer , Encyclopedia of Childrens and Youth Literature , 1979 , pp . 99–104 . - Bettina Hürlimann : European childrens books in three centuries . Zurich , Freiburg : Atlantis 1959 . External links . - Biography ( en ) Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp https://www.bauhaus-bookshelf.org/lou-scheper-berkenkamp-english.html ( accessed May 4 , 2020 ) - Wikipedia Biography ( de ) https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Scheper-Berkenkamp - Biography ( de ) Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp https://www.bauhaus-bookshelf.org/lou-scheper-berkenkamp.html ( accessed May 4 , 2020 ) - https://www.bauhaus100.com/the-bauhaus/people/students/lou-scheper-berkenkamp/ ( accessed on 29 November 2012 ) - ( de ) https://www.bauhaus100.de/das-bauhaus/koepfe/studierende/lou-scheper-berkenkamp/ ( accessed on 8 March 2019 ) - Osnabrück shows Scheper-Berkenkamp https://www.noz.de/deutschland-welt/kultur/artikel/421456/vom-bauhaus-in-die-welt-der-fantasie#gallery&11994&0&421456 ( accessed on 25 April 2020 ) - Oskar Schlemmer Triadic Ballet - Works by Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp Picture letters to [ [ Maria Rasch ] ] her friend and Walter Gropius , illustrations https://www.design-is-fine.org/search/Lou+scheper ( accessed April 30 , 2020 ) [ [ Category:1901 births ] ] [ [ Category:1976 deaths ] ] [ [ Category:20th-century German women artists ] ] [ [ Category:Artists from North Rhine-Westphalia ] ] [ [ Category:Bauhaus alumni ] ] [ [ Category:People from Wesel ] ] [ [ Category:Burials at the Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf ] ] |
[
"Moscow"
] | easy | What was the working location for Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp from 1929 to 1931? | /wiki/Lou_Scheper-Berkenkamp#P937#1 | Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp née Hermine Luise Berkenkamp ( 15 May 1901 – 11 April 1976 ) was a German painter , colour designer , the avant-garde author of childrens books , fairy-tale illustrator and costume designer . Early life . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp was born in Wesel and was the daughter of Adalbert Berkenkamp ( 1868-1947 ) and his wife Laura Johanna Katharina Darmstädter ( 1872-1956 ) . She had two brothers Alfred ( 1896-1917 ) and Walter ( 1910-1994 ) . Her father and her uncle Heinrich , managed the paper and paper bag factory in Wesel which had been founded by her grandfather Heinrich Berkenkamp in 1865 . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp graduated from elementary school , then attended a grammar school for four years and went on to attend the Viktoria-Schule in Essen , a girls grammar school with progressive teaching . Through the art teacher Margarete Schall ( 1896-1939 ) her talent for colours and painting was discovered . Hermine Louise Berkenkamp originally wanted to study medicine or German philologie . But Margarete Schall , who herself later enrolled in the Bauhaus for a semester , suggested she study at the art school as it was known for its progressive teaching methods . The Bauhaus period . After graduating from high school in 1920 , Lou Berkenkamp enrolled at the Bauhaus in Weimar and studied under Johannes Itten , Lyonel Feininger , Paul Klee and Georg Muche . She became acquainted with Hinnerk Scheper , a classmate in the mural painting workshop there and married him on December 24 , 1922 in Weimar . Berkenkamp lived with her parents in Wesel during the first years of her marriage , with their son Jan Gisbert , born in November 1923 . During this time the first pictures letters were created . In 1922 the couple left the Bauhaus Weimar and while Lou focused on her artistic work , Hinnerk Scheper worked as a colour designer . In 1925 , he was called to the Bauhaus in Dessau as a master of the mural painting workshop at the Bauhaus Dessau . In 1926 their daughter Britta was born in Dessau . After Georg Muche , master woodcarver , left for Berlin in 1927 , a semi-detached house became available and the Scheper family was able to move in . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp worked - without matriculation - in the stage workshop of the Bauhaus under the direction of Oskar Schlemmer . Lou supported an important area of Schlemmers work with the development of costumes , choreographies , sets and puppets for Triadisches Ballett , premiere 1922 in Stuttgart , further developed by Oskar Schlemmer in 1926 with music by Hindemith . She designed and directed costumes and sets for the plays Ojdar“ and Circus and directed . In the group exhibition Junge Bauhausmaler ( Young Bauhaus Painter ) , in Halle ( Saale ) , she took 1928 part . She also created also a number of childrens books until the couples 1929 departure from Dessau . Family Scheper remained associated with the Bauhaus until its closure in 1933 and beyond . Moscow 1929 to 1931 . From July 1929 to August 1930 the Schepers followed a call to Moscow . Hinnerk Scheper , a specialist in colour design , was to set up a Consultation Centre for Colour in Architecture and Cityscapes ( Russian Maljarstroj ) for the entire Soviet Union . Together they worked on the colour plans . During this time Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp wrote articles for the German-language weekly Moskauer Rundschau ( Moscow Review ) In her contributions she captured the everyday life of people in the big city with an artistic hand and in a socially critical manner . In the service of her husband , she did not publish her own works in Moscow and supported Hinnerk in organizational problems . Inspired by the figures of the Triadic Ballet , she created collages of the basic forms circle , triangle and square . With her abstract work she critically opposed the standardization of architecture and the Soviet citizens . She painted Moscows street life with ink and opaque colours . This resulted in ironic text and skillful picture designs . The National Socialism period . After another shorter stay in Moscow in 1931 , the Schepers returned to the Bauhaus in Dessau under the new director Ludwig Mies van der Rohe . When the Bauhaus moved in 1932 , they also moved to the capital Berlin . Due to the worsening political situation in Germany in 1932 , further cooperation with Soviet colleagues was no longer conceivable . The right-wing magistrate in Dessau , the leading faction in the city council since 1931 , cut all funding for the Bauhaus . On October 1 , 1932 , the Bauhaus Dessau closed down involuntarily and under high political pressure . The building was used as the Gauführerschule of the NSDAP . Mies van der Rohe wanted to continue the Bauhaus in Berlin with his own funds under the title Free Teaching and Research Institute in the former Steglitz telephone factory , but the fascists forced him to close the institute on 20 July 1933 . From then on , the teachers had to secure their livelihood with casual jobs . Some Bauhaus artists emigrated to Palestine and the USA . Since the closure of the Bauhaus in 1933 , Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp worked as a freelance painter in Berlin . Between 1933 and 1945 , Scheper-Berkenkamp designed a number of childrens books , many of which were published following the Second World War by the publisher Ernst Wunderlich , Leipzig . Her son Dirk was born in Berlin in 1938 . Lou accompanied Hinnerk on his Norddeutsche Reportage-Reisen and wrote texts for his various landscape photo series of landscapes . Repressions in 1934 against her husband Hinnerk , who was forbidden by the Nazis to join the Reich Association of German Photojournalists , also cut off this source of income for the family . So they concentrated on the colour design of public houses , murals and restoration work . Hinnerk Scheper did military service in Germany from 1942 to 1945 . During this time , Lou provided for the family alone . She invented picture stories , which were not published as childrens books until by Ernst Wunderlich Verlag in Leipzig . The family survived the war years in complete seclusion . After World War II . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp and her children Britta , Jan Giesbert , Dirk and her parents , whose house in Wesel was destroyed by the war , had experienced the end of the war in Badbergen . In 1945 the Berlin magistrate appointed Hinnerk Scheper as a monument conservator and state curator of Berlin and his wife supported him in his work . From now on she devoted herself again to her artistic work and looked for a way to publish childrens books . In the publisher Ernst Wunderlich from Leipzig she found the right contact person , with the best technical possibilities of offset printing and a great supporter . In 1950/51 she took part in exhibitions of picture book originals . Her works were shown in America Houses in Kassel , Darmstadt , Frankfurt , Gießen , Marburg and Wiesbaden . These American institutions were established around 1950 in West Germany in the spirit of democratic educational work by the Allies . In the open , democratic and friendly atmosphere of these houses , Lous timelessly artistic picture stories were able to unfold the narrative stream flow of their art . The Ring 1951 Berlin Artists Association Exhibitions and new projects . In 1951 Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp was one of the co-founders of the Berlin artists association The Ring , of which she was a member of the board until 1970 . The members included Erhard Groß ( 1926- 2011 Berlin ) , Wilhelm Peter August Helmstedt ( * September 3 , 1904 in Wilhelmshaven ; † 10 . March 1976 in Berlin ) , Arno Mohr , Arthur Fauser , Peter Steinforth , Alfred Kubin , Wolf Röhricht , Siegmund Lympasik , Ulrich Knispel , Otto Eglau , Erich Waske , Georg von Stryk ( Gory ) ( * 30 . Au gust Dorpat ; † 14 December Berlin ) , Walter Wellenstein ( * 21 May 1898 Dortmund ; † 17 October 1970 Berlin ) , Erich Fritz Reuter , Gerhart Schreiter and Hans Szym . She exhibited with her artist colleagues for several years in the Haus am Waldsee in Berlin-Zehlendorf . Besides numerous participations in exhibitions in BRD and partly also abroad , Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp was actively involved in the „Professional association of visual artists“ in Berlin until 1970 . Between 1956 and 1969 she was jointly responsible for the annual [ [ Great Berlin Art Exhibition ] Great Berlin Art Exhibition. ] After Hinnerk Schepers death in 1957 , Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp took over his tasks in the field of colour design in the Berlin architectural scene . Among other things , she was involved in the colour design of the interiors of the last project realized by [ [ Otto Bartning ] ] , a Berlin childrens home , the [ [ Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra|Berlin Philharmonic Hall ] ] by [ [ Hans Scharoun ] ] , the [ [ Egyptian Museum of Berlin|Egyptian Museum ] ] , various buildings by [ [ Walter Gropius ] ] in Berlin [ [ Britz ] ] , [ [ Buckow ] ] , [ [ Rudow ] ] and the [ [ Airport Tegel|Airport Building Berlin-Tegel ] ] . Until her death on 11 April 1976 Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp worked on the colour concepts for the [ [ Berlin State Library ] ] of Scharoun . [ [ File:Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf Hinnerk und Lou Scheper.jpg|thumb|Scheper-Berkenkamps grave in [ [ Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf ] ] Cemetery , Berlin ] ] Following the death of her husband in 1957 , Scheper-Berkenkamp worked as an architectural colorist , participating in a number of major projects , including [ [ Berliner Philharmonie ] ] by [ [ Hans Scharoun ] ] , [ [ Egyptian Museum of Berlin ] ] , and [ [ Berlin Tegel Airport ] ] . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp died on 11 April 1976 in Berlin . The couples joint grave is in the cemetery Zehlendorf . The Scheper family . 22 December 1922 she married husband [ [ Hinnerk Scheper ] ] ( Gerhard Hermann Heinrich Scheper ) in the town church of [ [ St . Peter und Paul , Weimar|St . Peter and Paul in Weimar ] ] . The following children resulted from the marriage : Jan Gisbert ( * November 7 , 1923 ) Britta ( * 28 March 1926 ; † 14 January 2012 ) Dirk ( * 21 August 1938 ) Her daughter-in-law became the wife of son Dirk , Renate Scheper . Own literary works . - Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp art exhibition May–June 1948 ; Staatl . Schlossmuseum Rudolstadt Author : Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ; Publisher : Rudolstadt Heidecksburg Directorate of the Staatliches Schlossmuseum 1948 - Lou Scheper : witnessed and helped to shape - from the bauhaus to today . In : I-Dot COLOUR . Düsseldorf 3/1964 . - Scheper , Lou : Review . In : Neumann , Eckhard ( Ed. ) : Bauhaus and Bauhäusler . Memories and Confessions . Dumont Paperbacks . Cologne : DuMont 1985 ( EA Bern , Stuttgart 1971 ) . - The Narkomfin Community House in Moscow , 1928-2012 : Dom Narkomfina ( Russian Дом Наркомфина ) - the House of the Peoples Commissariat of Finance : and the ICOMOS - ISC 20C - Madrid Document 2011 Author : Moissei Jakowlewitsch Ginsburg ; Hinnerk Scheper ; Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ; Johannes Cramer ; Anke Zalivako ; et al . - Phantastics : the Bauhäusler Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp Authors : Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ; Annemarie Jaeggi ; [ [ Edzard Reuter ] ] ; Dirk Scheper ; Renate Scheper ; All authors Verlag Bramsche : Rasch , 2012 . - Ways to preserve the architectural heritage of the 20th century : Authors M IA . Ginzburg ; Hinnerk Scheper ; Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ; Johannes Cramer ; Anke Zalivako ; et al . Verlag : Petersberg : Michael Imhof , cop . 2013 . Picture letters Lou Scheper to Marie-Luise Betlheim 1922-1936 and Hinnerk Scheper . - Picture Letters : Bauhäusler Lou Scheper to Marie-Luise Betlheim : Weimar , Dessau , Berlin , 1922-1936 = ( Croatian Ilustrirana pisma : Baushausovka Lou Scheper za Marie-Luise Betlheim : Weimar , Dessau , Berlin , 1922-1936 . author Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ) Publisher : [ [ Zagreb ] ] : UPI2M PLUS and Museum of Contemporary Art , 2015 . - Map of the illustrated letters from Lou Scheper to Marie-Luise Betlheim ( Croatian Mapa ilustriranih pisama Lou Scheper za Marie-Luise Betlheim ) Author : Korana Sutlić Objavljeno ( Published ) : 10.06.2015 at 07:18 - Picture Letters for Hinnerk Scheper Bauhaus Women : A Global Perspective from Elizabeth Otto & Patrick Rössler publisher HERBERT PRESS 2019 Published picture books . - Knirps , ein ganz kleines Ding Ernst Wunderlich , 1st-25th district , Ts . 1948 . six-coloured [ [ offset printing ] ] , 16 pp . 10.5×14.8 cm . Stapled . Reprint : Berlin : Bauhaus Archive 2012 . - Doll Lenchen . Leipzig : Ernst Wunderlich 1st-25th pp . 1948 . six-colour offset print,16 pp . 10.5×14.8 cm . Stapled . Reprint : Berlin : Bauhaus Archive 2012 . - Tönnchen , Knöpfchen und andere . Leipzig : Ernst Wunderlich 1948 . six-colour offset print , 12 pp . 10,5×14,8 cm . Stapled . - The stories of Jan and Jon and of their pilot fish . Leipzig : Ernst Wunderlich 1948 . eight-colour offset print , 20 p . 29,7×21 cm . Paperback Unpublished childrens book manuscripts . - Bälkchen erzählt seine Geschichte 1948 . Up 15,000 . Liz . 154.20 pg . 29.7×21 cm ( announced In preparation ) . - Die ernsthafte Geschichte von den vertriebenen und wieder versöhnten Gestirnen . For children from 8–14 years and for their parents , as far as they are not yet too grown up . Printing permission of the Cultural Advisory Council for Publishing of April 1948 . ed . 20.000 . 48 p . 29,7×21 cm ( announced In preparation ) . - The blotter children and their dog . 16 S . ( announced in 1948 ) . - Blümchens Abenteuer , eine wunderliche Geschichte . 14 S . ( announced in 1948 ) . - The Vain Little Girl Story ( created c . 1949 ) . - Sonderbare Reise eines kleinen Mädchens namens Tüttchen und eines namenlosen aber goldenen Kirchturmhahnes ( design c . 1949 ) . - Carnival ( design c.1949 ) . - The story of a childs last dream ( design c.1949 ) Literature . - Canon Constitution and Canon Change in Childrens Literature edited by Bettina Kümmerling-Meibauer , Anja Muller / Routledge New Yorg an London 2017 ( hbk ) ( ebk ) <rfe>Avant-garde Echoes : Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp and the Aestethics of the Bauhaus p . 130</ref ) - Dirk Scheper : Biographical data on the life of Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp , Berlin 1987 , Bauhaus Archive Berlin - Ulrike Müller : Bauhaus women . Masters in Art , Craft and Design , Munich 2009 - Barbara Murken : Actually , Id rather sit as the crow flies than in a chair.. . The magical world of images of the Bauhaus artist Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp , in : The Book Castle . News from the International Youth Library 2009 , Munich 2010 , pp . 77–84 - Bauhaus Archive Berlin / Museum of Design , Fantastics : The Bauhäusler Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp , Berlin 2012 - Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp . In : Elizabeth Otto , Patrick Rösler ( Ed. ) : Women at the * Bauhaus . Pioneering women artists of the modern age . Knesebeck , Munich 2019 . . pp . 44–45 . - Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp . Catalogue of the Staatl . Schlossmuseum Rudolstadt . Text : Suse Wintgen . Rudolstadt 1948 . - Detlef Hoffmann : History of dolls . In : Doderer , Encyclopedia of Childrens and Youth Literature , 1979 , pp . 99–104 . - Bettina Hürlimann : European childrens books in three centuries . Zurich , Freiburg : Atlantis 1959 . External links . - Biography ( en ) Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp https://www.bauhaus-bookshelf.org/lou-scheper-berkenkamp-english.html ( accessed May 4 , 2020 ) - Wikipedia Biography ( de ) https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Scheper-Berkenkamp - Biography ( de ) Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp https://www.bauhaus-bookshelf.org/lou-scheper-berkenkamp.html ( accessed May 4 , 2020 ) - https://www.bauhaus100.com/the-bauhaus/people/students/lou-scheper-berkenkamp/ ( accessed on 29 November 2012 ) - ( de ) https://www.bauhaus100.de/das-bauhaus/koepfe/studierende/lou-scheper-berkenkamp/ ( accessed on 8 March 2019 ) - Osnabrück shows Scheper-Berkenkamp https://www.noz.de/deutschland-welt/kultur/artikel/421456/vom-bauhaus-in-die-welt-der-fantasie#gallery&11994&0&421456 ( accessed on 25 April 2020 ) - Oskar Schlemmer Triadic Ballet - Works by Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp Picture letters to [ [ Maria Rasch ] ] her friend and Walter Gropius , illustrations https://www.design-is-fine.org/search/Lou+scheper ( accessed April 30 , 2020 ) [ [ Category:1901 births ] ] [ [ Category:1976 deaths ] ] [ [ Category:20th-century German women artists ] ] [ [ Category:Artists from North Rhine-Westphalia ] ] [ [ Category:Bauhaus alumni ] ] [ [ Category:People from Wesel ] ] [ [ Category:Burials at the Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf ] ] |
[
"Berlin"
] | easy | Where did Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp work from 1932 to 1933? | /wiki/Lou_Scheper-Berkenkamp#P937#2 | Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp née Hermine Luise Berkenkamp ( 15 May 1901 – 11 April 1976 ) was a German painter , colour designer , the avant-garde author of childrens books , fairy-tale illustrator and costume designer . Early life . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp was born in Wesel and was the daughter of Adalbert Berkenkamp ( 1868-1947 ) and his wife Laura Johanna Katharina Darmstädter ( 1872-1956 ) . She had two brothers Alfred ( 1896-1917 ) and Walter ( 1910-1994 ) . Her father and her uncle Heinrich , managed the paper and paper bag factory in Wesel which had been founded by her grandfather Heinrich Berkenkamp in 1865 . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp graduated from elementary school , then attended a grammar school for four years and went on to attend the Viktoria-Schule in Essen , a girls grammar school with progressive teaching . Through the art teacher Margarete Schall ( 1896-1939 ) her talent for colours and painting was discovered . Hermine Louise Berkenkamp originally wanted to study medicine or German philologie . But Margarete Schall , who herself later enrolled in the Bauhaus for a semester , suggested she study at the art school as it was known for its progressive teaching methods . The Bauhaus period . After graduating from high school in 1920 , Lou Berkenkamp enrolled at the Bauhaus in Weimar and studied under Johannes Itten , Lyonel Feininger , Paul Klee and Georg Muche . She became acquainted with Hinnerk Scheper , a classmate in the mural painting workshop there and married him on December 24 , 1922 in Weimar . Berkenkamp lived with her parents in Wesel during the first years of her marriage , with their son Jan Gisbert , born in November 1923 . During this time the first pictures letters were created . In 1922 the couple left the Bauhaus Weimar and while Lou focused on her artistic work , Hinnerk Scheper worked as a colour designer . In 1925 , he was called to the Bauhaus in Dessau as a master of the mural painting workshop at the Bauhaus Dessau . In 1926 their daughter Britta was born in Dessau . After Georg Muche , master woodcarver , left for Berlin in 1927 , a semi-detached house became available and the Scheper family was able to move in . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp worked - without matriculation - in the stage workshop of the Bauhaus under the direction of Oskar Schlemmer . Lou supported an important area of Schlemmers work with the development of costumes , choreographies , sets and puppets for Triadisches Ballett , premiere 1922 in Stuttgart , further developed by Oskar Schlemmer in 1926 with music by Hindemith . She designed and directed costumes and sets for the plays Ojdar“ and Circus and directed . In the group exhibition Junge Bauhausmaler ( Young Bauhaus Painter ) , in Halle ( Saale ) , she took 1928 part . She also created also a number of childrens books until the couples 1929 departure from Dessau . Family Scheper remained associated with the Bauhaus until its closure in 1933 and beyond . Moscow 1929 to 1931 . From July 1929 to August 1930 the Schepers followed a call to Moscow . Hinnerk Scheper , a specialist in colour design , was to set up a Consultation Centre for Colour in Architecture and Cityscapes ( Russian Maljarstroj ) for the entire Soviet Union . Together they worked on the colour plans . During this time Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp wrote articles for the German-language weekly Moskauer Rundschau ( Moscow Review ) In her contributions she captured the everyday life of people in the big city with an artistic hand and in a socially critical manner . In the service of her husband , she did not publish her own works in Moscow and supported Hinnerk in organizational problems . Inspired by the figures of the Triadic Ballet , she created collages of the basic forms circle , triangle and square . With her abstract work she critically opposed the standardization of architecture and the Soviet citizens . She painted Moscows street life with ink and opaque colours . This resulted in ironic text and skillful picture designs . The National Socialism period . After another shorter stay in Moscow in 1931 , the Schepers returned to the Bauhaus in Dessau under the new director Ludwig Mies van der Rohe . When the Bauhaus moved in 1932 , they also moved to the capital Berlin . Due to the worsening political situation in Germany in 1932 , further cooperation with Soviet colleagues was no longer conceivable . The right-wing magistrate in Dessau , the leading faction in the city council since 1931 , cut all funding for the Bauhaus . On October 1 , 1932 , the Bauhaus Dessau closed down involuntarily and under high political pressure . The building was used as the Gauführerschule of the NSDAP . Mies van der Rohe wanted to continue the Bauhaus in Berlin with his own funds under the title Free Teaching and Research Institute in the former Steglitz telephone factory , but the fascists forced him to close the institute on 20 July 1933 . From then on , the teachers had to secure their livelihood with casual jobs . Some Bauhaus artists emigrated to Palestine and the USA . Since the closure of the Bauhaus in 1933 , Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp worked as a freelance painter in Berlin . Between 1933 and 1945 , Scheper-Berkenkamp designed a number of childrens books , many of which were published following the Second World War by the publisher Ernst Wunderlich , Leipzig . Her son Dirk was born in Berlin in 1938 . Lou accompanied Hinnerk on his Norddeutsche Reportage-Reisen and wrote texts for his various landscape photo series of landscapes . Repressions in 1934 against her husband Hinnerk , who was forbidden by the Nazis to join the Reich Association of German Photojournalists , also cut off this source of income for the family . So they concentrated on the colour design of public houses , murals and restoration work . Hinnerk Scheper did military service in Germany from 1942 to 1945 . During this time , Lou provided for the family alone . She invented picture stories , which were not published as childrens books until by Ernst Wunderlich Verlag in Leipzig . The family survived the war years in complete seclusion . After World War II . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp and her children Britta , Jan Giesbert , Dirk and her parents , whose house in Wesel was destroyed by the war , had experienced the end of the war in Badbergen . In 1945 the Berlin magistrate appointed Hinnerk Scheper as a monument conservator and state curator of Berlin and his wife supported him in his work . From now on she devoted herself again to her artistic work and looked for a way to publish childrens books . In the publisher Ernst Wunderlich from Leipzig she found the right contact person , with the best technical possibilities of offset printing and a great supporter . In 1950/51 she took part in exhibitions of picture book originals . Her works were shown in America Houses in Kassel , Darmstadt , Frankfurt , Gießen , Marburg and Wiesbaden . These American institutions were established around 1950 in West Germany in the spirit of democratic educational work by the Allies . In the open , democratic and friendly atmosphere of these houses , Lous timelessly artistic picture stories were able to unfold the narrative stream flow of their art . The Ring 1951 Berlin Artists Association Exhibitions and new projects . In 1951 Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp was one of the co-founders of the Berlin artists association The Ring , of which she was a member of the board until 1970 . The members included Erhard Groß ( 1926- 2011 Berlin ) , Wilhelm Peter August Helmstedt ( * September 3 , 1904 in Wilhelmshaven ; † 10 . March 1976 in Berlin ) , Arno Mohr , Arthur Fauser , Peter Steinforth , Alfred Kubin , Wolf Röhricht , Siegmund Lympasik , Ulrich Knispel , Otto Eglau , Erich Waske , Georg von Stryk ( Gory ) ( * 30 . Au gust Dorpat ; † 14 December Berlin ) , Walter Wellenstein ( * 21 May 1898 Dortmund ; † 17 October 1970 Berlin ) , Erich Fritz Reuter , Gerhart Schreiter and Hans Szym . She exhibited with her artist colleagues for several years in the Haus am Waldsee in Berlin-Zehlendorf . Besides numerous participations in exhibitions in BRD and partly also abroad , Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp was actively involved in the „Professional association of visual artists“ in Berlin until 1970 . Between 1956 and 1969 she was jointly responsible for the annual [ [ Great Berlin Art Exhibition ] Great Berlin Art Exhibition. ] After Hinnerk Schepers death in 1957 , Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp took over his tasks in the field of colour design in the Berlin architectural scene . Among other things , she was involved in the colour design of the interiors of the last project realized by [ [ Otto Bartning ] ] , a Berlin childrens home , the [ [ Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra|Berlin Philharmonic Hall ] ] by [ [ Hans Scharoun ] ] , the [ [ Egyptian Museum of Berlin|Egyptian Museum ] ] , various buildings by [ [ Walter Gropius ] ] in Berlin [ [ Britz ] ] , [ [ Buckow ] ] , [ [ Rudow ] ] and the [ [ Airport Tegel|Airport Building Berlin-Tegel ] ] . Until her death on 11 April 1976 Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp worked on the colour concepts for the [ [ Berlin State Library ] ] of Scharoun . [ [ File:Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf Hinnerk und Lou Scheper.jpg|thumb|Scheper-Berkenkamps grave in [ [ Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf ] ] Cemetery , Berlin ] ] Following the death of her husband in 1957 , Scheper-Berkenkamp worked as an architectural colorist , participating in a number of major projects , including [ [ Berliner Philharmonie ] ] by [ [ Hans Scharoun ] ] , [ [ Egyptian Museum of Berlin ] ] , and [ [ Berlin Tegel Airport ] ] . Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp died on 11 April 1976 in Berlin . The couples joint grave is in the cemetery Zehlendorf . The Scheper family . 22 December 1922 she married husband [ [ Hinnerk Scheper ] ] ( Gerhard Hermann Heinrich Scheper ) in the town church of [ [ St . Peter und Paul , Weimar|St . Peter and Paul in Weimar ] ] . The following children resulted from the marriage : Jan Gisbert ( * November 7 , 1923 ) Britta ( * 28 March 1926 ; † 14 January 2012 ) Dirk ( * 21 August 1938 ) Her daughter-in-law became the wife of son Dirk , Renate Scheper . Own literary works . - Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp art exhibition May–June 1948 ; Staatl . Schlossmuseum Rudolstadt Author : Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ; Publisher : Rudolstadt Heidecksburg Directorate of the Staatliches Schlossmuseum 1948 - Lou Scheper : witnessed and helped to shape - from the bauhaus to today . In : I-Dot COLOUR . Düsseldorf 3/1964 . - Scheper , Lou : Review . In : Neumann , Eckhard ( Ed. ) : Bauhaus and Bauhäusler . Memories and Confessions . Dumont Paperbacks . Cologne : DuMont 1985 ( EA Bern , Stuttgart 1971 ) . - The Narkomfin Community House in Moscow , 1928-2012 : Dom Narkomfina ( Russian Дом Наркомфина ) - the House of the Peoples Commissariat of Finance : and the ICOMOS - ISC 20C - Madrid Document 2011 Author : Moissei Jakowlewitsch Ginsburg ; Hinnerk Scheper ; Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ; Johannes Cramer ; Anke Zalivako ; et al . - Phantastics : the Bauhäusler Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp Authors : Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ; Annemarie Jaeggi ; [ [ Edzard Reuter ] ] ; Dirk Scheper ; Renate Scheper ; All authors Verlag Bramsche : Rasch , 2012 . - Ways to preserve the architectural heritage of the 20th century : Authors M IA . Ginzburg ; Hinnerk Scheper ; Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ; Johannes Cramer ; Anke Zalivako ; et al . Verlag : Petersberg : Michael Imhof , cop . 2013 . Picture letters Lou Scheper to Marie-Luise Betlheim 1922-1936 and Hinnerk Scheper . - Picture Letters : Bauhäusler Lou Scheper to Marie-Luise Betlheim : Weimar , Dessau , Berlin , 1922-1936 = ( Croatian Ilustrirana pisma : Baushausovka Lou Scheper za Marie-Luise Betlheim : Weimar , Dessau , Berlin , 1922-1936 . author Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp ) Publisher : [ [ Zagreb ] ] : UPI2M PLUS and Museum of Contemporary Art , 2015 . - Map of the illustrated letters from Lou Scheper to Marie-Luise Betlheim ( Croatian Mapa ilustriranih pisama Lou Scheper za Marie-Luise Betlheim ) Author : Korana Sutlić Objavljeno ( Published ) : 10.06.2015 at 07:18 - Picture Letters for Hinnerk Scheper Bauhaus Women : A Global Perspective from Elizabeth Otto & Patrick Rössler publisher HERBERT PRESS 2019 Published picture books . - Knirps , ein ganz kleines Ding Ernst Wunderlich , 1st-25th district , Ts . 1948 . six-coloured [ [ offset printing ] ] , 16 pp . 10.5×14.8 cm . Stapled . Reprint : Berlin : Bauhaus Archive 2012 . - Doll Lenchen . Leipzig : Ernst Wunderlich 1st-25th pp . 1948 . six-colour offset print,16 pp . 10.5×14.8 cm . Stapled . Reprint : Berlin : Bauhaus Archive 2012 . - Tönnchen , Knöpfchen und andere . Leipzig : Ernst Wunderlich 1948 . six-colour offset print , 12 pp . 10,5×14,8 cm . Stapled . - The stories of Jan and Jon and of their pilot fish . Leipzig : Ernst Wunderlich 1948 . eight-colour offset print , 20 p . 29,7×21 cm . Paperback Unpublished childrens book manuscripts . - Bälkchen erzählt seine Geschichte 1948 . Up 15,000 . Liz . 154.20 pg . 29.7×21 cm ( announced In preparation ) . - Die ernsthafte Geschichte von den vertriebenen und wieder versöhnten Gestirnen . For children from 8–14 years and for their parents , as far as they are not yet too grown up . Printing permission of the Cultural Advisory Council for Publishing of April 1948 . ed . 20.000 . 48 p . 29,7×21 cm ( announced In preparation ) . - The blotter children and their dog . 16 S . ( announced in 1948 ) . - Blümchens Abenteuer , eine wunderliche Geschichte . 14 S . ( announced in 1948 ) . - The Vain Little Girl Story ( created c . 1949 ) . - Sonderbare Reise eines kleinen Mädchens namens Tüttchen und eines namenlosen aber goldenen Kirchturmhahnes ( design c . 1949 ) . - Carnival ( design c.1949 ) . - The story of a childs last dream ( design c.1949 ) Literature . - Canon Constitution and Canon Change in Childrens Literature edited by Bettina Kümmerling-Meibauer , Anja Muller / Routledge New Yorg an London 2017 ( hbk ) ( ebk ) <rfe>Avant-garde Echoes : Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp and the Aestethics of the Bauhaus p . 130</ref ) - Dirk Scheper : Biographical data on the life of Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp , Berlin 1987 , Bauhaus Archive Berlin - Ulrike Müller : Bauhaus women . Masters in Art , Craft and Design , Munich 2009 - Barbara Murken : Actually , Id rather sit as the crow flies than in a chair.. . The magical world of images of the Bauhaus artist Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp , in : The Book Castle . News from the International Youth Library 2009 , Munich 2010 , pp . 77–84 - Bauhaus Archive Berlin / Museum of Design , Fantastics : The Bauhäusler Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp , Berlin 2012 - Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp . In : Elizabeth Otto , Patrick Rösler ( Ed. ) : Women at the * Bauhaus . Pioneering women artists of the modern age . Knesebeck , Munich 2019 . . pp . 44–45 . - Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp . Catalogue of the Staatl . Schlossmuseum Rudolstadt . Text : Suse Wintgen . Rudolstadt 1948 . - Detlef Hoffmann : History of dolls . In : Doderer , Encyclopedia of Childrens and Youth Literature , 1979 , pp . 99–104 . - Bettina Hürlimann : European childrens books in three centuries . Zurich , Freiburg : Atlantis 1959 . External links . - Biography ( en ) Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp https://www.bauhaus-bookshelf.org/lou-scheper-berkenkamp-english.html ( accessed May 4 , 2020 ) - Wikipedia Biography ( de ) https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Scheper-Berkenkamp - Biography ( de ) Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp https://www.bauhaus-bookshelf.org/lou-scheper-berkenkamp.html ( accessed May 4 , 2020 ) - https://www.bauhaus100.com/the-bauhaus/people/students/lou-scheper-berkenkamp/ ( accessed on 29 November 2012 ) - ( de ) https://www.bauhaus100.de/das-bauhaus/koepfe/studierende/lou-scheper-berkenkamp/ ( accessed on 8 March 2019 ) - Osnabrück shows Scheper-Berkenkamp https://www.noz.de/deutschland-welt/kultur/artikel/421456/vom-bauhaus-in-die-welt-der-fantasie#gallery&11994&0&421456 ( accessed on 25 April 2020 ) - Oskar Schlemmer Triadic Ballet - Works by Lou Scheper-Berkenkamp Picture letters to [ [ Maria Rasch ] ] her friend and Walter Gropius , illustrations https://www.design-is-fine.org/search/Lou+scheper ( accessed April 30 , 2020 ) [ [ Category:1901 births ] ] [ [ Category:1976 deaths ] ] [ [ Category:20th-century German women artists ] ] [ [ Category:Artists from North Rhine-Westphalia ] ] [ [ Category:Bauhaus alumni ] ] [ [ Category:People from Wesel ] ] [ [ Category:Burials at the Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf ] ] |
[
"Texas Christian University"
] | easy | Thomas Louis Hanna went to which school from 1948 to 1949? | /wiki/Thomas_Louis_Hanna#P69#0 | Thomas Louis Hanna Thomas Louis Hanna ( November 21 , 1928 – July 29 , 1990 ) was a philosophy professor and movement theorist who coined the term somatics in 1976 . He called his work Hanna Somatic Education . He proposed that most negative health effects are due to what he called Sensory Motor Amnesia . He claimed that many common age-related ailments are not simply a matter of time but the result of poor movement habits . Life . Thomas Hanna was born in Nov . 21 , 1928 in Waco , Texas , the son of Winifred Hanna and John Dwight Hanna , a traveling representative for a pharmaceutical firm . He went to Waco High School . In 1949 , Thomas Hanna earned a bachelors degree in theology from Texas Christian University . The following year he married Susan Taft on 12 May 1950 . They went to Paris and Thomas Hanna served as Director at Jean de Beauvais Club of the University of Paris . Returning to the US he earned a Bachelors of Divinity at the University of Chicago by 1954 and went on to get his PhD in philosophy and divinity in 1958 . He went on to lecture and research at different universities , first at Hollins College in Roanoke , Virginia and as a guest teacher at the University of North Carolina , Duke University , Paris , Brussels , Mainz and Guadalajara . From 1965-1973 he was Professor and Chairman at the philosophy department of the University of Florida . In 1974 he remarried to Eleanor Criswell Hanna , the founding director of the Humanistic Psychology Institute . He died on 29 July 1990 in a car accident in Sonoma . His wife continued to teach his work following his death . Somatics . At the University of Florida , Hanna studied neurology and developed the idea that all life experiences lead to physical patterns in the body . In 1969 , he published these ideas in his book Bodies in Revolt : A Primer in Somatic Thinking . Moving to San Francisco in 1973 , he was introduced to the Functional Integration of Moshé Feldenkrais and in 1975 he participated in the first Feldenkrais course in the United States . Hanna became director of the Humanistic Psychology Institute ( later renamed into Saybrook Institute ) in 1973 . Together with his new wife Eleanor Criswell Hanna , they started the Novato Institute for Somatic Research and Training in 1975 and published the new journal Somatics : Magazine-Journal of the Bodily Arts and Sciences . It provided a new venue where the ideas of Somatics could be discussed . He developed his ideas and published them in Somatics : Reawakening The Minds Control Of Movement , Flexibility , And Health in 1988 . He proclaimed that its possible to age without chronic stiffness , bad back , chronic pain , fatigue , and that even high blood pressure dont occur if we maintain conscious control of nerves and muscles . He claimed that we can relearn abilities lost due to Sensory Motor Amnesia and develop what he calls Sensory-Motor Awareness . In 1990 he started his own training program at the Novato Institute to teach Hanna Somatic Education . Publications . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1958 ) . The Thought and Art of Albert Camus . Regnery Company . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1962 ) . The Bergsonian Heritage . Columbia University Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1962 ) . The Lyrical Existentialists . Atheneum . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1970 ) . Bodies in Revolt : A Primer in Somatic Thinking . Holt , Rinehart and Winston . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1976 ) . The End of Tyranny : An Essay on the Possibility of America . Freeperson Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1979 ) . Explorers of humankind . Harper & Row . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1980 ) . The Body of Life : Creating New Pathways for Sensory Awareness and Fluid Movement . Knopf . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1988 ) . Somatics : Reawakening the Mind’s Control of Movement , Flexibility , and Health . Da Capo Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1991 ) . Letters from Fred : A Novel . Freeperson Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1995 ) . What is Somatics ? In Don Hanlon Johnson , ed. , Bone , Breath and Gesture . 341-53 . Berkeley : North Atlantic . Publications on Hanna Somatic Education - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 1985 ) . Biofeedback & Somatics : Toward Personal Evolution . Freeperson Press . - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 1989 ) . How Yoga Works : Introduction to Somatic Yoga . Freeperson Press . - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 2010 ) . CRAMs Introduction to Surface Electromyography , Jones & Bartlett Learning ; 2 edition . - Jim Dreaver . ( 1997 ) . Somatic Technique : A Simplified Method of Releasing Chronically Tight Muscles and Enhancing Mind/body Awareness . Kendall Hunt Pub Co . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 1997 ) . Handbook of Assisted Pandiculation . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 1999 ) . Guidebook of Somatic Transformational Exercises . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2001 ) . Body Meditations . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2004 ) . Deeper Lovemaking : Move Freely , Enhance Your Sensuality , and Prolong Your Intimate Occasions . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2010 ) . Magic of Somatics . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2010 ) . Free Yourself from Back Pain . Self-published . - Craig Williamson . ( 2007 ) . Muscular Retraining for Pain-Free Living : A Practical Approach to Eliminating Chronic Back Pain , Tendonitis , Neck and Shoulder Tension , and Repetitive Stress Injuries . Trumpeter . - Noreen Owens . ( 2009 ) . Where Comfort Hides . Xlibris . - John Loupos . ( 2011 ) . The Sustainable You : Somatics and the Myth of Aging . Langdon Street Press . - Martha Peterson . ( 2011 ) . Move Without Pain . Dragon Door Publications . - James Knight . ( 2012 ) . Gentle Yoga through Somatic Exploration Workbook . Self-published . - Graeme Lynn . ( 2015 ) . Manner of Action : Understanding and Practicing The Alexander Technique , The Feldenkrais Method and the Hatha Yoga , as Methods of Somatic Learning . Branden Books . - Warren ( St . Pierre ) , Sarah . ( 2015 ) . Why We’re in Pain : Why chronic musculoskeletal pain occurs - and how it can be prevented , alleviated and eliminated with Clinical Somatic Education . Self-published . - Warren ( St . Pierre ) , Sarah . ( 2019 ) . The Pain Relief Secret : How to Retrain Your Nervous System , Heal Your Body , and Overcome Chronic Pain . TCK Publishing . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2016 ) . Somatic Intelligence : What Every Body is Dying for You To Know . One Sky Productions . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2016 ) . Somatic Intelligence : The Conversation Every Body Wants to Have with You . One Sky Productions . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2018 ) . Opposing Gravity : How to Recognize and Recover from Head Injuries . One Sky Productions . |
[
"University of Chicago"
] | easy | Thomas Louis Hanna went to which school from 1949 to 1954? | /wiki/Thomas_Louis_Hanna#P69#1 | Thomas Louis Hanna Thomas Louis Hanna ( November 21 , 1928 – July 29 , 1990 ) was a philosophy professor and movement theorist who coined the term somatics in 1976 . He called his work Hanna Somatic Education . He proposed that most negative health effects are due to what he called Sensory Motor Amnesia . He claimed that many common age-related ailments are not simply a matter of time but the result of poor movement habits . Life . Thomas Hanna was born in Nov . 21 , 1928 in Waco , Texas , the son of Winifred Hanna and John Dwight Hanna , a traveling representative for a pharmaceutical firm . He went to Waco High School . In 1949 , Thomas Hanna earned a bachelors degree in theology from Texas Christian University . The following year he married Susan Taft on 12 May 1950 . They went to Paris and Thomas Hanna served as Director at Jean de Beauvais Club of the University of Paris . Returning to the US he earned a Bachelors of Divinity at the University of Chicago by 1954 and went on to get his PhD in philosophy and divinity in 1958 . He went on to lecture and research at different universities , first at Hollins College in Roanoke , Virginia and as a guest teacher at the University of North Carolina , Duke University , Paris , Brussels , Mainz and Guadalajara . From 1965-1973 he was Professor and Chairman at the philosophy department of the University of Florida . In 1974 he remarried to Eleanor Criswell Hanna , the founding director of the Humanistic Psychology Institute . He died on 29 July 1990 in a car accident in Sonoma . His wife continued to teach his work following his death . Somatics . At the University of Florida , Hanna studied neurology and developed the idea that all life experiences lead to physical patterns in the body . In 1969 , he published these ideas in his book Bodies in Revolt : A Primer in Somatic Thinking . Moving to San Francisco in 1973 , he was introduced to the Functional Integration of Moshé Feldenkrais and in 1975 he participated in the first Feldenkrais course in the United States . Hanna became director of the Humanistic Psychology Institute ( later renamed into Saybrook Institute ) in 1973 . Together with his new wife Eleanor Criswell Hanna , they started the Novato Institute for Somatic Research and Training in 1975 and published the new journal Somatics : Magazine-Journal of the Bodily Arts and Sciences . It provided a new venue where the ideas of Somatics could be discussed . He developed his ideas and published them in Somatics : Reawakening The Minds Control Of Movement , Flexibility , And Health in 1988 . He proclaimed that its possible to age without chronic stiffness , bad back , chronic pain , fatigue , and that even high blood pressure dont occur if we maintain conscious control of nerves and muscles . He claimed that we can relearn abilities lost due to Sensory Motor Amnesia and develop what he calls Sensory-Motor Awareness . In 1990 he started his own training program at the Novato Institute to teach Hanna Somatic Education . Publications . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1958 ) . The Thought and Art of Albert Camus . Regnery Company . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1962 ) . The Bergsonian Heritage . Columbia University Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1962 ) . The Lyrical Existentialists . Atheneum . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1970 ) . Bodies in Revolt : A Primer in Somatic Thinking . Holt , Rinehart and Winston . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1976 ) . The End of Tyranny : An Essay on the Possibility of America . Freeperson Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1979 ) . Explorers of humankind . Harper & Row . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1980 ) . The Body of Life : Creating New Pathways for Sensory Awareness and Fluid Movement . Knopf . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1988 ) . Somatics : Reawakening the Mind’s Control of Movement , Flexibility , and Health . Da Capo Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1991 ) . Letters from Fred : A Novel . Freeperson Press . - Hanna , Thomas L . ( 1995 ) . What is Somatics ? In Don Hanlon Johnson , ed. , Bone , Breath and Gesture . 341-53 . Berkeley : North Atlantic . Publications on Hanna Somatic Education - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 1985 ) . Biofeedback & Somatics : Toward Personal Evolution . Freeperson Press . - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 1989 ) . How Yoga Works : Introduction to Somatic Yoga . Freeperson Press . - Criswell-Hanna , Eleanor . ( 2010 ) . CRAMs Introduction to Surface Electromyography , Jones & Bartlett Learning ; 2 edition . - Jim Dreaver . ( 1997 ) . Somatic Technique : A Simplified Method of Releasing Chronically Tight Muscles and Enhancing Mind/body Awareness . Kendall Hunt Pub Co . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 1997 ) . Handbook of Assisted Pandiculation . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 1999 ) . Guidebook of Somatic Transformational Exercises . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2001 ) . Body Meditations . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2004 ) . Deeper Lovemaking : Move Freely , Enhance Your Sensuality , and Prolong Your Intimate Occasions . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2010 ) . Magic of Somatics . Self-published . - Gold , Lawrence . ( 2010 ) . Free Yourself from Back Pain . Self-published . - Craig Williamson . ( 2007 ) . Muscular Retraining for Pain-Free Living : A Practical Approach to Eliminating Chronic Back Pain , Tendonitis , Neck and Shoulder Tension , and Repetitive Stress Injuries . Trumpeter . - Noreen Owens . ( 2009 ) . Where Comfort Hides . Xlibris . - John Loupos . ( 2011 ) . The Sustainable You : Somatics and the Myth of Aging . Langdon Street Press . - Martha Peterson . ( 2011 ) . Move Without Pain . Dragon Door Publications . - James Knight . ( 2012 ) . Gentle Yoga through Somatic Exploration Workbook . Self-published . - Graeme Lynn . ( 2015 ) . Manner of Action : Understanding and Practicing The Alexander Technique , The Feldenkrais Method and the Hatha Yoga , as Methods of Somatic Learning . Branden Books . - Warren ( St . Pierre ) , Sarah . ( 2015 ) . Why We’re in Pain : Why chronic musculoskeletal pain occurs - and how it can be prevented , alleviated and eliminated with Clinical Somatic Education . Self-published . - Warren ( St . Pierre ) , Sarah . ( 2019 ) . The Pain Relief Secret : How to Retrain Your Nervous System , Heal Your Body , and Overcome Chronic Pain . TCK Publishing . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2016 ) . Somatic Intelligence : What Every Body is Dying for You To Know . One Sky Productions . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2016 ) . Somatic Intelligence : The Conversation Every Body Wants to Have with You . One Sky Productions . - Hill , Suresha . ( 2018 ) . Opposing Gravity : How to Recognize and Recover from Head Injuries . One Sky Productions . |
[
"Gong"
] | easy | What organization did Pierre Moerlen join in 1973? | /wiki/Pierre_Moerlen#P463#0 | Pierre Moerlen Pierre Moerlen ( 23 October 1952 , Colmar , Haut-Rhin – 3 May 2005 , Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines , near Strasbourg ) was a French drummer and percussionist , best known for his work with Gong and Mike Oldfield and as Pierre Moerlens Gong . Biography . Pierre Moerlen was born in Colmar ( Haut-Rhin ) on 23 October 1952 , third of five children . His father was an organist and his mother was a music teacher . All five siblings learned music with their parents and all became musicians . Pierres younger brother , Benoît Moerlen , is also a percussionist ( he also worked with Gong and Mike Oldfield ) . Pierre left Colmar for Strasbourg to learn percussion with Jean Batigne , founder of Les Percussions de Strasbourg . He was also a member of two rock and rock-jazz bands , including Hasm Congélateur ( with included future Magma guitarist Gabriel Federow ) , whose most notable performance was the opening slot at the Seloncourt Festival in September 1972 , headlined by Ange , Genesis and Robert Wyatts Matching Mole . In January 1973 , Moerlen joined Daevid Allens Gong , debuting on the Angels Egg ( 1973 ) album . In June 1973 he was asked by Virgin Recordss boss Richard Branson to play percussion with Mike Oldfield for the premiere of Tubular Bells ( 1973 ) , to replace the incapacitated Robert Wyatt . Steve Hillage , guitar player of Gong , also took part . Between 1975-87 , beginning with Ommadawn ( 1975 ) , Moerlen would be Oldfields percussionist of choice for his albums and his tours . Moerlen left and returned to Gong several times to tour with Les Percussions de Strasbourg ( he created with them Musik im Bauch by Karlheinz Stockhausen and Hiérophonie V by Yoshihisa Taïra at Festival international dart contemporain de Royan , 1975 ) , and although he recorded You ( 1974 ) he left just before the tour promoting that album began . In the summer of 1975 , by which time band founder , Daevid Allen , had left , he was asked to return to co-lead the band with Didier Malherbe and Steve Hillage , who himself left shortly thereafter , only appearing on a couple of tracks on the next album Shamal ( 1976 ) . Another series of line-up changes resulted in the Gazeuse ! ( 1976 ) album ( released as Expresso in the US ) with Allan Holdsworth on guitar , following which Malherbe left , leaving Moerlen as the only link with the classic Gong line-up . He retained the name for the next album , Expresso II ( 1978 ) , but to avoid confusion the bands concerts were often announced as Gong-Expresso . Since this wasnt clear enough , the name Pierre Moerlens Gong ( PMG ) was used from 1978 onwards . At this point the band – which included American musicians Bon Lozaga ( guitar ) and Hansford Rowe ( bass ) – were playing jazz fusion rather than the Canterbury scene-influenced psychedelia of old . In 1978 , PMG were released from the Virgin contract , and signed with Arista , releasing Downwind ( 1979 ) , Time is the Key ( 1979 ) , Pierre Moerlens Gong Live ( 1980 ) and Leave It Open ( 1980 ) . During this period , Moerlen regularly toured internationally with Mike Oldfield . PMG ceased operations in 1981 following tours of North America and Europe in late 1980 . Later that year , Moerlen briefly joined Magma as second drummer . Following Mike Oldfields 10th Anniversary tour in 1983 , he joined the Swedish progressive/symphonic band Tribute ( 1985–87 ) . PMG reformed for two albums and tours in the late 1980s . After spending several years as orchestra pit musician for various musicals , he returned to active service in 1997 when he joined the British jazz-rock outfit Brand X for international touring in 1997 . Later that year , he was asked to rejoin Gong , and toured with the band until 1999 . He then concentrated on putting together a new PMG line-up and repertoire , which resulted in the live album Pentanine ( 2004 ) , recorded in Moscow in 2002 . Death . Pierre Moerlen died unexpectedly on 3 May 2005 , aged 52 , of natural causes . At the time of his death he was rehearsing with a new incarnation of Pierre Moerlens Gong . Discography . With Gong . - 1973 : Angels Egg ( Radio Gnome trilogy , part 2 ) - 1974 : You ( Radio Gnome trilogy , part 3 ) - 1976 : Shamal - 1977 : Gong est Mort , Vive Gong ( French live album ) - 1977 : Gong Live Etc ( UK live album ) With Pierre Moerlens Gong . - 1976 : Gazeuse ! ( Expresso in North America ) - 1978 : Expresso II - 1979 : Downwind - 1979 : Time is the Key - 1980 : Pierre Moerlens Gong Live - 1981 : Leave It Open - 1986 : Breakthrough - 1988 : Second Wind - 1998 : Full Circle Live 88 - 2004 : Pentanine With Mike Oldfield . - 1975 : Ommadawn - 1978 : Incantations - 1979 : Exposed - 1979 : Platinum - 1983 : Crises - 1985 : The Complete Mike Oldfield - 1987 : Islands In November 1973 , Moerlen participated in a live-in-the-studio performance of Mike Oldfields Tubular Bells for the BBC. [ Dead link ] It is available on Oldfields Elements DVD . With others . - 1975 : Steve Hillage – Fish Rising - 1975 : Slapp Happy – Desperate Straights - 1977 : Pekka Pohjola – Mathematicians Air Display - 1979 : Mick Taylor – Mick Taylor - 1980 : Sally Oldfield – Celebration - 1982 : Philip Lynott – The Philip Lynott Album - 1983 : Sally Oldfield – Strange Day in Berlin - 1983 : Jean-Yves Lievaux – Transformances - 1985 : Tribute – Breaking Barriers - 1988 : Biréli Lagrène – Inferno - 1995 : Project Lo – Dabblings in the Darkness External links . - Pierre Moerlen biography at Calyx , the Canterbury Website - Pierre Moerlen interview at Calyx - Pierre Moerlens Gong discography and album reviews , credits & releases at AllMusic.com - Pierre Moerlens chronologic appearances & credits on different albums at Discogs.com - Pierre Moerlens Gong biography , discography , album credits & user reviews at ProgArchives.com |
[
"Pierre Moerlens Gong"
] | easy | What organization did Pierre Moerlen join in 1978? | /wiki/Pierre_Moerlen#P463#1 | Pierre Moerlen Pierre Moerlen ( 23 October 1952 , Colmar , Haut-Rhin – 3 May 2005 , Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines , near Strasbourg ) was a French drummer and percussionist , best known for his work with Gong and Mike Oldfield and as Pierre Moerlens Gong . Biography . Pierre Moerlen was born in Colmar ( Haut-Rhin ) on 23 October 1952 , third of five children . His father was an organist and his mother was a music teacher . All five siblings learned music with their parents and all became musicians . Pierres younger brother , Benoît Moerlen , is also a percussionist ( he also worked with Gong and Mike Oldfield ) . Pierre left Colmar for Strasbourg to learn percussion with Jean Batigne , founder of Les Percussions de Strasbourg . He was also a member of two rock and rock-jazz bands , including Hasm Congélateur ( with included future Magma guitarist Gabriel Federow ) , whose most notable performance was the opening slot at the Seloncourt Festival in September 1972 , headlined by Ange , Genesis and Robert Wyatts Matching Mole . In January 1973 , Moerlen joined Daevid Allens Gong , debuting on the Angels Egg ( 1973 ) album . In June 1973 he was asked by Virgin Recordss boss Richard Branson to play percussion with Mike Oldfield for the premiere of Tubular Bells ( 1973 ) , to replace the incapacitated Robert Wyatt . Steve Hillage , guitar player of Gong , also took part . Between 1975-87 , beginning with Ommadawn ( 1975 ) , Moerlen would be Oldfields percussionist of choice for his albums and his tours . Moerlen left and returned to Gong several times to tour with Les Percussions de Strasbourg ( he created with them Musik im Bauch by Karlheinz Stockhausen and Hiérophonie V by Yoshihisa Taïra at Festival international dart contemporain de Royan , 1975 ) , and although he recorded You ( 1974 ) he left just before the tour promoting that album began . In the summer of 1975 , by which time band founder , Daevid Allen , had left , he was asked to return to co-lead the band with Didier Malherbe and Steve Hillage , who himself left shortly thereafter , only appearing on a couple of tracks on the next album Shamal ( 1976 ) . Another series of line-up changes resulted in the Gazeuse ! ( 1976 ) album ( released as Expresso in the US ) with Allan Holdsworth on guitar , following which Malherbe left , leaving Moerlen as the only link with the classic Gong line-up . He retained the name for the next album , Expresso II ( 1978 ) , but to avoid confusion the bands concerts were often announced as Gong-Expresso . Since this wasnt clear enough , the name Pierre Moerlens Gong ( PMG ) was used from 1978 onwards . At this point the band – which included American musicians Bon Lozaga ( guitar ) and Hansford Rowe ( bass ) – were playing jazz fusion rather than the Canterbury scene-influenced psychedelia of old . In 1978 , PMG were released from the Virgin contract , and signed with Arista , releasing Downwind ( 1979 ) , Time is the Key ( 1979 ) , Pierre Moerlens Gong Live ( 1980 ) and Leave It Open ( 1980 ) . During this period , Moerlen regularly toured internationally with Mike Oldfield . PMG ceased operations in 1981 following tours of North America and Europe in late 1980 . Later that year , Moerlen briefly joined Magma as second drummer . Following Mike Oldfields 10th Anniversary tour in 1983 , he joined the Swedish progressive/symphonic band Tribute ( 1985–87 ) . PMG reformed for two albums and tours in the late 1980s . After spending several years as orchestra pit musician for various musicals , he returned to active service in 1997 when he joined the British jazz-rock outfit Brand X for international touring in 1997 . Later that year , he was asked to rejoin Gong , and toured with the band until 1999 . He then concentrated on putting together a new PMG line-up and repertoire , which resulted in the live album Pentanine ( 2004 ) , recorded in Moscow in 2002 . Death . Pierre Moerlen died unexpectedly on 3 May 2005 , aged 52 , of natural causes . At the time of his death he was rehearsing with a new incarnation of Pierre Moerlens Gong . Discography . With Gong . - 1973 : Angels Egg ( Radio Gnome trilogy , part 2 ) - 1974 : You ( Radio Gnome trilogy , part 3 ) - 1976 : Shamal - 1977 : Gong est Mort , Vive Gong ( French live album ) - 1977 : Gong Live Etc ( UK live album ) With Pierre Moerlens Gong . - 1976 : Gazeuse ! ( Expresso in North America ) - 1978 : Expresso II - 1979 : Downwind - 1979 : Time is the Key - 1980 : Pierre Moerlens Gong Live - 1981 : Leave It Open - 1986 : Breakthrough - 1988 : Second Wind - 1998 : Full Circle Live 88 - 2004 : Pentanine With Mike Oldfield . - 1975 : Ommadawn - 1978 : Incantations - 1979 : Exposed - 1979 : Platinum - 1983 : Crises - 1985 : The Complete Mike Oldfield - 1987 : Islands In November 1973 , Moerlen participated in a live-in-the-studio performance of Mike Oldfields Tubular Bells for the BBC. [ Dead link ] It is available on Oldfields Elements DVD . With others . - 1975 : Steve Hillage – Fish Rising - 1975 : Slapp Happy – Desperate Straights - 1977 : Pekka Pohjola – Mathematicians Air Display - 1979 : Mick Taylor – Mick Taylor - 1980 : Sally Oldfield – Celebration - 1982 : Philip Lynott – The Philip Lynott Album - 1983 : Sally Oldfield – Strange Day in Berlin - 1983 : Jean-Yves Lievaux – Transformances - 1985 : Tribute – Breaking Barriers - 1988 : Biréli Lagrène – Inferno - 1995 : Project Lo – Dabblings in the Darkness External links . - Pierre Moerlen biography at Calyx , the Canterbury Website - Pierre Moerlen interview at Calyx - Pierre Moerlens Gong discography and album reviews , credits & releases at AllMusic.com - Pierre Moerlens chronologic appearances & credits on different albums at Discogs.com - Pierre Moerlens Gong biography , discography , album credits & user reviews at ProgArchives.com |
[
"Brand X",
"Gong"
] | easy | Pierre Moerlen became a member of what organization or association in 1997? | /wiki/Pierre_Moerlen#P463#2 | Pierre Moerlen Pierre Moerlen ( 23 October 1952 , Colmar , Haut-Rhin – 3 May 2005 , Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines , near Strasbourg ) was a French drummer and percussionist , best known for his work with Gong and Mike Oldfield and as Pierre Moerlens Gong . Biography . Pierre Moerlen was born in Colmar ( Haut-Rhin ) on 23 October 1952 , third of five children . His father was an organist and his mother was a music teacher . All five siblings learned music with their parents and all became musicians . Pierres younger brother , Benoît Moerlen , is also a percussionist ( he also worked with Gong and Mike Oldfield ) . Pierre left Colmar for Strasbourg to learn percussion with Jean Batigne , founder of Les Percussions de Strasbourg . He was also a member of two rock and rock-jazz bands , including Hasm Congélateur ( with included future Magma guitarist Gabriel Federow ) , whose most notable performance was the opening slot at the Seloncourt Festival in September 1972 , headlined by Ange , Genesis and Robert Wyatts Matching Mole . In January 1973 , Moerlen joined Daevid Allens Gong , debuting on the Angels Egg ( 1973 ) album . In June 1973 he was asked by Virgin Recordss boss Richard Branson to play percussion with Mike Oldfield for the premiere of Tubular Bells ( 1973 ) , to replace the incapacitated Robert Wyatt . Steve Hillage , guitar player of Gong , also took part . Between 1975-87 , beginning with Ommadawn ( 1975 ) , Moerlen would be Oldfields percussionist of choice for his albums and his tours . Moerlen left and returned to Gong several times to tour with Les Percussions de Strasbourg ( he created with them Musik im Bauch by Karlheinz Stockhausen and Hiérophonie V by Yoshihisa Taïra at Festival international dart contemporain de Royan , 1975 ) , and although he recorded You ( 1974 ) he left just before the tour promoting that album began . In the summer of 1975 , by which time band founder , Daevid Allen , had left , he was asked to return to co-lead the band with Didier Malherbe and Steve Hillage , who himself left shortly thereafter , only appearing on a couple of tracks on the next album Shamal ( 1976 ) . Another series of line-up changes resulted in the Gazeuse ! ( 1976 ) album ( released as Expresso in the US ) with Allan Holdsworth on guitar , following which Malherbe left , leaving Moerlen as the only link with the classic Gong line-up . He retained the name for the next album , Expresso II ( 1978 ) , but to avoid confusion the bands concerts were often announced as Gong-Expresso . Since this wasnt clear enough , the name Pierre Moerlens Gong ( PMG ) was used from 1978 onwards . At this point the band – which included American musicians Bon Lozaga ( guitar ) and Hansford Rowe ( bass ) – were playing jazz fusion rather than the Canterbury scene-influenced psychedelia of old . In 1978 , PMG were released from the Virgin contract , and signed with Arista , releasing Downwind ( 1979 ) , Time is the Key ( 1979 ) , Pierre Moerlens Gong Live ( 1980 ) and Leave It Open ( 1980 ) . During this period , Moerlen regularly toured internationally with Mike Oldfield . PMG ceased operations in 1981 following tours of North America and Europe in late 1980 . Later that year , Moerlen briefly joined Magma as second drummer . Following Mike Oldfields 10th Anniversary tour in 1983 , he joined the Swedish progressive/symphonic band Tribute ( 1985–87 ) . PMG reformed for two albums and tours in the late 1980s . After spending several years as orchestra pit musician for various musicals , he returned to active service in 1997 when he joined the British jazz-rock outfit Brand X for international touring in 1997 . Later that year , he was asked to rejoin Gong , and toured with the band until 1999 . He then concentrated on putting together a new PMG line-up and repertoire , which resulted in the live album Pentanine ( 2004 ) , recorded in Moscow in 2002 . Death . Pierre Moerlen died unexpectedly on 3 May 2005 , aged 52 , of natural causes . At the time of his death he was rehearsing with a new incarnation of Pierre Moerlens Gong . Discography . With Gong . - 1973 : Angels Egg ( Radio Gnome trilogy , part 2 ) - 1974 : You ( Radio Gnome trilogy , part 3 ) - 1976 : Shamal - 1977 : Gong est Mort , Vive Gong ( French live album ) - 1977 : Gong Live Etc ( UK live album ) With Pierre Moerlens Gong . - 1976 : Gazeuse ! ( Expresso in North America ) - 1978 : Expresso II - 1979 : Downwind - 1979 : Time is the Key - 1980 : Pierre Moerlens Gong Live - 1981 : Leave It Open - 1986 : Breakthrough - 1988 : Second Wind - 1998 : Full Circle Live 88 - 2004 : Pentanine With Mike Oldfield . - 1975 : Ommadawn - 1978 : Incantations - 1979 : Exposed - 1979 : Platinum - 1983 : Crises - 1985 : The Complete Mike Oldfield - 1987 : Islands In November 1973 , Moerlen participated in a live-in-the-studio performance of Mike Oldfields Tubular Bells for the BBC. [ Dead link ] It is available on Oldfields Elements DVD . With others . - 1975 : Steve Hillage – Fish Rising - 1975 : Slapp Happy – Desperate Straights - 1977 : Pekka Pohjola – Mathematicians Air Display - 1979 : Mick Taylor – Mick Taylor - 1980 : Sally Oldfield – Celebration - 1982 : Philip Lynott – The Philip Lynott Album - 1983 : Sally Oldfield – Strange Day in Berlin - 1983 : Jean-Yves Lievaux – Transformances - 1985 : Tribute – Breaking Barriers - 1988 : Biréli Lagrène – Inferno - 1995 : Project Lo – Dabblings in the Darkness External links . - Pierre Moerlen biography at Calyx , the Canterbury Website - Pierre Moerlen interview at Calyx - Pierre Moerlens Gong discography and album reviews , credits & releases at AllMusic.com - Pierre Moerlens chronologic appearances & credits on different albums at Discogs.com - Pierre Moerlens Gong biography , discography , album credits & user reviews at ProgArchives.com |
[
"University of North Carolina"
] | easy | Which school did Mary Batten go to from 1954 to 1957? | /wiki/Mary_Batten#P69#0 | Mary Batten Mary Batten ( born 1937 ) is an American writer of science books for children and adults . She is also known for writing television productions , films , and magazines , and has won several awards concerning her work in these areas . Biography . Born in 1937 in Smithfield , Virginia , Batten grew up in a farm , where , as a child , she learned about nature by playing in the woods and near the forest streams . Batten started writing when she was around the age of 7 or 8 . In an interview , she revealed that she had wanted to become a writer since she was a child . Batten went to University of North Carolina from 1955 to 1957 . The following two years , she worked as a library clerk at New York Public Library before earning a B.A at New School for Social Research in 1959 and an M.A at Columbia University in 1962 . Batten lives with her husband , Ed Bland , who works as a composer . They have two grown children , Robert Bland , a writer , and Stefanie Batten Bland , a dancer . Career . Battens writings focus mostly on environmental and natural issues , including ecology , animals , plants , etc . In order to write , she has visited many tropical rainforests , astronomical observatories , scientific laboratories , and medical research centers . Batten has confirmed that she only writes non-fiction books , and that she feels lucky to be a science writer because [ she ] can follow [ her ] curiosity . Although Batten does not write fiction books , her writings are influenced by fiction author Flannery OConnor , as well as non-fiction authors Stephen Jay Gould and Edward O . Wilson . As of 2011 , she has written 16 books for adults and children . In 1992 , Batten published Sexual Strategies : How Females Choose Their Mates , which became one of her most successful books . This book , about the powerful role female mate choice plays in evolution , was released in an updated edition in 2008 . Sexual Strategies is a gem ; a beautifully researched and concise introduction to animal mating systems and the clearest available account on the biology of female choice , said Sarah Blaffer Hrdy , Ph.D. , Emeritus Professor of Anthropology , University of California , Davis . More information about this book can be found on the books website , sexualstrategies.com . In 2001 , Batten published Anthropologist : Scientist of the People , which won the 2002 Outstanding Science Trade Book for Children citation given by National Science Teachers Association . Several other books of hers are also recommended by National Science Teachers Association : Who Has A Belly Button , Aliens from Earth , Hey , Daddy ! Animal Fathers and Their Babies , The Winking , Blinking Sea : All about Bioluminescence . Among them , Hey , Daddy ! Animal Fathers and Their Babies , published in 2002 , was named Outstanding Science Read Aloud 2003 by American Association for the Advancement of Science . Aliens from Earth won the 2006 Izaak Walton League of America Conservation Book of the Year Award and was adopted by the New York City Public Schools in support of the 4th grade science requirement for the study of ecosystems . Batten has written many nature documentaries for television , including the Wild , Wild World of Animals series . She also writes for National Geographic and Walt Disney Educational Films . Batten received a nomination for an Emmy Award for her work on a Childrens Television Workshop science series , 3-2-1 Contact . Batten was editor of The Cousteau Societys award-winning magazine , Calypso Log , from 1987 to 1993 . Until 2006 , she was editor-in-chief of Breastlink.org , a website dedicated to victims of breast cancer and their families . Bibliography . - Discovery by Chance : Science and the Unexpected 1968 . - The Tropical Forest : Ants , Ants , Animals and Plants 1973 . - Natures Tricksters : Animals and Plants That Arent What They Seem 1992 . - The Twenty-five Scariest Hauntings in the World 1996 . - Shark Attack Almanac , illustrated by Carol Lyon 1997 . - Baby Wolf 1998 . - Sexual Strategies : How Females Choose Their Mates 1992 ; 2008 . - The Winking , Blinking Sea : All about Bioluminescence 2000 . - Hungry Plants 2000 . - Extinct! : Creatures of the Past 2000 . - Anthropologist : Scientist of the People 2001 . - Wild Cats 2002 . - Hey , Daddy! : Animal Fathers and Their Babies 2002 . - Aliens from Earth : When Animals and Plants Invade Other Ecosystems 2003 . - Who Has a Belly Button ? 2004 . - Please dont wake the animals 2008 . External links . - Official website |
[
""
] | easy | Mary Batten went to which school from 1957 to 1959? | /wiki/Mary_Batten#P69#1 | Mary Batten Mary Batten ( born 1937 ) is an American writer of science books for children and adults . She is also known for writing television productions , films , and magazines , and has won several awards concerning her work in these areas . Biography . Born in 1937 in Smithfield , Virginia , Batten grew up in a farm , where , as a child , she learned about nature by playing in the woods and near the forest streams . Batten started writing when she was around the age of 7 or 8 . In an interview , she revealed that she had wanted to become a writer since she was a child . Batten went to University of North Carolina from 1955 to 1957 . The following two years , she worked as a library clerk at New York Public Library before earning a B.A at New School for Social Research in 1959 and an M.A at Columbia University in 1962 . Batten lives with her husband , Ed Bland , who works as a composer . They have two grown children , Robert Bland , a writer , and Stefanie Batten Bland , a dancer . Career . Battens writings focus mostly on environmental and natural issues , including ecology , animals , plants , etc . In order to write , she has visited many tropical rainforests , astronomical observatories , scientific laboratories , and medical research centers . Batten has confirmed that she only writes non-fiction books , and that she feels lucky to be a science writer because [ she ] can follow [ her ] curiosity . Although Batten does not write fiction books , her writings are influenced by fiction author Flannery OConnor , as well as non-fiction authors Stephen Jay Gould and Edward O . Wilson . As of 2011 , she has written 16 books for adults and children . In 1992 , Batten published Sexual Strategies : How Females Choose Their Mates , which became one of her most successful books . This book , about the powerful role female mate choice plays in evolution , was released in an updated edition in 2008 . Sexual Strategies is a gem ; a beautifully researched and concise introduction to animal mating systems and the clearest available account on the biology of female choice , said Sarah Blaffer Hrdy , Ph.D. , Emeritus Professor of Anthropology , University of California , Davis . More information about this book can be found on the books website , sexualstrategies.com . In 2001 , Batten published Anthropologist : Scientist of the People , which won the 2002 Outstanding Science Trade Book for Children citation given by National Science Teachers Association . Several other books of hers are also recommended by National Science Teachers Association : Who Has A Belly Button , Aliens from Earth , Hey , Daddy ! Animal Fathers and Their Babies , The Winking , Blinking Sea : All about Bioluminescence . Among them , Hey , Daddy ! Animal Fathers and Their Babies , published in 2002 , was named Outstanding Science Read Aloud 2003 by American Association for the Advancement of Science . Aliens from Earth won the 2006 Izaak Walton League of America Conservation Book of the Year Award and was adopted by the New York City Public Schools in support of the 4th grade science requirement for the study of ecosystems . Batten has written many nature documentaries for television , including the Wild , Wild World of Animals series . She also writes for National Geographic and Walt Disney Educational Films . Batten received a nomination for an Emmy Award for her work on a Childrens Television Workshop science series , 3-2-1 Contact . Batten was editor of The Cousteau Societys award-winning magazine , Calypso Log , from 1987 to 1993 . Until 2006 , she was editor-in-chief of Breastlink.org , a website dedicated to victims of breast cancer and their families . Bibliography . - Discovery by Chance : Science and the Unexpected 1968 . - The Tropical Forest : Ants , Ants , Animals and Plants 1973 . - Natures Tricksters : Animals and Plants That Arent What They Seem 1992 . - The Twenty-five Scariest Hauntings in the World 1996 . - Shark Attack Almanac , illustrated by Carol Lyon 1997 . - Baby Wolf 1998 . - Sexual Strategies : How Females Choose Their Mates 1992 ; 2008 . - The Winking , Blinking Sea : All about Bioluminescence 2000 . - Hungry Plants 2000 . - Extinct! : Creatures of the Past 2000 . - Anthropologist : Scientist of the People 2001 . - Wild Cats 2002 . - Hey , Daddy! : Animal Fathers and Their Babies 2002 . - Aliens from Earth : When Animals and Plants Invade Other Ecosystems 2003 . - Who Has a Belly Button ? 2004 . - Please dont wake the animals 2008 . External links . - Official website |
[
"New School for Social Research",
"Columbia University"
] | easy | Where was Mary Batten educated from 1959 to 1962? | /wiki/Mary_Batten#P69#2 | Mary Batten Mary Batten ( born 1937 ) is an American writer of science books for children and adults . She is also known for writing television productions , films , and magazines , and has won several awards concerning her work in these areas . Biography . Born in 1937 in Smithfield , Virginia , Batten grew up in a farm , where , as a child , she learned about nature by playing in the woods and near the forest streams . Batten started writing when she was around the age of 7 or 8 . In an interview , she revealed that she had wanted to become a writer since she was a child . Batten went to University of North Carolina from 1955 to 1957 . The following two years , she worked as a library clerk at New York Public Library before earning a B.A at New School for Social Research in 1959 and an M.A at Columbia University in 1962 . Batten lives with her husband , Ed Bland , who works as a composer . They have two grown children , Robert Bland , a writer , and Stefanie Batten Bland , a dancer . Career . Battens writings focus mostly on environmental and natural issues , including ecology , animals , plants , etc . In order to write , she has visited many tropical rainforests , astronomical observatories , scientific laboratories , and medical research centers . Batten has confirmed that she only writes non-fiction books , and that she feels lucky to be a science writer because [ she ] can follow [ her ] curiosity . Although Batten does not write fiction books , her writings are influenced by fiction author Flannery OConnor , as well as non-fiction authors Stephen Jay Gould and Edward O . Wilson . As of 2011 , she has written 16 books for adults and children . In 1992 , Batten published Sexual Strategies : How Females Choose Their Mates , which became one of her most successful books . This book , about the powerful role female mate choice plays in evolution , was released in an updated edition in 2008 . Sexual Strategies is a gem ; a beautifully researched and concise introduction to animal mating systems and the clearest available account on the biology of female choice , said Sarah Blaffer Hrdy , Ph.D. , Emeritus Professor of Anthropology , University of California , Davis . More information about this book can be found on the books website , sexualstrategies.com . In 2001 , Batten published Anthropologist : Scientist of the People , which won the 2002 Outstanding Science Trade Book for Children citation given by National Science Teachers Association . Several other books of hers are also recommended by National Science Teachers Association : Who Has A Belly Button , Aliens from Earth , Hey , Daddy ! Animal Fathers and Their Babies , The Winking , Blinking Sea : All about Bioluminescence . Among them , Hey , Daddy ! Animal Fathers and Their Babies , published in 2002 , was named Outstanding Science Read Aloud 2003 by American Association for the Advancement of Science . Aliens from Earth won the 2006 Izaak Walton League of America Conservation Book of the Year Award and was adopted by the New York City Public Schools in support of the 4th grade science requirement for the study of ecosystems . Batten has written many nature documentaries for television , including the Wild , Wild World of Animals series . She also writes for National Geographic and Walt Disney Educational Films . Batten received a nomination for an Emmy Award for her work on a Childrens Television Workshop science series , 3-2-1 Contact . Batten was editor of The Cousteau Societys award-winning magazine , Calypso Log , from 1987 to 1993 . Until 2006 , she was editor-in-chief of Breastlink.org , a website dedicated to victims of breast cancer and their families . Bibliography . - Discovery by Chance : Science and the Unexpected 1968 . - The Tropical Forest : Ants , Ants , Animals and Plants 1973 . - Natures Tricksters : Animals and Plants That Arent What They Seem 1992 . - The Twenty-five Scariest Hauntings in the World 1996 . - Shark Attack Almanac , illustrated by Carol Lyon 1997 . - Baby Wolf 1998 . - Sexual Strategies : How Females Choose Their Mates 1992 ; 2008 . - The Winking , Blinking Sea : All about Bioluminescence 2000 . - Hungry Plants 2000 . - Extinct! : Creatures of the Past 2000 . - Anthropologist : Scientist of the People 2001 . - Wild Cats 2002 . - Hey , Daddy! : Animal Fathers and Their Babies 2002 . - Aliens from Earth : When Animals and Plants Invade Other Ecosystems 2003 . - Who Has a Belly Button ? 2004 . - Please dont wake the animals 2008 . External links . - Official website |
[
"BITEF festival"
] | easy | Which employer did Jovan Ćirilov work for from 1967 to 1985? | /wiki/Jovan_Ćirilov#P108#0 | Jovan Ćirilov Jovan Ćirilov ( Serbian Cyrillic : Јован Ћирилов ; ; 30 August 1931 – 16 November 2014 ) was a Serbian theatrologist , philosopher , writer , theatre selector , and poet . Biography . Ćirilov was born in Kikinda . the only son of Milivoj Ćirilov , a council clerk , and his wife , Jelica ( née Ivačković ) . His parents later divorced . After finishing school in his home town , he enrolled and graduated philosophy at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy in 1955 . He was at the head of the Yugoslav Drama Theatre from 1985–1999 , and before that he had worked as a dramaturge since 1956 , as well in Atelje 212 since 1967 to 1985 . Since establishment in 1967 to 2014 , Jovan was the artistic director and selector of BITEF festival , longest in the history of international theatre festivals . Since 2001 to 2007 , he was the President of the National Commission of Yugoslavia , then Serbia , in UNESCO . He wrote the plays Room for four and House of Silence ( with Miroslav Belović ) , scripts for the Vladimir Slijepčević film Real state of situation , Ward , Where after the rain ( shown in Venice , Moscow and Pula ) , radio plays Windy Roads ( in German language , Radio Hamburg ) , Mechanical secretary and others . Adapted for the stage of The Damned Yard by Ivo Andrić , and together with Belović Discovery , by Dobrica Ćosić . He was the author of novels , several collections of poems , theatrological essays , books of memories , an anthology of plays ( Serbian contemporary drama in English , British and American contemporary drama , The shortest plays in the world , etc... ) and vocabularies . He had translated plays by Christopher Fry , Bertolt Brecht , Jean Genet , Stoppard , Sam Shepard , David Mamet , Marber and the musical Hair . Writer of columns in NIN magazine , ( named Word of the week , since 1986 to this day ) , two columns a week in the Blic newspaper , ( named Pozorištarije and With hands in pockets ) and theater news in the Ludus theatre newspapers . As a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia , he was the first person who publicly called for decriminalisation of male same-sex relations ( sodomy laws ) in the 1980s . He spoke German , English , French , Spanish , Italian , Serbian and studied Chinese . Death . He died in Belgrade after a short illness on 16 November 2014 . He is interred in the Alley of Distinguished Citizens in the Belgrade New Cemetery . Works . Published books . - Путовање по граматици , The journey for grammar , poems , 1972 . - Неко време у Салцбургу , Some time in Salzburg , a novel , 1980 . - Узалудна путовања , песме , Trip in vain , songs , 1989 . - Реч недеље , Word of the Week , a collection of articles ( columns ) , 1997 . and 2006 . - Пре и после гнева , Before and after anger , зборник савремене британске драме , repertory of modern British drama , 2001 . - Пре и после Косе , Before and after Kosa , зборник савремене америчке драме , repertory of modern American drama , 2002 . - Сви моји савременици I-II , All of my contemporaries , collection of short biographies , 2010/11 . - Мајке познатих , Mothers of the famous , collection of short biographies , 2011 . Theatrical works . - Путовање по позоришту , Travels in Theatre , 1988 . - Драмски писци моји савременици , Dramatic writers my contemporaries , 1989 . - Позориштарије , Pozorištarije , 1998 . - Дневници , Diaries , 1999 . Dramas , plays and scripts . - Room for four , play ( with Miroslav Belović ) - House of Silence , play ( with Miroslav Belović ) - Real state of situation , scripts for the Vladimir Slijepčević film - Ward , script - Where after the rain , script ( shown in Venice , Moscow and Pula ) - Windy Roads ( in German language , Radio Hamburg ) , radio play - Mechanical secretary , radio play - The Damned Yard by Ivo Andrić , adapted for the stage - Discovery , by Dobrica Ćosić , together with Belović , adapted for the stage Dictionaries . - Речник нових речи , Dictionary of new words , 1982 . - Речник песничких слика , Dictionary of poetic images , 1985 . - Нови речник нових речи , New Dictionary of new words , 1991 . - Српско-хрватски речник варијаната ( иначица ) , Serbo-Croatian Dictionary of variants ( inacica ) , 1989 . And 1994 . Anthologies . - Najkraće drame na svetu ( The shortest plays in the World , short dramas , KOV , Vršac , 1999 ) - Kratke kraće i najkraće drame na svetu ( Short , shorter and shortest plays in the world , short dramas , KOV , Vršac , 2008 ) Awards . - Two Sterija Awards , awarded by Sterijino pozorje , for newspaper theater critics and for special merits in the promotion of theater arts . - The Statuette of Joakim Vujić , awarded by Knjaževsko-srpski teatar in Kragujevac ( 1990 ) - Foundation Braća Karić Award , for journalism - October Award of Belgrade , for lifetime achievement - Order of Knight of Art and Literature , awarded by France , 1992 - Sretenje Order , awarded by Serbia , 2012 External links . - Jovan Čirilov page at UNESCO |
[
"Yugoslav Drama Theatre"
] | easy | Jovan Ćirilov was an employee for whom from 1985 to 1999? | /wiki/Jovan_Ćirilov#P108#1 | Jovan Ćirilov Jovan Ćirilov ( Serbian Cyrillic : Јован Ћирилов ; ; 30 August 1931 – 16 November 2014 ) was a Serbian theatrologist , philosopher , writer , theatre selector , and poet . Biography . Ćirilov was born in Kikinda . the only son of Milivoj Ćirilov , a council clerk , and his wife , Jelica ( née Ivačković ) . His parents later divorced . After finishing school in his home town , he enrolled and graduated philosophy at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy in 1955 . He was at the head of the Yugoslav Drama Theatre from 1985–1999 , and before that he had worked as a dramaturge since 1956 , as well in Atelje 212 since 1967 to 1985 . Since establishment in 1967 to 2014 , Jovan was the artistic director and selector of BITEF festival , longest in the history of international theatre festivals . Since 2001 to 2007 , he was the President of the National Commission of Yugoslavia , then Serbia , in UNESCO . He wrote the plays Room for four and House of Silence ( with Miroslav Belović ) , scripts for the Vladimir Slijepčević film Real state of situation , Ward , Where after the rain ( shown in Venice , Moscow and Pula ) , radio plays Windy Roads ( in German language , Radio Hamburg ) , Mechanical secretary and others . Adapted for the stage of The Damned Yard by Ivo Andrić , and together with Belović Discovery , by Dobrica Ćosić . He was the author of novels , several collections of poems , theatrological essays , books of memories , an anthology of plays ( Serbian contemporary drama in English , British and American contemporary drama , The shortest plays in the world , etc... ) and vocabularies . He had translated plays by Christopher Fry , Bertolt Brecht , Jean Genet , Stoppard , Sam Shepard , David Mamet , Marber and the musical Hair . Writer of columns in NIN magazine , ( named Word of the week , since 1986 to this day ) , two columns a week in the Blic newspaper , ( named Pozorištarije and With hands in pockets ) and theater news in the Ludus theatre newspapers . As a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia , he was the first person who publicly called for decriminalisation of male same-sex relations ( sodomy laws ) in the 1980s . He spoke German , English , French , Spanish , Italian , Serbian and studied Chinese . Death . He died in Belgrade after a short illness on 16 November 2014 . He is interred in the Alley of Distinguished Citizens in the Belgrade New Cemetery . Works . Published books . - Путовање по граматици , The journey for grammar , poems , 1972 . - Неко време у Салцбургу , Some time in Salzburg , a novel , 1980 . - Узалудна путовања , песме , Trip in vain , songs , 1989 . - Реч недеље , Word of the Week , a collection of articles ( columns ) , 1997 . and 2006 . - Пре и после гнева , Before and after anger , зборник савремене британске драме , repertory of modern British drama , 2001 . - Пре и после Косе , Before and after Kosa , зборник савремене америчке драме , repertory of modern American drama , 2002 . - Сви моји савременици I-II , All of my contemporaries , collection of short biographies , 2010/11 . - Мајке познатих , Mothers of the famous , collection of short biographies , 2011 . Theatrical works . - Путовање по позоришту , Travels in Theatre , 1988 . - Драмски писци моји савременици , Dramatic writers my contemporaries , 1989 . - Позориштарије , Pozorištarije , 1998 . - Дневници , Diaries , 1999 . Dramas , plays and scripts . - Room for four , play ( with Miroslav Belović ) - House of Silence , play ( with Miroslav Belović ) - Real state of situation , scripts for the Vladimir Slijepčević film - Ward , script - Where after the rain , script ( shown in Venice , Moscow and Pula ) - Windy Roads ( in German language , Radio Hamburg ) , radio play - Mechanical secretary , radio play - The Damned Yard by Ivo Andrić , adapted for the stage - Discovery , by Dobrica Ćosić , together with Belović , adapted for the stage Dictionaries . - Речник нових речи , Dictionary of new words , 1982 . - Речник песничких слика , Dictionary of poetic images , 1985 . - Нови речник нових речи , New Dictionary of new words , 1991 . - Српско-хрватски речник варијаната ( иначица ) , Serbo-Croatian Dictionary of variants ( inacica ) , 1989 . And 1994 . Anthologies . - Najkraće drame na svetu ( The shortest plays in the World , short dramas , KOV , Vršac , 1999 ) - Kratke kraće i najkraće drame na svetu ( Short , shorter and shortest plays in the world , short dramas , KOV , Vršac , 2008 ) Awards . - Two Sterija Awards , awarded by Sterijino pozorje , for newspaper theater critics and for special merits in the promotion of theater arts . - The Statuette of Joakim Vujić , awarded by Knjaževsko-srpski teatar in Kragujevac ( 1990 ) - Foundation Braća Karić Award , for journalism - October Award of Belgrade , for lifetime achievement - Order of Knight of Art and Literature , awarded by France , 1992 - Sretenje Order , awarded by Serbia , 2012 External links . - Jovan Čirilov page at UNESCO |
[
"BITEF"
] | easy | What was the name of the employer Jovan Ćirilov work for from 1999 to 2000? | /wiki/Jovan_Ćirilov#P108#2 | Jovan Ćirilov Jovan Ćirilov ( Serbian Cyrillic : Јован Ћирилов ; ; 30 August 1931 – 16 November 2014 ) was a Serbian theatrologist , philosopher , writer , theatre selector , and poet . Biography . Ćirilov was born in Kikinda . the only son of Milivoj Ćirilov , a council clerk , and his wife , Jelica ( née Ivačković ) . His parents later divorced . After finishing school in his home town , he enrolled and graduated philosophy at the University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy in 1955 . He was at the head of the Yugoslav Drama Theatre from 1985–1999 , and before that he had worked as a dramaturge since 1956 , as well in Atelje 212 since 1967 to 1985 . Since establishment in 1967 to 2014 , Jovan was the artistic director and selector of BITEF festival , longest in the history of international theatre festivals . Since 2001 to 2007 , he was the President of the National Commission of Yugoslavia , then Serbia , in UNESCO . He wrote the plays Room for four and House of Silence ( with Miroslav Belović ) , scripts for the Vladimir Slijepčević film Real state of situation , Ward , Where after the rain ( shown in Venice , Moscow and Pula ) , radio plays Windy Roads ( in German language , Radio Hamburg ) , Mechanical secretary and others . Adapted for the stage of The Damned Yard by Ivo Andrić , and together with Belović Discovery , by Dobrica Ćosić . He was the author of novels , several collections of poems , theatrological essays , books of memories , an anthology of plays ( Serbian contemporary drama in English , British and American contemporary drama , The shortest plays in the world , etc... ) and vocabularies . He had translated plays by Christopher Fry , Bertolt Brecht , Jean Genet , Stoppard , Sam Shepard , David Mamet , Marber and the musical Hair . Writer of columns in NIN magazine , ( named Word of the week , since 1986 to this day ) , two columns a week in the Blic newspaper , ( named Pozorištarije and With hands in pockets ) and theater news in the Ludus theatre newspapers . As a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia , he was the first person who publicly called for decriminalisation of male same-sex relations ( sodomy laws ) in the 1980s . He spoke German , English , French , Spanish , Italian , Serbian and studied Chinese . Death . He died in Belgrade after a short illness on 16 November 2014 . He is interred in the Alley of Distinguished Citizens in the Belgrade New Cemetery . Works . Published books . - Путовање по граматици , The journey for grammar , poems , 1972 . - Неко време у Салцбургу , Some time in Salzburg , a novel , 1980 . - Узалудна путовања , песме , Trip in vain , songs , 1989 . - Реч недеље , Word of the Week , a collection of articles ( columns ) , 1997 . and 2006 . - Пре и после гнева , Before and after anger , зборник савремене британске драме , repertory of modern British drama , 2001 . - Пре и после Косе , Before and after Kosa , зборник савремене америчке драме , repertory of modern American drama , 2002 . - Сви моји савременици I-II , All of my contemporaries , collection of short biographies , 2010/11 . - Мајке познатих , Mothers of the famous , collection of short biographies , 2011 . Theatrical works . - Путовање по позоришту , Travels in Theatre , 1988 . - Драмски писци моји савременици , Dramatic writers my contemporaries , 1989 . - Позориштарије , Pozorištarije , 1998 . - Дневници , Diaries , 1999 . Dramas , plays and scripts . - Room for four , play ( with Miroslav Belović ) - House of Silence , play ( with Miroslav Belović ) - Real state of situation , scripts for the Vladimir Slijepčević film - Ward , script - Where after the rain , script ( shown in Venice , Moscow and Pula ) - Windy Roads ( in German language , Radio Hamburg ) , radio play - Mechanical secretary , radio play - The Damned Yard by Ivo Andrić , adapted for the stage - Discovery , by Dobrica Ćosić , together with Belović , adapted for the stage Dictionaries . - Речник нових речи , Dictionary of new words , 1982 . - Речник песничких слика , Dictionary of poetic images , 1985 . - Нови речник нових речи , New Dictionary of new words , 1991 . - Српско-хрватски речник варијаната ( иначица ) , Serbo-Croatian Dictionary of variants ( inacica ) , 1989 . And 1994 . Anthologies . - Najkraće drame na svetu ( The shortest plays in the World , short dramas , KOV , Vršac , 1999 ) - Kratke kraće i najkraće drame na svetu ( Short , shorter and shortest plays in the world , short dramas , KOV , Vršac , 2008 ) Awards . - Two Sterija Awards , awarded by Sterijino pozorje , for newspaper theater critics and for special merits in the promotion of theater arts . - The Statuette of Joakim Vujić , awarded by Knjaževsko-srpski teatar in Kragujevac ( 1990 ) - Foundation Braća Karić Award , for journalism - October Award of Belgrade , for lifetime achievement - Order of Knight of Art and Literature , awarded by France , 1992 - Sretenje Order , awarded by Serbia , 2012 External links . - Jovan Čirilov page at UNESCO |
[
""
] | easy | Who was the head of Chemnitz from 1961 to 1990? | /wiki/Chemnitz#P6#0 | Chemnitz Chemnitz ( , from 1953 to 1990 : Karl-Marx-Stadt , ; Czech : Saská Kamenice ) is the third largest city in the German federal state of Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden . It is the 28th largest city of Germany as well as the fourth largest city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin , Leipzig and Dresden . The city is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region , and lies in the middle of a string of cities sitting in the densely populated northern foreland of the Elster and Ore Mountains , stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau , Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast . Located in the Ore Mountain Basin , the city is surrounded by the Ore Mountains to the south and the Central Saxon Hill Country to the north . The city stands on the Chemnitz River ( progression : ) , which is formed through the confluence of the rivers Zwönitz and Würschnitz in the borough of Altchemnitz . The name of the city as well as the names of the rivers are of Slavic origin . Chemnitz is the third largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig and Dresden . The citys economy is based on the service sector and manufacturing industry . Chemnitz University of Technology has around 10,000 students . Chemnitz will be the European Capital of Culture of 2025 . Etymology . Chemnitz is named after the river Chemnitz , a small tributary of the Zwickau Mulde . The word Chemnitz is from the Sorbian language ( ) , and means stony [ brook ] . The word is composed of the Slavic word meaning stone and the feminine suffix . It is known in Czech as and in Polish as . There are many other towns named Kamienica or Kamenice in areas with past or present Slavic settlement . History . An early Slavic tribes settlement was located at , and the first documented use of the name Chemnitz was the 1143 site of a Benedictine monastery around which a settlement grew . Around 1170 , Frederick I , Holy Roman Emperor granted it the rights of an imperial city . In 1307 , the town became subordinate to the Margraviate of Meissen , the predecessor of the Saxon state . In medieval times , Chemnitz became a centre of textile production and trade . More than one third of the population worked in textile production . Geologist Georgius Agricola ( 1494-1555 ) , author of several significant works on mining and metallurgy including the landmark treatise De Re Metallica , became city physician of Chemnitz in 1533 and lived here until his death in 1555 . In 1546 he was elected a Burgher of Chemnitz and in the same year also was appointed Burgomaster ( lord mayor ) , serving again in 1547 , 1551 , and 1553 . In spite of having been a leading citizen of the city , when Agricola died in 1555 the Protestant Duke denied him burial in the citys cathedral due to Agricolas allegiance to his Roman Catholic faith . Agricolas friends arranged for his remains to be buried in more sympathetic Zeitz , approximately 50 km away . By the early 19th century , Chemnitz had become an industrial centre ( sometimes called the Saxon Manchester , , ) . In 1913 , Chemnitz had a population of 320,000 and , like Leipzig and Dresden , was larger at that time than today . After losing inhabitants due to the First World War Chemnitz grew rapidly again and reached its all-time peak of 360,250 inhabitants in 1930 . Thereafter , growth was stalled by the world economic crisis . Weimar Republic . As a working-class industrial city , it was a powerful center of socialist political organization after World War I . At the foundation of the German Communist Party the local Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany voted by 1,000 votes to three to break from the party and join the Communist Party behind their local leaders , Fritz Heckert and Heinrich Brandler . In March 1919 the German Communist Party had over 10,000 members in the city of Chemnitz . World War II . Allied bombing destroyed 41 per cent of the built-up area of Chemnitz during the Second World War . Chemnitz contained factories that produced military hardware and a Flossenbürg forced labor subcamp ( 500 female inmates ) for Astra-Werke AG . The oil refinery was a target for bombers during the Oil Campaign of World War II , and Operation Thunderclap attacks included the following raids : - 14/15 February 1945 : The first major raid on Chemnitz used 717 RAF bombers , but due to cloud cover most bombs fell over open countryside . - 2/3–5 March : USAAF bombers attacked the marshalling yards . - 5 March : 760 RAF bombers attacked . The headquarters of the auto manufacturer Auto Union were also based in Chemnitz since 1932 and its buildings were also badly damaged . At the end of the war , the companys executives fled and relocated the company in Ingolstadt , Bavaria , where it evolved into Audi , now a brand within the Volkswagen group . The World War II bombings left most of the city in ruins and post-war , the East German reconstruction included large low rise ( and later high-rise ) housing . Some tourist sites were reconstructed during the East German era and after German reunification . The city was occupied by Soviet troops on 8 May 1945 . GDR . After the dissolution of the Länder ( states ) in the GDR in 1952 , Chemnitz became seat of a district ( ) . On 10 May 1953 , the city was renamed by decision of the East German government to after Karl Marx , in recognition of its industrial heritage and the Karl Marx Year marking the 135th anniversary of his birth and the 70th anniversary of his death . GDR Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl said : After the city centre was destroyed in World War II , the East German authorities attempted to rebuild it to symbolise the conceptions of urban development of a socialist city . The layout of the city centre at that time was rejected in favour of a new road network . However , the original plans were not completed . In addition , the rapid development of housing took priority over the preservation of old buildings . So in the 1960s and 1970s , both in the centre as well as the periphery , large areas were built in apartment-block style , for example . The old buildings of the period , which still existed in the Kassberg , and especially , were neglected and fell increasingly into dereliction . After reunification . On 23 April 1990 , a referendum on the future name of the city was held : 76% of the voters voted for the old name . On 1 June 1990 , the city was officially renamed . After the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 , the city of Chemnitz faced several difficult tasks . Many inhabitants migrated to the former West Germany and unemployment in the region increased sharply ; in addition Chemnitz did not have adequate shopping facilities , but this was increasingly demanded . Large shopping centers were constructed on the city periphery to the early 1990s . Chemnitz is the only major German city whose centre was re-planned after 1990 , similar to the reconstruction of several other German cities in the immediate post-war years . Plans for the recovery of a compressed city centre around the historic town hall in 1991 led to an urban design competition . This was announced internationally by the city and carried out with the help of the partner city of . The mooted project on an essentially unused area of the former city would be comparable in circumference with the in Berlin . Numerous internationally renowned architects such as , and provided designs for a new city centre . The mid-1990s began the development of the inner city brownfields around the town hall to a new town . In Chemnitz city more than 66,000 square meters of retail space have emerged . With the construction of office and commercial building on the construction site B3 at the court , the last gap in 2010 was closed in city centre image . The intensive development included demolition of partially historically valuable buildings from the period and was controversial . Between 1990 and 2007 more than 250 buildings were leveled . In late August 2018 the city was the site of a series of protests that attracted at least 8,000 people . The protests were attended by far-right and Neo-Nazi groups . News outlets reported about mob violence and riots . The protests started after two immigrants from the Middle East were arrested in connection with the murder of Daniel H. , a 35 year old German man , the son of a German mother and a Cuban father , which had happened on 26 August . Violent clashes occurred between far-right protesters and far-left counter protesters , leading to injuries . The mobs outnumbered the local police presence . There were reports that rightist protesters chased down dark skinned bystanders and those that appeared to be foreigners on the streets before more police arrived and intervened . The riots were widely condemned by media outlets and politicians throughout Germany , and were described as reminiscent of civil war and Nazi pogroms . The reports of mob violence and riots were criticized as incorrect later on . The German language Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung corrected its earlier reports , stating that there had evidently been no mob violence but there have been sporadic encroachments . Minister President of Saxony Michael Kretschmer came to the same conclusion : there were no mobs and man hunts . One week after the protests , a free Concert against the Right under the motto We are more ( #wirsindmehr ) attracted an audience of some 65,000 people . A one-minute silence commemorated the murdered Daniel H. , the son of a German mother and a Cuban father . The concert itself has been criticized for far-left activities and violent song texts of some of the participating bands . Culture and sights . The city won the bid to be one of the two European Capitals of Culture ( in 2025 ) on the 28th October 2020 , beating Hannover , Hildesheim , Magdeburg and Nuremberg . Theater Chemnitz offers a variety of theatre : opera , plays , ballet and ( puppets ) , and runs concerts by the orchestra Robert-Schumann-Philharmonie . Tourist sights include the Kassberg neighborhood with 18th and 19th century buildings and the Karl Marx Monument by Lev Kerbel , nicknamed ( a Saxon dialect word for head ) by the locals . Landmarks include the Old Town Hall with its Renaissance portal ( 15th century ) , the castle on the site of the former monastery , and the area around the opera house and the old university . The most conspicuous landmark is the red tower built in the late 12th or early 13th century as part of the city wall . The Chemnitz petrified forest is located in the courtyard of Kulturkaufhaus Tietz . It is one of the very few in existence , and dates back several million years . Also within the city limits , in the district of Rabenstein , is the smallest castle in Saxony , Rabenstein Castle . The city has changed considerably since German reunification . Most of its industry is now gone and the core of the city has been rebuilt with many shops as well as huge shopping centres . Many of these shops are international brands , including Zara , H&M , Esprit , , Leiser Shoes , and Peek & Cloppenburg . The large ( Red Tower ) shopping centre is very popular with young people . The Chemnitz Industrial Museum is an Anchor Point of ERIH , the European Route of Industrial Heritage . The State Museum of Archaeology Chemnitz opened in 2014 and is located in the former Schocken Department Stores . The , formerly a bank , opened on 1 December 2007 . , who lived in Munich , had a collection of some 2,500 pieces of modern art , including many paintings and drawings by , and others . The is a municipal botanical garden , and the is a non-profit garden specializing in arctic and alpine plants . Administrative divisions . The city of Chemnitz consists of 39 neighborhoods . The neighborhoods of Einsiedel , Euba , Grüna , Klaffenbach , Kleinolbersdorf-Altenhain , Mittelbach , Röhrsdorf and Wittgensdorf are at the same time localities within the meaning of Sections 65 to 68 of the Saxon Municipal Code . These neighborhoods came in the wake of the last incorporation wave after 1990 as formerly independent municipalities to the city of Chemnitz and therefore enjoy this special position compared to the other parts of the city . These localities each have a local council , which , depending on the number of inhabitants of the locality concerned , comprises between ten and sixteen members as well as a chairman of the same . The local councils are to hear important matters concerning the locality . A final decision is , however , incumbent on the city council of the city of Chemnitz . The official identification of the districts by numbers is based on the following principle : Starting from the city center ( neighborhoods Zentrum and Schloßchemnitz ) , all other parts of the city are assigned clockwise in ascending order the tenth place of their index , the one-digit is awarded in the direction of city periphery in ascending order . The city area does not include a unified , closed settlement area after numerous incorporations . The rural settlements of mainly eastern districts are separated from the settlement area of the Chemnitz city center , whereas this partly continues over the western city limits to Limbach-Oberfrohna and Hohenstein-Ernstthal . Politics . The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Dieter Noll of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) , who served from 1990 to 1991 , followed by Joachim Pilz ( CDU ) until 1993 . The mayor was originally chosen by the city council , but since 1994 has been directly elected . Peter Seifert of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) served from 1993 until 2006 . Since 2006 , Barbara Ludwig ( SPD ) has served as mayor . The most recent mayoral election was held on 16 June 2013 , with a runoff held on 30 June , and the results were as follows : ! colspan=2| Candidate ! Party ! First round ! Second round ! Votes ! Votes ! Valid votes ! 81,670 ! 99.2 ! 63,524 ! 98.8 ! Invalid votes ! 695 ! 0.8 ! 775 ! 1.2 ! Total ! 82,365 ! 100.0 ! 64,299 ! 100.0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 201,481 ! 40.9 ! 202,485 ! 31.8 The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019 , and the results were as follows : ! Party ! Votes ! +/- ! Seats ! Valid votes ! 118,548 ! 98.5 ! Invalid votes ! 1,837 ! 1.5 ! Total ! 120,385 ! 100.0 ! 60 ! ±0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 196,515 ! 61.3 ! 17.2 Urban renewal . Heavy destruction in World War II as well as post-war demolition to erect a truly socialist city centre left the city with a vast open space around its town hall where once a vibrant city heart had been . Because of massive investment in out-of-town shopping right after reunification , it was not until 1999 that major building activity was started in the centre . Comparable to in Berlin , a whole new quarter of the city was constructed in recent years . New buildings include the department store by , with a façade by and Peek & Cloppenburg clothing store by and Partner . Economy . Chemnitz is the largest city of the urban area and is one of the most important economic areas of Germanys new federal states . Chemnitz had a GDP of €8.456 billion in 2016 , with GDP per capita at €34,166 . Since about 2000 , the citys economy has recorded high annual GDP growth rates ; Chemnitz is among the top ten German cities in terms of growth rate . The local and regional economic structure is characterized by medium-sized companies , with the heavy industrial sectors of mechanical engineering , metal processing , and vehicle manufacturing as the most significant industries . About 100,000 people are employed , of whom about 46,000 commute from other municipalities . 16.3% of employees in Chemnitz have a university or college degree , twice the average rate in Germany . Demography . After German reunification Saxony faced a significant population decrease . Since 1988 Chemnitz has lost about 20 percent of its inhabitants . The city had a fertility rate of 1.64 in 2015 . Foreign population in Chemnitz by nationality as of 31 December 2019 : A large contributor to the citys foreign population is Chemnitz University of Technology . In 2017 , out of its 10,482 students , 2712 were foreign students , which equals to about 25% , making Chemnitz the most internationalised of the three major universities of Saxony . Languages . - Standard German - Chemnitz dialect , which is a variety of Upper Saxon German Transport . Roads . Chemnitz is linked to two motorways ( s ) , A4 and A72 . The motorway junction is situated in the northwestern area of the city . The motorway A72 between and Leipzig is still under construction . Within the administrative area of Chemnitz there are eight motorway exits ( ) . The A4 motorway is part of the European route E40 , one of the longest European E roads , connecting Chemnitz with the Asian Highway system to the east and France to the west . Public transport . Public transport within Chemnitz is provided with tram and bus , as well as by the . Nowadays , the city and its surroundings are served by one line , five lines of the Chemnitz tramway network , 27 city bus lines , as well as several regional bus lines . At night , the city is served by two bus lines , two tram lines , and the line . Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof is the main station for the city . No long-distance intercity services have been operated by Deutsche Bahn to or from Chemnitz since 2006 . 2 RegionalExpress routes ( RE3 from Dresden Hbf via Chemnitz to Hof & RE6 to Leipzig Hbf ) operate longer distance journeys through the city . 4 RegionalBahn and 4 CityBahn routes also operate from the Hauptbahnhof . The length of the tram , and bus networks is , and respectively . In August 2012 , electro-diesel trams were ordered from , to support an expansion of the light rail network to , with new routes serving , and . Airports . Three airports are near Chemnitz , including the two international airports of Saxony in Dresden and Leipzig . Both Leipzig/Halle Airport and Dresden Airport are about from Chemnitz and offer numerous continental as well as intercontinental flights . Chemnitz also has a small commercial airport ( about south of the city . When its current upgrade is completed it will have an asphalt runway long and wide . Sports . - ( basketball , men ) - ( football ) - Chemnitzer PSV ( football , handball , volleyball } - Chemcats Chemnitz ( basketball , women ) - ( football ) - ( swimming ) - ( swimming ) - ( swimming , gymnastics , volleyball , skittles ) - ( ice hockey , skater hockey ) - ( tennis ) - Floor Fighters Chemnitz ( floorball ) - ( luge ) - ( figure skating , ice dancing , curling ) - Chemnitz Crusaders ( American football ) - Tower Rugby Chemnitz ( rugby ) - ( football ) - ( cricket ) Famous residents . - Paul Oswald Ahnert ( 1897–1989 ) , astronomer - Brigitte Ahrens ( born 1945 ) , pop singer - Olaf Altmann ( born 1960 ) , scenic designer - Mark Arndt ( born 1941 ) , Russian Orthodox Archbishop - Michael Ballack ( born 1976 ) , German footballer , former captain of Bayern Munich and Germany - Veronika Bellmann ( born 1960 ) , politician - Fritz Bennewitz ( 1926–1995 ) , theater director - Gerd Böckmann ( 1944 ) , television actor and director - Werner Bräunig ( 1934–1976 ) , writer - Hans Carl von Carlowitz ( 1645–1714 ) , forest scientist - Max Eckert-Greifendorff ( 1868–1938 ) , cartographer and professor - Gerson Goldhaber ( 1924–2010 ) , American nuclear and astrophysicist - Friedrich Goldmann ( 1941–2009 ) , composer and conductor - Johannes Hähle ( 1906–1944 ) , military photographer - Peter Härtling ( born 1933 ) , writer - Stephan Hermlin ( 1915–1997 ) , writer - Stefan Heym ( 1913–2001 ) , writer and member of the Bundestag of the PDS - John Kluge ( 1921–2010 ) , German-American billionaire and media mogul - Helga Lindner ( born 1951 ) , swimmer ; Olympic silver medalist - Max Littmann ( 1862–1931 ) , architect - Anja Mittag ( born 1985 ) , footballer , World Champion 2007 - Frederick and William , founders of the Diamant bicycle brand - Carsten Nicolai ( born 1965 ) , contemporary artist - Frei Otto ( 1925–2015 ) , architect , architectural theorist and professor of architecture , builder of the Munich Olympic Park - Sylke Otto ( born 1969 ) , luge - Siegfried Rapp ( 1917–1977 ) , one-armed German pianist - Frank Rost ( born 1973 ) , retired football goalkeeper - Daniel Rosenfield , AKA C418 ( born 1989 ) , Music producer and sound engineer for Minecraft and Stranger Things - Bruno Salzer ( 1859-1919 ) , one of Chemnitz leading entrepreneurs - Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy , ice figure skaters : World Champion 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 ; Olympic Bronze Medalist 2010 , 2014 - Kurt Wagner ( 1904-1989 ) , German general - Helmut Schelsky ( 1912–1984 ) , sociologist and university lecturer - Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( 1884–1976 ) , painter and graphic artist of expressionism - Matthias Schweighöfer ( born 1981 ) , actor and film director - Jörg Schüttauf ( born 1961 ) , actor - Matthias Steiner , ( born 1982 ) , German-Austrian weightlifter , Olympic Gold Medalist 2008 - Ingo Steuer ( born 1966 ) , figure skater - Hans-Günther Thalheim ( 1924-2018 ) , germanist and linguist - Siegfried Vogel ( born 1937 ) , operatic bass - Mandy Wötzel ( born 1973 ) , figure skater - Katarina Witt ( born 1965 ) , figure skater - Klaus Wunderlich ( 1931–1997 ) , organist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , Politician , member of the Bundestag Honorary citizens . - Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( 1884–1976 ) , German expressionist painter - Marianne Brandt , ( 1893–1983 ) , artist , designer - Stefan Heym ( 1913–2001 ) , German-Jewish writer - Valery Bykovsky ( 1934–2019 ) , Soviet cosmonaut - Sigmund Jähn ( 1937–2019 ) , first German astronaut ( Interkosmos flight of 26.8.1978 ) Twin towns – sister cities . Chemnitz is twinned with : - Tampere , Finland ( 1961 ) - Ljubljana , Slovenia ( 1966 ) - Arras , France ( 1967 ) - Timbuktu , Mali ( 1968 ) - Ústí nad Labem , Czech Republic ( 1970 ) - Łódź , Poland ( 1972 ) - Mulhouse , France ( 1981 ) - Manchester , England , UK ( 1983 ) - Volgograd , Russia ( 1988 ) - Düsseldorf , Germany ( 1988 ) - Akron , United States ( 1997 ) - Taiyuan , China ( 1999 ) |
[
"Dieter Noll"
] | easy | Who was the head of Chemnitz from 1990 to 1991? | /wiki/Chemnitz#P6#1 | Chemnitz Chemnitz ( , from 1953 to 1990 : Karl-Marx-Stadt , ; Czech : Saská Kamenice ) is the third largest city in the German federal state of Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden . It is the 28th largest city of Germany as well as the fourth largest city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin , Leipzig and Dresden . The city is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region , and lies in the middle of a string of cities sitting in the densely populated northern foreland of the Elster and Ore Mountains , stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau , Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast . Located in the Ore Mountain Basin , the city is surrounded by the Ore Mountains to the south and the Central Saxon Hill Country to the north . The city stands on the Chemnitz River ( progression : ) , which is formed through the confluence of the rivers Zwönitz and Würschnitz in the borough of Altchemnitz . The name of the city as well as the names of the rivers are of Slavic origin . Chemnitz is the third largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig and Dresden . The citys economy is based on the service sector and manufacturing industry . Chemnitz University of Technology has around 10,000 students . Chemnitz will be the European Capital of Culture of 2025 . Etymology . Chemnitz is named after the river Chemnitz , a small tributary of the Zwickau Mulde . The word Chemnitz is from the Sorbian language ( ) , and means stony [ brook ] . The word is composed of the Slavic word meaning stone and the feminine suffix . It is known in Czech as and in Polish as . There are many other towns named Kamienica or Kamenice in areas with past or present Slavic settlement . History . An early Slavic tribes settlement was located at , and the first documented use of the name Chemnitz was the 1143 site of a Benedictine monastery around which a settlement grew . Around 1170 , Frederick I , Holy Roman Emperor granted it the rights of an imperial city . In 1307 , the town became subordinate to the Margraviate of Meissen , the predecessor of the Saxon state . In medieval times , Chemnitz became a centre of textile production and trade . More than one third of the population worked in textile production . Geologist Georgius Agricola ( 1494-1555 ) , author of several significant works on mining and metallurgy including the landmark treatise De Re Metallica , became city physician of Chemnitz in 1533 and lived here until his death in 1555 . In 1546 he was elected a Burgher of Chemnitz and in the same year also was appointed Burgomaster ( lord mayor ) , serving again in 1547 , 1551 , and 1553 . In spite of having been a leading citizen of the city , when Agricola died in 1555 the Protestant Duke denied him burial in the citys cathedral due to Agricolas allegiance to his Roman Catholic faith . Agricolas friends arranged for his remains to be buried in more sympathetic Zeitz , approximately 50 km away . By the early 19th century , Chemnitz had become an industrial centre ( sometimes called the Saxon Manchester , , ) . In 1913 , Chemnitz had a population of 320,000 and , like Leipzig and Dresden , was larger at that time than today . After losing inhabitants due to the First World War Chemnitz grew rapidly again and reached its all-time peak of 360,250 inhabitants in 1930 . Thereafter , growth was stalled by the world economic crisis . Weimar Republic . As a working-class industrial city , it was a powerful center of socialist political organization after World War I . At the foundation of the German Communist Party the local Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany voted by 1,000 votes to three to break from the party and join the Communist Party behind their local leaders , Fritz Heckert and Heinrich Brandler . In March 1919 the German Communist Party had over 10,000 members in the city of Chemnitz . World War II . Allied bombing destroyed 41 per cent of the built-up area of Chemnitz during the Second World War . Chemnitz contained factories that produced military hardware and a Flossenbürg forced labor subcamp ( 500 female inmates ) for Astra-Werke AG . The oil refinery was a target for bombers during the Oil Campaign of World War II , and Operation Thunderclap attacks included the following raids : - 14/15 February 1945 : The first major raid on Chemnitz used 717 RAF bombers , but due to cloud cover most bombs fell over open countryside . - 2/3–5 March : USAAF bombers attacked the marshalling yards . - 5 March : 760 RAF bombers attacked . The headquarters of the auto manufacturer Auto Union were also based in Chemnitz since 1932 and its buildings were also badly damaged . At the end of the war , the companys executives fled and relocated the company in Ingolstadt , Bavaria , where it evolved into Audi , now a brand within the Volkswagen group . The World War II bombings left most of the city in ruins and post-war , the East German reconstruction included large low rise ( and later high-rise ) housing . Some tourist sites were reconstructed during the East German era and after German reunification . The city was occupied by Soviet troops on 8 May 1945 . GDR . After the dissolution of the Länder ( states ) in the GDR in 1952 , Chemnitz became seat of a district ( ) . On 10 May 1953 , the city was renamed by decision of the East German government to after Karl Marx , in recognition of its industrial heritage and the Karl Marx Year marking the 135th anniversary of his birth and the 70th anniversary of his death . GDR Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl said : After the city centre was destroyed in World War II , the East German authorities attempted to rebuild it to symbolise the conceptions of urban development of a socialist city . The layout of the city centre at that time was rejected in favour of a new road network . However , the original plans were not completed . In addition , the rapid development of housing took priority over the preservation of old buildings . So in the 1960s and 1970s , both in the centre as well as the periphery , large areas were built in apartment-block style , for example . The old buildings of the period , which still existed in the Kassberg , and especially , were neglected and fell increasingly into dereliction . After reunification . On 23 April 1990 , a referendum on the future name of the city was held : 76% of the voters voted for the old name . On 1 June 1990 , the city was officially renamed . After the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 , the city of Chemnitz faced several difficult tasks . Many inhabitants migrated to the former West Germany and unemployment in the region increased sharply ; in addition Chemnitz did not have adequate shopping facilities , but this was increasingly demanded . Large shopping centers were constructed on the city periphery to the early 1990s . Chemnitz is the only major German city whose centre was re-planned after 1990 , similar to the reconstruction of several other German cities in the immediate post-war years . Plans for the recovery of a compressed city centre around the historic town hall in 1991 led to an urban design competition . This was announced internationally by the city and carried out with the help of the partner city of . The mooted project on an essentially unused area of the former city would be comparable in circumference with the in Berlin . Numerous internationally renowned architects such as , and provided designs for a new city centre . The mid-1990s began the development of the inner city brownfields around the town hall to a new town . In Chemnitz city more than 66,000 square meters of retail space have emerged . With the construction of office and commercial building on the construction site B3 at the court , the last gap in 2010 was closed in city centre image . The intensive development included demolition of partially historically valuable buildings from the period and was controversial . Between 1990 and 2007 more than 250 buildings were leveled . In late August 2018 the city was the site of a series of protests that attracted at least 8,000 people . The protests were attended by far-right and Neo-Nazi groups . News outlets reported about mob violence and riots . The protests started after two immigrants from the Middle East were arrested in connection with the murder of Daniel H. , a 35 year old German man , the son of a German mother and a Cuban father , which had happened on 26 August . Violent clashes occurred between far-right protesters and far-left counter protesters , leading to injuries . The mobs outnumbered the local police presence . There were reports that rightist protesters chased down dark skinned bystanders and those that appeared to be foreigners on the streets before more police arrived and intervened . The riots were widely condemned by media outlets and politicians throughout Germany , and were described as reminiscent of civil war and Nazi pogroms . The reports of mob violence and riots were criticized as incorrect later on . The German language Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung corrected its earlier reports , stating that there had evidently been no mob violence but there have been sporadic encroachments . Minister President of Saxony Michael Kretschmer came to the same conclusion : there were no mobs and man hunts . One week after the protests , a free Concert against the Right under the motto We are more ( #wirsindmehr ) attracted an audience of some 65,000 people . A one-minute silence commemorated the murdered Daniel H. , the son of a German mother and a Cuban father . The concert itself has been criticized for far-left activities and violent song texts of some of the participating bands . Culture and sights . The city won the bid to be one of the two European Capitals of Culture ( in 2025 ) on the 28th October 2020 , beating Hannover , Hildesheim , Magdeburg and Nuremberg . Theater Chemnitz offers a variety of theatre : opera , plays , ballet and ( puppets ) , and runs concerts by the orchestra Robert-Schumann-Philharmonie . Tourist sights include the Kassberg neighborhood with 18th and 19th century buildings and the Karl Marx Monument by Lev Kerbel , nicknamed ( a Saxon dialect word for head ) by the locals . Landmarks include the Old Town Hall with its Renaissance portal ( 15th century ) , the castle on the site of the former monastery , and the area around the opera house and the old university . The most conspicuous landmark is the red tower built in the late 12th or early 13th century as part of the city wall . The Chemnitz petrified forest is located in the courtyard of Kulturkaufhaus Tietz . It is one of the very few in existence , and dates back several million years . Also within the city limits , in the district of Rabenstein , is the smallest castle in Saxony , Rabenstein Castle . The city has changed considerably since German reunification . Most of its industry is now gone and the core of the city has been rebuilt with many shops as well as huge shopping centres . Many of these shops are international brands , including Zara , H&M , Esprit , , Leiser Shoes , and Peek & Cloppenburg . The large ( Red Tower ) shopping centre is very popular with young people . The Chemnitz Industrial Museum is an Anchor Point of ERIH , the European Route of Industrial Heritage . The State Museum of Archaeology Chemnitz opened in 2014 and is located in the former Schocken Department Stores . The , formerly a bank , opened on 1 December 2007 . , who lived in Munich , had a collection of some 2,500 pieces of modern art , including many paintings and drawings by , and others . The is a municipal botanical garden , and the is a non-profit garden specializing in arctic and alpine plants . Administrative divisions . The city of Chemnitz consists of 39 neighborhoods . The neighborhoods of Einsiedel , Euba , Grüna , Klaffenbach , Kleinolbersdorf-Altenhain , Mittelbach , Röhrsdorf and Wittgensdorf are at the same time localities within the meaning of Sections 65 to 68 of the Saxon Municipal Code . These neighborhoods came in the wake of the last incorporation wave after 1990 as formerly independent municipalities to the city of Chemnitz and therefore enjoy this special position compared to the other parts of the city . These localities each have a local council , which , depending on the number of inhabitants of the locality concerned , comprises between ten and sixteen members as well as a chairman of the same . The local councils are to hear important matters concerning the locality . A final decision is , however , incumbent on the city council of the city of Chemnitz . The official identification of the districts by numbers is based on the following principle : Starting from the city center ( neighborhoods Zentrum and Schloßchemnitz ) , all other parts of the city are assigned clockwise in ascending order the tenth place of their index , the one-digit is awarded in the direction of city periphery in ascending order . The city area does not include a unified , closed settlement area after numerous incorporations . The rural settlements of mainly eastern districts are separated from the settlement area of the Chemnitz city center , whereas this partly continues over the western city limits to Limbach-Oberfrohna and Hohenstein-Ernstthal . Politics . The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Dieter Noll of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) , who served from 1990 to 1991 , followed by Joachim Pilz ( CDU ) until 1993 . The mayor was originally chosen by the city council , but since 1994 has been directly elected . Peter Seifert of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) served from 1993 until 2006 . Since 2006 , Barbara Ludwig ( SPD ) has served as mayor . The most recent mayoral election was held on 16 June 2013 , with a runoff held on 30 June , and the results were as follows : ! colspan=2| Candidate ! Party ! First round ! Second round ! Votes ! Votes ! Valid votes ! 81,670 ! 99.2 ! 63,524 ! 98.8 ! Invalid votes ! 695 ! 0.8 ! 775 ! 1.2 ! Total ! 82,365 ! 100.0 ! 64,299 ! 100.0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 201,481 ! 40.9 ! 202,485 ! 31.8 The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019 , and the results were as follows : ! Party ! Votes ! +/- ! Seats ! Valid votes ! 118,548 ! 98.5 ! Invalid votes ! 1,837 ! 1.5 ! Total ! 120,385 ! 100.0 ! 60 ! ±0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 196,515 ! 61.3 ! 17.2 Urban renewal . Heavy destruction in World War II as well as post-war demolition to erect a truly socialist city centre left the city with a vast open space around its town hall where once a vibrant city heart had been . Because of massive investment in out-of-town shopping right after reunification , it was not until 1999 that major building activity was started in the centre . Comparable to in Berlin , a whole new quarter of the city was constructed in recent years . New buildings include the department store by , with a façade by and Peek & Cloppenburg clothing store by and Partner . Economy . Chemnitz is the largest city of the urban area and is one of the most important economic areas of Germanys new federal states . Chemnitz had a GDP of €8.456 billion in 2016 , with GDP per capita at €34,166 . Since about 2000 , the citys economy has recorded high annual GDP growth rates ; Chemnitz is among the top ten German cities in terms of growth rate . The local and regional economic structure is characterized by medium-sized companies , with the heavy industrial sectors of mechanical engineering , metal processing , and vehicle manufacturing as the most significant industries . About 100,000 people are employed , of whom about 46,000 commute from other municipalities . 16.3% of employees in Chemnitz have a university or college degree , twice the average rate in Germany . Demography . After German reunification Saxony faced a significant population decrease . Since 1988 Chemnitz has lost about 20 percent of its inhabitants . The city had a fertility rate of 1.64 in 2015 . Foreign population in Chemnitz by nationality as of 31 December 2019 : A large contributor to the citys foreign population is Chemnitz University of Technology . In 2017 , out of its 10,482 students , 2712 were foreign students , which equals to about 25% , making Chemnitz the most internationalised of the three major universities of Saxony . Languages . - Standard German - Chemnitz dialect , which is a variety of Upper Saxon German Transport . Roads . Chemnitz is linked to two motorways ( s ) , A4 and A72 . The motorway junction is situated in the northwestern area of the city . The motorway A72 between and Leipzig is still under construction . Within the administrative area of Chemnitz there are eight motorway exits ( ) . The A4 motorway is part of the European route E40 , one of the longest European E roads , connecting Chemnitz with the Asian Highway system to the east and France to the west . Public transport . Public transport within Chemnitz is provided with tram and bus , as well as by the . Nowadays , the city and its surroundings are served by one line , five lines of the Chemnitz tramway network , 27 city bus lines , as well as several regional bus lines . At night , the city is served by two bus lines , two tram lines , and the line . Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof is the main station for the city . No long-distance intercity services have been operated by Deutsche Bahn to or from Chemnitz since 2006 . 2 RegionalExpress routes ( RE3 from Dresden Hbf via Chemnitz to Hof & RE6 to Leipzig Hbf ) operate longer distance journeys through the city . 4 RegionalBahn and 4 CityBahn routes also operate from the Hauptbahnhof . The length of the tram , and bus networks is , and respectively . In August 2012 , electro-diesel trams were ordered from , to support an expansion of the light rail network to , with new routes serving , and . Airports . Three airports are near Chemnitz , including the two international airports of Saxony in Dresden and Leipzig . Both Leipzig/Halle Airport and Dresden Airport are about from Chemnitz and offer numerous continental as well as intercontinental flights . Chemnitz also has a small commercial airport ( about south of the city . When its current upgrade is completed it will have an asphalt runway long and wide . Sports . - ( basketball , men ) - ( football ) - Chemnitzer PSV ( football , handball , volleyball } - Chemcats Chemnitz ( basketball , women ) - ( football ) - ( swimming ) - ( swimming ) - ( swimming , gymnastics , volleyball , skittles ) - ( ice hockey , skater hockey ) - ( tennis ) - Floor Fighters Chemnitz ( floorball ) - ( luge ) - ( figure skating , ice dancing , curling ) - Chemnitz Crusaders ( American football ) - Tower Rugby Chemnitz ( rugby ) - ( football ) - ( cricket ) Famous residents . - Paul Oswald Ahnert ( 1897–1989 ) , astronomer - Brigitte Ahrens ( born 1945 ) , pop singer - Olaf Altmann ( born 1960 ) , scenic designer - Mark Arndt ( born 1941 ) , Russian Orthodox Archbishop - Michael Ballack ( born 1976 ) , German footballer , former captain of Bayern Munich and Germany - Veronika Bellmann ( born 1960 ) , politician - Fritz Bennewitz ( 1926–1995 ) , theater director - Gerd Böckmann ( 1944 ) , television actor and director - Werner Bräunig ( 1934–1976 ) , writer - Hans Carl von Carlowitz ( 1645–1714 ) , forest scientist - Max Eckert-Greifendorff ( 1868–1938 ) , cartographer and professor - Gerson Goldhaber ( 1924–2010 ) , American nuclear and astrophysicist - Friedrich Goldmann ( 1941–2009 ) , composer and conductor - Johannes Hähle ( 1906–1944 ) , military photographer - Peter Härtling ( born 1933 ) , writer - Stephan Hermlin ( 1915–1997 ) , writer - Stefan Heym ( 1913–2001 ) , writer and member of the Bundestag of the PDS - John Kluge ( 1921–2010 ) , German-American billionaire and media mogul - Helga Lindner ( born 1951 ) , swimmer ; Olympic silver medalist - Max Littmann ( 1862–1931 ) , architect - Anja Mittag ( born 1985 ) , footballer , World Champion 2007 - Frederick and William , founders of the Diamant bicycle brand - Carsten Nicolai ( born 1965 ) , contemporary artist - Frei Otto ( 1925–2015 ) , architect , architectural theorist and professor of architecture , builder of the Munich Olympic Park - Sylke Otto ( born 1969 ) , luge - Siegfried Rapp ( 1917–1977 ) , one-armed German pianist - Frank Rost ( born 1973 ) , retired football goalkeeper - Daniel Rosenfield , AKA C418 ( born 1989 ) , Music producer and sound engineer for Minecraft and Stranger Things - Bruno Salzer ( 1859-1919 ) , one of Chemnitz leading entrepreneurs - Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy , ice figure skaters : World Champion 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 ; Olympic Bronze Medalist 2010 , 2014 - Kurt Wagner ( 1904-1989 ) , German general - Helmut Schelsky ( 1912–1984 ) , sociologist and university lecturer - Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( 1884–1976 ) , painter and graphic artist of expressionism - Matthias Schweighöfer ( born 1981 ) , actor and film director - Jörg Schüttauf ( born 1961 ) , actor - Matthias Steiner , ( born 1982 ) , German-Austrian weightlifter , Olympic Gold Medalist 2008 - Ingo Steuer ( born 1966 ) , figure skater - Hans-Günther Thalheim ( 1924-2018 ) , germanist and linguist - Siegfried Vogel ( born 1937 ) , operatic bass - Mandy Wötzel ( born 1973 ) , figure skater - Katarina Witt ( born 1965 ) , figure skater - Klaus Wunderlich ( 1931–1997 ) , organist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , Politician , member of the Bundestag Honorary citizens . - Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( 1884–1976 ) , German expressionist painter - Marianne Brandt , ( 1893–1983 ) , artist , designer - Stefan Heym ( 1913–2001 ) , German-Jewish writer - Valery Bykovsky ( 1934–2019 ) , Soviet cosmonaut - Sigmund Jähn ( 1937–2019 ) , first German astronaut ( Interkosmos flight of 26.8.1978 ) Twin towns – sister cities . Chemnitz is twinned with : - Tampere , Finland ( 1961 ) - Ljubljana , Slovenia ( 1966 ) - Arras , France ( 1967 ) - Timbuktu , Mali ( 1968 ) - Ústí nad Labem , Czech Republic ( 1970 ) - Łódź , Poland ( 1972 ) - Mulhouse , France ( 1981 ) - Manchester , England , UK ( 1983 ) - Volgograd , Russia ( 1988 ) - Düsseldorf , Germany ( 1988 ) - Akron , United States ( 1997 ) - Taiyuan , China ( 1999 ) |
[
"Joachim Pilz"
] | easy | Who was the chair of Chemnitz from 1991 to 1993? | /wiki/Chemnitz#P6#2 | Chemnitz Chemnitz ( , from 1953 to 1990 : Karl-Marx-Stadt , ; Czech : Saská Kamenice ) is the third largest city in the German federal state of Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden . It is the 28th largest city of Germany as well as the fourth largest city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin , Leipzig and Dresden . The city is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region , and lies in the middle of a string of cities sitting in the densely populated northern foreland of the Elster and Ore Mountains , stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau , Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast . Located in the Ore Mountain Basin , the city is surrounded by the Ore Mountains to the south and the Central Saxon Hill Country to the north . The city stands on the Chemnitz River ( progression : ) , which is formed through the confluence of the rivers Zwönitz and Würschnitz in the borough of Altchemnitz . The name of the city as well as the names of the rivers are of Slavic origin . Chemnitz is the third largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig and Dresden . The citys economy is based on the service sector and manufacturing industry . Chemnitz University of Technology has around 10,000 students . Chemnitz will be the European Capital of Culture of 2025 . Etymology . Chemnitz is named after the river Chemnitz , a small tributary of the Zwickau Mulde . The word Chemnitz is from the Sorbian language ( ) , and means stony [ brook ] . The word is composed of the Slavic word meaning stone and the feminine suffix . It is known in Czech as and in Polish as . There are many other towns named Kamienica or Kamenice in areas with past or present Slavic settlement . History . An early Slavic tribes settlement was located at , and the first documented use of the name Chemnitz was the 1143 site of a Benedictine monastery around which a settlement grew . Around 1170 , Frederick I , Holy Roman Emperor granted it the rights of an imperial city . In 1307 , the town became subordinate to the Margraviate of Meissen , the predecessor of the Saxon state . In medieval times , Chemnitz became a centre of textile production and trade . More than one third of the population worked in textile production . Geologist Georgius Agricola ( 1494-1555 ) , author of several significant works on mining and metallurgy including the landmark treatise De Re Metallica , became city physician of Chemnitz in 1533 and lived here until his death in 1555 . In 1546 he was elected a Burgher of Chemnitz and in the same year also was appointed Burgomaster ( lord mayor ) , serving again in 1547 , 1551 , and 1553 . In spite of having been a leading citizen of the city , when Agricola died in 1555 the Protestant Duke denied him burial in the citys cathedral due to Agricolas allegiance to his Roman Catholic faith . Agricolas friends arranged for his remains to be buried in more sympathetic Zeitz , approximately 50 km away . By the early 19th century , Chemnitz had become an industrial centre ( sometimes called the Saxon Manchester , , ) . In 1913 , Chemnitz had a population of 320,000 and , like Leipzig and Dresden , was larger at that time than today . After losing inhabitants due to the First World War Chemnitz grew rapidly again and reached its all-time peak of 360,250 inhabitants in 1930 . Thereafter , growth was stalled by the world economic crisis . Weimar Republic . As a working-class industrial city , it was a powerful center of socialist political organization after World War I . At the foundation of the German Communist Party the local Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany voted by 1,000 votes to three to break from the party and join the Communist Party behind their local leaders , Fritz Heckert and Heinrich Brandler . In March 1919 the German Communist Party had over 10,000 members in the city of Chemnitz . World War II . Allied bombing destroyed 41 per cent of the built-up area of Chemnitz during the Second World War . Chemnitz contained factories that produced military hardware and a Flossenbürg forced labor subcamp ( 500 female inmates ) for Astra-Werke AG . The oil refinery was a target for bombers during the Oil Campaign of World War II , and Operation Thunderclap attacks included the following raids : - 14/15 February 1945 : The first major raid on Chemnitz used 717 RAF bombers , but due to cloud cover most bombs fell over open countryside . - 2/3–5 March : USAAF bombers attacked the marshalling yards . - 5 March : 760 RAF bombers attacked . The headquarters of the auto manufacturer Auto Union were also based in Chemnitz since 1932 and its buildings were also badly damaged . At the end of the war , the companys executives fled and relocated the company in Ingolstadt , Bavaria , where it evolved into Audi , now a brand within the Volkswagen group . The World War II bombings left most of the city in ruins and post-war , the East German reconstruction included large low rise ( and later high-rise ) housing . Some tourist sites were reconstructed during the East German era and after German reunification . The city was occupied by Soviet troops on 8 May 1945 . GDR . After the dissolution of the Länder ( states ) in the GDR in 1952 , Chemnitz became seat of a district ( ) . On 10 May 1953 , the city was renamed by decision of the East German government to after Karl Marx , in recognition of its industrial heritage and the Karl Marx Year marking the 135th anniversary of his birth and the 70th anniversary of his death . GDR Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl said : After the city centre was destroyed in World War II , the East German authorities attempted to rebuild it to symbolise the conceptions of urban development of a socialist city . The layout of the city centre at that time was rejected in favour of a new road network . However , the original plans were not completed . In addition , the rapid development of housing took priority over the preservation of old buildings . So in the 1960s and 1970s , both in the centre as well as the periphery , large areas were built in apartment-block style , for example . The old buildings of the period , which still existed in the Kassberg , and especially , were neglected and fell increasingly into dereliction . After reunification . On 23 April 1990 , a referendum on the future name of the city was held : 76% of the voters voted for the old name . On 1 June 1990 , the city was officially renamed . After the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 , the city of Chemnitz faced several difficult tasks . Many inhabitants migrated to the former West Germany and unemployment in the region increased sharply ; in addition Chemnitz did not have adequate shopping facilities , but this was increasingly demanded . Large shopping centers were constructed on the city periphery to the early 1990s . Chemnitz is the only major German city whose centre was re-planned after 1990 , similar to the reconstruction of several other German cities in the immediate post-war years . Plans for the recovery of a compressed city centre around the historic town hall in 1991 led to an urban design competition . This was announced internationally by the city and carried out with the help of the partner city of . The mooted project on an essentially unused area of the former city would be comparable in circumference with the in Berlin . Numerous internationally renowned architects such as , and provided designs for a new city centre . The mid-1990s began the development of the inner city brownfields around the town hall to a new town . In Chemnitz city more than 66,000 square meters of retail space have emerged . With the construction of office and commercial building on the construction site B3 at the court , the last gap in 2010 was closed in city centre image . The intensive development included demolition of partially historically valuable buildings from the period and was controversial . Between 1990 and 2007 more than 250 buildings were leveled . In late August 2018 the city was the site of a series of protests that attracted at least 8,000 people . The protests were attended by far-right and Neo-Nazi groups . News outlets reported about mob violence and riots . The protests started after two immigrants from the Middle East were arrested in connection with the murder of Daniel H. , a 35 year old German man , the son of a German mother and a Cuban father , which had happened on 26 August . Violent clashes occurred between far-right protesters and far-left counter protesters , leading to injuries . The mobs outnumbered the local police presence . There were reports that rightist protesters chased down dark skinned bystanders and those that appeared to be foreigners on the streets before more police arrived and intervened . The riots were widely condemned by media outlets and politicians throughout Germany , and were described as reminiscent of civil war and Nazi pogroms . The reports of mob violence and riots were criticized as incorrect later on . The German language Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung corrected its earlier reports , stating that there had evidently been no mob violence but there have been sporadic encroachments . Minister President of Saxony Michael Kretschmer came to the same conclusion : there were no mobs and man hunts . One week after the protests , a free Concert against the Right under the motto We are more ( #wirsindmehr ) attracted an audience of some 65,000 people . A one-minute silence commemorated the murdered Daniel H. , the son of a German mother and a Cuban father . The concert itself has been criticized for far-left activities and violent song texts of some of the participating bands . Culture and sights . The city won the bid to be one of the two European Capitals of Culture ( in 2025 ) on the 28th October 2020 , beating Hannover , Hildesheim , Magdeburg and Nuremberg . Theater Chemnitz offers a variety of theatre : opera , plays , ballet and ( puppets ) , and runs concerts by the orchestra Robert-Schumann-Philharmonie . Tourist sights include the Kassberg neighborhood with 18th and 19th century buildings and the Karl Marx Monument by Lev Kerbel , nicknamed ( a Saxon dialect word for head ) by the locals . Landmarks include the Old Town Hall with its Renaissance portal ( 15th century ) , the castle on the site of the former monastery , and the area around the opera house and the old university . The most conspicuous landmark is the red tower built in the late 12th or early 13th century as part of the city wall . The Chemnitz petrified forest is located in the courtyard of Kulturkaufhaus Tietz . It is one of the very few in existence , and dates back several million years . Also within the city limits , in the district of Rabenstein , is the smallest castle in Saxony , Rabenstein Castle . The city has changed considerably since German reunification . Most of its industry is now gone and the core of the city has been rebuilt with many shops as well as huge shopping centres . Many of these shops are international brands , including Zara , H&M , Esprit , , Leiser Shoes , and Peek & Cloppenburg . The large ( Red Tower ) shopping centre is very popular with young people . The Chemnitz Industrial Museum is an Anchor Point of ERIH , the European Route of Industrial Heritage . The State Museum of Archaeology Chemnitz opened in 2014 and is located in the former Schocken Department Stores . The , formerly a bank , opened on 1 December 2007 . , who lived in Munich , had a collection of some 2,500 pieces of modern art , including many paintings and drawings by , and others . The is a municipal botanical garden , and the is a non-profit garden specializing in arctic and alpine plants . Administrative divisions . The city of Chemnitz consists of 39 neighborhoods . The neighborhoods of Einsiedel , Euba , Grüna , Klaffenbach , Kleinolbersdorf-Altenhain , Mittelbach , Röhrsdorf and Wittgensdorf are at the same time localities within the meaning of Sections 65 to 68 of the Saxon Municipal Code . These neighborhoods came in the wake of the last incorporation wave after 1990 as formerly independent municipalities to the city of Chemnitz and therefore enjoy this special position compared to the other parts of the city . These localities each have a local council , which , depending on the number of inhabitants of the locality concerned , comprises between ten and sixteen members as well as a chairman of the same . The local councils are to hear important matters concerning the locality . A final decision is , however , incumbent on the city council of the city of Chemnitz . The official identification of the districts by numbers is based on the following principle : Starting from the city center ( neighborhoods Zentrum and Schloßchemnitz ) , all other parts of the city are assigned clockwise in ascending order the tenth place of their index , the one-digit is awarded in the direction of city periphery in ascending order . The city area does not include a unified , closed settlement area after numerous incorporations . The rural settlements of mainly eastern districts are separated from the settlement area of the Chemnitz city center , whereas this partly continues over the western city limits to Limbach-Oberfrohna and Hohenstein-Ernstthal . Politics . The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Dieter Noll of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) , who served from 1990 to 1991 , followed by Joachim Pilz ( CDU ) until 1993 . The mayor was originally chosen by the city council , but since 1994 has been directly elected . Peter Seifert of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) served from 1993 until 2006 . Since 2006 , Barbara Ludwig ( SPD ) has served as mayor . The most recent mayoral election was held on 16 June 2013 , with a runoff held on 30 June , and the results were as follows : ! colspan=2| Candidate ! Party ! First round ! Second round ! Votes ! Votes ! Valid votes ! 81,670 ! 99.2 ! 63,524 ! 98.8 ! Invalid votes ! 695 ! 0.8 ! 775 ! 1.2 ! Total ! 82,365 ! 100.0 ! 64,299 ! 100.0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 201,481 ! 40.9 ! 202,485 ! 31.8 The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019 , and the results were as follows : ! Party ! Votes ! +/- ! Seats ! Valid votes ! 118,548 ! 98.5 ! Invalid votes ! 1,837 ! 1.5 ! Total ! 120,385 ! 100.0 ! 60 ! ±0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 196,515 ! 61.3 ! 17.2 Urban renewal . Heavy destruction in World War II as well as post-war demolition to erect a truly socialist city centre left the city with a vast open space around its town hall where once a vibrant city heart had been . Because of massive investment in out-of-town shopping right after reunification , it was not until 1999 that major building activity was started in the centre . Comparable to in Berlin , a whole new quarter of the city was constructed in recent years . New buildings include the department store by , with a façade by and Peek & Cloppenburg clothing store by and Partner . Economy . Chemnitz is the largest city of the urban area and is one of the most important economic areas of Germanys new federal states . Chemnitz had a GDP of €8.456 billion in 2016 , with GDP per capita at €34,166 . Since about 2000 , the citys economy has recorded high annual GDP growth rates ; Chemnitz is among the top ten German cities in terms of growth rate . The local and regional economic structure is characterized by medium-sized companies , with the heavy industrial sectors of mechanical engineering , metal processing , and vehicle manufacturing as the most significant industries . About 100,000 people are employed , of whom about 46,000 commute from other municipalities . 16.3% of employees in Chemnitz have a university or college degree , twice the average rate in Germany . Demography . After German reunification Saxony faced a significant population decrease . Since 1988 Chemnitz has lost about 20 percent of its inhabitants . The city had a fertility rate of 1.64 in 2015 . Foreign population in Chemnitz by nationality as of 31 December 2019 : A large contributor to the citys foreign population is Chemnitz University of Technology . In 2017 , out of its 10,482 students , 2712 were foreign students , which equals to about 25% , making Chemnitz the most internationalised of the three major universities of Saxony . Languages . - Standard German - Chemnitz dialect , which is a variety of Upper Saxon German Transport . Roads . Chemnitz is linked to two motorways ( s ) , A4 and A72 . The motorway junction is situated in the northwestern area of the city . The motorway A72 between and Leipzig is still under construction . Within the administrative area of Chemnitz there are eight motorway exits ( ) . The A4 motorway is part of the European route E40 , one of the longest European E roads , connecting Chemnitz with the Asian Highway system to the east and France to the west . Public transport . Public transport within Chemnitz is provided with tram and bus , as well as by the . Nowadays , the city and its surroundings are served by one line , five lines of the Chemnitz tramway network , 27 city bus lines , as well as several regional bus lines . At night , the city is served by two bus lines , two tram lines , and the line . Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof is the main station for the city . No long-distance intercity services have been operated by Deutsche Bahn to or from Chemnitz since 2006 . 2 RegionalExpress routes ( RE3 from Dresden Hbf via Chemnitz to Hof & RE6 to Leipzig Hbf ) operate longer distance journeys through the city . 4 RegionalBahn and 4 CityBahn routes also operate from the Hauptbahnhof . The length of the tram , and bus networks is , and respectively . In August 2012 , electro-diesel trams were ordered from , to support an expansion of the light rail network to , with new routes serving , and . Airports . Three airports are near Chemnitz , including the two international airports of Saxony in Dresden and Leipzig . Both Leipzig/Halle Airport and Dresden Airport are about from Chemnitz and offer numerous continental as well as intercontinental flights . Chemnitz also has a small commercial airport ( about south of the city . When its current upgrade is completed it will have an asphalt runway long and wide . Sports . - ( basketball , men ) - ( football ) - Chemnitzer PSV ( football , handball , volleyball } - Chemcats Chemnitz ( basketball , women ) - ( football ) - ( swimming ) - ( swimming ) - ( swimming , gymnastics , volleyball , skittles ) - ( ice hockey , skater hockey ) - ( tennis ) - Floor Fighters Chemnitz ( floorball ) - ( luge ) - ( figure skating , ice dancing , curling ) - Chemnitz Crusaders ( American football ) - Tower Rugby Chemnitz ( rugby ) - ( football ) - ( cricket ) Famous residents . - Paul Oswald Ahnert ( 1897–1989 ) , astronomer - Brigitte Ahrens ( born 1945 ) , pop singer - Olaf Altmann ( born 1960 ) , scenic designer - Mark Arndt ( born 1941 ) , Russian Orthodox Archbishop - Michael Ballack ( born 1976 ) , German footballer , former captain of Bayern Munich and Germany - Veronika Bellmann ( born 1960 ) , politician - Fritz Bennewitz ( 1926–1995 ) , theater director - Gerd Böckmann ( 1944 ) , television actor and director - Werner Bräunig ( 1934–1976 ) , writer - Hans Carl von Carlowitz ( 1645–1714 ) , forest scientist - Max Eckert-Greifendorff ( 1868–1938 ) , cartographer and professor - Gerson Goldhaber ( 1924–2010 ) , American nuclear and astrophysicist - Friedrich Goldmann ( 1941–2009 ) , composer and conductor - Johannes Hähle ( 1906–1944 ) , military photographer - Peter Härtling ( born 1933 ) , writer - Stephan Hermlin ( 1915–1997 ) , writer - Stefan Heym ( 1913–2001 ) , writer and member of the Bundestag of the PDS - John Kluge ( 1921–2010 ) , German-American billionaire and media mogul - Helga Lindner ( born 1951 ) , swimmer ; Olympic silver medalist - Max Littmann ( 1862–1931 ) , architect - Anja Mittag ( born 1985 ) , footballer , World Champion 2007 - Frederick and William , founders of the Diamant bicycle brand - Carsten Nicolai ( born 1965 ) , contemporary artist - Frei Otto ( 1925–2015 ) , architect , architectural theorist and professor of architecture , builder of the Munich Olympic Park - Sylke Otto ( born 1969 ) , luge - Siegfried Rapp ( 1917–1977 ) , one-armed German pianist - Frank Rost ( born 1973 ) , retired football goalkeeper - Daniel Rosenfield , AKA C418 ( born 1989 ) , Music producer and sound engineer for Minecraft and Stranger Things - Bruno Salzer ( 1859-1919 ) , one of Chemnitz leading entrepreneurs - Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy , ice figure skaters : World Champion 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 ; Olympic Bronze Medalist 2010 , 2014 - Kurt Wagner ( 1904-1989 ) , German general - Helmut Schelsky ( 1912–1984 ) , sociologist and university lecturer - Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( 1884–1976 ) , painter and graphic artist of expressionism - Matthias Schweighöfer ( born 1981 ) , actor and film director - Jörg Schüttauf ( born 1961 ) , actor - Matthias Steiner , ( born 1982 ) , German-Austrian weightlifter , Olympic Gold Medalist 2008 - Ingo Steuer ( born 1966 ) , figure skater - Hans-Günther Thalheim ( 1924-2018 ) , germanist and linguist - Siegfried Vogel ( born 1937 ) , operatic bass - Mandy Wötzel ( born 1973 ) , figure skater - Katarina Witt ( born 1965 ) , figure skater - Klaus Wunderlich ( 1931–1997 ) , organist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , Politician , member of the Bundestag Honorary citizens . - Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( 1884–1976 ) , German expressionist painter - Marianne Brandt , ( 1893–1983 ) , artist , designer - Stefan Heym ( 1913–2001 ) , German-Jewish writer - Valery Bykovsky ( 1934–2019 ) , Soviet cosmonaut - Sigmund Jähn ( 1937–2019 ) , first German astronaut ( Interkosmos flight of 26.8.1978 ) Twin towns – sister cities . Chemnitz is twinned with : - Tampere , Finland ( 1961 ) - Ljubljana , Slovenia ( 1966 ) - Arras , France ( 1967 ) - Timbuktu , Mali ( 1968 ) - Ústí nad Labem , Czech Republic ( 1970 ) - Łódź , Poland ( 1972 ) - Mulhouse , France ( 1981 ) - Manchester , England , UK ( 1983 ) - Volgograd , Russia ( 1988 ) - Düsseldorf , Germany ( 1988 ) - Akron , United States ( 1997 ) - Taiyuan , China ( 1999 ) |
[
"Peter Seifert"
] | easy | Who was in charge of Chemnitz from 1993 to 2006? | /wiki/Chemnitz#P6#3 | Chemnitz Chemnitz ( , from 1953 to 1990 : Karl-Marx-Stadt , ; Czech : Saská Kamenice ) is the third largest city in the German federal state of Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden . It is the 28th largest city of Germany as well as the fourth largest city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin , Leipzig and Dresden . The city is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region , and lies in the middle of a string of cities sitting in the densely populated northern foreland of the Elster and Ore Mountains , stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau , Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast . Located in the Ore Mountain Basin , the city is surrounded by the Ore Mountains to the south and the Central Saxon Hill Country to the north . The city stands on the Chemnitz River ( progression : ) , which is formed through the confluence of the rivers Zwönitz and Würschnitz in the borough of Altchemnitz . The name of the city as well as the names of the rivers are of Slavic origin . Chemnitz is the third largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig and Dresden . The citys economy is based on the service sector and manufacturing industry . Chemnitz University of Technology has around 10,000 students . Chemnitz will be the European Capital of Culture of 2025 . Etymology . Chemnitz is named after the river Chemnitz , a small tributary of the Zwickau Mulde . The word Chemnitz is from the Sorbian language ( ) , and means stony [ brook ] . The word is composed of the Slavic word meaning stone and the feminine suffix . It is known in Czech as and in Polish as . There are many other towns named Kamienica or Kamenice in areas with past or present Slavic settlement . History . An early Slavic tribes settlement was located at , and the first documented use of the name Chemnitz was the 1143 site of a Benedictine monastery around which a settlement grew . Around 1170 , Frederick I , Holy Roman Emperor granted it the rights of an imperial city . In 1307 , the town became subordinate to the Margraviate of Meissen , the predecessor of the Saxon state . In medieval times , Chemnitz became a centre of textile production and trade . More than one third of the population worked in textile production . Geologist Georgius Agricola ( 1494-1555 ) , author of several significant works on mining and metallurgy including the landmark treatise De Re Metallica , became city physician of Chemnitz in 1533 and lived here until his death in 1555 . In 1546 he was elected a Burgher of Chemnitz and in the same year also was appointed Burgomaster ( lord mayor ) , serving again in 1547 , 1551 , and 1553 . In spite of having been a leading citizen of the city , when Agricola died in 1555 the Protestant Duke denied him burial in the citys cathedral due to Agricolas allegiance to his Roman Catholic faith . Agricolas friends arranged for his remains to be buried in more sympathetic Zeitz , approximately 50 km away . By the early 19th century , Chemnitz had become an industrial centre ( sometimes called the Saxon Manchester , , ) . In 1913 , Chemnitz had a population of 320,000 and , like Leipzig and Dresden , was larger at that time than today . After losing inhabitants due to the First World War Chemnitz grew rapidly again and reached its all-time peak of 360,250 inhabitants in 1930 . Thereafter , growth was stalled by the world economic crisis . Weimar Republic . As a working-class industrial city , it was a powerful center of socialist political organization after World War I . At the foundation of the German Communist Party the local Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany voted by 1,000 votes to three to break from the party and join the Communist Party behind their local leaders , Fritz Heckert and Heinrich Brandler . In March 1919 the German Communist Party had over 10,000 members in the city of Chemnitz . World War II . Allied bombing destroyed 41 per cent of the built-up area of Chemnitz during the Second World War . Chemnitz contained factories that produced military hardware and a Flossenbürg forced labor subcamp ( 500 female inmates ) for Astra-Werke AG . The oil refinery was a target for bombers during the Oil Campaign of World War II , and Operation Thunderclap attacks included the following raids : - 14/15 February 1945 : The first major raid on Chemnitz used 717 RAF bombers , but due to cloud cover most bombs fell over open countryside . - 2/3–5 March : USAAF bombers attacked the marshalling yards . - 5 March : 760 RAF bombers attacked . The headquarters of the auto manufacturer Auto Union were also based in Chemnitz since 1932 and its buildings were also badly damaged . At the end of the war , the companys executives fled and relocated the company in Ingolstadt , Bavaria , where it evolved into Audi , now a brand within the Volkswagen group . The World War II bombings left most of the city in ruins and post-war , the East German reconstruction included large low rise ( and later high-rise ) housing . Some tourist sites were reconstructed during the East German era and after German reunification . The city was occupied by Soviet troops on 8 May 1945 . GDR . After the dissolution of the Länder ( states ) in the GDR in 1952 , Chemnitz became seat of a district ( ) . On 10 May 1953 , the city was renamed by decision of the East German government to after Karl Marx , in recognition of its industrial heritage and the Karl Marx Year marking the 135th anniversary of his birth and the 70th anniversary of his death . GDR Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl said : After the city centre was destroyed in World War II , the East German authorities attempted to rebuild it to symbolise the conceptions of urban development of a socialist city . The layout of the city centre at that time was rejected in favour of a new road network . However , the original plans were not completed . In addition , the rapid development of housing took priority over the preservation of old buildings . So in the 1960s and 1970s , both in the centre as well as the periphery , large areas were built in apartment-block style , for example . The old buildings of the period , which still existed in the Kassberg , and especially , were neglected and fell increasingly into dereliction . After reunification . On 23 April 1990 , a referendum on the future name of the city was held : 76% of the voters voted for the old name . On 1 June 1990 , the city was officially renamed . After the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 , the city of Chemnitz faced several difficult tasks . Many inhabitants migrated to the former West Germany and unemployment in the region increased sharply ; in addition Chemnitz did not have adequate shopping facilities , but this was increasingly demanded . Large shopping centers were constructed on the city periphery to the early 1990s . Chemnitz is the only major German city whose centre was re-planned after 1990 , similar to the reconstruction of several other German cities in the immediate post-war years . Plans for the recovery of a compressed city centre around the historic town hall in 1991 led to an urban design competition . This was announced internationally by the city and carried out with the help of the partner city of . The mooted project on an essentially unused area of the former city would be comparable in circumference with the in Berlin . Numerous internationally renowned architects such as , and provided designs for a new city centre . The mid-1990s began the development of the inner city brownfields around the town hall to a new town . In Chemnitz city more than 66,000 square meters of retail space have emerged . With the construction of office and commercial building on the construction site B3 at the court , the last gap in 2010 was closed in city centre image . The intensive development included demolition of partially historically valuable buildings from the period and was controversial . Between 1990 and 2007 more than 250 buildings were leveled . In late August 2018 the city was the site of a series of protests that attracted at least 8,000 people . The protests were attended by far-right and Neo-Nazi groups . News outlets reported about mob violence and riots . The protests started after two immigrants from the Middle East were arrested in connection with the murder of Daniel H. , a 35 year old German man , the son of a German mother and a Cuban father , which had happened on 26 August . Violent clashes occurred between far-right protesters and far-left counter protesters , leading to injuries . The mobs outnumbered the local police presence . There were reports that rightist protesters chased down dark skinned bystanders and those that appeared to be foreigners on the streets before more police arrived and intervened . The riots were widely condemned by media outlets and politicians throughout Germany , and were described as reminiscent of civil war and Nazi pogroms . The reports of mob violence and riots were criticized as incorrect later on . The German language Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung corrected its earlier reports , stating that there had evidently been no mob violence but there have been sporadic encroachments . Minister President of Saxony Michael Kretschmer came to the same conclusion : there were no mobs and man hunts . One week after the protests , a free Concert against the Right under the motto We are more ( #wirsindmehr ) attracted an audience of some 65,000 people . A one-minute silence commemorated the murdered Daniel H. , the son of a German mother and a Cuban father . The concert itself has been criticized for far-left activities and violent song texts of some of the participating bands . Culture and sights . The city won the bid to be one of the two European Capitals of Culture ( in 2025 ) on the 28th October 2020 , beating Hannover , Hildesheim , Magdeburg and Nuremberg . Theater Chemnitz offers a variety of theatre : opera , plays , ballet and ( puppets ) , and runs concerts by the orchestra Robert-Schumann-Philharmonie . Tourist sights include the Kassberg neighborhood with 18th and 19th century buildings and the Karl Marx Monument by Lev Kerbel , nicknamed ( a Saxon dialect word for head ) by the locals . Landmarks include the Old Town Hall with its Renaissance portal ( 15th century ) , the castle on the site of the former monastery , and the area around the opera house and the old university . The most conspicuous landmark is the red tower built in the late 12th or early 13th century as part of the city wall . The Chemnitz petrified forest is located in the courtyard of Kulturkaufhaus Tietz . It is one of the very few in existence , and dates back several million years . Also within the city limits , in the district of Rabenstein , is the smallest castle in Saxony , Rabenstein Castle . The city has changed considerably since German reunification . Most of its industry is now gone and the core of the city has been rebuilt with many shops as well as huge shopping centres . Many of these shops are international brands , including Zara , H&M , Esprit , , Leiser Shoes , and Peek & Cloppenburg . The large ( Red Tower ) shopping centre is very popular with young people . The Chemnitz Industrial Museum is an Anchor Point of ERIH , the European Route of Industrial Heritage . The State Museum of Archaeology Chemnitz opened in 2014 and is located in the former Schocken Department Stores . The , formerly a bank , opened on 1 December 2007 . , who lived in Munich , had a collection of some 2,500 pieces of modern art , including many paintings and drawings by , and others . The is a municipal botanical garden , and the is a non-profit garden specializing in arctic and alpine plants . Administrative divisions . The city of Chemnitz consists of 39 neighborhoods . The neighborhoods of Einsiedel , Euba , Grüna , Klaffenbach , Kleinolbersdorf-Altenhain , Mittelbach , Röhrsdorf and Wittgensdorf are at the same time localities within the meaning of Sections 65 to 68 of the Saxon Municipal Code . These neighborhoods came in the wake of the last incorporation wave after 1990 as formerly independent municipalities to the city of Chemnitz and therefore enjoy this special position compared to the other parts of the city . These localities each have a local council , which , depending on the number of inhabitants of the locality concerned , comprises between ten and sixteen members as well as a chairman of the same . The local councils are to hear important matters concerning the locality . A final decision is , however , incumbent on the city council of the city of Chemnitz . The official identification of the districts by numbers is based on the following principle : Starting from the city center ( neighborhoods Zentrum and Schloßchemnitz ) , all other parts of the city are assigned clockwise in ascending order the tenth place of their index , the one-digit is awarded in the direction of city periphery in ascending order . The city area does not include a unified , closed settlement area after numerous incorporations . The rural settlements of mainly eastern districts are separated from the settlement area of the Chemnitz city center , whereas this partly continues over the western city limits to Limbach-Oberfrohna and Hohenstein-Ernstthal . Politics . The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Dieter Noll of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) , who served from 1990 to 1991 , followed by Joachim Pilz ( CDU ) until 1993 . The mayor was originally chosen by the city council , but since 1994 has been directly elected . Peter Seifert of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) served from 1993 until 2006 . Since 2006 , Barbara Ludwig ( SPD ) has served as mayor . The most recent mayoral election was held on 16 June 2013 , with a runoff held on 30 June , and the results were as follows : ! colspan=2| Candidate ! Party ! First round ! Second round ! Votes ! Votes ! Valid votes ! 81,670 ! 99.2 ! 63,524 ! 98.8 ! Invalid votes ! 695 ! 0.8 ! 775 ! 1.2 ! Total ! 82,365 ! 100.0 ! 64,299 ! 100.0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 201,481 ! 40.9 ! 202,485 ! 31.8 The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019 , and the results were as follows : ! Party ! Votes ! +/- ! Seats ! Valid votes ! 118,548 ! 98.5 ! Invalid votes ! 1,837 ! 1.5 ! Total ! 120,385 ! 100.0 ! 60 ! ±0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 196,515 ! 61.3 ! 17.2 Urban renewal . Heavy destruction in World War II as well as post-war demolition to erect a truly socialist city centre left the city with a vast open space around its town hall where once a vibrant city heart had been . Because of massive investment in out-of-town shopping right after reunification , it was not until 1999 that major building activity was started in the centre . Comparable to in Berlin , a whole new quarter of the city was constructed in recent years . New buildings include the department store by , with a façade by and Peek & Cloppenburg clothing store by and Partner . Economy . Chemnitz is the largest city of the urban area and is one of the most important economic areas of Germanys new federal states . Chemnitz had a GDP of €8.456 billion in 2016 , with GDP per capita at €34,166 . Since about 2000 , the citys economy has recorded high annual GDP growth rates ; Chemnitz is among the top ten German cities in terms of growth rate . The local and regional economic structure is characterized by medium-sized companies , with the heavy industrial sectors of mechanical engineering , metal processing , and vehicle manufacturing as the most significant industries . About 100,000 people are employed , of whom about 46,000 commute from other municipalities . 16.3% of employees in Chemnitz have a university or college degree , twice the average rate in Germany . Demography . After German reunification Saxony faced a significant population decrease . Since 1988 Chemnitz has lost about 20 percent of its inhabitants . The city had a fertility rate of 1.64 in 2015 . Foreign population in Chemnitz by nationality as of 31 December 2019 : A large contributor to the citys foreign population is Chemnitz University of Technology . In 2017 , out of its 10,482 students , 2712 were foreign students , which equals to about 25% , making Chemnitz the most internationalised of the three major universities of Saxony . Languages . - Standard German - Chemnitz dialect , which is a variety of Upper Saxon German Transport . Roads . Chemnitz is linked to two motorways ( s ) , A4 and A72 . The motorway junction is situated in the northwestern area of the city . The motorway A72 between and Leipzig is still under construction . Within the administrative area of Chemnitz there are eight motorway exits ( ) . The A4 motorway is part of the European route E40 , one of the longest European E roads , connecting Chemnitz with the Asian Highway system to the east and France to the west . Public transport . Public transport within Chemnitz is provided with tram and bus , as well as by the . Nowadays , the city and its surroundings are served by one line , five lines of the Chemnitz tramway network , 27 city bus lines , as well as several regional bus lines . At night , the city is served by two bus lines , two tram lines , and the line . Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof is the main station for the city . No long-distance intercity services have been operated by Deutsche Bahn to or from Chemnitz since 2006 . 2 RegionalExpress routes ( RE3 from Dresden Hbf via Chemnitz to Hof & RE6 to Leipzig Hbf ) operate longer distance journeys through the city . 4 RegionalBahn and 4 CityBahn routes also operate from the Hauptbahnhof . The length of the tram , and bus networks is , and respectively . In August 2012 , electro-diesel trams were ordered from , to support an expansion of the light rail network to , with new routes serving , and . Airports . Three airports are near Chemnitz , including the two international airports of Saxony in Dresden and Leipzig . Both Leipzig/Halle Airport and Dresden Airport are about from Chemnitz and offer numerous continental as well as intercontinental flights . Chemnitz also has a small commercial airport ( about south of the city . When its current upgrade is completed it will have an asphalt runway long and wide . Sports . - ( basketball , men ) - ( football ) - Chemnitzer PSV ( football , handball , volleyball } - Chemcats Chemnitz ( basketball , women ) - ( football ) - ( swimming ) - ( swimming ) - ( swimming , gymnastics , volleyball , skittles ) - ( ice hockey , skater hockey ) - ( tennis ) - Floor Fighters Chemnitz ( floorball ) - ( luge ) - ( figure skating , ice dancing , curling ) - Chemnitz Crusaders ( American football ) - Tower Rugby Chemnitz ( rugby ) - ( football ) - ( cricket ) Famous residents . - Paul Oswald Ahnert ( 1897–1989 ) , astronomer - Brigitte Ahrens ( born 1945 ) , pop singer - Olaf Altmann ( born 1960 ) , scenic designer - Mark Arndt ( born 1941 ) , Russian Orthodox Archbishop - Michael Ballack ( born 1976 ) , German footballer , former captain of Bayern Munich and Germany - Veronika Bellmann ( born 1960 ) , politician - Fritz Bennewitz ( 1926–1995 ) , theater director - Gerd Böckmann ( 1944 ) , television actor and director - Werner Bräunig ( 1934–1976 ) , writer - Hans Carl von Carlowitz ( 1645–1714 ) , forest scientist - Max Eckert-Greifendorff ( 1868–1938 ) , cartographer and professor - Gerson Goldhaber ( 1924–2010 ) , American nuclear and astrophysicist - Friedrich Goldmann ( 1941–2009 ) , composer and conductor - Johannes Hähle ( 1906–1944 ) , military photographer - Peter Härtling ( born 1933 ) , writer - Stephan Hermlin ( 1915–1997 ) , writer - Stefan Heym ( 1913–2001 ) , writer and member of the Bundestag of the PDS - John Kluge ( 1921–2010 ) , German-American billionaire and media mogul - Helga Lindner ( born 1951 ) , swimmer ; Olympic silver medalist - Max Littmann ( 1862–1931 ) , architect - Anja Mittag ( born 1985 ) , footballer , World Champion 2007 - Frederick and William , founders of the Diamant bicycle brand - Carsten Nicolai ( born 1965 ) , contemporary artist - Frei Otto ( 1925–2015 ) , architect , architectural theorist and professor of architecture , builder of the Munich Olympic Park - Sylke Otto ( born 1969 ) , luge - Siegfried Rapp ( 1917–1977 ) , one-armed German pianist - Frank Rost ( born 1973 ) , retired football goalkeeper - Daniel Rosenfield , AKA C418 ( born 1989 ) , Music producer and sound engineer for Minecraft and Stranger Things - Bruno Salzer ( 1859-1919 ) , one of Chemnitz leading entrepreneurs - Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy , ice figure skaters : World Champion 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 ; Olympic Bronze Medalist 2010 , 2014 - Kurt Wagner ( 1904-1989 ) , German general - Helmut Schelsky ( 1912–1984 ) , sociologist and university lecturer - Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( 1884–1976 ) , painter and graphic artist of expressionism - Matthias Schweighöfer ( born 1981 ) , actor and film director - Jörg Schüttauf ( born 1961 ) , actor - Matthias Steiner , ( born 1982 ) , German-Austrian weightlifter , Olympic Gold Medalist 2008 - Ingo Steuer ( born 1966 ) , figure skater - Hans-Günther Thalheim ( 1924-2018 ) , germanist and linguist - Siegfried Vogel ( born 1937 ) , operatic bass - Mandy Wötzel ( born 1973 ) , figure skater - Katarina Witt ( born 1965 ) , figure skater - Klaus Wunderlich ( 1931–1997 ) , organist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , Politician , member of the Bundestag Honorary citizens . - Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( 1884–1976 ) , German expressionist painter - Marianne Brandt , ( 1893–1983 ) , artist , designer - Stefan Heym ( 1913–2001 ) , German-Jewish writer - Valery Bykovsky ( 1934–2019 ) , Soviet cosmonaut - Sigmund Jähn ( 1937–2019 ) , first German astronaut ( Interkosmos flight of 26.8.1978 ) Twin towns – sister cities . Chemnitz is twinned with : - Tampere , Finland ( 1961 ) - Ljubljana , Slovenia ( 1966 ) - Arras , France ( 1967 ) - Timbuktu , Mali ( 1968 ) - Ústí nad Labem , Czech Republic ( 1970 ) - Łódź , Poland ( 1972 ) - Mulhouse , France ( 1981 ) - Manchester , England , UK ( 1983 ) - Volgograd , Russia ( 1988 ) - Düsseldorf , Germany ( 1988 ) - Akron , United States ( 1997 ) - Taiyuan , China ( 1999 ) |
[
"Barbara Ludwig"
] | easy | Who was in charge of Chemnitz from 2006 to 2007? | /wiki/Chemnitz#P6#4 | Chemnitz Chemnitz ( , from 1953 to 1990 : Karl-Marx-Stadt , ; Czech : Saská Kamenice ) is the third largest city in the German federal state of Saxony after Leipzig and Dresden . It is the 28th largest city of Germany as well as the fourth largest city in the area of former East Germany after ( East ) Berlin , Leipzig and Dresden . The city is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region , and lies in the middle of a string of cities sitting in the densely populated northern foreland of the Elster and Ore Mountains , stretching from Plauen in the southwest via Zwickau , Chemnitz and Freiberg to Dresden in the northeast . Located in the Ore Mountain Basin , the city is surrounded by the Ore Mountains to the south and the Central Saxon Hill Country to the north . The city stands on the Chemnitz River ( progression : ) , which is formed through the confluence of the rivers Zwönitz and Würschnitz in the borough of Altchemnitz . The name of the city as well as the names of the rivers are of Slavic origin . Chemnitz is the third largest city in the Thuringian-Upper Saxon dialect area after Leipzig and Dresden . The citys economy is based on the service sector and manufacturing industry . Chemnitz University of Technology has around 10,000 students . Chemnitz will be the European Capital of Culture of 2025 . Etymology . Chemnitz is named after the river Chemnitz , a small tributary of the Zwickau Mulde . The word Chemnitz is from the Sorbian language ( ) , and means stony [ brook ] . The word is composed of the Slavic word meaning stone and the feminine suffix . It is known in Czech as and in Polish as . There are many other towns named Kamienica or Kamenice in areas with past or present Slavic settlement . History . An early Slavic tribes settlement was located at , and the first documented use of the name Chemnitz was the 1143 site of a Benedictine monastery around which a settlement grew . Around 1170 , Frederick I , Holy Roman Emperor granted it the rights of an imperial city . In 1307 , the town became subordinate to the Margraviate of Meissen , the predecessor of the Saxon state . In medieval times , Chemnitz became a centre of textile production and trade . More than one third of the population worked in textile production . Geologist Georgius Agricola ( 1494-1555 ) , author of several significant works on mining and metallurgy including the landmark treatise De Re Metallica , became city physician of Chemnitz in 1533 and lived here until his death in 1555 . In 1546 he was elected a Burgher of Chemnitz and in the same year also was appointed Burgomaster ( lord mayor ) , serving again in 1547 , 1551 , and 1553 . In spite of having been a leading citizen of the city , when Agricola died in 1555 the Protestant Duke denied him burial in the citys cathedral due to Agricolas allegiance to his Roman Catholic faith . Agricolas friends arranged for his remains to be buried in more sympathetic Zeitz , approximately 50 km away . By the early 19th century , Chemnitz had become an industrial centre ( sometimes called the Saxon Manchester , , ) . In 1913 , Chemnitz had a population of 320,000 and , like Leipzig and Dresden , was larger at that time than today . After losing inhabitants due to the First World War Chemnitz grew rapidly again and reached its all-time peak of 360,250 inhabitants in 1930 . Thereafter , growth was stalled by the world economic crisis . Weimar Republic . As a working-class industrial city , it was a powerful center of socialist political organization after World War I . At the foundation of the German Communist Party the local Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany voted by 1,000 votes to three to break from the party and join the Communist Party behind their local leaders , Fritz Heckert and Heinrich Brandler . In March 1919 the German Communist Party had over 10,000 members in the city of Chemnitz . World War II . Allied bombing destroyed 41 per cent of the built-up area of Chemnitz during the Second World War . Chemnitz contained factories that produced military hardware and a Flossenbürg forced labor subcamp ( 500 female inmates ) for Astra-Werke AG . The oil refinery was a target for bombers during the Oil Campaign of World War II , and Operation Thunderclap attacks included the following raids : - 14/15 February 1945 : The first major raid on Chemnitz used 717 RAF bombers , but due to cloud cover most bombs fell over open countryside . - 2/3–5 March : USAAF bombers attacked the marshalling yards . - 5 March : 760 RAF bombers attacked . The headquarters of the auto manufacturer Auto Union were also based in Chemnitz since 1932 and its buildings were also badly damaged . At the end of the war , the companys executives fled and relocated the company in Ingolstadt , Bavaria , where it evolved into Audi , now a brand within the Volkswagen group . The World War II bombings left most of the city in ruins and post-war , the East German reconstruction included large low rise ( and later high-rise ) housing . Some tourist sites were reconstructed during the East German era and after German reunification . The city was occupied by Soviet troops on 8 May 1945 . GDR . After the dissolution of the Länder ( states ) in the GDR in 1952 , Chemnitz became seat of a district ( ) . On 10 May 1953 , the city was renamed by decision of the East German government to after Karl Marx , in recognition of its industrial heritage and the Karl Marx Year marking the 135th anniversary of his birth and the 70th anniversary of his death . GDR Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl said : After the city centre was destroyed in World War II , the East German authorities attempted to rebuild it to symbolise the conceptions of urban development of a socialist city . The layout of the city centre at that time was rejected in favour of a new road network . However , the original plans were not completed . In addition , the rapid development of housing took priority over the preservation of old buildings . So in the 1960s and 1970s , both in the centre as well as the periphery , large areas were built in apartment-block style , for example . The old buildings of the period , which still existed in the Kassberg , and especially , were neglected and fell increasingly into dereliction . After reunification . On 23 April 1990 , a referendum on the future name of the city was held : 76% of the voters voted for the old name . On 1 June 1990 , the city was officially renamed . After the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 , the city of Chemnitz faced several difficult tasks . Many inhabitants migrated to the former West Germany and unemployment in the region increased sharply ; in addition Chemnitz did not have adequate shopping facilities , but this was increasingly demanded . Large shopping centers were constructed on the city periphery to the early 1990s . Chemnitz is the only major German city whose centre was re-planned after 1990 , similar to the reconstruction of several other German cities in the immediate post-war years . Plans for the recovery of a compressed city centre around the historic town hall in 1991 led to an urban design competition . This was announced internationally by the city and carried out with the help of the partner city of . The mooted project on an essentially unused area of the former city would be comparable in circumference with the in Berlin . Numerous internationally renowned architects such as , and provided designs for a new city centre . The mid-1990s began the development of the inner city brownfields around the town hall to a new town . In Chemnitz city more than 66,000 square meters of retail space have emerged . With the construction of office and commercial building on the construction site B3 at the court , the last gap in 2010 was closed in city centre image . The intensive development included demolition of partially historically valuable buildings from the period and was controversial . Between 1990 and 2007 more than 250 buildings were leveled . In late August 2018 the city was the site of a series of protests that attracted at least 8,000 people . The protests were attended by far-right and Neo-Nazi groups . News outlets reported about mob violence and riots . The protests started after two immigrants from the Middle East were arrested in connection with the murder of Daniel H. , a 35 year old German man , the son of a German mother and a Cuban father , which had happened on 26 August . Violent clashes occurred between far-right protesters and far-left counter protesters , leading to injuries . The mobs outnumbered the local police presence . There were reports that rightist protesters chased down dark skinned bystanders and those that appeared to be foreigners on the streets before more police arrived and intervened . The riots were widely condemned by media outlets and politicians throughout Germany , and were described as reminiscent of civil war and Nazi pogroms . The reports of mob violence and riots were criticized as incorrect later on . The German language Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung corrected its earlier reports , stating that there had evidently been no mob violence but there have been sporadic encroachments . Minister President of Saxony Michael Kretschmer came to the same conclusion : there were no mobs and man hunts . One week after the protests , a free Concert against the Right under the motto We are more ( #wirsindmehr ) attracted an audience of some 65,000 people . A one-minute silence commemorated the murdered Daniel H. , the son of a German mother and a Cuban father . The concert itself has been criticized for far-left activities and violent song texts of some of the participating bands . Culture and sights . The city won the bid to be one of the two European Capitals of Culture ( in 2025 ) on the 28th October 2020 , beating Hannover , Hildesheim , Magdeburg and Nuremberg . Theater Chemnitz offers a variety of theatre : opera , plays , ballet and ( puppets ) , and runs concerts by the orchestra Robert-Schumann-Philharmonie . Tourist sights include the Kassberg neighborhood with 18th and 19th century buildings and the Karl Marx Monument by Lev Kerbel , nicknamed ( a Saxon dialect word for head ) by the locals . Landmarks include the Old Town Hall with its Renaissance portal ( 15th century ) , the castle on the site of the former monastery , and the area around the opera house and the old university . The most conspicuous landmark is the red tower built in the late 12th or early 13th century as part of the city wall . The Chemnitz petrified forest is located in the courtyard of Kulturkaufhaus Tietz . It is one of the very few in existence , and dates back several million years . Also within the city limits , in the district of Rabenstein , is the smallest castle in Saxony , Rabenstein Castle . The city has changed considerably since German reunification . Most of its industry is now gone and the core of the city has been rebuilt with many shops as well as huge shopping centres . Many of these shops are international brands , including Zara , H&M , Esprit , , Leiser Shoes , and Peek & Cloppenburg . The large ( Red Tower ) shopping centre is very popular with young people . The Chemnitz Industrial Museum is an Anchor Point of ERIH , the European Route of Industrial Heritage . The State Museum of Archaeology Chemnitz opened in 2014 and is located in the former Schocken Department Stores . The , formerly a bank , opened on 1 December 2007 . , who lived in Munich , had a collection of some 2,500 pieces of modern art , including many paintings and drawings by , and others . The is a municipal botanical garden , and the is a non-profit garden specializing in arctic and alpine plants . Administrative divisions . The city of Chemnitz consists of 39 neighborhoods . The neighborhoods of Einsiedel , Euba , Grüna , Klaffenbach , Kleinolbersdorf-Altenhain , Mittelbach , Röhrsdorf and Wittgensdorf are at the same time localities within the meaning of Sections 65 to 68 of the Saxon Municipal Code . These neighborhoods came in the wake of the last incorporation wave after 1990 as formerly independent municipalities to the city of Chemnitz and therefore enjoy this special position compared to the other parts of the city . These localities each have a local council , which , depending on the number of inhabitants of the locality concerned , comprises between ten and sixteen members as well as a chairman of the same . The local councils are to hear important matters concerning the locality . A final decision is , however , incumbent on the city council of the city of Chemnitz . The official identification of the districts by numbers is based on the following principle : Starting from the city center ( neighborhoods Zentrum and Schloßchemnitz ) , all other parts of the city are assigned clockwise in ascending order the tenth place of their index , the one-digit is awarded in the direction of city periphery in ascending order . The city area does not include a unified , closed settlement area after numerous incorporations . The rural settlements of mainly eastern districts are separated from the settlement area of the Chemnitz city center , whereas this partly continues over the western city limits to Limbach-Oberfrohna and Hohenstein-Ernstthal . Politics . The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Dieter Noll of the Christian Democratic Union ( CDU ) , who served from 1990 to 1991 , followed by Joachim Pilz ( CDU ) until 1993 . The mayor was originally chosen by the city council , but since 1994 has been directly elected . Peter Seifert of the Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) served from 1993 until 2006 . Since 2006 , Barbara Ludwig ( SPD ) has served as mayor . The most recent mayoral election was held on 16 June 2013 , with a runoff held on 30 June , and the results were as follows : ! colspan=2| Candidate ! Party ! First round ! Second round ! Votes ! Votes ! Valid votes ! 81,670 ! 99.2 ! 63,524 ! 98.8 ! Invalid votes ! 695 ! 0.8 ! 775 ! 1.2 ! Total ! 82,365 ! 100.0 ! 64,299 ! 100.0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 201,481 ! 40.9 ! 202,485 ! 31.8 The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019 , and the results were as follows : ! Party ! Votes ! +/- ! Seats ! Valid votes ! 118,548 ! 98.5 ! Invalid votes ! 1,837 ! 1.5 ! Total ! 120,385 ! 100.0 ! 60 ! ±0 ! Electorate/voter turnout ! 196,515 ! 61.3 ! 17.2 Urban renewal . Heavy destruction in World War II as well as post-war demolition to erect a truly socialist city centre left the city with a vast open space around its town hall where once a vibrant city heart had been . Because of massive investment in out-of-town shopping right after reunification , it was not until 1999 that major building activity was started in the centre . Comparable to in Berlin , a whole new quarter of the city was constructed in recent years . New buildings include the department store by , with a façade by and Peek & Cloppenburg clothing store by and Partner . Economy . Chemnitz is the largest city of the urban area and is one of the most important economic areas of Germanys new federal states . Chemnitz had a GDP of €8.456 billion in 2016 , with GDP per capita at €34,166 . Since about 2000 , the citys economy has recorded high annual GDP growth rates ; Chemnitz is among the top ten German cities in terms of growth rate . The local and regional economic structure is characterized by medium-sized companies , with the heavy industrial sectors of mechanical engineering , metal processing , and vehicle manufacturing as the most significant industries . About 100,000 people are employed , of whom about 46,000 commute from other municipalities . 16.3% of employees in Chemnitz have a university or college degree , twice the average rate in Germany . Demography . After German reunification Saxony faced a significant population decrease . Since 1988 Chemnitz has lost about 20 percent of its inhabitants . The city had a fertility rate of 1.64 in 2015 . Foreign population in Chemnitz by nationality as of 31 December 2019 : A large contributor to the citys foreign population is Chemnitz University of Technology . In 2017 , out of its 10,482 students , 2712 were foreign students , which equals to about 25% , making Chemnitz the most internationalised of the three major universities of Saxony . Languages . - Standard German - Chemnitz dialect , which is a variety of Upper Saxon German Transport . Roads . Chemnitz is linked to two motorways ( s ) , A4 and A72 . The motorway junction is situated in the northwestern area of the city . The motorway A72 between and Leipzig is still under construction . Within the administrative area of Chemnitz there are eight motorway exits ( ) . The A4 motorway is part of the European route E40 , one of the longest European E roads , connecting Chemnitz with the Asian Highway system to the east and France to the west . Public transport . Public transport within Chemnitz is provided with tram and bus , as well as by the . Nowadays , the city and its surroundings are served by one line , five lines of the Chemnitz tramway network , 27 city bus lines , as well as several regional bus lines . At night , the city is served by two bus lines , two tram lines , and the line . Chemnitz Hauptbahnhof is the main station for the city . No long-distance intercity services have been operated by Deutsche Bahn to or from Chemnitz since 2006 . 2 RegionalExpress routes ( RE3 from Dresden Hbf via Chemnitz to Hof & RE6 to Leipzig Hbf ) operate longer distance journeys through the city . 4 RegionalBahn and 4 CityBahn routes also operate from the Hauptbahnhof . The length of the tram , and bus networks is , and respectively . In August 2012 , electro-diesel trams were ordered from , to support an expansion of the light rail network to , with new routes serving , and . Airports . Three airports are near Chemnitz , including the two international airports of Saxony in Dresden and Leipzig . Both Leipzig/Halle Airport and Dresden Airport are about from Chemnitz and offer numerous continental as well as intercontinental flights . Chemnitz also has a small commercial airport ( about south of the city . When its current upgrade is completed it will have an asphalt runway long and wide . Sports . - ( basketball , men ) - ( football ) - Chemnitzer PSV ( football , handball , volleyball } - Chemcats Chemnitz ( basketball , women ) - ( football ) - ( swimming ) - ( swimming ) - ( swimming , gymnastics , volleyball , skittles ) - ( ice hockey , skater hockey ) - ( tennis ) - Floor Fighters Chemnitz ( floorball ) - ( luge ) - ( figure skating , ice dancing , curling ) - Chemnitz Crusaders ( American football ) - Tower Rugby Chemnitz ( rugby ) - ( football ) - ( cricket ) Famous residents . - Paul Oswald Ahnert ( 1897–1989 ) , astronomer - Brigitte Ahrens ( born 1945 ) , pop singer - Olaf Altmann ( born 1960 ) , scenic designer - Mark Arndt ( born 1941 ) , Russian Orthodox Archbishop - Michael Ballack ( born 1976 ) , German footballer , former captain of Bayern Munich and Germany - Veronika Bellmann ( born 1960 ) , politician - Fritz Bennewitz ( 1926–1995 ) , theater director - Gerd Böckmann ( 1944 ) , television actor and director - Werner Bräunig ( 1934–1976 ) , writer - Hans Carl von Carlowitz ( 1645–1714 ) , forest scientist - Max Eckert-Greifendorff ( 1868–1938 ) , cartographer and professor - Gerson Goldhaber ( 1924–2010 ) , American nuclear and astrophysicist - Friedrich Goldmann ( 1941–2009 ) , composer and conductor - Johannes Hähle ( 1906–1944 ) , military photographer - Peter Härtling ( born 1933 ) , writer - Stephan Hermlin ( 1915–1997 ) , writer - Stefan Heym ( 1913–2001 ) , writer and member of the Bundestag of the PDS - John Kluge ( 1921–2010 ) , German-American billionaire and media mogul - Helga Lindner ( born 1951 ) , swimmer ; Olympic silver medalist - Max Littmann ( 1862–1931 ) , architect - Anja Mittag ( born 1985 ) , footballer , World Champion 2007 - Frederick and William , founders of the Diamant bicycle brand - Carsten Nicolai ( born 1965 ) , contemporary artist - Frei Otto ( 1925–2015 ) , architect , architectural theorist and professor of architecture , builder of the Munich Olympic Park - Sylke Otto ( born 1969 ) , luge - Siegfried Rapp ( 1917–1977 ) , one-armed German pianist - Frank Rost ( born 1973 ) , retired football goalkeeper - Daniel Rosenfield , AKA C418 ( born 1989 ) , Music producer and sound engineer for Minecraft and Stranger Things - Bruno Salzer ( 1859-1919 ) , one of Chemnitz leading entrepreneurs - Aliona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy , ice figure skaters : World Champion 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 ; Olympic Bronze Medalist 2010 , 2014 - Kurt Wagner ( 1904-1989 ) , German general - Helmut Schelsky ( 1912–1984 ) , sociologist and university lecturer - Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( 1884–1976 ) , painter and graphic artist of expressionism - Matthias Schweighöfer ( born 1981 ) , actor and film director - Jörg Schüttauf ( born 1961 ) , actor - Matthias Steiner , ( born 1982 ) , German-Austrian weightlifter , Olympic Gold Medalist 2008 - Ingo Steuer ( born 1966 ) , figure skater - Hans-Günther Thalheim ( 1924-2018 ) , germanist and linguist - Siegfried Vogel ( born 1937 ) , operatic bass - Mandy Wötzel ( born 1973 ) , figure skater - Katarina Witt ( born 1965 ) , figure skater - Klaus Wunderlich ( 1931–1997 ) , organist - Frank Heinrich ( born 1964 ) , Politician , member of the Bundestag Honorary citizens . - Karl Schmidt-Rottluff ( 1884–1976 ) , German expressionist painter - Marianne Brandt , ( 1893–1983 ) , artist , designer - Stefan Heym ( 1913–2001 ) , German-Jewish writer - Valery Bykovsky ( 1934–2019 ) , Soviet cosmonaut - Sigmund Jähn ( 1937–2019 ) , first German astronaut ( Interkosmos flight of 26.8.1978 ) Twin towns – sister cities . Chemnitz is twinned with : - Tampere , Finland ( 1961 ) - Ljubljana , Slovenia ( 1966 ) - Arras , France ( 1967 ) - Timbuktu , Mali ( 1968 ) - Ústí nad Labem , Czech Republic ( 1970 ) - Łódź , Poland ( 1972 ) - Mulhouse , France ( 1981 ) - Manchester , England , UK ( 1983 ) - Volgograd , Russia ( 1988 ) - Düsseldorf , Germany ( 1988 ) - Akron , United States ( 1997 ) - Taiyuan , China ( 1999 ) |
[
"Simon Luttrell"
] | easy | Who was the owner of Luttrellstown Castle from 1690 to 1691? | /wiki/Luttrellstown_Castle#P127#0 | Luttrellstown Castle Luttrellstown Castle , dating from the early 15th century ( c . 1420 ) , is located in Clonsilla on the outskirts of Dublin , Ireland . It has been owned variously by the eponymous and notorious Luttrell family , by the bookseller Luke White and his descendants Baron Annaly , by the Guinness family , the Primwest Group , and since 2006 , by JP McManus , John Magnier and Aidan Brooks . The castle has hosted visits by Queen Victoria in 1844 and 1900 , and its media profile was raised when Victoria Adams married David Beckham there on 4 July 1999 . The demesnes current owners have converted Woodlands into a 5-star resort . Demesne . Luttrellstown Demesne originally comprised the entirety of the townland of Woodlands in the civil parish of Clonsilla . Today , Luttrellstown Castle Resort and its remaining demesne currently form a 5-star resort , with a golf course , country club and unique location just outside the city boundaries of Dublin . A stream rising near the townland of Pass-If-You-Can enters an aqueduct in the townland of Westmanstown and passes under the Royal Canal before entering the north-western corner of the demesne . Within the walls of the demesne , the waters are dammed to form a chain of artificial ponds . The stream exits the south-eastern corner of the demesne at a gate lodge on the Strawberry Beds , passing under the road before falling into the River Liffey 25m later . Owners . The Luttrell family . The demesne and adjoining lands were granted to Sir Geoffrey de Luterel about 1210 by King John of England . Sir Geoffrey served as the kings minister on many missions of state to Ireland from 1204 to 1216 . He was the ancestor of the Luttrells of Dunster Castle in Somersetshire , England . The family became the biggest landowners in the district by the 17th century . Robert Luttrell was treasurer of St Patricks Cathedral and Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1235 to 1245 , and married into the Plunkett family . The castle was started by Sir Geoffrey Luttrell , the 5th Lord Luttrell , who was born about 1385 . Sir Thomas Luttrell was Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas , 1534-1554 , and actively involved in the dissolution of the monasteries . He acquired the lands of St Marys Abbey at Coolmine . Colonel Henry Luttrell , ( born about 1655 , died 22 October 1717 ) , the second son of Thomas Luttrell of Luttrellstown , was an Anglo-Irish soldier . He was suspected of betraying the Irish leader Patrick Sarsfield , either by his precipitate withdrawal of his Jacobite troops or by giving the army of King William III of England strategic information about a ford of a river , leading to the loss of the Battle of Aughrim in 1691 . After the Siege of Limerick , Luttrell brought his regiment into the Williamite cause . For this act , he was rewarded with the forfeited estates of his elder brother , Simon Luttrell , including Luttrellstown , and was made a major general in the Dutch army . He was assassinated in his sedan chair outside his town house in Wolftone Street , Dublin , in 1717 . Colonel Simon Luttrell , 1st Earl of Carhampton ( 1713–14 January 1787 ) , was an Irish nobleman who became a politician at Westminster . He was the second son of Colonel Henry Luttrell of Luttrellstown and became Lord Lieutenant of County Dublin . Henry Lawes Luttrell , 2nd Earl of Carhampton ( born 1743 , died 1821 ) was the son of Simon , 6th Lord Luttrell of Luttrellstown . He served as a Member of Parliament for Bossiney in 1768 , and subsequently was Adjutant General of Ireland , where he became notorious for his role in suppressing the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . He was so hated that he sold Luttrellstown Castle in 1800 , but in a revenge attack the grave of his grandfather Colonel Henry Luttrell ( died 1717 ) was opened and the skull smashed . His popularity in Ireland is encapsulated by an incident in which the Dublin Post of 2 May 1811 reported his death . Luttrell demanded a retraction , which the newspaper printed , but it appeared under the headline Public Disappointment . Luttrell was an absentee landlord who also owned an estate in the West Indies but resided at Painshill Park in Surrey , England . His sister Anne Luttrell ( 1742-1808 ) , considered , and written about , as one of the great beauties of the ages . Anne was first married to a commoner , Christopher Horton ( or Houghton ) of Catton Hall , on 4 August 1765 . She later married Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn , the sixth child of Frederick , Prince of Wales , and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha , and a younger brother of King George III . Their marriage took place at Hertford Street in Mayfair , London on 2 October 1771 . King George III did not approve of the marriage , as Anne was a commoner and previously married . Due to this , he later had the Royal Marriages Act 1772 passed to prevent any descendant of George II marrying without the consent of the sovereign , a law which remained in effect until passage of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , which , in addition to several other modifications , limited the requirement to obtain royal consent to only the first six persons in line to the throne ( rather than all descendants ) . Luke White . Henry Lawes Luttrell sold Luttrellstown to publisher Luke White , described as one of the most remarkable men that Ireland produced and ancestor of Lord Annaly . Luke White changed the name to Woodlands to eradicate the name of Luttrell , but his great grandson , 3rd Lord Annaly , reverted it to Luttrell Castle . In 1778 Luke White started as an impecunious book dealer , buying in Dublin and reselling around the country . By 1798 , during the rebellion , he helped the Irish government with a loan of 1 million pounds ( at £65 per £100 share at 5% ) . He became M.P . for Leitrim , and died in 1824 leaving properties worth £175,000 per annum . Lord Annaly . Eventually the estate devolved to his fourth son who was created Lord Annaly , peer of the United Kingdom . Visits by Queen Victoria . Queen Victoria first visited Luttrellstown in 1844 en route to the Duke of Leinster at Carton House . In 1900 , en route to the Viceregal Lodge she drank a cup of tea near the waterfall , an event commemorated by Lord Annaly with an obelisk made of six granite blocks from the Dublin mountains . Ernest Guinness . In 1927 the estate was bought by Ernest Guinness , as a wedding present for his daughter , Aileen Guinness , who married a cousin , Brinsley Sheridan Plunket . Aileen Plunket entertained on a grand scale . The castle became the site of hunt balls and other lavish social events . Her niece , Lady Caroline Blackwood wrote of growing up in that atmosphere in her book , Great Granny Webster . Private consortia . In 1983 it was sold to the private Swiss consortium Primwest , and in 2006 , it was bought by JP McManus and John Magnier . In 2007 , more than €20 million was spent on major upgrade work , including improvements to the Steel- and Mackenzie-designed championship golf course and the alpine style clubhouse . External links . - Luttrell Genealogy - Luttrellstown Castle official web site - The Luttrells in Ireland |
[
"Luttrellstown"
] | easy | Who owned Luttrellstown Castle from 1691 to 1717? | /wiki/Luttrellstown_Castle#P127#1 | Luttrellstown Castle Luttrellstown Castle , dating from the early 15th century ( c . 1420 ) , is located in Clonsilla on the outskirts of Dublin , Ireland . It has been owned variously by the eponymous and notorious Luttrell family , by the bookseller Luke White and his descendants Baron Annaly , by the Guinness family , the Primwest Group , and since 2006 , by JP McManus , John Magnier and Aidan Brooks . The castle has hosted visits by Queen Victoria in 1844 and 1900 , and its media profile was raised when Victoria Adams married David Beckham there on 4 July 1999 . The demesnes current owners have converted Woodlands into a 5-star resort . Demesne . Luttrellstown Demesne originally comprised the entirety of the townland of Woodlands in the civil parish of Clonsilla . Today , Luttrellstown Castle Resort and its remaining demesne currently form a 5-star resort , with a golf course , country club and unique location just outside the city boundaries of Dublin . A stream rising near the townland of Pass-If-You-Can enters an aqueduct in the townland of Westmanstown and passes under the Royal Canal before entering the north-western corner of the demesne . Within the walls of the demesne , the waters are dammed to form a chain of artificial ponds . The stream exits the south-eastern corner of the demesne at a gate lodge on the Strawberry Beds , passing under the road before falling into the River Liffey 25m later . Owners . The Luttrell family . The demesne and adjoining lands were granted to Sir Geoffrey de Luterel about 1210 by King John of England . Sir Geoffrey served as the kings minister on many missions of state to Ireland from 1204 to 1216 . He was the ancestor of the Luttrells of Dunster Castle in Somersetshire , England . The family became the biggest landowners in the district by the 17th century . Robert Luttrell was treasurer of St Patricks Cathedral and Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1235 to 1245 , and married into the Plunkett family . The castle was started by Sir Geoffrey Luttrell , the 5th Lord Luttrell , who was born about 1385 . Sir Thomas Luttrell was Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas , 1534-1554 , and actively involved in the dissolution of the monasteries . He acquired the lands of St Marys Abbey at Coolmine . Colonel Henry Luttrell , ( born about 1655 , died 22 October 1717 ) , the second son of Thomas Luttrell of Luttrellstown , was an Anglo-Irish soldier . He was suspected of betraying the Irish leader Patrick Sarsfield , either by his precipitate withdrawal of his Jacobite troops or by giving the army of King William III of England strategic information about a ford of a river , leading to the loss of the Battle of Aughrim in 1691 . After the Siege of Limerick , Luttrell brought his regiment into the Williamite cause . For this act , he was rewarded with the forfeited estates of his elder brother , Simon Luttrell , including Luttrellstown , and was made a major general in the Dutch army . He was assassinated in his sedan chair outside his town house in Wolftone Street , Dublin , in 1717 . Colonel Simon Luttrell , 1st Earl of Carhampton ( 1713–14 January 1787 ) , was an Irish nobleman who became a politician at Westminster . He was the second son of Colonel Henry Luttrell of Luttrellstown and became Lord Lieutenant of County Dublin . Henry Lawes Luttrell , 2nd Earl of Carhampton ( born 1743 , died 1821 ) was the son of Simon , 6th Lord Luttrell of Luttrellstown . He served as a Member of Parliament for Bossiney in 1768 , and subsequently was Adjutant General of Ireland , where he became notorious for his role in suppressing the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . He was so hated that he sold Luttrellstown Castle in 1800 , but in a revenge attack the grave of his grandfather Colonel Henry Luttrell ( died 1717 ) was opened and the skull smashed . His popularity in Ireland is encapsulated by an incident in which the Dublin Post of 2 May 1811 reported his death . Luttrell demanded a retraction , which the newspaper printed , but it appeared under the headline Public Disappointment . Luttrell was an absentee landlord who also owned an estate in the West Indies but resided at Painshill Park in Surrey , England . His sister Anne Luttrell ( 1742-1808 ) , considered , and written about , as one of the great beauties of the ages . Anne was first married to a commoner , Christopher Horton ( or Houghton ) of Catton Hall , on 4 August 1765 . She later married Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn , the sixth child of Frederick , Prince of Wales , and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha , and a younger brother of King George III . Their marriage took place at Hertford Street in Mayfair , London on 2 October 1771 . King George III did not approve of the marriage , as Anne was a commoner and previously married . Due to this , he later had the Royal Marriages Act 1772 passed to prevent any descendant of George II marrying without the consent of the sovereign , a law which remained in effect until passage of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , which , in addition to several other modifications , limited the requirement to obtain royal consent to only the first six persons in line to the throne ( rather than all descendants ) . Luke White . Henry Lawes Luttrell sold Luttrellstown to publisher Luke White , described as one of the most remarkable men that Ireland produced and ancestor of Lord Annaly . Luke White changed the name to Woodlands to eradicate the name of Luttrell , but his great grandson , 3rd Lord Annaly , reverted it to Luttrell Castle . In 1778 Luke White started as an impecunious book dealer , buying in Dublin and reselling around the country . By 1798 , during the rebellion , he helped the Irish government with a loan of 1 million pounds ( at £65 per £100 share at 5% ) . He became M.P . for Leitrim , and died in 1824 leaving properties worth £175,000 per annum . Lord Annaly . Eventually the estate devolved to his fourth son who was created Lord Annaly , peer of the United Kingdom . Visits by Queen Victoria . Queen Victoria first visited Luttrellstown in 1844 en route to the Duke of Leinster at Carton House . In 1900 , en route to the Viceregal Lodge she drank a cup of tea near the waterfall , an event commemorated by Lord Annaly with an obelisk made of six granite blocks from the Dublin mountains . Ernest Guinness . In 1927 the estate was bought by Ernest Guinness , as a wedding present for his daughter , Aileen Guinness , who married a cousin , Brinsley Sheridan Plunket . Aileen Plunket entertained on a grand scale . The castle became the site of hunt balls and other lavish social events . Her niece , Lady Caroline Blackwood wrote of growing up in that atmosphere in her book , Great Granny Webster . Private consortia . In 1983 it was sold to the private Swiss consortium Primwest , and in 2006 , it was bought by JP McManus and John Magnier . In 2007 , more than €20 million was spent on major upgrade work , including improvements to the Steel- and Mackenzie-designed championship golf course and the alpine style clubhouse . External links . - Luttrell Genealogy - Luttrellstown Castle official web site - The Luttrells in Ireland |
[
"Simon Luttrell , 1st Earl of Carhampton"
] | easy | Who owned Luttrellstown Castle from 1717 to 1787? | /wiki/Luttrellstown_Castle#P127#2 | Luttrellstown Castle Luttrellstown Castle , dating from the early 15th century ( c . 1420 ) , is located in Clonsilla on the outskirts of Dublin , Ireland . It has been owned variously by the eponymous and notorious Luttrell family , by the bookseller Luke White and his descendants Baron Annaly , by the Guinness family , the Primwest Group , and since 2006 , by JP McManus , John Magnier and Aidan Brooks . The castle has hosted visits by Queen Victoria in 1844 and 1900 , and its media profile was raised when Victoria Adams married David Beckham there on 4 July 1999 . The demesnes current owners have converted Woodlands into a 5-star resort . Demesne . Luttrellstown Demesne originally comprised the entirety of the townland of Woodlands in the civil parish of Clonsilla . Today , Luttrellstown Castle Resort and its remaining demesne currently form a 5-star resort , with a golf course , country club and unique location just outside the city boundaries of Dublin . A stream rising near the townland of Pass-If-You-Can enters an aqueduct in the townland of Westmanstown and passes under the Royal Canal before entering the north-western corner of the demesne . Within the walls of the demesne , the waters are dammed to form a chain of artificial ponds . The stream exits the south-eastern corner of the demesne at a gate lodge on the Strawberry Beds , passing under the road before falling into the River Liffey 25m later . Owners . The Luttrell family . The demesne and adjoining lands were granted to Sir Geoffrey de Luterel about 1210 by King John of England . Sir Geoffrey served as the kings minister on many missions of state to Ireland from 1204 to 1216 . He was the ancestor of the Luttrells of Dunster Castle in Somersetshire , England . The family became the biggest landowners in the district by the 17th century . Robert Luttrell was treasurer of St Patricks Cathedral and Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1235 to 1245 , and married into the Plunkett family . The castle was started by Sir Geoffrey Luttrell , the 5th Lord Luttrell , who was born about 1385 . Sir Thomas Luttrell was Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas , 1534-1554 , and actively involved in the dissolution of the monasteries . He acquired the lands of St Marys Abbey at Coolmine . Colonel Henry Luttrell , ( born about 1655 , died 22 October 1717 ) , the second son of Thomas Luttrell of Luttrellstown , was an Anglo-Irish soldier . He was suspected of betraying the Irish leader Patrick Sarsfield , either by his precipitate withdrawal of his Jacobite troops or by giving the army of King William III of England strategic information about a ford of a river , leading to the loss of the Battle of Aughrim in 1691 . After the Siege of Limerick , Luttrell brought his regiment into the Williamite cause . For this act , he was rewarded with the forfeited estates of his elder brother , Simon Luttrell , including Luttrellstown , and was made a major general in the Dutch army . He was assassinated in his sedan chair outside his town house in Wolftone Street , Dublin , in 1717 . Colonel Simon Luttrell , 1st Earl of Carhampton ( 1713–14 January 1787 ) , was an Irish nobleman who became a politician at Westminster . He was the second son of Colonel Henry Luttrell of Luttrellstown and became Lord Lieutenant of County Dublin . Henry Lawes Luttrell , 2nd Earl of Carhampton ( born 1743 , died 1821 ) was the son of Simon , 6th Lord Luttrell of Luttrellstown . He served as a Member of Parliament for Bossiney in 1768 , and subsequently was Adjutant General of Ireland , where he became notorious for his role in suppressing the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . He was so hated that he sold Luttrellstown Castle in 1800 , but in a revenge attack the grave of his grandfather Colonel Henry Luttrell ( died 1717 ) was opened and the skull smashed . His popularity in Ireland is encapsulated by an incident in which the Dublin Post of 2 May 1811 reported his death . Luttrell demanded a retraction , which the newspaper printed , but it appeared under the headline Public Disappointment . Luttrell was an absentee landlord who also owned an estate in the West Indies but resided at Painshill Park in Surrey , England . His sister Anne Luttrell ( 1742-1808 ) , considered , and written about , as one of the great beauties of the ages . Anne was first married to a commoner , Christopher Horton ( or Houghton ) of Catton Hall , on 4 August 1765 . She later married Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn , the sixth child of Frederick , Prince of Wales , and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha , and a younger brother of King George III . Their marriage took place at Hertford Street in Mayfair , London on 2 October 1771 . King George III did not approve of the marriage , as Anne was a commoner and previously married . Due to this , he later had the Royal Marriages Act 1772 passed to prevent any descendant of George II marrying without the consent of the sovereign , a law which remained in effect until passage of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , which , in addition to several other modifications , limited the requirement to obtain royal consent to only the first six persons in line to the throne ( rather than all descendants ) . Luke White . Henry Lawes Luttrell sold Luttrellstown to publisher Luke White , described as one of the most remarkable men that Ireland produced and ancestor of Lord Annaly . Luke White changed the name to Woodlands to eradicate the name of Luttrell , but his great grandson , 3rd Lord Annaly , reverted it to Luttrell Castle . In 1778 Luke White started as an impecunious book dealer , buying in Dublin and reselling around the country . By 1798 , during the rebellion , he helped the Irish government with a loan of 1 million pounds ( at £65 per £100 share at 5% ) . He became M.P . for Leitrim , and died in 1824 leaving properties worth £175,000 per annum . Lord Annaly . Eventually the estate devolved to his fourth son who was created Lord Annaly , peer of the United Kingdom . Visits by Queen Victoria . Queen Victoria first visited Luttrellstown in 1844 en route to the Duke of Leinster at Carton House . In 1900 , en route to the Viceregal Lodge she drank a cup of tea near the waterfall , an event commemorated by Lord Annaly with an obelisk made of six granite blocks from the Dublin mountains . Ernest Guinness . In 1927 the estate was bought by Ernest Guinness , as a wedding present for his daughter , Aileen Guinness , who married a cousin , Brinsley Sheridan Plunket . Aileen Plunket entertained on a grand scale . The castle became the site of hunt balls and other lavish social events . Her niece , Lady Caroline Blackwood wrote of growing up in that atmosphere in her book , Great Granny Webster . Private consortia . In 1983 it was sold to the private Swiss consortium Primwest , and in 2006 , it was bought by JP McManus and John Magnier . In 2007 , more than €20 million was spent on major upgrade work , including improvements to the Steel- and Mackenzie-designed championship golf course and the alpine style clubhouse . External links . - Luttrell Genealogy - Luttrellstown Castle official web site - The Luttrells in Ireland |
[
""
] | easy | Who was the owner of Luttrellstown Castle from 1787 to 1824? | /wiki/Luttrellstown_Castle#P127#3 | Luttrellstown Castle Luttrellstown Castle , dating from the early 15th century ( c . 1420 ) , is located in Clonsilla on the outskirts of Dublin , Ireland . It has been owned variously by the eponymous and notorious Luttrell family , by the bookseller Luke White and his descendants Baron Annaly , by the Guinness family , the Primwest Group , and since 2006 , by JP McManus , John Magnier and Aidan Brooks . The castle has hosted visits by Queen Victoria in 1844 and 1900 , and its media profile was raised when Victoria Adams married David Beckham there on 4 July 1999 . The demesnes current owners have converted Woodlands into a 5-star resort . Demesne . Luttrellstown Demesne originally comprised the entirety of the townland of Woodlands in the civil parish of Clonsilla . Today , Luttrellstown Castle Resort and its remaining demesne currently form a 5-star resort , with a golf course , country club and unique location just outside the city boundaries of Dublin . A stream rising near the townland of Pass-If-You-Can enters an aqueduct in the townland of Westmanstown and passes under the Royal Canal before entering the north-western corner of the demesne . Within the walls of the demesne , the waters are dammed to form a chain of artificial ponds . The stream exits the south-eastern corner of the demesne at a gate lodge on the Strawberry Beds , passing under the road before falling into the River Liffey 25m later . Owners . The Luttrell family . The demesne and adjoining lands were granted to Sir Geoffrey de Luterel about 1210 by King John of England . Sir Geoffrey served as the kings minister on many missions of state to Ireland from 1204 to 1216 . He was the ancestor of the Luttrells of Dunster Castle in Somersetshire , England . The family became the biggest landowners in the district by the 17th century . Robert Luttrell was treasurer of St Patricks Cathedral and Lord Chancellor of Ireland from 1235 to 1245 , and married into the Plunkett family . The castle was started by Sir Geoffrey Luttrell , the 5th Lord Luttrell , who was born about 1385 . Sir Thomas Luttrell was Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas , 1534-1554 , and actively involved in the dissolution of the monasteries . He acquired the lands of St Marys Abbey at Coolmine . Colonel Henry Luttrell , ( born about 1655 , died 22 October 1717 ) , the second son of Thomas Luttrell of Luttrellstown , was an Anglo-Irish soldier . He was suspected of betraying the Irish leader Patrick Sarsfield , either by his precipitate withdrawal of his Jacobite troops or by giving the army of King William III of England strategic information about a ford of a river , leading to the loss of the Battle of Aughrim in 1691 . After the Siege of Limerick , Luttrell brought his regiment into the Williamite cause . For this act , he was rewarded with the forfeited estates of his elder brother , Simon Luttrell , including Luttrellstown , and was made a major general in the Dutch army . He was assassinated in his sedan chair outside his town house in Wolftone Street , Dublin , in 1717 . Colonel Simon Luttrell , 1st Earl of Carhampton ( 1713–14 January 1787 ) , was an Irish nobleman who became a politician at Westminster . He was the second son of Colonel Henry Luttrell of Luttrellstown and became Lord Lieutenant of County Dublin . Henry Lawes Luttrell , 2nd Earl of Carhampton ( born 1743 , died 1821 ) was the son of Simon , 6th Lord Luttrell of Luttrellstown . He served as a Member of Parliament for Bossiney in 1768 , and subsequently was Adjutant General of Ireland , where he became notorious for his role in suppressing the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . He was so hated that he sold Luttrellstown Castle in 1800 , but in a revenge attack the grave of his grandfather Colonel Henry Luttrell ( died 1717 ) was opened and the skull smashed . His popularity in Ireland is encapsulated by an incident in which the Dublin Post of 2 May 1811 reported his death . Luttrell demanded a retraction , which the newspaper printed , but it appeared under the headline Public Disappointment . Luttrell was an absentee landlord who also owned an estate in the West Indies but resided at Painshill Park in Surrey , England . His sister Anne Luttrell ( 1742-1808 ) , considered , and written about , as one of the great beauties of the ages . Anne was first married to a commoner , Christopher Horton ( or Houghton ) of Catton Hall , on 4 August 1765 . She later married Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn , the sixth child of Frederick , Prince of Wales , and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha , and a younger brother of King George III . Their marriage took place at Hertford Street in Mayfair , London on 2 October 1771 . King George III did not approve of the marriage , as Anne was a commoner and previously married . Due to this , he later had the Royal Marriages Act 1772 passed to prevent any descendant of George II marrying without the consent of the sovereign , a law which remained in effect until passage of the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , which , in addition to several other modifications , limited the requirement to obtain royal consent to only the first six persons in line to the throne ( rather than all descendants ) . Luke White . Henry Lawes Luttrell sold Luttrellstown to publisher Luke White , described as one of the most remarkable men that Ireland produced and ancestor of Lord Annaly . Luke White changed the name to Woodlands to eradicate the name of Luttrell , but his great grandson , 3rd Lord Annaly , reverted it to Luttrell Castle . In 1778 Luke White started as an impecunious book dealer , buying in Dublin and reselling around the country . By 1798 , during the rebellion , he helped the Irish government with a loan of 1 million pounds ( at £65 per £100 share at 5% ) . He became M.P . for Leitrim , and died in 1824 leaving properties worth £175,000 per annum . Lord Annaly . Eventually the estate devolved to his fourth son who was created Lord Annaly , peer of the United Kingdom . Visits by Queen Victoria . Queen Victoria first visited Luttrellstown in 1844 en route to the Duke of Leinster at Carton House . In 1900 , en route to the Viceregal Lodge she drank a cup of tea near the waterfall , an event commemorated by Lord Annaly with an obelisk made of six granite blocks from the Dublin mountains . Ernest Guinness . In 1927 the estate was bought by Ernest Guinness , as a wedding present for his daughter , Aileen Guinness , who married a cousin , Brinsley Sheridan Plunket . Aileen Plunket entertained on a grand scale . The castle became the site of hunt balls and other lavish social events . Her niece , Lady Caroline Blackwood wrote of growing up in that atmosphere in her book , Great Granny Webster . Private consortia . In 1983 it was sold to the private Swiss consortium Primwest , and in 2006 , it was bought by JP McManus and John Magnier . In 2007 , more than €20 million was spent on major upgrade work , including improvements to the Steel- and Mackenzie-designed championship golf course and the alpine style clubhouse . External links . - Luttrell Genealogy - Luttrellstown Castle official web site - The Luttrells in Ireland |
[
"Randolph-Macon College"
] | easy | Randy Forbes went to which school from 1969 to 1970? | /wiki/Randy_Forbes#P69#0 | Randy Forbes James Randy Forbes ( born February 17 , 1952 ) is an American politician . A member of the Republican Party , he was the U.S . Representative for , serving from 2001 to 2017 . Prior to joining the United States Congress , he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates , Virginia State Senate , and Chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia . Forbes formerly served as Chairman of the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee . During the Donald Trump administration , Forbes has been reviewed as a prospective choice for Secretary of the Navy . Forbes campaigned for Trump in the 2016 presidential election in 2016 . Forbes was passed over twice for the first-round and second round nominations of Secretary of the Navy . Forbes served as a senior distinguished fellow at the U.S . Naval War College from February through December 2017 . Early life , education and career . Forbes was born in Chesapeake , Virginia , the son of Thelma and Malcolm J . Forbes . Forbes graduated first in his class from Randolph-Macon College in 1974 . He received his Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1977 . Forbes worked in private practice for Kaufman & Canoles PC . Political career . Forbes served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1989 to 1997 and the Virginia State Senate from 1997 to 2001 . He also served as chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia from 1996 to 2001 . He was first elected to the House in 2001 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of ten-term Democratic Congressman Norman Sisisky ; defeating Democratic State Senator Louise Lucas 52–48% . After the 4th district was reconfigured as part of redistricting . He ran unopposed by Democrats in 2002 and 2006 . In 2004 , he faced Jonathan R . Menefee , and won with 65% of the vote . He faced Wynne LeGrow in the 2010 election , and was easily re-elected with 62% of the vote . In 2012 , he defeated Chesapeake City Councilwoman Ella Ward with 57% of the vote . Forbes was the Founder and Chairman of the Congressional Prayer Caucus and the Congressional China Caucus . He championed a plan to rebuild the Navy to 350 ships as Chairman of the House Seapower Subcommittee . On February 8 , 2016 , he announced that he would run for election to Virginias 2nd Congressional District in November 2016 after a court-ordered redistricting saw the 4th absorb most of the majority-black areas around Richmond . The new map turned the 4th from a strongly Republican district into a strongly Democratic district . He did so while at the same time announcing that he would continue to live in Chesapeake , which remained in the 4th ; members of the House are only constitutionally required to live in the state they represent . Forbes stated that his seniority gave him a chance to become the first Virginian to chair the House Armed Services Committee . The 2nd District was being vacated by fellow Republican Scott Rigell . Forbes accused state Delegate and former U.S . Navy SEAL , Scott Taylor , of criminal activity for speeding violations and missing a court appearance , including a scheduled hearing when Taylor was deployed with the Navy . On June 14 , 2016 , Forbes was defeated in the Republican primary by Scott Taylor by a margin of 52.5% to 40.6% , with a third candidate , C . Pat Cardwell IV , receiving 6.8% of the vote . Taylor went on to win the general election on November 8 , 2016 . Forbes received $801,606 in campaign financing from donors in the defense industry during his tenure in Congress . The largest donors to Forbes over his Congressional career have been defense contractors serving the U.S . Navy for aviation and ship construction , including Northrup Grumman , BAE Systems , Leidos and Huntington Ingalls . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Readiness ( Ex-Chairman ) - Committee on Education and the Workforce - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on the Constitution - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , and Homeland Security Memberships . Forbes founded the Congressional Prayer Caucus in 2005 and co-chaired the caucus with Senator James Lankford . Political positions . Defense . Forbes was formerly Chairman of the House Armed Services Committees Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee . In 2013 , Forbes publicly opposed military action in both Libya and Syria . In 2014 , he promised to promote President Obamas call for funds for action in Syria . In 2014 , Forbes voted to address cuts imposed by sequestration with a $1.4 billion cut to operations , maintenance , and training funds , rather than mothballing 11 cruisers and three amphibious warships . China . Forbes was founder and chairman of the Congressional China Caucus . Forbes spoke a panel discussion at Harvard University in the April 2012 on U.S . strategy to Chinas world power emergence . Forbes has voiced concern for Chinese military ambition , cyber threats , contaminated exports , and human rights violations . His reputation has come under scrutiny with the recent acquisition of Americas largest pork company , Smithfield Foods , by a Chinese competitor – a company headquartered within his district . This $4.7 billion deal is the biggest Chinese acquisition of a U.S . company to date . Energy independence . On June 12 , 2008 Forbes introduced H.R . 6260 , titled New Manhattan Project for Energy Independence . The bill was offered as a substitute for the entire energy bill and outlined a series of prizes , similar to the X-PRIZE , which would be awarded to a private entity , which completed one of seven tasks related to achieving energy independence . The bill included $14 billion in prizes and $10 billion in grants ( $10 billion of which would have supported nuclear fusion research ) ; provisions to establish a summit to discuss the challenge of energy independence ; and creation of a commission to offer recommendations to fulfill the goal of becoming energy independent within 20 years . On June 26 , 2009 , the bill was offered as an amendment in the nature of a substitute for the Waxman/Markey-sponsored American Clean Energy and Security Act . The amendment was rejected by the House of Representatives 255–172 . Electoral history . <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 2004 , write-ins received 170 votes . In 2006 , write-ins received 886 votes . In 2008 , write-ins received 405 votes . In 2010 , write-ins received 432 votes . In 2014 , write-ins received 257 votes . <nowiki>**</nowiki> Sisisky died on March 29 , 2001 ; Forbes won the 2001 special election to fill out the remainder of his term . External links . - Congressional China Caucus - U.S . House approves Forbes bill reaffirming In God We Trust , Hampton Roads , November 2 , 2011 |
[
""
] | easy | Where was Randy Forbes educated in 1970? | /wiki/Randy_Forbes#P69#1 | Randy Forbes James Randy Forbes ( born February 17 , 1952 ) is an American politician . A member of the Republican Party , he was the U.S . Representative for , serving from 2001 to 2017 . Prior to joining the United States Congress , he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates , Virginia State Senate , and Chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia . Forbes formerly served as Chairman of the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee . During the Donald Trump administration , Forbes has been reviewed as a prospective choice for Secretary of the Navy . Forbes campaigned for Trump in the 2016 presidential election in 2016 . Forbes was passed over twice for the first-round and second round nominations of Secretary of the Navy . Forbes served as a senior distinguished fellow at the U.S . Naval War College from February through December 2017 . Early life , education and career . Forbes was born in Chesapeake , Virginia , the son of Thelma and Malcolm J . Forbes . Forbes graduated first in his class from Randolph-Macon College in 1974 . He received his Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1977 . Forbes worked in private practice for Kaufman & Canoles PC . Political career . Forbes served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1989 to 1997 and the Virginia State Senate from 1997 to 2001 . He also served as chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia from 1996 to 2001 . He was first elected to the House in 2001 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of ten-term Democratic Congressman Norman Sisisky ; defeating Democratic State Senator Louise Lucas 52–48% . After the 4th district was reconfigured as part of redistricting . He ran unopposed by Democrats in 2002 and 2006 . In 2004 , he faced Jonathan R . Menefee , and won with 65% of the vote . He faced Wynne LeGrow in the 2010 election , and was easily re-elected with 62% of the vote . In 2012 , he defeated Chesapeake City Councilwoman Ella Ward with 57% of the vote . Forbes was the Founder and Chairman of the Congressional Prayer Caucus and the Congressional China Caucus . He championed a plan to rebuild the Navy to 350 ships as Chairman of the House Seapower Subcommittee . On February 8 , 2016 , he announced that he would run for election to Virginias 2nd Congressional District in November 2016 after a court-ordered redistricting saw the 4th absorb most of the majority-black areas around Richmond . The new map turned the 4th from a strongly Republican district into a strongly Democratic district . He did so while at the same time announcing that he would continue to live in Chesapeake , which remained in the 4th ; members of the House are only constitutionally required to live in the state they represent . Forbes stated that his seniority gave him a chance to become the first Virginian to chair the House Armed Services Committee . The 2nd District was being vacated by fellow Republican Scott Rigell . Forbes accused state Delegate and former U.S . Navy SEAL , Scott Taylor , of criminal activity for speeding violations and missing a court appearance , including a scheduled hearing when Taylor was deployed with the Navy . On June 14 , 2016 , Forbes was defeated in the Republican primary by Scott Taylor by a margin of 52.5% to 40.6% , with a third candidate , C . Pat Cardwell IV , receiving 6.8% of the vote . Taylor went on to win the general election on November 8 , 2016 . Forbes received $801,606 in campaign financing from donors in the defense industry during his tenure in Congress . The largest donors to Forbes over his Congressional career have been defense contractors serving the U.S . Navy for aviation and ship construction , including Northrup Grumman , BAE Systems , Leidos and Huntington Ingalls . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Readiness ( Ex-Chairman ) - Committee on Education and the Workforce - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on the Constitution - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , and Homeland Security Memberships . Forbes founded the Congressional Prayer Caucus in 2005 and co-chaired the caucus with Senator James Lankford . Political positions . Defense . Forbes was formerly Chairman of the House Armed Services Committees Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee . In 2013 , Forbes publicly opposed military action in both Libya and Syria . In 2014 , he promised to promote President Obamas call for funds for action in Syria . In 2014 , Forbes voted to address cuts imposed by sequestration with a $1.4 billion cut to operations , maintenance , and training funds , rather than mothballing 11 cruisers and three amphibious warships . China . Forbes was founder and chairman of the Congressional China Caucus . Forbes spoke a panel discussion at Harvard University in the April 2012 on U.S . strategy to Chinas world power emergence . Forbes has voiced concern for Chinese military ambition , cyber threats , contaminated exports , and human rights violations . His reputation has come under scrutiny with the recent acquisition of Americas largest pork company , Smithfield Foods , by a Chinese competitor – a company headquartered within his district . This $4.7 billion deal is the biggest Chinese acquisition of a U.S . company to date . Energy independence . On June 12 , 2008 Forbes introduced H.R . 6260 , titled New Manhattan Project for Energy Independence . The bill was offered as a substitute for the entire energy bill and outlined a series of prizes , similar to the X-PRIZE , which would be awarded to a private entity , which completed one of seven tasks related to achieving energy independence . The bill included $14 billion in prizes and $10 billion in grants ( $10 billion of which would have supported nuclear fusion research ) ; provisions to establish a summit to discuss the challenge of energy independence ; and creation of a commission to offer recommendations to fulfill the goal of becoming energy independent within 20 years . On June 26 , 2009 , the bill was offered as an amendment in the nature of a substitute for the Waxman/Markey-sponsored American Clean Energy and Security Act . The amendment was rejected by the House of Representatives 255–172 . Electoral history . <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 2004 , write-ins received 170 votes . In 2006 , write-ins received 886 votes . In 2008 , write-ins received 405 votes . In 2010 , write-ins received 432 votes . In 2014 , write-ins received 257 votes . <nowiki>**</nowiki> Sisisky died on March 29 , 2001 ; Forbes won the 2001 special election to fill out the remainder of his term . External links . - Congressional China Caucus - U.S . House approves Forbes bill reaffirming In God We Trust , Hampton Roads , November 2 , 2011 |
[
"University of Virginia School of Law"
] | easy | Randy Forbes went to which school from 1974 to 1977? | /wiki/Randy_Forbes#P69#2 | Randy Forbes James Randy Forbes ( born February 17 , 1952 ) is an American politician . A member of the Republican Party , he was the U.S . Representative for , serving from 2001 to 2017 . Prior to joining the United States Congress , he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates , Virginia State Senate , and Chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia . Forbes formerly served as Chairman of the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee . During the Donald Trump administration , Forbes has been reviewed as a prospective choice for Secretary of the Navy . Forbes campaigned for Trump in the 2016 presidential election in 2016 . Forbes was passed over twice for the first-round and second round nominations of Secretary of the Navy . Forbes served as a senior distinguished fellow at the U.S . Naval War College from February through December 2017 . Early life , education and career . Forbes was born in Chesapeake , Virginia , the son of Thelma and Malcolm J . Forbes . Forbes graduated first in his class from Randolph-Macon College in 1974 . He received his Juris Doctor from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1977 . Forbes worked in private practice for Kaufman & Canoles PC . Political career . Forbes served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1989 to 1997 and the Virginia State Senate from 1997 to 2001 . He also served as chairman of the Republican Party of Virginia from 1996 to 2001 . He was first elected to the House in 2001 to fill a vacancy caused by the death of ten-term Democratic Congressman Norman Sisisky ; defeating Democratic State Senator Louise Lucas 52–48% . After the 4th district was reconfigured as part of redistricting . He ran unopposed by Democrats in 2002 and 2006 . In 2004 , he faced Jonathan R . Menefee , and won with 65% of the vote . He faced Wynne LeGrow in the 2010 election , and was easily re-elected with 62% of the vote . In 2012 , he defeated Chesapeake City Councilwoman Ella Ward with 57% of the vote . Forbes was the Founder and Chairman of the Congressional Prayer Caucus and the Congressional China Caucus . He championed a plan to rebuild the Navy to 350 ships as Chairman of the House Seapower Subcommittee . On February 8 , 2016 , he announced that he would run for election to Virginias 2nd Congressional District in November 2016 after a court-ordered redistricting saw the 4th absorb most of the majority-black areas around Richmond . The new map turned the 4th from a strongly Republican district into a strongly Democratic district . He did so while at the same time announcing that he would continue to live in Chesapeake , which remained in the 4th ; members of the House are only constitutionally required to live in the state they represent . Forbes stated that his seniority gave him a chance to become the first Virginian to chair the House Armed Services Committee . The 2nd District was being vacated by fellow Republican Scott Rigell . Forbes accused state Delegate and former U.S . Navy SEAL , Scott Taylor , of criminal activity for speeding violations and missing a court appearance , including a scheduled hearing when Taylor was deployed with the Navy . On June 14 , 2016 , Forbes was defeated in the Republican primary by Scott Taylor by a margin of 52.5% to 40.6% , with a third candidate , C . Pat Cardwell IV , receiving 6.8% of the vote . Taylor went on to win the general election on November 8 , 2016 . Forbes received $801,606 in campaign financing from donors in the defense industry during his tenure in Congress . The largest donors to Forbes over his Congressional career have been defense contractors serving the U.S . Navy for aviation and ship construction , including Northrup Grumman , BAE Systems , Leidos and Huntington Ingalls . U.S . House of Representatives . Committee assignments . - Committee on Armed Services - Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces ( Chairman ) - Subcommittee on Readiness ( Ex-Chairman ) - Committee on Education and the Workforce - Committee on the Judiciary - Subcommittee on the Constitution - Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , and Homeland Security Memberships . Forbes founded the Congressional Prayer Caucus in 2005 and co-chaired the caucus with Senator James Lankford . Political positions . Defense . Forbes was formerly Chairman of the House Armed Services Committees Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee . In 2013 , Forbes publicly opposed military action in both Libya and Syria . In 2014 , he promised to promote President Obamas call for funds for action in Syria . In 2014 , Forbes voted to address cuts imposed by sequestration with a $1.4 billion cut to operations , maintenance , and training funds , rather than mothballing 11 cruisers and three amphibious warships . China . Forbes was founder and chairman of the Congressional China Caucus . Forbes spoke a panel discussion at Harvard University in the April 2012 on U.S . strategy to Chinas world power emergence . Forbes has voiced concern for Chinese military ambition , cyber threats , contaminated exports , and human rights violations . His reputation has come under scrutiny with the recent acquisition of Americas largest pork company , Smithfield Foods , by a Chinese competitor – a company headquartered within his district . This $4.7 billion deal is the biggest Chinese acquisition of a U.S . company to date . Energy independence . On June 12 , 2008 Forbes introduced H.R . 6260 , titled New Manhattan Project for Energy Independence . The bill was offered as a substitute for the entire energy bill and outlined a series of prizes , similar to the X-PRIZE , which would be awarded to a private entity , which completed one of seven tasks related to achieving energy independence . The bill included $14 billion in prizes and $10 billion in grants ( $10 billion of which would have supported nuclear fusion research ) ; provisions to establish a summit to discuss the challenge of energy independence ; and creation of a commission to offer recommendations to fulfill the goal of becoming energy independent within 20 years . On June 26 , 2009 , the bill was offered as an amendment in the nature of a substitute for the Waxman/Markey-sponsored American Clean Energy and Security Act . The amendment was rejected by the House of Representatives 255–172 . Electoral history . <nowiki>*</nowiki>Write-in and minor candidate notes : In 2004 , write-ins received 170 votes . In 2006 , write-ins received 886 votes . In 2008 , write-ins received 405 votes . In 2010 , write-ins received 432 votes . In 2014 , write-ins received 257 votes . <nowiki>**</nowiki> Sisisky died on March 29 , 2001 ; Forbes won the 2001 special election to fill out the remainder of his term . External links . - Congressional China Caucus - U.S . House approves Forbes bill reaffirming In God We Trust , Hampton Roads , November 2 , 2011 |
[
""
] | easy | Who was the head of Gamvik from 2011 to 2015? | /wiki/Gamvik#P6#0 | Gamvik Most people live in the village of Mehamn ( about 500 inhabitants ) , which has an airport , Mehamn Airport , and is also a port of call of the hurtigruten coastal boats . The Slettnes Lighthouse near the village of Gamvik is the northernmost lighthouse on the mainland of Europe . Nervei and Langfjordbotn are two very small villages in southern Gamvik that are only accessible by boat . Finnkongkeila is an abandoned village along the Tanafjorden . The municipality is the 65th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Gamvik is the 326th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,132 . The municipalitys population density is and its population has increased by 12.2% over the last decade . General information . The municipality of Gamvik was established on 1 January 1914 when the old Tana Municipality was divided into three municipalities : Tana ( population : 1,426 ) in the south , Berlevåg ( population : 784 ) in the northeast , and Gamvik ( population : 1,371 ) in the northwest . The municipal boundaries have not changed since that time . On 1 January 2020 , the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county . Previously , it had been part of the old Finnmark county . Name . The Old Norse form of the name may have been Gangvík . The first element is then gangr which means path and the last element is vík which means cove or wick . Coat of arms . The coat of arms is from modern times . They were granted on 28 September 1990 . The arms show three gold/yellow fishing net sewing needles set diagonally on a red background . These needles are a characteristic maritime tool used for making and mending the fishing nets used by local fishermen . These arms were chosen to emphasize the importance of fishing in the area . Churches . The Church of Norway has one parish ( sokn ) within the municipality of Gamvik . It is part of the Hammerfest prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland . History . In June 1972 construction started for [ a landside terminal and ] running a SOSUS cable into the sea . The SOSUS station was one of more than twenty worldwide . 1982 air crash . On 12 March 1982 , a Widerøe Twin Otter , registration number LN-BNK , crashed into the sea near Mehamn , killing all fifteen on board . More than twenty years and four rounds of investigation later , this incident remains highly controversial in Norway . Government . All municipalities in Norway , including Gamvik , are responsible for primary education ( through 10th grade ) , outpatient health services , senior citizen services , unemployment and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives , which in turn elect a mayor . The municipality falls under the Øst-Finnmark District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal . Municipal council . The municipal council of Gamvik is made up of 13 representatives that are elected to four year terms . The party breakdown of the council is as follows : Mayors . The mayors of Gamvik ( incomplete list ) : - 2019–present : Alf Normann Hansen ( SV ) - 2015-2019 : Trond Einar Olaussen ( Ap ) Geography . The municipality consists of the eastern half of the Nordkinn Peninsula . Kinnarodden , located in Gamvik , is the northernmost point of mainland Europe ( the more well-known North Cape is located nearby on Magerøya island ) . The Tanafjorden flows along the eastern coast of Gamvik . Lebesby Municipality is located to the west and Tana Municipality is located to the south . Across the fjord to the east is Berlevåg Municipality . Climate . The inhabited places of Gamvik , such as Mehamn , has a boreal climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfc ) . The spring is very late to warm up and is among the coldest in Norway . Summers are short and cool . Winters are moderated by the Barents Sea and only slightly colder than in the capital Oslo . However , winds can be strong in winter . Slettnes Lighthouse , located on an exposed headland in the northern part of the municipality , is the only remaining weather station in mainland Norway with a tundra climate with the 1991-2020 normals . The all-time high in Gamvik municipality is recorded at Slettnes Lighthouse in July 1972 , and the second warmest is recorded at Slettnes in July 2018 . The all-time low in Gamvik is recorded February 1985 at Slettnes . Overnight freezes are very rare in summer and has never happened in July . The coldest low in August at Mehamn Airport is recorded 2012 , while the coldest August overnight low at Slettnes is from 1984 . Birdlife . The area surrounding the lighthouse at Slettnes is also an interesting locality for those interested in birds and birdwatching . There is a nature reserve and bird observatory . Notable people . - Tor Henriksen ( 1933 in Gamvik – 2017 ) politician for the Socialist Left Party - Torgeir Vassvik ( born 1963 ) a Norwegian Sami musician and composer - Ragnhild Vassvik Kalstad ( born 1966 in Gamvik ) politician for the Labour Party - Eivind Eriksen ( born 1973 in Mehamn ) a Norwegian former footballer with over 150 club caps External links . - Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway - Mehamnulykken -- NRKs collection of articles about the 1982 air crash . - Mehamn.net : live webcam at Mehamn - Nordic Safari Wildlife Adventures : Mehamn - Gamvik Museum |
[
"Trond Einar Olaussen"
] | easy | Who was the head of Gamvik from 2015 to 2019? | /wiki/Gamvik#P6#1 | Gamvik Most people live in the village of Mehamn ( about 500 inhabitants ) , which has an airport , Mehamn Airport , and is also a port of call of the hurtigruten coastal boats . The Slettnes Lighthouse near the village of Gamvik is the northernmost lighthouse on the mainland of Europe . Nervei and Langfjordbotn are two very small villages in southern Gamvik that are only accessible by boat . Finnkongkeila is an abandoned village along the Tanafjorden . The municipality is the 65th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Gamvik is the 326th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,132 . The municipalitys population density is and its population has increased by 12.2% over the last decade . General information . The municipality of Gamvik was established on 1 January 1914 when the old Tana Municipality was divided into three municipalities : Tana ( population : 1,426 ) in the south , Berlevåg ( population : 784 ) in the northeast , and Gamvik ( population : 1,371 ) in the northwest . The municipal boundaries have not changed since that time . On 1 January 2020 , the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county . Previously , it had been part of the old Finnmark county . Name . The Old Norse form of the name may have been Gangvík . The first element is then gangr which means path and the last element is vík which means cove or wick . Coat of arms . The coat of arms is from modern times . They were granted on 28 September 1990 . The arms show three gold/yellow fishing net sewing needles set diagonally on a red background . These needles are a characteristic maritime tool used for making and mending the fishing nets used by local fishermen . These arms were chosen to emphasize the importance of fishing in the area . Churches . The Church of Norway has one parish ( sokn ) within the municipality of Gamvik . It is part of the Hammerfest prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland . History . In June 1972 construction started for [ a landside terminal and ] running a SOSUS cable into the sea . The SOSUS station was one of more than twenty worldwide . 1982 air crash . On 12 March 1982 , a Widerøe Twin Otter , registration number LN-BNK , crashed into the sea near Mehamn , killing all fifteen on board . More than twenty years and four rounds of investigation later , this incident remains highly controversial in Norway . Government . All municipalities in Norway , including Gamvik , are responsible for primary education ( through 10th grade ) , outpatient health services , senior citizen services , unemployment and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives , which in turn elect a mayor . The municipality falls under the Øst-Finnmark District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal . Municipal council . The municipal council of Gamvik is made up of 13 representatives that are elected to four year terms . The party breakdown of the council is as follows : Mayors . The mayors of Gamvik ( incomplete list ) : - 2019–present : Alf Normann Hansen ( SV ) - 2015-2019 : Trond Einar Olaussen ( Ap ) Geography . The municipality consists of the eastern half of the Nordkinn Peninsula . Kinnarodden , located in Gamvik , is the northernmost point of mainland Europe ( the more well-known North Cape is located nearby on Magerøya island ) . The Tanafjorden flows along the eastern coast of Gamvik . Lebesby Municipality is located to the west and Tana Municipality is located to the south . Across the fjord to the east is Berlevåg Municipality . Climate . The inhabited places of Gamvik , such as Mehamn , has a boreal climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfc ) . The spring is very late to warm up and is among the coldest in Norway . Summers are short and cool . Winters are moderated by the Barents Sea and only slightly colder than in the capital Oslo . However , winds can be strong in winter . Slettnes Lighthouse , located on an exposed headland in the northern part of the municipality , is the only remaining weather station in mainland Norway with a tundra climate with the 1991-2020 normals . The all-time high in Gamvik municipality is recorded at Slettnes Lighthouse in July 1972 , and the second warmest is recorded at Slettnes in July 2018 . The all-time low in Gamvik is recorded February 1985 at Slettnes . Overnight freezes are very rare in summer and has never happened in July . The coldest low in August at Mehamn Airport is recorded 2012 , while the coldest August overnight low at Slettnes is from 1984 . Birdlife . The area surrounding the lighthouse at Slettnes is also an interesting locality for those interested in birds and birdwatching . There is a nature reserve and bird observatory . Notable people . - Tor Henriksen ( 1933 in Gamvik – 2017 ) politician for the Socialist Left Party - Torgeir Vassvik ( born 1963 ) a Norwegian Sami musician and composer - Ragnhild Vassvik Kalstad ( born 1966 in Gamvik ) politician for the Labour Party - Eivind Eriksen ( born 1973 in Mehamn ) a Norwegian former footballer with over 150 club caps External links . - Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway - Mehamnulykken -- NRKs collection of articles about the 1982 air crash . - Mehamn.net : live webcam at Mehamn - Nordic Safari Wildlife Adventures : Mehamn - Gamvik Museum |
[
"Alf Normann Hansen"
] | easy | Who was the head of Gamvik from 2019 to 2020? | /wiki/Gamvik#P6#2 | Gamvik Most people live in the village of Mehamn ( about 500 inhabitants ) , which has an airport , Mehamn Airport , and is also a port of call of the hurtigruten coastal boats . The Slettnes Lighthouse near the village of Gamvik is the northernmost lighthouse on the mainland of Europe . Nervei and Langfjordbotn are two very small villages in southern Gamvik that are only accessible by boat . Finnkongkeila is an abandoned village along the Tanafjorden . The municipality is the 65th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Gamvik is the 326th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,132 . The municipalitys population density is and its population has increased by 12.2% over the last decade . General information . The municipality of Gamvik was established on 1 January 1914 when the old Tana Municipality was divided into three municipalities : Tana ( population : 1,426 ) in the south , Berlevåg ( population : 784 ) in the northeast , and Gamvik ( population : 1,371 ) in the northwest . The municipal boundaries have not changed since that time . On 1 January 2020 , the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county . Previously , it had been part of the old Finnmark county . Name . The Old Norse form of the name may have been Gangvík . The first element is then gangr which means path and the last element is vík which means cove or wick . Coat of arms . The coat of arms is from modern times . They were granted on 28 September 1990 . The arms show three gold/yellow fishing net sewing needles set diagonally on a red background . These needles are a characteristic maritime tool used for making and mending the fishing nets used by local fishermen . These arms were chosen to emphasize the importance of fishing in the area . Churches . The Church of Norway has one parish ( sokn ) within the municipality of Gamvik . It is part of the Hammerfest prosti ( deanery ) in the Diocese of Nord-Hålogaland . History . In June 1972 construction started for [ a landside terminal and ] running a SOSUS cable into the sea . The SOSUS station was one of more than twenty worldwide . 1982 air crash . On 12 March 1982 , a Widerøe Twin Otter , registration number LN-BNK , crashed into the sea near Mehamn , killing all fifteen on board . More than twenty years and four rounds of investigation later , this incident remains highly controversial in Norway . Government . All municipalities in Norway , including Gamvik , are responsible for primary education ( through 10th grade ) , outpatient health services , senior citizen services , unemployment and other social services , zoning , economic development , and municipal roads . The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives , which in turn elect a mayor . The municipality falls under the Øst-Finnmark District Court and the Hålogaland Court of Appeal . Municipal council . The municipal council of Gamvik is made up of 13 representatives that are elected to four year terms . The party breakdown of the council is as follows : Mayors . The mayors of Gamvik ( incomplete list ) : - 2019–present : Alf Normann Hansen ( SV ) - 2015-2019 : Trond Einar Olaussen ( Ap ) Geography . The municipality consists of the eastern half of the Nordkinn Peninsula . Kinnarodden , located in Gamvik , is the northernmost point of mainland Europe ( the more well-known North Cape is located nearby on Magerøya island ) . The Tanafjorden flows along the eastern coast of Gamvik . Lebesby Municipality is located to the west and Tana Municipality is located to the south . Across the fjord to the east is Berlevåg Municipality . Climate . The inhabited places of Gamvik , such as Mehamn , has a boreal climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dfc ) . The spring is very late to warm up and is among the coldest in Norway . Summers are short and cool . Winters are moderated by the Barents Sea and only slightly colder than in the capital Oslo . However , winds can be strong in winter . Slettnes Lighthouse , located on an exposed headland in the northern part of the municipality , is the only remaining weather station in mainland Norway with a tundra climate with the 1991-2020 normals . The all-time high in Gamvik municipality is recorded at Slettnes Lighthouse in July 1972 , and the second warmest is recorded at Slettnes in July 2018 . The all-time low in Gamvik is recorded February 1985 at Slettnes . Overnight freezes are very rare in summer and has never happened in July . The coldest low in August at Mehamn Airport is recorded 2012 , while the coldest August overnight low at Slettnes is from 1984 . Birdlife . The area surrounding the lighthouse at Slettnes is also an interesting locality for those interested in birds and birdwatching . There is a nature reserve and bird observatory . Notable people . - Tor Henriksen ( 1933 in Gamvik – 2017 ) politician for the Socialist Left Party - Torgeir Vassvik ( born 1963 ) a Norwegian Sami musician and composer - Ragnhild Vassvik Kalstad ( born 1966 in Gamvik ) politician for the Labour Party - Eivind Eriksen ( born 1973 in Mehamn ) a Norwegian former footballer with over 150 club caps External links . - Municipal fact sheet from Statistics Norway - Mehamnulykken -- NRKs collection of articles about the 1982 air crash . - Mehamn.net : live webcam at Mehamn - Nordic Safari Wildlife Adventures : Mehamn - Gamvik Museum |
[
"MP"
] | easy | Which position did Sandra Osborne hold from May 1997 to May 2001? | /wiki/Sandra_Osborne#P39#0 | Sandra Osborne Sandra Currie Osborne ( née Clark , born 23 February 1956 ) is a Scottish Labour politician , who was the Member of Parliament for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock from the 2005 to 2015 general elections . She was first elected as MP for the Ayr constituency in 1997 , and resigned from a government job in 2003 over the Iraq War . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 and again from 2013 . She was a member of the Defence Select Committee 2010-13 and was a member of the Council of Europe . Before Parliament . Osborne was born and brought up in the deprived Ferguslie Park district , in Paisley . She was educated at Camphill Secondary School in Paisley . She later attended evening classes before going on to Jordanhill College where she gained the Diploma in Community Education . After working as a community worker in Glasgow she moved to Ayrshire , where she spent fourteen years working as a counsellor with Womens Aid , based in Kilmarnock . During that time , she also studied part-time at the University of Strathclyde where she graduated with a Master of Science in Equality and Discrimination . In 1997 , she was one of the shortlisted finalists in the Scottish Woman of the Year Awards ( Glasgow Evening Times ) nominated for her work with abused women . Political career . Osborne was the councillor for Whitletts on Kyle and Carrick District Council and South Ayrshire Council where she also served as Convener of Community Services ( Housing and Social Work ) . She is a member of the trade union Unite ( formerly TGWU ) and has been active in the Labour Party since 1976 , serving for a time as Ayr CLP Secretary . In 1983 , she was a member of the Scottish contingent on the Peoples March for Jobs who walked from Glasgow to London . She was selected as a Labour candidate in Ayr from an all-women shortlist . In May 1997 , she was elected as MP for the Ayr constituency , becoming Ayrs first-ever Labour MP and first ever female MP . She was re-elected at the 2001 general election . Osborne served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Helen Liddell , the Secretary of State for Scotland , from June 2002 until she stepped down in March 2003 over her opposition to going to war with Iraq . She believed this should not have gone ahead without a second UN resolution . She had previously served as PPS to George Foulkes , Minister of State at the Scotland Office and to his predecessor in that post , Brian Wilson . She has served as Chair of the Scottish Group of Labour MPs and member of the Scottish Executive of the Labour Party . She has served as Chair of the All Party Group on Meningitis . She was a member of the Kerley Committee on the Renewal of Local Democracy , providing a minority report opposing proportional representation . In June 2004 , Osborne was selected as the Labour candidate for the new constituency of Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock , where she was returned at the 2005 general election with a majority of 9,997 votes . She served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 . She is also Secretary of the All Party Group on Colombia and the Women , Peace and Security Group . In 2006 , then-Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed her as a member of the UK Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) . On 6 May 2010 , Osborne was re-elected as MP for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock with a majority of 9,911 votes . In 2010 , she was elected Vice Chair of Labours backbench Foreign Affairs Committee and Chair of the All Party Equalities Group . In October 2010 , she was appointed to the Defence Select Committee and the Council of Europe . In 2011 , she was a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . In January 2011 , the Speaker of the House of Commons appointed her to his Panel of Chairs . She was reappointed to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in 2013 . Family . Her husband is Alastair Osborne , who was the Labour candidate in the same Ayr constituency in 1992 that Sandra Osborne gained for her party in 1997 . The couple have two daughters and two granddaughters and live in Symington , Ayrshire . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Sandra Osborne MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Sandra Osborne MP - – General election 2010 : No question – its time to go |
[
"MP"
] | easy | What was the position of Sandra Osborne from Jun 2001 to Apr 2005? | /wiki/Sandra_Osborne#P39#1 | Sandra Osborne Sandra Currie Osborne ( née Clark , born 23 February 1956 ) is a Scottish Labour politician , who was the Member of Parliament for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock from the 2005 to 2015 general elections . She was first elected as MP for the Ayr constituency in 1997 , and resigned from a government job in 2003 over the Iraq War . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 and again from 2013 . She was a member of the Defence Select Committee 2010-13 and was a member of the Council of Europe . Before Parliament . Osborne was born and brought up in the deprived Ferguslie Park district , in Paisley . She was educated at Camphill Secondary School in Paisley . She later attended evening classes before going on to Jordanhill College where she gained the Diploma in Community Education . After working as a community worker in Glasgow she moved to Ayrshire , where she spent fourteen years working as a counsellor with Womens Aid , based in Kilmarnock . During that time , she also studied part-time at the University of Strathclyde where she graduated with a Master of Science in Equality and Discrimination . In 1997 , she was one of the shortlisted finalists in the Scottish Woman of the Year Awards ( Glasgow Evening Times ) nominated for her work with abused women . Political career . Osborne was the councillor for Whitletts on Kyle and Carrick District Council and South Ayrshire Council where she also served as Convener of Community Services ( Housing and Social Work ) . She is a member of the trade union Unite ( formerly TGWU ) and has been active in the Labour Party since 1976 , serving for a time as Ayr CLP Secretary . In 1983 , she was a member of the Scottish contingent on the Peoples March for Jobs who walked from Glasgow to London . She was selected as a Labour candidate in Ayr from an all-women shortlist . In May 1997 , she was elected as MP for the Ayr constituency , becoming Ayrs first-ever Labour MP and first ever female MP . She was re-elected at the 2001 general election . Osborne served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Helen Liddell , the Secretary of State for Scotland , from June 2002 until she stepped down in March 2003 over her opposition to going to war with Iraq . She believed this should not have gone ahead without a second UN resolution . She had previously served as PPS to George Foulkes , Minister of State at the Scotland Office and to his predecessor in that post , Brian Wilson . She has served as Chair of the Scottish Group of Labour MPs and member of the Scottish Executive of the Labour Party . She has served as Chair of the All Party Group on Meningitis . She was a member of the Kerley Committee on the Renewal of Local Democracy , providing a minority report opposing proportional representation . In June 2004 , Osborne was selected as the Labour candidate for the new constituency of Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock , where she was returned at the 2005 general election with a majority of 9,997 votes . She served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 . She is also Secretary of the All Party Group on Colombia and the Women , Peace and Security Group . In 2006 , then-Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed her as a member of the UK Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) . On 6 May 2010 , Osborne was re-elected as MP for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock with a majority of 9,911 votes . In 2010 , she was elected Vice Chair of Labours backbench Foreign Affairs Committee and Chair of the All Party Equalities Group . In October 2010 , she was appointed to the Defence Select Committee and the Council of Europe . In 2011 , she was a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . In January 2011 , the Speaker of the House of Commons appointed her to his Panel of Chairs . She was reappointed to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in 2013 . Family . Her husband is Alastair Osborne , who was the Labour candidate in the same Ayr constituency in 1992 that Sandra Osborne gained for her party in 1997 . The couple have two daughters and two granddaughters and live in Symington , Ayrshire . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Sandra Osborne MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Sandra Osborne MP - – General election 2010 : No question – its time to go |
[
""
] | easy | What position did Sandra Osborne take from May 2005 to Apr 2010? | /wiki/Sandra_Osborne#P39#2 | Sandra Osborne Sandra Currie Osborne ( née Clark , born 23 February 1956 ) is a Scottish Labour politician , who was the Member of Parliament for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock from the 2005 to 2015 general elections . She was first elected as MP for the Ayr constituency in 1997 , and resigned from a government job in 2003 over the Iraq War . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 and again from 2013 . She was a member of the Defence Select Committee 2010-13 and was a member of the Council of Europe . Before Parliament . Osborne was born and brought up in the deprived Ferguslie Park district , in Paisley . She was educated at Camphill Secondary School in Paisley . She later attended evening classes before going on to Jordanhill College where she gained the Diploma in Community Education . After working as a community worker in Glasgow she moved to Ayrshire , where she spent fourteen years working as a counsellor with Womens Aid , based in Kilmarnock . During that time , she also studied part-time at the University of Strathclyde where she graduated with a Master of Science in Equality and Discrimination . In 1997 , she was one of the shortlisted finalists in the Scottish Woman of the Year Awards ( Glasgow Evening Times ) nominated for her work with abused women . Political career . Osborne was the councillor for Whitletts on Kyle and Carrick District Council and South Ayrshire Council where she also served as Convener of Community Services ( Housing and Social Work ) . She is a member of the trade union Unite ( formerly TGWU ) and has been active in the Labour Party since 1976 , serving for a time as Ayr CLP Secretary . In 1983 , she was a member of the Scottish contingent on the Peoples March for Jobs who walked from Glasgow to London . She was selected as a Labour candidate in Ayr from an all-women shortlist . In May 1997 , she was elected as MP for the Ayr constituency , becoming Ayrs first-ever Labour MP and first ever female MP . She was re-elected at the 2001 general election . Osborne served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Helen Liddell , the Secretary of State for Scotland , from June 2002 until she stepped down in March 2003 over her opposition to going to war with Iraq . She believed this should not have gone ahead without a second UN resolution . She had previously served as PPS to George Foulkes , Minister of State at the Scotland Office and to his predecessor in that post , Brian Wilson . She has served as Chair of the Scottish Group of Labour MPs and member of the Scottish Executive of the Labour Party . She has served as Chair of the All Party Group on Meningitis . She was a member of the Kerley Committee on the Renewal of Local Democracy , providing a minority report opposing proportional representation . In June 2004 , Osborne was selected as the Labour candidate for the new constituency of Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock , where she was returned at the 2005 general election with a majority of 9,997 votes . She served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 . She is also Secretary of the All Party Group on Colombia and the Women , Peace and Security Group . In 2006 , then-Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed her as a member of the UK Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) . On 6 May 2010 , Osborne was re-elected as MP for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock with a majority of 9,911 votes . In 2010 , she was elected Vice Chair of Labours backbench Foreign Affairs Committee and Chair of the All Party Equalities Group . In October 2010 , she was appointed to the Defence Select Committee and the Council of Europe . In 2011 , she was a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . In January 2011 , the Speaker of the House of Commons appointed her to his Panel of Chairs . She was reappointed to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in 2013 . Family . Her husband is Alastair Osborne , who was the Labour candidate in the same Ayr constituency in 1992 that Sandra Osborne gained for her party in 1997 . The couple have two daughters and two granddaughters and live in Symington , Ayrshire . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Sandra Osborne MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Sandra Osborne MP - – General election 2010 : No question – its time to go |
[
"MP"
] | easy | What position did Sandra Osborne take from May 2010 to Nov 2010? | /wiki/Sandra_Osborne#P39#3 | Sandra Osborne Sandra Currie Osborne ( née Clark , born 23 February 1956 ) is a Scottish Labour politician , who was the Member of Parliament for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock from the 2005 to 2015 general elections . She was first elected as MP for the Ayr constituency in 1997 , and resigned from a government job in 2003 over the Iraq War . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 and again from 2013 . She was a member of the Defence Select Committee 2010-13 and was a member of the Council of Europe . Before Parliament . Osborne was born and brought up in the deprived Ferguslie Park district , in Paisley . She was educated at Camphill Secondary School in Paisley . She later attended evening classes before going on to Jordanhill College where she gained the Diploma in Community Education . After working as a community worker in Glasgow she moved to Ayrshire , where she spent fourteen years working as a counsellor with Womens Aid , based in Kilmarnock . During that time , she also studied part-time at the University of Strathclyde where she graduated with a Master of Science in Equality and Discrimination . In 1997 , she was one of the shortlisted finalists in the Scottish Woman of the Year Awards ( Glasgow Evening Times ) nominated for her work with abused women . Political career . Osborne was the councillor for Whitletts on Kyle and Carrick District Council and South Ayrshire Council where she also served as Convener of Community Services ( Housing and Social Work ) . She is a member of the trade union Unite ( formerly TGWU ) and has been active in the Labour Party since 1976 , serving for a time as Ayr CLP Secretary . In 1983 , she was a member of the Scottish contingent on the Peoples March for Jobs who walked from Glasgow to London . She was selected as a Labour candidate in Ayr from an all-women shortlist . In May 1997 , she was elected as MP for the Ayr constituency , becoming Ayrs first-ever Labour MP and first ever female MP . She was re-elected at the 2001 general election . Osborne served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Helen Liddell , the Secretary of State for Scotland , from June 2002 until she stepped down in March 2003 over her opposition to going to war with Iraq . She believed this should not have gone ahead without a second UN resolution . She had previously served as PPS to George Foulkes , Minister of State at the Scotland Office and to his predecessor in that post , Brian Wilson . She has served as Chair of the Scottish Group of Labour MPs and member of the Scottish Executive of the Labour Party . She has served as Chair of the All Party Group on Meningitis . She was a member of the Kerley Committee on the Renewal of Local Democracy , providing a minority report opposing proportional representation . In June 2004 , Osborne was selected as the Labour candidate for the new constituency of Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock , where she was returned at the 2005 general election with a majority of 9,997 votes . She served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 . She is also Secretary of the All Party Group on Colombia and the Women , Peace and Security Group . In 2006 , then-Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed her as a member of the UK Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) . On 6 May 2010 , Osborne was re-elected as MP for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock with a majority of 9,911 votes . In 2010 , she was elected Vice Chair of Labours backbench Foreign Affairs Committee and Chair of the All Party Equalities Group . In October 2010 , she was appointed to the Defence Select Committee and the Council of Europe . In 2011 , she was a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . In January 2011 , the Speaker of the House of Commons appointed her to his Panel of Chairs . She was reappointed to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in 2013 . Family . Her husband is Alastair Osborne , who was the Labour candidate in the same Ayr constituency in 1992 that Sandra Osborne gained for her party in 1997 . The couple have two daughters and two granddaughters and live in Symington , Ayrshire . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Sandra Osborne MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Sandra Osborne MP - – General election 2010 : No question – its time to go |
[
""
] | easy | Sandra Osborne took which position from Nov 2010 to Nov 2015? | /wiki/Sandra_Osborne#P39#4 | Sandra Osborne Sandra Currie Osborne ( née Clark , born 23 February 1956 ) is a Scottish Labour politician , who was the Member of Parliament for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock from the 2005 to 2015 general elections . She was first elected as MP for the Ayr constituency in 1997 , and resigned from a government job in 2003 over the Iraq War . She was a member of the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 and again from 2013 . She was a member of the Defence Select Committee 2010-13 and was a member of the Council of Europe . Before Parliament . Osborne was born and brought up in the deprived Ferguslie Park district , in Paisley . She was educated at Camphill Secondary School in Paisley . She later attended evening classes before going on to Jordanhill College where she gained the Diploma in Community Education . After working as a community worker in Glasgow she moved to Ayrshire , where she spent fourteen years working as a counsellor with Womens Aid , based in Kilmarnock . During that time , she also studied part-time at the University of Strathclyde where she graduated with a Master of Science in Equality and Discrimination . In 1997 , she was one of the shortlisted finalists in the Scottish Woman of the Year Awards ( Glasgow Evening Times ) nominated for her work with abused women . Political career . Osborne was the councillor for Whitletts on Kyle and Carrick District Council and South Ayrshire Council where she also served as Convener of Community Services ( Housing and Social Work ) . She is a member of the trade union Unite ( formerly TGWU ) and has been active in the Labour Party since 1976 , serving for a time as Ayr CLP Secretary . In 1983 , she was a member of the Scottish contingent on the Peoples March for Jobs who walked from Glasgow to London . She was selected as a Labour candidate in Ayr from an all-women shortlist . In May 1997 , she was elected as MP for the Ayr constituency , becoming Ayrs first-ever Labour MP and first ever female MP . She was re-elected at the 2001 general election . Osborne served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Helen Liddell , the Secretary of State for Scotland , from June 2002 until she stepped down in March 2003 over her opposition to going to war with Iraq . She believed this should not have gone ahead without a second UN resolution . She had previously served as PPS to George Foulkes , Minister of State at the Scotland Office and to his predecessor in that post , Brian Wilson . She has served as Chair of the Scottish Group of Labour MPs and member of the Scottish Executive of the Labour Party . She has served as Chair of the All Party Group on Meningitis . She was a member of the Kerley Committee on the Renewal of Local Democracy , providing a minority report opposing proportional representation . In June 2004 , Osborne was selected as the Labour candidate for the new constituency of Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock , where she was returned at the 2005 general election with a majority of 9,997 votes . She served on the Foreign Affairs Select Committee from 2005 to 2010 . She is also Secretary of the All Party Group on Colombia and the Women , Peace and Security Group . In 2006 , then-Prime Minister Tony Blair appointed her as a member of the UK Delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) . On 6 May 2010 , Osborne was re-elected as MP for Ayr , Carrick and Cumnock with a majority of 9,911 votes . In 2010 , she was elected Vice Chair of Labours backbench Foreign Affairs Committee and Chair of the All Party Equalities Group . In October 2010 , she was appointed to the Defence Select Committee and the Council of Europe . In 2011 , she was a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Bill that became the Armed Forces Act 2011 . In January 2011 , the Speaker of the House of Commons appointed her to his Panel of Chairs . She was reappointed to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in 2013 . Family . Her husband is Alastair Osborne , who was the Labour candidate in the same Ayr constituency in 1992 that Sandra Osborne gained for her party in 1997 . The couple have two daughters and two granddaughters and live in Symington , Ayrshire . External links . - Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle : Sandra Osborne MP - TheyWorkForYou.com – Sandra Osborne MP - – General election 2010 : No question – its time to go |
[
"Conservative Party"
] | easy | Which political party did Sarah Wollaston belong to from Feb 2018 to Feb 2019? | /wiki/Sarah_Wollaston#P102#0 | Sarah Wollaston Sarah Wollaston ( born 17 February 1962 ) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Totnes from 2010 to 2019 . First elected for the Conservative Party , she later served as a Change UK and Liberal Democrat MP . She was Chair of the Health Select Committee from 2014 to 2019 and Chair of the Liaison Committee from 2017 to 2019 . Wollaston was born in Woking , Surrey , and studied medicine at Guys Hospital Medical School . She qualified in 1986 and worked as a junior hospital doctor and then as a general practitioner ( GP ) . After more than 20 years in clinical practice , she ran for political office . She was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Totnes through an open primary ; during the campaign , she emphasised that she was not a career politician and had a professional career . At the 2010 general election , she won the seat with an increased majority , increasing it further in 2015 . She rebelled against the Cameron–Clegg government on several key votes – voting in favour of a referendum on British membership of the European Union in 2011 , for a cut in the EU budget in 2011 , and against military intervention in Syria in 2013 . In Westminster , she was a vocal proponent of minimum unit pricing for alcohol and spoke out against political patronage . Initially uncertain about which way to vote in the referendum , Wollaston announced in June 2016 that she was no longer supporting the Vote Leave campaign in the referendum on European Union membership and would vote to remain in the EU . In February 2019 , she resigned from the Conservatives , along with two of her peers , and joined The Independent Group , later Change UK . Four months later , she quit the party to sit as an independent MP . In August 2019 , she joined the Liberal Democrats but lost her seat in the 2019 general election standing as a Liberal Democrat . Early life and education . Wollaston was born in February 1962 in Woking , Surrey , into a military family . Her family moved frequently during her early years as her father – a supplies and catering officer in the Royal Air Force , formerly a diver and bomb disposal specialist in the Royal Navy – was posted around the world , including Hong Kong and Malta . Wollaston was educated at service and civilian primary schools , later attending a girls grammar school in Watford , where she was Head Girl in 1979–1980 . Whilst at secondary school , Wollaston took on a range of part-time jobs , including a Saturday job at her local branch of John Lewis . She left sixth form with high grades in science subjects at A-level , which she needed to study Medicine at university . Medical career . In 1980 , Wollaston entered Guys Hospital Medical School in London as a medical student . She took an intercalated degree in pathology in the third year of her undergraduate career , gaining a Bachelor of Science degree in the subject . While at Guys , she met her future husband , Adrian . Alongside her studies , she took a part-time role as a healthcare assistant at the hospital to supplement her student grant . Wollaston graduated with a degree in Medicine in 1986 . She embarked on a career in hospital paediatrics but , after five years as a junior doctor in London , she moved to Bristol to train as a general practitioner , qualifying as a family doctor in 1992 . Wollaston then moved to Devon to work as a part-time GP in a town on the edge of Dartmoor . She was also a police surgeon from 1996 to 2001 , dealing with victims of sexual assaults , advising the police on whether suspects were fit to be interviewed , and treating people in custody . After 1999 , she became a full-time GP ; she taught medical students and trainee GPs , and worked as an examiner for the Royal College of General Practitioners . Wollaston remains on the medical register , but ceased practising medicine in 2010 on her election to Parliament . 2009 open primary and selection . Wollaston joined the Conservative Party in 2006 , having been spurred into politics by her opposition to the threatened closure of Moretonhampstead Community Hospital . However , Wollaston accepted that she had no background in politics when in 2009 she put her name forward for the selection of a candidate for the Totnes constituency , citing as qualifications only real life experience , approachability and enthusiasm . The Conservative Association placed her on the shortlist of three to succeed Anthony Steen , who had announced his retirement after criticism as part of the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal . Urged to do so by the national party , the local Conservative Association had already decided that the selection would be made by an open primary , in which non-members would have a vote . On 9 July , the Conservative Party leader David Cameron announced that the party would , for the first time , send a postal ballot paper to every voter instead of holding the selection at an open meeting . Wollaston later said that she might not have put her name forward had she known that the selection was to be by open primary . During the selection process , Wollaston campaigned on the problems of alcohol-related crime , citing also the 8,000 annual deaths from alcohol . She later supported curbs on low priced alcoholic drinks . but highlighted that the selection offered voters a choice between a career politician and someone with a real job . At a public hustings , she was asked whether her lack of political experience would make it difficult for her to throw and take political punches ; she replied that this was not what politics was about for her , and that she would not indulge in it . Her reply prompted spontaneous applause . The primary was conducted under the plurality ( first past the post ) method used in general elections . In the selection result , Wollaston was proclaimed the winner with 7,914 votes ( 48% ) , ahead of Sara Randall Johnson ( leader of East Devon District Council ) who had 5,495 ( 33% ) , and Nick Bye ( Mayor of Torbay ) who had 3,088 ( 19% ) . Nearly a quarter of all voters returned their ballots , a higher turnout than was expected . Wollaston later said I have no doubt that I was selected because I had no track record in politics , but one Totnes Conservative member told The Guardian of his fear that without a political background , she was the candidate Liberal Democrats could most easily defeat . As the general election approached , Wollaston made clear her anger at suggestions that she would be a part-time MP , saying that she would not continue her medical practice if elected . The local branch of Liberal Democrats denied that they were behind rumours that Wollaston intended to continue to practise medicine on a part-time basis . She accepted that the scandal over Anthony Steens expenses claims had damaged the Conservative Partys chances , and declined his offer of the use of his home to run the Conservative campaign . She pledged to vote in a eurosceptic direction and to support a bypass for Kingskerswell . Parliamentary career . On election day , Wollaston was elected with a 45.9% share of the vote , and more than doubled the Conservatives majority . She supported the formation of a Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government as being the most appropriate for her constituency in the circumstances after the election , explaining that voters wanted to see politicians working together . Her maiden speech in Parliament , on 2 June 2010 , outlined her concerns about alcohol-related crime and alcoholic drink pricing , and also mentioned issues of concern in her constituency , including bovine tuberculosis . Soon after her election , Wollaston was offered the position of Parliamentary Private Secretary – a junior aide – to one of the Health Ministers , influenced by her professional background . Despite this position being the first rung on the ministerial ladder , Wollaston turned the offer down because it would have required her to avoid speaking out against any Government policy she disagreed with . She later said that she would not have been able to look [ her ] constituents in the eye if she had signed away her ability to speak on the issues she had been elected on . In her first year in the Commons , Wollaston referred to her experience working with sexual assault victims in warning the Government against its plans to introduce anonymity for people suspected of , or charged with , rape . She argued that it would constitute a further barrier for victims to report their crime and that the vast majority of sexual assaults already went unreported . She successfully pressed the Government to take up the way the European Unions Working Time Directive applied to junior doctors training , saying that it was causing patient care to suffer . In October 2010 , she announced she would not vote to repeal the Hunting Act 2004 because the overwhelming majority in her constituency were opposed to hunting . She broke the Conservative whip in November 2010 to support an amendment setting a threshold of 40% turnout for the result of the referendum on voting systems to be valid , and later that month supported a Labour amendment to allow more policyholders to claim compensation over the collapse in Equitable Life dividends . In March 2013 , Wollaston was reselected by her local Conservative Association to fight the 2015 general election as the Conservative candidate . On polling day she was re-elected with 53% of the vote , more than tripling her majority to 18,285 ( 38.8% ) . When campaigning for re-election at the 2017 general election , Wollaston promised her constituents , at a hustings , that she would accept the result of the 2016 EU referendum , noting that 54% of her constituents had voted to leave . She went on to state that one of the things that annoys people is telling them that they didnt know what they were voting for , rejecting the idea of holding a second referendum . She was returned with a reduced majority of 13,477 , despite gaining 2,031 more votes . She was appointed Chair of the Liaison Committee after the election . On 20 February 2019 , Wollaston resigned from the Conservative Party , along with two other MPs from her party , joining The Independent Group , later styled Change UK , a party advocating for a second referendum . Prior to her defection , 50 local Conservatives signed a petition calling for a no-confidence vote in Wollaston over her position on Brexit , though one of the petition organisers admitted that he had only recently joined the party in order to seek her deselection . In March 2019 , it emerged she had sponsored a Ten Minute Rule bill in November 2011 which would have required MPs who switch parties to face an automatic by-election . Wollaston herself switched parties on 20 February 2019 , but did not call a by-election . Chair of Totnes and South Devon Labour Party Lynn Alderson said Wollaston made her views clear . Wollaston acknowledged the likely calls for her to face a by-election but refused such a proposal , stating neither this nor a general election would answer the fundamental question that is dividing us . In June 2019 , she left Change UK to sit as an independent MP . Wollaston was the sponsor of the Stalking Protection Act 2019 . On 14 August 2019 , Wollaston joined the Liberal Democrats campaigning under the slogan Stop Brexit . She sought re-election as Liberal Democrat candidate for Totnes , but finished second to the Conservative party candidate Anthony Mangnall , losing by a margin of 12,724 votes . Political positions . Health . In March 2011 , Wollaston warned David Cameron that the governments NHS reforms would result in the NHS going belly up . She warned that the reorganisation would result in confusion with doctors being overwhelmed . She said there was a risk that Monitor , the new regulator would be filled with competition economists who would change the NHS beyond recognition and there was no point liberating the NHS from political control only to shackle it to an unelected economic regulator . However , her opposition to the NHS reforms calmed after the party leadership changed certain clauses at her suggestions and she eventually voted in favour of passage of the Health and Social Care Bill . During her campaign for selection as Conservative candidate in Totnes , Wollaston pledged to tackle the issue of alcohol misuse , having seen the impact of it during her medical career . In Westminster , she pushed for an introduction of minimum unit pricing for alcohol , arguing that a 50p minimum unit price would save almost 3,000 lives a year and save the NHS over £6bn over ten years while costing a moderate drinker only £12 extra per year . When plans to introduce minimum pricing were shelved by the Government in 2013 , Wollaston strongly criticised David Cameron and Department for Health Ministers , saying that the change in policy was due to lobbying by Conservative Party strategist Lynton Crosby , whose firm had strong ties to the alcohol industry . Following her comments , she was named MP of the Month by Total Politics for her tough stance . Having been on the draft Bill Committee for the Care and Support Bill , Wollaston was selected to sit on the Public Bill Committee for the Care Bill in early 2014 . There she introduced a number of amendments , including one which would have made terminally ill patients exempt from social care charges . Wollaston was elected as a member of the Health Select Committee upon entering Parliament , and became Chair of the Committee in June 2014 after Stephen Dorrell retired . She defeated fellow GP Phillip Lee , Caroline Spelman , Charlotte Leslie , and David Tredinnick to the role . She was re-elected to this position after the 2015 general election . In 2015 , an undercover Daily Telegraph investigation showed that in some cases , locum agencies Medicare and Team24 , owned by Capita , were charging some hospitals higher fees than others and giving false company details . The agencies were charging up to 49% of the fee . Wollaston said the Government should publish details of agency charges as transparency would drive changes to behaviour . Wollaston was reckoned by the Health Service Journal to be the 20th-most influential person ( and second-most influential woman ) in the English NHS in 2015 . Social issues . Before entering the House of Commons , Wollaston stated that she was strongly pro-choice , and would not support lowering the abortion limit , as such a measure would affect those who are in the greatest need . In 2011 , she voted against backbench amendments to the Health and Social Care Bill which would have prevented abortion providers from offering counselling services . Wollaston voted in favour of allowing same-sex marriage in 2013 , writing that people who are gay should be allowed to celebrate their love and commitment in a context that society understands . She branded opponents of the change bigots . Wollaston rebelled against the Government to vote against setting up a Royal Charter to regulate the press , claiming that many of the activities which had led to the proposal were already illegal and were being exploited to justify censoring the free press . Later , she was the joint winner of The Spectator magazines Parliamentarian of the Year award for her stance . In September 2013 , she entered the debate about niqābs , saying that some women found them offensive and urging the Government to ban them in schools on the grounds of gender equality . Wollaston was the only Conservative politician to vote for a pause in the roll-out of Universal Credit on 18 October 2017 . The vote was non-binding on the government . Political reform . Coming from a non-political background , Wollaston has consistently spoken out in favour of reforming the political system to make it more open and accessible . Citing her own experience in the medical profession , she has called for job-sharing in the Commons , claiming that this would make it easier for women and those with families to stand for Parliament , while helping to improve the experience of MPs . In 2013 , she was a signatory to a campaign for women to be able to inherit noble titles , instead of these being restricted to the male line . She has often spoken out against political patronage in Westminster and the role of the payroll vote in silencing dissent amongst MPs . She has suggested that vacancies for Parliamentary Private Secretary roles should put out for application and interview to find the most qualified candidate , rather than the candidate most in favour with the government . Following her selection through the open primary process , she urged the leaders of all parties to expand their use , particularly in safe seats . She said that the cost could be significantly lower than that of the Totnes primary by combining local and European elections with primary elections . In 2013 , she suggested that the idea of expanding primaries had been shelved because it was felt that they produce awkward independently-minded MPs . Foreign and European policy . In August 2013 , Wollaston rebelled and voted against military intervention in Syria . She said such a move could escalate into a wider conflict with hundreds of thousands of victims . She cited strong opposition to intervention by her constituents as a key factor in deciding to vote against . On the European Union , Wollaston originally supported loosening the relationship between Britain and Brussels and said that she would reluctantly vote to leave the EU if reform could not be achieved . Writing for ConservativeHome in 2013 , she expressed support for EU membership because of access to the single market , but questioned whether it was worth the extra bureaucracy for business , loss of sovereignty , and the deficit in democracy . In the House of Commons , she voted in a Eurosceptic manner in several key divisions , voting for a referendum on Britains EU membership and voting to reduce the EU budget . Wollaston initially supported the Vote Leave campaign during the 2016 referendum on European Union membership , stating in an article in The Guardian following David Camerons renegotiation of membership terms in February 2016 that the prime minister has returned with a threadbare deal that has highlighted our powerlessness to effect institutional change and that the balance of our national interest now lies outside the EU . However , she announced on 8 June 2016 that she would change sides to campaign for Britain to remain in the EU , claiming that Vote Leaves assertion that exiting the union would make available £350m a week for health spending simply isnt true and represented post-truth politics . She also suggested that leaving the EU would harm the UKs economy , leading to a Brexit penalty . Michael Deacon of The Daily Telegraph wrote her decision to switch sides had sparked a conspiracy theory among many Leave campaigners that she was a government plant , while fellow Conservative MP and Eurosceptic Nadine Dorries said that Wollastons change of opinion was deliberately staged and political . In December 2017 , Wollaston voted along with fellow Conservative Dominic Grieve and nine other Conservative MPs against the government , and in favour of guaranteeing Parliament a meaningful vote on any deal Theresa May agrees with Brussels over Brexit . She supported the Peoples Vote campaign for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union . Strongly opposing a no-deal Brexit , she said in December 2018 : If it becomes the main objective of government policy to deliver no deal and no transition , then the consequences of that would be so horrific for the people I represent then I couldnt stay a member of the Conservative party . She co-founded the group Right to Vote in early 2019 . Personal life . Wollaston lives in South Devon with her husband Adrian James , a psychiatrist , who is a registrant of the Royal College of Psychiatrists . They met while studying medicine at Guys Hospital . They have two daughters and one son . She is a keen cyclist - often on a tandem - and took part in the 2014 RideLondon 100-mile bike race with her husband . |
[
"Change UK"
] | easy | Which party was Sarah Wollaston a member of from Feb 2019 to Jun 2019? | /wiki/Sarah_Wollaston#P102#1 | Sarah Wollaston Sarah Wollaston ( born 17 February 1962 ) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Totnes from 2010 to 2019 . First elected for the Conservative Party , she later served as a Change UK and Liberal Democrat MP . She was Chair of the Health Select Committee from 2014 to 2019 and Chair of the Liaison Committee from 2017 to 2019 . Wollaston was born in Woking , Surrey , and studied medicine at Guys Hospital Medical School . She qualified in 1986 and worked as a junior hospital doctor and then as a general practitioner ( GP ) . After more than 20 years in clinical practice , she ran for political office . She was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Totnes through an open primary ; during the campaign , she emphasised that she was not a career politician and had a professional career . At the 2010 general election , she won the seat with an increased majority , increasing it further in 2015 . She rebelled against the Cameron–Clegg government on several key votes – voting in favour of a referendum on British membership of the European Union in 2011 , for a cut in the EU budget in 2011 , and against military intervention in Syria in 2013 . In Westminster , she was a vocal proponent of minimum unit pricing for alcohol and spoke out against political patronage . Initially uncertain about which way to vote in the referendum , Wollaston announced in June 2016 that she was no longer supporting the Vote Leave campaign in the referendum on European Union membership and would vote to remain in the EU . In February 2019 , she resigned from the Conservatives , along with two of her peers , and joined The Independent Group , later Change UK . Four months later , she quit the party to sit as an independent MP . In August 2019 , she joined the Liberal Democrats but lost her seat in the 2019 general election standing as a Liberal Democrat . Early life and education . Wollaston was born in February 1962 in Woking , Surrey , into a military family . Her family moved frequently during her early years as her father – a supplies and catering officer in the Royal Air Force , formerly a diver and bomb disposal specialist in the Royal Navy – was posted around the world , including Hong Kong and Malta . Wollaston was educated at service and civilian primary schools , later attending a girls grammar school in Watford , where she was Head Girl in 1979–1980 . Whilst at secondary school , Wollaston took on a range of part-time jobs , including a Saturday job at her local branch of John Lewis . She left sixth form with high grades in science subjects at A-level , which she needed to study Medicine at university . Medical career . In 1980 , Wollaston entered Guys Hospital Medical School in London as a medical student . She took an intercalated degree in pathology in the third year of her undergraduate career , gaining a Bachelor of Science degree in the subject . While at Guys , she met her future husband , Adrian . Alongside her studies , she took a part-time role as a healthcare assistant at the hospital to supplement her student grant . Wollaston graduated with a degree in Medicine in 1986 . She embarked on a career in hospital paediatrics but , after five years as a junior doctor in London , she moved to Bristol to train as a general practitioner , qualifying as a family doctor in 1992 . Wollaston then moved to Devon to work as a part-time GP in a town on the edge of Dartmoor . She was also a police surgeon from 1996 to 2001 , dealing with victims of sexual assaults , advising the police on whether suspects were fit to be interviewed , and treating people in custody . After 1999 , she became a full-time GP ; she taught medical students and trainee GPs , and worked as an examiner for the Royal College of General Practitioners . Wollaston remains on the medical register , but ceased practising medicine in 2010 on her election to Parliament . 2009 open primary and selection . Wollaston joined the Conservative Party in 2006 , having been spurred into politics by her opposition to the threatened closure of Moretonhampstead Community Hospital . However , Wollaston accepted that she had no background in politics when in 2009 she put her name forward for the selection of a candidate for the Totnes constituency , citing as qualifications only real life experience , approachability and enthusiasm . The Conservative Association placed her on the shortlist of three to succeed Anthony Steen , who had announced his retirement after criticism as part of the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal . Urged to do so by the national party , the local Conservative Association had already decided that the selection would be made by an open primary , in which non-members would have a vote . On 9 July , the Conservative Party leader David Cameron announced that the party would , for the first time , send a postal ballot paper to every voter instead of holding the selection at an open meeting . Wollaston later said that she might not have put her name forward had she known that the selection was to be by open primary . During the selection process , Wollaston campaigned on the problems of alcohol-related crime , citing also the 8,000 annual deaths from alcohol . She later supported curbs on low priced alcoholic drinks . but highlighted that the selection offered voters a choice between a career politician and someone with a real job . At a public hustings , she was asked whether her lack of political experience would make it difficult for her to throw and take political punches ; she replied that this was not what politics was about for her , and that she would not indulge in it . Her reply prompted spontaneous applause . The primary was conducted under the plurality ( first past the post ) method used in general elections . In the selection result , Wollaston was proclaimed the winner with 7,914 votes ( 48% ) , ahead of Sara Randall Johnson ( leader of East Devon District Council ) who had 5,495 ( 33% ) , and Nick Bye ( Mayor of Torbay ) who had 3,088 ( 19% ) . Nearly a quarter of all voters returned their ballots , a higher turnout than was expected . Wollaston later said I have no doubt that I was selected because I had no track record in politics , but one Totnes Conservative member told The Guardian of his fear that without a political background , she was the candidate Liberal Democrats could most easily defeat . As the general election approached , Wollaston made clear her anger at suggestions that she would be a part-time MP , saying that she would not continue her medical practice if elected . The local branch of Liberal Democrats denied that they were behind rumours that Wollaston intended to continue to practise medicine on a part-time basis . She accepted that the scandal over Anthony Steens expenses claims had damaged the Conservative Partys chances , and declined his offer of the use of his home to run the Conservative campaign . She pledged to vote in a eurosceptic direction and to support a bypass for Kingskerswell . Parliamentary career . On election day , Wollaston was elected with a 45.9% share of the vote , and more than doubled the Conservatives majority . She supported the formation of a Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government as being the most appropriate for her constituency in the circumstances after the election , explaining that voters wanted to see politicians working together . Her maiden speech in Parliament , on 2 June 2010 , outlined her concerns about alcohol-related crime and alcoholic drink pricing , and also mentioned issues of concern in her constituency , including bovine tuberculosis . Soon after her election , Wollaston was offered the position of Parliamentary Private Secretary – a junior aide – to one of the Health Ministers , influenced by her professional background . Despite this position being the first rung on the ministerial ladder , Wollaston turned the offer down because it would have required her to avoid speaking out against any Government policy she disagreed with . She later said that she would not have been able to look [ her ] constituents in the eye if she had signed away her ability to speak on the issues she had been elected on . In her first year in the Commons , Wollaston referred to her experience working with sexual assault victims in warning the Government against its plans to introduce anonymity for people suspected of , or charged with , rape . She argued that it would constitute a further barrier for victims to report their crime and that the vast majority of sexual assaults already went unreported . She successfully pressed the Government to take up the way the European Unions Working Time Directive applied to junior doctors training , saying that it was causing patient care to suffer . In October 2010 , she announced she would not vote to repeal the Hunting Act 2004 because the overwhelming majority in her constituency were opposed to hunting . She broke the Conservative whip in November 2010 to support an amendment setting a threshold of 40% turnout for the result of the referendum on voting systems to be valid , and later that month supported a Labour amendment to allow more policyholders to claim compensation over the collapse in Equitable Life dividends . In March 2013 , Wollaston was reselected by her local Conservative Association to fight the 2015 general election as the Conservative candidate . On polling day she was re-elected with 53% of the vote , more than tripling her majority to 18,285 ( 38.8% ) . When campaigning for re-election at the 2017 general election , Wollaston promised her constituents , at a hustings , that she would accept the result of the 2016 EU referendum , noting that 54% of her constituents had voted to leave . She went on to state that one of the things that annoys people is telling them that they didnt know what they were voting for , rejecting the idea of holding a second referendum . She was returned with a reduced majority of 13,477 , despite gaining 2,031 more votes . She was appointed Chair of the Liaison Committee after the election . On 20 February 2019 , Wollaston resigned from the Conservative Party , along with two other MPs from her party , joining The Independent Group , later styled Change UK , a party advocating for a second referendum . Prior to her defection , 50 local Conservatives signed a petition calling for a no-confidence vote in Wollaston over her position on Brexit , though one of the petition organisers admitted that he had only recently joined the party in order to seek her deselection . In March 2019 , it emerged she had sponsored a Ten Minute Rule bill in November 2011 which would have required MPs who switch parties to face an automatic by-election . Wollaston herself switched parties on 20 February 2019 , but did not call a by-election . Chair of Totnes and South Devon Labour Party Lynn Alderson said Wollaston made her views clear . Wollaston acknowledged the likely calls for her to face a by-election but refused such a proposal , stating neither this nor a general election would answer the fundamental question that is dividing us . In June 2019 , she left Change UK to sit as an independent MP . Wollaston was the sponsor of the Stalking Protection Act 2019 . On 14 August 2019 , Wollaston joined the Liberal Democrats campaigning under the slogan Stop Brexit . She sought re-election as Liberal Democrat candidate for Totnes , but finished second to the Conservative party candidate Anthony Mangnall , losing by a margin of 12,724 votes . Political positions . Health . In March 2011 , Wollaston warned David Cameron that the governments NHS reforms would result in the NHS going belly up . She warned that the reorganisation would result in confusion with doctors being overwhelmed . She said there was a risk that Monitor , the new regulator would be filled with competition economists who would change the NHS beyond recognition and there was no point liberating the NHS from political control only to shackle it to an unelected economic regulator . However , her opposition to the NHS reforms calmed after the party leadership changed certain clauses at her suggestions and she eventually voted in favour of passage of the Health and Social Care Bill . During her campaign for selection as Conservative candidate in Totnes , Wollaston pledged to tackle the issue of alcohol misuse , having seen the impact of it during her medical career . In Westminster , she pushed for an introduction of minimum unit pricing for alcohol , arguing that a 50p minimum unit price would save almost 3,000 lives a year and save the NHS over £6bn over ten years while costing a moderate drinker only £12 extra per year . When plans to introduce minimum pricing were shelved by the Government in 2013 , Wollaston strongly criticised David Cameron and Department for Health Ministers , saying that the change in policy was due to lobbying by Conservative Party strategist Lynton Crosby , whose firm had strong ties to the alcohol industry . Following her comments , she was named MP of the Month by Total Politics for her tough stance . Having been on the draft Bill Committee for the Care and Support Bill , Wollaston was selected to sit on the Public Bill Committee for the Care Bill in early 2014 . There she introduced a number of amendments , including one which would have made terminally ill patients exempt from social care charges . Wollaston was elected as a member of the Health Select Committee upon entering Parliament , and became Chair of the Committee in June 2014 after Stephen Dorrell retired . She defeated fellow GP Phillip Lee , Caroline Spelman , Charlotte Leslie , and David Tredinnick to the role . She was re-elected to this position after the 2015 general election . In 2015 , an undercover Daily Telegraph investigation showed that in some cases , locum agencies Medicare and Team24 , owned by Capita , were charging some hospitals higher fees than others and giving false company details . The agencies were charging up to 49% of the fee . Wollaston said the Government should publish details of agency charges as transparency would drive changes to behaviour . Wollaston was reckoned by the Health Service Journal to be the 20th-most influential person ( and second-most influential woman ) in the English NHS in 2015 . Social issues . Before entering the House of Commons , Wollaston stated that she was strongly pro-choice , and would not support lowering the abortion limit , as such a measure would affect those who are in the greatest need . In 2011 , she voted against backbench amendments to the Health and Social Care Bill which would have prevented abortion providers from offering counselling services . Wollaston voted in favour of allowing same-sex marriage in 2013 , writing that people who are gay should be allowed to celebrate their love and commitment in a context that society understands . She branded opponents of the change bigots . Wollaston rebelled against the Government to vote against setting up a Royal Charter to regulate the press , claiming that many of the activities which had led to the proposal were already illegal and were being exploited to justify censoring the free press . Later , she was the joint winner of The Spectator magazines Parliamentarian of the Year award for her stance . In September 2013 , she entered the debate about niqābs , saying that some women found them offensive and urging the Government to ban them in schools on the grounds of gender equality . Wollaston was the only Conservative politician to vote for a pause in the roll-out of Universal Credit on 18 October 2017 . The vote was non-binding on the government . Political reform . Coming from a non-political background , Wollaston has consistently spoken out in favour of reforming the political system to make it more open and accessible . Citing her own experience in the medical profession , she has called for job-sharing in the Commons , claiming that this would make it easier for women and those with families to stand for Parliament , while helping to improve the experience of MPs . In 2013 , she was a signatory to a campaign for women to be able to inherit noble titles , instead of these being restricted to the male line . She has often spoken out against political patronage in Westminster and the role of the payroll vote in silencing dissent amongst MPs . She has suggested that vacancies for Parliamentary Private Secretary roles should put out for application and interview to find the most qualified candidate , rather than the candidate most in favour with the government . Following her selection through the open primary process , she urged the leaders of all parties to expand their use , particularly in safe seats . She said that the cost could be significantly lower than that of the Totnes primary by combining local and European elections with primary elections . In 2013 , she suggested that the idea of expanding primaries had been shelved because it was felt that they produce awkward independently-minded MPs . Foreign and European policy . In August 2013 , Wollaston rebelled and voted against military intervention in Syria . She said such a move could escalate into a wider conflict with hundreds of thousands of victims . She cited strong opposition to intervention by her constituents as a key factor in deciding to vote against . On the European Union , Wollaston originally supported loosening the relationship between Britain and Brussels and said that she would reluctantly vote to leave the EU if reform could not be achieved . Writing for ConservativeHome in 2013 , she expressed support for EU membership because of access to the single market , but questioned whether it was worth the extra bureaucracy for business , loss of sovereignty , and the deficit in democracy . In the House of Commons , she voted in a Eurosceptic manner in several key divisions , voting for a referendum on Britains EU membership and voting to reduce the EU budget . Wollaston initially supported the Vote Leave campaign during the 2016 referendum on European Union membership , stating in an article in The Guardian following David Camerons renegotiation of membership terms in February 2016 that the prime minister has returned with a threadbare deal that has highlighted our powerlessness to effect institutional change and that the balance of our national interest now lies outside the EU . However , she announced on 8 June 2016 that she would change sides to campaign for Britain to remain in the EU , claiming that Vote Leaves assertion that exiting the union would make available £350m a week for health spending simply isnt true and represented post-truth politics . She also suggested that leaving the EU would harm the UKs economy , leading to a Brexit penalty . Michael Deacon of The Daily Telegraph wrote her decision to switch sides had sparked a conspiracy theory among many Leave campaigners that she was a government plant , while fellow Conservative MP and Eurosceptic Nadine Dorries said that Wollastons change of opinion was deliberately staged and political . In December 2017 , Wollaston voted along with fellow Conservative Dominic Grieve and nine other Conservative MPs against the government , and in favour of guaranteeing Parliament a meaningful vote on any deal Theresa May agrees with Brussels over Brexit . She supported the Peoples Vote campaign for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union . Strongly opposing a no-deal Brexit , she said in December 2018 : If it becomes the main objective of government policy to deliver no deal and no transition , then the consequences of that would be so horrific for the people I represent then I couldnt stay a member of the Conservative party . She co-founded the group Right to Vote in early 2019 . Personal life . Wollaston lives in South Devon with her husband Adrian James , a psychiatrist , who is a registrant of the Royal College of Psychiatrists . They met while studying medicine at Guys Hospital . They have two daughters and one son . She is a keen cyclist - often on a tandem - and took part in the 2014 RideLondon 100-mile bike race with her husband . |
[
"Liberal Democrats"
] | easy | Which party was Sarah Wollaston a member of from Aug 2019 to Aug 2020? | /wiki/Sarah_Wollaston#P102#2 | Sarah Wollaston Sarah Wollaston ( born 17 February 1962 ) is a British Liberal Democrat politician who served as Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Totnes from 2010 to 2019 . First elected for the Conservative Party , she later served as a Change UK and Liberal Democrat MP . She was Chair of the Health Select Committee from 2014 to 2019 and Chair of the Liaison Committee from 2017 to 2019 . Wollaston was born in Woking , Surrey , and studied medicine at Guys Hospital Medical School . She qualified in 1986 and worked as a junior hospital doctor and then as a general practitioner ( GP ) . After more than 20 years in clinical practice , she ran for political office . She was selected as the Conservative parliamentary candidate for Totnes through an open primary ; during the campaign , she emphasised that she was not a career politician and had a professional career . At the 2010 general election , she won the seat with an increased majority , increasing it further in 2015 . She rebelled against the Cameron–Clegg government on several key votes – voting in favour of a referendum on British membership of the European Union in 2011 , for a cut in the EU budget in 2011 , and against military intervention in Syria in 2013 . In Westminster , she was a vocal proponent of minimum unit pricing for alcohol and spoke out against political patronage . Initially uncertain about which way to vote in the referendum , Wollaston announced in June 2016 that she was no longer supporting the Vote Leave campaign in the referendum on European Union membership and would vote to remain in the EU . In February 2019 , she resigned from the Conservatives , along with two of her peers , and joined The Independent Group , later Change UK . Four months later , she quit the party to sit as an independent MP . In August 2019 , she joined the Liberal Democrats but lost her seat in the 2019 general election standing as a Liberal Democrat . Early life and education . Wollaston was born in February 1962 in Woking , Surrey , into a military family . Her family moved frequently during her early years as her father – a supplies and catering officer in the Royal Air Force , formerly a diver and bomb disposal specialist in the Royal Navy – was posted around the world , including Hong Kong and Malta . Wollaston was educated at service and civilian primary schools , later attending a girls grammar school in Watford , where she was Head Girl in 1979–1980 . Whilst at secondary school , Wollaston took on a range of part-time jobs , including a Saturday job at her local branch of John Lewis . She left sixth form with high grades in science subjects at A-level , which she needed to study Medicine at university . Medical career . In 1980 , Wollaston entered Guys Hospital Medical School in London as a medical student . She took an intercalated degree in pathology in the third year of her undergraduate career , gaining a Bachelor of Science degree in the subject . While at Guys , she met her future husband , Adrian . Alongside her studies , she took a part-time role as a healthcare assistant at the hospital to supplement her student grant . Wollaston graduated with a degree in Medicine in 1986 . She embarked on a career in hospital paediatrics but , after five years as a junior doctor in London , she moved to Bristol to train as a general practitioner , qualifying as a family doctor in 1992 . Wollaston then moved to Devon to work as a part-time GP in a town on the edge of Dartmoor . She was also a police surgeon from 1996 to 2001 , dealing with victims of sexual assaults , advising the police on whether suspects were fit to be interviewed , and treating people in custody . After 1999 , she became a full-time GP ; she taught medical students and trainee GPs , and worked as an examiner for the Royal College of General Practitioners . Wollaston remains on the medical register , but ceased practising medicine in 2010 on her election to Parliament . 2009 open primary and selection . Wollaston joined the Conservative Party in 2006 , having been spurred into politics by her opposition to the threatened closure of Moretonhampstead Community Hospital . However , Wollaston accepted that she had no background in politics when in 2009 she put her name forward for the selection of a candidate for the Totnes constituency , citing as qualifications only real life experience , approachability and enthusiasm . The Conservative Association placed her on the shortlist of three to succeed Anthony Steen , who had announced his retirement after criticism as part of the United Kingdom Parliamentary expenses scandal . Urged to do so by the national party , the local Conservative Association had already decided that the selection would be made by an open primary , in which non-members would have a vote . On 9 July , the Conservative Party leader David Cameron announced that the party would , for the first time , send a postal ballot paper to every voter instead of holding the selection at an open meeting . Wollaston later said that she might not have put her name forward had she known that the selection was to be by open primary . During the selection process , Wollaston campaigned on the problems of alcohol-related crime , citing also the 8,000 annual deaths from alcohol . She later supported curbs on low priced alcoholic drinks . but highlighted that the selection offered voters a choice between a career politician and someone with a real job . At a public hustings , she was asked whether her lack of political experience would make it difficult for her to throw and take political punches ; she replied that this was not what politics was about for her , and that she would not indulge in it . Her reply prompted spontaneous applause . The primary was conducted under the plurality ( first past the post ) method used in general elections . In the selection result , Wollaston was proclaimed the winner with 7,914 votes ( 48% ) , ahead of Sara Randall Johnson ( leader of East Devon District Council ) who had 5,495 ( 33% ) , and Nick Bye ( Mayor of Torbay ) who had 3,088 ( 19% ) . Nearly a quarter of all voters returned their ballots , a higher turnout than was expected . Wollaston later said I have no doubt that I was selected because I had no track record in politics , but one Totnes Conservative member told The Guardian of his fear that without a political background , she was the candidate Liberal Democrats could most easily defeat . As the general election approached , Wollaston made clear her anger at suggestions that she would be a part-time MP , saying that she would not continue her medical practice if elected . The local branch of Liberal Democrats denied that they were behind rumours that Wollaston intended to continue to practise medicine on a part-time basis . She accepted that the scandal over Anthony Steens expenses claims had damaged the Conservative Partys chances , and declined his offer of the use of his home to run the Conservative campaign . She pledged to vote in a eurosceptic direction and to support a bypass for Kingskerswell . Parliamentary career . On election day , Wollaston was elected with a 45.9% share of the vote , and more than doubled the Conservatives majority . She supported the formation of a Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government as being the most appropriate for her constituency in the circumstances after the election , explaining that voters wanted to see politicians working together . Her maiden speech in Parliament , on 2 June 2010 , outlined her concerns about alcohol-related crime and alcoholic drink pricing , and also mentioned issues of concern in her constituency , including bovine tuberculosis . Soon after her election , Wollaston was offered the position of Parliamentary Private Secretary – a junior aide – to one of the Health Ministers , influenced by her professional background . Despite this position being the first rung on the ministerial ladder , Wollaston turned the offer down because it would have required her to avoid speaking out against any Government policy she disagreed with . She later said that she would not have been able to look [ her ] constituents in the eye if she had signed away her ability to speak on the issues she had been elected on . In her first year in the Commons , Wollaston referred to her experience working with sexual assault victims in warning the Government against its plans to introduce anonymity for people suspected of , or charged with , rape . She argued that it would constitute a further barrier for victims to report their crime and that the vast majority of sexual assaults already went unreported . She successfully pressed the Government to take up the way the European Unions Working Time Directive applied to junior doctors training , saying that it was causing patient care to suffer . In October 2010 , she announced she would not vote to repeal the Hunting Act 2004 because the overwhelming majority in her constituency were opposed to hunting . She broke the Conservative whip in November 2010 to support an amendment setting a threshold of 40% turnout for the result of the referendum on voting systems to be valid , and later that month supported a Labour amendment to allow more policyholders to claim compensation over the collapse in Equitable Life dividends . In March 2013 , Wollaston was reselected by her local Conservative Association to fight the 2015 general election as the Conservative candidate . On polling day she was re-elected with 53% of the vote , more than tripling her majority to 18,285 ( 38.8% ) . When campaigning for re-election at the 2017 general election , Wollaston promised her constituents , at a hustings , that she would accept the result of the 2016 EU referendum , noting that 54% of her constituents had voted to leave . She went on to state that one of the things that annoys people is telling them that they didnt know what they were voting for , rejecting the idea of holding a second referendum . She was returned with a reduced majority of 13,477 , despite gaining 2,031 more votes . She was appointed Chair of the Liaison Committee after the election . On 20 February 2019 , Wollaston resigned from the Conservative Party , along with two other MPs from her party , joining The Independent Group , later styled Change UK , a party advocating for a second referendum . Prior to her defection , 50 local Conservatives signed a petition calling for a no-confidence vote in Wollaston over her position on Brexit , though one of the petition organisers admitted that he had only recently joined the party in order to seek her deselection . In March 2019 , it emerged she had sponsored a Ten Minute Rule bill in November 2011 which would have required MPs who switch parties to face an automatic by-election . Wollaston herself switched parties on 20 February 2019 , but did not call a by-election . Chair of Totnes and South Devon Labour Party Lynn Alderson said Wollaston made her views clear . Wollaston acknowledged the likely calls for her to face a by-election but refused such a proposal , stating neither this nor a general election would answer the fundamental question that is dividing us . In June 2019 , she left Change UK to sit as an independent MP . Wollaston was the sponsor of the Stalking Protection Act 2019 . On 14 August 2019 , Wollaston joined the Liberal Democrats campaigning under the slogan Stop Brexit . She sought re-election as Liberal Democrat candidate for Totnes , but finished second to the Conservative party candidate Anthony Mangnall , losing by a margin of 12,724 votes . Political positions . Health . In March 2011 , Wollaston warned David Cameron that the governments NHS reforms would result in the NHS going belly up . She warned that the reorganisation would result in confusion with doctors being overwhelmed . She said there was a risk that Monitor , the new regulator would be filled with competition economists who would change the NHS beyond recognition and there was no point liberating the NHS from political control only to shackle it to an unelected economic regulator . However , her opposition to the NHS reforms calmed after the party leadership changed certain clauses at her suggestions and she eventually voted in favour of passage of the Health and Social Care Bill . During her campaign for selection as Conservative candidate in Totnes , Wollaston pledged to tackle the issue of alcohol misuse , having seen the impact of it during her medical career . In Westminster , she pushed for an introduction of minimum unit pricing for alcohol , arguing that a 50p minimum unit price would save almost 3,000 lives a year and save the NHS over £6bn over ten years while costing a moderate drinker only £12 extra per year . When plans to introduce minimum pricing were shelved by the Government in 2013 , Wollaston strongly criticised David Cameron and Department for Health Ministers , saying that the change in policy was due to lobbying by Conservative Party strategist Lynton Crosby , whose firm had strong ties to the alcohol industry . Following her comments , she was named MP of the Month by Total Politics for her tough stance . Having been on the draft Bill Committee for the Care and Support Bill , Wollaston was selected to sit on the Public Bill Committee for the Care Bill in early 2014 . There she introduced a number of amendments , including one which would have made terminally ill patients exempt from social care charges . Wollaston was elected as a member of the Health Select Committee upon entering Parliament , and became Chair of the Committee in June 2014 after Stephen Dorrell retired . She defeated fellow GP Phillip Lee , Caroline Spelman , Charlotte Leslie , and David Tredinnick to the role . She was re-elected to this position after the 2015 general election . In 2015 , an undercover Daily Telegraph investigation showed that in some cases , locum agencies Medicare and Team24 , owned by Capita , were charging some hospitals higher fees than others and giving false company details . The agencies were charging up to 49% of the fee . Wollaston said the Government should publish details of agency charges as transparency would drive changes to behaviour . Wollaston was reckoned by the Health Service Journal to be the 20th-most influential person ( and second-most influential woman ) in the English NHS in 2015 . Social issues . Before entering the House of Commons , Wollaston stated that she was strongly pro-choice , and would not support lowering the abortion limit , as such a measure would affect those who are in the greatest need . In 2011 , she voted against backbench amendments to the Health and Social Care Bill which would have prevented abortion providers from offering counselling services . Wollaston voted in favour of allowing same-sex marriage in 2013 , writing that people who are gay should be allowed to celebrate their love and commitment in a context that society understands . She branded opponents of the change bigots . Wollaston rebelled against the Government to vote against setting up a Royal Charter to regulate the press , claiming that many of the activities which had led to the proposal were already illegal and were being exploited to justify censoring the free press . Later , she was the joint winner of The Spectator magazines Parliamentarian of the Year award for her stance . In September 2013 , she entered the debate about niqābs , saying that some women found them offensive and urging the Government to ban them in schools on the grounds of gender equality . Wollaston was the only Conservative politician to vote for a pause in the roll-out of Universal Credit on 18 October 2017 . The vote was non-binding on the government . Political reform . Coming from a non-political background , Wollaston has consistently spoken out in favour of reforming the political system to make it more open and accessible . Citing her own experience in the medical profession , she has called for job-sharing in the Commons , claiming that this would make it easier for women and those with families to stand for Parliament , while helping to improve the experience of MPs . In 2013 , she was a signatory to a campaign for women to be able to inherit noble titles , instead of these being restricted to the male line . She has often spoken out against political patronage in Westminster and the role of the payroll vote in silencing dissent amongst MPs . She has suggested that vacancies for Parliamentary Private Secretary roles should put out for application and interview to find the most qualified candidate , rather than the candidate most in favour with the government . Following her selection through the open primary process , she urged the leaders of all parties to expand their use , particularly in safe seats . She said that the cost could be significantly lower than that of the Totnes primary by combining local and European elections with primary elections . In 2013 , she suggested that the idea of expanding primaries had been shelved because it was felt that they produce awkward independently-minded MPs . Foreign and European policy . In August 2013 , Wollaston rebelled and voted against military intervention in Syria . She said such a move could escalate into a wider conflict with hundreds of thousands of victims . She cited strong opposition to intervention by her constituents as a key factor in deciding to vote against . On the European Union , Wollaston originally supported loosening the relationship between Britain and Brussels and said that she would reluctantly vote to leave the EU if reform could not be achieved . Writing for ConservativeHome in 2013 , she expressed support for EU membership because of access to the single market , but questioned whether it was worth the extra bureaucracy for business , loss of sovereignty , and the deficit in democracy . In the House of Commons , she voted in a Eurosceptic manner in several key divisions , voting for a referendum on Britains EU membership and voting to reduce the EU budget . Wollaston initially supported the Vote Leave campaign during the 2016 referendum on European Union membership , stating in an article in The Guardian following David Camerons renegotiation of membership terms in February 2016 that the prime minister has returned with a threadbare deal that has highlighted our powerlessness to effect institutional change and that the balance of our national interest now lies outside the EU . However , she announced on 8 June 2016 that she would change sides to campaign for Britain to remain in the EU , claiming that Vote Leaves assertion that exiting the union would make available £350m a week for health spending simply isnt true and represented post-truth politics . She also suggested that leaving the EU would harm the UKs economy , leading to a Brexit penalty . Michael Deacon of The Daily Telegraph wrote her decision to switch sides had sparked a conspiracy theory among many Leave campaigners that she was a government plant , while fellow Conservative MP and Eurosceptic Nadine Dorries said that Wollastons change of opinion was deliberately staged and political . In December 2017 , Wollaston voted along with fellow Conservative Dominic Grieve and nine other Conservative MPs against the government , and in favour of guaranteeing Parliament a meaningful vote on any deal Theresa May agrees with Brussels over Brexit . She supported the Peoples Vote campaign for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union . Strongly opposing a no-deal Brexit , she said in December 2018 : If it becomes the main objective of government policy to deliver no deal and no transition , then the consequences of that would be so horrific for the people I represent then I couldnt stay a member of the Conservative party . She co-founded the group Right to Vote in early 2019 . Personal life . Wollaston lives in South Devon with her husband Adrian James , a psychiatrist , who is a registrant of the Royal College of Psychiatrists . They met while studying medicine at Guys Hospital . They have two daughters and one son . She is a keen cyclist - often on a tandem - and took part in the 2014 RideLondon 100-mile bike race with her husband . |
[
"MNA"
] | easy | What position did François Legault take from Nov 1998 to Jun 2009? | /wiki/François_Legault#P39#0 | François Legault Joseph Léo François Legault ( ; born May 26 , 1957 ) is a Canadian politician serving as Premier of Quebec since 2018 ; the 32nd since Confederation . A member of the Coalition Avenir Québec ( CAQ ) , he has led the party since its founding in 2011 . Legault sits as a member of the National Assembly ( MNA ) for the Lanaudière region riding of LAssomption . Prior to entering politics , he was the co-founder of the Canadian airline Air Transat . Legault was a MNA from 1998 to 2009—serving in the governments of former premiers Lucien Bouchard and Bernard Landry—as the minister of education from 1998 to 2002 and as the minister of health from 2002 to 2003 . He was member of the Parti Québécois ( PQ ) , first elected in the 1998 Quebec election in the riding of Rousseau . He was re-elected in 2003 , 2007 and 2008 but resigned his seat on June 25 , 2009 . He returned to the legislature at the 2012 Quebec provincial election as the MNA for LAssomption , a suburb of Montreal . He was reelected in the 2014 election and won 2018 election . Legault is the first premier not be a member of the Quebec Liberal Party or the Parti Québécois ( PQ ) since Jean-Jacques Bertrands 1970 Union Nationale government . Early life and education . François Legault was born on May 26 , 1957 , at the Lachine Hospital and grew up in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue , Quebec . His father , Lucien Legault , was a postmaster . His mother , Pauline Schetagne , was a housewife who also worked as a cashier at the local A&P grocery store . Legault has a bachelors and masters degree in business administration from HEC Montréal . He is also a member of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants . Business career . Legault worked as an administrator for Provigo , and an auditor for Ernst & Young until 1984 . In 1985 , Legault became the director of finance and administration at Nationair Canada and then marketing director at Québécair . He co-founded Air Transat in 1986 after being the director of marketing at Quebecair . He was the chief executive officer of that company until 1997 . Air Transat quickly became one of the largest airline companies in Canada offering charter flights . From 1995 to 1998 , Legault sat on the boards of various companies , including Provigo Inc. , Culinar , Sico , Technilab Inc . and Bestar Inc. , and the Marc-Aurèle Fortin private museum . Political career . Parti Québécois . After his 1998 election , Legault was appointed by Lucien Bouchard as Minister for Industry and Commerce . He was later named the Minister of Education . When Bouchard resigned , it was said that Legault would support Pauline Marois against Bernard Landry . He later clarified his position as being in favour of Landrys candidacy . Landry appointed Legault as Minister of Education and later as Minister of Health and Social Services . He was re-elected in 2003 while the PQ lost to the Quebec Liberal Party . He remained on the PQ front bench as the critic for economics , economic development , and finances . Legault endorsed Richard Legendre in the 2005 PQ leadership election , which was won by André Boisclair . After his re-election in 2007 , he was renamed the PQ critic for economic development and finances . Legault was re-elected in the 2008 elections but announced on June 25 , 2009 , that would retire from politics . He was seen by some political analysts at the time as a potential contender in a future leadership election . However , some members of the Liberals thought that he could replace Jean Charest , then premier . Coalition Avenir Québec . In February 2011 , Legault co-founded with Charles Sirois a new political movement called the Coalition pour lavenir du Québec ( Coalition for the Future of Quebec ) . In November 2011 it became an official party under the name Coalition Avenir Québec ( CAQ ) . The CAQ aims to bring together like-minded voters in a single party regardless of their views on Quebec nationalism , Quebec federalism and Quebec autonomism . In a break with his sovereigntist past , Legault promised that a CAQ government will never hold a referendum on sovereignty . Soon after retiring from politics , he had resigned from the PQ as well after becoming disenchanted with sovereigntism . He now believes Quebec belongs within Canada , but has vowed that a CAQ government would explore all options to defend Quebecs interests and demand greater power . The party finished third in the 2012 general election , winning 19 seats and 27.05% of the vote . In the 2014 general election , the CAQ finished third again , but increased their seat count to 22 . In the 2018 general election on October 1 , Legault led the CAQ to a gain of 53 seats for a total of 74 , vaulting the CAQ from third place to a majority of 11 and becoming the Premier of Quebec . He is the first premier in 48 years to not hail from the Liberals or Parti Québécois , and the provinces first centre-right premier since the Union Nationales last government left office in 1970 . Premier of Quebec ( 2018–present ) . On October 18 , 2018 , Legault was sworn in as Premier of Quebec , marking the end of nearly 50 years of Liberal and Parti Québécois rule in the province . Religious symbols . Having run on the platform during the 2018 election , on March 28 , 2019 , the Quebec government tabled its long-awaited secularism bill . Bill 21 , entitled An Act respecting the laicity of the State , if made law , would ban public workers in positions of authority from wearing religious symbols . This would include any public employee who carries a weapon , including police officers , courthouse constables , bodyguards , prison guards and wildlife officers , as well as Crown prosecutors , government lawyers and judges , school principals , vice-principals and teachers . The government has said that it would invoke section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( the notwithstanding clause ) so as to prevent it from being overturned by the courts . The bill passed on June 17 by a 73–35 vote , with backing of the Parti Québécois while the Liberals and Quebec solidaire were opposed . The Coalition Avenir Quebec government also introduced a last-minute amendment toughening the law , making provisions for a minister to verify that it is being obeyed and to demand corrective measures if necessary . Immigration . Under Legault CAQ government , he has decreased immigration numbers to 40,000 in 2019 , and he has also in 2019 introduced a values test for immigrants . 2019 apology to Indigenous peoples . Legault apologized to First Nations and Inuit people in October 2019 for discrimination they suffered in dealing with the state , noting the Province of Quebec had failed in its duty to them . He acknowledged that apologies are but a first step , and more work needs to be done to break down barriers and rectify long-standing problems . COVID-19 response . During the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak , Legault organized daily press conferences with Director of Public Health Horacio Arruda and Minister of Health Danielle McCann , starting March 12 , to encourage the population to stay home and keep hygiene measures that would help suppress spread of the virus . In May , Canadas chief science adviser , Mona Nemer , criticized Quebec for its lack of testing and tracing strategy . Environmental targets . In November 2020 , Legault announced the governments plan to tackle climate change , which would involve a ban on the sale of new gas-powered vehicles from 2035 ( commercial vehicles and second-hand cars would be exempt ) . Some experts have said that rather than focusing on electric vehicles , more funds should be committed to public transit and climate change mitigation . Buy Local initiative . Legault and his government has promoted a buy local campaign . His government in early 2020 formed an online directory of local Quebec retailers in a website called — or Blue Basket . The aim of is to be a local version and a competitor to Amazon to sell Quebec products . As early as November 2019 Legault supported calls for the creation of a Quebec version of Amazon , which his economy minister described as a way to serve nationalist customers . Personal life . Legault married Isabelle Brais on March 7 , 1992 , in Mont-Saint-Hilaire , Quebec , and has two children . He was raised in the Montreal suburb of Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue . Awards and honours . Legault has been a Fellow of the ( Order of Chartered Accountants of Québec ) since 2000 . |
[
"MNA"
] | easy | François Legault took which position from Sep 2012 to Oct 2019? | /wiki/François_Legault#P39#1 | François Legault Joseph Léo François Legault ( ; born May 26 , 1957 ) is a Canadian politician serving as Premier of Quebec since 2018 ; the 32nd since Confederation . A member of the Coalition Avenir Québec ( CAQ ) , he has led the party since its founding in 2011 . Legault sits as a member of the National Assembly ( MNA ) for the Lanaudière region riding of LAssomption . Prior to entering politics , he was the co-founder of the Canadian airline Air Transat . Legault was a MNA from 1998 to 2009—serving in the governments of former premiers Lucien Bouchard and Bernard Landry—as the minister of education from 1998 to 2002 and as the minister of health from 2002 to 2003 . He was member of the Parti Québécois ( PQ ) , first elected in the 1998 Quebec election in the riding of Rousseau . He was re-elected in 2003 , 2007 and 2008 but resigned his seat on June 25 , 2009 . He returned to the legislature at the 2012 Quebec provincial election as the MNA for LAssomption , a suburb of Montreal . He was reelected in the 2014 election and won 2018 election . Legault is the first premier not be a member of the Quebec Liberal Party or the Parti Québécois ( PQ ) since Jean-Jacques Bertrands 1970 Union Nationale government . Early life and education . François Legault was born on May 26 , 1957 , at the Lachine Hospital and grew up in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue , Quebec . His father , Lucien Legault , was a postmaster . His mother , Pauline Schetagne , was a housewife who also worked as a cashier at the local A&P grocery store . Legault has a bachelors and masters degree in business administration from HEC Montréal . He is also a member of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants . Business career . Legault worked as an administrator for Provigo , and an auditor for Ernst & Young until 1984 . In 1985 , Legault became the director of finance and administration at Nationair Canada and then marketing director at Québécair . He co-founded Air Transat in 1986 after being the director of marketing at Quebecair . He was the chief executive officer of that company until 1997 . Air Transat quickly became one of the largest airline companies in Canada offering charter flights . From 1995 to 1998 , Legault sat on the boards of various companies , including Provigo Inc. , Culinar , Sico , Technilab Inc . and Bestar Inc. , and the Marc-Aurèle Fortin private museum . Political career . Parti Québécois . After his 1998 election , Legault was appointed by Lucien Bouchard as Minister for Industry and Commerce . He was later named the Minister of Education . When Bouchard resigned , it was said that Legault would support Pauline Marois against Bernard Landry . He later clarified his position as being in favour of Landrys candidacy . Landry appointed Legault as Minister of Education and later as Minister of Health and Social Services . He was re-elected in 2003 while the PQ lost to the Quebec Liberal Party . He remained on the PQ front bench as the critic for economics , economic development , and finances . Legault endorsed Richard Legendre in the 2005 PQ leadership election , which was won by André Boisclair . After his re-election in 2007 , he was renamed the PQ critic for economic development and finances . Legault was re-elected in the 2008 elections but announced on June 25 , 2009 , that would retire from politics . He was seen by some political analysts at the time as a potential contender in a future leadership election . However , some members of the Liberals thought that he could replace Jean Charest , then premier . Coalition Avenir Québec . In February 2011 , Legault co-founded with Charles Sirois a new political movement called the Coalition pour lavenir du Québec ( Coalition for the Future of Quebec ) . In November 2011 it became an official party under the name Coalition Avenir Québec ( CAQ ) . The CAQ aims to bring together like-minded voters in a single party regardless of their views on Quebec nationalism , Quebec federalism and Quebec autonomism . In a break with his sovereigntist past , Legault promised that a CAQ government will never hold a referendum on sovereignty . Soon after retiring from politics , he had resigned from the PQ as well after becoming disenchanted with sovereigntism . He now believes Quebec belongs within Canada , but has vowed that a CAQ government would explore all options to defend Quebecs interests and demand greater power . The party finished third in the 2012 general election , winning 19 seats and 27.05% of the vote . In the 2014 general election , the CAQ finished third again , but increased their seat count to 22 . In the 2018 general election on October 1 , Legault led the CAQ to a gain of 53 seats for a total of 74 , vaulting the CAQ from third place to a majority of 11 and becoming the Premier of Quebec . He is the first premier in 48 years to not hail from the Liberals or Parti Québécois , and the provinces first centre-right premier since the Union Nationales last government left office in 1970 . Premier of Quebec ( 2018–present ) . On October 18 , 2018 , Legault was sworn in as Premier of Quebec , marking the end of nearly 50 years of Liberal and Parti Québécois rule in the province . Religious symbols . Having run on the platform during the 2018 election , on March 28 , 2019 , the Quebec government tabled its long-awaited secularism bill . Bill 21 , entitled An Act respecting the laicity of the State , if made law , would ban public workers in positions of authority from wearing religious symbols . This would include any public employee who carries a weapon , including police officers , courthouse constables , bodyguards , prison guards and wildlife officers , as well as Crown prosecutors , government lawyers and judges , school principals , vice-principals and teachers . The government has said that it would invoke section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms ( the notwithstanding clause ) so as to prevent it from being overturned by the courts . The bill passed on June 17 by a 73–35 vote , with backing of the Parti Québécois while the Liberals and Quebec solidaire were opposed . The Coalition Avenir Quebec government also introduced a last-minute amendment toughening the law , making provisions for a minister to verify that it is being obeyed and to demand corrective measures if necessary . Immigration . Under Legault CAQ government , he has decreased immigration numbers to 40,000 in 2019 , and he has also in 2019 introduced a values test for immigrants . 2019 apology to Indigenous peoples . Legault apologized to First Nations and Inuit people in October 2019 for discrimination they suffered in dealing with the state , noting the Province of Quebec had failed in its duty to them . He acknowledged that apologies are but a first step , and more work needs to be done to break down barriers and rectify long-standing problems . COVID-19 response . During the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak , Legault organized daily press conferences with Director of Public Health Horacio Arruda and Minister of Health Danielle McCann , starting March 12 , to encourage the population to stay home and keep hygiene measures that would help suppress spread of the virus . In May , Canadas chief science adviser , Mona Nemer , criticized Quebec for its lack of testing and tracing strategy . Environmental targets . In November 2020 , Legault announced the governments plan to tackle climate change , which would involve a ban on the sale of new gas-powered vehicles from 2035 ( commercial vehicles and second-hand cars would be exempt ) . Some experts have said that rather than focusing on electric vehicles , more funds should be committed to public transit and climate change mitigation . Buy Local initiative . Legault and his government has promoted a buy local campaign . His government in early 2020 formed an online directory of local Quebec retailers in a website called — or Blue Basket . The aim of is to be a local version and a competitor to Amazon to sell Quebec products . As early as November 2019 Legault supported calls for the creation of a Quebec version of Amazon , which his economy minister described as a way to serve nationalist customers . Personal life . Legault married Isabelle Brais on March 7 , 1992 , in Mont-Saint-Hilaire , Quebec , and has two children . He was raised in the Montreal suburb of Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue . Awards and honours . Legault has been a Fellow of the ( Order of Chartered Accountants of Québec ) since 2000 . |
[
"Atlético Clube Juventus"
] | easy | Which team did Vítor Huvos play for from 2007 to 2008? | /wiki/Vítor_Huvos#P54#0 | Vítor Huvos Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer . Personal life . On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy . Club career . Brazil . Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club . Switzerland . Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances . Romania . In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I . Spain . On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B . Back to Brazil . In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC . Thailand . In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League . Oman . Saham SC On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2 goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC . On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin . Bahrain . In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC . External links . - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube |
[
"Grasshopper"
] | easy | Which team did the player Vítor Huvos belong to from 2008 to 2009? | /wiki/Vítor_Huvos#P54#1 | Vítor Huvos Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer . Personal life . On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy . Club career . Brazil . Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club . Switzerland . Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances . Romania . In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I . Spain . On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B . Back to Brazil . In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC . Thailand . In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League . Oman . Saham SC On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2 goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC . On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin . Bahrain . In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC . External links . - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube |
[
"Universitatea Cluj"
] | easy | Which team did the player Vítor Huvos belong to from 2009 to 2010? | /wiki/Vítor_Huvos#P54#2 | Vítor Huvos Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer . Personal life . On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy . Club career . Brazil . Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club . Switzerland . Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances . Romania . In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I . Spain . On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B . Back to Brazil . In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC . Thailand . In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League . Oman . Saham SC On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2 goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC . On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin . Bahrain . In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC . External links . - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube |
[
"Atlético Madrid B"
] | easy | Vítor Huvos played for which team from 2010 to 2011? | /wiki/Vítor_Huvos#P54#3 | Vítor Huvos Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer . Personal life . On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy . Club career . Brazil . Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club . Switzerland . Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances . Romania . In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I . Spain . On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B . Back to Brazil . In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC . Thailand . In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League . Oman . Saham SC On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2 goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC . On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin . Bahrain . In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC . External links . - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube |
[
"Chainat"
] | easy | Vítor Huvos played for which team from 2012 to 2013? | /wiki/Vítor_Huvos#P54#4 | Vítor Huvos Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer . Personal life . On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy . Club career . Brazil . Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club . Switzerland . Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances . Romania . In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I . Spain . On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B . Back to Brazil . In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC . Thailand . In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League . Oman . Saham SC On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2 goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC . On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin . Bahrain . In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC . External links . - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube |
[
"Saham SC"
] | easy | Vítor Huvos played for which team from 2014 to 2015? | /wiki/Vítor_Huvos#P54#5 | Vítor Huvos Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer . Personal life . On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy . Club career . Brazil . Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club . Switzerland . Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances . Romania . In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I . Spain . On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B . Back to Brazil . In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC . Thailand . In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League . Oman . Saham SC On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2 goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC . On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin . Bahrain . In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC . External links . - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube |
[
"Bahrain SC"
] | easy | Which team did the player Vítor Huvos belong to from 2016 to 2017? | /wiki/Vítor_Huvos#P54#6 | Vítor Huvos Vítor Gialorenco Huvos commonly known as Vítor Huvos ( born 8 July 1988 ) is a retired Brazilian footballer . Personal life . On 10 October 2007 , he received his Italian passport and hence he shares dual-citizenship between Brazil and Italy . Club career . Brazil . Vítor began his professional career in Brazil with his parent club Atlético Clube Juventus . He did not make any official appearance for the club though in his one-year spell with the Rio Branco-based club . Switzerland . Just after spending a year with his first professional club in his home country , he moved to Europe and more accurately to Switzerland where he signed a one-year contract with Swiss Super League club Grasshopper Club Zürich . He made 8 league appearances and scored one goal for the Zürich-based club , hence helping them to secure the 4th position in the 2008–09 Swiss Super League . During his one-year spell with the club , he also moved on-loan to Swiss Challenge League club FC Stade Nyonnais for whom he made 9 league appearances . Romania . In 2009 , he moved to another European country and this time to Romania where he signed a one-year contract with Liga II club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made 22 appearances and scored 7 goals for the club in the 2009–10 Liga II , helping them to secure the 2nd position in the 2009–10 Liga II hence earning them a place in the 2010–11 Liga I . Spain . On 1 September 2010 , he signed as a free agent for Segunda División B club Atlético Madrid B from the Romanian club FC Universitatea Cluj . He made his debut for the Madrid-based club on 26 September 2010 in a 2-1 loss against UD Vecindario . He made 12 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 Segunda División B . Back to Brazil . In 2012 , he came back to Brazil after a five-year-long spell in Europe and signed a short-term contract with Botafogo Futebol Clube . He did not make any appearance for the club in the 2012 Campeonato Paulista but he represented the team as a substitute on 22 January 2012 in a 4-0 loss against São Paulo FC . Thailand . In 2013 , he again made a far away from his nation Brazil to Thailand where he signed a one-year contract with Thai Premier League club Chainat Hornbill F.C . He made 14 appearances and scored 7 goals for the Chainat-based club in the 2013 Thai Premier League , hence helping them secure the 10th position in the 2013 Thai Premier League . Oman . Saham SC On 1 September 2014 , he signed a one-year contract with 2014 GCC Champions League runners-up Saham Club . He made his Oman Professional League debut and scored his first goal on 13 September 2014 in a 3-0 win over Al-Oruba SC . He made his Sultan Qaboos Cup debut on 1 December 2014 in a 3-0 win over Masirah SC . He also made his Oman Professional League Cup debut and scored his first goal in the competition on 13 November 2014 in a 3-1 win over 2013-14 Oman Professional League winners , Al-Nahda Club . He scored 2 goals in 11 appearances in the 2014-15 Oman Professional League . He also scored 2 goals in 6 appearances in the 2014–15 Oman Professional League Cup and helped his side advance to the Quarter-finals stage of the competition where his side narrowly lost 2-1 to 2013–14 Sultan Qaboos Cup winners , Fanja SC . On 18 August 2015 , he signed a one-year contract extension with the Saham-based club . He made his first appearance in the 2015-16 Oman Professional League on 14 September 2015 in a 2-1 win over Al-Khaboura SC . After the match against Al-Shabab Club on 21 September 2015 , the club management decided to part company with the Italian footballer of Brazilian origin . Bahrain . In January 2016 , he again made a move to the Middle East and this time to the Kingdom of Bahrain where he signed a six-month contract with Bahraini Second Division club Bahrain SC . External links . - Vítor Huvos - GOAL.com - Vítor Huvos - FootballDatabase.eu - Vítor Huvos - GOALZZ.com - Vítor Huvos - KOOORA.com - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube - Vítor Huvos - YouTube |
[
"FIFA"
] | easy | What organization did All India Football Federation join in 1948? | /wiki/All_India_Football_Federation#P463#0 | All India Football Federation The All India Football Federation , simply known as the AIFF , is the governing body of association football in India and is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs , Government of India . Formed in 1937 , the federation was one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation , the overseer of football in Asia . The AIFF sanctions and runs all competitive football tournaments and leagues at a national level , namely the Indian Super League , I-League and Super Cup . The federation also indirectly manages local football competitions through the state associations . The federation is also responsible for managing the India national football team , as well as the womens team and the various youth national sides . The AIFF is also part of the South Asian Football Federation , the organization that runs football in South Asia . The federation is currently based in Dwarka , Delhi . History . Before the formation of the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) , the de facto ruling body for association football in India were the Indian Football Association ( IFA ) . The IFA was founded in 1893 and ran the game in the Bengal region . The federation was mainly governed by Englishmen and served as the most powerful football body in the country during the early 20th century . Efforts to form a countrywide football federation were started in 1935 by the IFA when the federation , as well as seven other associations , met at a conference but no consensus could be reached . After differences in opinions and other conflicts were resolved , a meeting was conducted in March 1937 which would serve to be the beginning of the start of the AIFF . The AIFF was officially founded on 23 June 1937 after representatives from six regional football associations met at the Army Headquarters in Shimla . Namely , the six regional football associations were the IFA , Army Sports Control Board , United Provinces , the North West India Football Association , the Bihar Football Association , and Delhi Soccer Association . After the launch of the national football federation , the idea of an India national football team did not gain much momentum until after India gain independence in 1947 . Select Indian teams did participate in tours of Australia , Burma , Afghanistan , and South Africa but none were officially part of the national team . In 1948 , one year after independence and 11 since forming as a football association , the AIFF gained affiliation with FIFA , the governing body for football around the world . Later that year , the national team was officially formed and participated in their first official tournament , the 1948 Summer Olympics . In 1950 , the national team automatically qualified for the 1950 FIFA World Cup which was to be held in Brazil after all the teams in Indias qualification group withdrew . However , prior to the tournament , India themselves withdrew from the World Cup with the AIFF citing the reason as due to lack of funding . Other reasons given for Indias withdrawal included the players playing mainly barefooted and that the AIFF valued the Summer Olympics tournament more than the FIFA World Cup at the time . In 1952 , during the Olympics in Finland , India was defeated in the first round by Yugoslavia 10–1 . This defeat made the AIFF make it mandatory for players on the national team to wear football boots . In 1954 , the AIFF played an active role in promoting football in Asia when they were one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation . India took part in four straight Olympic football tournaments between 1948 and 1960 but have failed to qualify since . In 1985 , India started to participate in World Cup qualifiers again but have failed to make it to the tournament . In 1977 , the AIFF started the Federation Cup which was the first club based national tournament in the country . The Santosh Trophy , the national tournament for state teams , was started in 1941 . In 1996 , the AIFF began the first national league in the country , the National Football League . In 2007 , the NFL was reformed as the I-League , the countrys first professional football league . Competitions . International . - Champions Cup ( Senior Mens ) - AIFF Youth Cup ( U-16 ) - 2019 Intercontinental Cup ( India ) Mens . - Indian Super League - I-League - I-League 2nd Division - Super Cup - Santosh Trophy - AIFF Futsal Club Championship Womens . - Indian Womens League - Indian Womens Football Championship Mens Youth . - Elite League ( U-18 ) - Junior League ( U-15 ) - Sub-Junior League ( U-13 ) - B.C . Roy Trophy ( U-19 ) - Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy ( U-16 ) Womens Youth . - U-17 Womens Championship - Junior Girls National Football Championship ( U-19 ) - Sub–Junior Girls National Football Championship ( U-16 ) Defunct . - Rovers Cup - Indian Super Cup - Nehru Cup - Federation Cup States Mens Leagues . - Assam State Premier League - Bangalore Super Division - Calcutta Football League - DSA Senior Division - FAO League - Goa Professional League - Kerala Premier League - Manipur State League - Mizoram Premier League - Nagaland Premier League - Punjab State Super Football League - Rajasthan State Mens League - Shillong Premier League - Sikkim Premier Division League States Womens Leagues . - Calcutta Womens Football League - FAO Womens League - Karnataka Womens League National teams . Men . - India national football team - India national under-23 football team - India national under-20 football team - India national under-17 football team - India national beach soccer team Women . - India womens national football team - India womens national under-20 football team - India womens national under-17 football team State federations . There are currently 36 state associations affiliated with the All India Football Federation . - All Manipur Football Association - Andaman & Nicobar Football Association - Andhra Pradesh Football Association - Arunachal Pradesh Football Association - Assam Football Association - Bihar Football Association - Chandigarh Football Association - Chhattisgarh Football Association - Daman & Diu Football Association - Delhi Soccer Association - Football Association of Odisha - Goa Football Association - Gujarat State Football Association - Haryana Football Association - Himachal Pradesh Football Association - Indian Football Association ( West Bengal ) - Jammu & Kashmir Football Association - Jharkhand Football Association - Karnataka State Football Association - Kerala Football Association - Madhya Pradesh Football Association - Meghalaya Football Association - Mizoram Football Association - Nagaland Football Association - Pondicherry Football Association - Punjab Football Association - Railways Sports Promotion Board - Rajasthan Football Association - Services Sports Control Board - Sikkim Football Association - Tamil Nadu Football Association - Telangana Football Association - Tripura Football Association - Western India Football Association ( Maharashtra ) - Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh - Uttarakhand State Football Association Corporate structure . Board of directors . The following are on the board of the directors at the AIFF . Technical committee . - Shyam Thapa – Chairman - Henry Menezes – Deputy Chairman - G.P . Palguna - Abhishek Yadav - Pradip Dutta - Ishfaq Ahmed - Prosanto Banerjee - Sundar Raman |
[
"Asian Football Confederation"
] | easy | All India Football Federation became a member of what organization or association in 1954? | /wiki/All_India_Football_Federation#P463#1 | All India Football Federation The All India Football Federation , simply known as the AIFF , is the governing body of association football in India and is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs , Government of India . Formed in 1937 , the federation was one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation , the overseer of football in Asia . The AIFF sanctions and runs all competitive football tournaments and leagues at a national level , namely the Indian Super League , I-League and Super Cup . The federation also indirectly manages local football competitions through the state associations . The federation is also responsible for managing the India national football team , as well as the womens team and the various youth national sides . The AIFF is also part of the South Asian Football Federation , the organization that runs football in South Asia . The federation is currently based in Dwarka , Delhi . History . Before the formation of the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) , the de facto ruling body for association football in India were the Indian Football Association ( IFA ) . The IFA was founded in 1893 and ran the game in the Bengal region . The federation was mainly governed by Englishmen and served as the most powerful football body in the country during the early 20th century . Efforts to form a countrywide football federation were started in 1935 by the IFA when the federation , as well as seven other associations , met at a conference but no consensus could be reached . After differences in opinions and other conflicts were resolved , a meeting was conducted in March 1937 which would serve to be the beginning of the start of the AIFF . The AIFF was officially founded on 23 June 1937 after representatives from six regional football associations met at the Army Headquarters in Shimla . Namely , the six regional football associations were the IFA , Army Sports Control Board , United Provinces , the North West India Football Association , the Bihar Football Association , and Delhi Soccer Association . After the launch of the national football federation , the idea of an India national football team did not gain much momentum until after India gain independence in 1947 . Select Indian teams did participate in tours of Australia , Burma , Afghanistan , and South Africa but none were officially part of the national team . In 1948 , one year after independence and 11 since forming as a football association , the AIFF gained affiliation with FIFA , the governing body for football around the world . Later that year , the national team was officially formed and participated in their first official tournament , the 1948 Summer Olympics . In 1950 , the national team automatically qualified for the 1950 FIFA World Cup which was to be held in Brazil after all the teams in Indias qualification group withdrew . However , prior to the tournament , India themselves withdrew from the World Cup with the AIFF citing the reason as due to lack of funding . Other reasons given for Indias withdrawal included the players playing mainly barefooted and that the AIFF valued the Summer Olympics tournament more than the FIFA World Cup at the time . In 1952 , during the Olympics in Finland , India was defeated in the first round by Yugoslavia 10–1 . This defeat made the AIFF make it mandatory for players on the national team to wear football boots . In 1954 , the AIFF played an active role in promoting football in Asia when they were one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation . India took part in four straight Olympic football tournaments between 1948 and 1960 but have failed to qualify since . In 1985 , India started to participate in World Cup qualifiers again but have failed to make it to the tournament . In 1977 , the AIFF started the Federation Cup which was the first club based national tournament in the country . The Santosh Trophy , the national tournament for state teams , was started in 1941 . In 1996 , the AIFF began the first national league in the country , the National Football League . In 2007 , the NFL was reformed as the I-League , the countrys first professional football league . Competitions . International . - Champions Cup ( Senior Mens ) - AIFF Youth Cup ( U-16 ) - 2019 Intercontinental Cup ( India ) Mens . - Indian Super League - I-League - I-League 2nd Division - Super Cup - Santosh Trophy - AIFF Futsal Club Championship Womens . - Indian Womens League - Indian Womens Football Championship Mens Youth . - Elite League ( U-18 ) - Junior League ( U-15 ) - Sub-Junior League ( U-13 ) - B.C . Roy Trophy ( U-19 ) - Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy ( U-16 ) Womens Youth . - U-17 Womens Championship - Junior Girls National Football Championship ( U-19 ) - Sub–Junior Girls National Football Championship ( U-16 ) Defunct . - Rovers Cup - Indian Super Cup - Nehru Cup - Federation Cup States Mens Leagues . - Assam State Premier League - Bangalore Super Division - Calcutta Football League - DSA Senior Division - FAO League - Goa Professional League - Kerala Premier League - Manipur State League - Mizoram Premier League - Nagaland Premier League - Punjab State Super Football League - Rajasthan State Mens League - Shillong Premier League - Sikkim Premier Division League States Womens Leagues . - Calcutta Womens Football League - FAO Womens League - Karnataka Womens League National teams . Men . - India national football team - India national under-23 football team - India national under-20 football team - India national under-17 football team - India national beach soccer team Women . - India womens national football team - India womens national under-20 football team - India womens national under-17 football team State federations . There are currently 36 state associations affiliated with the All India Football Federation . - All Manipur Football Association - Andaman & Nicobar Football Association - Andhra Pradesh Football Association - Arunachal Pradesh Football Association - Assam Football Association - Bihar Football Association - Chandigarh Football Association - Chhattisgarh Football Association - Daman & Diu Football Association - Delhi Soccer Association - Football Association of Odisha - Goa Football Association - Gujarat State Football Association - Haryana Football Association - Himachal Pradesh Football Association - Indian Football Association ( West Bengal ) - Jammu & Kashmir Football Association - Jharkhand Football Association - Karnataka State Football Association - Kerala Football Association - Madhya Pradesh Football Association - Meghalaya Football Association - Mizoram Football Association - Nagaland Football Association - Pondicherry Football Association - Punjab Football Association - Railways Sports Promotion Board - Rajasthan Football Association - Services Sports Control Board - Sikkim Football Association - Tamil Nadu Football Association - Telangana Football Association - Tripura Football Association - Western India Football Association ( Maharashtra ) - Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh - Uttarakhand State Football Association Corporate structure . Board of directors . The following are on the board of the directors at the AIFF . Technical committee . - Shyam Thapa – Chairman - Henry Menezes – Deputy Chairman - G.P . Palguna - Abhishek Yadav - Pradip Dutta - Ishfaq Ahmed - Prosanto Banerjee - Sundar Raman |
[
"Asian Football Confederation"
] | easy | All India Football Federation became a member of what organization or association in 1997? | /wiki/All_India_Football_Federation#P463#2 | All India Football Federation The All India Football Federation , simply known as the AIFF , is the governing body of association football in India and is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Sports and Youth Affairs , Government of India . Formed in 1937 , the federation was one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation , the overseer of football in Asia . The AIFF sanctions and runs all competitive football tournaments and leagues at a national level , namely the Indian Super League , I-League and Super Cup . The federation also indirectly manages local football competitions through the state associations . The federation is also responsible for managing the India national football team , as well as the womens team and the various youth national sides . The AIFF is also part of the South Asian Football Federation , the organization that runs football in South Asia . The federation is currently based in Dwarka , Delhi . History . Before the formation of the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) , the de facto ruling body for association football in India were the Indian Football Association ( IFA ) . The IFA was founded in 1893 and ran the game in the Bengal region . The federation was mainly governed by Englishmen and served as the most powerful football body in the country during the early 20th century . Efforts to form a countrywide football federation were started in 1935 by the IFA when the federation , as well as seven other associations , met at a conference but no consensus could be reached . After differences in opinions and other conflicts were resolved , a meeting was conducted in March 1937 which would serve to be the beginning of the start of the AIFF . The AIFF was officially founded on 23 June 1937 after representatives from six regional football associations met at the Army Headquarters in Shimla . Namely , the six regional football associations were the IFA , Army Sports Control Board , United Provinces , the North West India Football Association , the Bihar Football Association , and Delhi Soccer Association . After the launch of the national football federation , the idea of an India national football team did not gain much momentum until after India gain independence in 1947 . Select Indian teams did participate in tours of Australia , Burma , Afghanistan , and South Africa but none were officially part of the national team . In 1948 , one year after independence and 11 since forming as a football association , the AIFF gained affiliation with FIFA , the governing body for football around the world . Later that year , the national team was officially formed and participated in their first official tournament , the 1948 Summer Olympics . In 1950 , the national team automatically qualified for the 1950 FIFA World Cup which was to be held in Brazil after all the teams in Indias qualification group withdrew . However , prior to the tournament , India themselves withdrew from the World Cup with the AIFF citing the reason as due to lack of funding . Other reasons given for Indias withdrawal included the players playing mainly barefooted and that the AIFF valued the Summer Olympics tournament more than the FIFA World Cup at the time . In 1952 , during the Olympics in Finland , India was defeated in the first round by Yugoslavia 10–1 . This defeat made the AIFF make it mandatory for players on the national team to wear football boots . In 1954 , the AIFF played an active role in promoting football in Asia when they were one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation . India took part in four straight Olympic football tournaments between 1948 and 1960 but have failed to qualify since . In 1985 , India started to participate in World Cup qualifiers again but have failed to make it to the tournament . In 1977 , the AIFF started the Federation Cup which was the first club based national tournament in the country . The Santosh Trophy , the national tournament for state teams , was started in 1941 . In 1996 , the AIFF began the first national league in the country , the National Football League . In 2007 , the NFL was reformed as the I-League , the countrys first professional football league . Competitions . International . - Champions Cup ( Senior Mens ) - AIFF Youth Cup ( U-16 ) - 2019 Intercontinental Cup ( India ) Mens . - Indian Super League - I-League - I-League 2nd Division - Super Cup - Santosh Trophy - AIFF Futsal Club Championship Womens . - Indian Womens League - Indian Womens Football Championship Mens Youth . - Elite League ( U-18 ) - Junior League ( U-15 ) - Sub-Junior League ( U-13 ) - B.C . Roy Trophy ( U-19 ) - Mir Iqbal Hussain Trophy ( U-16 ) Womens Youth . - U-17 Womens Championship - Junior Girls National Football Championship ( U-19 ) - Sub–Junior Girls National Football Championship ( U-16 ) Defunct . - Rovers Cup - Indian Super Cup - Nehru Cup - Federation Cup States Mens Leagues . - Assam State Premier League - Bangalore Super Division - Calcutta Football League - DSA Senior Division - FAO League - Goa Professional League - Kerala Premier League - Manipur State League - Mizoram Premier League - Nagaland Premier League - Punjab State Super Football League - Rajasthan State Mens League - Shillong Premier League - Sikkim Premier Division League States Womens Leagues . - Calcutta Womens Football League - FAO Womens League - Karnataka Womens League National teams . Men . - India national football team - India national under-23 football team - India national under-20 football team - India national under-17 football team - India national beach soccer team Women . - India womens national football team - India womens national under-20 football team - India womens national under-17 football team State federations . There are currently 36 state associations affiliated with the All India Football Federation . - All Manipur Football Association - Andaman & Nicobar Football Association - Andhra Pradesh Football Association - Arunachal Pradesh Football Association - Assam Football Association - Bihar Football Association - Chandigarh Football Association - Chhattisgarh Football Association - Daman & Diu Football Association - Delhi Soccer Association - Football Association of Odisha - Goa Football Association - Gujarat State Football Association - Haryana Football Association - Himachal Pradesh Football Association - Indian Football Association ( West Bengal ) - Jammu & Kashmir Football Association - Jharkhand Football Association - Karnataka State Football Association - Kerala Football Association - Madhya Pradesh Football Association - Meghalaya Football Association - Mizoram Football Association - Nagaland Football Association - Pondicherry Football Association - Punjab Football Association - Railways Sports Promotion Board - Rajasthan Football Association - Services Sports Control Board - Sikkim Football Association - Tamil Nadu Football Association - Telangana Football Association - Tripura Football Association - Western India Football Association ( Maharashtra ) - Uttar Pradesh Football Sangh - Uttarakhand State Football Association Corporate structure . Board of directors . The following are on the board of the directors at the AIFF . Technical committee . - Shyam Thapa – Chairman - Henry Menezes – Deputy Chairman - G.P . Palguna - Abhishek Yadav - Pradip Dutta - Ishfaq Ahmed - Prosanto Banerjee - Sundar Raman |
[
"civil engineer"
] | easy | What was John Plumbe 's occupation from 1827 to 1836? | /wiki/John_Plumbe#P106#0 | John Plumbe John Plumbe Jr . ( occasionally Plumb ; July 13 , 1809 – May 29 , 1857 ) was a Welsh-born American entrepreneurial photographer , gallerist , publisher , and an early advocate of an American transcontinental railroad in the mid-19th century . He established a franchise of photography studios in the 1840s in the U.S. , with additional branches in Paris and Liverpool . He created a lithographic process for reproducing photographic images , called the plumbeotype . Biography . Plumbe was born in Castle Caereinion , Powys , Wales in 1809 , to John Plumbe and Frances Margaretta Atherton . The family moved to Philipsburg , Pennsylvania in 1821 , and later to Dubuque , Iowa . Vision for a transcontinental railroad . He began his career as a civil engineer . He studied civil engineering while still in his late teens and by 1829 was surveying sites for future railroad routes in the southern and eastern portions of the country . About 1836 he relocated to the Wisconsin territory , where he became and advocate for a trans-contintental railroad . Plumbe reasoned that a transcontintental railroad would hasten the formation of dense settlements throughout the whole extent of the road , advance the sales of the public lands , afford increased facilities to the agricultural , commercial and mining interests of the country...and enable the government to transport troops and munitions of war . Throughout his life Plumbe would continue to press for the railroad , petitioning Congress and presenting his ideas in various newspapers and other publications . Daguerreotype galleries , 1840-1847 . Plumbe took up photography in 1840 after seeing the work of an itinerant daguerreotypist in Washington , D.C.—probably the work of John G . Stevenson . In a short period of time , Plumbe established a string of daguerreotype studios and galleries , all bearing his name . Visitors to the galleries could view photographic works , receive training , or pay to have their portrait taken . Images produced in the Plumbe studios were credited to Plumbe , although the work was made by others , including his brother Richard Plumbe . Each of his galleries was staffed by a host of operators , colorists , and artisans , and many notable daguerreotypists received their training or honed their skills in Plumbes galleries , including Richard Carr , Marsena Cannon , Charles E . Johnson , Jacob Shew , Myron Shew , and William Shew . Others who learnt photographic arts through the Plumbe franchise included Ezra Chase , Samuel Masury , C.S . Middlebrook , and Gabriel Harrison . In the 1840s in the United States there were Plumbe franchises in : - Arkansas—Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery - Galena , Illinois - Dubuque , Iowa - Kentucky : - Harrodsburg Springs , Kentucky - Louisville , Kentucky - New Orleans , Louisiana - Portland , Maine - Maryland : - Baltimore , Maryland—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , North St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Baltimore St . - Frederick , Maryland - Massachusetts : - Boston , Mass . -- United States Photographic Institute ( 1841 ) ; Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Court St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Hanover St. ; Plumbes Daguerrean Rooms , Court Street ( 1849–1850 ) ; Plumbes Daguerrian Gallery , Washington Street ( 1850–1851 ) . - Salem , Massachusetts - St . Louis , Missouri - Exeter , New Hampshire - New York : - Albany , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery - New York , New York—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Saratoga Springs , New York—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Broadway - Cincinnati , Ohio - Pennsylvania : - Harrisburg , Pennsylvania - Philadelphia , PA—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St. ; Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Chestnut St . - Newport , Rhode Island—Plumbe Daguerrian Gallery , Thames St . - Virginia : - Alexandria , Virginia - Petersburg , Virginia - Washington , DC—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Pennsylvania Ave. , Main St. , Walnut St . Abroad , he opened branches in : - Liverpool , England—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Church St . - St . Catharines , Ontario , Canada - Paris , France—Plumbe National Daguerrian Gallery , Vieille Rue du Temple By 1847-1848 Plumbe sold his part of the galleries hed established . He sold his New York gallery to William H . Butler , his head man there , in 1847 , and the other galleries soon changed ownership , though the name Plumbes Daguerrean Gallery was retained as late as 1852 in Boston ( John P . Nichols , proprietor ) , and 1850 in Washington ( Blanchard P . Paige , proprietor ) . Exhibitions . Plumbe entered his photographic work in several exhibitions , including : - Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association , Quincy Hall , Boston , 1844 . Plumbe exhibited 35 daguerreotypes , in frames . Peculiarly pleasing , and natural in expression . Silver medal . - Fair of the American Institute , NY ( 1845 ) Publishing . In 1846 he founded the National Publishing Company which produced the weekly Popular Magazine ( Augustine J.H . Duganne , editor ) and other works . California and Iowa , 1849-1857 . Plumbe lived in California from 1849 to 1854 . In 1854 returned to Dubuque , Iowa . He may have worked for photographer Mathew Brady , c . 1855-1857 . He died in Iowa in 1857 , at age 48 . Legacy . Examples of Plumbes work are in the New York Public Library . Gallery . - Works by John Plumbe : Further reading . Publications by Plumbe . - Sketches of Iowa and Wisconsin : embodying the experience of a residence of three years in those territories . St . Louis : Chambers , Harris & Knapp , 1839 . - Instructions for .. . Plumbes patent improved Daguerreotype apparatus . Boston . 1841 . - Popular Magazine . National Publishing Co. , 1846-1847 . - The National Plumbeotype Gallery , c . 1846-1847 . - Plumbes Project of a Railroad to the Pacific . The Emancipator ( Boston ) . 09-01-1847 . - The Plumbeian . 1847 . - A faithful translation of the papers respecting the grant made by Governor Alvarado to Mr . J.A . Sutter . Sacramento , CA : 1850 . - Plumbes Memorial Pacific Railroad . 1850 . - Memorial Against Mr . Asa Whitneys Railroad Scheme . 1851 . Works about Plumbe . - Robert Taft . John Plumbe , Americas First Nationally Known Photographer . American Photography 30 . January 1936 . - Alan Fern , John Plumbe and the Plumbeotype , Philadelphia Printmaking . American Prints Before 1860 , Robert F . Looney , ed . ( West Chester , Penn. : Tinicum Press , 1976 ) . - Library Company of Philadelphia . Annual Report . 1992 . External links . - WorldCat . Plumbe , John 1809-1857 - George Eastman House . Plumbe daguerreotype camera , c . 1845 . - Flickr . Col . W.W . Seaton , Mayor of Washington : plumbeotype from life - Flickr . Boy with Toy Horn by Plumbe |
Subsets and Splits